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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Rupert Prince Palatine, by Eva Scott
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Rupert Prince Palatine
+
+Author: Eva Scott
+
+Release Date: April 11, 2012 [EBook #39426]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK RUPERT PRINCE PALATINE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Al Haines
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Frontispiece: Le Prince Rupert.  Duc de Baviere et Cumberland.  From
+the portrait by Honthorst in the Louvre Paris.]
+
+
+
+
+
+RUPERT
+
+PRINCE PALATINE
+
+
+BY
+
+EVA SCOTT
+
+
+Late Scholar of Somerville College
+
+Oxford
+
+
+
+
+WESTMINSTER
+
+ARCHIBALD CONSTABLE & Co.
+
+NEW YORK
+
+G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS
+
+1900
+
+
+
+
+SECOND EDITION
+
+
+
+
+{v}
+
+PREFACE
+
+It is curious that in these days of historical research so little has
+been written about Rupert of the Rhine, a man whose personality was
+striking, whose career was full of exciting adventure, and for whose
+biography an immense amount of material is available.
+
+His name is known to most people in connection with the English Civil
+War, many have met with him in the pages of fiction, some imagine him
+to have been the inventor of mezzotint engraving, and a few know that
+he was Admiral of England under Charles II.  But very few indeed could
+tell who he was, and where and how he lived, before and after the Civil
+War.
+
+The present work is an attempt to sketch the character and career of
+this remarkable man; the history of the Civil War, except so far as it
+concerns the Prince, forming no part of its scope.  Nevertheless, the
+study of Prince Rupert's personal career throws valuable side-lights on
+the history of the war, and especially upon the internal dissensions
+which tore the Royalist party to pieces and were a principal cause of
+its ultimate collapse.  From Rupert's adventures and correspondence we
+also learn much concerning the life of the exiled Stuarts during the
+years of the Commonwealth; while his post-Restoration history is
+closely connected with the Naval Affairs of England.
+
+The number of manuscripts and other documents which bear record of
+Rupert's life is enormous.  Chief amongst them are the Domestic State
+Papers, preserved in the Public Record Office; the Clarendon State
+Papers, and the Carte Papers in the Bodleian Library, Oxford; the
+Lansdowne Manuscripts in the British Museum, and the Rupert {vi}
+Correspondence, which originally comprised some thousands of letters
+and other papers collected by the Prince's secretary.  The collection
+has now been broken up and sold; but the Transcripts of Mr. Firth of
+Balliol College, Oxford, were made before the collection was divided,
+and comprise the whole mass of correspondence.  For the loan of these
+Transcripts, and for much valuable advice I am deeply indebted to Mr.
+Firth.  I also wish to acknowledge the kind assistance of Mr. Hassall
+of Christchurch, Oxford.
+
+Some of the Rupert Papers were published by Warburton, fifty years ago,
+in a work now necessarily somewhat out of date.  But there is printed
+entire the log kept in the Prince's own ship, 1650-1653, which is here
+quoted in chapters 13 and 14; also in Warburton are to be found the
+letters addressed by the Prince to Colonel William Legge, 1644-1645.
+
+The Bromley Letters, published 1787, relate chiefly to Rupert's early
+life, and to the years of exile, 1650-1660.  The Carte Papers are
+invaluable for the history of the Civil War, and of Rupert's
+transactions with the fleet, 1648-50; and in the Thurloe and Clarendon
+State Papers much is to be found relating to the wanderings of Rupert
+and the Stuarts on the Continent.
+
+With regard to the Prince's family relations, German authorities are
+fullest and best.  Chief among these are the letters of the Elector
+Charles Louis, and the letters and memoirs of Sophie, Electress of
+Hanover, all published from the Preussischen Staats-Archieven; also the
+letters of the Elector's daughter, the Duchess of Orléans, published
+from the same source.  Besides these, Haüsser's "Geschichte der
+Rheinischen Pfalz", and Reiger's "Ausgeloschte Simmerischen Linie" are
+very useful.
+
+Mention of the Prince is also found in the mass of Civil War Pamphlets
+preserved in the British Museum and the Bodleian Library, and in
+contemporary memoirs, letters and diaries, on the description of which
+there is not space to enter here.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+                                                                 Page
+
+CHAPTER      I.  THE PALATINE FAMILY  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   1
+
+   "        II.  RUPERT'S EARLY CAMPAIGNS.  FIRST VISIT TO
+                   ENGLAND.  MADEMOISELLE DE ROHAN  . . . . . . .  20
+
+   "       III.  THE SIEGE OF BREDA.  THE ATTEMPT ON THE
+                   PALATINATE.  RUPERT'S CAPTIVITY. . . . . . . .  34
+
+   "        IV.  THE PALATINES IN FRANCE.  RUPERT'S RELEASE . . .  48
+
+   "         V.  ARRIVAL IN ENGLAND.  POSITION IN THE ARMY.
+                   CAUSES OF FAILURE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  59
+
+   "        VI.  THE BEGINNING OF THE WAR.  POWICK BRIDGE.
+                   EDGEHILL.  THE MARCH TO LONDON . . . . . . . .  85
+
+   "       VII.  THE WAR IN 1643.  THE QUARREL WITH HERTFORD.
+                   THE ARRIVAL OF THE QUEEN . . . . . . . . . . . 101
+
+   "      VIII.  THE PRESIDENCY OF WALES.  THE RELIEF OF
+                   NEWARK.  QUARRELS AT COURT.  NORTHERN
+                   MARCH.  MARSTON MOOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
+
+   "        IX.  INTRIGUES IN THE ARMY.  DEPRESSION OF RUPERT.
+                   TREATY OF UXBRIDGE.  RUPERT IN THE MARCHES.
+                    STRUGGLE WITH DIGBY.  BATTLE OF NASEBY  . . . 154
+
+   "         X.  RUPERT'S PEACE POLICY.  THE SURRENDER OF
+                   BRISTOL.  DIGBY'S PLOT AGAINST RUPERT.  THE
+                   SCENE AT NEWARK.  RECONCILIATION WITH
+                   THE KING.  THE FALL OF OXFORD  . . . . . . . . 177
+
+   "        XI.  THE ELECTOR'S ALLIANCE WITH THE PARLIAMENT.
+                   EDWARD'S MARRIAGE.  ASSASSINATION OF
+                   D'ÉPINAY BY PHILIP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
+
+   "       XII.  CAMPAIGN IN THE FRENCH ARMY.  COURTSHIP
+                   OF MADEMOISELLE.  DUELS WITH DIGBY AND
+                   PERCY  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
+
+   "      XIII.  RUPERT'S CARE OF THE FLEET.  NEGOTIATIONS
+                   WITH SCOTS.  RUPERT'S VOYAGE TO IRELAND.
+                   THE EXECUTION OF THE KING.  LETTERS OF
+                   SOPHIE TO RUPERT AND MAURICE . . . . . . . . . 222
+
+   "       XIV.  THE FLEET IN THE TAGUS.  AT TOULON.  THE
+                   VOYAGE TO THE AZORES.  THE WRECK OF THE
+                   "CONSTANT REFORMATION."  ON THE AFRICAN
+                   COAST.  LOSS OF MAURICE IN THE "DEFIANCE."
+                   THE RETURN TO FRANCE  . . . . . . . . . . . .  241
+
+   "        XV.  RUPERT AT PARIS.  ILLNESS.  QUARREL WITH
+                   CHARLES II.  FACTIONS AT ST. GERMAINS.
+                   RUPERT GOES TO GERMANY.  RECONCILED
+                   WITH CHARLES  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  265
+
+   "       XVI.  RESTORATION OF CHARLES LOUIS TO THE
+                   PALATINATE.  FLIGHT OF THE PRINCESS LOUISE
+                   FROM THE HAGUE.  RUPERT'S DEMAND FOR AN
+                   APPANAGE.  QUARREL WITH THE ELECTOR . . . . .  283
+
+   "      XVII.  RUPERT'S RETURN TO ENGLAND, 1660.  VISIT TO
+                   VIENNA.  LETTERS TO LEGGE . . . . . . . . . .  293
+
+   "     XVIII.  RUPERT AND THE FLEET.  PROPOSED VOYAGE TO
+                   GUINEA.  ILLNESS OF RUPERT.  THE FIRST DUTCH
+                   WAR.  THE NAVAL COMMISSIONERS AND THE
+                   PRINCE.  SECOND DUTCH WAR.  ANTI-FRENCH
+                   POLITICS  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  302
+
+   "       XIX.  RUPERT'S POSITION AT COURT.  HIS CARE FOR
+                   DISTRESSED CAVALIERS.  HIS INVENTIONS.  LIFE
+                   AT WINDSOR.  DEATH  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  332
+
+   "        XX.  THE PALATINES ON THE CONTINENT.  RUPERT'S
+                   DISPUTES WITH THE ELECTOR.  THE ELECTOR'S
+                   ANXIETY FOR RUPERT'S RETURN.  WANT OF
+                   AN HEIR TO THE PALATINATE.  FRANCISCA
+                   BARD.  RUPERT'S CHILDREN  . . . . . . . . . .  344
+
+                 INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  369
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Genealogical chart]
+
+
+
+
+{1}
+
+RUPERT, PRINCE PALATINE
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+THE PALATINE FAMILY
+
+"A man that hath had his hands very deep in the blood of many innocent
+people in England," was Cromwell's concise description of Rupert of the
+Rhine.[1]
+
+"That diabolical Cavalier" and "that ravenous vulture" were the
+flattering titles bestowed upon him by other soldiers of the
+Parliament.[2]  "The Prince that was so gallant and so generous," wrote
+an Irish Royalist.[3]  And said Cardinal Mazarin, "He is one of the
+best and most generous princes that I have ever known."[4]
+
+Rupert was not, in short, a person who could be regarded with
+indifference.  By those with whom he came in contact he was either
+adored or execrated, and it is remarkable that a man who made so strong
+an impression upon his contemporaries should have left so slight a one
+upon posterity.  To most people he is a name and nothing more;--a being
+akin to those iron men who sprang from Jason's dragon teeth, coming
+into life at the outbreak of the English Civil War to disappear with
+equal suddenness at its close.  He is regarded, on the one hand, as a
+blood-thirsty, plundering ruffian, who endeavoured to teach in England
+lessons of cruelty learnt in the Thirty Years' War; {2} on the other,
+as a mere headstrong boy who ruined, by his indiscretion, a cause for
+which he exposed himself with reckless courage.  Neither of these views
+does him justice, and his true character, his real influence on English
+history are lost in a cloud of mist and prejudice.  His character had
+in it elements of greatness, but was so full of contradictions as to
+puzzle even the astute Lord Clarendon, who, after a long study of the
+Prince, was reduced to the exclamation--"The man is a strange
+creature!"[5] And strange Rupert undoubtedly was!  Born with strong
+passions, endowed with physical strength, and gifted with talents
+beyond those of ordinary men, but placed too early in a position of
+great trial and immense responsibility, his history, romantic and
+interesting throughout, is the history of a failure.
+
+In his portraits, of which a great number are in existence, the story
+may be read.  We see him first a sturdy, round-eyed child, looking out
+upon the world with a valiant wonder.  A few years later the face is
+grown thinner and sadder, full of thought and a gentle wistfulness, as
+though he had found the world too hard for his understanding.  At
+sixteen he is still thoughtful, but less wistful,--a gallant, handsome
+boy with a graceful bearing and a bright intelligent face, just touched
+with the melancholy peculiar to the Stuart race.  At five-and-twenty
+his mouth had hardened and his face grown stern, under a burden which
+he was too young to bear.  After that comes a lapse of many years till
+we find him embittered, worn, and sad; a man who has seen his hopes
+destroyed and his well-meant efforts perish.  Lastly, we have the
+Rupert of the Restoration; no longer sick at heart and desperately sad,
+but a Rupert who has out-lived hope and joy, disappointment and sorrow;
+a handsome man, with a keen intellectual face, but old before his time,
+and made hard and cold and contemptuous by suffering and loneliness.
+
+{3}
+
+The first few months of Rupert's existence were the most prosperous of
+his life, but he was not a year old before his troubles began.  His
+father, Frederick V, Elector Palatine of the Rhine, had been married at
+sixteen to the famous Elizabeth Stuart, daughter of James I of England;
+the match was not a brilliant one for the Princess Royal of England,
+but it was exceedingly popular with the English people, who regarded
+Frederick with favour as the leader of the Calvinist Princes of the
+Empire.  Elizabeth was no older than her husband, and seems to have
+been considerably more foolish.  Her extravagancies and Frederick's
+difficult humours were the despair of their patient and faithful
+household steward; yet for some years they dwelt at Heidelberg in
+peaceful prosperity, and there three children were born to them,
+Frederick Henry, Charles Louis, and Elizabeth.
+
+But the Empire, though outwardly at peace, was inwardly seething with
+religious dissension, which broke out into open war on the election of
+Ferdinand of Styria, (the cousin and destined successor of the
+Emperor,) as King of Bohemia.  Ferdinand was a staunch Roman Catholic,
+the friend and pupil of the Jesuits, with a reputation for intolerance
+even greater than he deserved.[6]  As a matter of fact Protestantism
+was abhorrent to him, less as heresy, than as the root of moral and
+political disorder.  The Church of Rome was, in his eyes, the fount of
+order and justice, and he was strongly imbued with the idea, then
+prevalent in the Empire, that to princes belonged the settlement of
+religion in those countries over which they ruled.
+
+But it happened that the Protestants of Bohemia had, at that moment,
+the upper hand.  The turbulent nobles of the country were bent on
+establishing at once their political and religious independence; they
+rose in revolt, threw the Emperor's ministers out of the Council
+Chamber window at Prague, and rejected Ferdinand as king.
+
+{4}
+
+The Lutheran Princes looked on the revolt coldly, feeling no sympathy
+with Bohemia.  They believed as firmly as did Ferdinand himself in the
+right of secular princes to settle theological disputes.  They were
+loyal Imperialists, and hated Calvinism, anarchy and war, far more than
+they hated Roman Catholicism.
+
+With the Calvinist princes of the south, at the head of whom stood the
+Elector Palatine and the Landgrave of Hesse Cassel, the case was
+different.  Fear of their Catholic neighbours, Bavaria and the
+Franconian bishoprics, made them war-like; they sympathised strongly
+with their Bohemian co-religionists, they longed to break the power of
+the Emperor, and were even willing to call in foreign aid to effect
+their purpose.  Schemes for their own personal aggrandisement played an
+equal part with their religious enthusiasm, and their plots and
+intrigues gave Ferdinand a very fair excuse for his unfavourable view
+of Protestantism.
+
+For a time they merely talked, and on the death of Matthias they
+acquiesced in the election of Ferdinand as Emperor: but only a few days
+later Frederick was invited by the Bohemians to come and fill their
+vacant throne.
+
+Frederick was not ambitious; left to himself he might have declined the
+proffered honour, but, urged by his wife and other relations, he
+accepted it, and departed with Elizabeth and their eldest son, to
+Prague, where he was crowned amidst great rejoicings.
+
+Among the Protestant princes, three, and three only, approved of
+Frederick's action; these were Christian of Anhalt, the Margrave of
+Anspach and the Margrave of Baden.  Maurice of Hesse-Cassel, on the
+contrary, though a Calvinist and an enemy of the Imperial House,
+strongly condemned the usurpation as grossly immoral; and in truth the
+only excuse that can be offered for it is Frederick's belief in a
+Divine call to succour his co-religionists.  Unfortunately he was the
+last man to succeed in so difficult an enterprise; yet for a brief
+period all went well, and at Prague, November {5} 28th, 1619, in the
+hour of his parents' triumph, was born the Elector's third son--Rupert.
+
+The Bohemians welcomed the baby with enthusiasm; the ladies of the
+country presented him with a cradle of ivory, embossed with gold, and
+studded with precious stones, and his whole outfit was probably the
+most costly that he ever possessed in his life.  He was christened
+Rupert, after the only one of the Electors Palatine who had attained
+the Imperial crown.  His sponsors were Bethlem Gabor, King of Hungary,
+whose creed approximated more closely to Mahommedanism than to any
+other faith; the Duke of Würtemberg, and the States of Bohemia,
+Silesia, and Upper and Lower Lusatia.  The baptism was at once the
+occasion of a great feast, and of a political gathering; it aggravated
+the already smouldering wrath of the Imperialists; a revolt in Prague
+followed, and within a year the Austrian army had swept over Bohemia,
+driving forth the luckless King and Queen.
+
+Frederick had no allies, he found no sympathy among his fellow-princes,
+on the selfish nobility and the apathetic peasantry of Bohemia he could
+place no reliance; resistance in the face of the Emperor's forces was
+hopeless;--the Palatines fled.
+
+In the hasty flight the poor baby was forgotten; dropped by a terrified
+nurse, he was left lying upon the floor until the Baron d'Hona,
+chancing to find him, threw him into the last coach as it left the
+courtyard.  The jolting of the coach tossed the child into the boot,
+and there he would have perished had not his screams attracted the
+notice of some of the train, who rescued him, and carried him off to
+Brandenburg after his mother.
+
+Elizabeth had sought shelter in Brandenburg because the Elector of that
+country had married Frederick's sister Catharine.  But George William
+of Brandenburg was a Lutheran, and a prudent personage, who had no wish
+to embroil himself with his Emperor for a cause of which he thoroughly
+{6} disapproved.  He gave his sister-in-law a cold reception, but,
+seeing her dire necessity, lent her his castle of Custrin, where, on
+January 11th, 1621, she gave birth to a fourth son.  Damp, bare and
+comfortless was the castle in which this child first saw the light, and
+mournful was the welcome he had from his mother.  "Call him Maurice,"
+she said, "because he will have to be a soldier!"  So Maurice the boy
+was named, after the warlike Prince of Orange, the most celebrated
+general of that day.[7]
+
+To the Prince of Orange the exiles now turned their thoughts.  Return
+to their happy home in the Palatinate was impossible, for Frederick lay
+under the ban of the Empire, and his hereditary dominions were
+forfeited in consequence of his rebellious conduct; therefore when, six
+weeks after the birth of her child, George William informed Elizabeth
+that he dared no longer shelter her, she entrusted the infant to the
+care of the Electress Catharine, and taking with her the little Rupert,
+began her journey towards Holland.
+
+Maurice, Prince of Orange and Stadtholder of Holland, was the eldest
+son of William the Silent, and brother of Frederick's mother, the
+Electress Juliana.  He had strongly urged his nephew's acceptance of
+the Bohemian crown, and it seemed but natural that he should afford an
+asylum to those whom he had so disastrously advised.  He did not shrink
+from his responsibility, and the welcome which he accorded to his
+hapless nephew and niece was as warm as that of the Elector of
+Brandenburg had been cold.  At Münster they were met by six companies
+of men at arms, sent to escort them to Emerich, where they met their
+eldest son, Henry, who had been sent to the protection of Count Ernest
+of Nassau at the beginning of the troubles; there also gathered round
+them the remnants of their shattered court, and it was with a shadowy
+show of royalty that they proceeded to the Hague.
+
+{7}
+
+Nothing could have exceeded the kindness of their reception, princes
+and people being equally anxious to show them sympathy.  Prince Henry
+Frederick of Orange, the brother and heir of the Stadtholder, resigned
+his own palace to their use, and the States of Holland presented
+Elizabeth with a mansion that stood next door to the palace.  The
+furniture necessary to make this house habitable, Elizabeth was
+enforced to borrow from the ever generous Prince Henry.  For all the
+necessaries of life the exiles were dependent upon charity, and, but
+for the generosity of the Orange Princes, supplemented by grants of
+money from England and from the States of Holland, they would have
+fared badly indeed.
+
+Thenceforth Elizabeth dwelt at the Hague, while the Thirty Years' War,
+of which her husband's action had lit the spark, raged over Germany.
+Slowly and reluctantly a few of the Protestant Princes took up arms
+against the Emperor.  James I sent armies of Ambassadors both to Spain
+and Austria, and offered settlements to which Frederick would not, or
+could not agree, but he lent little further aid to his distressed
+daughter.  He regarded his son-in-law's action as a political crime,
+which had produced the religious war that he had striven all his life
+to avoid, therefore, though he tacitly permitted English volunteers to
+enlist under Frederick's mercenary, Count Mansfeld, he would not
+countenance the war openly.  Indeed he deprecated it as the chief
+obstacle to the marriage of Prince Charles with the Spanish Infanta, on
+which he had set his heart.  The English Parliament, on the contrary,
+detested the idea of a Spanish alliance, and eagerly advocated a war on
+behalf of the Protestant exiles.
+
+But if her father would not fight on her behalf Elizabeth had friends
+who asked nothing better.  For her sake Duke Christian of Brunswick,
+the lay-Bishop of Halberstadt, threw himself passionately into the war.
+He and Mansfeld having completed between them the alienation of the
+other Princes, {8} by their lawless plunderings, were defeated by the
+Imperialist General, Tilly.  The Emperor settled the Upper Palatinate
+on his brother-in-law, the Duke of Bavaria, and, though the Lower
+Palatinate clung tenaciously to its Elector, Frederick was never able
+to return thither, until, many years later, the intervention of the
+quixotic King of Sweden won him a brief and evanescent success.
+
+Thus in trouble, anxiety and poverty passed the early youth of the
+Palatine children.  In the first years of the exile only Henry and
+Rupert shared their parents' home at the Hague; Charles and Elizabeth
+had been left in the care of their grandmother Juliana, who, when
+Heidelberg became no longer a safe place of residence, carried them off
+to Berlin, where Maurice had been left with his aunt.
+
+Henry was old enough to feel the separation from his brother and
+sister, to whom he was much attached.  "I trust you omit not to pray
+diligently, as I do, day and night, that it may please God to restore
+us to happiness and to each other," he wrote with precocious
+seriousness to Charles, "I have a bow and arrow, with a beautiful
+quiver, tipped with silver, which I would fain send you, but I fear it
+may fall into the enemy's hands."[8]  In another letter he tells
+Charles that "Rupert is here, blythe and well, safe and sound," that he
+is beginning to talk, and that his first words were "Praise the Lord",
+spoken in Bohemian.[9]  In the following year, 1621, Rupert was very
+ill with a severe cold, and Henry wrote to his grandfather, King
+James:--"Sir, we are come from Sewneden to see the King and Queen, and
+my little brother Rupert, who is now a little sick.  But my brother
+Charles is, God be thanked, very well, and my sister Elizabeth, and she
+is a little bigger and stronger than he."[10]  A quaint mixture of
+childishness and precocity is noticeable in all his letters.  "I have
+two {9} horses alive, that can go up my stairs; a black horse and a
+brown horse!" he informed his grandfather on another occasion.[11]
+
+Frederick, an affectionate father to all his children, was especially
+devoted to his eldest son, whom he made his constant companion.  Of
+Rupert also we find occasional mention in his letters.  "The little
+Rupert is very learned to understand so many languages!"[12] he says in
+1622, when the child was not three years old.  In another letter, dated
+some years later, he writes to his wife: "I am very glad that Rupert is
+in your good graces, and that Charles behaves so well.  Certes, they
+are doubly dear to me for it."[13]
+
+But the Queen, so universally beloved and belauded, does not appear to
+have been a very affectionate mother.  A devoted wife she
+unquestionably was, but she did not exert herself to win her children's
+love.  "Any stranger would be deceived in that humour, since towards
+them there is nothing but mildness and complaisance,"[14] wrote her son
+Charles in after years; and, though Charles himself had little right so
+to reproach her, there was doubtless some truth in the saying.  She had
+not been long at the Hague before she obtained from the kindly
+Stadtholder the grant of a house at Leyden, "where," says her youngest
+daughter, Sophie, "her Majesty had her whole family brought up apart
+from herself, greatly preferring the sight of her monkeys and dogs to
+that of her children."[15]
+
+Having thus successfully disposed of her family, Elizabeth was able to
+live at the Hague with considerable satisfaction, surrounded by the
+beloved monkeys and dogs, of which she had about seventeen in all.  Nor
+was she without congenial society.  At the Court of Orange there were
+{10} no ladies, for both the Princes were unmarried; but very speedily
+a court gathered itself about the lively Queen of Bohemia.  English
+ladies flocked to the Hague to show their respect and sympathy for
+their dear Princess.  Nobles and diplomates, more especially Sir Thomas
+Roe and Sir Dudley Carleton, the last of whom was English Ambassador at
+the Hague, vied with one another in evincing their friendship for the
+Queen; and hundreds of adventurous young gentlemen came to offer their
+swords to her husband and their hearts to herself.  "I am never
+destitute of a fool to laugh at, when one goes another comes,"[16]
+wrote Elizabeth, _à propos_ of these eager volunteers, who had dubbed
+her the "Queen of Hearts."
+
+Soon after they were settled at Leyden, Henry and Rupert were joined by
+the sister and brothers hitherto left at Berlin, and their society was
+further augmented by other children, born at the Hague, and despatched
+to Leyden as soon as they were old enough to bear the three days'
+journey thither.  To the youngest sister, Sophie, we owe a detailed
+description of their daily life.  "We had," she wrote, "a court quite
+in the German style; our hours as well as our curtsies were all laid
+down by rule."  Eleven o'clock was the dinner hour, and the meal was
+attended with great ceremony.  "On entering the dining-room I found all
+my brothers drawn up in front, with their gentlemen and governors
+posted behind in the same order, side by side.  I was obliged to make a
+very low curtsey to the Princes, a slighter one to the others, another
+low one on placing myself opposite to them, then another slight one to
+my governess, who on entering the room with her daughters curtsied very
+low to me.  I was obliged to curtsey again on handing my gloves over to
+their custody, then again on placing myself opposite to my brothers,
+{11} again when the gentlemen brought me a large basin in which to wash
+my hands, again after grace was said, and for the ninth, and last time,
+on seating myself at table.  Everything was so arranged that we knew on
+each day of the week what we were to eat, as is the case in convents.
+On Sundays and Wednesdays two divines or two professors were always
+invited to dine with us."[17]
+
+All the children, both boys and girls, were very carefully instructed
+in theology, according to the doctrine of Calvin, and, observed the
+candid Sophie, "knew the Heidelberg Catechism by heart, without
+understanding one word of it."[18]  According to the curriculum
+arranged for them, the boys enjoyed four hours daily of leisure and
+exercise.  They had to attend morning and evening prayers read in
+English; the morning prayer was followed by a Bible reading, and an
+application of the lesson.  They were instructed also in the terrible
+Heidelberg Catechism, in the history of the Reformers, and in religious
+controversy.  On Sundays and feastdays they had to attend church, and
+to give an abstract of the sermon afterwards.  They learnt besides,
+mathematics, history, and jurisprudence, and studied languages to so
+much purpose that they could speak five or six with equal ease.[19]  To
+their English mother they invariably wrote and spoke in English, but
+French was the tongue they used by preference, and amongst themselves;
+a curious French, often interpolated with Dutch and German phrases.
+
+Rupert early evinced his independence of character by revolting against
+the strict course laid out for him.  "He was not ambitious to entertain
+the learned tongues....  He conceived the languages of the times would
+be to him more useful, having to converse afterwards with divers {12}
+nations.  Thus he became so much master of the modern tongues that at
+the thirteenth year of his age he could understand, and be understood
+in all Europe.  His High and Low Dutch were not more naturally spoken
+by him than English, French, Spanish and Italian.  Latin he
+understood."[20] He showed, moreover, a passion for all things
+military.  "His Highness also applying himself to riding, fencing,
+vaulting, the exercise of the pike and musket, and the study of
+geometry and fortification, wherein he had the assistance of the best
+masters, besides the inclination of a military genius, which showed
+itself so early that at eight years of age he handled his arms with the
+readiness and address of an experienced soldier."[21]
+
+Occasionally their mother would summon the children to the Hague, that
+she might show them to her friends; "as one would a stud of
+horses,"[22] said Sophie bitterly.  The life at Leyden was also varied
+by the visits of the Elector Frederick, who was occasionally
+accompanied by Englishmen of distinction.
+
+In 1626 came the great Duke of Buckingham himself.  James I was dead,
+and Charles I reigned in his stead, but the brilliant favourite
+Buckingham ruled over the son as absolutely as he had ruled over the
+father before him.  He was inclined now to take up the cause of the
+Palatines, and, as the price of his assistance, proposed a marriage
+between the eldest prince, Henry, and his own little daughter, the Lady
+Mary Villiers.  Frederick, knowing his great power, listened
+favourably, and Buckingham accordingly visited the children at Leyden,
+where he treated his intended son-in-law with great kindness.  Henry
+remembered the Duke with affection, and addressed some of his quaint
+little letters to him, always expressing gratitude for his {13}
+kindness.  "My Lord," he wrote in 1628, "I could not let pass this
+opportunity to salute you by my Lord Ambassador, for whose departure,
+being somewhat sorrowful, I will comfort myself in this, that he may
+help me in expressing to you how much I am your most affectionate
+friend.--Frederick Henry."[23]  But ere the year was out the Duke had
+fallen under the assassin's knife, and the little Prince did not long
+survive him.
+
+The Stadtholder Maurice had died in 1625, bequeathing to Elizabeth,
+amongst other things, a share in a Dutch Company which had raised a
+fleet intended to intercept Spanish galleons coming, laden with gold,
+from Mexico.  In January 1629 this fleet returned triumphant to the
+Zuyder Zee.  To Amsterdam went Frederick, accompanied by his eldest
+son, now fifteen, to claim Elizabeth's share of the spoil.  "For more
+frugality"[24] the poverty-stricken King and Prince travelled by the
+ordinary packet-boat, They reached Amsterdam in safety, but on the
+return journey, the packet-boat was run down by a heavy Dutch vessel,
+and sank with all on board.  Frederick was rescued by the exertions of
+the skipper, but young Henry perished, and his piteous cry, "Save me,
+Father!" rang in the ears of the unhappy Frederick to his dying day.[25]
+
+Miseries accumulated steadily.  The poverty of the exiles increased as
+rapidly as did their family, and at last they could scarcely get bread
+to eat.  The account of their debts so moved Charles I that he pawned
+his own jewels in order to pay them, after which, the King and Queen
+retired to a villa at Rhenen, near Utrecht, where they hoped to live
+economically.  There Elizabeth was, to a great extent, deprived of the
+society which she loved; but she found consolation in hunting, a sport
+to which she {14} was devoted.  Sometimes she permitted her sons to
+join her, and on one such occasion a comical adventure befell young
+Rupert.  A fox had been run to earth, and "a dog, which the Prince
+loved," followed it.  The dog did not reappear, and Rupert, growing
+anxious, crept down the hole after it.  But, though he managed to catch
+the dog by the leg, he found the hole so narrow that he could extricate
+neither his favourite nor himself.  Happily he was discovered in this
+critical position by his tutor, who, seizing him by the heels, drew out
+Prince, dog, and fox, each holding on to the other.[26]
+
+To Frederick the sojourn at Rhenen was very agreeable.  Failing health
+increased his natural irritability, and he ungratefully detested the
+democratic Hollanders.  "Of all _canaille_, deliver me from the
+_canaille_ of the Hague!"[27] he said.  "It is a misery to live amongst
+such a people."[28]  At last, in 1630, a ray of hope dawned upon him.
+Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden, resolved to assist the Protestants
+of Germany, and, encouraged by France, launched himself into the
+Empire.  In 1631 he gained the battle of Leipzig, and success followed
+success, until the Lower Palatinate was in the Swedish hero's hands.
+Then Frederick, provided, by the Stadtholder, with £5,000, set out to
+join Gustavus, but ere his departure, paid a farewell visit to Leyden.
+There he attended a public examination of the University Students, in
+which Charles and Rupert won much distinction.  The visit was his last.
+By November 1632 his troubles were over, and the weary, anxious,
+disappointed king lay dead at Mainz, in the thirty-sixth year of his
+age.  The immediate cause of his death was a fever contracted in the
+summer campaign; but it was said that his heart had been broken by the
+death of his eldest son, and that all through his illness he declared
+that he heard {15} the boy calling him.  The death of Gustavus Adolphus
+in the same month checked the victorious progress of the Swedish army,
+and, consequently, the hopes of the Palatines.  Frederick had been
+loved by his sons, and his loss was keenly felt by those of them who
+were old enough to understand it.  The misfortune was, however, beyond
+the comprehension of the five-year-old Philip, who evidently had learnt
+to regard military defeat as the only serious disaster.  "But is the
+battle then lost, because the king is dead?" he demanded, gazing in
+astonishment at Rupert's passionate tears.[29]  More than a battle had
+been lost, and forlornly pathetic was the letter indicted by the elder
+boys to their uncle, King Charles:
+
+
+"We commit ourselves and the protection of our rights into your
+gracious arms, humbly beseeching your Majesty so to look upon us as
+upon those who have neither friends, nor fortune, nor greater honour in
+this world, than belongs to your Royal blood.  Unless you please to
+maintain that in us God knoweth what may become of your Majesty's
+nephews.
+
+      "CHARLES.
+
+  "RUPERT.  "MAURICE.
+
+      "EDWARD."[30]
+
+
+Hard, in truth, was the position of Elizabeth, left to struggle as she
+might for her large and impecunious family.  She had lost, besides
+Henry, two children who had died in infancy.  There remained ten, six
+sons and four daughters, the eldest scarcely sixteen, and all wholly
+dependent on the generosity of their friends and relations.  The States
+of Holland at once granted to the Queen the same yearly sum which they
+had allowed to her husband, and while her brother, Charles I,
+prospered, and the Stadtholder {16} Henry still lived, she did not
+suffer the depths of poverty to which she afterwards sank.  Yet money
+was, as her son Charles put it, "very hard to come by";[31] they were
+always in debt, and it is recorded by another son, that their house was
+"greatly vexed by rats and mice, but more by creditors."[32]
+
+Happily for herself, Elizabeth was possessed of two things of which no
+misfortune could deprive her, namely, a buoyant nature and a perfect
+constitution.  "For, though I have cause enough to be sad, I am still
+of my wild humour to be merry in spite of fortune," she once wrote to
+her faithful friend, Sir Thomas Roe.[33]  And her children inherited
+her high spirits.  "I was then of so gay a disposition that everything
+amused me," wrote Sophie; "our family misfortunes had no power to
+depress my spirits, though we were, at times, obliged to make even
+richer repasts than that of Cleopatra, and often had nothing at our
+Court but pearls and diamonds to eat."[34]  And as it was with Sophie
+so it was with the others; despair was unknown to them, and for long it
+was their favourite game to play that they were travelling back to the
+lost Palatinate, and had entered a public-house on the way.[35] Nor did
+they less inherit their mother's iron constitution.  "Bodily health is
+an inheritance from our mother which no one can dispute with us,"
+declared Sophie; "the best we ever had from her, of which Rupert has
+taken a double share."[36]
+
+Thus, in spite of poverty, misfortune, and the learning thrust upon
+them, the children grew up gay, witty, as full of tricks as their
+mother's cherished monkeys, and all distinguished for personal beauty,
+unusual talents, strong {17} wills, and a superb disregard of the
+world's opinion.  Charles, called by his brothers and sisters, "Timon",
+on account of his misanthropic views and bitter sayings, was not a whit
+behind Rupert in learning, and far his superior in social
+accomplishments.  He was his mother's favourite son.  "Since he was
+born I ever loved him best--when he was but a second son,"[37] she
+wrote once; to which replied her correspondent: "It is not the first
+time your Majesty has confessed to me your affection to the Prince
+Elector, but now I must approve and admire your judgment, for never was
+there any fairer subject of love."[38] Elizabeth, named by the rest "La
+Grecque," was considered, later in life, the most learned lady in all
+Europe; and the merry Louise was an artist whose pictures possess an
+intrinsic value to this day.  Her instructor in the art of painting was
+Honthorst, who resided in the family.  He often sold her pictures for
+her, thus enabling her to contribute something to the support of the
+household.  So it happens that some of the pictures now ascribed to
+Honthorst, are in fact the work of the Princess Louise.
+
+Sophie has left us a description of all her sisters: "Elizabeth had
+black hair, a dazzling complexion, brown sparkling eyes, a well-shaped
+forehead, beautiful cherry lips, and a sharp aquiline nose, which was
+apt to turn red.  She loved study, but all her philosophy could not
+save her from vexation when her nose was red.  At such times she hid
+herself from the world.  I remember that my sister Louise, who was not
+so sensitive, asked her on one such unlucky occasion to come upstairs
+to the Queen, as it was the usual hour for visiting her.  Elizabeth
+said, 'Would you have me go with this nose?'--Louise retorted, 'What!
+will you wait till you get another?'--Louise was lively and unaffected.
+Elizabeth was very learned; she {18} knew every language under the sun
+and corresponded regularly with Descartes.  This great learning, by
+making her rather absent-minded, often became the subject of our mirth.
+Louise was not so handsome, but had, in my opinion, a more amiable
+disposition.  She devoted herself to painting, and so strong was her
+talent for it that she could take likenesses from memory.  While
+painting others she neglected herself sadly; one would have said that
+her clothes had been thrown on her."[39]
+
+Rupert, nicknamed "Rupert le Diable" for his rough manners and hasty
+temper, was himself no mean artist, but of his especial bent something
+has been said already.  Of the younger children we know less.  Maurice
+is chiefly distinguished as Rupert's inseparable companion and devoted
+follower.  Like Rupert, he seems to have been of gigantic height, for
+we find Charles, at eighteen, boyishly resenting the imputation that
+"my brother Maurice is as high as myself," and sending his mother "the
+measure of my true height, without any heels," to disprove it.[40]
+Edward must have been unlike the rest in appearance, for Charles
+describes him as having a round face, and fat cheeks, though he had the
+family brown eyes.[41]  He shared the wilfulness of the rest, but never
+especially distinguished himself.  Henriette was fair and gentle, very
+beautiful, but less talented than her sisters.  She devoted herself to
+needlework and the confection of sweetmeats.  Poor, fiery Philip,
+valiant, passionate and undisciplined, came early to a warrior's grave.
+Sophie lived to be the mother of George I of England, and was famous
+for her natural intelligence, learning, and social talents.  Little
+Gustave died at nine years old, after a short life of continual
+suffering.
+
+As the boys and girls grew up they were withdrawn from Leyden to the
+court at the Hague.  The Queen of {19} Bohemia's household was a
+singularly lively one, abounding in practical jokes and wit of a not
+very refined nature, so that the young princes and princesses had to
+"sharpen their wits in self-defence."[42]  It was a fashion with them
+to run about the Hague in disguise, talking to whomever they
+met.[43]--Private theatricals were a favourite form of amusement, and
+the Carnival--their Protestantism notwithstanding--was kept with
+hilarious rejoicing.  The Dutch regarded them with kindly tolerance.
+The English Puritans were less phlegmatic; and a deputation, happening
+to come over with "a godly condolence" to Elizabeth, in 1635, retired
+deeply disgusted by the "songs, dances, hallooing and other
+jovialities" of the Princes Charles, Rupert, Maurice and Edward.[44]
+
+
+
+[1] Hist. MSS. Commission.  12th Report.  Athole MSS. p. 30.
+
+[2] Calendar of Domestic State Papers.  Wharton to Willingham, 13 Sept.
+1642.
+
+[3] Carte's Original Letters.  Ed. 1739.  Vol. I. p. 59.  O'Neil to
+Trevor, 26 July, 1644.
+
+[4] Hist. MSS. Commission.  8th Report.  Denbigh MSS. p. 5520.
+
+[5] Calendar Clarendon, State Papers, 27 Feb. 1654.
+
+[6] Gardiner's History of England.  1893.  Vol. III. Chap. 29. pp.
+251-299.
+
+[7] Green, Lives of the Princesses of England.  1855.  Vol. V. p. 353.
+
+[8] Benger's Elizabeth Stuart.  Ed. 1825.  Vol. II. p. 255
+
+[9] Ibid. II. p. 257.
+
+[10] Hist. MSS. Com. Report 3.  Hopkinson MSS. p. 265a.
+
+[11] Green's Princesses, Vol. V. p. 408, note.
+
+[12] Bromley Letters.  Ed. 1787.  p. 21.
+
+[13] Bromley Letters, p. 38.
+
+[14] Ibid. p. 178.
+
+[15] Preussischen Staatsarchiven.  Bd. 4.  Memoiren der Herzogin
+Sophie, pp. 34-35.
+
+[16] Letters and Negotiations of Sir T. Roe, p. 74.  Elizabeth to Roe,
+19 Aug. 1622.
+
+[17] Publication aus den Preussischen Staatsarchiven.  Bd. 4.  Memoiren
+der Herzogin Sophie, pp. 34-35.
+
+[18] Ibid.
+
+[19] Haüsser, Geschichte der Rheinischen Pfalz.  Vol. II. p. 510.
+
+[20] Lansdowne MSS. 817.  Fol. 157-168.  Brit. Mus.
+
+[21] Warburton, Rupert and the Cavaliers, Vol. I. p. 449.
+
+[22] Memoiren der Herzogin Sophie, p. 35.  Publication aus den
+Preussischen Staatsarchiven.
+
+[23] Harleian MSS. 6988.  Fol. 83.  British Museum.
+
+[24] Howell's Familiar Letters.  Edition 1726.  Bk I. p. 177.  25 Feb.
+1625.
+
+[25] Strickland's Elizabeth Stuart.  Queens of Scotland, Vol. VIII. pp.
+134, 161.  Green's Princesses.  V. 468-9.
+
+[26] Warburton, Vol. I. p. 49, _note_.
+
+[27] Strickland, Elizabeth Stuart, p. 138.
+
+[28] Bromley Letters, p. 20.
+
+[29] Sprüner's Pfalzgraf Ruprecht, p. 17.  Staatsbibliothek zu München.
+
+[30] Green, English Princesses, Vol. V. p. 515.
+
+[31] Bromley Letters, p. 124.
+
+[32] Dict. of National Biography.  Art. Elizabeth of Bohemia.
+
+[33] Letters and Negotiations of Roe, p. 146.
+
+[34] Memoiren der Herzogin Sophie, p. 43.
+
+[35] Sprüner, p. 15.  MSS. der Staatsbibliothek zu München.
+
+[36] Briefwechsel der Herzogin Sophie mit Karl Ludwig von der Pfalz, p.
+309.
+
+[37] Dom. State Papers.  Chas. I.  Vol. 325.  Fol. 47.  Eliz. to Roe, 4
+June, 1636.
+
+[38] Ibid. Roe to Eliz., 20 July, 1636.  Vol. 329. fol. 21.
+
+[39] Memoiren der Herzogin Sophie, pp. 38-39.
+
+[40] Bromley Letters, p. 97.
+
+[41] Forster's Statesmen, Vol. VI. p. 81, _note_
+
+[42] Memoiren der Herzogin Sophie, pp. 36-37.
+
+[43] Memoirs of the Princess Palatine.  Blaze de Bury.  p. 112.
+
+[44] Strickland, Elizabeth Stuart, p. 174.
+
+
+
+
+{20}
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+RUPERT'S EARLY CAMPAIGNS.  FIRST VISIT TO ENGLAND.  MADEMOISELLE DE
+ROHAN
+
+At the age of thirteen Rupert made his first campaign.  Prince Henry of
+Orange had succeeded his brother Maurice as Stadtholder, and under his
+Generalship, the Protestant states of Holland still carried on the
+struggle against Spain and the Spanish Netherlands, which had raged
+since the days of William the Silent.  The close alliance of Spain with
+the Empire, and of Holland with the Palatines, connected this war with
+the religious wars of Germany; young Rupert was full of eagerness to
+share in it, and the Stadtholder, with whom the boy was a special
+favourite, begged Elizabeth's leave to take him and his elder brother
+on the campaign of 1633.  The Queen consented, saying, "He cannot too
+soon be a soldier in these active times."[1]  But hardly was the boy
+gone, than she was seized with fears for his morals, and recalled him
+to the Hague.  Rupert submitted reluctantly, but the remonstrances of
+the Stadtholder, ere long, procured his return to the army.
+
+A brief campaign resulted in the capture of Rhynberg, which triumph
+Prince Henry celebrated with a tournament held at the Hague.  On this
+occasion Rupert greatly distinguished himself, carrying off the palm,
+"with such a graceful air accompanying all his actions, as drew the
+hearts and eyes of all spectators towards him ...  The ladies also
+contended among themselves which should crown him with the greatest and
+most welcome glory."[2]
+
+{21}
+
+After all this excitement, the boy found his life at Leyden irksome,
+and "his thoughts were so wholly taken up with the love of arms, that
+he had no great passion for any other study."  He was therefore allowed
+to return to active service, and on the next campaign he served in the
+Stadtholder's Life Guards.  With eager delight, he "delivered himself
+up to all the common duties and circumstances of a private soldier;"[3]
+in which capacity he witnessed the sieges of Louvain, Schenkenseyan,
+and the horrible sack of Tirlemont.  Even thus early he showed
+something of the impatience and impetuosity which was afterwards his
+bane.  The dilatory methods and cautious policy of the Stadtholder
+fretted him; "an active Prince, like ours, was always for charging the
+enemy."  His courage indeed "astonished the eldest soldiers," and they
+exerted themselves to preserve from harm the young comrade who took no
+care of himself.[4]  Eventually Rupert returned from his second
+campaign, covered with glory, and not a little spoilt by the petting of
+the Stadtholder, and of his companions in arms.  A visit to England,
+which followed soon after, did not tend to lessen his good opinion of
+himself.
+
+His eldest brother, Charles Louis, had just attained his eighteenth
+year.  This being the legal age for Princes of the Empire, he assumed
+his father's title of Prince Elector Palatine, and was thereupon
+summoned to England by his uncle, King Charles, who hoped to accomplish
+his restoration to the Palatinate.  Elizabeth suffered the departure of
+her favourite with much misgiving.  "He is young _et fort nouveau_, so
+as he will no doubt commit many errors," she wrote to Sir Henry Vane.
+"I fear damnably how he will do with your ladies, for he is a very ill
+courtier; therefore I pray you desire them not to laugh too much at
+him, but to be merciful to him."[5]
+
+{22}
+
+In October 1635 young Charles landed at Gravesend, and was well
+received by his relatives.  "The King received him in the Queen's
+withdrawing room, using him extraordinarily kindly.  The Queen kissed
+him.  He is a very handsome young prince, modest and very bashful; he
+speaks English," was the report of a friend to Lord Strafford.[6]
+Nevertheless the Elector, who had expected to be restored with a high
+hand, was somewhat disappointed in his uncle.  Ambassadors King Charles
+did not spare.  In July 1636 he despatched Lord Arundel on a special
+mission to Vienna.  He endeavoured to league together England, France
+and Holland in the interests of the Palatines.  He negotiated with the
+King of Hungary, and he attempted to secure the King of Poland by
+marrying him to the Elector's eldest sister, Elizabeth.  The marriage
+treaty fell through because the princess refused to profess the Roman
+Catholic faith.  The other negotiations proved equally fruitless; and
+armies, fleets and money it was not in the King's power to furnish.
+"All their comfort to me is 'to have patience'!"[7] complained the
+young Elector to his mother.
+
+In other respects he had nothing to complain of; the impression he made
+was excellent, and the King showed him all the kindness in his power.
+The old diplomat, Sir Thomas Roe, who watched over the boy with a
+fatherly eye, wrote enthusiastically to his mother, Elizabeth: "The
+Prince Elector is so sweet, so obliging, so discreet, so sensible of
+his own affairs, and so young as was never seen, nor could be seen in
+the son of any other mother.  And this joy I give you: he gains upon
+his Majesty's affection, by assiduity and diligent attendance, so much
+that it is expressed to him by embracings, kissings, and all signs of
+love."[8]
+
+{23}
+
+Thus encouraged, Elizabeth resolved to send her second son to join his
+brother; though with little hope that "Rupert le Diable" would prove an
+equal success with the young Elector.  "For blood's sake I hope he will
+be welcome," she wrote; "though I believe he will not trouble your
+ladies with courting them, nor be thought a very _beau garçon_, which
+you slander his brother with."  And she entreated Sir Henry Vane "a
+little to give good counsel to Rupert, for he is still a little giddy,
+though not so much as he has been.  Pray tell him when he does ill, for
+he is good-natured enough, but does not always think of what he should
+do."[9]  But the mother's judgment erred, for the despised Rupert won
+all hearts at the English Court, so completely as to throw his brother
+into the shade.  Doubtless the jeers of his mother had helped to render
+him shy and awkward at the Hague; now, for the first time, he found
+himself free to develop unrestrained, in a congenial atmosphere.  The
+natural force of his character showed itself at once, and his quick wit
+and vivacity charmed the grave King.  "I have observed him," reported
+Sir Thomas Roe, "full of spirit and action, full of observation and
+judgment; certainly he will _réussir un grand homme (sic)_; for
+whatsoever he wills he wills vehemently, so that to what he bends he
+will in it be excellent...  His Majesty takes great pleasure in his
+unrestfulness, for he is never idle; in his sports serious, in his
+conversation retired, but sharp and witty when occasion provokes
+him."[10]
+
+In his love for the arts King Charles found another point of sympathy
+with his nephew.  The English Court was then the most splendid in
+Europe; Charles's collections of pictures, sculptures, and art
+treasures were the finest of the times.  He was himself so proficient a
+musician that an enemy remarked later, that he might have earned his
+{24} living by his art.[11]  Rubens, Van Dyke and other famous artists,
+sculptors and musicians were familiar figures at the Court.  In a word,
+the society which Charles gathered round him was cultivated and
+intellectual to the highest degree.  To a boy like Rupert, sensitive,
+excitable, and intensely artistic in feeling, there was something
+intoxicating in this feast of the senses and intellect, so suddenly
+offered to him.  Nor was this all.  The Queen and her ladies, so famous
+for their wit and beauty, marked him for their own; and before he had
+been many days in England, the boy found himself the chief pet and
+favourite of his fascinating aunt.  Queen Henrietta, who had a passion
+for proselytising, soon saw in her handsome young nephew a hopeful
+subject for conversion to the Roman Church; and Rupert, on his part,
+was not a little drawn by the artistic aspect of her religion.
+
+The young Elector watched his brother's prosperous course with dismay.
+Rupert, he lamented, was "always with the Queen, and her ladies, and
+her Papists."  Nor did he look more favourably on Rupert's affection
+for Endymion Porter, a poet, and a connoisseur in all the arts, whose
+wife was as ardent a Roman Catholic as was the Queen herself.  "Rupert
+is still in great friendship with Porter," he wrote to his mother.  "I
+bid him take heed he do not meddle with points of religion among them,
+for fear some priest or other, that is too hard for him, may form an
+ill opinion in him.  Mrs. Porter is a professed Roman Catholic.  Which
+way to get my brother away I do not know, except myself go over."[12]
+Roe also hinted that Elizabeth would do well to recall her second son.
+"His spirit is too active to be wasted in the soft entanglings of
+pleasure, and your Majesty would do well to recall him gently.  He will
+prove a sword for all his friends if his edge be set right.  There is
+nothing ill in his stay here, yet he may gather a diminution from {25}
+company unfit for him."[13] It was enough.  Elizabeth took alarm, and
+from that time made desperate but vain efforts to recover her giddy
+Rupert, who, said she, "spends his time but idly in England."[14]  But
+Rupert was far too happy to return home just then; nor were his uncle
+and aunt willing to part with him.  The Queen loudly protested that she
+would not let him go, and Elizabeth was obliged to resign herself,
+saying, "He will not mend there."[15]
+
+It was not fears for her son's Protestantism alone that moved her.  She
+was aware that he and the King were concocting between them, a scheme
+of which she thoroughly disapproved.  This was a wild and utterly
+unfeasible plan for founding a colony in Madagascar, of which Rupert
+was to be leader, organiser, and ruler.  He had always taken a keen
+interest in naval affairs, and now he devoted himself eagerly to the
+study of ship-building.  But his unfortunate mother was frantic at the
+idea.  In her eyes, the boy's only fit vocation was "to be made a
+soldier, to serve his uncle and brother,"[16] and she entreated her
+friend Roe to put such "windmills" out of this new Don Quixote's head.
+No son of hers, she declared, fiercely, should "roam the world as a
+knight-errant;"[17] not foreseeing, poor woman, that such was precisely
+her children's destined fate.  From Roe at least she had full sympathy:
+"I will only say," he wrote to her, "that it is an excellent course to
+lose the Prince in a most desperate, dangerous, unwholesome, fruitless
+action."[18]  But to mockery and exhortation Rupert turned a deaf ear.
+His mother, finding her letters treated with indifference, sent her
+agent, Rusdorf, to represent to the boy his exalted station as a Prince
+of the Empire, the grief he was causing to his grandmother, mother and
+sisters, {26} and the necessity of his remaining in Europe to combat
+his ancestral enemies.  Rupert listened in absolute silence, and
+remained unmoved at the end.  Nor could his brother Charles make the
+least impression on him.  "When I ask him what he means to do I find
+him very shy to tell me his opinion,"[19] was the young Elector's
+report.  Rupert probably knew Charles well enough to guess that
+anything he did tell him would be at once repeated to his mother, and
+he was always good at keeping his own counsel.
+
+Both boys had broken loose from their home restraints.  They were now
+"quite out of their mother's governance", and resolved to go their own
+way, heeding neither her nor her agents, present or absent.[20]  The
+state of affairs was not improved by the interference of one of
+Elizabeth's ladies, who was also on a visit to England.  Between the
+boys and this Mrs. Crofts there was no love lost.  She told tales of
+their doings to their mother, and carried complaints of their rudeness
+to their mentor, Lord Craven.  The Princes were furious, believing that
+she had been sent to spy upon them, and, at the same time, they
+betrayed evident terror lest her stories should gain credence rather
+than their own.  "I am sure your Majesty maketh no doubt of my civil
+carriage to Mrs. Crofts, because she was your servant, and you
+commanded it," declared Charles, "yet I hear she is not pleased, and
+hath sent her complaints over seas.  I do not know whether they are
+come to your Majesty's ears, but I easily believe it, because she told
+my Lord Craven that I used her like a stranger and would not speak to
+her before her King and Queen.  Yet I may truly say that I have spoken
+more to her, since she came into England, than ever I did in all my
+life before."[21]  Rupert also had insulted the lady.  "He told {27} me
+she would not look upon him,"[22] wrote his brother indignantly.
+
+After all this agitation, a visit to Oxford, in the company of the
+King, proved a welcome diversion.  This was a great event in the
+University, and the scholars were admonished "to go nowhere without
+their caps and gowns, and in apparel of such colour and such fashion as
+the statute prescribes.  And particularly they are not to wear long
+hair, nor any boots, nor double stockings, rolled down, or hanging
+loose about their legs, as the manner of some slovens is."[23]  On the
+night of the Royal Party's arrival a play was performed by the students
+of Christ Church, which Lord Carnarvon reported the worst he had ever
+seen, except one which he saw at Cambridge.  On the following day
+Rupert, clad in a scarlet gown, was presented for the degree of Master
+of Arts by the Warden of Merton College.  The University bestowed on
+him a pair of gloves; and from Archbishop Laud, then Chancellor of
+Oxford, he received a copy of Cæsar's Commentaries.  Subsequently the
+Royal guests dined with Laud, at St. John's College, and in the evening
+they were condemned to witness a second play at Christ Church, which
+happily proved "most excellent."[24]
+
+Elizabeth remained, in the meantime, far from satisfied; and in
+February 1637, King Charles thought it well to ascertain her serious
+intentions with regard to Rupert.  To this end, young George Goring,
+then serving in the Stadtholder's army, was commissioned to sound her.
+Thus he reported to his father:--"I found she had a belief he would
+lose his time in England, and for that reason had an intention to
+recall him.  I saw it not needful to give her other encouragement from
+His Majesty, than that I heard the King profess that he did believe
+Prince Rupert {28} would soon be capable of any actions of honour, and
+if he were placed in any such employment would acquit himself very
+well; and I persuaded Her Majesty to know what the Prince of Orange
+would think fit for him to do, which she did on their next meeting, and
+His Highness wished very much that there were some employment in the
+way worthy of him.  But this business is silenced since upon a letter
+the Queen has received from the Prince Elector, where he mentions the
+sending of some land forces into France, which he judges a fit command
+for him ...  Only that which His Highness spoke to Dr. Gosse,
+concerning Prince Rupert, would joy me much, being I might hope for a
+liberty of attempting actions worthy of an honest man."[25]
+
+Plans for the recovery of the lost Palatinate were now indeed maturing.
+The cause was one very near the hearts of the English Puritans, who
+regarded it as synonymous with the cause of Protestantism, and they
+showed themselves willing to subscribe money in aid of it.  The King
+promised ships, and tried to win the help of France; while young
+English nobles eagerly offered their swords to the exiled Princes.  The
+Elector was so delighted that he could scarcely believe his good
+fortune, and Rupert abandoned his own schemes in order to assist his
+brother.  "The dream of Madagascar, I think, is vanished," wrote Roe.
+"A blunt merchant called to deliver his opinion, said it was a gallant
+design, but one on which he would be loth to venture his younger
+son."[26]
+
+But the dream of Rupert's conversion was not over, and his mother was
+as anxious as ever to recover possession of him.  She appealed now to
+Archbishop Laud who had shown great interest in the boys, often
+inviting them to dine with him.  "The two young Princes have both {29}
+been very kind and respective of me," he said.  "It was little I was
+able to do for them, but I was always ready to do my best."[27]  To him
+therefore Elizabeth stated that she was about to send Maurice with the
+Prince of Orange, "to learn that profession by which I believe he must
+live,"[28] and that she desired Rupert to bear his brother company.  "I
+think he will spend this summer better in an army than idly in England.
+For though it be a great honour and happiness to him to wait upon his
+uncle, yet, his youth considered, he will be better employed to see the
+war."[29]  Laud replied in approving terms: "If the Prince of Orange be
+going into the field, God be his speed.  The like I heartily wish to
+the young Prince Maurice.  You do exceedingly well to put him into
+action betimes."[30] Still he offered no real assistance, and Elizabeth
+fell back on the sympathetic Roe, repeating how she had sent for
+Rupert, and adding--"You may easily guess why I send for him; his
+brother can tell you else.  I pray you help him away and hinder those
+that would stay him."[31]
+
+Her untiring solicitations and Rupert's own martial spirit, combined
+with the fact that the Elector, having completed his negotiations, was
+now ready to return with his brother, prevailed.  The King at last
+consented to let them go, and in June 1637 they embarked at Greenwich,
+arriving safely at the Hague, after a stormy passage in which both
+suffered severely.  The parting in England had been reluctant on both
+sides.  "Both the brothers went away very unwillingly, but Prince
+Rupert expressed it most, for, being a-hunting that morning with the
+King, he wished he might break his neck, and so leave his bones in
+England."[32]
+
+{30}
+
+But, in the opinion of Elizabeth and Roe, that pleasant holiday had
+ended none too soon.  "You have your desire for Prince Rupert," wrote
+the latter.  "I doubt not he returns to you untainted, but I will not
+answer for all designs upon him.  The enemy is a serpent as well as a
+wolf, and, though he should prove impregnable, you do well to preserve
+him from battery."[33]  Later the boy confessed that a fortnight more
+in England would have seen him a Roman Catholic.  Elizabeth thereupon
+poured forth bitter indignation on her sister-in-law, but Henrietta
+only retorted, with cheerful defiance, that, had she known Rupert's
+real state of mind, he should not have departed when he did.
+
+So far as Rupert was concerned, the visit had not been, from the
+mother's point of view, a success.  The only one of her brother's
+schemes for the boy's advantage of which she approved, unhappily
+commended itself very little to Rupert himself; this was no less than
+the time-honoured device of marrying him to an heiress.  The lady
+selected was the daughter of the Huguenot Duc de Rohan, and in
+September 1636 the Elector had written to his mother: "Concerning my
+brother Rupert, M. de Soubise hath made overture that, with your
+Majesty's and your brother's consent, he thinks M. de Rohan would not
+be unwilling to match him with his daughter....  I think it is no
+absurd proposition, for she is great both in means and birth, and of
+the religion."[34]  The death of the Duc de Rohan delayed the
+conclusion of the treaty, which dragged on for several years.  In 1638
+King Charles renewed relations with the widowed Duchess, through his
+Ambassador at Paris, Lord Leicester.  "For Prince Robert's service, I
+represented unto her as well as I could, how hopeful a prince he was,
+and she said she had heard much good of him, that he was very handsome,
+and had a great deal of wit {31} and courage,"[35] wrote the
+Ambassador.  But Cardinal Richelieu was by no means willing to let such
+a fortune as that of the Rohans, fall to a heretic foreigner, and
+without his consent, and that of Louis XIII, nothing could be done.
+The difficulties in the way were great, and though the Duchess was well
+inclined to Rupert, both on account of his religion and of his Royal
+blood, she was not blind to the fact that neither of these would
+support either himself or his family.  He would, she supposed, settle
+down in France, but great though her daughter's fortune was, it would
+not, she declared, maintain a Royal prince in Paris; and she desired to
+know what King Charles would do for his nephew.  Leicester could only
+reply vaguely that the King would "take care" of his nephew, and of any
+future children.  He was, however, admitted to an interview with the
+young lady, whom he facetiously told, that he "came to make love unto
+her, and that, if it were for myself, I thought she could hardly find
+it in her heart to refuse me, but it being for a handsome young prince,
+countenanced by the recommendation of a great king, I did take upon
+myself to know her mind....  She gave me a smile and a blush, which I
+took for a sufficient reply."[36]
+
+Owing to the opposition of the Cardinal, no formal betrothal took
+place, but Marguerite de Rohan evidently regarded her unwilling lover
+with favour, for when he fell into the hands of the Emperor she showed
+herself loyal to him.  Leicester, on receiving the news of Rupert's
+capture, hastened to interview the Duchess, but found her still well
+inclined.  "I cannot find that she is at all changed," he reported.
+"She answered also for her daughter, and related this passage to me.
+Some one had said to Mademoiselle de Rohan: 'Now that Prince Rupert is
+a prisoner, you should do well to abandon the thought of him, and to
+entertain the addresses of your servant, the Duc de Nemours.' {32} To
+which she answered: 'I am not engaged anywhere; but, as I have been
+inclined, so I am still, for it would be a _lâcheté_ to forsake one
+because of his misfortunes, and some generosity to esteem him in the
+same degree as before he fell into it."[37]
+
+Her generosity was not felt as it deserved.  Rupert did not want to be
+married; he had already plenty of interests and occupations, and he
+could not be brought to regard the matter from a practical point of
+view.  Eighty thousand pounds a year, united to much other valuable
+property and the expectation of two more estates, could not induce the
+penniless Palatine to sacrifice his liberty.  In 1643 Marguerite would
+await the recalcitrant suitor no longer, and the incident closed with a
+very curious letter, written by King Charles to Maurice.  Evidently the
+King was loth that such a fortune should be lost to the family, after
+all his trouble.
+
+"Nepheu Maurice," he wrote, "though Mars be now most in voag, yet Hymen
+may sometimes be remembyred.  The matter is this: Your mother and I
+have bin somewhat ingaged concerning a marriage between your brother
+Rupert and Mademoiselle de Rohan.  Now her friends press your brother
+for a positive answer, which I find him resolved to give negatively.
+Therefore I thought fit to let you know, if you will, by your
+ingagement, take your brother handsomely off.  And indeed the total
+rejecting of this alliance may do us some prejudice, whether ye look to
+these, or to the German affairs; the performance of it is not expected
+until the times shall be reasonably settled, but I desire you to give
+me an answer, as soon as you can, having now occasion to send to
+France, because delays are sometimes as ill taken as denials.  So
+hoping, and praying God for good news from you,
+
+  "I rest, your loving oncle,
+      "C. R."[38]
+
+{33}
+
+But Maurice was not to be moved by his uncle's eloquence, and his
+answer was as positively negative as that of his brother had been.
+Subsequently the neglected lady wedded Henri Chabot, a poor gentleman
+of no particular distinction, with whom she was, possibly, happier than
+any Palatine would have made her.
+
+
+
+[1] Domestic State Papers.  Elizabeth to Roe.  12/22, April, 1634.
+
+[2] Lansdowne MSS. 817.  Fol. 157-168.
+
+[3] Benett MSS.  Warburton.  Vol. I. p. 450.
+
+[4] Lansdowne MSS. 817.  British Museum.
+
+[5] Dom. State Papers.  Chas. I.  Vol. 300. fol. 1.  18/28 May, 1635.
+
+[6] Letters and Despatches of Thomas Wentworth.  Earl Strafford.  Ed.
+1739.  Vol. I p. 489.
+
+[7] Bromley Letters, p. 73.
+
+[8] Dom. State Papers.  Chas. I. 320. 2; 1 May, 1636.
+
+[9] Dom. State Papers.  Eliz. to Vane, Feb. 2, 1636.  Chas. I.  Vol.
+313. f. 12.
+
+[10] Dom. State Papers.  Roe to Elizabeth, July 20, 1636.  Chas. I.
+Vol. 339. f. 21.
+
+[11] Lilly.  Character of Charles I.
+
+[12] Bromley Letters, p. 86.
+
+[13] Dom. State Papers.  Chas. I. 320. f. 2.  1 May, 1636.
+
+[14] Dom. State Papers.  Chas. I. 318. f. 16.  4 April, 1636.
+
+[15] Ibid.  325. f. 47.  4 June, 1636.
+
+[16] Ibid.  318. f. 16.  April 4, 1636.
+
+[17] Howell's Letters, p. 257, 4 Jan. 1636.
+
+[18] Dom. State Papers.  Roe to Eliz.  Chas. I. 350. 16.  17 March,
+1637.
+
+[19] Bromley Letters, p. 86.
+
+[20] Haüsser, Geschichte der Rheinischen Pfalz.  Vol. II. p. 546.
+
+[21] Bromley Letters, p. 85.
+
+[22] Bromley Letters, p. 88.
+
+[23] Dom. S. P.  Decree of University, Aug. 12, 1636.
+
+[24] Ibid.  5 Sept. 1636.
+
+[25] Dom. State Papers.  Geo. Goring to Lord Goring, 4 Feb. 1637.
+Chas. I. 346. f. 33.
+
+[26] Ibid.  Roe to Elizabeth, May 8, 1637.
+
+[27] Dom. S. P.  Laud to Eliz.  Aug. 7, 1637.
+
+[28] Ibid.  Eliz. to Laud.  May 19, 1637.
+
+[29] Ibid.  June 10, 1637.  Chas. I. 361.
+
+[30] Ibid.  Laud to Eliz.  June 22, 1637.
+
+[31] Ibid.  Eliz. to Roe.  June 7, 1637.
+
+[32] Stafford Papers.  Vol. II. p. 85.  June 24, 1637.
+
+[33] Dom. State Papers.  Roe to Eliz.  June 19, 1637.
+
+[34] Bromley Letters, p. 56.
+
+[35] Collins Sydney Papers, 1746.  Vol. II. p. 549.  8 May, 1638.
+
+[36] Collins Sydney Papers, 1746.  Vol. II. pp. 560-561.  22 July, 1638.
+
+[37] Collins Sydney Papers.  Vol. II. p. 575.  12 Nov. 1638.
+
+[38] Harleian MSS. 6988. fol. 149.
+
+
+
+
+{34}
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+THE SIEGE OF BREDA.  THE ATTEMPT ON THE PALATINATE.  RUPERT'S CAPTIVITY
+
+Immediately on his return from England in 1637, Rupert joined his
+brother Maurice in the army of the Stadtholder.  Prince Henry was just
+then engaged in the siege of Breda, a town which was oftener lost and
+won than any other in the long wars of the Low Countries.  Many
+Englishmen were fighting there, in the Dutch army: Astley, Goring, the
+Lords Northampton and Grandison, with whom the Palatines were already
+well acquainted, besides others whom they were to meet hereafter in the
+English war, either as friends or foes.  The two young princes acted
+with their usual energy and "let not one day pass in that siege,
+without doing some action at which the whole army was surprised."[1]
+Once, by their courage and ready wit, they saved the camp from an
+unexpected attack.  Waking in the night, Rupert fancied that he heard
+unusual sounds within the city walls.  He roused Maurice, and the two
+crept up so close to the Spanish lines that they could actually hear
+what the soldiers said on the other side.  Thus they discovered that
+the enemy was preparing to fall upon them at mid-night, and, hastening
+back to the Stadtholder, they were able to give him timely warning.
+Consequently, when the besieged sallied out, the besiegers were ready
+for them, and forced them to retire with great loss.[2]  On another
+occasion Rupert's love of adventure led him into flat insubordination.
+Monk, afterwards Duke of {35} Albemarle, was about to make an attack
+upon the enemy's words, which was considered so dangerous that the
+Stadtholder expressly forbade Rupert to take part in it.  But Rupert no
+sooner heard the Stadtholder give the order to advance, than he dashed
+away, anticipating the aide-de-camp, himself delivered the order to
+Monk, and, slipping into his company as a volunteer, took his share in
+the exploit.  The Prince came off unhurt, but many of his comrades
+fell, and both Goring and Wilmot were severely wounded.  The fight
+over, Rupert and some other officers threw themselves down on a hillock
+to rest; they had been there some time, when, to their surprise, a
+Burgundian, whom they had taken for dead, suddenly started up, crying:
+"Messieurs, est-il point de quartier?"  The English officers burst out
+laughing, and immediately dubbed him "Jack Falstaff", which name he
+bore to his dying day.[3]  What the Stadtholder thought of Rupert's
+mutinous conduct is not recorded.
+
+Eventually Breda fell to the Dutch arms, and Maurice was, immediately
+after, sent to school in Paris, with his younger brothers, Edward and
+Philip.  He must have gone sorely against his will, especially as
+Charles and Rupert were proceeding to levy forces for their own attempt
+on the Palatinate.  But Elizabeth was inexorable.  She was resolved not
+to blush for the manners of her younger sons, as she declared she did
+for those of Rupert; and she was, besides, anxious to have Maurice in
+safety, seeing that the two elder boys were about to risk their lives
+in so rash a venture.
+
+Since the death of their King Gustavus the Swedes had continued the war
+in Germany, though without any such brilliant successes as had been
+theirs before.  Still many towns were in their hands, and doubtless the
+young Elector hoped for their coöperation in his own venture.  He had
+been joined by many English volunteers; and by means of English {36}
+money he was able to raise troops in Hamburg and Westphalia.  As a
+convenient muster-place, he had purchased Meppen on the Weser, from a
+Swedish officer, to whom the place had been given by Gustavus.  But ere
+the Elector's levies were completed, the negligence of the Governor
+suffered the town to fall into the hands of the Imperialists.  Charles
+took this mischance with praiseworthy philosophy: "A misty morning,"
+quoth he, "often makes a cheerfuller day."[4]  And thanks to the
+kindness of the Stadtholder, and the connivance of the States, he was
+enabled to continue his levies, quartering his men about Wesel.
+
+In the midst of their labours, both he and Rupert found time to attend
+a tournament at the Hague.  Dressed as Moors, and mounted on white
+horses, they, as usual, outshone all others.  Indeed so pleased were
+they with their own prowess, that they issued a printed challenge for a
+renewal of the courses.  Balls also were in vogue, and the Hague was
+unusually gay; yet Elizabeth retired, early in the season, to her
+country house at Rhenen.  Feeling between mother and sons was still
+somewhat strained.  The Queen found the boys far less submissive to her
+will than they had been before their year of liberty in England, and
+Lord Craven, who acted as mediator, found the post no sinecure.
+
+But to Lord Craven no task came amiss in the service of the Palatines.
+The history of his life-long devotion to the exiled Queen is well
+known, and it is doubtful whether his unparalleled generosity, or the
+boundless wealth which made such generosity possible, be the most
+astonishing.  His father, a son of the people, had made in trade, the
+enormous fortune which he bequeathed to his children.  The eldest son,
+fired by military ambition, had entered the service of the Palatine
+Frederick, and, at the siege of Kreuznach, had attracted the notice and
+approbation of the great Gustavus.  His wealth and his military fame
+{37} won him an English peerage, but, after Frederick's death, Lord
+Craven continued to reside at the Hague, filling every imaginable
+office in the impoverished Palatine household, and lavishing
+extravagant sums on the whole family.  "He was a very valuable friend,
+for he possessed a purse better furnished than my own!"[5] confessed
+Sophie.  In later years, when the good Prince of Orange was dead, and
+Charles I no longer in a position to aid his sister, Elizabeth was
+almost entirely dependent on this loyal friend; but the English
+Parliament at last confiscated his estates, and so deprived him of the
+power to assist her.  The young Palatines were doubtless attached to
+him, but it must be admitted that they showed themselves less grateful
+than might have been desired.  His follies and his eccentricities
+impressed them more than did his virtues, and "the little mad my lord"
+afforded them much matter for mirth.  Possibly he was, as Sophie said,
+lamentably lacking in common-sense,[6] but the family would have fared
+far worse without him.  On the present occasion he had contributed
+£10,000 to the support of the Elector's army, and, at Elizabeth's
+request, undertook the special care of the rash young Rupert, whose
+senior he was by ten years.
+
+By October 1638 Charles Louis' little army was ready for action.
+Rupert had the command of a regiment of Horse, and Lord Craven led the
+Guards; the other principal officers were the Counts Ferentz and
+Königsmark.  Anything more wild and futile than this expedition it is
+hard to conceive.  There seems to have been no coöperation with the
+Protestant princes of the Empire, nor with the Swedish army.  On the
+contrary, at the very moment of the Elector's attack, there was a
+cessation of hostilities elsewhere.  Banier, the chief of the Swedish
+commanders, lay with his forces in Munster, and he made no movement to
+join with his {38} young ally; all that he did was to send his second
+in command, a Scot, named King, to direct the Elector's operations.  To
+the advice of King, Rupert, at least, attributed the disasters that
+followed; but it would have been a miracle indeed had the two boys,
+with their four thousand men, dashed themselves thus wildly against the
+numberless veteran troops of the Emperor with any better result.  To
+the Lower Palatinate, which was always loyal at heart, Charles Louis
+turned his eyes.  Accordingly he marched from Wesel, eastward, through
+the Bishopric of Munster.  On the march, Rupert, with his usual
+eagerness to fight, succeeded in drawing out upon his van an Imperial
+garrison.  But the vigorous charge with which he received it drove it
+back into the town, whither Rupert nearly succeeded in following it.[7]
+On this occasion a soldier fired at him from within ten yards, but, as
+so often happened when the Prince was threatened, the gun missed fire.
+After this adventure the army proceeded steadily towards the river
+Weser, resolving to lay siege to Lemgo, which lies south of Minden in
+Westphalia.  But hardly had the Elector sat down before the town, when
+he heard that the Imperial forces, led by General Hatzfeldt, were
+advancing to cut off his retreat.  To await Hatzfeldt's onslaught was
+madness, and instant retreat to Minden, then held by the Swedes, was
+the only course for the Palatines.  Two routes lay open to them, that
+by Vlotho on the west, or by Rinteln on the east.  Following, the
+advice of General King, they chose the way of Vlotho and thus fell
+"into the very mouth of Hatzfeldt."[8]  They were still between Lemgo
+and Vlotho when they encountered eight regiments of Imperialist
+Cuirassiers, a regiment of Irish Dragoons, and a force of eighteen
+thousand foot.  General King at once sent away his baggage, "an act
+{39} which received a very ill construction,"[9] and then counselled
+the Elector to draw up his troops on the top of a neighbouring hill.
+Field-marshal Ferentz complied with the suggestion; but Königsmark who
+commanded the hired Swedes, so much disliked the position, that Rupert
+offered to follow him wherever he pleased.  Thereupon Königsmark drew
+the horse down again, into an enclosed piece of land, courteously
+giving the van to the Elector.  King, in the meantime, went to bring up
+the foot and cannon.
+
+The Imperialists fell first upon the Elector and Ferentz, who were both
+beaten back.  Rupert withstood the third shock, and beat back the enemy
+from their ground.  Lord Craven then brought his Guards to Rupert's
+assistance, and a second time they beat back the Imperialists with
+loss.  They were, however, far outnumbered.  Calling up another
+regiment, under Colonel Lippe, and sending eight hundred Horse to
+attack Rupert's rear, the enemy charged him a third time, with complete
+success.  The young Elector, who had hitherto fought bravely, now took
+to flight, with General King, and both narrowly escaped drowning in the
+flooded Weser.  Rupert might also have escaped; cut off from his own
+troops by the very impetuosity of his charge, he rode alone into the
+midst of the enemy, but, by a curious chance, he wore in his hat a
+white favour, which was also the badge of the Austrians, and thus, for
+a time, escaped notice.  While he looked out for some chance of escape,
+he perceived his brother's cornet struggling against a number of
+Imperial troopers.  Rupert flew to the rescue, and thus betrayed
+himself.  The Austrians closed round him; he tried to clear the
+enclosure, but his tired horse refused the jump.  Colonel Lippe caught
+at his bridle, but Rupert, struggling fiercely, made him let go his
+hold.  Lord Craven and Count Ferentz rushed to the rescue of their
+Prince, but all three were {40} speedily overpowered.  Then Lippe
+struck up Rupert's visor, and demanded to know who he was.  "A
+Colonel!" said the boy obstinately.  "Sacrement!  It is a young one!"
+cried the Austrian.  A soldier, coming up, recognised the boy and
+identified him as "the Pfalzgraf", and Lippe, in great joy, confided
+him to the care of a trooper.  Rupert immediately tried to bribe the
+man to let him escape, giving him all the money he had, "five pieces",
+and promising more.  But the arrival of Hatzfeldt frustrated the
+design, and the Prince was carried off, under a strict guard, to
+Warrendorf.  On the way thither a woman, won by the boy's youth and
+misfortunes, would have helped him to escape, but no opportunity
+offered itself.  At Warrendorf, Rupert was allowed to remain some
+weeks, until Lord Craven, who, with Ferentz, was also a prisoner, had
+somewhat recovered from his wounds.  The Prince was also permitted to
+despatch Sir Richard Crane to England, with a note to Charles I,
+written in pencil on a page of his pocketbook, for pen and ink were
+denied him.[10]
+
+News of the disaster had been received with dismay in England, where it
+was reported with much exaggeration.  "Prince Rupert," it was said, "is
+taken prisoner, and since dead of his many wounds; he having fought
+very bravely, and, as the gazette says, like a lion."[11]  His fate
+remained doubtful for some days, and it was even rumoured that he had
+been seen at Minden, two days after the battle.  But his mother gave
+little credence to such flattering reports; in her opinion the boy's
+death would have been preferable to his capture.  "If he be a prisoner
+I confess it will be no small grief to me," she wrote to her faithful
+Roe, "for I wish him rather dead than in his enemies' hands."[12]  And
+when her worst fears had been realised, she wrote again: "I confess
+that in my passion I did {41} rather wish him killed.  I pray God I
+have not more cause to wish it before he be gotten out.  All my fear is
+their going to Vienna; if it were possible to be hindered!...  Mr.
+Crane, one that follows My Lord Craven, is come from Rupert, who
+desired him to assure me that neither good usage nor ill should ever
+make him change his religion or his party.  I know his disposition is
+good, and that he will never disobey me at any time, though to others
+he was stubborn and wilful.  I hope he will continue so, yet I am born
+to so much affliction that I dare not be confident of it.  I am
+comforted that my sons have lost no honour in the action, and that him
+I love best is safe."[13] "Him I love best" was of course the Elector
+Charles, and thus, even in the moment of Rupert's peril, his mother
+confessed her preference for his elder brother.
+
+In January 1639 Elizabeth's fears about Vienna seemed justified, for an
+English resident wrote thence to Secretary Windebank: "Prince Rupert is
+daily expected, and will be well treated, being likely to be liberated
+on parole.  Hatzfeldt praises him for his ripeness of judgment, far
+beyond his years."[14]  And to Rupert himself Hatzfeldt gave the
+assurance that he should see the Emperor--"Then the Emperor shall see
+me also!"[15] exclaimed the boy, in angry scorn.  But the interview did
+not take place.  In February Rupert was lodged, not at Vienna, but at
+Linz on the Danube, under the care of a certain Graf Kuffstein.  Craven
+and Ferentz soon ransomed themselves.  They had not been permitted to
+accompany the Prince further than Bamberg, though Lord Craven, who paid
+£20,000 for his own liberty, offered to pay more still for permission
+to share Rupert's captivity.  But the Emperor was resolved to isolate
+the boy from all his friends, as a first step towards gaining him over
+to the Imperial politics, and the Roman faith.  {42} The Elector
+therefore attempted in vain to send some companion to his brother.  "I
+must tell Your Majesty," he wrote to his mother, "that it will be in
+vain to send any gentleman to my brother, since he cannot go without
+Hatzfeldt's pass, for which I wrote long ago.  But I have received from
+him an answer to all points in my letter, except to that, which is as
+much as a modest denial.  Essex[16] should have gone, because there was
+no one else would, neither could I force any to it, since there is no
+small danger in it; for any obstinacy of my brother Rupert, or venture
+to escape, would put him in danger of hanging.  The Administrator of
+Magdeburg was suffered to have but a serving-boy with him.  Therefore
+one may easily imagine that they will much less permit him (_i.e._
+Rupert) to have anybody with him that may persuade him to anything
+against their ends."[17]
+
+As Charles surmised, Rupert's confinement was, at first, very vigorous.
+All the liberty that he enjoyed was an occasional walk in the castle
+garden; all his entertainment an occasional dinner with the Governor.
+Graf Kuffstein, himself a convert from Lutheranism, was commissioned by
+the Emperor to urge his desires on the young prisoner.  "And very busy
+he was to get the prince to change his religion."  At first he urged
+him to visit some Jesuits, but this Rupert refused to do unless he
+might also go elsewhere.  Then Graf Kuffstein offered to bring the
+Jesuits to the Prince, but Rupert would only receive their visits on
+condition that other people might visit him also.[18]  To the promise
+of liberal rewards if he would but serve in the Imperial army, the boy
+proved equally impervious; and though deprived of all society he found
+interests and occupations for himself.  His artistic talents stood him
+in good stead, and he devoted himself much to drawing and etching.  At
+{43} this period also he perfected an instrument for drawing in
+perspective, which had been conceived, but never rendered practical, by
+Albert Durer.  This instrument was in use in England after the
+Restoration of 1660.  Military exercises Rupert also used, as far as
+his condition would permit.  He was allowed to practise with "a screwed
+gun," and, after some time, he obtained leave "to ride the great
+horse," and to play at tennis.  Naturally, constant efforts were made
+to procure his release.  In July 1640 Lord Craven wrote to Secretary
+Windebank on the subject: "Mr. Webb has informed me that His Majesty
+has imposed upon you the putting him in mind of pressing on the Spanish
+Ambassador the delivery of Prince Rupert.  I know you will, of
+yourself, be willing enough to perform that charitable action, however,
+the relation I have to that generous prince is such that I should fail
+of my duty if I did not entreat your vigilance in it."[19]  King
+Charles sent Ambassadors extraordinary, not only to the Emperor, but
+also to Spain, whose intercession he entreated.  The Cardinal Infant
+promised to plead, at least, for Rupert's better treatment, and King
+Charles next turned to France.  France, then at war with the Empire,
+held prisoner Prince Casimir of Poland who, it seemed to Charles, might
+be a fit exchange for his nephew.  Through Leicester he urged Prince
+Casimir's detention until Rupert's liberty were promised.  But the
+scheme failed; Rupert, it was answered, was "esteemed an active
+prince,"[20] and would not be released, so long as danger threatened
+the Empire.  So early had he acquired a warlike reputation.
+
+Owing perhaps to the intercession of the Cardinal Infant of Spain, he
+was at last permitted the attendance of a page and groom, who might be
+Dutch or English, but not German.  "I have sent Kingsmill his pass,"
+wrote the Elector {44} in August 1640, "he will be fit enough to pass
+my brother Rupert's time, and I do not think he will use his counsel in
+anything."[21]  Of Kingsmill's arrival at Linz we hear nothing, but two
+other companions now relieved Rupert's solitude.
+
+Susanne Marie von Kuffstein, daughter of Rupert's gaoler, was then a
+lovely girl of about sixteen.  She was, says the writer of the
+Lansdowne MS., "one of the brightest beauties of the age, no less
+excelling in the beauty of her mind than of her body."  On this fair
+lady the young prisoner's good looks, famous courage, and great
+misfortunes made a deep impression.  She exerted herself to soften her
+father's heart, and to persuade him to gentler treatment of the
+captive.  In this she succeeded so well "that the Prince's former
+favours were improved into familiarities, as continual visits,
+invitations and the like."  Thus Rupert was enabled to enjoy Susanne's
+society, and that he did enjoy it there is very little doubt, "for he
+never named her after in his life, without demonstration of the highest
+admiration and expressing a devotion to serve her."[22]  It has been
+suggested that the memory of Susanne von Kuffstein was the cause of
+Rupert's rejection of Marguerite de Rohan.  There is, however, little
+ground for crediting him with such constancy.  Maurice, it must be
+remembered, rejected the unfortunate Marguerite with equal decision.
+Moreover, Susanne herself married three times, and Rupert's sentiment
+towards her seems to have been nothing more passionate than a
+chivalrous and grateful admiration.
+
+Besides Susanne the Prince had at Linz another friend,--his white
+poodle "Boye."  This dog was a present from Lord Arundel, then English
+Ambassador at Vienna; it remained Rupert's inseparable companion for
+many years, and met at last a soldier's death on Marston Moor.  The
+Prince also, {45} for a short time, made a pet of a young hare, which
+he trained to follow him like a dog, but this he afterwards released,
+fearing that it might find captivity as irksome as did he himself.
+
+Thus passed a two years' imprisonment, after which the Emperor deigned
+to offer terms to his captive.  In the first place he required that
+Rupert should embrace the Roman faith.  But the boy was a Palatine,
+and, though he had listened willingly to the persuasions of his aunt,
+Henrietta, the least hint of compulsion rendered him staunchly
+Protestant.  He answered the Emperor, somewhat grandiloquently, "that
+he had not learnt to sacrifice his religion to his interest, and he
+would rather breathe his last in prison, than go out through the gates
+of Apostacy."  The Emperor then consented to waive the question of
+religion, only insisting that Rupert must ask pardon for his crime of
+rebellion against the Holy Roman Empire.  But to do this would have
+been to deny his brother's right to his Electorate, and Rupert only
+retorted coldly that he "disdained" to ask pardon for doing his duty.
+Finally, he was invited to take service under the Emperor, and to fight
+against France, which country had just imprisoned his eldest brother.
+But here also the boy was obdurate.  To fight under the Emperor would
+inevitably involve fighting against the Swedes and the Protestant
+princes.  Rupert therefore replied, "that he received the proposal
+rather as an affront than as a favour, and that he would never take
+arms against the champions of his father's cause."[23]
+
+After such contumacy it may well be believed that the Emperor's
+patience was exhausted.  His brother-in-law the Duke of Bavaria, then
+owner of the Upper Palatinate, and of the ducal title which was
+Rupert's birthright, suggested that the boy's spirit was not yet
+broken, and urged the Emperor to deprive him of his privileges.
+Accordingly, Graf {46} Kuffstein was ordered to cease his civilities,
+and Rupert was placed in a confinement rendered stricter than ever,
+guarded day and night by twelve musketeers.
+
+For this severity the proximity of a Swedish army was an additional
+reason.  Maurice himself was serving in their ranks, and the Emperor
+feared lest Rupert should hold correspondence with them.  Against these
+Swedes was despatched the Emperor's brother, the Archduke Leopold, who,
+very happily for Rupert, passed, on his way, through Linz.  Being at
+Linz, the Archduke naturally visited the youthful prisoner who had made
+so much sensation, and was forthwith captivated by him.  Leopold, whose
+gentle piety had won him the name of "the Angel", was but a few years
+older than the Palatine; the two had many tastes in common, and in that
+visit was established a friendship between Rupert the Devil and Leopold
+the Angel, which endured to the end of their lives.
+
+The Archduke's intercession with the Emperor not only restored to
+Rupert his former privileges, but won him the additional liberty of
+leaving the castle on parole for so long as three days at a time.[24]
+As soon as this concession made their civilities possible, the nobles
+of the country showed themselves anxious to alleviate the tedium of
+Rupert's captivity.  They "treated him with all the respects
+imaginable," invited him to their houses, and gave hunting parties in
+his honour.  The house most frequented by Rupert was that of Graf
+Kevenheller, who, oddly enough, had been one of Frederick's bitterest
+foes.  Yet Frederick's son found this Graf's house "a most pleasant
+place," at which he was always "very generously entertained."[25]  And
+Rupert, on his part, seems to have made himself exceedingly popular
+with his friendly foes.  He was, as they said, "beloved by all,"[26]
+and, wrote an {47} Imperialist soldier, "his behaviour so obligeth the
+cavaliers of this country that they wait upon him and serve him as if
+they were his subjects."[27]  As pleasant a captivity as could be had
+was Rupert's now, but yet a captivity; and still, in spite of Susanne
+von Kuffstein, in spite of the Archduke and of "all the cavaliers of
+the country," his thoughts turned wistfully to the Hague, where, for
+him, was home.
+
+
+
+[1] Lansdowne MSS. 817. fol. 157-168.
+
+[2] Benett MSS.  Warburton.  Vol. I. p. 450.
+
+[3] Benett MSS.  Warburton.  Vol. I. p. 451.
+
+[4] Green's Princesses, Vol. V. p. 558.
+
+[5] Memoiren der Herzogin Sophie, pp. 42-43.
+
+[6] Briefwechsel der Herzogin Sophie mit Karl Ludwig von der Pfalz.
+Ed. Bodemann. p. 184.  Preussischen Staats Archiven.
+
+[7] Beoett MSS.  Warburton.  Vol. I. p. 453.
+
+[8] Ibid.
+
+[9] Warburton, I. p. 453.
+
+[10] Benett MSS.  Warburton.  Vol. I. pp. 454-455
+
+[11] Dom. S. P.  Nicholas to Pennington, Nov. 14, 1638.
+
+[12] D. S. P.  Eliz. to Roe, Oct. 2, 1638.
+
+[13] Dom. State Papers, Eliz. to Roe, Nov. 6, 1638.
+
+[14] Clarendon State Papers, f. 1171.  Taylor to Windebank, Jan. 12,
+1638-9.
+
+[15] Green's Princesses of England.  Vol. V. p. 570.
+
+[16] Probably Colonel Charles Essex, killed 1642, at Edgehill.
+
+[17] Bromley Letters, p. 103.
+
+[18] Benett MSS.  Warburton.  Vol. I. p. 457.
+
+[19] Dom. State Papers, Craven to Windebank, July 6, 1640.
+
+[20] Clarendon State Papers, Sir A. Hopton to Windebank, 18-28 July,
+1640.  fol. 1397.
+
+[21] Bromley Letters, p. 116.
+
+[22] Lansdowne MSS.  817.
+
+[23] Lansdowne MSS.  817.
+
+[24] Benett MSS.  Warburton.  Vol. I. pp. 457-458.
+
+[25] Warburton, p. 458.
+
+[26] Clarendon State Papers, Leslie to Windebank, July 19, 1640.
+
+[27] Dom. S. P.  Leslie to Windebank, July 29-Aug. 8, 1640.
+
+
+
+
+{48}
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+THE PALATINES IN FRANCE.  RUPERT'S RELEASE
+
+Elizabeth had imagined that by sending her younger sons to school in
+Paris, she was keeping them out of harm's way; great was her surprise
+and annoyance when she found their position to be almost as dangerous
+as was that of Rupert.  The cause of this new disaster was the
+imprudent conduct of the elder brother, Charles Louis.  Undaunted by
+his recent defeat, the young Elector sought new means for recovering
+his country, and he now bethought him of Duke Bernhard of Saxe Weimar.
+The alliance of this Duke, a near neighbour of the Palatinate, was very
+important, and in January 1639 Lord Leicester had proposed a marriage
+between him and the Princess Elizabeth.  Further, he had suggested to
+King Charles that Maurice should take a command in Bernhard's army, for
+which, young though the Prince was, he believed him fitted.  "For,"
+said he, "besides that he has a body well-made, strong, and able to
+endure hardships, he hath a mind that will not let it be idle if he can
+have employment.  He is very temperate, of a grave and settled
+disposition, but would very fain be in action, which, with God's
+blessing, and his own endeavours will render him a brave man...  Being
+once entered there, if Duke Bernhard should die, the army, in all
+likelihood would obey Prince Maurice; so keep itself from dissolving,
+and bring great advantage to the affairs of your nephew"[1] (_i.e._ to
+the Elector, Charles Louis).
+
+But Charles Louis, full of impatience, and putting little faith in the
+negotiations of his uncle, set off in October {49} 1639 to join Duke
+Bernhard in Alsace.  Foolishly enough, he visited Paris, by the way,
+"_en prince_," and then attempted to depart thence incognito.  Now it
+so happened that Cardinal Richelieu had uses of his own for the army of
+Duke Bernhard.  It therefore suited him to detain the Elector in Paris,
+and the Elector's irregular conduct gave him the pretext he required.
+Declaring that so serious a breach of etiquette was capable of very
+sinister construction, he arrested Charles Louis, and placed his three
+brothers under restraint.  Lord Leicester complained loudly of this
+treatment of the Elector, and though Maurice at once sent a servant to
+his brother, the man was only allowed to speak to Charles in French,
+and in the presence of his guards.  The distracted mother flew to the
+Prince of Orange, who explained to her that Richelieu feared her son's
+attachment to England, which, however, Richelieu himself denied.
+
+No sooner was the Weimarian army safely committed to the charge of a
+French general than Charles Louis was permitted to take up his
+residence with the English Ambassador.  After this, though still a
+prisoner, he spent a very pleasant time in Paris, at an enormous
+expense to the King, his uncle.  Maurice was allowed to return home in
+an English ship, but Edward and Philip were detained as hostages.
+Elizabeth spared no pains to recover them, and, as usual, made the
+Prince of Orange her excuse, "I send for Ned out of France, to be this
+summer in the army," she wrote to Roe; "and, finding Philip too young
+to learn any great matters yet, I send for him also, to return next
+winter;--_which I assure you he shall not do_."[2]
+
+But it was not until April 1640 that her boys were restored to her, and
+the Elector did not recover his full liberty until the following July.
+In the autumn of the same year he went to England, to attend the
+marriage of his cousin Mary with the little William of Orange, on {50}
+which occasion he quarrelled with the bridegroom for precedence.  But
+his chief object in this visit was to obtain money either from King or
+Parliament.  Elizabeth urged him to do something for Maurice, but he
+evidently regarded his third brother with much indifference.  "As for
+my brother Maurice," he wrote, "your Majesty will be pleased to do with
+him as you think fit.  It will be hard to get the money of his pension
+paid him."[3]  His next letter was a little more encouraging.  "The
+King says he will seek to get money for Maurice, and then he may go to
+what army he pleases.  I want it very much myself, and it is very hard
+to come by in these times."[4]
+
+The army which Maurice chose was that of the Swedes, under Banier;
+perhaps because it was then quartered near to the captive Rupert.  Ere
+his departure, he wrote to King Charles:
+
+"Sir,--Being ready to tacke a journy towards Generall Banier, I may not
+neglect to aquaint you therewithal, et to recomend myselfe et my
+actions to Yor Roial favour, whiche I chal strive to deserve in getting
+more capacity for your service.  Yt is the greatest ambition of Yor
+Majestie's
+
+"Most obedient nephew et humble servant,
+    "MAURICE."[5]
+
+The letter, which is written in a clear, school-boy hand, betrays less
+confusion of tongues, the curious use of "et" notwithstanding, than do
+most epistles of the Palatines.
+
+Maurice remained with the Swedes some months.  In January 1641 his
+mother informed Roe that he was at Amberg in Bavaria.  In the next
+month she was able to report of him at greater length.  "I have had
+letters from Maurice, from Cham in the High Palatinate.  He tells me
+{51} that Banier has intercepted a letter of the Duke of Bavaria, to
+the Commander of Amberg.  He writes that he understands that there is
+in Banier's army a young Palatine; and he should take good heed no
+bailiffs, or other officers, go to see him or hold any correspondence
+with him...  Maurice is still very well used by Banier, who now makes
+more of Princes than heretofore, since he has married the Marquis of
+Baden's daughter."[6]
+
+In June 1641 Maurice returned to Holland where he found life going on
+much as usual.  Hunting and acting continued to be the principal
+Palatine amusements.  "I did hunt a hare, last week, with my hounds; it
+took seven hours, the dogs never being at fault," wrote Elizabeth
+triumphantly; "I went out with forty horse at least, and there were but
+five at the death...  Maurice, Prince Ravenville, the Archduke, and
+many another knight, were entreated by their horses to return on foot.
+I could not but tell you this adventure, for it is very famous
+here."[7] In another letter she tells how her daughters acted the play
+of "Medea and Jason", and how Louise, who played a man, looked "so like
+poor Rupert as you would then have justly called her by his name."[8]
+It is not unlikely that Louise impersonated Jason in her brother's
+clothes, and so enhanced the likeness.
+
+The family had, by this time, almost despaired of "poor Rupert's"
+release; but it was nearer than they thought.  King Charles, after
+labouring for three years in vain, had at last succeeded in rousing the
+sympathy of France, and, when he despatched Sir Thomas Roe, in 1641, to
+plead Rupert's cause at Vienna, it was with a reasonable hope of
+success.  "I hope, by the solicitation of Sir Thomas Roe, we shall see
+our sweet Prince Rupert here.  He {52} hath been so long a
+prisoner!"[9] wrote one of Elizabeth's ladies.
+
+The Emperor had long had a secret kindness for the gallant boy who had
+dared to defy him, and, in the Archduke Rupert had a warm friend and
+advocate.  But in the old Duke of Bavaria, who held, as before said, so
+much of the Palatine property, he had a bitter foe.  His release became
+the subject of fierce family discussion.  The Emperor hesitated, but,
+moved by the intercession of France, and by his affection for his
+brother, decided at last to show mercy.  Thereupon, his sister, the
+Duchess of Bavaria, fell on her knees before him, and passionately
+entreated him to detain Rupert a prisoner.  Again the Emperor wavered,
+but the Empress, siding with the Archduke, carried the day in Rupert's
+favour.  The boy was offered his liberty on the single condition of
+never again drawing sword against the Imperial forces.  The peremptory
+commands of King Charles procured Rupert's submission to this
+condition, which he would fain have disputed.  But when his promise was
+required in writing it was more than he could endure.  "If it is to be
+a lawyer's business let them look well to the wording!" said he
+scornfully.  The Emperor took the hint, and declared himself satisfied
+with a simple promise, Rupert giving his hand upon it, according to the
+custom of the country.[10]
+
+Though France had been the principal factor in Rupert's release, Sir
+Thomas Roe had all the credit of it; and to Roe's guidance Elizabeth
+exhorted her son to submit himself.  Rupert obeyed her meekly.  He
+seems indeed to have been in an unusually submissive frame of mind,
+judging by the letters which he addressed at this time to Roe.  The
+first of these bears the date, "Linz, 21 Aug. 1641."
+
+{53}
+
+"My Lord!
+
+"A little journe a had towards the Count of Kevenheller was the cause
+that thus long you were without an answer.  But now I could not let
+another occasion pass without giving you very great thanks for your
+pains, and the affection you show in my business, and to tell you that
+I leve all the conditions to your disposing, since I know your
+Lordshippe is my frend, and am assured that you would do nothing
+against my honor.
+
+"And so I rest
+
+"Your Lordshippe's most affectioned frend,
+    "RUPERT."[11]
+
+
+The next letter, written a month later, is very curiously humble,
+coming from the fiery Rupert.
+
+
+"My Lord!
+
+"According your demand I doe send you this answer with all possible
+speed.  As for the present your Lordshippe speks of I am in greate
+doubt what to give, this being a place where nothing worth presenting
+is to be had; besides I doe not knowe what present he would accept.
+Therefore I must heere in desire your Lordshippes consel, desiring you
+to let Spina take what you shalle thinke fitt, both for the Count, and
+for the Emperor's --, who deserves it, having had a greate dele of
+paines with my diet, and other thinges.  Sir, I must give you a greate
+dele of thankes for the reale frendshipp you shewed in remembering me
+of my faults, whiche I confesse, and strive, and shalle the more
+heereafter, to mend.  But I doubt not, according to the manner of some
+peple heere, they have added and said more than the thinge itselfe is.
+I beseech you not to hearken to them, but assure yourselfe that it has
+been only from an evill costum, which I hope in short time to mend.
+Desiring you to continue {54} this your frendshippe in leting me knowe
+my faults, that I mai have to mend them,
+
+"I rest,
+
+"Your Lordshippe's most affecionat frend,
+   "RUPERT."[12]
+
+
+The third, and last letter is dated "October" and docketed "of my
+release."
+
+
+"My Lord!
+
+"Sence you have happiely broght this businesse almost to and end, I
+mene to followe your Lordshippe's consel in alle.  At your coming, alle
+shalle be redie for our journay to Viena.  The moyns (moyens, _i.e._
+money) I have when alle debts are paiet woul not bee moer than a 1,000
+ducats.  Thefore I beseech your Lordshippe to hasten our journe from
+Viena as much as possible.  If you think fit, I mene to take my waie to
+Inspruck and throgh France, whiche is sertainely the best and saifest
+wai of alle.  I woul desire a sudain answer of your Lordshippe that I
+mai send for bils of exchange to bee delivered at Geneva and Paris.
+Thys is alle I have at this time to troble Yor Lordshippe withalle, and
+so I rest,
+
+"Your most affectioned to doe you service,
+    "RUPERT."[13]
+
+
+It may here be noticed that Rupert, throughout his whole life, was
+singularly scrupulous about the payment of his debts.
+
+When all negotiations were completed, the Emperor organised "an
+extraordinary hunting" in Lower Austria, at which Rupert was directed
+to appear, as if by chance.  He had the good luck to kill the boar with
+his spear, an exploit very highly accounted in the Empire.  The
+Emperor, {55} thereupon, extended his hand to the successful hunter;
+Rupert kissed it, and, that being the final sign of release, was
+thenceforth free.  For a week he was detained as a guest at Vienna,
+while every effort was made to gain his adherence to the Emperor.  He
+seems to have been as popular at Vienna as at Linz.  "There were," says
+the Lansdowne MS., "few persons of quality by whom he was not visited
+and treated...  The ladyes also vied in their civilities, and laboured
+to detain him in Germany by their charms."  But Rupert refused to be
+beguiled, charmed they never so wisely.  As for the Emperor, he
+lavished so much kindness on his quondam prisoner, "that the modesty of
+the Prince could not endure it without some confusion.  Yet his
+deportment was composed, and his answers to the civilities of the
+Emperor were so full of judgment and gratitude that they esteemed him
+no less for his prudence than for his bravery."[14]
+
+At last he was suffered to depart.  Fain would the Emperor have sent
+him to the Archduke at Brunswick, believing that the influence of the
+Angel might yet win him.  But Rupert preferred to visit Prague, his own
+birthplace, and the scene of his father's brief kingship.  With a
+kindly caution not to venture into the power of the Duke of Bavaria,
+the Emperor bade him farewell.  From Prague Rupert went to Saxony,
+where he astonished the reigning Elector not a little by his refusal to
+drink.  A banquet had been arranged in his honour, but the Prince,
+"always temperate", excused himself from drinking with the rest.
+"'What shall we do with him then,' says the Elector, 'if he cannot
+drink?'--and so invited him to the entertainment of a hunting."[15]
+After this Rupert travelled night and day, in his eagerness to be the
+first to bring news of his release to his family.  He just managed to
+anticipate Roe's letter, which arrived at the Hague on the same night
+with himself.  Boswell, then English Ambassador in Holland, wrote {56}
+an account of the event to Roe.  "Prince Rupert arrived here in perfect
+health, but lean and weary, having come that day from Swoll, and from
+Hamburg since the Friday noon.  Myself, at eight o'clock in the
+evening, coming out of the court gate, had the good luck to receive him
+first of any, out of his waggon; no other creature in the court
+expecting his coming so soon.  Whereby himself carried the news of his
+being come to the Queen, newly set at supper.  You may imagine what joy
+there was!"[16]  And to Roe wrote the Queen also: "The same night,
+being the 20th of this month (December), that Rupert came hither I
+received your letter, where you tell me of his going from Vienna.  He
+is very well satisfied with the Emperor's usage of him.  I find him not
+altered, only leaner, and grown.  All the people, from the highest to
+the lowest, made great show of joy at his return.  For me, you may
+easily guess it, and also how much I esteem myself obliged to you."
+
+Yet, even after a three years' separation, Elizabeth had no notion of
+keeping her son beside her.  "What to do with him I know not!" she
+lamented.  "He cannot in honour, yet go to the war; here he will live
+but idly, in England no better.  For I know the Queen will use all
+possible means to gain him to the prejudice of the Prince Elector, and
+of his religion.  For though he has stood firm against what has been
+practised in his imprisonment, amongst his enemies, yet I fear, by my
+own humour, that fair means from those that are esteemed true may have
+more power than threatenings or flattery from an enemy."[17]  Doubtless
+the Queen's anxiety for her son's employment was justified; there was
+no money to maintain him; and, moreover, the Hague was no desirable
+residence for an idle and active-minded young Prince.  There seems to
+have been some idea of sending him to Ireland, where the natives had
+risen against the English Government.  The King approved of the {57}
+suggestion: "But," wrote the Elector, "the Parliament will employ none
+there but those they may be sure of.  I shall speak with some of them
+about it, either for Rupert, or for brother Maurice.  This last might,
+I think, with honour, have a regiment under Leslie, but to be under any
+other odd or senseless officer, as some are proposed, I shall not
+advise it."[18]  Apparently the idea failed to commend itself to the
+English Parliament, which perhaps suspected that the younger brothers
+would be found less time-serving than was the Elector.
+
+In accordance with his mother's wishes, and doubtless with his own,
+Rupert went over to England, early in February 1642, with the avowed
+object of thanking his uncle for his release.  He found King Charles at
+Dover, whither he had accompanied his wife and eldest daughter on their
+way to Holland.  Affairs in England were approaching a crisis, and the
+Queen, under the pretext of taking the Princess Mary to her husband,
+was about to raise money and men for the King, on the Continent.  The
+visit of the warlike Rupert at so critical a juncture roused hostile
+comment, and, since war was not yet considered inevitable, the King
+desired his nephew to return home with the Queen.  Therefore, after a
+visit of three days, he embarked with the Queen and Princess on board
+the Lyon, and sailed straight for Holland.  The arrivals were met, on
+their landing, by Elizabeth, two of her daughters, the Prince of Orange
+and his son; all of whom proceeded in one coach to the Court of Orange.
+Rupert remained at the Hague until August, when war broke out in
+England, and gave him the employment desired for him by his mother.
+
+At this point, August 1642, closes what we may consider as the first
+period of Rupert's life.  Probably these early years were his best and
+happiest.  Marked though they were by poverty and misfortune, they were
+yet full of {58} interests and adventure, unmarred by the struggles,
+jealousies, disappointments, and family dissensions which were to come.
+Rupert had no lack of friends; he had won the hearts of his very
+enemies.  Not the least among a brilliant group of brothers and
+sisters, he was happy in their companionship and sympathy, the bond of
+which was so soon to be severed; happy also in the kindness and
+affection of the Prince of Orange and of the King and Queen of England.
+He had shown himself gifted with rare abilities, capable of valiant
+action, and of loyal and patient endurance;--a generous, high-souled
+boy, fired by chivalric fancies, free from all self-seeking, earnest,
+faithful, strong-willed, but also, alas, opinionated, and impatient of
+contradiction.
+
+
+
+[1] Collins Sidney Papers, Vol. II. pp. 584-5, 28 Jan. 1639.
+
+[2] Com. State Papers.  Chas. I.  Vol. 539.  Eliz. to Roe, Jan. 7/17,
+1640.
+
+[3] Bromley Letters, p. 122.
+
+[4] Ibid.  p. 124.
+
+[5] Dom. State Papers.  Maurice to Charles I, Oct. 30, 1640.  Chas. I.
+Vol. 470.  fol. 21.
+
+[6] Dom. State Papers, Chas. I.  Vol. 477.  Feb. 22, 1641.
+
+[7] Ibid.  Chas. I.  Vol. 539.  Jan. 7-17, 1641.
+
+[8] Ibid.  Chas. I.  484.  f. 51.  Oct. 10, 1641.
+
+[9] Fairfax Correspondence.  Ed. Johnson.  1848.  Vol. I.  p. 322.
+
+[10] Benett MSS.  Warburton.  I.  pp. 102, 458.
+
+[11] Dom. State Papers.  Chas. I.  Vol. 483. fol. 39.
+
+[12] Dom. State Papers.  Sept. 19-29.  1641.  Chas. I. 484. f. 36.
+
+[13] Ibid.  Oct. 1641.  Chas. I. 484 f. 61.
+
+[14] Lansdowne MSS.  817.  British Museum.
+
+[15] Warburton.  I. p. 459.
+
+[16] Dom. S. Papers.  Boswell to Roe.  23 Dec. 1641.  Chas. I. 486. f.
+53.
+
+[17] Dom. State Papers.  Chas. I.  486.  f. 51.  Elizabeth to Roe, 23
+Dec. 1641.
+
+[18] Forster's Statesmen, Vol. VI. p. 74.  10 March, 1642.
+
+
+
+
+{59}
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+ARRIVAL IN ENGLAND.  POSITION IN THE ARMY.  CAUSES OF FAILURE
+
+During his last brief visit to England Rupert had promised to serve his
+uncle whensoever he should have need of him; and in August 1642, he
+received, through Queen Henrietta, his Commission, as General of the
+Horse.  Immediately upon this he set out to join the King in England.
+He embarked in the "Lyon," the ship which had brought the Queen to
+Holland; but, after the Prince had come on board, the Commander, who
+was of Puritan sympathies, received a warning against bringing him
+over.  Captain Fox's anxiety to get rid of his passenger was favoured
+by the weather.  A storm blew them back to the Texel, and there Fox
+persuaded the Prince to go ashore, promising to meet him at Goree so
+soon as the wind should serve.  Rupert thereupon returned to the Hague,
+and Fox, after quietly setting the Prince's people and luggage on
+shore, sailed away, and was no more seen in Holland.
+
+Enraged and disappointed, Rupert appealed to the Stadtholder, who lent
+him another ship, commanded by Captain Colster.  This time Maurice
+insisted on accompanying his brother, and the two Princes, having
+provided themselves with an engineer, a "fire worker," and a large
+store of arms, muskets, and powder, set sail for Scarborough.  Near
+Flamborough Head they were spied by some Parliamentary cruisers, and a
+ship called the "London" came out to hail them.  Colster hoisted the
+Dunkirk colours, but the other Captain, still unsatisfied, desired to
+search the small vessel in which the arms were stored.  Rupert, who had
+been extremely, and even dangerously, ill throughout the voyage, {60}
+struggled on deck "in a mariner's cap" and ordered out the guns, saying
+he would not be searched.  On this the "London" shot to leeward, and
+two other ships came out to her aid.  But Rupert succeeded in running
+into Tynemouth, and, anchoring outside the bar, landed by means of
+boats.  His little vessel also escaped, and landed her stores safely at
+Scarborough in the night.[1]
+
+When they reached Tynemouth it was already late, but Rupert's eagerness
+would brook no delay.  "The zeale he had speedily to serve His Majesty
+made him think diligence itself were lazy."[2]  Accompanied by Maurice,
+an Irish officer, Daniel O'Neil, and several others, he started at once
+for Nottingham.  But the stars, in their courses, fought against him.
+As ill luck would have it, Rupert's horse slipped and fell, pitching
+him on to his shoulder.  The shoulder was discovered to be out of
+joint, but, "by a great providence," it happened that a bone-setter
+lived only half a mile away.  This man, being sent for in haste, set
+Rupert's shoulder in the road, and, "in conscience, took but one-half
+of what the Prince offered him for his pains."  Within three hours the
+indefatigable Rupert insisted on continuing his journey.
+
+Arrived at Nottingham, he retired to bed, but he was not destined long
+to enjoy his well-earned rest.  A curious dilemma now brought him into
+contact with the two men who were to prove, respectively, his warmest
+friend and his bitterest foe, in the Royal Army,--namely, Captain Will
+Legge, and George, Lord Digby.  The King, who was at Coventry, had sent
+to Digby, demanding a petard.  Odd though it may appear, a petard was
+to Digby a thing unknown--"a word which he could not understand."  He
+therefore sought out the weary Prince to demand an explanation.
+Rupert, at once, got out of bed to search the arsenal; but no such
+thing as a petard was to be found.  Then, {61} Captain Legge, coming to
+the rescue, contrived to make one out of two mortars, and sent it off
+to the King.[3] Rupert, following the petard, found his uncle at
+Leicester Abbey, and there formally took over charge of the cavalry,
+which then consisted of only eight hundred horse.  On the next day,
+August 22nd, they all returned to Nottingham, where the solemn setting
+up of the Royal Standard took place.
+
+War was now irrevocably declared, and Rupert found his generalship no
+sinecure.  The King, in these early days, relied implicitly on his
+nephew's advice, and, though Commander of the Cavalry only in name,
+Rupert had in reality the whole conduct of the war upon his hands.  The
+real Commander-in-Chief was old Lord Lindsey, but Rupert's position was
+one of complete independence.  He was, indeed, instructed to consult
+the Council of War, but was also directed "to advise privately, as you
+shall think fit, and to govern your resolution accordingly."[4]
+Further, he requested that he might receive his orders only from the
+King himself.  And this request King Charles unwisely conceded, thus
+freeing Rupert from all control of the Commander-in-Chief, dividing the
+army into two independent parties, and establishing a fruitful source
+of discord between the cavalry and infantry.
+
+Yet Rupert was in many respects well-fitted for his post.
+Distinguished by his dauntless courage and resolute nature, he was
+possessed also of a knowledge of war such as was not to be learnt in
+England.  He was really the only professional soldier of high rank in
+the army, and he proved himself both a clever strategist, and a good
+leader of cavalry, though he did unfortunately lack the patience and
+discretion necessary to the making of a successful general.  "That
+brave Prince and hopeful soldier, Rupert," wrote the gallant Sir Philip
+Warwick, "though a {62} young man, had in martial affairs some
+experience, and a good skill, and was of such intrepid courage and
+activity, that,--clean contrary to former practice, when the King had
+great armies, but no commanders forward to fight,--[5] he ranged and
+disciplined that small body of men;--of so great virtue is the personal
+courage and example of one great commander.  And indeed to do him
+right, he put that spirit into the King's army that all men seemed
+resolved, and had he been as cautious as he was a forward fighter, he
+had, most probably, been a very fortunate one.  He showed a great and
+exemplary temperance, which fitted him to undergo the fatigues of a
+war, so as he deserved the character of a soldier.  _Il était toujours
+soldat_!  For he was never negligent by indulgence to his pleasures, or
+apt to lose his advantages."[6]
+
+In truth Rupert's cheerfulness and brilliant courage inspired
+confidence in his own troops, and terror in those of the enemy.  "There
+was no more consternation in the King's troops now.  Every one grew
+assured.  The most timorous was afraid to show fear under such a
+general, whose courage was increased by the esteem we had of him."[7]
+And throughout the war Rupert was the very life of the Royalist army;
+"adored by the hot-blooded young officers, as by the sturdy troopers,
+who cried, when they entered a fallen city: 'D---- us!  The town is
+Prince Rupert's!'"[8]
+
+The very first skirmish of the war established his reputation.  The
+terrified Puritans spread abroad reports of the "incredible and
+unresistible courage of Prince Rupert,"[9] which grew and multiplied as
+the war proceeded, until Rupert, "exalted with the terror his name gave
+to the enemy,"[10] would not believe that any troops could {63}
+withstand his charge.  "The enemy is possest with so strange and
+senseless a feare as they will not believe any place tenable to which
+Your Highness will march,"[11] reported his officers.  Nor was it
+wonderful that the Puritans deemed him something more than human.
+Conspicuous always by his dress and unusual height, ever foremost in
+the charge, utterly "prodigal of his person," he bore a charmed life.
+Twice pistols were fired in his face, without doing him the slightest
+harm.  Once his horse was killed under him, but "he marched off on foot
+leisurely, without so much as mending his pace."[12]  While guarding
+the retreat from Brentford he stood alone for hours, exposed to a heavy
+fire, and yet came off unscathed.  "Nephew, I must conjure you not to
+hazard yourself so nedlessely,"[13] wrote his anxious uncle; but the
+King's anxiety was uncalled for, Rupert remained uninjured till the end
+of the war, though Maurice was wounded in almost every action in which
+he engaged.
+
+The Austrians at Vlotho had called Rupert "shot free", and so he seemed
+now to Puritan and Cavalier.
+
+  "Sir, you're enchanted!  Sir, you're doubly free
+  "From the great guns, and squibbing poetry,"[14]
+
+declared a Royalist poet.
+
+Rupert, moreover, seemed to be in all places at once.  "This prince,
+like a perpetual motion.... was in a short time, heard of in many
+places at great distances,"[15] says the Parliamentary historian, May.
+And again: "The two young princes, and especially Prince Rupert, the
+elder brother, and most furious of the two, within a fortnight after
+his arrival commanded a small party....  Through {64} divers parts of
+Warwickshire, Nottinghamshire, Leicestershire, Worcester and Cheshire
+did this young prince fly with those troops he had."[16]  Nowhere did
+the adherents of the Parliament feel safe from his attack, and the
+magical rapidity of his movements enhanced the terror inspired by his
+prowess.  Wrote his admirer, Cleveland:
+
+  "Your name can scare an atheist to his prayers,
+  "And cure the chincough better than the bears;
+  "Old Sybils charm toothache with you; the nurse
+  "Makes you still children; and the pondrous curse
+  "The clown salutes with is derived from you;
+  "'Now Rupert take thee, Rogue!  How dost thou do?'"[17]
+
+
+Yet Rupert, in spite of this reputation was neither ruffianly nor
+cruel.  The News Letters called him "a loose wild gentleman",[18] and
+many accused him of hanging Roundheads at their own doors, and
+plundering villages wholesale;[19] but such rumours were libels.
+"Where are these men that will affirm it?  In what country or town
+stood those houses betrayed by me, or by my sufferance, to that misery
+of rapine?" demanded the Prince, in answer to one of his accusers.  "He
+will answer '_they_' said it.  But who '_they_' were he knows not; in
+truth, nor I neither, nor no man else."[20]  And said Sir Thomas Roe,
+who was not all inclined to approve the part Rupert had taken: "I
+cannot hear anything, _credibly_ averred, which can be blamed by those
+who know the liberty of wars."[21]  But the English did not know "the
+liberty of the wars," and they were naturally inclined to judge the
+young Prince harshly.  Severe Rupert undoubtedly could be, if
+necessary.  When the Puritans began a wholesale massacre of the King's
+Irish soldiers, the Prince promptly retaliated by executing an equal
+number of Puritan {65} prisoners.  But the stern act, coupled with the
+assurance that for the life of every Royalist that of a Roundhead
+should pay, effectually checked the barbarities of the Parliament.  The
+nickname of "Prince Robber"[22] was certainly unjustly bestowed; yet
+the Royal Army had to be supported, and the only way to support it was
+by levying contributions on the country.  "The Horse have not been
+paid, but live upon the country,"[23] wrote a Cavalier to his wife.
+
+It is possible that Rupert was not over-scrupulous when the persons
+taxed happened to be Puritans, yet he always maintained what he
+considered a proper degree of discipline; and the frequent apologies of
+his officers prove that the Prince did not permit indiscriminate
+plunder.  "Our men are not very governable, nor do I think they will
+be, unless some of them are hanged.  They fall extremely to the old
+kind of plundering, which is neither for their good, nor for His
+Majesty's service,"[24] wrote Lord Wentworth.  And, after a high-handed
+capture of some arms at Swanbourne, the same officer again apologised:
+"If your Highness think it too great a cruelty in us I hope you will
+pardon us.  You shall consider that we could not have done
+otherwise."[25]
+
+Another Colonel denied strenuously an accusation of oppression which
+had excited Rupert's anger against him.[26] That the failure at
+Edgehill was due to the greed of Rupert's men in plundering the baggage
+waggons, was an imputation which the Prince hotly resented.  To his
+announcement that he could, "at least, give a good account of the
+enemy's horse," a bystander retorted: "And of their carts too!"[27]
+Whereupon the Prince drew his sword, and {66} there was nearly a duel
+in the King's presence.  The idea that he enriched himself by plunder
+is too absurd to need refutation; yet, were it needed, proof to the
+contrary might be found in a letter written at the end of the war,
+which draws a painful picture of Rupert's extreme poverty.[28]
+
+For the rest, the Prince regarded the enemy with a soldierly chivalry.
+Instances of his courtesy are not wanting, and in all matters of honour
+he was most punctilious.  "The Prince," said one of his officers, "uses
+to make good his word, not only in point of honour, but as a matter of
+religion too."[29]  Thus, when his men snatched the colours of an enemy
+promised a safe passage, "some of them felt the edge of his sword," and
+the colours were courteously returned.  To his honourable conduct,
+under similar circumstances at Bristol, the Puritan Governor bore
+generous testimony.[30]
+
+But personal gallantry, promptitude, and ubiquity were far from being
+Rupert's only qualifications for his post.  He understood, as he
+himself phrased it, "what belongs to war."  His tactics were of the
+school of the great Gustavus, and he abolished the absurd custom of
+letting the cavalry halt to fire, before making a charge.  At Edgehill
+he went from rank to rank, bidding the men to charge at the first word,
+and thus he formed an irresistible cavalry which never failed to sweep
+all before it, until it met its match at Marston Moor.  His method was
+thus described by the son of one of his officers: "His way of fighting
+was that he had a select body of horse that always attended him, and,
+in every attack, they received the enemy's shot without returning it,
+but one and all bore with all their force upon their adversaries, till
+they broke their ranks, and charged quite through them.  Then they
+rallied, and, when the enemy were in disorder, fell upon their rear and
+slaughtered them, {67} into scarce any opposition."[31]  And says
+Professor Gardiner: "Rupert was as capable of planning a campaign as he
+was of conducting a charge."[32]  Until November 1644, at which period,
+it should be noted, Rupert's power was on the wane, the strategical
+superiority was decidedly with the King.  The operations of the
+Royalist army were based on a well-conceived plan, that plan was varied
+and supplemented as occasion required.  This skilful warfare Professor
+Gardiner ascribes to Rupert's genius.  Why then, may we ask, did so
+good a soldier fail so signally?
+
+The reasons for failure are not far to seek.  In the first place,
+Rupert was too complete a soldier for the task he had undertaken.  His
+common-sense, soldierly point of view quite failed to embrace the
+political and constitutional sides of the question.  He could no more
+comprehend the King's refusal to make any compromise, than he could
+have understood the moderate Royalists' dread of a complete victory for
+their own side.  The boyish challenge purporting to be sent by him to
+Essex, shows, if genuine, how absolutely he failed to grasp the points
+at issue.  "My Lord," it begins, "I hear you are a general of an
+army....  I shall be ready, on His Majesty's behalf, to give you an
+encounter in a pitched field at Dunsmore Heath, 18th October next.  Or,
+if you think it too much labour, or expense, to draw your forces
+thither, I shall be as willing, on my own part, to expect private
+satisfaction at your hands, and that performed by a single duel.  Which
+proffer, if you please to accept, you shall not find me backward in
+performing what I have promised....  Now I have said all, and what more
+you expect of me to be said, shall be delivered in a larger field than
+a small sheet of paper, and that by my sword, and not by my pen.  In
+the interim {68} I am your friend, till I meet you next."[33]  The
+stories of his wandering in disguise through the quarters of the
+Parliament may be somewhat apocryphal, but they show, at least, the
+impression he made on his contemporaries.  And there is nothing
+doubtful in the fact that he and Maurice laughed aloud in the face of
+the Parliamentary Commissioner who proclaimed them solemnly, "traitors,
+to die without mercy."[34]
+
+Rupert, notwithstanding his twenty-two years and his unusual
+experiences, was a boy still; far too young for the position he held.
+He was over-confident, and rash with the rashness of youth.  Frequently
+his victorious charge was but the prelude to disaster; for the cavalry
+were apt to pursue too eagerly, leaving the foot unsupported on the
+field.  Still, it should be remembered that it must have been next to
+impossible to hold back those gallant, untrained troops; though
+probably Rupert did not try very hard to do it.
+
+In truth the Royalist army was as hard a one to manage as ever fell to
+the lot of a general.  It was an army of volunteers, supported chiefly
+by the private means of nobles and gentlemen, who, while scorning to
+take orders from one another, showed themselves equally averse to
+taking them from a foreign Prince.  It was small, far smaller than that
+of Essex; undisciplined, badly armed, and continually on the verge of
+mutiny for want of pay.  "It is e'en being, for the most part, without
+arms, a general of an army of ordnance without a cure, not a gun too,
+lesse money, much mutiny,"[35] wrote a faithful follower of Rupert, at
+one period of the war.  The men were raw recruits; the officers were
+full of complaints and discontents, all showing a remarkable
+willingness to do anything rather than that {69} which they were
+required to do.  "The officers of your troop will obey in no kind of
+thing, and, by their example, never a soldier in that company,"
+lamented Daniel O'Neil, from Abingdon.  "I had rather be your groom in
+Oxford than with a company that shall assume such a liberty as yours
+does here!"[36]  From Reading, protested Sir Arthur Aston, "I wish when
+your Highness gave your consent to leave me here behind you, that you
+had rather adjudged me to lose my head."[37]  And from Wales came the
+striking declaration, "If your Highness shall be pleased to command me
+to the Turk, or the Jew, or the Gentile, I will go on my bare feet to
+serve you; but from the Welsh good Lord deliver me!"[38]  From all
+sides came complaints of mutinies, of "unbecoming language,"
+"affronts," injuries and violence.  "In spite of my three several
+orders to come away, Captain Mynn remains at Newent," declared Colonel
+Vavasour.  The garrison of Donnington not only defied the order to be
+quiet, "it being very late at night," but forcibly released one of
+their number, under arrest, and outraged the town by "robbing, and
+doing all villainy."[39]
+
+Nor was it with insubordination alone that Rupert had to deal.  Wrote
+Louis Dyves: "Our men are in extreme necessity, many of them having
+neither clothes to cover their nakedness, nor boots to put on their
+feet, and not money enough amongst them to pay for the shoeing of their
+horses."[40]  And declared Sir Ralph Hopton: "It is inconceivable what
+these fellows are always doing with their arms; they appear to be
+expended as fast as their ammunition."[41]  Another officer required
+supplies of biscuits: "For your Highness knows what want of victuals is
+among {70} common men."[42]  A fourth desired a change of quarters,
+"because the country, hereabouts, is so heavily charged with
+contributions, as our allowance falls short."[43]  A fifth modestly
+requested, "to be put into the power of a thousand horse, or foot, and
+then I doubt not, by God's assistance, to give a sufficient account of
+what is committed to my charge."[44] Every one of them lacked arms and
+ammunition, and all their wants were poured out to the luckless young
+Prince, who was expected to attend to every detail, and whose own
+supplies were wretchedly insufficient.
+
+Added to all this, there were private quarrels to be appeased.  Wyndham
+declined to serve under Hopton, who had "disobliged" him.[45]  Vavasour
+complained of "very high language" used towards him by Sir Robert
+Byron.  At Lichfield disputes between the factions of Lord Loughborough
+and Sir William Bagot raged violently.  "In all places where I come,
+it's my misfortune to meet with extreme trouble," lamented the brave
+old Jacob Astley, to whose lot the pacifying of this quarrel fell; "I
+have met, in this place with exceeding great trouble, the commanders
+and soldiers in the close at Lichfield, having shut out my Lord
+Loughborough."[46]  And not even the efforts of old Astley could bring
+about a peace between the contending officers; "our minds being both
+too high to acknowledge a superiority,"[47] confessed Loughborough
+candidly.  But even more serious than such quarrels as these were the
+court factions which divided the Royalist army against itself.  From
+the very beginning, the attempts of the King's Council to regulate
+military affairs were bitterly resented by the soldiery.  Courtier
+detested soldier, and soldier despised courtier!  Nor were the military
+and civil factions {71} the only ones existent; there was party within
+party, intrigue within intrigue.  Wrote the shrewd Arthur Trevor, in
+1643: "The contrariety of opinions and ways are equally distant with
+those of the elements, and as destructive, if there were not a special
+providence that keeps men in one mind against a third party, though
+they agree in no one thing among themselves."[48]  Equally opposed to
+the military party of Rupert, and to the constitutionalists led by Hyde
+and Falkland, were the followings of the Queen and of Lord Digby.
+Bitter, private jealousies completed the confusion, and the vacillation
+of the King, who lent an ear now to one, now to another, destroyed all
+consistency of action.  With such a state of affairs a young man of
+barely three-and-twenty was called upon to deal!
+
+Obviously the position was one requiring the greatest tact, patience
+and circumspection, which were, unhappily, the very qualities most
+lacking in the young Prince.  The circumstances of his early career had
+been calculated to inspire him with an exaggerated sense of his own
+importance.  Notwithstanding his position as fourth child among
+thirteen, and the constant snubs of his mother, he had been spoilt by
+the Prince of Orange, and by the English Court.  The admiration he had
+won, during his captivity among his enemies, added to his self-esteem.
+His steadfast refusal to renounce either his faith or his party, in
+spite of flatteries, threats, promises and persuasions, had raised him
+to the proud position of a Protestant martyr.  "All the world knows how
+deeply I have smarted, and what perils I have undergone, for the
+Protestant cause,"[49] he declared to the English Parliament.  Thus
+conscious of his own abilities and claims to distinction, and valuing
+to the full his previous experience, he was possessed of a not
+unnatural contempt for the military views of civilians.  {72} The
+overbearing manner which he permitted himself to assume towards
+Courtiers and Councillors gave great offence.  "We hear that Prince
+Rupert behaves himself so rudely, whereby he doth himself a great deal
+of dishonour, and the King more disservice,"[50] was the report of a
+Royalist to his friends.  "Prince Rupert's pleasure was not to be
+contradicted," and, "Prince Rupert could not want of his will," says
+the contemporary historian, Sir Edward Walker.[51] Clarendon complained
+that the Prince "too affectedly" despised what was said of him, and
+"too stoically contemned the affections of men."[52]  While the
+faithful Sir Philip Warwick lamented that, "a little sharpness of
+temper and uncommunicableness in society, or council, by seeming, with
+a 'Pish!' to neglect all that another said and he approved not, made
+him less grateful than his friends could have wished.  And this humour
+soured him towards the Councillors of Civil Affairs, who were
+necessarily to intermix with him in Martial Councils."[53]  Certainly
+this was not the spirit calculated to recommend him to the English
+nobles, men who served their sovereign at their own cost, and who
+considered themselves at least as good as the son of a dethroned King.
+
+Nor could Rupert atone for official imperiousness by geniality in
+private life.  In happier days, at Heidelberg, Frederick's faithful
+steward had declared that the morose manners of his master rendered him
+"afraid and ashamed" when any one visited the castle.[54]  Something of
+his father's disposition Rupert had inherited; and, with all his
+self-confidence, he was very shy.  From the nobility both he and
+Maurice held aloof with a reserve born of pride and an uncertain
+position.  Princes they might be, but they were {73} also exiled and
+penniless, dependent on their swords, or on the bounty of their
+relatives.  "The reservedness of the Prince's nature, and the little
+education he then had in Courts made him unapt to make acquaintance
+with any of the Lords, who were thereby discouraged from applying
+themselves to him," says Clarendon.  "Whilst some officers of the Horse
+were well pleased to observe that strangeness, and fomented it,
+believing that their credit would be the greater with the Prince."[55]
+Maurice, of whom Clarendon confessed he had "no more esteem than good
+manners obliged him to,"[56] came in for yet stronger censure.  "This
+Prince had never sacrificed to the Graces, nor conversed among men of
+quality, but had most used the company of inferior men, with whom he
+loved to be very familiar.  He was not qualified with parts by nature,
+and less with any acquired; and towards men of the best condition, with
+whom he might very well have justified a familiarity, he maintained--at
+least--the full state due to his birth."[57] Doubtless Clarendon's
+personal dislike of the Palatines made him a severe critic; but, in the
+main, his censure was true enough.  Their unfortunate shyness threw
+them almost entirely upon their officers, and men of lesser rank, for
+friendship and companionship.  Nor was the position unnatural; for many
+of these men were already well known to them as brother officers in the
+army of the Stadtholder, and familiar guests at their home at the Hague.
+
+Thus condemned by Statesmen, distrusted by the old-fashioned officers,
+and disliked by the nobility, the Princes became the acknowledged
+leaders of the military faction.  They soon had a devoted following; a
+following of which every member was a very gallant soldier, though
+doubtless many of them were also dissolute and reckless.  Even
+Clarendon was forced to confess that Maurice, "living with {74} the
+soldiers sociably and familiarly, and going with them upon all parties
+and actions,"[58] had made himself exceedingly popular amongst them.
+Rupert they adored; and the account of him handed down to Sir Edward
+Southcote by his father differs widely from the description of
+Clarendon.  "My father," wrote Sir Edward, "still went with the King's
+army, being very ambitious to get into Prince Rupert's favour, being,
+he was, the greatest hero, as well as the greatest beau, whom all the
+leading men strove to imitate, as well in his dress as in his
+bravery...  The Prince was always very sparkish in his dress, and one
+day, on a very cold morning, he tied a very fine lace handkerchief,
+which he took out of his coat pocket, about his neck.  This appeared so
+becoming that all his mimics got laced pocket-handkerchiefs and made
+the same use of them; which was the origin of wearing lace cravats, and
+continued till of late years."[59]  There was in fact a general
+eagerness to serve directly under the hero Prince.  "I must confess, I
+have neither desire nor affection to wait upon any other general,"
+wrote Sir Arthur Aston.[60]  "'Tis not advance of title I covet, but
+your commission,"[61] protested another officer.  Such letters indeed
+are numberless; and that of Louis Dyves, half-brother to Lord Digby
+himself, may serve as an example of all:--"Amongst the many discourses
+which I receive daily of the ill-success and unhappy conduct of his
+Majesty's affairs here, since the light and comfort of your presence
+was removed from us, there is none that affects me more than to live in
+a place where I am rendered incapable to do you service.  Which, I take
+God to witness, hath been the chief bent of my harte from the first
+hour I had the honour to serve under your command; and I shall never
+deem myself happy until I be restored again to the same {75} condition.
+If your Highness therefore shall be pleased to command my attendance, I
+will break through all difficulties, and come to you.  And it shall be
+my humble sute unto His Majesty to give me leave to go where I know I
+shall be best able to serve him, which can be nowhere so well as under
+your command.  If I may but understand of your gratious acceptance of
+the fervent desire I have to sacrifice my life at your feet, there
+shall no man with more cheerfulness of harte, be ready to expose it
+more frankly, than your Highness's most humble, most faithful servant,
+Louis Dyves.  There is no man can make a truer character of my harte
+toward you, than the bearer, Mr. Legge."[62]
+
+In a strain of jesting familiarity, wrote the young Lord Grandison:
+"and, by this light, you shall be unprinced, if you believe me not the
+most humble of your servants."[63] And the gallant George Lisle carried
+his devotion to such a pitch as to sign himself always, "your
+Highness's most faithful affectionate servant, and obedient sonne."[64]
+
+But this cult of the Prince indulged in by the soldiery and some of the
+younger nobility, rather aggravated than healed the prevailing
+dissensions.  It was indeed impossible for a boy of Rupert's age and
+passionate temper to throw oil on the troubled waters.  He loved and
+hated with equal vehemence, and "liked what was proposed as he liked
+the persons who proposed it."[65]  Such was his detestation of Digby
+and Culpepper that he never could refrain from contradicting all that
+they said.  Wilmot he treated in like manner, and we read: "Whilst
+Prince Rupert was present...  all that Wilmot said or proposed was
+enough slighted and contradicted," but that during the Prince's long
+absence in the North, he, Wilmot, "became marvellously elated."[66]
+{76} Goring the Prince loved no better, and that general complained
+loudly that he, "denied all his requests out of hand."[67]  And Lord
+Percy was also distinguished with a particular hatred.
+
+To the objects of his affection, Rupert was, on the contrary, only too
+compliant; a failing most strongly, and most unfortunately, exhibited
+in his dealings with his brother Maurice.  The younger Prince had none
+of his brother's ability, was ignorant of English manners and customs,
+"showed a great aversion from considering them," and "understood very
+little of the war except to fight very stoutly when there was
+occasion."[68]  Yet Rupert "took it greatly to heart"[69] that Maurice
+held no higher command than that of lieutenant-general to Lord
+Hertford.  Accordingly, he persuaded the King that Maurice ought to be
+made general in the West, and, the promotion being conceded, Maurice
+did considerable harm to the cause by his blundering and want of
+discipline.  But, says Professor Gardiner, "Maurice was Rupert's
+brother, and not to be called to account!"[70]
+
+Yet, his favouritism admitted, it must be confessed that Rupert's
+friends were generally well-chosen.  Chief among them was Colonel
+William Legge, a man so faithful, so unselfish, and so unassuming, that
+he contrived to remain on good terms with all parties.  Best known to
+his contemporaries as "Honest Will", he shines forth, amidst the
+intriguing courtiers of Oxford, a bright example of disinterestedness.
+In spite of his intimacy with Rupert, he contrived to remain for long
+on friendly terms with Lord Digby, though, as he told the latter, "I
+often found this a hard matter to hold between you."[71]  To Legge,
+Rupert {77} was wont to pour out the indignation of his soul in hastily
+scribbled letters, and "Will" pacified both the Prince and his enemies,
+as best he could, "conceiving it," he said, "a matter of advantage to
+my master's service to have a good intelligence between persons so
+eminently employed in his affairs."[72]  At the same time he never
+hesitated to express his opinion in "plain language", and from him the
+fiery Prince seems to have accepted both counsel and reproof, without
+resentment.  Even Clarendon could find nothing worse to say of Will
+Legge than that he was somewhat diffident of his own judgment.[73]  And
+the King charged the Prince of Wales, in his last message, "to be sure
+to take care of Honest Will Legge, for he was the faithfullest servant
+that ever any Prince had." Which charge Charles II fulfilled at the
+Restoration.[74]
+
+Next to Legge among Rupert's friends we must count the grave and
+melancholy Duke of Richmond.  As a Stuart he was Rupert's cousin, and
+him the Prince excepted from his general dislike of the English
+nobility.  Like Legge, Richmond was free from all self-seeking,
+honourable, upright, irreproachable, both in public and in private
+life.  His personal devotion to the King, who had brought him up, was
+intense, and, at the end of the tragedy, he volunteered with
+Southampton and Lindsey, to die in the stead of his sovereign.  Like
+the King, he was deeply religious, a faithful son of the Church.  He
+was courteous to all, gentle and reserved, but "of a great and haughty
+spirit."[75]  At the beginning of the troubles he had been almost the
+only man of the first rank who had unswervingly opposed the popular
+party; and he valued his fidelity at the rate it was worth.  He gave
+his friendship slowly, and only with the approval, asked and received,
+of the King.[76]  But his friendship, once {78} given, was absolute and
+unalterable.  He had in his character a Stuart strain of sensitiveness,
+amounting to morbidness.  Thus, when gently warned by the King against
+too much correspondence with the treacherous Lady Carlisle, he
+considered his own loyalty impugned, and for weeks held aloof from the
+Committee of Secret Affairs.  Hyde, commissioned by the distressed King
+to reason with the Duke, speedily discovered the true source of trouble
+to be Richmond's jealousy of his master's affection for Ashburnham.
+The King retorted by taking exception to Richmond's secretary, and it
+was long ere the hurt feelings of both King and Duke could be soothed.
+Yet, in spite of his own supersensitiveness, Richmond was a peacemaker.
+His letters to Rupert, long, involved and incoherent, are full of
+soothing expressions and assurances that all will go well.  He also was
+struggling, and struggling vainly, to keep the peace between Rupert and
+Digby.  But, though he watched over his cousin's interests with
+affectionate care, he was too honest and simple-minded to cope
+successfully with Oxford intrigues.
+
+Among Rupert's other friends was Sir Charles Lucas, who, said his
+sister, "loved virtue, endeavoured merit, practised justice, and spoke
+truth; was constantly loyal, and truly valiant."[77]  Also, in high
+favour with the Prince was Sir Marmaduke Langdale, "a person of great
+courage and prudence",[78] a good scholar, and a good soldier; though
+Clarendon found him "a very inconvenient man to live with."[79]  Less
+estimable was the hot-blooded Charles Gerrard, who, though as valiant a
+soldier as any of the others, reflected too many of Rupert's own
+faults; was rash, hot-tempered, and addicted to "hating on a sudden,
+without knowing why."[80]  And besides these there were others too
+numerous to mention, valued by the Prince for their {79} soldierly
+qualities, or for the frankness of their dispositions.  But in the list
+of Rupert's friends, there is one more who must not be forgotten: one
+who was his inseparable companion for nearly six years, who shared his
+captivity in Austria, followed him to England, ate with him, slept with
+him, accompanied him to Council and to Church, shared all his dangers
+and hardships, and never left his side, till he fell, with many gallant
+Cavaliers, on the field of Marston Moor;--this was the Prince's white
+dog, Boye.  This dog attained great fame in England, and Rupert's
+fondness for it was the subject of good-natured jesting among the
+Cavaliers, and of bitter invective from the Puritans.  A satirical
+pamphlet, preserved in the Bodleian library, describes the dog's
+habits, and the mutual affection subsisting between him and his master!
+From it we learn that Boye was always present at Council, that he was
+wont to sit on the table by the Prince, and that frequent kisses and
+embraces passed between them.  On the principle of "Love me, love my
+dog," the King also extended his favour to Boye: "For he himself never
+sups or dines, but continually he feeds him.  And with what think you?
+Even with sides of capons, and such Christian-like morsels ... It is
+thought the King will make him Serjeant-Major-General Boye.  But truly
+the King's affection to him is so extraordinary that some at court envy
+him.  I heard a Gentleman-Usher swear that it was a shame the dog
+should sit in the King's chair, as he always does; and a great Lord was
+seriously of opinion that it was not well he should converse so much
+with the King's children, lest he taught them to swear."  Boye repaid
+the King's affection warmly: "Next to his master, he loves the King and
+the King's children, and cares very little for any others."  We are
+told further, in a paragraph evidently aimed at Rupert, that the dog,
+"in exercises of religion, carries himself most popishly and
+cathedrally.  He is very seldom at any conscionable sermons, but as for
+public prayers, he seldom or never misses {80} them....  But, above
+all, as soon as their Church Minstrel begins his arbitrary jig, he is
+as attentive as one of us private Christians are at St.
+Antholin's."[81]  Boye is generally supposed to have been a poodle, and
+certainly he is so represented in the caricatures preserved of him.
+But he must have been in truth a remarkable one, for Lady Sussex
+relates in one of her letters, that when Rupert shot five bucks, "his
+dog Boye pulled them down."[82]  To this "divill dog" were attributed
+supernatural powers of going invisible, of foretelling events, and of
+magically protecting his master from harm.  "The Roundheads fancied he
+was the Devil, and took it very ill that he should set himself against
+them!" says Sir Edward Southcote.[83]  Many of the Puritans did, in
+truth, imagine him to be Rupert's evil spirit, and it was reported that
+the dog fed on human flesh.  Cleveland refers to their general fear of
+Boye in his "Rupertismus":--
+
+  "They fear the giblets of his train, they fear,
+  "Even his dog, that four-legged Cavalier,
+  "He that devours the scraps that Lunsford makes,
+  "Whose pictures feeds upon a child in stakes,
+  "'Gainst whom they have these articles in souse,--
+  "First that he barks against the sense o' th' House,
+  "Resolved 'delinquent,' to the Tower straight,
+  "Either to the Lyons, or the Bishop's gate.
+
+      *    *    *    *    *    *    *
+
+  "Thirdly he smells intelligence, that's better,
+  "And cheaper too, than Pym's, by his own letter;
+  "Lastly he is a devil without doubt,
+  "For when he would lie down he wheels about,
+  "Makes circles, and is couchant in a ring,
+  "And therefore, score up one, for conjuring!"[84]
+
+
+With the Cavaliers the dog was of course as popular as with the
+Puritans he was the reverse.  It was reported, by {81} their enemies,
+that the Royalists, after their capture of Birmingham, passed the night
+in "drinking healths upon their knees,--yea, healths to Prince Rupert's
+dog!"[85]  Finally, when poor Boye had fallen on the field of battle,
+the death of Prince Rupert's "witch" was recorded with exultation in
+the Parliamentary journals: "Here also was slain that accursed cur,
+which is here mentioned, by the way, because the Prince's dog has been
+so much spoken of, and was valued by his master more than creatures of
+more worth."[86] Having said so much of Rupert's friends, it may be
+well to say a word of his principal enemies.  Chief among these was
+George, Lord Digby, the eldest son of the Earl of Bristol.  He was a
+man of great personal beauty, brilliant talents, and unrivalled powers
+of fascination.  But he was unfortunately afflicted with a "volatile
+and unquiet spirit", and an over-active imagination.  His natural
+charms and great plausibility won him the love and confidence of the
+King; but his unparalleled conceit and his insatiable love of meddling
+made him an object of detestation to the Palatine Prince.[87]  As
+Secretary of State, Digby necessarily came into contact with Rupert,
+and the result was disastrous.  No doubt there was much of personal
+jealousy mingled with Rupert's more reasonable objections to Digby; but
+the fact remains that Rupert understood war, and that Digby did not;
+that Rupert's schemes were reasonable and usually practicable, and that
+Digby's were wild and fantastic to a degree.  Rupert resented Digby's
+interference and incompetence; Digby resented Rupert's off-hand manners
+and undisguised contempt of himself.  Both were equally self-confident,
+and equally intolerant of rivalry.  England was not large enough to
+contain the two, and Digby, by his superior powers of intrigue, carried
+the day.
+
+{82}
+
+With Lord Percy, in whose charge were all the stores of arms and
+ammunition, Rupert was not on much better terms than with Lord Digby.
+Powder, bullets, carts and horses proved fruitful sources of
+dissension.  Rupert accused Percy of delaying his supplies, and Percy
+resented Rupert's staying of his carts.[88]  In proof of his own
+blamelessness Percy appealed to the testimony of others.  "My Lord
+Jermyn knows this was the truth, and no kind of fault in me....  Give
+me leave to tell you, sir, I cannot believe them, your real servants,
+that do give you jealousies of those that do not deserve them."[89]  At
+other times Percy professed a great deal of devotion to Rupert, but
+always with a touch of sarcasm in his manner.  His letters consequently
+offended the Prince, and Percy treated his indignation lightly: "Though
+you seemed not to be pleased that I should hope for the taking of
+Bristol before it was done, which fault I confess I do not understand,
+I hope you will give me leave to congratulate you now with the rest....
+Your best friends do wish that, when the power is put absolutely into
+your hands, you will so far comply with the King's affairs as to do
+that which may content many and displease fewest."[90] Such phrases
+were not calculated to soothe, and the breach widened steadily until,
+in the autumn of 1644, Percy found himself so deeply involved in the
+disgrace of Wilmot that he sought refuge with the Queen in France.
+
+With Lord Goring and Lord Wilmot, Rupert was likewise at daggers drawn.
+Both these men had been his comrades in the Dutch army, and Goring
+especially had been on intimate terms with the Palatines at the Hague.
+Indeed it seems likely that he had carried on a very flourishing
+flirtation with the Princess Louise; and a beautifully drawn picture
+letter which she addressed to him, is still extant.  Distinguished,
+like Digby, for his personal beauty and {83} fascinating manners,
+Goring was also justly celebrated for his brilliant courage.  Yet it
+was no wonder that Rupert did not share his sister's friendship for
+him, since the man was as false and treacherous as he was brave and
+plausible.  He had promoted and betrayed the Army Plot of 1641; he had
+received the charge of Portsmouth from the Parliament, held it for the
+King, and then surrendered it without a struggle.  Yet no breath of
+suspicion ever sullied his courage, and his personal attractions and
+undoubted ability won him trust and confidence again and again.  Rupert
+admired him for his talents, hated him for his vices, and feared him
+for his "master-wit", which made him a dangerous rival for the King's
+favour.  Goring, on his part, heartily reciprocated the Prince's
+aversion; kept out of his command as far as possible, disobeyed his
+orders as often as he could, and amused himself by writing to his enemy
+in terms of passionate devotion.  "I will hasard eight thousand lives
+rather than leave anything undone that may conduce to his Majesty's
+service or to your Highness's satisfaction; being joyed of nothing so
+much in this world as of the assurance of your favour, and that it will
+not be in the power of the devil to lessen your goodness to me, or to
+alter the quality I have of being your Highness's most humble,
+faithful, and obedient servant."[91]
+
+Wilmot, Lieutenant-General of the Horse, was a less fascinating but a
+less unprincipled person than Goring.  That is to say that, while
+Goring would betray any friend, or violate any promise, "out of humour
+or for wit's sake," Wilmot would not do either, except "for some great
+benefit or convenience to himself."[92]  He is described by Clarendon
+as "a man of a haughty and ambitious nature, of a pleasant wit, and an
+ill understanding."[93]  Like Goring, he drank hard, {84} but not, like
+Goring, to the neglect of his military duties.  With the dissolute wits
+of the army he was exceedingly popular, but Rupert, always so temperate
+himself, had no sympathy with the failings of Wilmot.  As early as
+November 1642 he had conceived "an irreconcilable prejudice"[94]
+against his lieutenant-general.  Possibly the seed of this prejudice
+had been sown at Edgehill, where Wilmot refused to make a second
+charge, saying: "We have won the day; let us live to enjoy the fruits
+thereof."[95]  And justly or unjustly, the combined hatred of Rupert,
+Digby, and Goring accomplished Wilmot's overthrow in 1644.
+
+
+
+[1] Warburton.  Vol. I. pp. 460-462.
+
+[2] Lansdowne MSS.  817.
+
+[3] Warburton.  I.  p. 462.
+
+[4] Rupert Transcripts.  Instruction to the Prince.  1642.
+
+[5] _I.e._ in the Scottish wars.
+
+[6] Memoirs of Sir Philip Warwick, pp. 226-228.
+
+[7] Lansdowne MSS.  817.
+
+[8] A Looking Glass etc.  Civil War Tract.  Brit. Mus.
+
+[9] Clarendon's Hist. of the Rebellion.  Ed. 1849.  Bk. VI. p. 46.
+
+[10] Ibid.  Bk. VI. p. 109.
+
+[11] Mr. Firth's Transcripts.  Geo. Porter to Rupert, March 24, 1644.
+
+[12] Warburton.  II.  p. 250.  Journal of Siege of Bristol.
+
+[13] Pythouse Papers.  Ed. Day.  1879.  p. 46.  16 Nov, 1642.
+
+[14] Rupertismus.  Cleveland's Poems.  Ed. 1687.  p. 51.
+
+[15] May.  Hist. of Long Parliament.  Ed. 1854.  p. 249.
+
+[16] May.  Hist. of Long Parliament.  Ed. 1854.  p. 243-4.
+
+[17] Rupertismus.
+
+[18] Webb.  Civil War in Herefordshire.  Vol. I.  p. 129.
+
+[19] May.  p. 244.
+
+[20] Prince Rupert: His Reply.  Brit. Mus.
+
+[21] Webb.  Civil War in Hereford.  I.  p. 149.
+
+[22] Gardiner's Civil War, I.  p. 15.
+
+[23] Sydney Papers.  Spencer to Lady Spencer.  II.  p. 667.
+
+[23] Rupert Correspondence.  Warburton.  II.  p. 191.
+
+[25] Ibid.  p. 193.
+
+[26] Rupert Transcripts, Colonel Blagge to the Prince, 2 March, 1643.
+
+[27] Verney Memoirs, Vol. II.  p. 115.
+
+[28] Dom.  State Papers.  Nicholas to King, Sept. 18, 1645.
+
+[29] Warburton.  II.  262.
+
+[30] Warburton.  II.  267.
+
+[31] Troubles of our Catholic Forefathers.  Ed. Morris.  1872.  Sir
+Edward Southcote's Narrative, 1st Series, p. 392.
+
+[32] Gardiner's Civil War, I.  p. 2.
+
+[33] Civil War Pamphlets.  British Museum.  "Prince Rupert's Message to
+my Lord of Essex."
+
+[34] Whitelocke's Memorials, 1732, p. 114.
+
+[35] Carte's Ormonde, VI.  p. 197, 20 Aug. 1644.
+
+[36] Warburton, II.  p. 82.  19 Dec. 1642.
+
+[37] Ibid.  II.  p. 175.
+
+[38] Ibid.  II.  p. 386.  11 Mar. 1644.
+
+[39] Transcripts, 30 Jan. 1644.
+
+[40] Warburton, II.  p. 85.
+
+[41] Ibid.  II.  p. 291, 17 Sept. 1643.
+
+[42] Transcripts.  Blagge to Rupert.  1643.
+
+[43] Rupert Transcripts.  Dyves to the Prince.  Sept. 21, 1642.
+
+[44] Ibid.  Kirke to Prince.  22 Feb.  1644.
+
+[45] Add MSS.  18982.  Wyndham to the Prince.  Jan. 6, 1644.
+
+[46] Transcripts.  Astley to the Prince, Jan. 12, 1645.
+
+[47] Ibid.  Loughborough to the Prince, July 25, 1645.
+
+[48] Carte's Ormonde.  Trevor to Ormonde.  Nov. 21, 1643.  Vol. V. pp.
+520-1.
+
+[49] Prince Rupert: his Declaration.  Pamphlet.  British Museum.  See
+Warb. II. p. 124.
+
+[50] Hist. MSS. Commission.  5th Report, p. 162.  Ap. I.  Sutherland
+MSS.  Stephen Charlton to Robert Leveson, 1642.
+
+[51] Walker's Historical Discourses.  Ed. 1705.  p. 126.
+
+[52] Clarendon Hist.  Bk. VII.  p. 279.
+
+[53] Warwick Memoirs, p. 228.
+
+[54] Green's Princesses, V.  p. 267.
+
+[55] Clarendon's History.  Bk. V.  p. 78.
+
+[56] Clarendon's Life.  Ed. 1827.  Vol. I.  p. 197, _note_.
+
+[57] Clar. Hist.  Bk. VII.  p. 85.
+
+[58] Clar. Life.  I.  p. 196, _note_.
+
+[59] Sir Edward Southcote's Narrative, p. 392.
+
+[60] Rupert Correspondence.  Aston to the Prince.  Aug. 1643.
+
+[61] Ibid.  Sandford to Prince.  No date.
+
+[62] Rupert Correspondence.  Add. MSS. British Museum.  18981.  Louis
+Dyves to the Prince.  Apr. 8, 1644.
+
+[63] Rupert Transcripts.  Grandison to Prince.  Feb. 7, 1645.
+
+[64] Ibid.  Lisle to Prince.  Dec. 6-13, 1644.
+
+[65] Clarendon.  Bk. VIII.  168.
+
+[66] Ibid.  VIII. 30.
+
+[67] Rupert Transcripts.  Goring to Prince.  Jan. 22, 1643.
+
+[68] Clarendon.  Bk. VII.  85, _note_.
+
+[69] Ibid.  144.
+
+[70] Gardiner's Civil War.  Vol. I.  197.
+
+[71] Wm. Legge to Lord Digby.  Warburton.  III.  p. 129.
+
+[72] Wm. Legge to Lord Digby.  Warburton.  III.  p. 129.
+
+[73] Clarendon.  Bk. X.  p. 130.
+
+[74] Collins Peerage: 'Dartmouth'.  Vol. IV.  p. 107 _et passim_.
+
+[75] Clarendon Hist.  Bk. VI.  p. 384.
+
+[76] Clarendon Life.  I.  p. 222.
+
+[77] Life of Newcastle, by Duchess of Newcastle.  Ed. Firth.  1886, p.
+280.
+
+[78] Carte Papers.  Trevor to Ormonde, Sept. 13, 1644.
+
+[79] Clarendon State Papers.  Hyde to Nicholas.  Febr. 7, 1653.
+
+[80] Clar. Hist.  Bk. IX.  p.  21.
+
+[81] Pamphlet.  Bodleian Library, Oxford.  "Observations on Prince
+Rupert's White Dog called Boye."
+
+[82] Verney Memoirs.  Vol. II.  p. 160.
+
+[83] Sir Edward Southcote's Narrative, p. 392.  Pamphlet.  Brit. Mus.
+
+[84] Cleveland's Poems, p. 51.  Rupertismus.
+
+[85] Pamphlet.  Brit. Museum.  London, May 1643.  "Prince Rupert's
+Burning Love to England."
+
+[86] More true Relation; also Vicars' Jehovah Jireh, p. 277.
+
+[87] See Clarendon State Papers: A Character of the Lord Digby.
+
+[88] Rupert Transcripts, July 30, 1643, also Aug. 17, 1643, Percy to
+Rupert.
+
+[89] Ibid.  Mar. 21, 1642.
+
+[90] Rupert Transcripts, July 29, 1643.
+
+[91] Rupert Correspondence.  Goring to the Prince, May 12, 1645.  Add.
+MSS.  Brit. Mus.  18982.
+
+[92] Clarendon Hist.  Bk. VIII.  169.
+
+[93] Ibid.  VIII.  30.
+
+[94] Clar. Hist.  Bk. VI.  126, _note_.
+
+[95] Ibid.  VI.  p. 79, _note_.
+
+
+
+
+{85}
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+THE BEGINNING OF THE WAR.  POWICK BRIDGE.  EDGEHILL.  THE MARCH TO
+LONDON
+
+The setting up of the Royal Standard was a depressing ceremony.  The
+weather was so bad that the very elements seemed to fight against the
+Royalists; and the standard was blown down the same night, which was
+regarded as a very evil portent.  Moreover, the Royal forces were still
+so lamentably small that Sir Jacob Astley openly expressed a fear that
+the King would be captured in his sleep.[1]  The arms and ammunition
+were not yet come from York, and a general sadness pervaded the whole
+company.  In this state of affairs, the King made another futile
+attempt at treating with the Parliament; an attempt so distasteful to
+Rupert and his officers "that they were not without some thought--or at
+least discourses--of offering violence to the principal advisers of
+it."[2]  The abortive treaty proved, however, to the King's advantage,
+for its failure turned the tide in his favour, and brought recruits to
+his banner.
+
+During the delay at Nottingham, Rupert was created a Knight of the
+Garter, and, at the same time, he contrived to fall out with Digby.
+Even as early as September 10th, we find Digby protesting against the
+Prince's prejudice towards himself.  Evidently he had indulged in
+remarks upon Rupert's love of "inferior" company, which he now
+endeavoured to explain away.[3]  His apology was accepted; and for a
+short time he served under the Prince.
+
+{86}
+
+Already Rupert was scouring the country in search of men, arms and
+money.  On September 6th "that diabolical Cavalier,"[4] as a Puritan
+soldier called him, had surrounded Leicester and summoned the Mayor to
+confer with him.  That worthy cautiously declined the interview,
+whereupon he received a peremptory letter, demanding £2,000 to be paid
+on the morrow "by ten of the clock in the forenoon."  He was assured
+that the King's promise would prove a better pledge for repayment than
+the "Public Faith" of the Parliament; and the letter concluded with the
+characteristic assurance that, in case of contumacy, the Prince would
+appear on the morrow, "in such a posture as shall make you to know it
+is wiser to obey than to resist His Majesty's command."[5]  Five
+hundred pounds were forthwith paid, but a complaint was despatched to
+the King, who hastened to disavow his nephew's arbitrary proceedings.
+
+An attack on Caldecot House proved more to the Prince's credit.  This
+house belonged to a Warwickshire Puritan, a Mr Purefoy, then absent
+with the troops of the Parliament.  Early on a Sunday morning Rupert
+appeared before the house, with five hundred men, and summoned it to
+surrender.  The summons was defied, and he ordered an assault.  The
+defenders consisted only of Mrs. Purefoy, her two daughters, her
+son-in-law, Mr. Abbot, three serving-men, and three maids; yet the
+fight was continued for some hours, and with serious loss to the
+Cavaliers.  At last Rupert forced the outer gates, fired the barns, and
+advanced to the very doors.  Then Mrs. Purefoy came out and threw
+herself at the victor's feet.  Rupert asked her what she would have of
+him.  She answered, the lives of her little garrison.  Rupert then
+raised her to her feet, "saluted her kindly," and promised that not one
+of them should be hurt.  But when he had entered the house and
+discovered how small was the garrison, his pity was changed to
+admiration.  He {87} complimented Mr. Abbot on his skill and gallantry,
+and offered him a command in his own troop, which was, however,
+refused.  Finally he drew off his forces, promising that nothing upon
+the place should suffer injury.  "And the Prince faithfully kept his
+promise, and would not suffer one penny-worth of goods in the house to
+be taken."[6]  Such is the testimony of a fanatical enemy; nor is it
+the only instance of Rupert's chivalry.  "Sir Edward Terrell was a
+little fearful, Prince Rupert had been hunting at his Park," wrote the
+Puritan Lady Sussex; "but he took him much, with his courtesy to
+him."[7]
+
+On September 13th the King left Nottingham for Derby, and Rupert joined
+his march at Stafford.  There it was that the Prince fired a remarkable
+shot, to prove his skill as a marksman.  Standing in a garden about
+sixty yards distant from the church of St. Mary, he shot clean through
+the tail of the weathercock on the steeple, "with a screwed horseman's
+pistol, and a single bullet."[8]  The King declared that the shot was
+but a lucky chance; whereupon Rupert fired a second time, with the same
+result.
+
+From Stafford, Rupert proceeded by night to Bridgnorth, and from there
+he went, on September 21st, to secure Worcester.  Finding Worcester
+quite indefensible, he resolved to go on to Shrewsbury, but, in the
+meantime, he led his small troop into a field near Powick Bridge to
+rest.  The officers, among whom were Maurice, Digby, Wilmot, Charles
+Lucas, and the Lords Northampton and Crawford, threw themselves down on
+the grass, divested of all armour.  In this position they were
+surprised by a troop of Essex's horse, under Sandys and Fiennes, which
+advanced, fully armed, down a narrow lane.  In the confusion there was
+scarcely time to catch the horses, and none to consult as to methods of
+defence.  Rupert shouted out the order to {88} charge, and vaulted on
+to his horse.  Maurice threw himself next his brother; and the other
+officers, seeing that it would be useless to rejoin their men, followed
+the Princes.  Thus, with the officers in the van and the men straggling
+behind as best they could, the Royalists charged.  The Puritans,
+well-armed and well-commanded though they were, could not stand against
+that sudden fierce assault.  Two of their officers fell, and in a very
+few moments the whole body, nearly a thousand in number, broke and
+fled, the "goodness of their horses" making it impossible to overtake
+them.  The number of the slain was between forty and fifty; six or
+seven colours were captured, and a few Scottish officers taken
+prisoners.  The loss on the King's side was small, and though all the
+officers, Rupert excepted, were wounded, none were killed.  Maurice had
+received so dangerous a wound in the head that he was reported killed,
+but it was not long before he was again "abroad and merry."[9]  The
+slight loss suffered by the Cavaliers was the more remarkable since
+they had had neither armour nor pistols, and had fought only with their
+swords.[10]
+
+The moral advantage of this skirmish was very great.  It gave increased
+courage to Rupert's troops and it "exceedingly appalled the adversary,"
+to whom the Prince's name was henceforth "very terrible."  To the
+Elector, and to some of the friends of his family, such a reputation
+was less gratifying than it was to Rupert himself.  Dependent upon the
+English Parliament as the Palatines were,--for King Charles could no
+longer help them, and the Stadtholder was old and failing,--Rupert's
+zeal in his uncle's cause was a serious disadvantage to them.  "I
+fear," wrote Roe to the Elector, "the freshness of his spirit and his
+zeal to his uncle may have drawn from him some words, if not deeds,
+that have begot a very ill odour; insomuch {89} that nothing is so much
+cried out against as his actions, which do reflect upon your whole
+family and cause, and there may be more need of a bridle to moderate
+him than of spurs.  They will never forgive me the ill-fortune to have
+procured his liberty."[11]  To this the Elector replied indignantly:
+"It is impossible either for the Queen--my mother, or myself to bridle
+my brother's youth and fieryness, at so great a distance, and in the
+employment he has.  It were a great indiscretion in any to expect it,
+and an injustice to blame us for things beyond our help."[12] He did
+his best to appease the Parliament by exhibiting his own ingratitude
+towards his uncle.  "The Prince Elector doth write kindly--others might
+say basely--to the Roundhead Parliament,"[13] reported Sir George
+Radcliffe.  Further, Charles Louis published a manifesto in the names
+of himself and his mother, deprecating Rupert's actions, and
+disclaiming all sympathy with them.  And in 1644 he came himself to
+London, and took the Covenant; in reward for which hypocrisy the
+Parliament lodged him in Whitehall, and granted him a large
+pension.[14]  Elizabeth was less time-serving, and her intercepted
+letters to Rupert gave great offence to the Parliament.  She tried to
+pacify the indignation she had roused, writing to the Speaker: "Albeit
+I cannot at present remember what I then particularly writ, yet if
+anything did perchance slip from my pen in the private relation between
+a mother and son, which might give them the least distaste, I entreat
+them to make no worse construction of it than was by me intended."[15]
+But she could not disguise her real sentiments, and her pension was
+stopped by the Parliament.  "Our gracious Mistress hath her part, as
+who hath not, in these public sufferings," {90} wrote one of her
+gentlemen in 1643.  "It is upon a full year that her entertainments
+have been stopped, and I believe that she fareth the worse for the
+impetuousness of Prince Rupert her son, who is quite out of her
+government."[16]
+
+Directly after the skirmish of Powick Bridge, Rupert fell back upon
+Ludlow, and it was while quartered there that he was supposed to have
+made his first expedition into Essex's camp.  The stories of his
+disguises are told by Puritans, and are, as before said, very probably
+apocryphal; but they are given here for what they are worth.  The
+Puritan army was encamped on Dunsmore Heath, and Rupert, riding as near
+to it as he dared, overtook a man driving a horse which was laden with
+apples.  The man, on being interrogated, informed the Prince that he
+was going to sell the apples to the soldiers of the Parliament.  "Why
+dost thou not go to the King's army?" asked the Prince; "I hear they
+are generous sparks and will pay double!"  "Oh," said the man, "they
+are Cavaliers, and have a mad Prince amongst them.  Devil a penny could
+I get in the whole army."  Rupert thereupon purchased the whole load
+for ten shillings, changed coats and horses with the man, and himself
+sold the apples to the forces of Essex.  On his return, he gave the man
+a second piece of gold, with the command to "go to the army, and ask
+the commanders how they liked the fruit which Prince Rupert did, in his
+own person, but this morning sell them."[17]
+
+During this time the King had lain at Shrewsbury, whither he now
+summoned all his forces, and on October 12th he began his march towards
+London.  This was in accordance with Rupert's scheme of concentrating
+all forces on the centre of disaffection.  The three brigades of foot
+were commanded respectively by Sir Nicholas Byron, Colonel Wentworth,
+and Colonel Fielding.  Lord Lindsey was {91} Commander-in-Chief, and
+Sir Jacob Astley was his Major-General; Ruthven, though a
+Field-Marshal, preferred to remain entirely with the cavalry.  The
+dragoons were under Sir Arthur Aston, and most of the nobles and richer
+gentry enlisted in Lord Bernard Stuart's regiment of gentlemen,
+nicknamed "The Show Troop."  "Never," says Clarendon, "did less baggage
+attend a royal army, there being not one tent, and very few waggons, in
+the whole train."[18]  This being the case, it is singular that the
+place where the King's tent was pitched is still pointed out at
+Edgehill.
+
+The Royalists advanced slowly, by way of Birmingham, halting at several
+places on the march.  On October 22nd the King reached Edgecot, and
+Essex arrived the same day at Kineton, ready to bar his way.  Rupert
+advanced to Lord Spencer's house at Wormleighton, where his
+quarter-master had a skirmish with the quarter-master of Essex, who had
+also been sent to take possession of the house.  Rupert's men captured
+twelve of Essex's soldiers, from whom they learnt the unexpected
+proximity of the enemy.  Rupert thereupon made his men take the field,
+and sent the intelligence to the King.  The King responded in a brief
+note: "I have given order as you have desyred; so I dout not but all
+the foot and cannon will bee at Edgehill betymes this morning, where
+you will also find your loving Oncle."[19]
+
+Early in the morning of October 23rd, Rupert advanced his forces to the
+summit of Edgehill, where, as he had expected, he was joined by the
+King.  A council of war was then held.  But, alas, dissension was
+already beginning in the army, the mutual jealousy of the officers
+having grown on the march to "a perfect faction"[20] between the foot
+and horse.  On this occasion Rupert's bold and rapid tactics were
+strenuously opposed by the cautious old Lindsey.  But the King strongly
+supported his nephew, and thereupon {92} Lindsey resigned his
+generalship, preferring to fight as a mere colonel rather than to
+nominally command a battle over which he had no control.  Then his son,
+Lord Willoughby,--deeply resenting the slight on his father,--refused
+to charge with Rupert, and elected to fight on foot at his father's
+side.  Ruthven (afterwards Lord Brentford) was hastily appointed in
+Lindsey's place, and as he had fought under Gustavus, he readily gave
+his support to the Prince who followed the great Swede's tactics.
+
+It was one o'clock before the King's foot could be brought up to the
+rest of the army; and though Essex was in order by eight in the
+morning, he was in no hurry to begin the battle.  His numbers were
+already greater than those of the King, but he hoped still that three
+more regiments might join him.  Not till three o'clock did the fight
+begin, and this was considered so late that some of the Royalists would
+have willingly postponed it till the morrow.  But it was to the King's
+advantage to hasten the attack, since he had no provisions for his
+army, and he hoped also to anticipate the arrival of Essex's
+reinforcements.  The history of the battle is an oft-told tale.  Rupert
+commanded the right wing, and he committed a serious error at the
+outset by permitting the "Show Troop" to charge in the van.  This troop
+had been irritated by the scoffs of blunter soldiers, and it seemed but
+courtesy to accede to its request, yet it was most unwise to do so, for
+it left the King unguarded on the field.  "Just before we began our
+march," says Bulstrode, "the Prince passed from one wing to the other,
+giving positive orders to the horse to march as close as possible,
+keeping their ranks, sword in hand; to receive the enemy's shot without
+firing either carbine or pistol till we broke in among them, and then
+to make use of our firearms as need should require."[21]  The charge
+thus made, swept Essex's horse from the field, and Rupert's {93} horse
+followed far in the pursuit.  "Our horse pursued so eagerly that the
+commanders could not stop them in the chase," said the Royalists.[22]
+The King's foot, left unsupported on the field, suffered great damage.
+Then it was that Lord Lindsey fell, and his gallant son was captured in
+the attempt to save his father.  Then Sir Edmund Verney died, and the
+standard was taken, but subsequently regained.  Only the enemy's own
+want of skill and experience saved the King himself from capture.  Thus
+the advantage won by the first charge was lost, and when Rupert
+returned he found the King with a very small retinue, and all chance of
+a complete victory gone.  Nor could the cavalry be rallied for a second
+charge.  Where the soldiers were collected together the officers were
+absent, and where the officers were ready the soldiers were scattered.
+Consequently the result of the battle was indecisive, and both sides
+claimed the victory; the advantage really lay with the King, insomuch
+as he held the field, and had opened the way to London.  But the
+Royalist losses had been very great.  Besides Lindsey and Verney, had
+fallen Lord Aubigny, brother of the Duke of Richmond, and many other
+officers.  Moreover, the Cavaliers were in a hostile country, unable to
+obtain either food or shelter, and the night was terribly cold.
+Towards daybreak the King retired to his coach to rest; and the morning
+found the two armies still facing one another.  Thus they remained
+throughout the day, but towards evening Essex drew off to Warwick.  No
+sooner did Essex begin his retreat than Rupert started in pursuit.  At
+Kineton he captured the rear guard of dragoons, with their convoy of
+money, plate and letters.  The taking of the letters proved of no
+slight importance, for among them Rupert discovered a circumstantial
+report of his own proceedings, furnished to Essex by his own secretary.
+There was found also the secretary's demand for an increase {94} of pay
+from the Parliament, which already paid him £50 a week.  The man was of
+course tried, and hanged at Oxford.[23]
+
+Rupert was now anxious to push on to London before the enemy could
+rally.  "He proffered, if His Majesty would give him leave, to march
+with three thousand horse to Westminster, and there dissolve the
+Parliament."[24] Very likely this plan might have succeeded, for the
+panic in London was great, but the old Earl of Bristol declared that
+Rupert, once let loose on London, would plunder and burn the city.
+This fear so worked on the King that he refused to countenance the
+design.  It is only fair to add that Rupert indignantly repudiated the
+intentions attributed to him.  "I think there is none that take me for
+a coward,--for sure I fear not the face of any man alive,--yet I shall
+repute it the greatest victory in the world to see His Majesty enter
+London in peace without shedding one drop of blood."[25] The tales
+spread abroad of his "barbarousness and inhumanity" caused him real
+annoyance, and he endeavoured to refute them in a published
+"Declaration."  After retorting on the Parliament various instances of
+Puritan plundering and violence, he continued: "I must here profess,
+that I take that man to be no soldier or gentleman that will strike,
+much less kill, a woman or a child...  And for myself, I appeal to the
+consciences of those lords and gentlemen who are my daily witnesses,
+and to those people wheresoever our army hath been, what they know, or
+have observed in my carriage which might not become the son of a
+king."[26]  Doubtless the boast was made in all good faith, but
+doubtless also the views of Rupert and his enemies as to what was
+"becoming" differed widely, especially in regard to plunder.  True the
+Puritans not {95} infrequently plundered Royalists, just as the
+Royalists plundered Puritans; but the Parliament had the less need to
+do it, seeing that all the King's revenue was in its hands.  The
+hapless King could not, in consequence, pay his cavalry, and it was
+Rupert's task to raise supplies from the country.  He was authorised to
+requisition daily provisions from the inhabitants of the places where
+the horse were quartered.  For all such supplies a proper receipt was
+to be given, and the officers were not permitted, "upon pain of our
+high displeasure," to send for greater quantities of provision than
+would actually supply the men and horses.[27] To Rupert, used as he was
+to continental warfare, such a state of affairs seemed natural enough.
+"Was I engaged to prohibit them making the best of their prisoners?" he
+retorted in answer to a later charge made against his men.[28] And,
+among the State Papers, there is to be found an engagement of a certain
+John van Haesdonck to bring over to Rupert, two hundred expert soldiers
+from Holland who were to be permitted to divide their booty, "according
+to the usual custom beyond seas."[29]
+
+But if Rupert understood "the law of arms" as the peaceful English
+citizens did not, both he and his officers respected its limits, and
+fain would have checked the excesses of their men.  Whitelocke, while
+lamenting the wreck of his own house, honourably acquitted the officers
+in command of any share in it.  "Sir John Byron and his brothers
+commanded those horse, and gave orders that they should commit no
+insolence at my house, nor plunder my goods."  But, in spite of the
+prohibition, hay and corn were recklessly consumed, horses were carried
+off, books wantonly destroyed, the park railings broken down, and the
+deer let out.  "Only a tame young stag they led away and presented to
+Prince Rupert, and my hounds, which were {96} extraordinary good."[30]
+What Rupert did with the tame young stag history relates not, but he
+certainly did not countenance such outrages.  They were of course
+attributed to his influence, but he could, and did, retort similar
+instances--and worse--upon the soldiers of the Parliament: "I speak not
+how wilfully barbarous their soldiers were to the Countess Rivers, to
+the Lady Lucas in Essex, and likewise to many persons of quality in
+Kent, and other places."[31]
+
+Owing to the fear of Rupert's "downright soldierism" such advantage as
+might have been gained from Edgehill was lost.  Instead of pressing on
+for London, the King wasted valuable time in the siege of Banbury.  It
+is to this period that the story of Rupert's visit to Warwick belongs.
+To this town Essex had retreated after the battle, and about it his
+army was still quartered.  "Within about eight miles of the said city,
+Prince Robert was forced by excess of raine to take into a little
+alehouse out of the way, where he met with a fellow that was riding to
+Warwick to sell cabbage nets, but stayed, by chance, to drink.  He
+bought the fellow's nets, gave him double what he asked, borrowed his
+coat, and told him he would ride upon his horse some miles off, to put
+a trick upon some friends of his, and return at evening.  He left his
+own nag and coat behind, and also a crown for them to drink, while
+waiting his return.  When he came to Warwick he sold his nets at divers
+places, heard the news, and discovered many passages in the town.
+Having done this he returned again, and took his own horse.  Then he
+sent them (_i.e._ the citizens of Warwick) word, by him he bought the
+nets of, that Prince Rupert had sold them cabbage nets, and it should
+not be long ere he would requite their kindness and send them
+cabbages."[32]
+
+{97}
+
+On October 27th Banbury fell, and two days later the King entered
+Oxford, where he was enthusiastically received.  Rupert advanced to
+Abingdon, overran the country, took Aylesbury, cut off Essex's
+communications with London, and seized arms and forage for the King.
+Essex sent Balfour to intercept the Prince; Rupert and Sir Louis Dyves
+met him with a valiant charge across a swollen ford, but they were
+forced back, and proceeded through Maidenhead to Windsor, "with the
+most bloody and mischievous of all the Cavaliers."[33]  The taking of
+Windsor Castle would have enabled Rupert to stop the barges on the
+Thames, and cut off the London traffic to the West.  But his summons to
+surrender was refused, and his assault repulsed.  His men declared that
+they would follow him anywhere against men, but not against stone
+walls; and though he cheered them on to a second attack, that also
+failed.  Considering Windsor hopeless, he fell back to Kingston,
+intending to erect there a fort to command the river.  But the trained
+bands of Berkshire and Surrey were ready to receive him.  "About two of
+the clock," says Whitelocke, "on the seventh of November, the Cavaliers
+came on with undaunted courage, their forces in the form of a crescent.
+Prince Rupert, to the right wing, came on with great fury.  In they
+went pell-mell into the heart of our soldiers, but they were surrounded
+and with great difficulty cut their way through, and made their way
+across to Maidenhead, where they held their quarters."[34]
+
+From his quarters at Maidenhead Rupert seized on Colebrook; an exploit
+reported in London under the exciting title, "Horrible news from
+Colebrook."  In the same pamphlets the already terrified citizens were
+cheered by the news: "The Prince hath deeply vowed that he will come to
+London; swearing he cares not a pin for all the Roundheads or their
+infant works; and saying that he will {98} lay their city and
+inhabitants on the ground."[35]  On November 4th, the King reached
+Reading with the bulk of his army, and the Parliament, thoroughly
+frightened, requested a safe-conduct, in order to treat.  The King's
+objection to one of their emissaries led to some delay, but danger
+pressed; the Parliament yielded and sent its representatives.  At the
+same time it ordered Essex, who had also reached London, to take the
+field.  The King on his part advanced to Colebrook before he sent his
+answer;--which was a proposal that Windsor should be given up to him as
+a place for treaty, and avoided all mention of a cessation of arms.  On
+the same night, November 11th, he ordered Rupert to clear the way by an
+attack on Brentford.  At the same time he wrote to the Houses that he
+intended to be in London next evening to hear what they had to say.
+The Prince received the King's orders at Egham.  There he had captured
+two London merchants, and he judged it wise to detain them, lest they
+should be spies.  When they had recovered their liberty next day, they
+gave the following account of their adventures.  They had been taken to
+the Prince, who was "in bed with all his clothes on," from which it was
+inferred that he had vowed never to undress "or shift himself until he
+had reseated King Charles at Whitehall."  The Prince examined the
+prisoners himself, and, attracted by a bunch of ribbons in the hat of
+one of them, "he took the pains to look them over himself, and turned
+and tossed them up and down, and swore there was none of the King's
+favours there.  The gentleman replying that they were the favours of
+his mistress, the Prince smiling, without any word at all, returned him
+his favours and his hat again."  On the next morning they saw the King
+and Prince together on Hounslow Heath.  "Prince Rupert took off his
+scarlet coat, which was very rich, and gave it to his man; and he
+buckled {99} on his arms and put a grey coat over it that he might not
+be discovered.  He talked long with the King, and often in his
+communications with His Majesty, he scratched his head and tore his
+hair, as if in some grave discontent."[36]
+
+The discontent was soon allayed by a successful dash upon Brentford.
+The town was taken, though not without hard fighting, and there was
+captured also a good supply of guns and ammunition.  The question as to
+whether this advance, pending negotiation, was or was not a breach of
+faith on the King's part has been much debated.  No cessation of arms
+had been agreed on, but the Parliament, thinking it a mere oversight,
+had sent again in order to arrange it.  At the same time Essex was
+warned to hold all his forces ready for battle, but to abstain from
+acts of hostility.  Essex having advanced towards him, the King would
+have been completely surrounded, had he not seized upon Brentford.
+Therefore, from the military point of view, the advance was altogether
+justifiable; from the political, it was unwise, for it lost Charles the
+hearts of the Londoners.  "Charles's error," says Professor Gardiner,
+"lay in forgetting that he was more than a victorious General."[37]
+
+The King's triumph was short-lived.  The citizens and the Parliamentary
+troops rallied to the defence of the capital.  An army, twice as large
+as that of Charles, barred his way on Turnham Green.  Essex advancing
+on Brentford, forced Rupert to retire.  This he did in excellent order,
+entrusting the conduct of the retreat to Sir Jacob Astley.  The Prince
+himself stood his horse in the river beside the bridge that he might
+watch his men pass over.  And there he remained for hours, exposed to a
+heavy fire, and all the while "cheering and encouraging the retiring
+ranks to keep order, and to fire steadily on the advancing foe."[38]
+His troops passed that night drawn up on Hounslow Heath; {100} thence
+Rupert conducted them to Abingdon, himself returning, November 22nd, to
+the King at Reading.
+
+At Reading they were detained some days by the illness of the Prince of
+Wales, but on Tuesday, the 29th, the King took up his winter quarters
+in Oxford.  Rupert continued to hover about Essex's army, and ordered
+Wilmot to take Marlborough.  This duty Wilmot accomplished, but with
+evident reluctance.  "Give me leave to tell your Highness that I think
+myself very unhappy to be employed upon this occasion," he wrote,
+"being a witness that at other times, in the like occasions, troops are
+sent out without any manner of forecast or design, or care to preserve
+or quarter them when they are abroad."[39]  It is not remarkable that
+Rupert did not love an officer who addressed him in such a strain.  Sir
+John Byron also wrote with ill-concealed impatience to demand his
+instant removal from Reading, where, he said, the want of accommodation
+was ruining his regiment.  And Daniel O'Neil sent pathetic accounts of
+his struggles with the Prince's own troop, in the absence of their
+leader.  "They say you have given them a power to take what they want,
+where they can find it.  This is so extravagant that I am confident you
+never gave them any such.  That the rest of the troop (not only of your
+own regiment, but that of the Lieutenant-General) may be satisfied,
+declare in what condition you will have your company, and how
+commanded.  And let me, I beseech you, have in writing the orders I
+shall give to that party you sent into Buckinghamshire."[40]  Already
+numberless such complaints were pouring in.  Even then the Royalists,
+as Byron said, "abounded in nothing but the want of all things
+necessary;" and Rupert was well-nigh distracted by his efforts to
+supply their needs, quash their mutinies, and soothe their discontents.
+So closed the year 1642.
+
+
+
+[1] Clar. Hist.  Bk. VI.  p. 1.
+
+[2] Ibid.  VI.  21.
+
+[3] Rupert Transcripts.  Digby to Prince, Sept. 10, 1642.
+
+[4] Dom. State Papers.  Wharton to Willingham, 13 Sept. 1642.
+
+[5] Rupert to Mayor of Leicester.  Warburton, I.  p. 393.
+
+[6] Vicars' God in the Mount, pp. 155-157.
+
+[7] Verney Memoirs, Vol. II.  p. 160.
+
+[8] Plot's Hist. of Staffordshire, Ch. 9, p. 336.  Hudibras, ed. 1810.
+I.  p. 156, _note_.
+
+[9] Warburton, I.  p. 409.  Falkland, 28 Sept. 1642.
+
+[10] Clarendon. Hist.  Bk. VI. 44-46.  Dom. S. P.  13 Sept. 1642
+
+[11] Webb Civil War in Herefordshire.  Vol. I.  p. 131.  20 Sept. 1642.
+
+[12] Dom. State Papers.  Chas. I.  Vol. 492.  fol. 31.  6 Oct. 1642.
+
+[13] Carte, Original Letters.  Vol. I. p. 47.  8 Mar. 1643.
+
+[14] Whitelocke.  p. 101.
+
+[15] Green.  VI.  11.
+
+[16] Warburton: II.  p. 196.
+
+[17] Pamphlet.  Brit. Museum.  Prince Rupert: his Disguises.
+
+[18] Clarendon.  Bk. VI.  75.
+
+[19] King to Rupert.  Warburton.  II.  p. 12.
+
+[20] Clarendon.  Bk. VI. p. 78.
+
+[21] Bulstrode's Memoirs.  Ed. 1721.  p. 81.
+
+[22] Carte's Original Letters, Vol. I. p. 10.
+
+[23] Warburton, II.  pp. 4, 47.
+
+[24] Ibid.  I.  p. 465.
+
+[25] Prince Rupert: his Declaration.  Pamphlet.  British Museum.
+
+[26] Prince Rupert: his Declaration.  Pamphlet.  Brit. Mus.  Warburton,
+II. 124.
+
+[27] Rupert Papers.  Order of King.  Warb. II. 71.
+
+[28] Prince Rupert: his Reply.
+
+[29] Dom. State Papers, 27 Nov. 1642.
+
+[30] Whitelocke's Memorials, p. 65.  Ed. 1732.
+
+[31] Pamphlet.  Brit. Mus.  Warb. II.  p. 121.
+
+[32] Prince Rupert: his Disguises.  Pamphlet.  British Museum.
+
+[33] Pamphlet.  British Museum.  Warb. II.  p. 50.
+
+[34] Warburton, II.  pp. 50-51.  Whitelocke's Memorials.
+
+[35] Horrible News from Colebrook.  London, Nov. 11, 1642.  Pamphlet.
+Brit. Museum.
+
+[36] Relation of Two London Merchants.  Pamphlet.  British Museum.
+
+[37] Gardiner's Civil War, Vol. I.  p. 60.
+
+[38] Rupert MSS.  Warburton, II.  p. 67.
+
+[39] Rupert Transcripts.  Wilmot to the Prince, Dec. 1st, 1642.
+
+[40] Warburton, II. p. 82.  Rupert Correspondence.  O'Neil to the
+Prince, Dec. 19, 1642.
+
+
+
+
+{101}
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+THE WAR IN 1643.  THE QUARREL WITH HERTFORD.  THE ARRIVAL OF THE QUEEN
+
+From Christmas Eve, 1642, till January 6th, 1643, Rupert remained
+quietly at Oxford.  His attempt to concentrate his forces on London had
+failed, and he was now resolved on a new strategy.  The King was to
+hold Essex in check from Oxford; Lord Newcastle, who had raised an army
+in the north, was to push through the midlands towards Essex; and
+Hopton, marching from Cornwall to Kent, was to seize on the banks of
+the Thames below London and so stop the city trade.  Thus the enemy
+would be completely surrounded and overwhelmed.  For his own part,
+Rupert had resolved on the capture of Cirencester.  With this end he
+started from Oxford, January 6th.  His march, which continued all day
+and all night, seems to have been lighted by meteors.  "This night we
+saw the strange fire falling from Heaven, like a bolt, which, with
+several cracks, brake into balls and went out, about steeple height
+from the ground."[1] Early on the morning of the 7th, they faced
+Cirencester, but, owing to the late arrival of Lord Hertford, who was
+to act with Rupert, the attack failed.  Rupert therefore retreated, and
+occupied himself in circling round Oxford until the end of the month.
+On February 2nd, he renewed the attempt on Cirencester.  A successful
+feint towards Sudely drew off the attention of the town and enabled him
+to enter it with comparative ease.  But the garrison of Cirencester
+kept up a brave resistance for an hour after the Royalists were in
+possession of the place, which unhappily resulted {102} in much
+bloodshed.  Moreover, the town was sacked by "the undistinguishing
+soldiers,"[2] and over a thousand prisoners were carried oft to Oxford.
+The actual facts were bad enough, for Rupert's men were not yet
+disciplined and had broken loose, but the report of the Parliament was
+embellished with the usual exaggerations.  "The enemy entered the town
+and, being much enraged with their losses, put all to the sword they
+met with; men, women and children; and in a barbarous manner murdered
+three ministers, very godly and religious men."[3]
+
+This success cooled the King's desire for agreement with the
+Parliament, which had just sent Commissioners to Oxford to treat.  "The
+welcome news of your Highness taking of Cirencester by assault, with
+admirable dexterity and courage, came this morning very seasonably and
+opportunely, as His Majesty was ready to give an answer to the
+Parliamentary Committee, and will, I believe, work better effects with
+them and with those that sent them than the gracious reception they had
+here from His Majesty,"[4] wrote the Secretary Nicholas to the Prince.
+After reconnoitring Warwick and Gloucester, Rupert returned to Oxford,
+where he composed the elaborate defence of his conduct already quoted,
+entitled "Prince Rupert, his Declaration."
+
+By February 22nd he had resumed his wanderings.  Only a study of his
+journal can give any idea of his restless activity, and therefore a few
+entries from March 1643, are here quoted.
+
+March  4.  Satterday, to Cirencester.
+
+  "    5.  To Malmesbury in Wiltshire.
+
+  "    6.  Mundaye, to Chipping Sodburye in Glostershire.
+
+  "    7.  Tuesday night, on Durdan Down by Bristol.
+
+{103}
+
+March  8.  Wednesday morning, advancing towards Bristol,
+             we heard how Mr. Bourcher and Mr. Yeoman's
+             plot was discovered, and we instantly faced
+             about to Chipping Sodbury.
+
+  "    9.  Thursday, to Malmesbury.
+
+  "   10.  Friday, home to Oxford.
+
+  "   18.  Satterday, to Abingdon.
+
+  "   19.  Sunday, to Tetsworth.
+
+  "   20.  Monday, to Denton in Buckinghamshire.
+
+  "   21.  Tuesday, the little Skirmish before Aylesbury.
+             That night to Oxford.[5]
+
+
+The entry of March 8th alludes to a Royalist plot by which it had been
+intended to surrender Bristol to Rupert.  But the plot was betrayed,
+and the two merchants who had been the prime movers of it were executed.
+
+Meanwhile the King's party was prospering in the North.  Some time
+previously the Queen had despatched Goring to the aid of the Earl of
+Newcastle in Yorkshire; and in March she landed there herself, bringing
+supplies and reinforcements.  In Lancashire and Cheshire Lord Derby was
+struggling valiantly, but he felt himself out-numbered, and earnestly
+implored Rupert to come to his assistance.  The Countess of Derby,
+Charlotte de La Tremouille, who had been brought up at the Hague in
+intimate relations with the Palatines, added her entreaties to those of
+her husband: "Je ne sais ce que je dis, mais ayez pitié de mon mari,
+mes enfans, et moi."[6]  Moved by this urgent appeal, Rupert resolved
+to go northward, and Digby volunteered to accompany him.
+
+In the beginning of April they set forth, with twelve hundred horse and
+about six hundred foot.  Marching through Stratford-on-Avon, they came
+to Birmingham, a place famous for its active disloyalty; it had seized
+upon Royal plate, intercepted Royal messengers, and now boldly refused
+to {104} admit Rupert within its walls.  The Prince resolved on an
+assault, and, on Easter Monday, he took and entered the town.  The
+conduct of the Cavaliers here was as much debated as it had been at
+Cirencester.  "The Cavaliers rode through the streets like so many
+furies or bedlams; Lord Denbigh in the front, singing as he rode," says
+the Puritan account.  "They shot at every door and window where they
+could espy any looking out.  They hacked, hewed, or pistolled all they
+met with; blaspheming, cursing, and damning themselves most
+hideously...  Nor did their rage cease here; but when, on the next day,
+they were to march forth out of the town, they used every possible
+diligence to set fire in all the streets, and, lest any should save any
+of the goods they had left, they stood with drawn swords about all the
+houses, endeavouring to kill anyone that appeared to quench the
+flames."[7] The Royalist version was very different.  After relating
+the excessive provocation suffered by the soldiers, it admits that, in
+order to force his entrance, the Prince did fire some houses, but that
+as soon as the entrance was effected, he ordered the fire to be
+extinguished.  And on the next day, when he was about to leave the
+town, "fearing the exasperation of his men, he gave express orders that
+none should attempt to fire the town; and, after his departure, hearing
+that some soldiers had fired it in divers places, he sent immediately
+to let the inhabitants know that it was not done by his command, and he
+desired it might be quenched."[8]  This last account, being found in a
+private letter, is probably more worthy of credit than the Puritan
+pamphlet written to excite the populace.
+
+On April 8th, Rupert summoned Lichfield to surrender, but that town,
+well garrisoned and well commanded, answered him with defiance.  Rupert
+perceived that the siege would {105} be a matter of some time, and he
+acted with great prudence.  Withdrawing his cavalry from its perilous
+position before the town, he managed to obtain fifty miners from the
+neighbouring collieries.  Then he asked his men and officers to
+volunteer, as foot-soldiers, to the aid of the miners; with which
+request they "cheerfully and gallantly" complied.  On this occasion
+George Digby especially distinguished himself, working in the trenches
+"up to his waist in mud" until he was disabled by a shot in the thigh.
+But this was the last time that he served under Rupert, for very soon
+afterwards he quarrelled with the Prince, threw up his commission in a
+rage, and fought thenceforth as a volunteer.[9]
+
+In ten days the moat was dry, two bridges made, and the miners engaged
+on the walls.  Harassed by continual appeals for his presence
+elsewhere, Rupert made an effort to hasten matters by storming the
+town.  But the attempt failed, and the garrison hanged one of their
+prisoners over the wall, bidding the Prince in derision, to shoot him
+down.  Rupert thereupon swore deeply that not one man should have
+quarter, but on the following day he repented of his resolve, and sent
+to offer it.  His overtures were rejected; and he resumed his
+operations.  That same evening his mine was sprung--the first ever
+sprung in England--and the besiegers rushed into the city.  But so
+fierce was the opposition of the garrison at the barricades, that
+Rupert recalled his storming party, and fired on the breach, until the
+enemy at last hoisted the white flag.  Colonel Hastings was then sent
+into the city with powers to treat, but he was detained all night, and
+the Prince, fearing treachery, ordered the attack to be renewed at
+daybreak.  Fortunately, with the light, came Hastings; the garrison had
+surrendered, and was permitted to march out, "colours flying, trumpets
+sounding, and matches lighted;"[10] an honour scarcely {106} deserved
+after the horrible manner in which it had desecrated the Lichfield
+Cathedral.
+
+No sooner was the city taken than Rupert unwillingly turned back to
+Oxford.  During the siege he had received letters from the King, urging
+him to hasten northward, but ere its completion the state of affairs
+was changed.  Reading was in dire peril, and its Governor, Sir Arthur
+Aston, protested desperately to the Prince: "I am grown weary of my
+life, with perpetual trouble and vexation."  In his garrison he seemed
+to have no confidence: "I am so extremely dejected with this business
+that I do wish, with all my heart, I had some German soldiers to
+command, or that I could infuse some German courage into them.  For
+your English soldiers are so poor and base that I could never have a
+greater affliction light upon me than to be put into command of
+them."[11]  The report of the Secretary Nicholas was not more
+comforting: "I assure your Highness it is the opinion of many here
+that, if Prince Rupert come not speedily, Reading will be lost!"[12]
+And finally, a peremptory command from the King for his instant return
+left the Prince no room for hesitation.
+
+But with all his haste Rupert came too late.  Aston had been
+incapacitated by a severe wound, and the command had fallen to his
+subordinate, Colonel Fielding.  Ignorant of the King's long delayed
+advance to his relief, Fielding made a truce with Essex, in order to
+treat; consequently, when the King and Rupert arrived and fell upon
+Essex, Fielding could not, in honour, sally to their assistance.  The
+relief party perforce retired, and Rupert sent to demand of Essex the
+name of a gentleman who had very valiantly attacked him in the
+retreat.[13]  After this failure, there was nothing left but to
+surrender, and Fielding accepted Essex's permission to march out with
+the honours {107} of war.  But Essex was unable to prevent a breach of
+the articles by his soldiers, who attacked and insulted the Royalist
+garrison.  This faithless conduct was bitterly remembered by the
+Royalists, and subsequently repaid in kind at Bristol and Newark.  As
+for the unfortunate Fielding, he was tried by court-martial, and
+condemned to death for his untimely surrender of his charge.  But
+Rupert, who fully understood his difficult position, was resolved that
+he should not suffer, and urged the young Prince of Wales to plead with
+the King for his life.[14]  The little Prince's intercession prevailed,
+and Fielding was spared.  Throughout the rest of the war he served as a
+volunteer, but, though he displayed great gallantry, his reputation
+never recovered the unfortunate miscarriage at Reading.
+
+The vicinity of Essex's army detained Rupert for some time at Oxford.
+From that centre he and his picked troops carried on an active guerilla
+warfare, scouring the country on all sides.  "They took many prisoners
+who thought themselves secure, and put them to ransom.  And this they
+did by night marches, through unfrequented ways, often very near
+London."  At the same time Rupert had to attend to a voluminous
+correspondence with his officers in all parts of the country.  The
+generals, Crafurd, Newcastle, Maurice, and others demanded his orders.
+Lord Northampton appealed to him for relief from the exorbitant demands
+made on his tenantry by Colonel Croker.[15]  From all sides came the
+usual complaints about quarters, and supplies of provisions or
+ammunition.  Sir William Vavasour had a more unusual grievance.  He
+commanded in Wales, under Lord Herbert, but Lord Herbert, being a Roman
+Catholic, could not openly exert his powers for fear of prejudicing the
+King's affairs; and Digby presumed to send orders to Vavasour.  "How to
+behave myself in this I know not," wrote the distracted Colonel to the
+Prince.  "Nor do I {108} understand in what condition I myself am.  My
+Lord Herbert is General, and yet all despatches are directed to me;
+which is not very pleasing to his Excellency."[16]
+
+That Digby's intrigues were already beginning to disturb the King's
+councils is apparent from a sympathetic letter addressed by Nicholas to
+Rupert.  Evidently the Prince had expressed some indignation at the
+vexatious interference of incapable persons.  "The King is much
+troubled to see your Highness discontented," says Nicholas, "And I
+could wish that some busybodies would not meddle, as they do, with
+other men's offices; and that the King would leave every officer
+respectively to look after his own proper charge; and that His Majesty
+would content himself to overlook all men, and see that each did his
+duty in his proper place; which would give abundant satisfaction, and
+quiet those that are jealous to see some men meddle who have nothing to
+do with affairs."[17]  But in spite of this plain speaking, the
+divisions which were to prove so fatal to the cause, were as yet but in
+embryo.  Rupert was still the hero of the hour, still all powerful with
+his uncle, when he was near him.  His next exploit was to raise his
+reputation yet higher.
+
+In the middle of June, Rupert accomplished his famous march to
+Chalgrove Field.  Intending to beat up Essex's quarters and to capture
+a convoy of money, he left Oxford on a Saturday afternoon with a force
+of some two thousand in all, horse and foot.  Tetsworth was reached at
+1 a.m. and, though all the roads were lined by the enemy, who
+continually fired upon the Royalists, Rupert marched through,
+forbidding any retaliation.  By 3 a.m. he was at Postcombe, where he
+surprised several houses, and took some prisoners.  Two hours later he
+reached Chinnor, and had surrounded and entered it before the
+Parliamentary {109} soldiers were even aware of his presence.  There,
+many of the enemy were killed and a hundred and twenty taken prisoners.
+But, unfortunately for Rupert, the noise of the conflict reached the
+very convoy he was come to seek, and it was saved by a detour from its
+intended route.  Finding that he had missed the object of his
+expedition, Rupert began a leisurely retreat, hoping to draw the enemy
+after him.  In this hope he was not disappointed.  A body of Essex's
+troops hastily followed him, and between seven and eight a.m. he was
+attacked by his pursuers.  At nine o'clock on Sunday morning he halted
+in a cornfield at Chalgrove.  First securing his passage over the
+Thames by sending a party to hold the bridge, he lined the lane leading
+to it with dragoons, and then attempted by a slow retreat to draw the
+enemy into it.  They followed eagerly; but the Prince suddenly realised
+that only a single hedge parted him from his foes, and thereupon halted
+abruptly.  "For," said he, "the rebels, being so neere us, may bring
+our reere into confusion before we can recover to our ambush."  Seeing
+him halt, the enemy began to fire, and the impetuous Prince could
+contain himself no longer.  "'Yea,' said he, 'their insolency is not to
+be endured.' This said, His Highness, facing all about, set spurs to
+his horse, and first of all, in the very face of the dragooners, leapt
+the hedge that parted him from the rebels...  Every man, as he could,
+jumbled over after him; and as about fifteen were gotten over, the
+Prince drew them up into a front."  It was enough.  The enemy, among
+whom was Hampden, were both better officered and better disciplined
+than heretofore, but they could not stand before the charge of the
+terrible Prince.  The skirmish was sharp but short; Hampden fell, and,
+after a valiant if brief resistance, his comrades fled.  Rupert's
+friend, Legge, had been, "as usual", taken prisoner, but was rescued in
+the confusion of the Puritans' flight.  The Cavaliers, after nearly
+fourteen hours in the saddle, were too weary for pursuit.  Rupert {110}
+quickly rallied them, held the field half-an-hour, and then marched
+towards home.  In less than twenty-four hours he had made a circuit of
+nearly fifty miles, through the heart of the enemy's country; had taken
+many prisoners, colours, and horses, surprised two outposts, won a
+battle, and lost about a dozen of his men.  And it is added: "The
+modesty of all when they returned to Oxford was equal to their daring
+in the field."[18]  Two of his prisoners Rupert had left at Chalgrove,
+with a surgeon to attend their wounds; but they showed themselves so
+ungrateful for this consideration as to break their parole.  Essex
+received Rupert's complaint of their dishonourable conduct in a
+soldierly spirit, and returned two Royalist prisoners in exchange.[19]
+Essex was indeed always a courteous foe.  Some time after this incident
+Rupert's falconer and hawk fell into his hands, and were by him
+generously restored to the Prince.  Rupert happened to be absent from
+Oxford at that period, but the Puritan general's courtesy was
+gratefully acknowledged by Colonel Legge.[20]
+
+Rupert's next duty was to bring the Queen to Oxford, a matter of no
+slight importance; for not only was her personal safety at stake, but
+also that of her money, arms, and troops.  Essex, as well as the
+Prince, set out to meet Her Majesty, and it was Rupert's object to keep
+his own troops always between Essex and the Queen.  On July 1st he
+quartered at Buckingham, and early in the next morning some of his men
+were attacked by those of Essex, at Whitebridge.  Rupert was in the act
+of shaving when the noise of the skirmish came to his ears.
+Half-dressed and half-shaved, as he was, he dashed out without a
+moment's delay, charged and scattered his foes, and then quietly
+returned to resume his toilet.  Throughout this march he {111} kept
+Essex on perpetual duty, harassing him by day and night, until, after
+some dexterous manoeuvring, he left him unexpectedly on Brickhill, and
+himself joined the Queen at Stratford-on-Avon.  That night, says
+tradition, Queen and Prince were the guests of Shakespeare's
+grand-daughter.  If this was really the case, Rupert doubtless regarded
+his hostess with deep interest; for all the Palatines could quote
+Shakespeare.  On July 13th the King came to meet his wife at Edgehill,
+and King, Queen and Prince slept at Wroxton Abbey.  On the following
+day they entered Oxford in safety.  The Queen's arrival considerably
+changed the condition of the University.  The colleges were populated
+no more by scholars, but by ladies and courtiers; Oxford was no longer
+a mere garrison, it was also a court.  Chief among the noble ladies who
+attended the Queen, was the beautiful young Duchess of Richmond, only
+daughter of the King's dead friend, "Steenie," Duke of Buckingham.  She
+it was whom her father had once destined to be Rupert's sister-in-law,
+as the bride of his brother Henry.  But ere the bride was ten years
+old, both her father and her intended bridegroom had died untimely
+deaths, and the fair Mary Villiers was therefore brought up in the
+Royal family as the adopted daughter of the King.  For her father's
+sake, and for her own, she had always been a petted favourite of her
+royal guardian, who called her "The Butterfly", a name derived from an
+incident which occurred when the lady was eleven years old.  Once,
+dressed in her widow's weeds--she had been a widow at eleven--she had
+climbed a tree in the King's private garden, and had been nearly shot
+as a strange bird.  But the courtier sent to shoot her perceived his
+error in time, and, at her own request, sent her in a hamper to the
+King, with a message that he had captured a beautiful butterfly alive;
+and the name clung to her ever after.[21]  The King's affection for her
+and for the Duke of {112} Richmond made it seem good to him to unite
+them in marriage, and the arrangement appears to have pleased all
+parties.  Mary had disliked her boy-husband, Lord Herbert;[22] but the
+Duke she seems to have regarded with favour.  Possibly his quiet and
+melancholy disposition supplied the necessary complement to her own
+merry and vivacious temperament.  In 1636 the Queen had refused to have
+her in the Bedchamber, on the plea that her charms eclipsed all others;
+and now, in 1643, Mary Villiers was, at the age of twenty, in the prime
+of her beauty.  Rumour said that she had won the heart of "the mad
+Prince," while the equally lively Mrs. Kirke had subjugated that of
+Maurice.  A libellous Puritan tract represents Mrs. Kirke as extolling
+Maurice's "deserts and abilities," though she was forced to acknowledge
+that he "did not seem to be a courtier."  But the Duchess assured her
+companions "that none was to be compared to Prince Rupert."[23]  Nor
+was it only Puritans who commented on Rupert's admiration for the
+Duchess.  The Irish Cavalier, Daniel O'Neil, "said things" in Ireland
+to Lord Taafe, after which he lost both the Prince's favour and his
+troop of Horse.[24]  Rupert hotly resented the imputations cast upon
+him, and, had they been other than slanders, it is impossible to
+conceive that he and the Duke could have maintained their close and
+faithful friendship.  The Duke, with his "haughty spirit", was not a
+man to dissemble, and his letters to Rupert are all full of solicitude
+for his welfare, and of sympathy and consolation for his troubles.
+Even in his hour of failure and ruin the Duke stood loyally by his
+side, though, in so doing, he was putting himself in opposition to his
+adored sovereign.  Still it is certain that Rupert both felt and
+evinced a very strong admiration for the Duchess.  "There will be a
+widow, and {113} whose she shall be but Prince Rupert's, I know not,"
+wrote a Cavalier, when the Duke's death was rumoured in 1655.[25] But
+the Duchess took for her third husband, not Rupert, but "Northern Tom
+Howard," whom she said she married for love, and to please herself; her
+two former marriages having been made to please the Court.[26]  Most
+likely she had never really cared for the Prince, and had merely amused
+herself with a flirtation.  She was, no doubt, proud of so
+distinguished a conquest, but she never disguised her friendship for
+her supposed lover, and she sent him messages by all sorts of people,
+in the most open way.  "I had an express command to present the Duchess
+of Richmond's service to you,"[27] wrote Rupert's enemy, Percy, in July
+1643.
+
+The society of the Duchess could not detain the active Prince at
+Oxford, and within four days of his arrival there, he set out for a
+second attempt upon Bristol.  The Royalist arms were prevailing in the
+West.  A few days previously Nicholas had reported to the Prince the
+victory of Lansdowne, with the comforting assurance that "Prince
+Maurice, thanks be to God, is very well and hath received no hurt,
+albeit he ran great hazards in his own person."[28]  Two days later
+Maurice arrived in Oxford, to obtain supplies of horses and ammunition
+for Ralph Hopton, who lay seriously wounded at Devizes.  Thither
+Maurice returned with all speed, and, immediately on his arrival, took
+place the battle of Roundway Down.  This was a brilliant victory for
+the Royalists, and the news was received in Oxford with much rejoicing;
+albeit for Rupert the joy was tempered with disgust at the credit which
+thereby redounded to Lord Wilmot.[29]  These successes increased the
+Prince's desire to capture Bristol, then the second city in the
+Kingdom, and {114} the key of all South Wales.  Maurice and Hertford
+were now at liberty to assist him, and, on July 18th, he began his
+march with fourteen regiments of foot, "all very weak," and several
+troops of horse.  Waller was the General of the Parliament now opposed
+to him, but Waller's troops had been in a broken condition ever since
+the victories of Hopton and Wilmot, and he retreated before Rupert's
+advance.  On the 20th, Thursday, Maurice came to meet his brother at
+Chipping Sodbury, and joined his march.  On Sunday they were within two
+miles of Bristol, and the two Princes took a view of the city from
+Clifton Church, which stood upon a hill within musket-shot of the
+porch.  While they stood in the church-yard the enemy fired cannon on
+them, but without effect; seeing that their shot would be harmless,
+Rupert quartered some musketeers and dragoons upon the place.  That
+night Maurice retired over the river to his own troops; and the same
+evening the enemy made a sally, but were repulsed.
+
+On Monday morning Rupert marched all his forces to the edge of the
+Down, in order to display them to the garrison of Bristol; and Lord
+Hertford, who commanded the Western army, made a similar show upon the
+other side.  About 11 a.m. Rupert sent to the Governor--Nathaniel
+Fiennes, a son of Lord Say--a formal summons to surrender.  The summons
+was of course refused, and immediately the attack began.  Long after
+dark Rupert continued to fire on the city.  "It was a beautiful piece
+of danger to see so many fires incessantly in the dark from the pieces
+on both sides, for a whole hour together....  And in those military
+masquerades was Monday night passed."[30] Tuesday was spent in
+skirmishing, while Rupert went over the river to consult with Lord
+Hertford and Maurice.  The result of this consultation was a general
+assault of both armies next morning.  "The word for the soldiers was to
+{115} be 'Oxford', and the sign between the two armies to know each
+other, to be green colours, either bows or such like; and that every
+officer and soldier be without any band or handkerchief about his
+neck."[31]  The zeal of Maurice's Cornish soldiers nearly proved
+disastrous, for on Wednesday morning, "out of a military ambition",
+they anticipated the order to attack.[32]  As soon as he heard the
+firing Rupert hastened to draw up his own men, but the scaling ladders
+were not ready.  In consequence of this, the young Lord Grandison, to
+whom had been entrusted the capture of the fort, had made no
+impression, after a valiant assault which lasted an hour and a half,
+and during which he lost twenty men.  For a short time he was forced to
+desist, but, speedily returning to the attack, he discovered a ladder
+of the enemy by which he was able to mount; only to find that he could
+not get over the palisades.  In his third assault Grandison was fatally
+wounded, and his men, utterly discouraged, left the attack.  At this
+point Rupert sent word that Wentworth had entered the suburbs, upon
+which Grandison retired to have his wounds dressed, and ordered his men
+to join Bellasys on the left.  Instead of obeying this order they began
+to retreat; but were met by Rupert himself who led them back to the
+enemy's works.  It was then that Rupert's horse was shot under him and
+he strolled off on foot, with a coolness which immensely encouraged the
+men.  Having, after a while, obtained a new horse, "he rode up and down
+from place to place, whereever most need was of his presence, here
+directing and encouraging some, and there leading up others.  Generally
+it is confessed by the commanders that, had not the Prince been there,
+the assault, through mere despair, had been in danger to be given over
+in many places."[33]
+
+On the other side Maurice was equally active.  He had {116} directed
+his men to take faggots to fill the ditches, and ladders to scale the
+forts, but in their haste to begin the attack, they had forgotten both.
+The scaling party had therefore failed and retired.  During the retreat
+"Prince Maurice went from regiment to regiment, encouraging the
+soldiers, desiring the officers to keep their companies by their
+colours; telling them that he believed his brother had already made his
+entrance on the other side."[34]  Retreats seem to have succeeded under
+Maurice, for we are told by one contemporary that he earned from his
+foes the name of "the good-come-off."[35]  In a short time his
+assurance was justified; Rupert sent word that the suburbs were
+entered, and demanded a thousand Cornish men to aid his troops.
+Maurice sent over two hundred, but presently came across the river
+himself with five hundred more.  By that time the fight was nearly
+over, and Fiennes sent to demand a parley.  The demand was a welcome
+one, for the Cavaliers' losses had been very heavy, especially in
+officers.  Among the fallen were Grandison, Slanning, Trevanion and
+many more of famous and honourable name.
+
+At five o'clock on the evening of July 26th, terms were agreed on
+between Fiennes and the Princes; Lord Hertford not being consulted in
+the matter.  Fiennes was to march out at nine o'clock next morning with
+all the honours of war, and to be protected by a convoy of Rupert's
+men.  Contrary to all expectation and custom, he marched out next
+morning at seven o'clock, two hours before the time arranged.  The
+convoy promised by Rupert was not ready, and the Royalist soldiers,
+remembering Puritan perfidy at Reading, attacked and plundered the
+retiring garrison.  The fault was none of Rupert's, but for all that he
+keenly felt the breach of faith.  "The Prince who uses to make good his
+word, not only in point of honour, but as a matter of religion too, was
+so passionately offended at this disorder {117} that some of them felt
+how sharp his sword was," wrote one of his officers.[36]  The Puritans
+would fain have used the incident to blacken the Prince's character;
+but Fiennes himself generously acquitted his conqueror of all blame.
+"I must do this right to the Princes," he said; "contrary to what I
+find in a printed pamphlet, they were so far from sitting on their
+horses, triumphing and rejoicing at these disorders, that they did ride
+among the plunderers with their swords, hacking and slashing them; and
+that Prince Rupert did excuse it to me in a very fair way, and with
+expressions as if he were much troubled at it."[37]
+
+The unfortunate Fiennes was very severely censured for the loss of the
+city, which, it was maintained, was so strongly fortified that it
+should have been impregnable.  The truth was that the garrison had been
+totally insufficient for the defence; but Fiennes remained under a
+cloud until later events justified him in the eyes of the Parliament.
+
+Among the Royalists at Oxford the joy over this important success was
+marred by the dissensions of the victorious generals.  The Princes had
+never been on cordial terms with Lord Hertford, the General of all the
+Western forces.  Hertford was a constitutional Royalist, who served the
+King from a strict sense of duty, and from no love of war.  He was of a
+grave, studious and peace-loving nature, and Maurice's appointment as
+his lieutenant-general had not brought satisfaction to either.  Maurice
+had begun by despising Hertford for a "civilian".  And Hertford had
+resented both the Prince's tendency to assume to himself "more than
+became a Lieutenant-General," and his interference in civil affairs
+which he did not understand.  The arrival of Rupert on the scene did
+not make for peace.  Maurice complained bitterly to Rupert, and the
+elder brother violently espoused the cause of the younger.  The spark
+{118} thus lighted flamed forth over the Governorship of Bristol.[38]
+Hertford, as said above, commanded all the Western Counties, and he
+considered, with some justice, that Rupert ought to have consulted him,
+before concluding the terms of surrender with Fiennes.  In revenge for
+the slight put upon him, he appointed Sir Ralph Hopton Governor of
+Bristol, without a word on the subject to the Prince.  Rupert, who
+considered the city won by his prowess as was in truth the case, was
+wildly indignant.  He would not oppose another officer to the gallant
+Hopton, but he demanded the Governorship of the King for himself.  The
+King, ignorant of Hertford's action, readily granted his nephew's
+request.  Rupert then offered the post to Hopton as his lieutenant.
+Hopton, anxious for peace, willingly accepted the arrangement, and
+Hertford resented Hopton's compliance with the Prince as an injury to
+himself.  The affair became a party question.  The courtiers, "towards
+whom the Prince did not live with any condescension," sided with
+Hertford.[39]  The King really believed his nephew's claims to be just;
+and the army vehemently supported its beloved Prince.  Finally, the
+King was forced to come to Bristol in order to allay the storm which he
+had so unwittingly raised.  On the flattering pretext of requiring
+Hertford's counsel and company in his own army, he detached him from
+that of the West; and on Rupert's suggestion he made Maurice a full
+general.  The contending officers were silenced; but the breaches in
+the army were widened, and feeling embittered.[40]
+
+The tactics to be next followed were hotly disputed.  The Court faction
+was anxious to unite the two armies, but,--for other reasons than the
+important one that Maurice, in that case, could have been only a
+colonel,--Rupert prevailed {119} against this counsel.  Maurice was
+therefore ordered to march with foot and cannon after Lord Carnarvon,
+who was besieging Dorchester.  It was said by the Court that, had
+Maurice marched more slowly, Carnarvon would have succeeded better.
+For Maurice "was thought to incline so wholly to the soldier, that he
+neglected any consideration of the country."[41]  Fear of him roused
+the people of the country to active opposition.  The licence of his
+soldiers--though admitted even by Clarendon to have been "reported
+greater than it was"--alienated the county, and Carnarvon took the
+Prince's conduct "so ill" that he threw up his commission and returned
+to Oxford.[42]  Maurice thus left to labour alone, took Exeter and
+Weymouth, over the governorship of which he had a second quarrel with
+Hertford, who, though absent, was still nominally Lord Lieutenant of
+the western counties; on this occasion the King favoured Hertford, who
+triumphed accordingly.  In October Maurice took Dartmouth, but effected
+little else of importance.  Handicapped by a long and dangerous attack
+of influenza--"the new disease,"[43] it was called then--he besieged
+Lyme and Plymouth for months without success, and lost a good deal of
+reputation in the process.
+
+In accordance with Rupert's scheme of campaign, the King should now
+have pushed on with the main army to London.  But to render this plan
+successful it was necessary that Newcastle should sweep down from the
+North, and Maurice or Hopton, come to meet him from the West; the
+strength of local feeling prevented any such resolute and united
+action.  Newcastle's northern troops would not leave their own counties
+exposed to hostile garrisons and hostile armies, in order to assist the
+King in a distant part of the country.  In the same way the men of
+Cornwall and Devon refused to quit their own territory, and for the
+King {120} to push on alone to London was absolutely useless.  He was
+therefore forced to fall back on the old plan of conquering the country
+piecemeal, town by town, village by village; and accordingly, August
+10th, he laid siege to Gloucester.  Massey, then governor of
+Gloucester, had once served under Legge, and now sent word to him that
+he would surrender the city to the King, but not to Rupert.  This
+message was the chief cause of the siege that followed; but Massey,
+either from inability or change of purpose, did not keep his
+engagement.  Rupert held aloof from the siege altogether.  No doubt he
+was disappointed at the rejection of his own more sweeping measures,
+and when he found that he would not even be allowed to assault the
+town, he declined to command at all.  He could not, however, resist
+lingering about the trenches in a private capacity, and while so doing,
+had several very narrow escapes from shots and stones.[44]
+
+After a fruitless siege the King was forced to retire before Essex, who
+advanced with a large force to the relief of Gloucester.  On his way
+Essex surprised and took Cirencester; the King then moved after him,
+but--owing to his neglect of Rupert's warning, as the Prince's
+partisans asserted; or to Rupert's neglect of Byron's warning, as that
+officer declared--he was out-manoeuvred.  Some confusion there
+certainly was.  Rupert had mustered his troops on Broadway Down, but,
+though he waited till nightfall, he received no news from the King; and
+at last he set out in person to seek him.  In the window of a
+farm-house he perceived a light, and, advancing cautiously, he looked
+in.  There sat the King quietly playing at piquet with Lord Percy,
+while Lord Forth looked on.  The Prince burst in upon them, crying
+indignantly that his men had been in the saddle for hours, and that
+Essex must be overtaken before he could join with Waller.  Percy and
+Forth offered objections, but Rupert carried the day, and dashed off as
+{121} impetuously as he had come, taking with him George Lisle and a
+regiment of musketeers.  Marching night and day, "with indefatigable
+pains," he overtook and defeated Essex on Aldbourn Chase.[45]  Essex
+retreated to Hungerford; but though defeated he was by no means
+crushed.  He was still strong enough to fight, and, as his provisions
+were running short, his only hope lay in immediate victory.  This
+Rupert knew, and for once in his life he preferred discretion to
+valour, and counselled passive resistance.  If the King would be
+content to hold the roads between Essex and London, hunger and mutiny
+would speedily ruin the army of the Parliament.  On September 20th, a
+part of the royal army occupied the road through the Kennet valley;
+Rupert with most of the cavalry held the road over Newbury Wash.  But
+the lanes to the right were insufficiently secured, and Essex, spurred
+on by dire necessity, succeeded in gaining the slopes above the Kennet
+valley.  Thus he commanded the whole position; and the first battle of
+Newbury proved the first great disaster for the Cavaliers.  The
+surprised Royalists, seeing their enemies above them, charged up the
+hill to retrieve the ground, and the conflict raged long, with great
+loss.  On the left, where Rupert lay, impatience proved nearly as fatal
+as neglect had done on the right.  Instead of waiting to attack Essex's
+main army as it filed through the lanes, the Prince dashed off to the
+open ground of Enborne Heath, where Essex's reserves were strongly
+guarded by enclosures.  There he charged and scattered some
+Parliamentary horse, but on the London trained bands he could make no
+impression, until the approach of some Royalist infantry caused them to
+retreat in good order.  Whitelocke relates a personal encounter which
+took place between Rupert and Sir Philip Stapleton in this battle.
+This officer of the Parliament, "desiring to cope singly with the
+Prince, rode up, all alone, to the troop of horse, {122} at the head of
+which Rupert was standing with Digby and some other officers.  Sir
+Philip looked carefully from one to the other until his eyes rested
+upon Rupert, whom he knew; then he deliberately fired in the Prince's
+face.  The shot took no effect, and Sir Philip, turning his horse, rode
+quietly back to his own men, followed by a volley of shots from the
+indignant Royalists.[46]  For hours the fight continued; a series of
+isolated struggles took place in various fields, and when night fell
+the King's ammunition failed, and he retreated to Newbury, leaving
+Essex's way to London open.  The advantage therefore was to the
+Parliament, though Essex could not claim a great victory.  Also the
+King's loss had been immense, and among the fallen were Falkland,
+Sunderland, and the gallant Carnarvon.  What could be done to retrieve
+the Royalist fortunes Rupert did.  Rallying such men as were not
+utterly exhausted, he followed Essex closely, through the
+night,--surprised him, with some effect, and threw his rear into
+confusion.  But, on September the 22nd, Essex entered Reading; and on
+the next day, Rupert returned with the King to Oxford.[47]
+
+Rupert's star was paling, and his successes were well-nigh at an end.
+The King had hoped much from the Queen's coming and had begged her to
+reconcile Rupert with Percy, Wilmot and others.  But Henrietta, once so
+kind to her nephew, now bitterly opposed him.  She believed--or
+professed to believe--that he had formed a deliberate plan to destroy
+her influence with her husband.  Perhaps the idea was not altogether
+without foundation; undoubtedly Rupert's common-sense showed him the
+folly of much of the Queen's conduct; and he was not the man to
+tolerate the interference of a woman in matters military.  During the
+siege of Bristol, Henrietta had taken offence at what she considered
+Rupert's neglect of herself.  "I hope your successes in arms will not
+make you forget your {123} civility to ladies," Percy had written to
+the Prince.  "This I say from a discourse the Queen made to me this
+night, wherein she told me she had not received one letter from you
+since you went, though you had writ many."[48]  Percy's interference
+was not calculated to improve the state of affairs; and the siege of
+Gloucester excited Henrietta's jealousy yet more.  She was eager for
+the advance on London, and she could not be made to understand that it
+was impossible, in existing circumstances.  Rupert, as we have seen,
+was anxious for the very same thing, but he saw its impracticability
+and yielded to necessity.  Because he so yielded, the Queen chose to
+consider him as the instigator of the siege of Gloucester, and she
+angrily declared that the King preferred his nephew's advice to that of
+his wife.  Had he done so, it would but have shown his common-sense;
+but he hastened to Oxford to appease her indignation and soothe her
+jealousy as best he could.  Then occurred the first open breach between
+Henrietta and Rupert.  At this very juncture, three Puritan peers,
+Bedford, Clare, and Holland, had quitted the Parliament, and sought to
+be reconciled with the King.  Henrietta received them with contempt.
+Rupert had more sense; he perceived the wisdom of conciliation, and
+brought the three peers to kiss his uncle's hand.  The Queen's anger at
+this was loud and long; and henceforth the struggle of Prince versus
+Queen raged openly in Oxford.[49]  The King was torn in two between
+them; he adored his wife, and he believed in his nephew.  When actually
+at his uncle's side Rupert could usually gain a hearing, but once away,
+he had no security that the plan agreed upon but a few hours before
+would not be supplanted by some wild scheme emanating from the Queen,
+or from Digby.[50]  At the Court the Queen's views were in the
+ascendant.  Percy, Wilmot and Ashburnham {124} threw in their lot with
+the Prince's enemies, and, as the two last had control of all supplies
+of ammunition and money respectively, Rupert experienced great
+difficulty in obtaining the barest necessities for his forces.  Wilmot
+and Goring were able to raise a faction hostile to the Prince, within
+the army itself, and it was at this period that Arthur Trevor compared
+the "contrariety of opinions" to the contending elements.  "The army is
+much divided," he wrote to Lord Ormonde, "and the Prince at true
+distance with many of the officers of horse; which hath much danger in
+it, out of this, that I find many gallant men willing to get
+governments and to sit down, or to get employments at large, and so be
+out of the way.  In short, my lord, there must be a better
+understanding among our great horsemen, or else they may shortly shut
+the stable door."[51]
+
+Rupert did not spare his indignation.  He quarrelled freely with Percy,
+by letter.  He left Digby's epistles unanswered,[52] and he slighted
+Wilmot.  He accused the King of treating without his knowledge; which,
+said his distracted uncle, was a "damnable ley."[53]  The truth was
+that the French Ambassador had proposed to ascertain what terms the
+Parliament might be likely to offer, and the King had consented to his
+so doing.  Richmond hastened to explain matters to the Prince.  "I
+should have told you before," he concluded, "but I forgot it; and but
+little knowledge is lost by it.  It was ever my opinion that nothing
+would come of it, and so it remains still for anything I can hear, and
+I converse sometimes with good company."[54]  But Rupert was not easily
+appeased; the supposed treaty was but one grievance among many, and ere
+long a letter from Digby had raised a new storm.  The patient Duke as
+usual {125} received his fiery cousin's complaints, and again took up
+his pen to pacify him.  "Upon the receipt of your letter," he wrote,
+"perceiving that, from a hint taken of a letter from Lord Digby, you
+were in doubt that, in Oxford, there might be wrong judgments made of
+you and of your business, I made it my diligence to clear with the
+King, who answers the same for the Queen....  Considering the jealousy
+might have grown from some doubtful expressions in the letter you
+mention, I spoke with the party, (_i.e._ Digby) who seemed much grieved
+at it, and assured me he writ only the advice of such intelligence as
+was brought hither, and for information to make use of as you best
+could upon the place.  Yesterday one brought me your commission to
+peruse....  I looked it well over, and I think it is well drawn."[55]
+The last sentence shows that Richmond did not confine his services to
+mediating between the Prince and his enemies, but watched over his
+cousin's more material interests with anxious care.
+
+During all this time Rupert was not very far distant from Oxford.  He
+had taken Bedford, and recaptured Cirencester, and would have held
+Newport Pagnell, thus cutting London off from the north; but during his
+absence in Bedfordshire, orders from Oxford drew off Louis Dyves whom
+he had left in charge at Newport Pagnell, and the place was seized by
+Essex.  In the same way Vavasour's scheme for blockading Gloucester was
+ruined.  "Sir, I am now in a good way, if no alteration come from
+Court,"[56] he wrote early in December.  But the vexatious "alteration"
+came, and his plan failed.  Hastings lamented that his lack of arms
+made "the service I ought to do the King very difficult;"[57] and
+everywhere despondency prevailed.  "The truth is," wrote Ralph Hopton
+from Alresford, "the duty of this service here would be insupportable,
+were it {126} not in this cause, where there is so great a necessity of
+prevailing through all difficulties, or of suffering them to prevail,
+which cannot be thought of in good English."[58]
+
+Throughout the winter the usual mass of petitions, complaints,
+accusations, and remonstrances poured in upon the Prince.  Among them,
+"Ye humble Remonstrance of Captain John Ball" deserves notice as a
+curiosity.  This gentleman stated that he had, out of pure loyalty and
+with exceeding difficulty, raised 34 horses, 48 men, 12 carabines, 12
+cases of pistols, 6 muskets, and 20 new saddles for the King's service.
+This done, he had gone to Oxford to obtain the King's commission to
+serve under Sir Henry Bard.  During his absence, Sir Charles Blount, by
+order of Sir Jacob Astley then in command at Reading, had broken into
+his stables at Pangbourne and carried off both horses and
+equipments.[59]  To this accusation old Sir Jacob responded with his
+wonted quaint directness: "As conserninge one yt calls himselfe Capne
+Balle, yt hath complayned unto yr Highnes yt I hav tacken awaie his
+horsses from him; this is the trewth.  He hath livede near this towne
+ever since I came heather, and had gotten, not above, 12 men togeather,
+and himselfe.  He had so plundered and oppressed the pepell, payinge
+contributions as the Marquess of Winchester and my Lord Hopton
+complayned extreamly of him.  He went under my name, wtch he used
+falcesly, as givinge out he did it by my warrant.  Off this he gott
+faierly, and so promised to give no more cause of complaynt.  Now, ever
+since, he hath continewed his ould coures (courses), in soe extreame a
+waie, as he, and his wife, and his sone, and 10 or 12 horsses he hath,
+to geather spoyles the peepell, plunders them, and tackes violently
+their goodes from them."[60]
+
+As a climax to all Rupert's other anxieties came the {127} severe
+illness of Maurice, who was engaged at the siege of Plymouth.  All the
+autumn he had been suffering from a low fever, which was in fact the
+modern influenza.  So serious was his condition that his mother, in
+Holland, declined an invitation to the Court of Orange, on the grounds
+that she expected hourly to hear of Maurice's death.[61] More than once
+reports that he was actually dead gained credence, and the doctors who
+sent frequent bulletins to Rupert, would not answer for their patient's
+recovery, "by reason that the disease is very dangerous, and
+fraudulent."  But by October 17th they were able to send a hopeful
+report.  Maurice had slept better, the delirium had left him, and he
+had recognised Dr. Harvey--the discoverer of the circulation of the
+blood.  When given the King's message of sympathy he had shown "an
+humble, thankful sense thereof."  And on receiving Rupert's messages,
+"he seemed very glad to hear of and from your Highness."[62] A relapse
+was feared, but Maurice recovered steadily, though very slowly.  In
+November he was anxious to join his forces before Plymouth, but had to
+give up the attempt, and the siege suffered from his absence.  "Your
+brother resolved to have removed hence nearer towards Plymouth, upon
+Monday, but upon tryal finds himself too weak for the journey," wrote
+Sir Richard Cave, an old friend of the Palatines, to Rupert.  "I dare
+boldly say that, had he been with the army, the army and the town had
+been at a nearer distance before now.  Your brother presents his
+respects to your Highness, but says he is not able yet to write letters
+with his own hand."[63]
+
+
+
+[1] Clar. State Papers, f. 2254.  Prince Rupert's Journal in England.
+Jan. 6, 1643.
+
+[2] Clarendon. Hist.  Bk. VI. 238.
+
+[3] Pamphlet.  British Museum.  Relation of the taking of Cirencester,
+Feb. 1642-3.
+
+[4] Rupert Correspondence.  Nicholas to the Prince, Feb. 3, 1643.
+
+[5] Clar. State Papers.  Rupert's Journal.
+
+[6] Rupert Transcripts, April 1, 1643, also Warburton, II.  p. 149.
+
+[7] Pamphlet.  British Museum.  Prince Rupert's Burning Love to England
+discovered in Birmingham's flames.
+
+[8] Letter from Walsall to Oxford.  Warb. II.  p. 154, _note_.
+
+[9] Clar. State Papers.  A character of Lord Digby.
+
+[10] Warburton, II.  p. 169.
+
+[11] Rupert Transcripts.  Aston to Rupert, 22 Jan. 1643; Pythouse
+Papers, p. 12.
+
+[12] Ibid.  Nicholas to Rupert, 21 April, 1643.
+
+[13] Warburton, II.  p. 179.
+
+[14] Gardiner's Civil War, I.  p. 130.
+
+[15] Rupert Correspondence.  See Warburton, II.  187.
+
+[16] Pythouse Papers, p. 15.
+
+[17] Rupert Correspondence.  18980.  Nicholas to Prince, May 11, 1643.
+Warb. II.  p. 189.
+
+[18] His Highness's late Beating up of the Rebels' Quarters.  Pamphlet.
+Bodleian Library.
+
+[19] Warburton, II.  212.  Essex to Rupert, June 22, 1643.
+
+[20] Ibid.  II.  p. 390, _note_.  Ellis Original Letters, Vol. IV.
+
+[21] Marie de la Mothe, Countess d'Aulnoy.  Memoirs of the Court of
+England, ed. 1707, pp. 397-400.
+
+[22] Stafford Papers, ed. 1739, Vol. I.  p. 359.
+
+[23] Somers Tracts, V.  pp. 473-7.
+
+[24] Carte's Ormonde, VI.  p. 277.  O'Neil to Ormonde, 12 April, 1645.
+Clarendon, Bk. VIII.  p. 369.
+
+[25] Nicholas Papers.  Camden Soc.  1 Jan. 1655.  Vol. II.  p. 158.
+
+[26] Hatton Papers.  Camden Society.  New series, I.  p. 42.
+
+[27] Pythouse Papers, p. 57.  Percy to Rupert, July 1643.
+
+[28] Rupert Correspondence.  Warburton, II.  p. 226.  Nicholas to the
+Prince, July 8, 1643.
+
+[29] Clarendon Hist.  Bk. VII.  p. 121
+
+[30] Journal of the Siege of Bristol.  Warburton, II.  p. 244.
+
+[31] Journal of the Siege of Bristol.  Warb. II.  p. 246.
+
+[32] Ibid.  p. 247.
+
+[33] Ibid.  pp. 250-255.
+
+[34] Journal of the Siege of Bristol.  Warb.  II.  p. 258.
+
+[35] Lloyd's Lives and Memoirs, ed. 1677, p. 656.
+
+[36] Journal of Siege.  Warburton, II.  262.
+
+[37] A Relation made to the House of Commons by Colonel Nat. Fiennes,
+Aug. 5, 1643; see Warburton, II.  p. 267, also Clarendon, Bk. VII.
+
+[38] Clarendon Hist.  1849.  Vol. III.  pp. 121-126.  Bk. VII.  pp. 85,
+98, 144-148; also Life, pp. 196-7, _note_.
+
+[39] Clarendon Life.  Vol. I.  p. 195,
+
+[40] Ibid.
+
+[41] Clar. Hist.  Bk. VII.  pp. 98, 192.
+
+[42] Clarendon History.  Bk. VII.  p. 192.
+
+[43] Verney Memoirs.  Vol. II.  p. 171.
+
+[44] Journal of the Siege of Gloucester.  Warburton II.  p. 282.
+
+[45] Clarendon Hist.  Bk. VII.  207.
+
+[46] Whitelocke's Memorials, p. 74.
+
+[47] Gardiner's Civil War, Vol. I.  pp. 209-217.
+
+[48] Percy to Rupert, July 29, 1643; Pythouse Papers, p. 55.
+
+[49] Rupert's Diary.  Warburton, II.  p. 272.
+
+[50] See Gardiner's Civil War, I.  p. 345.
+
+[51] Carte's Ormonde, Vol. V.  pp. 520-1, 21 Nov. 1643.
+
+[52] Rupert Transcripts.  Jermyn to Rupert, 26 Mar. 1644.
+
+[53] Ibid.  King to Rupert, 12 Nov. 1643.
+
+[54] Transcripts.  Richmond to Rupert, 12 Oct. 1643.
+
+[55] Rupert Transcripts.  Richmond to Rupert, Nov. 9, 1643.
+
+[56] Ibid.  Vasavour to Rupert, Dec. 4, 1643.
+
+[57] Pythouse Papers.  Hastings to Nicholas, pp. 13-14.
+
+[58] Hopton to Rupert, Dec. 12, 1643.  Warb. II.  p. 333.
+
+[59] Add. MSS.  18981.  Jan. 4, 1644.
+
+[60] Transcripts.  Astley to Rupert, Jan. 11, 1644; Warburton.  II.  p.
+358.
+
+[61] Green, Vol. VI.  p. 137.
+
+[62] Dr. Harvey and others to Rupert, Oct. 17, 1643; Warburton.  II.
+p. 307.
+
+[63] Rupert Transcripts.  Cave to Rupert, Nov. 4, 1643.
+
+
+
+
+{128}
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+THE PRESIDENCY OF WALES.  THE RELIEF OF NEWARK.  QUARRELS AT COURT.
+NORTHERN MARCH.  MARSTON MOOR
+
+Throughout the year 1643 the advantage in arms had lain decidedly with
+the King, and the Parliament now sought new strength in an alliance
+with the Scots.  Such an alliance involved a strict adherence to
+Presbyterianism, which was naturally very distasteful to the
+Independents, who were growing steadily in strength and numbers.
+Therefore, though the entrance of the Scots into England in January
+1644, brought a valuable accession of military force, it
+proportionately weakened the Puritan Party by increasing its internal
+dissensions.  For a brief period the Independents sought alliance with
+those members of the Parliament and of the City, known as the Peace
+Party, and the result of this drawing together was a resolve to appeal
+privately to the King for some terms of agreement.  The emissary
+employed in this secret negotiation was a certain Ogle, who had long
+been held a prisoner, but was now purposely suffered to escape.  As an
+earnest of good faith, he was to assure the King that Colonel Mozley,
+brother of the Governor of Aylesbury, would admit the Royalists into
+that town.  But Ogle was himself betrayed.  Mozley had communicated all
+to the Presbyterian leaders of the Parliament.  The whole plot was
+carefully watched, and plans laid to entrap Rupert himself.  It was
+said that Essex boasted that he would have the Prince in London, alive
+or dead.
+
+On the night of January 21st, Rupert set out to take possession of the
+offered town.  The snow fell thick, but it did the Prince good service,
+for it prevented Essex falling {129} upon him, as had been intended.
+Fortunately, also, Rupert was prudent, and declined to approach very
+near Aylesbury, until Mozley should appear on the scene in person.
+This he failed to do.  Then the Prince wished to assault the town on
+the side where he was not expected, but the brook which ran before it
+was so swelled by the snow and sudden thaw, as to be impassable.
+Nothing remained but a speedy retreat, in which, owing to wind, snow
+and swollen streams, some four hundred men perished.  In his fury
+Rupert would have hanged Ogle for a traitor, but the unfortunate man
+was rescued by the intercession of Digby.  Probably the Secretary was
+moved as much by detestation of Rupert as by compassion for Ogle.
+There was soon a new _causa belli_ between them.
+
+In February Rupert was made a peer of the realm, as Duke of Cumberland
+and Earl of Holderness, in order that he might sit in the Royalist
+Parliament now called to Oxford.  In the same month, it was proposed to
+make him President of Wales and the Marches, which appointment carried
+with it, not only military, but also fiscal and judicial powers, the
+right to levy taxes and to appoint Commissioners for the administration
+of the country.  Digby had no mind to see his rival thus promoted, and
+he made the appointment the subject of a court intrigue.  First he
+suggested that Ormonde would make a far better President than the
+Prince.  But Ormonde could not possibly be spared from his Government
+of Ireland, and therefore Digby had to invent new delays and
+difficulties.  "The business of the Presidency is at a standstill,"
+wrote Rupert's faithful agent in Oxford, Arthur Trevor, "upon some
+doubts that my Lord Digby makes, which cannot be cleared to him without
+a sight of the patent which must be obtained from Ludlow."[1] The
+Prince seems to have been rather apathetic in the matter, for, in a few
+days, Trevor wrote again: "I am at {130} a stand in your business, not
+receiving your commands...  Persuasion avails little at Court, where
+always the orator convinces sooner than the argument.  Let me beseech
+your Highness you will be so kind as to bestow what time you can spare
+from the public upon your private interests; which always thrive best
+when they are acted within the eye of the owner."[2]  From Byron, then
+at Chester, came an anxious letter, demonstrating the great importance
+of Wales as a recruiting ground, and as the place whence communication
+with Ireland was easiest.  The state of the Marches was exceedingly
+critical, and Byron pathetically begged Rupert not to refuse them the
+aid of his presence.  "I have heard that means is used underhand to
+persuade your Highness not to accept the President's place of Wales;
+the end of which is apparent, for if your Highness refuse it, it will
+lessen the military part of your command, be a great prejudice to the
+country, and withal lose an opportunity of settling such a part of the
+country, converging upon Ireland, that is most likely to reduce the
+rest."[3]  To the other despairing commanders in those districts the
+prospect of Rupert's coming was as welcome as to Byron, and, urged by
+their letters, Rupert resolved not to be turned from the work.
+Fortunately for himself he had staunch allies in Richmond, Nicholas,
+and above all, the Queen's favourite, Harry Jermyn.  The last named was
+indeed all-powerful just then.  "I find," wrote Trevor, alluding to the
+ciphers in which he corresponded, "not Prince Rupert, nor all the
+numbers in arithmetic have any efficacy without Lord Jermyn."[4]  And
+Jermyn, strange to say, usually showed himself a good friend to Rupert.
+"My Lord Jermyn is, from the root of his heart, your very great
+servant," declared Trevor.  Apparently, also, Jermyn had reconciled the
+Queen to her nephew, for, at the same {131} time, Trevor informed
+Ormonde that he would speedily receive a request from the Queen "to be
+as kind as possibly your Lordship can unto Prince Rupert, especially in
+a present furnishment of some arms and powder."[5]
+
+The appointment to Wales having been carried by his allies, Rupert was
+brought into very close connection with Ormonde.  To Ireland the King
+looked for supplies of arms, ammunition, and of soldiers, as a
+counterpoise to the invasion of the Scots.  The transport of these
+stores and troops was now regarded as part of Rupert's business in his
+new Government.  He was willing enough to attend to the matter, for he
+was "mightily in love" with his Irish soldiers;[6] and, thanks to
+Ormonde's good sense and unswerving loyalty, a good understanding was
+preserved between himself and the Prince.  Efforts to poison Ormonde's
+mind against Rupert were not wanting on the part of Digby.  He did his
+best to make the Irish Lord Lieutenant think himself slighted by
+Rupert's preferment.  "But let me withal assure you that I knew not of
+it till it was done," he wrote, "I being not so happy as to have any
+part in His Highness's Counsels."[7]  To which the incorruptible
+Ormonde replied only, that he held himself in no way injured, and
+regarded the appointment as very fittingly bestowed on the Prince.  Nor
+did Digby's new ally, Daniel O'Neil, meet with any better success.  The
+Irish soldier of fortune had now quarrelled with Rupert, and thrown in
+his lot with that of the Secretary.  Early in 1644 he was despatched to
+Ireland by Digby, in order to arrange various matters and,
+incidentally, to do Rupert as much harm as he could.  But though
+introduced to Ormonde as Digby's "special, dear and intimate
+friend,"[8] he gained little credence.  "I easily believe that Daniel
+O'Neil was willing I {132} should be Lord Lieutenant; and perhaps he
+will unwish it again,"[9] said Ormonde calmly.  No doubt Rupert owed
+much to the good sense and diligence of Trevor, who was himself a
+staunch adherent of Ormonde, and honoured by him with the title of "my
+friend."  He seems to have been a clever man, of ready wit and
+unfailing energy, and he needed it all in his service of the Prince.
+
+Rupert's new appointment involved the keeping up of an establishment at
+Shrewsbury, which he seldom occupied, but which added greatly to his
+expenses, and his personal labours were also multiplied.  He had
+reached Shrewsbury on February 19th, having spent a week at Worcester
+and four days at Bridgnorth by the way.  On March 4th he was "marching
+all night" to Drayton; on the 5th he was skirmishing with Fairfax; on
+the 6th he was "home" again; but only to resume his wanderings four
+days later.[10]  He made it his business to visit every garrison under
+his charge, and his rapid movements were observed with pride by the
+Cavaliers.  "In the morning in Leicestershire, in the afternoon in
+Lancashire, and the same day at supper time at Shrewsbury; without
+question he hath a flying army," reported the News-letters with
+cheerful exaggeration.[11] Certainly the Prince never spared himself,
+and he expected that others should show an equal energy and attention
+to business.  Good officers, with other qualifications than mere social
+rank, he would have; and he allowed no private considerations to
+interfere with the public necessities.  His vigorous decision did
+indeed bear hard on individual cases, as when he offered an unfortunate
+Herefordshire gentleman three alternatives,--to man and defend his
+house himself, to have it occupied by a governor and garrison of the
+Prince's own choosing, or to blow it up.  But, if war is {133} to be
+effective, such hardships are inevitable; and by Rupert's zealous
+activity garrisons were wrested from the enemy, and those of the King
+established, all over the district, in their stead.  Of course the
+complaints which were daily delivered to the Prince were multiplied by
+his promotion; but, amidst all his labours, he seems to have found a
+little leisure, for he begged of Ormonde "a cast of goshawks," for his
+amusement in his winter quarters.[12]
+
+In the meantime his agent at Oxford enjoyed no easy task.  For
+everything that Rupert wanted Trevor had to contend vehemently with
+Percy and Ashburnham, and, had he not been clever enough to win the
+alliance of Jermyn, his success would have been small indeed.  Jermyn
+exerted himself nobly.  He collected evidence of Rupert's strength and
+necessities to lay before the Oxford Parliament.  He supplied a
+consignment of muskets, pistols, and powder at his own expense;[13] he
+even combated the obstinacy of the King, though not always with
+success, as on one occasion he was forced to despatch supplies to
+Worcester, "where the King sayeth they are to go, and would have it so,
+in spite of everything that could be said to the contrary; though I did
+conceive it was your Highness's desire that they should be sent to
+Shrewsbury."[14]
+
+Yet even Jermyn was occasionally disheartened by the Prince's
+insatiable wants.  "His Majesty," wrote Trevor in February, "was very
+well pleased at your letter, and so was my Lord Jermyn, until he found
+your wants of arms, and ammunition.  At which, after a deep sigh, he
+told me; 'This is of more trouble to me than it would be pain to me at
+parting of my flesh and bones.'"  This despondency is partially
+accounted for by the next sentence; "The petards I cannot now send Your
+Highness, by reason of a strong quarrel that is fallen out between M.
+La Roche {134} and Lord Percy, whose warrant and orders he absolutely
+denies to obey.  Where it will end I know not.  It begins in fire."[15]
+This state of affairs must have lasted for weeks.  Not until April did
+Trevor wring two petards from Lord Percy, "and now I have got them, I
+do not, for my life, know how to send them to your quarters," he
+declared.  And La Roche seems to have been, even then, in the same
+impracticable frame of mind: "Your Highness's letters to M. La Roche I
+did deliver; and when he had sworn and stared very sufficiently, and
+concluded every point with, 'Noe money! noe money!'--he carried me to
+his little house by Magdalen, and when he had swaggered there a pretty
+time, and knocked one strange thing against another, he told me he
+would send me letters, wherewith I was well satisfied, not having money
+for him, without which I see he hath no more motion than a stone.  He
+talks much of Captain Faussett, but whether good, bad, or indifferent,
+I swear I do not know!"[16]
+
+Such were the contentions that delayed and handicapped the Royalist
+forces; but Arthur Trevor was not to be discouraged.  "Until I have all
+the affairs, both of peace and war, settled as they may be most to your
+desires, I will not miss His Majesty an interview every morning in the
+garden,"[17] he protested; and, on a later occasion, he declared: "I am
+not so ill a courtier, in a request of money, as to sit down with one
+denial."[18]  His difficulties were increased by the carelessness of
+Rupert himself, and he wrote to the Prince reproachfully: "I find a
+bill of exchange signed by Your Highness, and denied by the party you
+charged it on, and grown to be the discourse of the town before ever I
+heard a syllable of it.  Truly the giving out that bill without giving
+me advice of it, that I might have {135} got the money ready, or an
+excuse for time, hath not done Your Highness right here."[19]  Two days
+later he wrote again: "The liveries for your servants are now come.  I
+only wait for your orders how I shall carry myself towards the
+merchants, who are very solicitous for ready pay.  The sum will be
+about £200.  If Your Highness will not have His Majesty moved in it,
+Lord Jermyn and I will try all the town, but we will do the worth."[20]
+Rupert's answer is not forthcoming, but he was evidently as anxious as
+usual to pay this, or other debts, for he commissioned Trevor to
+represent to the King the "injustice" that the delay of money was doing
+towards men to whom he was indebted, and whom he would willingly
+satisfy.[21]
+
+The needs of the North were becoming very pressing.  Newcastle
+constantly represented the smallness of his forces, and the danger
+threatening from the Scots.  Sir Charles Lucas also forwarded a
+melancholy account of the northern army, and Lord Derby implored Rupert
+to go to the rescue of his Countess who was valiantly defending Lathom
+House: "Sir, I have received many advertisements from my wife, of her
+great distress and imminent danger," he wrote, "unless she be relieved
+by your Highness, on whom she doth rely more than on any other
+whatsoever...  I would have waited on your Highness this time, but that
+I hourly receive little letters from her who haply, a few days hence,
+may never write me more."[22]  But greatest of all was the danger of
+Newark, besieged by Meldrum, Hubbard and Lord Willoughby.  Already the
+brave little garrison was almost starved into surrender, and willingly
+would the men have sacrificed their lives in one desperate sally, but
+for the women and children who would thus have been left to the mercy
+of the foe.  Rupert resolved to go first to the {136} relief of Newark.
+But even Arthur Trevor could not obtain the supplies necessary for the
+exploit: "I can promise nothing towards your advantage in those
+supporters of war, money and arms..." he said.  "Money, I am out of
+hopes of, unless some notable success open the purse strings ... March,
+and then I will make my last attempt for that business, and if I fail I
+will raise my siege, burn my hut, and march away to your Highness."[23]
+
+Newark was in the last straits.  To the reiterated summons of the
+Puritan forces, the valiant garrison replied only that they could
+starve, and they could die, but one thing they could not do, and that
+was open their gates to rebels.  Rupert would delay no longer, and, in
+accordance with Trevor's advice, he set forth, on March 13th, with a
+small force, borrowed from the garrisons he passed on the march.  Essex
+at once despatched a force of cavalry in pursuit, of which Ashburnham
+advertised the Prince in the following concise note: "The strength that
+followeth your Highness is nine hundred dragoons, and one regiment of
+horse, which I hope they will all be damned."[24]  By March 20th Rupert
+was at Bingham, twelve miles from Newark.  The besiegers, who numbered
+some 2,500 horse and 5,000 foot, heard the news of his approach with
+light-hearted incredulity, being unable to believe that he could have
+the temerity to attack them; and in an intercepted letter the Prince
+found mention of "an incredible rumour" of his advance.[25]  When
+within six miles of Newark he contrived to let the garrison know of his
+vicinity.  Fearing that his cipher had fallen into the hands of the
+enemy, he dared not write, but sent only an ambiguous message, the
+meaning of which he did not even explain to the messenger: "Let the old
+drum be beaten, early on the morrow morning."  Happily the Governor,
+Sir John Henderson, was quick to grasp the meaning--namely, {137} that
+he was to sally out on Meldrum at day-break.[26]  By two o'clock in the
+morning, Rupert was in the saddle, and ere it was light, he charged
+down upon the besieging army.  Surprised and confused, the besiegers
+broke their ranks, and at the same moment the garrison sallied.  The
+fight was hot, and once at least Rupert was in imminent danger.  He
+found himself assaulted by "three sturdy Roundheads" all at once; one
+he slew with his own sword; Mortaigne, a French follower of the Prince,
+shot another, and the third, who had laid hold of Rupert's collar, had
+his hand cut off by O'Neil.  The Prince was thus "disengaged, with only
+a shot in his gauntlet."[27]  The engagement lasted nearly all day, but
+at dusk, Charles Gerard, who had been wounded and captured, came
+limping forth from the enemy's trenches, with offers of treaty.  Rupert
+agreed to terms, and, on the following morning, Meldrum and his
+colleagues were permitted to raise the siege and march off with the
+honours of war.
+
+These terms Rupert was accused of having broken.  His men were eager to
+avenge a Puritan outrage at Lincoln, as formerly at Bristol they had
+remembered Reading.  Therefore when Meldrum's forces marched off with
+"more than was conditioned," in the shape of arms and pikes, the
+Royalists seized the excuse to fall upon them, and, in their turn,
+snatched away colours, and "more than the articles warranted."  Rupert,
+as before, dashed amongst his men with his drawn sword, and he did not
+neglect to return the stolen colours, with apologies.  The occurrence
+is described by Mrs. Hutchinson, but more fairly by Rushworth, who
+adds, after relating how the Puritans were despoiled of their pikes and
+colours: "the King's party excused it, by alleging that they (the
+Puritans) attempted to carry out more than was conditioned, and that
+some of theirs had been so used at Lincoln, and especially that it was
+against the Prince's mind, who slashed {138} some of his soldiers for
+it, and sent back all the colours they had taken."[28]  When the enemy
+had fairly retired, Rupert made his entry into Newark, where he was
+received with delirious joy.  Davenant, the Cavalier poet, who himself
+served in the northern army, celebrated the whole story in a long poem,
+and thus he describes the Prince's entrance:
+
+  "As he entered the old gates, one cry of triumph rose,
+  To bless and welcome him who had saved them from their foes;
+  The women kiss his charger, and the little children sing:
+  'Prince Rupert's brought us bread to eat, from God and from
+        the King.'"[29]
+
+Considering the small force with which it had been effected, Rupert's
+exploit was indeed wonderful, and congratulations poured in from all
+quarters.  "Nephew," wrote the King, "I assure you that this, as all
+your victories, gives me as much contentment in that I owe you the
+thanks, as for the importance of it; which in this particular, believe
+me, is no less than the saving of all the North."[30]
+
+"Our sense of it here is as much beyond expression as the action
+itself,"[31] declared Digby.  Trevor offered all the appreciation
+possible "On this side idolatry," an expression of which he was rather
+fond; and even the quiet Richmond was roused to enthusiasm: "Give me
+leave to dilate now upon my particular joyes," he wrote, "and to retire
+them so farre from the present jubilee all men are in at your last
+great victory, to beginne with that which before this jubilee was one
+to me; I mean the honor and contentment I lately received from you,
+which, if valew can make precious and an intent affection do anything
+to show an acknowledgment, will not be lost.  Your command to pray for
+you, at a time was then to come, shall be, as before, my {139} general
+rule."[32]  Lord Newcastle added to his extravagant congratulations an
+entreaty that Rupert would push on to his aid; "without which that
+great game of your uncle's will be endangered, if not lost..., Could
+Your Highness march this way, it would, I hope, put a final end to all
+our troubles."[33]  But Rupert, with the best will in the world, lacked
+the power to do as Newcastle desired.  With an army at his back, he
+might indeed have pushed on northwards, conquered the eastern counties,
+and driven back the Scots; but he had no army at his disposal!
+Brilliant though his recent achievement had seemed, it was but
+ephemeral in reality.  Newark relieved, the men who had relieved it
+returned to the garrisons whence they came, and from which they could
+ill be spared.  All that Rupert had gained was the preservation of a
+loyal town, and the surrender of a few scattered outposts which he had
+not men to garrison.  Reluctantly he turned back to Wales, where he
+hoped he might yet raise a force to save the North.
+
+During the weeks of recruiting which followed the relief of Newark, the
+usual disputes and jealousies agitated the Court.  Jermyn, who was
+still Rupert's friend, expected shortly to quit Oxford with the Queen,
+and would fain have reconciled the Prince to Digby before his
+departure.  "He has written several times to you since you went away,
+and you have not made him one answer," he protested.  And he proceeded
+to explain, at great length, how advantageous a correspondence with
+Digby would be, and how exaggerated were the Prince's notions of the
+Secretary's hatred to him.[34] But such representations made no
+impression upon Rupert; the question really at stake was whether he or
+Digby should rule the King's counsels, and no compromise was possible
+between them.  Another suggestion of Jermyn's met with more favour;
+there was a vacancy in the King's {140} Bedchamber, and only Rupert's
+nomination was needed to secure the appointment for his friend Will
+Legge.  "The chief cause I write is to mention that to you which he
+(Legge) least looks after, viz., that which pertains to his own
+interests,"[35] said Jermyn.  Rupert obtained the post for his friend,
+and wrote to "give him joy" of it.[36]  At the same time the place of
+Master of the Horse was offered to himself; hitherto it had been held
+by the Marquess of Hamilton, who was now deprived of it on account of
+his disloyalty.  "If the King offers Rupert the Master of the Horse's
+place, he will receive it as a favour," wrote Rupert, in reply to a
+question on the subject.  "But he desires it may not be done so it may
+look as if Rupert had a hand in the ruin of my Lord Marquis.  Let every
+one carry his own burden."[37]
+
+Ere long, a hasty recall to Oxford roused all the Prince's indignation.
+True, the order was revoked next day, but Rupert was none the less
+furious.  How was he to effect anything of importance if his plans were
+to be interrupted and frustrated at Digby's whim?  He would not endure,
+he wrote to Richmond, the discussion of all his proceedings by a mere
+civilian Council.  The Duke strove to pacify him in a long and, as
+usual, incoherent letter.  "You may perceive that no Oxford motion, if
+rightly represented, could move any cause of jealousy of a desseigne
+here either to forestall your judgement or prelimett yr command.  I
+have bine present at most of the consultations; (till yesterday some
+occasions made me absent, and of that daies' worke my Lord Biron will
+give the best account); and in all I could ever discerne the proceeding
+hath bine to propound only by way of question alle thinges of moment,
+which were to be attended, or acted, by you."  The recent recall to
+Oxford Richmond owned an exception to this rule, but as regarded other
+matters, he concluded; {141} "I think I could not have mist myselfe so
+much if other had been to be seen, or where the King's service, and my
+ancient respect for Rupert, (which time works no such earthy effects
+upon as to decay), call for my observation, that my senses could be
+deceived, or I not attentive.  The most that was treated was when Will
+Legge was here, and in his presence, who certainly is a safe man to
+consult with in your interests.  And the furthest discourse was but
+discourse!"[38]  The King also wrote on the same day, promising that,
+whenever possible, his nephew should be _consulted_ rather than
+_commanded_; and asserting with gentle dignity, "Indeed I have this
+advantage of you, that I have not yet mistaken you in anything as you
+have me."[39]
+
+Whatever effect these soothing epistles might have had was nullified by
+a second letter from Digby, in which he assumed a tone of authority
+such as Rupert would not brook.  "Lord Digby, with whom Prince Rupert
+hath no present kindness, writ yesterday about the relief of Lathom
+House," wrote Trevor to Ormonde.  "The paper, which was not an order,
+but would fain have disputed itself into authority, was so ill-received
+that I am afraid my work of reconciliation is at an end."[40]  Rupert
+was indeed in an angry frame of mind.  He despatched a furious,
+incoherent letter to Legge, full of ironical and rather unintelligible
+complaints against his uncle, and dark threats of his own resignation.
+"If the King will follow the _wise_ counsel, and not hear the soldier
+and Rupert, Rupert must leave off all."  And he wound up with a short
+account of a successful skirmish, adding spitefully: "If Goring had
+done this you would have had a handsome story."[41]  None of the plans
+then in favour at Oxford met with his approval.  The Queen was bent on
+going to Exeter, in spite of her nephew's assurance {142} that the
+place was most unsafe, as indeed it proved; and the King was extremely
+anxious to send the Prince of Wales to Bristol, as nominal head of the
+army in the West.  But Rupert had not much faith in Maurice's army, and
+he thought that the young Prince would be far better under his own
+care.  He had at that time a paramount influence over little Charles,
+and he had, besides, a staunch ally in one of his young cousin's
+gentlemen, a certain Elliot, whom the King considered to have "too much
+credit"[42] with his son.  Between them, Prince Charles was inspired
+with such an aversion to his father's plan that he boldly declared he
+would have none of it, and added ingenuously, that his Cousin Rupert
+had "left him his lesson" before his departure from Oxford.[43]  His
+submission to Rupert's will is evidenced by the letters of Elliot to
+the Prince: "He has commanded me to tell you that he is so far from
+believing that any man can love him better than you do, that he shall,
+by his good will, enterprise nothing wherein he has not your Highness's
+approbation.  For the intention of carrying him to that army, (in the
+West,) he has yet heard nothing of it, and, if he shall, he will
+without fail oppose it; and I may say truely that if he has a great
+kindness for any man it is for your Highness."[44]  For the moment
+Rupert triumphed.  Richmond, who opposed the plan for the West as
+strongly as the Prince could have wished, assured him that it was "but
+a dream,"[45] and for a while it fell into abeyance.
+
+In the beginning of May, Rupert's new levies were ready for action, but
+when the moment for the northern march had come, the Prince was, to his
+intense disgust, once more summoned to Oxford.  So earnestly did he
+deprecate {143} the recall, that the King declared he would be content
+with 2,000 foot and one regiment of horse, provided that Rupert would
+join him at Oxford in the beginning of June.  But the one demand was as
+fatal as the other.  Rupert's heart was set on the relief of Lord
+Newcastle, and he could not bear that his hard won army should be thus
+ruthlessly torn from him.  A personal interview with the King was his
+only chance, and, with characteristic rashness, he marched off to
+Oxford with the most slender of escorts, to plead his cause with his
+uncle.  Eloquently he explained to the King the simplicity of his
+plans.  All that Charles himself had to do was to keep the surrounding
+towns well garrisoned, to manoeuvre round Oxford with a body of horse,
+and, in the meantime, to leave Maurice free in the West, and Rupert
+free for the North.  On May 5th the Prince left Oxford, having every
+reason to believe that his advice would be followed.  But, on the very
+next day, Digby had persuaded the King to abandon the plan as too
+extensive; Rupert wrote to expostulate, but received only thanks for
+his "freedom," with the comment, "I am not of your opinion in all the
+particulars."[46]  And when misfortune had ensued, it was but slight
+consolation that the King acknowledged his error, "I believe that if
+you had been with me I had not been put to those straits I am in now.
+I confess the best had been to have followed your advice."[47]
+Richmond also lamented Rupert's absence.  "We want money, men, conduct,
+provisions, time, and good counsel," he asserted; "our hope rests
+chiefly in your good success."[48]
+
+Rupert was by that time far away in the North.  On May 8th he had
+returned to Shrewsbury, and on the 16th he began his long projected
+march to York.  From Chester he drew out all the men who could be
+spared, leaving "honest Will Legge" in their place.  At Knutsford he
+had {144} a successful encounter with some Parliamentary troops; and on
+the 25th he seized upon Stockport, which so alarmed the forces
+besieging Lathom House, that they raised the siege, and marched off to
+Bolton.  So strong was the Puritanism of Bolton that it has been called
+the "Geneva of England," and Rupert at once resolved to take the town.
+His first assault was repulsed, and the besieged, in their triumph,
+hanged one of his Irish troopers over the walls.  The insult gave the
+Prince new stimulus; throwing himself from his horse he called up his
+retreating men, and renewed the attack with such vigour that the town
+was quickly stormed, and he entered it with Lord Derby at his side.
+The angry troopers sacked the place; and Rupert sent the twenty-two
+standards he had taken to Lady Derby, as a graceful acknowledgment of
+her long and valiant defence of Lathom.  Recruits now flocked to his
+standard, and his march became a triumphal progress; so great was the
+enthusiasm of the loyal town of Wigan, that rushes, flowers and boughs
+were strewn in the streets before him.  On June 11th he won another
+triumph, in the capture of Liverpool, which suffered a like fate with
+Bolton.  But he was disappointed of the stores he had expected to find
+there, which were all carried off by sea before the town fell.  From
+Liverpool the Prince wrote a curious letter to the Bishop of Chester,
+asking for a collection to be made in all the churches of the diocese
+for the benefit of the sick and wounded soldiers.  And he also
+expressed a desire that the clergy should exhort the people to prepare
+for their own defence and to maintain their loyalty, in language "most
+intelligent to the congregation."[49]
+
+It was now high time to set out for York, which Newcastle felt that he
+could hold only six days more.  Richmond wrote to urge as much haste as
+possible.  "If York should be lost," he said, "it would prove the
+greatest blow {145} which could come from those parts, Rupert being
+safe; but what is fit to be done you will best know and judge."[50] But
+Rupert was not just then in a state of mind to judge calmly of
+anything.  His enemies at Court, envious of his recent success, were
+preparing new calumnies against him, and profiting by his absence to
+excite the King's distrust.  Some did not hesitate to hint at the
+Prince's over-greatness and possible designs on the Crown itself; and
+all urged the King to recall him, rather than suffer him to risk his
+army in a great battle.  Trevor thus reported the affair to Ormonde:
+"Prince Rupert, by letters from Court, understands that the King grows
+daily more and more jealous of him, and of his army; so that it is the
+commonest discourse at the openest places, of the Lord Digby, Lord
+Percy, Sir John Culpepper, and Wilmot, that it is indifferent whether
+the Parliament or Prince Rupert doth prevail.  Which doth so highly
+jesuite (_sic_) Prince Rupert that he was resolved once to send the
+King his commission and get to France.  This fury interrupted the march
+ten days.  But at length, time and a friend, the best coolers of the
+blood, spent the humour of travel in him, though not that of
+revenge....  This quarrel hath a strong reserve, and I am fearful that
+a little ill-success will send my new master home into Holland.  I
+perceive the tide's strong against him, and that nothing will bring him
+to port but that wind which is called _contra gentes_."[51]  And, about
+the same time, Ormonde was informed by another correspondent, that
+"Prince Rupert professeth against Lord Digby, Percy, Wilmot and some
+others.  Some think that he will remove them from the King.  The fear
+of this may do harm; perhaps had done already."[52]  The ten days'
+delay was spent chiefly at Lathom House, and by June 22nd, Rupert had
+sufficiently recovered his temper to set out for York.  Some days
+previously Goring had {146} written that he was ready to join the
+Prince with 8,000 horse, and only awaited the appointment of a
+meeting-place.  The King, at the same time, demanded Goring's instant
+return to himself, but Rupert took no notice of the order, being
+convinced, and rightly as it happened, that Goring's services were more
+necessary to himself.  He joined Goring on the borders of Lancashire
+and Yorkshire.  On the 26th he halted at Skipton, to "fix his
+armes,"[53] and to send a message to York.  On the 29th he quartered at
+Denton, the house of the Puritan General, Lord Fairfax.  Two of the
+Fairfaxes had fallen years ago, in the fight for the Palatinate, and
+Rupert, having noticed their portraits, preserved the house uninjured
+for their sakes.  "Such force hath gratitude in noble minds,"[54]
+comments the Fairfax who tells the story.  Lord Fairfax and his son
+were both engaged at the siege of York, together with Lord Manchester,
+and the Scotch General, Leven; but there was no good intelligence
+between the Parliamentary commanders, and they dared not await the
+onslaught of the Prince.  "Their Goliah himself is advancing, with men
+not to be numbered,"[55] was the report among the Puritans; and when
+Rupert reached Knaresborough on June 30th, only twelve miles distant
+from York, the Generals of the Parliament raised the siege and marched
+off to Marston Moor.  They hoped to bar Rupert's passage to the city,
+but by skilful manoeuvring he crossed the Ouse, and halted outside
+York.  "Prince Rupert had done a glorious piece of work," wrote a
+soldier of the Parliament.  "From nothing he had gathered, without
+money, a powerful army, and, in spite of all our three generals, had
+made us leave York."[56]  So far all was well, and well for Rupert had
+he left things thus!  But, alas, he was about to make his first great
+mistake, and to take a decided step on his downward career.
+
+{147}
+
+The blame of the disastrous battle of Marston Moor has always been laid
+upon Rupert, but his friends were wont to ascribe it rather to Lord
+Digby, who, they believed, had inspired the King's "fatal" letter of
+June 14th; a letter which Rupert carried about him to his dying day,
+though he never produced it in refutation of any of the charges against
+him.  "Had not the Lord Digby, this year, given a fatal direction to
+that excellent Prince Rupert to fight the Scottish army, surely that
+great Prince and soldier had never so precipitately fought them,"[57]
+declared Sir Philip Warwick, who was himself present at the battle.
+The King began his letter with apologies for sending such "peremptory
+commands," but went on to explain: "If York be lost I shall esteem my
+crown little less....  But if York be relieved, _and you beat the
+rebels' army of both Kingdoms, which are before it, then, but otherwise
+not_, I may possibly make a shift, upon the defensive, to spin out time
+until you come to assist me."[58]  The order was plain, and though
+Rupert did sometimes ignore less congenial commands, he could scarcely
+disobey such an order as this, unless he had private information that
+his uncle's situation was less desperate than he had represented it.
+Culpepper, at least, never doubted what would be the Prince's action:
+"Before God you are undone!" he cried, when told that the letter was
+sent--"For upon this peremptory order he will fight, whatever comes
+on't!"[59]
+
+And Culpepper was right.  Rupert greeted Newcastle with the words, "My
+Lord, I hope we shall have a glorious day!"  And when Newcastle advised
+him to wait patiently, until the internal dissensions of the enemy
+broke up their camp, he retorted, "Nothing venture, nothing have!" and
+declared that he had "a positive and absolute command to fight the
+enemy."[60]  He showed plainly that he had no {148} intention of
+listening to the Marquess, at whose cost the whole northern army had
+been raised and maintained.  The older man was silenced, vexed at his
+subordination to the young Prince whom he had so eagerly called to his
+aid, and hurt and offended by Rupert's abrupt manners.  But, as
+Professor Gardiner has pointed out, Newcastle's achievements were not
+such as could inspire great respect in the soldier prince.[61]  He was
+but a dilettante in war as in the gentler arts, and his reasoning was
+not, on the face of it, very convincing.  His manoeuvres might fail;
+and Rupert, who had not yet met Cromwell's horse, had no reason to
+suppose that his charge would be less effective now than in time past.
+As for the Parliamentary forces, their only hope lay in battle, and
+they gladly perceived the Prince's intention to fight.
+
+Throughout the day the two armies faced one another; but Rupert dared
+not attack without Newcastle, and there was considerable delay in
+drawing out his forces.  Trevor reported that, "The Prince and the
+Marquess of Newcastle were playing the Orators to the soldiers in York,
+being in a raging mutiny for their pay, to draw them forth to join the
+Prince's foot; which was at last effected, but with much
+unwillingness."[62]  But it was the interest of Rupert's partisans to
+undervalue the assistance lent by the Marquess; and Trevor himself did
+not arrive on the scene till the battle was over.  By other accounts it
+does not seem that the Prince entered the city at all.  Though he had
+not yet met with Cromwell, he had heard of him, and he is said to have
+asked a prisoner, "Is Cromwell there?  And will they fight?"  The
+answer was in the affirmative, and Rupert despatched the prisoner back
+to his own army, with the message that they should have "fighting
+enough!"  To which Cromwell retorted: "If it please God, so shall
+he!"[63] {149} The evening was wild and stormy.  As it grew dusk,
+Rupert ordered prayers to be read to his men, a proceeding much
+resented by the Puritans, who regarded religion as their own particular
+monopoly.  Earlier in the war, they had complained that the Prince
+"pretended piety in his tongue";[64] and now they declared wrathfully:
+"Rupert, that bloody plunderer, would forsooth to seem religious!"[65]
+
+The Prince had drawn up his army for immediate attack.  In the centre
+was placed his foot, flanked on the right by Goring's horse; on the
+left wing, which was opposed to the Scots, Rupert placed his own
+cavalry.  Behind the Prince's army was disposed that of Newcastle, both
+horse and foot.  But by the time that the line of battle was ready,
+evening had come, and Rupert judged it too late to fight.  Here lay his
+fatal error, for he had drawn up his forces to the very edge of a wide
+ditch which stretched between himself and the foe; instant attack alone
+could retrieve the position.  Yet Rupert seems to have been unconscious
+of his mistake, for he showed his sketch of the plan of battle gaily to
+Lord Eythin (the General King, who had been with him at Vlotho), asking
+how he liked it.  "By God, Sir, it is very fine on paper, but there is
+no such thing in the field!" was Eythin's prompt reply.  Then Rupert
+saw what he had done, and meekly offered to draw back his men.  "No,
+Sir," retorted Eythin, "it is too late."[66]  Seeing that nothing could
+be done, the Prince sat down on the ground to take his supper, and
+Newcastle retired to his coach to smoke.  In another moment the enemy
+fired, and the battle had begun.  Rupert flew to the head of his horse,
+but Cromwell's horse charged over the ditch, and Rupert's one chance,
+that of assuming the offensive, was gone.  For a few moments he drove
+Cromwell back, but Leslie's Scots {150} came up, and Rupert's once
+invincible cavalry fled before "Ironside", as he himself named Cromwell
+on that day.  In the Royalist centre the Scots did deadly work.
+Newcastle's Whitecoats fell almost to a man, dying with their own blood
+the white tunics which they had vowed to dye in the blood of the enemy.
+On the right, Goring routed the Yorkshire troops of the Fairfaxes, who
+fled, reporting a Royalist victory; but that success could not redeem
+the day.  Rupert's army was scattered, Newcastle's brave troopers were
+cut to pieces, York fallen, the whole north lost, and--worst of
+all--Rupert's prestige destroyed.  Arthur Trevor, arriving at the end
+of the battle, found all in confusion, "not a man of them being able to
+give me the least hope where the Prince was to be found."[67]  Rupert
+had, in fact, finding himself all alone, leapt his horse over a high
+fence into a bean-field, and, sheltered by the growing beans, he made
+his way to York, "escaping narrowly, by the goodness of his horse."[68]
+Dead upon that fatal field he left his much loved dog.  In the hurry
+and excitement of the charge he had forgotten to tie it up with the
+baggage waggons, and it followed him into the battle.  "Among the dead
+men and horses which lay upon the ground, we found Prince Rupert's dog
+killed," says Vicars.[69]
+
+It was reported by the Puritans that Rupert declared himself unable to
+account for the disaster, except by the supposition that "the devil did
+help his servants;" a speech characterised as "most atheistical and
+heathenish."[70]  The Prince blamed Newcastle, and Newcastle blamed the
+Prince; but the manner in which each took his defeat is so
+characteristic as to deserve quotation.
+
+"Sayes Generall King, 'What will you do?'
+
+"Sayes ye Prince, 'I will rally my men.'
+
+{151}
+
+"Sayes Generall King, 'Nowe you, what will you, Lord Newcastle, do?'
+
+"Sayes Lord Newcastle, 'I will go into Holland.'
+
+"The Prince would have him endeavour to recruit his forces.  'No,'
+sayes he, 'I will not endure the laughter of the Court.'"[71]
+Newcastle's decision was the subject of much discussion at Court.  "I
+am sure the reckoning is much inflamed by my Lord Newcastle's
+going,"[72] declared O'Neil, who on this occasion sided with the
+Prince.  Rupert had done his best to detain both Eythin and the
+Marquess, but when he found his efforts vain, he let them depart,
+promising to report that Newcastle had behaved "like an honest man, a
+gentleman, and a loyal subject."[73]  Eythin he found it harder to
+forgive; and some months later that General wrote to represent the
+"multiteud of grieffs" he endured through the Prince's bad opinion of
+him.  "I would rather suffer anything in the world, than live
+innocently in Your Highness's malgrace,"[74] he declared.
+
+Rupert's own conduct was soldierly enough.  Bitterly though he felt the
+position, he was of stronger mould than the fantastic Marquess.
+Clarendon blames him severely for leaving York, but Clarendon was no
+soldier, and he did not understand that the attempt to hold the city,
+with no hope of relief, would have been sheer madness.  What Rupert
+could do, he did: gathering together the shattered remnants of his
+army, he marched away into Shropshire, "according to the method he had
+before laid for his retreat; taking with him all the northern horse
+which the Earl of Newcastle left to His Highness, and brought them into
+his quarters in Wales, and there endeavoured to recruit what he
+could."[75] On the second day of his retreat he halted at Richmond,
+{152} where he remained three days, "staying for the scattered troops."
+On July 7th he resumed his march, and passing by Lathom House, whence
+Lord Derby had departed, he came on the 25th to Chester.  On the Welsh
+Marches he wandered until the end of August, foraging, recruiting,
+skirmishing, while the Parliament exulted in his overthrow.  "As for
+Rupert which shed so much innocent blood at Bolton and at Liverpool, if
+you ask me where he is, we seriously protest that we know not where to
+find him."[76]
+
+Rupert did not need the jeers of his enemies to convince him of his
+failure.  He was beaten and he knew it!  His projects were crossed, his
+labours unavailing, and in his heart he knew that the cause was lost.
+The disaster had cut him to the heart, yet, in his pride, he would not
+speak a word of self-justification.  He had obeyed orders, the result
+was unfortunate, and no excuse or vindication would he offer.  Perhaps
+he thought he acted generously in not shifting the responsibility to
+the King, but Clarendon blames his reticence.  "Prince Rupert, only to
+his friends and after the murder of the King," he says, "produced a
+letter in the King's own hand ... which he understood to amount to no
+less than a peremptory order to fight, upon any disadvantage
+whatsoever; and he added that the disadvantage was so great that it was
+no wonder he lost the day."
+
+Deeply had the iron entered into Rupert's soul!  Other misfortunes were
+yet to come; he was to know a yet more fatal defeat, poverty, hardships
+such as he had never yet encountered, the misjudgment of friends, the
+loss of those dearest to him; but nothing could be to him as the shock
+of Marston Moor had been.  Nothing could affect him as that first great
+failure which dashed him from the height of triumph to the depths of
+despair.  He seems to have been, for a time, strangely unlike himself.
+The strain under which he had laboured suddenly relaxed, apathy
+succeeded {153} to over-wrought excitement, carelessness to vigilance,
+self-indulgence to rigid self-restraint, and the Royalists looked on in
+terrified dismay!  "Prince Rupert is so much given to his ease and
+pleasures that every man is disheartened that sees it,"[77] lamented
+Arthur Trevor.  Strangely do the words contrast with the "toujours
+soldat" of Sir Philip Warwick, and with the general praises of the
+Prince's "exemplary temperance," but Trevor would assuredly not have
+spoken undeserved evil of his master.  Despair had seized on Rupert's
+soul, and he sought to drown the bitterness of memory in sensual
+indulgences.
+
+The mood passed with the autumn, and, ere the winter had come, Rupert
+was a man again, ready as ever to do and dare.  But the scar remained;
+all his life long he carried the King's letter on his person, and all
+his life long Marston Moor was a bitter memory to him!
+
+
+
+[1] Rupert Correspondence.  18981 Add. MSS.  British Museum.  Trevor to
+Rupert, Feb. 16, 1644.
+
+[2] Rupert Correspondence.  Add. MSS.  Brit. Mus.  18981.  Trevor to
+Rupert, Mar. 30, 1644.
+
+[3] Ibid.  Byron to Rupert, April 1644.
+
+[4] Carte's Ormonde.  Trevor to Ormonde, Feb. 19, 1644.  Vol. VI.  pp.
+37-38.
+
+[5] Carte's Ormonde.  Trevor to Ormonde, Feb. 19, 1644.  VI.  p. 37.
+
+[6] Ibid.  VI.  87, Apr. 13, 1644.
+
+[7] Ibid.  VI.  41, Digby to Ormonde, Feb. 20, 1644.
+
+[8] Carte's Ormonde.  Digby to Ormonde.  Vol. VI.  p. 21, Jan. 20, 1644.
+
+[9] Carte's Ormonde, VI.  p. 60, Ormonde to Radcliffe, Mar. 11, 1644.
+
+[10] Rupert's Journal in England.  Clarendon State Papers, 2254.
+
+[11] Mercurius Britanicus, May-June, 1644; Webb, Hist. of Civil War in
+Herefordshire, II.  p. 54.
+
+[12] Carte Papers, Bodleian Library, 8, 217-222.  Rupert to Ormonde,
+April 1644.
+
+[13] Add. MSS.  Brit. Mus.  18981.  Trevor to Rupert, Feb. 16, 1644.
+
+[14] Ibid.  18981.  Jermyn to Rupert, Mar. 24, 1644.
+
+[15] Add. MSS.  18981.  Trevor to Rupert, Feb. 1644.
+
+[16] Rupert Transcripts.  Trevor to Rupert, Ap. 22, 1644.
+
+[17] Trevor to Rupert, Feb. 1644.  Add. MSS.  18981.
+
+[18] Warburton.  II.  p. 377.  Trevor to Rupert, Feb. 22, 1644.
+
+[19] Warburton.  II.  p. 377.  Trevor to Rupert, Feb. 22, 1644.
+
+[20] Ibid.  Trevor to Rupert, Feb. 24, 1644.  Warb.  II.  379.
+
+[21] Add.  MSS.  Trevor to Rupert, Mar. 11, 1644.
+
+[22] Warburton.  II.  p. 383.  Derby to Rupert, Mar. 7, 1644.
+
+[23] Warburton.  II.  p. 388.  Trevor to Rupert, Mar. 24, 1644.
+
+[24] Ibid.  p. 392.  Ashburnham to Rupert.
+
+[25] Baker's Chronicle, p. 571.
+
+[26] Warburton.  II.  393-4.  Dickison's Antiquities of Newark.
+
+[27] Webb.  I.  p. 385.
+
+[28] Hutchinson Memoirs, ed. Firth.  1885.  I.  p. 325: Rushworth. ed.
+1692.  pt. 3. II. 308.
+
+[29] Davenant's Poems.  Siege of Newark.
+
+[30] Warb.  II.  398.  King to Rupert, March 25, 1644.
+
+[31] Ibid.  p. 399.  Digby to Rupert, Mar. 26, 1644.
+
+[32] Rupert Transcripts.  Richmond to Rupert, Mar. 25, 1644.
+
+[33] Warburton.  II.  p. 400.  Newcastle to Rupert, Mar. 29, 1644.
+
+[34] Rupert Transcripts.  Jermyn to Rupert, Mar. 26, 1644.
+
+[35] Warburton.  II.  p. 405.  Jermyn to Rupert, Ap. 13, 1644.
+
+[36] Ibid.  p. 407.  Rupert to Legge.  No date.
+
+[37] Ibid.
+
+[38] Rupert Transcripts.  Richmond to Rupert, Ap. 21, 1644.
+
+[39] Ibid, and Warburton.  II.  403, _note_.  King to Rupert, 1st and
+21st Ap. 1644.
+
+[40] Carte's Ormonde.  VI.  p. 87.  Trevor to Ormonde, Ap. 13, 1644.
+
+[41] Warburton.  II.  408.  Rupert to Legge, Ap. 23, 1644.
+
+[42] Clarendon Life.  I.  229.
+
+[43] Add. MSS.  18981.  Ellyot to Rupert, May 7, 1644.
+
+[44] Ibid.  18981.  May 22, 1644.
+
+[45] Rupert Correspondence.  Add. MSS.  18981.  Richmond to Rupert, May
+26, 1644.
+
+[46] Rupert Transcripts.  King to Rupert, May 26, 1644.
+
+[47] Ibid.  June 7, 1644; Warburton.  II.  p. 415.
+
+[48] Richmond to Rupert, June 9, 1644; Warb.  II.  p. 415.
+
+[49] Warburton.  II.  p. 432.
+
+[50] Rupert Transcripts.  Richmond to Rupert, June 14, 1644.
+
+[51] Carte's Ormonde.  VI.  p. 151.  Trevor to Ormonde, 29 June 1644.
+
+[52] Ibid.  VI.  p. 167.  Radcliffe to Ormonde, 18 July, 1644.
+
+[53] Clar. State Papers.  Rupert's Journal, Fol. 135.
+
+[54] Fairfax Correspondence, ed.  Johnson.  1848.  I.  p. 1.
+
+[55] Pamphlet.  Brit. Mus.  Warburton.  II.  p. 442.
+
+[56] Webb.  II.  p. 59.
+
+[57] Warwick's Memoirs, p. 274.
+
+[58] Rupert Correspondence.  King to Rupert, June 14, 1644; Warburton.
+II.  p. 438.
+
+[59] Warburton.  II.  p. 438.
+
+[60] Clarendon State Papers.  1805.  Life of Newcastle, ed. Firth, p.
+77, _note_.
+
+[61] Gardiner's Civil War.  Vol. I.  p. 374.
+
+[62] Carte, Original Letters.  I.  57, 10 July, 1644.
+
+[63] Gardiner, Vol. I.  p. 376.
+
+[64] Pamphlet.  Brit. Mus.  Prince Rupert's Message to My Lord of Essex.
+
+[65] Vicars' Jehovah Jireh.  God's Ark.  p. 281.
+
+[66] Gardiner.  I.  p. 377.
+
+[67] Carte's Letters, I.  p. 56.
+
+[68] Whitelocke, p. 94.
+
+[69] Vicars' God's Ark.  p. 277,
+
+[70] Ibid.  p. 274.
+
+[71] Warburton, II.  p. 468.
+
+[72] Carte's Letters, I.  59.  O'Neil to Trevor, 26 June, 1644.
+
+[73] Life of Newcastle, ed. Firth, 1886.  p. 81.
+
+[74] Pythouse Papers, p. 21.  General King to Rupert, Jan. 23, 1645.
+
+[75] Rupert's Diary.  Warburton, II.  468
+
+[76] Webb, II.  71.
+
+[77] Carte's Ormonde, VI.  206.  Trevor to Ormonde, 13 Oct. 1644.
+
+
+
+
+
+{154}
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+INTRIGUES IN THE ARMY.  DEPRESSION OF RUPERT.  TREATY OF UXBRIDGE.
+RUPERT IN THE MARCHES.  STRUGGLE WITH DIGBY.  BATTLE OF NASEBY
+
+Terrible though the disaster in the North had been, the blow was
+softened to the King by successes in the West.  During August, in
+company with Maurice, he pursued Essex into Cornwall and forced his
+whole army of foot to surrender without a struggle.  But for the
+supineness of Goring, who had just succeeded Wilmot as General of the
+Horse, the Parliamentary cavalry might have been captured in like
+manner.  But when Balfour led his troops through the Royalist lines,
+Goring happened to be carousing in congenial company; he received the
+news of the escape with laughter, and refused to stir until the enemy
+were safely passed away.[1]  Goring's new prominence and importance was
+one among the many unfortunate results of Marston Moor.  That battle
+had ruined Rupert's reputation, and it had proportionately raised that
+of Goring, who alone among the Royalist commanders had had success that
+day.  To Goring, therefore, the King turned, and Goring's licence,
+negligence, indifference--or perhaps treachery--eventually lost the
+West completely to the Royalists.  Had Rupert been placed in Goring's
+position he must have certainly effected more than did his rival.
+
+For some time the King had been anxious to remove Wilmot from his
+command.  As early as May he had suggested to Rupert, as "a fancy of my
+own,"[2] that Maurice {155} should be declared General of the Horse in
+Wilmot's stead.  But Rupert did not encourage the idea; he knew
+probably that his brother was unfit for so much responsibility.  Wilmot
+therefore remained in command until August 9th.  He was, as has been
+said, a good officer, but he talked so wildly in his cups that his
+loyalty was suspected; and when he was detected in private
+correspondence with Essex, the King decided to arrest him, and to
+promote Goring to his post.  The arrest took place in sight of the
+whole army; but though Wilmot was exceedingly popular with his
+officers, they confined their protest to a little murmuring and a
+"modest petition" to be told the charges against their commander.  The
+King responded by a promise that Wilmot should have a fair trial, and
+his partisans were apparently pacified, though Goring declared to
+Rupert: "This is the most mutinous army that ever I saw, as well horse
+as foot!"[3] Digby's account of the affair, also addressed to the
+Prince, was as follows: "We have lately ventured on extreme remedies
+unto the dangers that threaten us amongst ourselves.  Lord Wilmot, upon
+Wednesday that was a s'ennight, was arrested prisoner on the head of
+his army, and Goring declared General of the Horse.... There have been
+since consultations and murmurings among his party, but the issue of
+them was only this enclosed modest petition, which produced the answer
+and declaration of the causes of his commitment; and so the business
+rests.  My Lord Percy also withdrawing himself upon good advice, and my
+Lord Hopton being possessed of his charge, I make no doubt that all the
+ill-humours in our army will be allayed, now that the two poles on
+which they moved are taken away."[4]
+
+But, though neither Wilmot nor Percy were estimable characters, Goring
+was no better, and the result of these drastic measures was only to
+render the state of Court and {156} Army more confused and more
+factious than ever.  Digby's partisans tried to lay the onus of
+Wilmot's fall on Rupert, and Rupert's friends endeavoured to refer it
+to Digby.  Judging from Digby's own letter above quoted, Rupert, who
+was absent from the King's army during the whole of the proceedings,
+does not seem to have had much share in them.  Certainly the Secretary
+gives no hint of his collusion.  "Lord Digby is the great agent to
+incense the King," asserted Arthur Trevor.  "My Lord Wilmot undertakes
+to turn the tables on him, and so the wager is laid head to head.
+Daniel O'Neil goeth his share in that hazard, for certainly the Lord
+Digby hath undone his credit with the King...  And truly I look upon
+Daniel O'Neil as saved only out of want of leisure to dispose of him.
+Prince Rupert and Will Legge are his severe enemies; and so is
+Ashburnham."[5] Critical indeed was the position of the unlucky Daniel,
+who had been so lately the "dear and intimate friend" of Digby.  Owing,
+as he explained to Ormonde, to "the unfortunate falling out of my two
+best friends," he had fallen between two stools.  Wilmot he considered
+most to blame, for he had endeavoured to render Digby "odious to the
+army and to all honest people."[6]  The army had been on the very point
+of petitioning against the Secretary when he forestalled the move by
+the unexpected arrest of his adversary.  "How guilty he will be, I know
+not," was the conclusion of O'Neil.  "But sure I am that the accusing
+of him was not seasonable, and his commitment less... and two friends I
+have lost!"[7]  Wilmot himself seems to have directed his animus
+principally against Rupert.  He was unwilling to stand his trial, and
+was therefore permitted to join the Queen, then in France.  There he
+found the Marquess of Newcastle, whom he hoped to secure as an ally
+against the Prince.  "I understand from one coming from Wilmot," wrote
+{157} Trevor, "that he and the Marquess of Newcastle are preparing a
+charge against Prince Rupert, and will be at the next advice of
+Parliament at Oxford, where their party will be great,--the Marquess of
+Hertford, Lord Herbert--you may guess the rest.  Prince Rupert and
+Daniel O'Neil are inconsistent in this state."[8]
+
+The proposed accusation of Rupert was never made, and was probably a
+figment of Wilmot's brain.  Neither Hertford nor Herbert (with whom
+Rupert had clashed as President of Wales) had any love for the Prince,
+but they were both too loyal to increase the King's difficulties by
+factious action.  And indeed in the spring of 1645, we find Hertford,
+Rupert, and Ashburnham in close alliance against Digby and Cottington;
+the three first desiring a treaty with the Parliament, and the other
+two opposing it.  O'Neil was easily convinced that Wilmot owed his fall
+to Rupert, and in October 1644 he wrote to Ormonde: "Prince Rupert,
+whoe is nowe knowen to bee the primum mobile of that mischeef, iss
+strangely unsatisfied with Wilmot's resolutione.  For he thought to
+make use of this occatione to ruine Lord Digby; but, his project
+fayling, he plays the Courtier and iss reconsyled, whiche iss a great
+hapines to the King."[9]
+
+The truth was that, were the charges against them true or false, Wilmot
+and Percy did really owe their downfall to the hatred of Rupert and
+Digby.  The Secretary had been the actual agent in the matter, but
+Rupert approved and supported his action.  The two were willing enough
+to unite against their enemies, and they would have been equally
+willing to ruin each other.  But for a time Rupert endeavoured, for his
+uncle's sake, to curb his hatred of the Secretary.  In August the King
+had exhorted his nephew earnestly to make friends with Digby; "whom I
+must desire you (for my service, and because he is a useful servant) to
+countenance so far as to show him a possibility to recover {158} your
+favour, if he shall deserve it...  Not doubting but, for my sake, ye
+will make this, or a greater, experiment...  I must protest to you, on
+the faith of a Christian--the reason of this protest I refer to Robin
+Legge--that as concerning your generosity and particular fidelity and
+friendship to me, I have an implicit faith in you."[10]  This
+passionate protest was caused by the libels circulated against the
+Prince, some of which had reached the King's ears.  For a while Rupert
+was pacified, and he made overtures of tolerance to Digby, who
+responded fluently that his previous unhappiness as the object of
+Rupert's aversion, would now serve only to increase his joy and
+satisfaction in the Prince's confidence and friendship.[11]  "Rupert
+and Digby are friends; but I doubt they trust one another alike!"[12]
+was the Prince's own view of the matter, as expressed to Will Legge.
+
+Digby had also formed a close friendship with Goring, "each believing
+that he could deceive the other."  It was to Digby that Goring chiefly
+owed his promotion, though it had been accorded the approval of Rupert,
+who was inclined, just then, to tolerate Goring.  Nor was George Goring
+backward in receiving overtures of peace.  "My Prince," he wrote to
+Rupert familiarly, and he signed himself, "your Highness's all-vowed,
+all-humble, all-obedient Goring." Moreover, having made up his mind
+never to serve under Rupert again, he took care to add, "there is
+nothing on this earth I more passionately desire than to sacrifice my
+life in your service, and near your person."[13]  But the truce could
+not last.  Rupert, as Commander-in-Chief and Governor of Bristol, had a
+double power in the West, and Goring was determined to escape from his
+control.  In January 1645, we find him writing with unwonted candour:
+"Your Highness is pleased to think yourself disobliged by me for {159}
+desiring my orders under the King's hand.  As I remember, Sir, the
+reason I gave His Majesty for it was the having more authority by that
+to guide the Council of this army to obedience; _but one reason I kept
+to myself_, which was that I found all my requests denied by your hand,
+and therefore desired my orders from another."[14]
+
+The Prince of Wales had by this time been sent to Bristol as nominal
+General of the Western army, with a selection of the King's Councillors
+to assist him.  The conflicting Borders of Rupert, Prince Charles's
+Council, and the King, gave Goring an excellent excuse for disobeying
+all.  In March, Rupert indignantly desired Legge to ask the King
+whether he had authorised that Council to send orders to Goring, and
+added cautiously, "Let Sir Edward Herbert be by, he can argue better
+than you."[15]  A few days later he visited his young cousin at
+Bristol, and advised him to send Goring with his horse into Wiltshire,
+or with his foot to besiege Taunton.  Prince Charles sent orders as
+directed, but Goring, knowing them to emanate from Rupert, retired to
+Bath, and refused to do anything at all.  Rupert now thoroughly
+"abhorred" the notion of Goring's proximity to the Prince of Wales, and
+had him recalled to Oxford.  But there his friendship with Digby, and
+his own natural powers, won him so much influence with the King, that
+Rupert was soon as eager to send him back into the West as Goring was
+to escape from the Prince's vicinity.  Thus their "very contrary
+affections towards each other,"[16] worked to one end.  There was a
+second truce.  Rupert told Goring, no doubt with some pleasure, all the
+evil that the Council of the West had said concerning him; and Goring
+returned the compliment, with notes and additions.  Goring was given
+the command of all the West, whither he gladly departed.  "Goring and
+Prince Rupert are now friends," wrote {160} Trevor, "but I doubt the
+building being made of green wood, which is apt to warp and yield!"[17]
+As proved ere long to be the case.
+
+We return now to the autumn of 1644.  Rupert's wanderings had brought
+him, by the end of August, to Bristol, whither he was pursued by
+doleful reports from his officers left in the Marches.
+
+"My most dear Prince," wrote Legge from Chester, "in truth Your
+Highness's departure sent me back here a sad man, and the news I met
+with gave me new cause of trouble....  I despair of any good in
+Lancashire."[18]  And in Cheshire itself, Byron and Langdale had just
+suffered a defeat from Massey.  "Upon the spot where Your Highness
+killed the buck, as the horse were drawing out,"[19] explained Byron
+with careful exactness.  These new misfortunes increased Rupert's
+melancholy, which was already deep enough.  Something of his state of
+mind may be gathered from a sympathetic and consolatory letter written
+to him at this time by Richmond.
+
+"Though I was very much pleased for myself with the honour and favour I
+had by yours from Bristol, yet I must confess, it takes not all
+unquietness from me.  The melancholy you express must be a discontent,
+for my mind which has so much respect must partake of the trouble of
+yours.  And I should be more restless if I did believe your present sad
+opinion would be long continued, or that there were just cause for it.
+All mistakes, I am confident, will wane, when the King can speak with
+power!  I shall not prejudice that _éclairissement_ by being tedious
+beforehand.  Yet I will say that, though an intention (to that purpose)
+was not the cause of your coming sooner to the King, you could not have
+resolved better by the King's good at this time.  So in your own
+understanding {161} you must consent that even from those actions which
+are the most retired from an appearance (of it) blessings spring.  How
+great this will be when Rupert makes it his care, as formerly our hope,
+measure by joy (_sic_).  This I conclude doth certainly engage Rupert
+to know how great good he may bring the King, which must also assure
+Rupert of the love, value, and trust the King must have of him.  This
+mutual satisfaction will prove happy to themselves, and to all who
+respect either, as I do both!"[20]  The Duke's friendly attempt to
+console the Prince for past misfortunes, restore his self-confidence,
+and reassure him of the King's trust and affection seems to have
+succeeded.  Rupert roused himself, and set out, September 29th, to meet
+the King at Sherborne in Dorset.  Charles was just then returning from
+his successful expedition to Cornwall, and Waller had been despatched
+by the Parliament to intercept him.  Rupert extracted from his uncle a
+promise not to fight until he could rejoin him, and hastened back to
+fortify Bristol.  But the perilous condition of two Royalist garrisons,
+those of Basing House, and Donnington Castle, made delay impossible.
+The King sent peremptory orders to Rupert to join him at Salisbury with
+all the force he could muster.  But, before Rupert could obey, Goring,
+"possessed by a great gaiety,"[21] had drawn Charles into the second
+unfortunate battle of Newbury.  Rupert, making all possible haste,
+reached Marshfield near Bristol, the day after the battle, October
+28th.  There he learnt that the King had been defeated at Newbury, and
+was now at Bath.  Maurice, it was feared, was dead or a prisoner.  Upon
+this, Rupert asserted, oddly as it seems, that his brother was quite
+safe; and so it proved, for he was discovered at Donnington Castle.[22]
+Both Princes joined the King at Bath, and thence, by Rupert's advice,
+marched to Oxford.  At Newbury they {162} again encountered Waller and
+Cromwell, but refused battle, and Rupert succeeded in drawing off his
+forces without losing one man.  The dexterous retreat was compared by
+one of the young nobles to a country dance.[23]  On November 21st
+Rupert made a vain attempt to recover Abingdon, which was now possessed
+for the Parliament; and on the 23rd he entered Oxford with the King.
+
+During the march, the Prince had finally received that appointment of
+Master of the Horse concerning which he had entertained so many doubts.
+At the same time he was declared Commander-in-Chief in place of the old
+Lord Brentford, who had become very deaf, and who "by the
+long-continued practice of immoderate drinking, dozed in his
+understanding."[24]  The change was exceedingly popular with the
+soldiers, but exceedingly distasteful to the courtiers and councillors.
+Brentford had always been willing to permit discussion, only feigning
+unusual deafness when he was strongly averse to the proposals made.
+But Rupert showed himself "rough and passionate,"[25] cut short debate
+whenever possible, and endeavoured to carry all with a high hand.  In
+addition to the promotion already conferred on him, he had expected the
+colonelcy of the Life-Guards, and when this was bestowed on Lord
+Bernard Stewart, the Prince felt himself so unreasonably injured "that
+he was resolved to lay down his command upon it."[26]  He did in fact
+go the length of demanding a pass to quit the kingdom, but happily the
+persuasions of his friends brought him to a wiser state of mind, and he
+apologised for his folly.  Another fruitless attempt on Abingdon closed
+the military proceedings of the year.
+
+The chief events of the winter months were the Treaty {163} of
+Uxbridge, and the forming of the Parliament's new model army.  The
+negotiation of January 1645 was due to Scottish influence, and though
+many of the Royalists were eager to come to terms, the religious
+question proved, as always, an insuperable obstacle.  Moreover, it was
+quite impossible for Charles to accept the long list of excepted
+persons "who shall expect no pardon," which was headed by the names of
+his own nephews.  The Princes themselves appear to have been infinitely
+amused by the circumstance, for it is recorded by Whitelocke, himself
+one of the Parliamentary Commissioners: "Prince Rupert and Prince
+Maurice being present, when their names were read out as excepted
+persons, they fell into a laughter, at which the King seemed
+displeased, and bid them be quiet."[27]
+
+In spite of this incident, Rupert forwarded the treaty by all means in
+his power.  He had been one of the first to meet the Commissioners on
+their arrival.  They had gone, on the same day, to visit Lord Lindsey,
+and ten minutes after their entrance Rupert had put in an appearance,
+privately summoned by their host, as the Commissioners suspected.  He
+had been present at all the discussions of the treaty, occasionally
+speaking to remind the King of some forgotten point, but otherwise
+keeping silence;[28] and when the treaty ultimately collapsed, the
+Prince "deeply deplored" its failure.  He understood only too well the
+weakness of the King's resources, and the growing strength of the
+Parliament.  The new model army, from which all incompetent officers
+were excluded, and which was to resemble in strength and discipline,
+Cromwell's own "lovely Company" was rapidly being developed.  And as
+the power of the Parliament waxed, that of the King waned.  Goring,
+brilliant, careless, valiant, and self-indulgent was losing the West by
+his negligence, and alienating it by his oppressions.  Nor were matters
+much better elsewhere.  Maurice had {164} succeeded his brother in the
+care of Wales and the Marches, though without his title of President.
+His advent had been eagerly welcomed by the despondent Byron, but he
+was incompetent to deal with the difficulties that beset him.  From
+Worcester, where he was established, he sent helpless appeals to Rupert
+for advice and assistance.  In January he demanded an enlargement of
+his commission.  "I desire no further latitude than the same from you
+that you had from the King,"[29] he told his brother discontentedly.
+He had promised a commission to the gentlemen of Staffordshire, which
+he had not the power to grant them, "though I would not let them know
+as much," he confessed, with youthful vanity.[30]  Very shortly a
+serious misfortune befell him in the betrayal of Shrewsbury to the
+Parliament.--"A disaffected town with only a garrison of burghers, and
+a doting old fool of a Governor,"[31] it had been called by Byron,
+whose language was usually forcible.--And Maurice's difficulties were
+further increased by the wholesale desertion of his men.
+
+The exhaustion of the country was making it harder than ever to find
+food and quarters for the soldiers.  In Dorsetshire the peasants were
+already rising, under the name of "Clubmen," to oppose the
+encroachments of both armies.  And the Royalist officers disputed among
+themselves over the supplies wrung from the impoverished country.  From
+Camden, Colonel Howard simply returned Rupert's order to share his
+district with another regiment, "resolving to keep nothing by me that
+shall hang me," he explained; and he went on to assert that even his
+rival colonel "blushed to see the unreasonableness" of the Prince's
+order.  "What horrid crime have I committed, or what brand of cowardice
+lies upon me and my men that we are not thought worthy of a
+subsistence?  Shall the Queen's seventy horse have {165} Westmester
+hundred, Tewkesbury hundred, and God knows what other hundreds, and yet
+share half with me in Rifsgate, who has, at this very present, a
+hundred horse and five hundred foot, besides a multiplicity of
+officers?  Sir, at my first coming hither, the gentry of these parts
+looked upon me as a man considerable, and had already raised me sixty
+horse towards a hundred, and a hundred foot, and were continuing to
+raise me a greater number.  But at the sight of this order of your
+Highness I resolved to disband them, and to come to Oxford where I'll
+starve in more security.  But finding my Lieutenant-Colonel forced to
+come to your Highness and to tell his sad condition, I find him so well
+prepared with sadness of his own, that I cannot but think he will
+deliver my grievances rarely.  As I shall find myself encouraged by
+your Highness, I will go on and raise more forces.  Ever submitting all
+my proceedings to your Highness's orders--_bar starving, since I am
+resolved to live._"[32]
+
+Not more cheering was the report of Sir Jacob Astley, then at
+Cirencester.  "After manie Scolisietationes by letters and mesendgeres,
+sent for better payment of this garrison, and to be provided with men,
+arms and ammonition for ye good orderinge and defence of this place, I
+have received no comfort at all.  So y^t in littel time our
+extreameties must thruste the souldieres eyther to disband, or mutiny,
+or plunder, and then y^e faulte will be laid to my charge.  Gode sende
+y^e Kinge mor monne, and me free from blame and imputation."[33]
+Rupert had little comfort to give, and no money at all, but he answered
+the old soldier with the respect and consideration which he always
+showed him.  In earlier days old Astley had been Governor to Rupert and
+Maurice, and to him they probably owed much that was good in them.
+Rupert, in consequence, never treated Astley in the peremptory fashion
+that he used with others.  "For {166} such precise orders as you seem
+to desire, I must deal freely with you, you are not to expect them," he
+wrote to his old Governor; "we being not such fit judges as you upon
+the place...  I should be very loath, by misjudging here, to direct
+that which you should find inconvenient there."[34]
+
+Such phrases contrast strongly with the Prince's usual high-handed
+procedure, of which we find the King himself complaining at this very
+time.  "Indeed it surprised me a little this morning," he wrote to his
+nephew, "when Adjutant Skrimshaw told me that you had given him a
+commission to be Governor of Lichfield without ever advising with me,
+or even giving me notice of it;--for he told me as news, and not by
+your command.  I know this proceeds merely out of a hasty forgetfulness
+and want of a little thinking, for if you had called to mind the late
+dispute between the Lord Loughborough and Bagot, that is dead, you
+would have advised more than you have done, both of the person, and the
+manner of doing it; and then, it may be, you would have thought George
+Lisle fitter for it than him you have chosen.  Upon my word I have
+taken notice of this to none but this bearer, with whom I have spoken
+reasonable freely, by which you may perceive that this is freedom and
+nothing else, that makes me write thus, expecting the same from you to
+your loving Oncle."[35]  Whether Rupert did or did not resent the
+reproof does not appear, but the King proved right, and Skrimshaw
+quarrelled with Loughborough no less than Bagot had done.
+
+Perilous as was the condition of the Royalists on all sides, the
+condition of Wales seemed the most desperate, and thither Rupert
+hastened in the March of 1645.  He took his way first to Ludlow, where
+he hoped to raise new forces, and a few days later he joined Maurice at
+Ellesmere.  Thence he wrote despondently to Legge, dwelling on the
+great numbers of the enemy, and exhorting him to see that {167} the
+Oxford army held Monmouthshire in check.  "I am going about a nobler
+business," he added, "therefore pray God for me; and remember me to all
+my friends."[36]  But by the 14th he had got an army together, and his
+spirits were marvellously revived.  "We are few, but shrewd fellows as
+ever you saw.  Nothing troubles us but that Prince Charles is in worse
+(condition), and pray God he were here.  I expect nothing but ill from
+the West; let them hear that Rupert says so."  (This was for Goring's
+benefit.)  "As for Charles Lucas' business, assure the King that
+nothing was meant but that it should be conceded by Lord Hopton; but
+his lieutenant, Slingsby, is a rogue.  I have enough against him to
+prove him so, when time shall be.  This enclosed will show you a fine
+business concerning my cousin the Bishop of York.  Pray acquaint His
+Majesty with it, it concerns him.  Martin's man carried a letter to you
+from Stowe, which you did receive, and one for Sir Edward Herbert.
+Pray remember me to him, and to all my friends, and inquire about the
+letter; you'll find knavery in it.  Prince Charles wrote to me about
+Mark Trevor; I denied it (_i.e._ refused) as well as I could: he goes
+to him.  Cheshire will not prosper.  (Maurice was there.)  Your company
+is here, so is your friend Rupert."[37]
+
+The allusion to the Archbishop of York shows that Rupert had already
+detected the intrigues of that warlike and treacherous prelate.  He had
+fortified and defended his castle of Conway, but quarrelled incessantly
+with all the Royalist officers in the district, and eventually he
+admitted the enemy to his castle.  At the date of the above letter he
+was following the example of Digby, and trying to sow dissension
+between Ormonde and Rupert.  Cheshire and Wales, he declared, lay "all
+neglected and in confusion", owing to the private quarrels of Rupert's
+"favourite", Legge, and the Byrons, whom he represented as {168}
+"thrown out of their governments, abandoned by the King, and left to
+die in prison."[38]  The Byrons themselves do not appear to have made
+any such complaints; and a sentence in one of Lord Byron's letters to
+the Prince seems to deprecate the reports spread by the Archbishop.  "I
+heard," he says, "that Your Highness was informed that, in your
+absence, I showed most disrespect to those you most honour.  This is
+very far from the truth, as it ever shall be from the practice of your
+most humble and most obliged servant, Byron."[39]
+
+And in spite of the Archbishop's hostility Rupert's efforts in the
+Marches were attended by success.  On the 19th of April, having been
+rejoined by Maurice, he forced Brereton to raise his siege of Beeston
+Castle, which had endured for seventeen weeks.  A few days later he was
+engaged in suppressing a revolt in Herefordshire, where the peasants
+were rising like the clubmen of Dorset.  Most of them fled before the
+Prince, but two hundred stood their ground, of these Rupert took the
+leaders, and persuaded the rest to lay down their arms; he was anxious,
+if possible, to conciliate the people rather than to suppress them by
+force.[40] No sooner was this task accomplished than Astley arrived
+with the news that a Parliamentary force, under Massey, was at Ledbury.
+Without an instant's delay Rupert set out, marched all night, and
+attacked and routed Massey in the morning, April 22nd.  From Ledbury he
+went to Hereford, where he remained some days before returning to
+Oxford.
+
+It was at this time that Rupert performed the stern act of retaliation,
+which so roused the wrath of the Parliament.  The King's importation of
+Irish soldiers had been regarded by the Puritans as a gross aggravation
+of all his other {169} crimes.  They chose to regard all the Irish as
+responsible for the massacre of the Protestants which had occurred in
+Ireland in 1641, and in accordance with this view they gave them no
+quarter.  In March 1645 Essex happened to take thirteen Irish troopers,
+whom he hanged without mercy; and Rupert immediately retaliated by the
+execution of thirteen Roundhead prisoners.  Essex thereupon wrote an
+indignant letter, reproaching the Prince for his barbarous and inhuman
+conduct, to which Rupert responded in a letter "full of haughtiness",
+that since Essex had "barbarously murdered" his men, "in cold blood,
+after quarter given", he would have been unworthy of his command had he
+not let the Puritans know that their own soldiers "must pay the price
+of such acts of inhumanity."[41]  The Parliament then took upon itself
+to remonstrate at great length, but received only a concise and decided
+reply from the Prince's secretary:
+
+"I am, by command, to return you this answer.  You gave the first
+example in hanging such prisoners as were taken, and thereupon the same
+number of yours suffered in like manner.  If you continue this course
+you cannot, in reason, but expect the like return.  But, if your
+intention be to give quarter, and to exchange prisoners upon equal
+terms, it will not be denied here."[42]  The Prince's resolute attitude
+had the desired effect, and the Puritans were forced to recognise
+Irishmen as human beings.
+
+In contrast with this incident, we find a frantic appeal to the Prince
+for mercy, dated April 28.  A young Royalist officer--Windebank--had
+most unjustifiably surrendered Blechingdon House, of which he was
+Governor, and by a court-martial held at Oxford he was doomed to die.
+Poor Windebank was no coward, but he had acted in a moment of panic,
+engendered by the terror of his young wife, and it was on his behalf
+that Sir Henry Bard now pleaded with {170} Rupert.  "The letter
+enclosed was sent to me from Oxford, to be conveyed with all speed
+possible.  Pray God it comes time enough!  It concerns a most
+unfortunate man, Colonel Windebank.  Sir, pity him and reprieve him!
+It was God's judgment on him, and no cowardice of his own.  At the
+battle of Alresford he gave a large testimony of his courage, and if
+with modesty I may bring in the witness, I saw it, and there began our
+acquaintance.  Oh, happy man had he ended then!  Sir, let him but live
+to repair his honour, of which I know he is more sensible than are the
+damned of the pains of hell."[43]  Rupert had saved Fielding, and he
+would in all probability have saved Windebank had it been possible.
+But, alas, Bard's letter was intercepted by the Parliament and never
+reached its destination!  And Windebank died on May 3rd, the day before
+Rupert reached Oxford.
+
+The King was about to begin his last campaign, and he therefore
+summoned both his nephews to his side.  The two Princes reached Oxford
+on May 4th, after an extraordinarily rapid march, and three days later,
+the King set out for Woodstock, leaving Will Legge behind him as
+Governor of Oxford.  Danger was on every side.  The Scots dominated the
+North; the West was falling rapidly away, and Cromwell's new army
+threatened that of the King.  At starting, Charles had but 1,100 men,
+but before a month was past, Rupert had doubled their number.  Digby
+and the Court party would fain have joined with Goring in the west, but
+Rupert, "spurred on by the northern horse, who violently pursued their
+desires of being at home,"[44] was eager for the North.  For the moment
+his star was in the ascendant, and, to Digby's disgust, the King
+yielded.  "All is governed by Prince Rupert who grows a great
+Courtier," reported Arthur Trevor.  "But whether his power be not
+supported by the present occasion is a question to {171} ask a
+conjuror.  Certainly the Lord Digby loves him not."[45] At Evesham,
+which was reached on the 9th, Rupert gave new offence to the Court by
+making Robin Legge, Will's brother, Governor of that town, in defiance
+of the wishes of the Council.  Moving slowly northwards through the
+Midlands, he took Hawkesly House near Bromsgrove; on the following day
+he was at Wolverhampton.  On the 27th both he and the King were the
+guests of the Hastings, at Ashby de la Zouch, and on the 29th Rupert
+"laye in the workes before Leycester."[46]  By his skill and energy,
+this town was taken in two days, and the triumph not only revived the
+drooping spirits of the Cavaliers, but won them material advantages in
+the way of arms and ammunition.  It was believed that Derby would have
+surrendered on a summons, but Rupert would not take the chance.  Should
+it refuse his summons, he maintained, "out of punctilio of honour" he
+would be forced to lay siege to it, which he had not means to do.[47]
+Willingly would he have pressed on northwards, but Fairfax was
+threatening Oxford, and the civilians, always anxious to keep the army
+in the south, clamoured loudly of the danger of the Duke of York, the
+Council, the Stores, and all the fair ladies of the Court.  The said
+ladies also "earnestly by letter, solicited Prince Rupert to their
+rescue."[48]  Reluctantly he faced southwards.  But the danger of
+Oxford was less imminent than had been represented; Fairfax retired
+from before it.  Then the contest of Rupert against Digby, the soldier
+against the civilian was renewed.  "There was a plot to send the King
+to Oxford, but it is undone," the Prince wrote to his "dear Will."
+"The chief of the counsel was the fear that some men had that the
+soldiers would take from them the influence they now possess with the
+King."[49]
+
+{172}
+
+It was in accordance with the perversity of Charles's fate that just
+when the Parliamentary army had thrown off civilian shackles, he was
+ceasing to be ruled by the military counsels of his nephew.  Rupert
+again urged a march to the North.  Digby and the Councillors of Oxford,
+ever eager to keep the army in the South, recommended an attack on the
+Eastern counties.  The King remained at Daventry hesitating between the
+two counsels, and in the meantime Fairfax and Cromwell were advancing
+towards him.  Rupert's unaccountable contempt for the New Model Army
+prevented him from taking the proper precautions, and he remained
+absolutely ignorant of Fairfax's movements, until he was quartered
+eight miles from Daventry.  Then the King decided to move towards
+Warwick, and that night he slept at Lubenham, Rupert at Harborough.  On
+the same evening Ireton surprised and captured a party of Rupert's men,
+as they were playing at quoits in Naseby.  A few who escaped, fled to
+warn the King, and the King hastened to Rupert.  With unwonted
+prudence, Rupert advised retreat; reinforcements might be found at
+Leicester and Newark, and there was yet a hope that Goring might march
+to their aid.  He did not know, as Fairfax knew through an intercepted
+despatch, that Goring was unable to leave the West.  But Digby and
+Ashburnham were for fighting, and once again the civilian triumphed.
+On June 14th took place the fatal battle of Naseby.
+
+Very early the royal army was drawn up upon a long hill which runs two
+miles south of Harborough.  Here Astley intended the battle to be
+fought, resolving to keep on the defensive.  But the enemy did not
+appear, and Rupert, growing impatient, sent out his scout master to
+look for them, about eight o'clock in the morning.  The man returned,
+after a perfunctory search, saying that Fairfax was not to be seen.
+Then Rupert, unable to bear inaction any longer, rode out to look for
+him in person, with a small party of horse.  At Naseby he found the
+whole army of the Parliament.  {173} It was just then engaged in
+shifting its position, and Rupert jumped to the conclusion that it was
+in full retreat.  Lured on by this idea, he established himself on a
+piece of rising ground to the right, and summoned the rest of the army
+from its well-chosen position to join him there.  This was perhaps the
+chief cause of the defeat that followed.  Rupert and Maurice charged
+together on the right, and swept the field before them, till they
+reached the enemy's cannon and baggage waggons.  Here Rupert was
+mistaken for Fairfax, for both were wearing red cloaks, and some of the
+Puritan reserve rode up, asking, "How goes the day?"  The Prince
+responded by an offer of quarter, which was met by a volley of musket
+shot.  But Rupert could not stay to complete his conquest.  His part of
+the battle had been won, but behind him Cromwell had scattered the
+Royalist left, and was trampling the infantry of the centre in "a
+dismal carnage."[50]  The King was turned from the battle too soon, his
+whole army was disheartened and overwhelmed, and Rupert returned too
+late, to find Cromwell in possession of the field.  The Royal army was
+destroyed, and the war almost at an end.  That night the King retreated
+to Ashby, and the next day, Sunday, he reached Lichfield, whence he
+hastened on to Raglan Castle.  Rupert went on westward to the Prince of
+Wales at Barnstaple.
+
+His departure from the King was due to a new quarrel with Digby, who
+attributed the disaster to the fault of the Prince.  "Let me know what
+is said among you, concerning our last defeat," Rupert wrote to Legge,
+at Oxford; "doubtless the fault of it will be put upon me...  Since
+this business I find Digby hath omitted nothing which might prejudice
+me, and this day hath drawn a letter from the King to Prince Charles,
+in which he crosses all things that befell here in my behalf.  I have
+showed this to the King, and in earnest; and if thereupon he should go
+on {174} and send it, I shall be forced to quit Generalship and march
+towards Prince Charles, where I have received more kindness than
+here."[51]  At the same time, Legge received a long account of the
+battle from Digby himself, in which the Secretary, very cleverly,
+charged all the misfortune of the day to the Prince, while pretending
+to acquit him.  "I am sure that Prince Rupert hath so little kindness
+for me, as I daily find he hath, it imports both to me and mine to be
+much the more cautious not to speak anything that may be wrested to his
+prejudice.  I can but lament my misfortune that Prince Rupert is
+neither gainable nor tenable by me, though I have endured it with all
+the industry, and justness unto him in the world, and I lament your
+absence from him.  Yet, at least, if Prince Rupert cannot be better
+inclined to me, that you might prevail with him so far that his heats,
+and misapprehensions of things may not wound his own honour, and
+prejudice the King's service.  I am very unhappy that I cannot speak
+with you, since the discourse that my heart is full of is too long for
+a letter, and not of a nature fit for it.  But I conjure you, if you
+preserve that justice and kindness for me which I will not doubt, if
+you hear anything from Prince Rupert concerning me, suspend your
+judgment.  As for the particular aspersion upon him, which you mention,
+of _fighting against advice, he is very much wronged in it_, ... and
+for particular time, place and circumstance of our fighting that day,
+His Highness cannot be said to have gone against my Lord Astley, or any
+other advice; _for I am confident no man was asked upon the
+occasion_,--I am sure no council was called.  I shall only say this
+freely to you, that I think a principal occasion of our misfortune was
+the want of you with us....  But really, dear Will, I do not write this
+with reflection, for indeed we were all carried on at that time with
+such a spirit and confidence of victory as though he that should have
+said {175} "consider" would have been your foe.  Well, let us look
+forward!  Give your Prince good advice, as to caution, and value of
+counsel, and God will yet make him an instrument of much happiness to
+the King, and Kingdom, and that being, I will adore him as much as you
+love him."[52]  But "Honest Will" was quite shrewd enough to read
+between the lines of this elaborate epistle, and he answered with a
+spirit and candour worthy of his character.  "I am extremely afflicted
+to understand from you that Prince Rupert and yourself should be upon
+so unkindly terms, and I protest, I have cordially endeavoured, with
+all my interest in His Highness, to incline him to a friendship with
+your Lordship, conceiving it a matter of advantage to my Master's
+service, to have a good intelligence between persons so eminently
+employed in his affairs, and likewise the great obligation and
+inclination I had to either of you.  But truly, my Lord, I often found
+this a hard matter to hold between you; and your last letter gives me
+cause to think that your Lordship _is not altogether free from what he
+accused you of_, as the reason of his jealousies.  Which was that you
+both say and do things to his prejudice, _contrary to your professions,
+and not in an open and direct line, but obscurely and obliquely_; and
+this, under your Lordship's pardon, I find your letter very full of.
+For where your Lordship would excuse him of the particular and general
+aspersions, yet you come with such objections against the conduct of
+that business, as would, to men ignorant of the Prince, make him
+incapable of common-sense in his profession.  For my part, my Lord, I
+am so well acquainted with the Prince's ways, that I am confident all
+his General officers and commanders knew beforehand how, and in what
+manner, he intended to fight; and when, as you say, all mankind were of
+opinion to fight, it was his part to put it into execution.  Were any
+man in the army dissatisfied in his directions, {176} or in the order,
+he ought to have informed the General of it, and to have received
+further satisfaction.  And for the not calling of a Council at that
+instant, truly, the Prince having before laid his business, were there
+need of it, the blame must be as much yours as any man's."  And, after
+a great deal more to the same purpose, Legge concludes with the stout
+declaration, "and assure yourself you are not free from great blame
+towards Prince Rupert.  And no man will give you this free language at
+a cheaper rate than myself, though many discourse of it."[53]
+
+
+
+[1] Clarendon, Bk. VII.  p. 96, _note_.
+
+[2] King to Rupert, 26 May, 1644.  Rupert Correspondence.  Add. MSS.
+18981
+
+[3] Warburton, III.  p. 16.
+
+[4] Add. MSS.  18981.  Digby to Rupert, Aug. 15, 1644.
+
+[5] Carte's Letters, I.  63.  13 Sept. 1644.
+
+[6] Carte's Ormonde, IV.  190.  13 Aug. 1644.
+
+[7] Ibid.
+
+[8] Carte's Ormonde.  VI.  206.  13 Oct. 1644.
+
+[9] Ibid.  Vol. VI.  203.  3 Oct. 1644.
+
+[10] Add. MSS.  18981.  King to Rupert, Aug. 30, 1644.
+
+[11] Ibid.  Sept. 23, 1644.  Digby to Rupert.
+
+[12] Rupert to Legge.  Oct. 16, 1644.  Warburton, III.  p. 27.
+
+[13] Warburton, II. 172, and III. 16.
+
+[14] Warburton, III.  p. 52.
+
+[15] Warburton, III.  p. 73.  Rupert to Legge, Mar. 31, 1645.
+
+[16] Clarendon, Bk. IX.  p. 30.
+
+[17] Carte's Letters, I.  86-87, 25 May, 1645.
+
+[18] Warburton, III.  p. 21.
+
+[19] Ibid.  p. 22.
+
+[20] Rupert Transcripts.  Richmond to Rupert, Sept. 14, 1644.
+
+[21] Clarendon, Bk. VIII.  p. 149.
+
+[22] Warburton, III.  p. 31.
+
+[23] Warburton, III.  p. 32.
+
+[24] Clar. Hist.  Bk. VIII.  p. 29.
+
+[25] Ibid.  p. 108.
+
+[26] Warburton, III.  p. 32, and Rupert's Journal, Nov. 15, 1644,
+Clarendon Papers.
+
+[27] Whitelocke.  ed. 1732.  p. 114.
+
+[28] Ibid.
+
+[29] Maurice to Rupert, Jan. 29, 1645.  Warb. III.  p. 54.
+
+[30] Warburton, III.  p. 54.  Maurice to Rupert, Jan. 29, 1645.
+
+[31] Rupert Transcripts.  Byron to Rupert, 14 Jan. 1644.
+
+[32] Warburton, III.  p. 56-7.  Howard to Rupert, Jan. 30, 1645.
+
+[33] Rupert Transcripts.  Astley to Rupert, Jan. 11, 1645.  Pythouse
+Papers, p. 20.
+
+[34] Domestic State Papers.  Rupert to Astley.  Jan. 13, 1645.
+
+[35] Rupert Transcripts.  King to Rupert, Jan. 1645.
+
+[36] Warburton, III.  p. 68.  Rupert to Legge, Mar. 11, 1645.
+
+[37] Ibid.  p. 69, Mar. 24, 1645.
+
+[38] Carte's Ormonde, VI.  271-272.  Archbishop Williams to Ormonde,
+Mar. 25, 1655.
+
+[39] Add. MSS.  18982.  Byron to Rupert, Jan. 1645.
+
+[40] Webb, Vol. II.  pp. 141, 157, 178.
+
+[41] Webb.  II.  pp. 146-147.
+
+[42] Gilbert's History of the Irish Confederation, Vol. IV.  p. XIV.
+Ralph Goodwin to Houses of Parliament, Mar. 23, 1645.
+
+[43] Dom. State Papers.  Bard to Rupert, Ap. 28, 1645.
+
+[44] Walker's Historical Discourses, ed. 1705, pp. 126, 129.
+
+[45] Carte's Letters, I.  90, May 25, 1645.
+
+[46] Clarendon State Papers, Rupert's Journal, May 29, 1645.
+
+[47] Walker, p. 128.
+
+[48] Walker, p. 128.
+
+[49] Warburton, III.  p. 100.  Rupert to Legge, June 8, 1645.
+
+[50] Sir Edward Southcote.  Troubles of our Catholic Forefathers.
+Series I.  p. 392.
+
+[51] Warburton.  III.  pp. 119-121.  Rupert to Legge, June 18, 1645.
+
+[52] Warburton.  III.  pp. 125-128.  Digby to Legge.  No date.
+
+[53] Warburton, III.  pp. 128-131.  Legge to Digby, June 30, 1645.
+
+
+
+
+{177}
+
+CHAPTER X
+
+RUPERT'S PEACE POLICY.  THE SURRENDER OF BRISTOL.  DIGBY'S PLOT AGAINST
+RUPERT.  THE SCENE AT NEWARK.  RECONCILIATION WITH THE KING.  THE FALL
+OF OXFORD
+
+After the battle of Naseby, misfortunes crowded thick upon the
+Royalists.  Garrisons surrendered daily to the Parliament; Goring
+suffered a crushing defeat; and the King seemed in no way to raise
+another army.  Rupert retired to his city of Bristol, and summoned
+Maurice to his side.  But the younger Prince was at Worcester, which
+was threatened by the Scots, and could not quit the place with honour.
+"I hope when you have duly considered my engagement herein, you will be
+pleased to excuse me for not observing your orders to be personally
+with you,"[1] he wrote humbly to his brother.
+
+After a three weeks' stay at Raglan, the King himself thought of
+joining his nephew at Bristol.  But the Prince's enemies opposed the
+idea, and Rupert, though enough inclined to it, declared that he would
+not be responsible for what he had not advised.  And the rallying
+loyalty of the Welsh, combined with continued misfortune in the West,
+caused Charles to change his mind.  In Rupert's eyes the King's final
+decision was a matter of indifference; defeat was inevitable, and all
+the Prince's efforts were directed towards peace.  This complete change
+of attitude is an evidence of Rupert's strong common-sense.  In 1642 he
+had been regarded as one of the obstacles which made peace impossible;
+but in 1642 there had been hope, even {178} probability, of victory.
+In 1645 defeat and ruin stared the Royalists in the face, and Rupert
+would not, like the King and Digby, shut his eyes to disagreeable fact.
+On July 28th he wrote to Richmond a plain statement of his views.  "His
+Majesty has now no way left to preserve his posterity, Kingdom, and
+nobility, but by a treaty.  I believe it a more prudent way to retain
+something than to lose all.  If the King resolve to abandon Ireland,
+which now he may with honour, since they desire so unreasonably; and it
+is apparent they will cheat the King, having not 5,000 men in their
+power.  When this has been told him, and that many of his officers and
+soldiers go from him to them (_i.e._ to the Parliament), I must
+extremely lament the condition of such as stay, being exposed to all
+ruin and slavery.  One comfort will be left,--we shall all fall
+together.  When this is, remember I have done my duty.  Your faithful
+friend, Rupert."[2]
+
+On the same day he wrote to Legge:
+
+"I have had no answer to ten letters I wrote, but from the Duke of
+Richmond, to whom I wrote plainly and bid him be plain with the King,
+and to desire him to consider some way which might lead to a treaty,
+rather than undo his posterity.  How this pleases I know not, but
+rather than not do my duty and speak my mind freely, I will take his
+unjust displeasure."[3]
+
+This advice was in fact exceedingly displeasing to the King.  Richmond,
+who fully concurred in Rupert's opinion, showed the letter to his
+master "with as much care and friendship to Rupert" as possible; and
+the King read it graciously, saying that his nephew had "expressed as
+great generosity as was all his actions;"[4] but, for all that, he
+firmly forbade him to write in such a strain again.  "Speaking as a
+mere soldier or statesman," he acknowledged that {179} Rupert might be
+right; but, "as a Christian, I must tell you that God will not suffer
+rebels and traitors to prosper, nor this cause to be overthrown; and
+whatever personal punishment it shall please Him to inflict on me must
+not make me repine, much less give over this quarrel; and there is
+little question that a composition with them at this time is nothing
+less than a submission, which, by the grace of God, I am resolved
+against, whatever it cost me.  For I know my obligation to be, both in
+conscience and honour, neither to abandon God's cause, injure my
+successors, nor forsake my friends.  Indeed I cannot flatter myself
+with expectation of good success more than this, to end my days with
+honour and a good conscience; which obliges me to continue my
+endeavours, as not despairing that God may yet, in good time, avenge
+his own cause....  I earnestly desire you not in any way to hearken
+after treaties, assuring you, low as I am, I will not go less than what
+was offered in my name at Uxbridge.  Therefore, for God's sake, let us
+not flatter ourselves with these conceits; and believe me, the very
+imagination that you are desirous of a treaty will lose me so much the
+sooner."[5]
+
+But noble and earnest as were the King's words, they could not alter
+his nephew's mind.  Rupert had little faith that a miracle would be
+vouchsafed to save the royal cause; and he could never be made to
+understand that the questions at issue were such as admitted of no
+compromise.  Digby of course seized the opportunity of widening the
+breach between King and Prince.  Ever since Marston Moor, he had
+intrigued with increasing success against his rival, and Rupert
+struggled vainly in his meshes.  "I would give anything to be but one
+day in Oxford, when I could discover some that were in that plot of
+Herefordshire and the rest.  But I despair of it!"[6] the Prince had
+written in the March of this year.  In June he had sent Langdale to
+Ormonde in {180} Ireland, as a counterfoil to O'Neil, and Digby
+hastened to let the Lord Lieutenant know that Langdale was "a creature
+of Prince Rupert, and sent over not without jealousy that Dan O'Neil
+may be too frank a relater of our military conduct here."[7]  And, July
+21st, 1645, it is entered in the Prince's diary: "Ashburnham told the
+Prince that Digby would ruin him."[8]  By that time Rupert had become
+convinced that Digby would succeed in his endeavours.  A week later he
+wrote passionately to Legge, from Bristol: "You do well to wonder why
+Rupert is not with the King!  When you know the Lord Digby's intention
+to ruin him you will not then find it strange."[9]
+
+Digby's chance was close at hand.  Throughout July and August Rupert
+busied himself at Bristol, circling about the country, pacifying and
+winning over the Clubmen and trying to supply the deficiencies of the
+Bristol stores.  This town was now the most important garrison of the
+King.  It was the key of the Severn.  It alone held Wales and the
+Marches loyal, and its loss would also terribly affect the Royalists in
+the south-west.  Rupert had assured the King that he could hold the
+place four months, and great was the horror and dismay when he
+surrendered it after a three weeks' siege.
+
+The truth was that he had found the town insufficiently supplied,
+greatly undermanned, and full of despondency and disaffection.  He had
+done his best to remedy these evils; he ordered the townspeople to
+victual themselves for six months, imported corn and cattle from Wales,
+and he started manufactories of match and bullets within the town.  All
+the recruits he could gain were "new-levied Welsh and unexperienced
+men," and even of these there were but few.  "After the enemy
+approached, His Highness never could draw upon the line above 1,500,"
+and this to defend a {181} stretch of five miles![10]  Moreover, all
+his Colonels assured him that the wall was not tenable against a
+vigorous assault.  The one chance was that, if they repulsed the first
+storm, the enemy might be discouraged, and the approaching winter might
+save the city for yet a little while.
+
+On September 4th Fairfax sat down before Bristol, and summoned Rupert
+to surrender, in rather peculiar language.  The summons was a private
+exhortation to the Prince himself, and a personal appeal to his sense
+and humanity, "which," says Fairfax, "I confess is a way not common,
+and which I should not have used but in respect to such a person, and
+such a place."[11]  He proceeded to explain that the Parliament wished
+no ill to the King, but only his return to its care and Council, and
+entreated Rupert to end the schism by a surrender without bloodshed.
+The Prince only replied by demanding leave to send to ask the King's
+pleasure.  This Fairfax refused to grant, and Rupert entered into a
+treaty, hoping thereby to spin out time until relief could come.  But
+the patience of Fairfax was soon exhausted.  On September 10th he
+assaulted the city, about 2.0 a.m., entered the lines at a spot held by
+some new recruits, and was, by daybreak, in full possession of line and
+fort.  Thus the enemy was already within the city, and Rupert had no
+hope of relief, for, since Naseby, the King had had no army in the
+field.  Moreover, since the siege began, no word had come to the Prince
+from any quarter.  Three courses now lay open to him.  He might, with
+his cavalry, break through Fairfax's army, leaving behind him just
+sufficient men to keep the castle; this plan was rejected as
+exceedingly dangerous and unsatisfactory.  Secondly, he might retreat
+to the castle, which could be held for a long time; but the castle
+would not contain all the cavalry, and thus a large portion of it,
+together with the "nobility, gentry and well affected of the town,"
+would {182} be left to the mercy of the conquering foe.[12]  Thirdly
+and lastly, he could surrender on honourable terms; and this was the
+course chosen by the Council of War.  Rightly or wrongly, Rupert
+entered into treaty, and a cessation of arms was agreed on.  But the
+cessation was violated by Fairfax's men, and Rupert thereupon declared
+that he "would stand upon his own defence, and rather die than suffer
+such injuries."[13] Fairfax hastened to apologise and make amends;
+Rupert was pacified, and the treaty concluded.  The terms were good and
+honourable; the garrison were to march out with the honours of war, a
+charge of bullet and powder was granted to each of the Prince's guards,
+the sick were to stay uninjured in the city, and no private person was
+to be molested.  It must also be noted that Rupert yielded only at the
+second summons, and after the city had been entered by the enemy.
+Relief was "as improbable to be expected as easy to be desired," and
+though he could certainly have held the castle longer, "the city had
+been thereby exposed to the spoil and fury of the enemy, and so many
+gallant men who had so long and faithfully served His Majesty, (whose
+safeties His Highness conceived himself in honour obliged to preserve
+as dearly as his own) had been left to the slaughter and rage of a
+prevailing enemy."[14]  It may be that Rupert mistook his position.
+Perhaps he should have held the castle entrusted to him at all costs,
+and suffered no other considerations to cross his military councils.
+But his unwillingness to desert the townspeople and his beloved
+cavalry, can hardly be counted to his discredit.
+
+On September 10th the Royalist garrison marched out of Bristol, and was
+escorted by Fairfax himself for two miles over the Downs.  Rupert had
+dressed himself carefully for his part, and there was nothing of the
+broken down Cavalier about his attire.  "The Prince was clad in
+scarlet, {183} very richly laid in silver lace, and mounted upon a very
+gallant black Barbary horse; the General (Thomas Fairfax) and the
+Prince rode together, the General giving the Prince the right hand all
+the way."[15]  The courtesy on both sides was perfect; the Puritans
+showed no unseemly triumph over their fallen foe, and the Prince bore
+himself towards his conquerors as a soldier and a gentleman should.
+"All fair respects between the Prince and Sir Thomas Fairfax," reported
+a Puritan witness; "much respect from the Lord General Cromwell.  He
+(the Prince) gave this gallant compliment to Major Harrison, 'that he
+never received such satisfaction in such unhappiness, and that, if ever
+in his power, he will repay it,'"[16]
+
+Truly Rupert shone more in evil fortune than in good, and he seems to
+have completely won the hearts of his enemies.  His request for muskets
+for his men was readily granted, on his promise to deliver them up to
+the Parliamentary convoy, at the end of his journey, "which every one
+believes he will perform,"[17] said an adherent of the Parliament.  And
+the Puritan Colonel Butler, who convoyed him from Bristol to Oxford,
+wrote of him to Waller, with enthusiasm.  "I had the honour to wait
+upon His Highness Prince Rupert, with a convoy from Bristol to this
+place, and seriously, I am glad I had the happiness to see him.  I am
+confident we have been much mistaken in our intelligence concerning
+him.  I find him a man much inclined to a happy peace, and he will
+certainly employ his interest with His Majesty for the accomplishing of
+it.  I make it my request to you that you use some means that no
+pamphlet is printed that may derogate from his worth for the delivery
+of Bristow.  _On my word he could not have held it, unless it had been
+better manned_."[18]  Changed {184} indeed was the Puritan attitude
+towards the mad Prince, and more than one officer of the Parliament was
+eager to justify his conduct.  "I have heard the Prince much condemned
+for the loss of that city, but certainly they were much to blame,"
+wrote another.  "First let them consider that the town was entered by
+plain force, with the loss of much blood.  And then the Prince had
+nothing to keep but the great fort and castle.  Perchance he might hold
+out for some weeks, but then, of necessity, he must have lost all his
+horse, which was in all, 800; and he had no expectation of any relief
+at all.  Let all this be considered, and no man can blame him."[19]
+
+But the advocacy of the Parliament was not likely to allay Royalist
+indignation; nay, it was but another proof of Rupert's collusion with
+the enemy!  The Queen spoke "largely" of her nephew, giving out in
+Paris that he had sold Bristol for money;[20] and the story gained
+colour from the fact that the Elector really did receive a large sum
+from the Parliament at this time.  The loss of Shrewsbury was brought
+up against Maurice, and it was rumoured that the younger Princes were
+in league with the Elector; though they had never once written to him,
+since he had chosen to identify himself with the Parliament.  Here was
+Digby's opportunity; and the King, overwhelmed by the unexpected
+catastrophe, listened to his representations.  On his arrival at
+Oxford, Rupert received, from the hands of Secretary Nicholas, his
+discharge from the army, a passport to leave the country, and a letter
+from the King, desiring him "to seek subsistence somewhere beyond
+seas."[21] Further, Nicholas was directed to deprive Legge of the
+Governorship of Oxford, and to place him under arrest.
+
+With deep reluctance Nicholas obeyed orders; and both Legge and Rupert
+behaved themselves with quiet dignity.  {185} "According to your
+commands, I went immediately to the Lord Treasurer," wrote Nicholas to
+the King.  "We thought fit to send for Colonel Legge thither, who
+willingly submitted himself prisoner to your commands.  This being
+despatched, I went to Colonel Legge's house, where Prince Rupert dined,
+and desiring to speak with him privately in the withdrawing room, I
+presented to him first his discharge, and then after that your letter;
+to which he humbly submitted himself, telling me that he was very
+innocent of anything that might deserve so heavy a punishment....  Your
+Majesty will herewith receive a letter from Prince Rupert, who will, I
+believe, stay here, until he hears again from you, for that he cannot
+without leave from the rebels go to embark himself, and without Your
+Majesty's license, I hear, he will not demand a pass from the
+rebels."[22]
+
+Rupert's letter consisted of a grave and calm protest, and a demand for
+a personal interview with his uncle.  "I only say that if Your Majesty
+had vouchsafed to hear me inform you, before you had made a final
+judgment,--I will presume to present this much,--you would not have
+censured me, as it seems you do."  His first duty was, he admitted, to
+give an explanation to the King, but, since the opportunity was denied
+him--"In the next place I owe myself that justice as to publish to the
+world what I think will clear my erring in all this business now in
+question from any foul deed, or neglect, and vindicate me from desert
+of any prevailing malice, though I suffer it.  Your commands that I
+should dispose myself beyond seas be pleased to consider of, whether it
+be in my power, though you have sent me a pass, as times now are, to go
+by it."[23]  In accordance with this statement he published a detailed
+account of the state of Bristol, and all that had passed there, and
+continued at Oxford, awaiting the King's pleasure.  "I must not omit to
+acquaint Your Majesty," wrote the faithful {186} Nicholas, "that I hear
+Prince Rupert hath not £50 in all the world, and is reduced to so great
+an extremity as he hath not wherewith to feed himself or his servants.
+I hear that Colonel Legge is in no more plentiful condition."[24]
+
+The loss of Rupert's military experience was soon felt in the Royalist
+ranks; and would have been felt more severely had there been any
+serious undertaking on hand, or any army to execute it.  As it was,
+when the first moment of panic was past and men could consider the
+question calmly, he appeared to have been hardly dealt with.  To
+seriously suspect him of treachery was absurd; he was, in effect, the
+victim of Digby's malice; and the arrest of Legge, for no other crime
+than that of being the Prince's friend, favoured this view.  Digby of
+course pretended that he could furnish proofs of Legge's contemplated
+treacheries, "as soon as I can come at my papers, which were left with
+Stanier, and all my other necessaries, at Worcester," and insisted
+that, so long as Rupert were in England, it would be unsafe to set his
+friend at liberty.[25] Equally, of course, no one--except the
+King--believed him; for Legge's loyalty and integrity were above
+suspicion.  He was, says Clarendon, considered "above all
+temptations,"[26] and the indignation felt at this injustice greatly
+favoured the Prince's cause.
+
+Digby had no mind to face "the fury of the storm"[27] which he had
+raised.  Before Rupert could reach Oxford the Secretary had hurried the
+King away to Newark, a place which would be very difficult of access
+for the Prince.  Personally, Charles had inclined to Worcester, but
+Digby would not hear of it.  Not only was Worcester within easy
+distance from Oxford, but Maurice was Governor there; and Maurice had,
+as Digby knew, "a very tender sense {187} of the severity his brother
+had undergone, and was ready to revenge it."[28]
+
+The younger Prince was only just recovering from a second severe
+illness.  As before, his recovery had been despaired of, and his death
+freely reported by friends and foes.  "Maurice is very sick at
+Worcester of the plague; some say he is dead, and the malignants are
+very sorrowful at the news,"[29] said a Puritan pamphlet.  While he was
+still too ill to take any active share in the dispute, the King had
+written to him, telling of Rupert's dismissal, but adding kindly: "I
+know you to be so free from his present misfortune that it noways
+staggers me in that good opinion I have ever had of you; and so long as
+you be not weary of your employment under me, I will give you all the
+encouragement and contentment in my power."[30]  But Maurice was far
+too devoted a brother to be soothed by such words.  Ill though he was,
+he made a copy of the King's letter in his own hand to send to Rupert,
+and by all possible means he showed "sensibility" of the injury done to
+his brother.  Worcester was full of his partisans, and Digby knew
+better than to venture into his power.  At Newark, the Secretary felt
+himself safe, and there he continued to inflame the King against his
+nephew.  The task was not difficult.  The King was shaken and
+despairing, and Digby had calumnies ready to his hand.
+
+"It hath been the constant endeavours of the English nation--who are
+naturally prone to hate strangers--to seek, with false calumnies and
+scandalous accusations, to blast and blemish my integrity to my uncle
+and to his Royal family," declared Rupert himself, a few years later.
+"Neither hath the abuse laid on me by my uncle's pretended friends been
+sufficient, but the gross lies and forgeries of that rebel nest at
+Westminster have branded me with the worst {188} of crimes that
+possible any man might be charged with....  The command which His
+Majesty had been graciously pleased to confer on me--as I shall answer
+at the day of judgment--I did improve to the best of my power, without
+any treachery, deceit, or dissimulation.  And for my unfortunateness, I
+hope it was excusable, it being not only incident where I had command,
+but in all other places where my uncle had any power of soldiers; yet,
+notwithstanding, I was the butt at which envy shot its arrows, and all
+my uncle's losses were laid to my charge."[31]  This was not an unfair
+statement of the case.  It is the way of all nations and parties to
+blame some one for their misfortunes, and the foreign prince made a
+convenient scapegoat for the Royalists.  The libels originated in the
+"rebel nest" were taken up and cherished by the foes of Rupert's own
+household.  As early as February 1644, there had appeared a pamphlet
+which stated plainly that Rupert was aiming at the English Crown.  He
+was not, it was suggested, "so far from the Crown, but, if once the
+course of law, and the power of the Parliament be extinguished, he may
+bid as fair for it, by the sword, as the King; having possessed himself
+of so much power already under colour of serving the King; and having,
+by his German manner of plundering, and active disposition in military
+affairs, won the hearts of so many soldiers of fortune, and men of
+prey.  He is already their chieftain and their Prince, and he is like
+enough to be their King....  This whole war is managed by his skill,
+labour and industry; insomuch as, if the King command one thing and he
+another, the Prince must be preferred before the King.  Witness
+Banbury, which was secured from plundering under the King's own hand;
+but that was slighted, and the town plundered by Prince Rupert
+vilifying the King's authority, and making it a fault of his
+unexpertness, saying, 'His Uncle knew not what belonged {189} to war.'
+... Neither shall Prince Rupert want abettors in his cursed design; for
+many of our debauched and low-fortuned young nobility and gentry,
+suiting so naturally with this new conqueror, will make no bones to
+shoulder out the old King."[32]  Eagerly did Rupert's Royalist foes
+catch at the libel.  We have already seen that, before Marston Moor,
+Digby, Percy and Wilmot ventured to assert openly that the victory of
+Prince or Parliament was a matter of indifference.  And even after that
+battle had broken his power, Sir George Radcliffe wrote to Ormonde of
+"the great fear some have of Prince Rupert, his success and
+greatness."[33]
+
+The formation of Rupert's peace-party in 1645 put the finishing touch
+to Digby's hatred of him, and also afforded means of exciting the
+King's distrust.  The sanguine and unpractical Secretary, ignorant of
+military details, did not know that the King was beaten and could never
+draw another army into the field.  He had a thousand schemes for
+gaining over the Scots, for obtaining help from Ireland or France, and
+he would not, and could not, believe that the game was lost.
+Consequently he resented the suggestion of compromise even more hotly
+than did the King.  "Alas! my Lord!" he wrote to Jermyn in August, "I
+do not know four persons living, besides myself and you, that have not
+already given clear demonstration that they will purchase their own,
+and as they flatter themselves, the Kingdom's quiet, at any price to
+the King, the Church, and the faithfullest of his party...  The next
+news that you will hear, after we have been one month at Oxford, will
+be that I, and those few others who may be thought by our Counsels to
+fortify the King in firmness to his principles, shall be forced or torn
+from him.  You will find Prince Rupert, {190} Byron, Gerard, Will
+Legge, and Ormonde[34] are the prime instruments to impose the
+necessity upon the King of submitting to what they, and most of the
+King's party at Oxford, shall think fit."[35]
+
+But though he thus posed as a martyr, Digby had no intention of letting
+his rivals prevail.  Ormonde he tried to gain over, of course without
+success, by the suggestion that he might supplant Rupert as
+Commander-in-Chief; and he had already laid a deliberate and ingenious
+plot for ruining the reputations of Rupert and Legge.  By means of his
+agent, Walsingham, he obtained incriminating letters which represented
+both the Prince and his friend as deeply involved in intrigue with the
+Parliament.  The letters, which are anonymous, were apparently the work
+of some spy in the opposing camp, who was willing to supply any
+information desired,--for a consideration.  The Secretary was scarcely
+so insane as to believe in the accusations which they contained, but it
+suited his purpose to feign belief.  Certainly it seems strange that
+Digby, who was undoubtedly a gentleman, and by no means devoid of
+honour and generosity, could have stooped to such baseness; but he had
+a versatile mind, and he probably persuaded himself that Rupert's peace
+policy was as dangerous to the King's interests as actual treachery
+could be, and that any means were therefore justifiable to overthrow
+its authors.
+
+As early as August 8th, Walsingham forwarded to his patron an anonymous
+letter which stated the absolute necessity of deposing Rupert from the
+chief command.  "I have not been silent heretofore concerning Prince
+Rupert and his assistant, Will Legge....  Many did suppose, and those
+none of the weakest men, that upon the late defeat (Naseby), his
+Majesty would seriously take to heart the many great {191} and
+irregular errors hitherto admitted."[36]  Four days later, Walsingham
+himself wrote from Oxford, hinting at a design to betray Bristol, and
+proposing that Digby should get Legge supplanted at Oxford by Glemham.
+"Legge is pleased daily to show his teeth plainer to you and yours....
+Prince Rupert salutes him daily from Bristol with epistles beginning
+'Brother Governor', which are communicated to the Junto you know of,...
+Prince Rupert is now in general obloquy with all sorts of people,
+except Will Legge, and some few others of that stamp.  Now every one
+desires his absence and discarding.  His Majesty has had experience
+both of his wilfulness and ignorance, _if of no worse_.  Now is the
+time to take the bridle out of Phaeton's hands, and permit him not a
+third time to burn the world...  Something extraordinary is on hand is
+evident from the daily letters which pass between here and Bristol.
+'Tis sure time to provide for the safety of Oxford; for I am certain
+many things are done which will not bear examination, both within and
+without the line."[37]
+
+On the sixteenth, Walsingham wrote by Lady Digby's command, that Lord
+Portland had joined the "Cumberlanders," as Rupert's party was now
+called, and must be banished at all costs.  The "Cumberlanders" were
+endeavouring also to win Ashburnham, but some thought him "a slippery
+piece, and dangerous to build upon."  To this was added a hint that the
+Prince was leaguing with the Irish rebels,--the last thing he was
+likely to do as he had just urged the King to abandon them; but
+Walsingham added cautiously that he held "only the skirts" of the
+story, and could say nothing certain.[38]
+
+On September 10th Bristol fell.  That the very thing should happen at
+which they had so darkly hinted, was luck beyond what the conspirators
+had hoped; and Walsingham's {192} anonymous friend wrote to reproach
+him for "making no better use of my frequent informations concerning
+Prince Rupert and his creature, Legge."  Further, he stated that Oxford
+was also sold to the Parliament and would speedily share the fate of
+Bristol.  "I have seen the transactions for the bargain already, and
+there is no prevention but by an immediate repair of His Majesty
+thither, changing the Governor, and putting the city into the hands of
+some worthy man.  The same I say for Newark (?); for, believe me, we
+esteem ourselves masters of both already.  But whilst His Majesty is
+solicitous for this, I would not, by any means, have him neglect his
+personal safety, upon which he will needs have an extraordinary
+watchful eye; for I hear a whisper as if something ill were intended
+him, and to your master for his sake."[39]  This extraordinary document
+apparently constitutes the "proofs" against Legge of which Digby wrote
+to Nicholas.
+
+The arrival of Rupert at Oxford, on September 16th, gave some
+uneasiness to the conspirators.  "Prince Rupert is hourly expected with
+his train, which will so curb the endeavours of all honest men that it
+will be mere madness to attempt anything,"[40] wrote Walsingham!  But
+two days later he had gained courage from the Prince's quiet acceptance
+of his disgrace, to declare that now was the time to restore prosperity
+to the Kingdom, "by weeding out those unhappy men that poison all our
+happiness."  Also, he related an incident intended to give colour to
+the reports of Rupert's ambition.  "As even now I came through the
+garden of Christchurch, a gentleman met me, and took me into the inner
+garden, and told me that he would show me our new ruler.  Fancy!  When
+I came there, I found Prince Rupert and Legge, with the Lord--walking
+gravely between them, on the further side.  I seemed to take no notice
+of the gentleman's meaning, but came away, resenting {193} to see the
+nobility and gentry stand there bare at a distance, as if His Majesty
+had been present."[41]  A second letter, bearing the same date, and
+sent at Lady Digby's desire, states that Rupert had declared that to
+treat was "the only thing His Majesty hath now to do."  But this desire
+for peace Walsingham represented as a mere pose to mask the Prince's
+real aims.  "Observe but this popular and perilous design!...  Assure
+yourself, my Lord, that though this be Prince Rupert's aim here
+pretended 'tis but the medium to his real one; yet it is so plausible
+that you would bless yourself to see how it is here cherished by all
+that are either malcontent, timorous, or suspected...  Surely there is
+no way left for His Majesty to recover, prosper, and give life to his
+discouraged party, but by expressing his high dislike and distrust to
+Prince Rupert."[42]
+
+But notwithstanding Walsingham's hints, Rupert's desire for a treaty
+was perfectly sincere and disinterested.  Personally he had less to
+gain by it than most of the Cavaliers, and certainly he had nothing to
+save, for he had no stake in the country.  And the perfect integrity of
+his party is sufficiently guaranteed by the very fact that it counted
+Richmond, Legge, and Philip Warwick among its members.
+
+By October Rupert's patience was exhausted.  He could not quit the
+country without the leave of the Parliament, he had no money to support
+himself, or his servants, and Legge was still a prisoner on his
+account.  He resolved, at all hazards, to see the King.  Fain would he
+have had Richmond accompany him, but the Duke, though still his
+faithful friend, would not leave Oxford.
+
+"The Duke of Richmond goes not hence upon many considerations, though
+Prince Rupert much desired it.  They are very good friends, and both
+much for peace, though not for particular ones,"[43] reported a
+Cavalier from Oxford.  {194} On October 8th Maurice met Rupert at
+Banbury, and together they set out for Newark.  The journey was
+attended with much danger, for Newark was surrounded by a large army of
+the Parliament, and the Parliament had warned its officers to intercept
+the Princes.  But Rupert in prosperity had always been faithful to his
+friends, and he now found that they would not forsake him in adversity.
+A troop of officers volunteered to escort him, and Maurice brought an
+addition of strength, making about 120 in all.
+
+The enemy had posted about 1,500 horse at various places, to intercept
+the Princes' march, but all were skilfully evaded.  Near the end of
+their journey, however, the Princes found themselves stopped at Belvoir
+Bridge, by Rossetter with three hundred horse.  There was no choice but
+to charge through them.  Two attempts failed, and Rupert turned to his
+men, saying cheerfully: "We have beaten them twice, we must beat them
+once more, and then over the pass, and away."[44]  The third charge,
+carried them through the enemy, as he promised, and then they divided
+into two parties.  The larger troop went on, with the baggage, to
+Belvoir; but the Princes, with about twenty more, proceeded by a short
+cut, which Rupert remembered passing ten years before when a boy,
+"shooting of conies."  Here they were hotly pursued by a body of horse,
+and the enemy, thinking the Prince trapped, offered him quarter.  His
+only answer was to direct his friends to follow him closely, and,
+breaking through the hostile ranks, they came safely to Belvoir
+Castle.[45]
+
+Digby had not awaited the Prince's arrival, but had fled north, on the
+pretext of leading a force to join Montrose; and it was thought, on all
+sides, that he had done wisely.  The King no sooner heard of his
+nephews' arrival at Belvoir than he sent to forbid their nearer
+approach.  "Least of all I cannot forget what opinion you were of when
+I was at Cardiff," he wrote to Rupert, "and therefore must remember
+{195} you of the letter I wrote to you from thence, in the Duke of
+Richmond's cipher, warning you that if you be not resolved to carry
+yourself according to my resolution, therein mentioned, you are no fit
+company for me."[46]
+
+In defiance of this prohibition, Rupert came on next day to Newark.
+Within the town there existed a considerable party in his favour,
+headed by the Governor, Sir Richard Willys.  Two days earlier Willys
+had received the King at the city gates, but he now rode out a couple
+of miles, with a large escort of horse, to meet the Prince.  The
+accounts of the scene that followed are many, but all agree in the main
+points.  Rupert walked straight into the presence of the King, and,
+without any apology or ceremony, abruptly informed him "that he was
+come to render an account of the loss of Bristol."[47]  The King made
+no reply,--he probably did not know what to say,--and immediately went
+to supper.  His nephews followed, and stood by him during the meal;
+but, though he asked a few questions of Maurice, he still would not
+speak to Rupert.  After an embarrassing hour the King retired to his
+bed-chamber, and the Princes went to the house of Willys.
+
+On the next morning Rupert was permitted to lay his defence before a
+court-martial, which acquitted him of any lack of "courage or
+fidelity," though not of indiscretion.[48] The verdict, though
+qualified, was in effect a triumph for Rupert, and completely
+vindicated his honour.  As to the relief which the King fancied he had
+intended to send to Bristol, Sir Edward Walker, no friend to Rupert,
+admits that "it was a very plausible design on paper,... and I fear it
+would have been a longer time than we fancied to ourselves, before we
+made both ends to meet."[49]  Here the matter should have ended, and
+had it done so, the whole {196} affair would have been little to
+Rupert's discredit.  Unfortunately his passionate temper now put him
+completely in the wrong.
+
+The King had resolved to quit Newark, and, remembering Willys's
+frequent quarrels with the Commissioners of the County, and also his
+recent display of partisanship, he judged it unwise to leave him
+behind.  For this reason he ordered him to change posts with Bellasys,
+who, since the death of Lord Bernard Stuart, had commanded the King's
+guards.  This was promotion for Willys, but a very unwelcome promotion,
+for which he perfectly understood the King's motives.  Moreover,
+Bellasys was Digby's friend, and the whole military party rose in
+protest against this new evidence of Digby's power.  It was agreed that
+Willys should demand the grounds for his removal, and a trial by
+court-martial.  The stormy scene which resulted has been rather
+confusedly described by Walker, Clarendon and others, but the best
+account is to be found in the diary of Symonds, though he unhappily
+repented of having written it, and tore a part of it out of his book.
+
+The King had just returned from church, and sat down to dinner, when
+Rupert, Maurice, Gerard, Willys and some other officers entered the
+room.  Rupert "came in discontentedly, with his hands at his sides, and
+approached very near the King."  Charles thereupon ordered the dinner
+to be taken away, and, rising, walked to a corner of the room.  Rupert,
+Gerard and Willys followed him.  Willys spoke first, asking,
+respectfully enough, to be told the names of his accusers.  Rupert
+broke in impatiently: "By God!  This is done in malice to me, because
+Sir Richard hath always been my faithful friend!"  Gerard then launched
+into a protest on his own account, and Rupert again interrupted,
+saying: "The cause of all this is Digby!"--"I am but a child!  Digby
+can do what he will with me," retorted the King bitterly.--A long and
+violent altercation followed.  Rupert referred to Bristol, and the King
+sighed, "O nephew!" {197} and then stopped short.  Whereupon Rupert
+cried, for the third time: "Digby is the man that hath caused all this
+distraction between us!"  But the King could endure no more: "They are
+all rogues and rascals that say so!" he answered sharply, "and in
+effect traitors that seek to dishonour my best subjects!"  There was no
+more to be said; Gerard bowed and went out.  Rupert "showed no
+reverence, but went out proudly, his hands at his sides."[50]
+
+That evening the Princes and their party sent in a petition to the
+effect that: "Many of us trusted in high commands in Your Majesty's
+service, have not only our commissions taken away without any cause or
+reason expressed, whereby our honours are blemished to the world, our
+fortunes ruined, and we rendered incapable of command from any foreign
+prince,--but many others, as we have cause to fear, are designed to
+suffer in like manner."[51]  They repeated their demand for trials by
+court-martial, and desired that, if this were refused, they might have
+passes to go over seas.  The King answered that he would not make a
+court-martial the judge of his actions, and sent the passes.  Next
+morning about ten o'clock, the two princes and Lord Gerard came
+privately to the bed-chamber to take their leave.  Gerard "expressed
+some sense of folly,"[52] but the Princes offered no apology, and, with
+about two hundred officers, they rode off to Belvoir, "the King looking
+out of a window, and weeping to see them go."[53]
+
+As an instance of the way in which stories are exaggerated, Pepys's
+account of the affair, written some twenty years after, is instructive:
+"The great officers of the King's army mutinied and came, in that
+manner, with swords drawn, into the market-place of the town where the
+King was.  Whereupon the King says, 'I must horse,' and {198} there
+himself personally; when every one expected they should be opposed, the
+King came, and cried to the head of the mutineers, which was Prince
+Rupert,--'Nephew, I command you to be gone!'  So the Prince, in all his
+fury and discontent, withdrew; and his company scattered."[54]
+
+This was the climax of the long-continued strife between the military
+and civilian parties; the civilians had triumphed, and the princes now
+resolved to leave the country.  In great indignation, a large number of
+officers prepared to follow them.  "This is an excellent reward for
+Rupert and Maurice!" declared Gerard wrathfully.[55]  Rupert himself
+wrote to Legge: "Dear Will, I hope Goodwin has told you what reasons I
+had to quit His Majesty's service.  I have sent Osborne to London for a
+pass to go beyond seas; when I have an answer you shall know more.
+Pray tell Sir Charles Lucas that I would have written to him before
+this, and to George Lisle, but I was kept close here....  If I can but
+get permission, I shall hope to see you and the rest of my friends once
+more; and in particular to bid farewell to my Lord Portland.  I forgot
+to tell you that Lord Digby is beaten back again to Shipton.  Alas,
+poor man!"[56]
+
+Osborne, whom Rupert had sent to London to obtain from the Parliament a
+pass and safe convoy to a sea-port, found his mission greatly
+facilitated by Digby's new defeat, and the consequent capture of his
+papers.  It was characteristic of the Secretary, that, though his
+love-letters were carefully preserved in cipher, all those of political
+importance were written in plain language.  Among these papers was
+found a copy of the King's answer to Rupert's advice to treat, and the
+Parliament was moved thereby in Rupert's favour.  A pass was granted,
+but on condition of a promise given never again to bear arms against
+the {199} Parliament.  This promise the Princes would not give; and, as
+they could not possibly leave the country without the Parliament's good
+will, they fought their way back to Woodstock.
+
+A few weeks later Charles returned to Oxford, and at once released
+Legge from his confinement.  Rupert was still at Woodstock, and his
+faithful friend lost no time in attempting to mediate between him and
+the King.  "My most dear Prince," he wrote, November 21st, "the liberty
+I have got is but of little contentment when divided from you..., I
+have not hitherto lost a day without moving His Majesty to recall you;
+and truly, this very day, he protested to me he would count it a great
+happiness to have you with him, so he received the satisfaction he is
+bound in honour to have.  What that is you will receive from the Duke
+of Richmond.  The King says, as he is your Uncle, he is in the nature
+of a parent to you, and swears that if Prince Charles had done as you
+did he would never see him again, without the same he desires from
+you....  you must thank the Duchess of Richmond, for she furnished a
+present to procure this messenger--I being not so happy as to have any
+money myself."[57]  And four days later, he wrote again: "I am of
+opinion you should write to your Uncle--you ought to do it--; and if
+you offered your service to him yet, and submitted yourself to his
+disposing and advice, many of your friends think it could not be a
+dishonour, but rather the contrary, seeing he is a King, your Uncle,
+and, in effect, a parent to you."[58]
+
+But Rupert sulked, like Achilles in his tent, and his other friends
+took up the protest.  "This night I was with the King, who expresses
+great kindness to you, but beleevs y^r partinge was so much the
+contrary as Y^r Highnes cannot but think it finill," wrote an anonymous
+correspondent, "Now truly, Sir, His Majesty conceiving it soe, in my
+{200} opinion, 'tis ffitt you should make sume hansume applycation, for
+this reason; because my Lord Duke and others here, are much your
+servants, and all that are so wish your return to courte, though it be
+but to part frindlye.  But I think it necessary you should prepare the
+way first by letters to the Kinge.  Sir, I have no designes in this but
+your service, and if you understand me rightlye, that will prevayle so
+far as you will consider what I saye before you resolve the contrarye.
+I knowe there be sum that are your enemies, but they are such as may
+barcke, but I am confident are not able to fight against you appeare.
+Therefore, Sir, I beseech you, do not contrybute to the satisfaction of
+your foes, and the ruyne of your friends, by neglecting anything in
+your power to make peace with fortune.  If after all your attempts to
+be rightlye understood you shall fayle of that, yet you cannot waynt
+honor for the action.  'Tis your Uncle you shall submit to, and a King,
+not in the condition he meryt!  What others may saye I knowe not, but
+really, soe may I speak my opinion as a person that valews you above
+all the world besydes.  I am confident you know how faithfully my harte
+is to your Highness!"[59]  Also from Lord Dorset came a pathetic
+appeal: "If my prayers can prevail, you shall not have the heart to
+leave us all in our saddest times.  If my advice were worthy of
+following, surely you should not abandon your Uncle in the disastrous
+condition these evil storms have placed him in."[60]
+
+These exhortations and entreaties at length prevailed; the Prince
+suffered his natural generosity to overcome his pride, and was induced
+to write the required apology: "I humbly acknowledge that great error,
+which I find your Majesty justly sensible of, which happened upon
+occasion at Newark."[61]  Several letters passed, and Charles then sent
+{201} his nephew, "by Colonel Legge, a paper to confess a fault."
+Rupert returned a blank sheet with his signature subscribed, to signify
+his perfect submission to his Uncle's will: "the King, with tears in
+his eyes, took that so well that all was at peace....  The Prince went
+to Oxford, and the King embraced him, and repented much the ill-usage
+of his nephew."  To this account of the reconciliation, is appended the
+marginal note, "ask the Duchess of Richmond," but the information that
+she was able to supply was never filled in.[62]
+
+Rupert was now restored to the favour and the counsels of his Uncle,
+but not to military command.  The war was practically over, and though
+the King would have had his nephew raise a new life-guard, the Oxford
+Council quashed the design.  Then Charles confided to Rupert his
+intention of taking refuge with the Scottish army.  The Prince
+distrusted the Scots, and strongly combated the idea; but, finding that
+he could not move the King's resolution, he obtained from him a signed
+statement that he acted against his nephew's advice.  For one mistake,
+at least, the Prince would not be held responsible.  April 27th, 1646,
+the King left Oxford secretly, rejecting Rupert's companionship on the
+grounds that his "tallness" would betray him.[63]
+
+Oxford was now almost the last town holding out; on the first of May,
+Fairfax sat down before it, and the end was not long in coming.  A
+little skirmishing took place, but the Royalists had no real hope of
+success.  On one occasion Rupert, Maurice and Gerard went out against
+the Scots, with "about twenty horse, in stockings and shoes."  In mere
+bravado, they charged three troops of the enemy, and Maurice's page,
+Robert Holmes, of whom we shall hear more hereafter, was wounded.
+Rupert also was hurt, for the first time in the war; "a lieutenant of
+the enemy shot the Prince in the shoulder, and shook his hand, so {202}
+that his pistol fell out of his hand; but it shot his enemy's
+horse."[64]
+
+Rupert had previously demanded of the governor, Sir Thomas Glemham,
+whether he would defend the town, but Glemham replied that he must obey
+the Council, and Rupert therefore interfered no more in the matter.  On
+May 18th a treaty was opened with Fairfax, but broken off on a
+disagreement about terms.  But by June 1st, all the water had been
+drawn off from the city, and surrender was inevitable.  The treaty was
+renewed, and Rupert prudently came to the Council to demand a
+particular clause for the safety of himself and his brother.  This
+occasioned a quarrel with Lord Southampton, who retorted that "the
+Prince was in good company," and was understood by Rupert to imply
+disrespect to his person.  He sent Gerard to expostulate with
+Southampton, who offered no apology, but, saying that his words had
+been unfaithfully reported, repeated them accurately.  Rupert was not
+satisfied, and sent Gerard again, with a message that he expected to
+meet Southampton "with his sword in his hand," and at as early a date
+as possible, lest the duel should be prevented.  The Earl cheerfully
+appointed the next morning, and selected pistols as his weapons,
+acknowledging that he was no match for the Prince with the sword.  But
+fortunately the suspicion of the Council had been roused; the gates
+were shut, the would-be combatants arrested, and a reconciliation
+effected.  "And the Prince ever after had a good respect for the
+Earl."[65] There was no surer way of winning Rupert's esteem than by
+accepting a challenge from him.
+
+After this episode, the special clause by which the Princes were to
+have the benefit of all the other articles, and free leave to quit the
+country, was inserted in the treaty, and accepted by Fairfax.  Indeed
+the Parliament showed the Princes a greater leniency than might have
+been expected.  They {203} were permitted to take with them all their
+servants, and to remain in England for six months longer, provided they
+did not approach within twenty miles of London.  But on their quitting
+Oxford, June 22nd, Fairfax gave them leave on his own authority to go
+to Oatlands, which was within the proscribed distance of the capital.
+The reason for their move thither, was their desire to see the Elector,
+who was then in London; but it greatly excited the wrath of the
+Parliament.  Notwithstanding the express permission of Fairfax, it was
+declared that the Princes had broken the articles, and they were
+ordered to leave the country immediately, on pain of being treated as
+prisoners.  In a letter curiously signed "Rupert and Maurice," they
+answered, meekly enough, that they had acted in all good faith,
+believing the general's pass sufficient, and that in coming to Oatlands
+they had regarded the convenience of the house more than the distance
+from London, "of which we had no doubt at all."[66]
+
+But the Parliament refused to be pacified, and insisted that the
+Princes must depart within ten days.  A long correspondence ensued,
+relating chiefly to passes for various servants, "whom we would not
+willingly leave behind."  The list forwarded to the Parliament by
+Rupert, included a chaplain, some seven or eight gentlemen, footmen,
+grooms, a tailor, a gunsmith, a farrier, a secretary, "my brother's
+secretary's brother," and "a laundress and her maid."[67]  On July 4th
+the brothers reached Dover, whence Rupert took ship for Calais, and
+Maurice for the Hague.  Rupert's "family," as his train was called,
+followed more slowly, and rejoined him on July 23rd, at St. Germains.
+"Blessed be God, for his and our deliverance from the Parliament,"[68]
+piously concludes the journal of his secretary.
+
+So ended Rupert's part in the Civil War; a part played, on the whole,
+creditably, and yet not without serious faults {204} both of temper and
+judgment.  In the earlier days of the war, while possessed of the
+King's confidence, the Prince had been almost uniformly successful.
+Later, when he had to struggle against plots and counter-plots, a
+vacillating King, false friends, and open enemies, he failed.  That
+Digby had laid a deliberate scheme for his overthrow is evident; yet he
+had made Digby his enemy by his own faults of temper, and his own
+indiscretions had placed the necessary weapons in the Secretary's
+hands.  That he was unjustly treated with regard to Bristol there can
+be no doubt, but he ruined his own cause by his hopeless loss of
+temper.  Nothing could justify the mutinous scene at Newark, and Rupert
+afterwards confessed himself ashamed of it.  That the King's affairs
+would have prospered better had Digby's influence been less and
+Rupert's more, seems probable.  Faults and limitations, Rupert had, but
+he understood war as Digby did not.  His fidelity was irreproachable,
+and could never have been seriously doubted.  But he knew when the
+cause was lost, though the sanguine secretary failed to perceive it,
+and his advice to make peace was reasonable enough.  It was unfortunate
+that the position was such as made that reasonable advice impossible to
+follow.
+
+
+
+[1] Warburton.  III.  p. 133.  Maurice to Rupert, July 7, 1645.
+
+[2] Warburton.  III.  p. 149.  Rupert to Richmond, July 28, 1645.
+
+[3] Ibid.  p. 151.  Rupert to Legge, July 28, 1645.
+
+[4] Add. MSS.  Richmond to Rupert, Aug. 3, 1645.
+
+[5] Rushworth, VI.  132.  King to Rupert, Aug. 3.
+
+[6] Warburton, III.  73.  Rupert to Legge, Mar. 31, 1645.
+
+[7] Carte's Ormonde, VI.  303.  Digby to Ormonde, June 26, 1645
+
+[8] Warburton, III.  p. 145.
+
+[9] Ibid.  p. 156.  Rupert to Legge, July 29, 1645.
+
+[10] A Narrative of the Siege of Bristol.  Warburton, III.  pp. 166-180.
+
+[11] Warburton, III.  pp. 172-174.
+
+[12] Narrative of Siege of Bristol.  Warburton, III.  pp. 168-169.
+
+[13] Ibid.  p. 178.
+
+[14] Narrative of Siege of Bristol.  Warburton, III.  p. 180.
+
+[15] Narrative of Siege of Bristol.  Warburton, III.  p. 181.
+
+[16] Pamphlet, Sept. 10, 1645.  Warburton, p. 183.
+
+[17] Ibid.
+
+[18] Nicholas Papers, I.  p. 65.  Camden Society.  New Series.  Butler
+to Waller, Sept. 15, 1645.
+
+[19] Carte's Original Letters, I.  p. 134.
+
+[20] Domestic State Papers.  Honeywood, Oct. 7-13, 1645.
+
+[21] Warburton, II.  p. 185.
+
+[22] Domestic State Papers.  Nicholas to King, Sept. 18, 1645.
+
+[23] Ibid.  Rupert to King, Sept 18, 1645.
+
+[24] Dom. State Papers.  Nicholas to King, Sept. 18, 1645.
+
+[25] Ibid.  Digby to Nicholas, Sept. 26, 1645.
+
+[26] Clarendon, Bk. IX.  91.
+
+[27] Walker, p. 142.
+
+[28] Clarendon, Bk. IX.  121.  Walker, 142.
+
+[29] Warburton, III.  p. 183.
+
+[30] Ibid.  p. 188.  King to Maurice, Sept 20, 1645.
+
+[31] Pamphlet.  Brit. Mus.  "Prince Rupert: his Declaration", March 9,
+1649.
+
+[32] Pamphlet.  Brit. Mus.  "A Looking-glass wherein His Majesty may
+see his Nephew's Love."
+
+[33] Carte's Ormonde, VI.  167, 18 July, 1644.
+
+[34] The names are so printed in the Calendar of State Papers.  But in
+the original MS. they are so blotted that only "Rupert" and "Legge" are
+really distinct.  Professor Gardiner adds Culpepper.
+
+[35] State Papers.  Digby to Jermyn, Aug. 27, 1645.
+
+[36] State Papers.  Anon. to Walsingham, Aug. 8, 1645.
+
+[37] Dom. State Papers.  Walsingham to Digby, Aug. 12, 1645.
+
+[38] Ibid.  Aug. 16, 1645.
+
+[39] Dom. State Papers.  A to Walsingham, Sept. 14, 1645.
+
+[40] Ibid.  Walsingham to Digby, Sept. 14, 1645.
+
+[41] Dom. State Papers, Sept. 16, 1645.
+
+[42] Ibid.  Sept. 16, 1645.
+
+[43] Ibid.  Oct. 11, 1645.
+
+[44] Warburton, III.  p. 194.
+
+[45] Ibid.  pp. 194-5.
+
+[46] Add. MSS.  31022.  King to Rupert, Oct. 15, 1645.
+
+[47] Walker, pp. 136-137.
+
+[48] Warburton, III.  201-203.
+
+[49] Walker, 137.
+
+[50] Symonds Diary.  Camden Society, 268-270, also Walker, 145-148.
+
+[51] Evelyn's Diary, ed. 1852.  IV.  165-166.
+
+[52] Walker, p. 148.
+
+[53] Pamphlet.  Merc.  Brit.  Warburton, III.  206, _note_.
+
+[54] Pepys Diary, 4 Feb. 1665.
+
+[55] State Papers.  Gerard to Skipworth, Nov. 2, 1645.
+
+[56] Dom. State Papers.  Anon. to Legge, Nov. 3, 1645.
+
+[57] Warburton, III.  p. 211.  Legge to Rupert, Nov. 21, 1645.
+
+[58] Ibid.  p. 212.  Legge to Rupert, Nov. 25, 1645.
+
+[59] Pythouse Papers, p. 27.
+
+[60] Warburton, III.  213.  Dorset to Rupert, Dec. 25, 1645.
+
+[61] Ibid., p. 222.  Rupert to King.  No date.
+
+[62] Warburton, III.  p. 195-196.
+
+[63] Ibid.  p. 196.
+
+[64] Warburton, III.  p. 197.
+
+[65] Clarendon's Life, ed. 1827, vol. III.  p. 235.
+
+[66] Cary's Memorials of Civil War, ed. 1842, vol. I.  pp. 114-115.
+
+[67] Warburton, III.  pp. 234-235, _note_.  Cary, I.  121-122.
+
+[68] Prince Rupert's Journal.  Clar. State Papers.
+
+
+
+
+{205}
+
+CHAPTER XI
+
+THE ELECTOR'S ALLIANCE WITH THE PARLIAMENT.  EDWARD'S MARRIAGE.
+ASSASSINATION OF D'EPINAY BY PHILIP
+
+Before their departure from England, Rupert and Maurice had received a
+visit from their brother, the Elector.  The Thirty Years' War was
+drawing to a close, and the Peace of Munster which was to restore
+Charles Louis to the Palatinate, was already under consideration.  But
+the Elector could not make terms with the Emperor without the consent
+of his brothers, and therefore June 30th, 1646, he wrote to the
+Parliament:
+
+"Having received information from Munster and Osnaburgh, that in
+whatsoever shall be agreed at the general treaty concerning my
+interests, the consent of all my brothers will be required, I am
+desirous to confer with my brothers Rupert and Maurice, afore their
+departure out of this kingdom, about this, and other domestic affairs
+which do concern us.  Whereby I do not at all intend to retard my said
+brothers' journey; but shall endeavour to efface any such impressions
+as the enemies of these kingdoms, and of our family beyond seas,
+(making use of their present distresses,) may fix upon them, to their
+own and our family prejudice."[1]  The desired interview was permitted
+by the Parliament, and on July 1st the Elector met his brothers at
+Guildford.  What reception he had we do not know, but it cannot, in the
+nature of things, have been very cordial.
+
+With all their faults, which were many, Rupert and Maurice were
+incapable of the meanness to which Charles {206} Louis had descended,
+and for which he did not conceal the mercenary motive.  During the
+King's prosperity he had lived much in England; and from the King he
+had received nothing but kindness and affection, though the Queen
+apparently gave him cause of complaint.  In 1642 he had accompanied the
+King to York, but, finding war inevitable, he had quitted the Court at
+a moment's notice, and returned to Holland, just when Rupert and
+Maurice were hastening to their uncle's assistance.  The Parliament
+"expressed a good sense" of this desertion, pretending to believe that
+Charles Louis had discovered secret designs of the King to which he
+could not reconcile his conscience.[2] And for some time the Elector
+watched events from a distance, taking care to detach himself from all
+connection with his brothers by declarations, and messages to the
+Parliament.
+
+By 1644, it appeared to him that the Parliament was likely to have the
+better in arms, as it certainly had in money, and in the August of that
+year he suddenly arrived in London.  In a very long, and very pious
+document he stated his reasons for his conduct.  The Puritans, as "the
+children of truth and innocency who are not changed with the smiles or
+frowns of this inconstant world," were, he declared, his "best friends,
+and, under God, greatest confidants," and he wound up with a direct
+attack on Rupert.  "Neither can His Highness forbear, with unspeakable
+grief, to observe that the public actions of some of the nearest of his
+blood have been such as have admitted too much cause of sorrow and
+jealousy, even from such persons, upon whose affections, in respect of
+their love and zeal to the reformed religion, His Highness doth set the
+greatest price.  But, as His Highness is not able to regulate what is
+out of his power, so is he confident that the justice of the
+Parliament, and of all honest men, will not impute {207} to him such
+actions as are his afflictions, and not his faults."[3]
+
+Princes were scarce with the Puritans, and Charles Louis was well
+received, lodged in Whitehall, and granted a large pension.[4]  In
+recognition of this he took the Covenant, and begged leave to sit in
+the Assembly of Divines, then debating on religious "reforms".  His
+request was readily granted, and it is to be hoped that he suffered
+some weariness from the long-winded debates to which he thus condemned
+himself.
+
+The King regarded his conduct with quiet indifference, only remarking
+that he was sorry, for his nephew's sake, that he thought fit to act in
+such a manner.  It has been suggested that he willingly connived at
+this hypocrisy as the only means by which the Elector could obtain
+money, but Charles Louis' own letters to his mother disprove that view.
+In 1647, when the King was a prisoner, he often received the visits of
+his eldest nephew, and the Elector thus described their mutual attitude
+to Elizabeth: "His Majesty, upon occasion, doth still blame the way I
+have been in all this time, and I do defend it _as the only shelter I
+have_, when my public business, and my person, have received so many
+neglects at Court.  Madame, I would not have renewed the sore of his
+ill-usage of me since the Queen hath had power with him, but that he
+urged me to it, saying that I should rather have lived on bread and
+water, than have complied with the Parliament, which he said I did
+'_only to have one chicken more in my dish_'; and that he would have
+thought it a design more worthy of his nephew if I had gone about to
+have taken the crown from his head.  These and such-like expressions
+would have moved a saint.  Neither do I know of anyone, but Our
+Saviour, that would have ruined himself for those that hate one."[5]
+
+{208}
+
+The King seems to have entertained no suspicions of actual treachery on
+the part of his nephew, but it is by no means unlikely that Charles
+Louis really did cherish some vague design of "taking the crown from
+his head".  If the King were deposed, and his children rejected as the
+children of a Roman Catholic Queen, then the Elector, after his mother,
+was the Protestant heir to the throne.  Probably the aspersions cast
+upon Rupert would have better fitted his elder brother, and the French
+Ambassador did not hesitate to assert plainly in 1644: "Some entertain
+a design for conveying the crown to the Prince Palatine".[6]  But,
+whatever his degree of guilt, the political conduct of Charles Louis
+could be regarded only with contempt by Rupert and Maurice, though
+concerning their "domestic affairs" they seem to have been of one mind
+with him.
+
+During the years of turmoil in England the Palatines on the Continent
+had not been inactive.  Edward and Philip, clinging together as did
+Rupert and Maurice, had resided chiefly in Paris, where they seem to
+have led a very gay life, if Sir Kenelm Digby is to be credited.  "All
+my conversation is in the other world, and with what passes in the
+Elysian fields," wrote that romantic personage to Lord Conway;
+"gaieties of Paris, gallantries of Prince Edward, his late duel with
+Sir James Leviston, who extremely forgot his duty.  In a word, it was
+impossible for a young man, and a noble prince, to do more bravely than
+His Highness did."[7]
+
+A month later, Edward, inspired probably by Queen Henrietta, wrote to
+Rupert to suggest that he also should come over to fight for his
+uncle's cause.  "I have a letter from my brother in France who desires
+my order to come to me; if it be His Majesty's desire I should send
+word presently," Rupert wrote to Legge in April 1645; and he {209}
+added a postscript curiously indicative of the haste and want of
+thought with which he must have written.  "Since I wrote I remember the
+King was contented, and therefore I will send an express for my
+brother."[8]
+
+The express was sent: "This day arrived a gentleman from Prince Rupert
+to fetch his brother Edward into England," wrote Jermyn to Digby.[9]
+But ere the messenger could arrive Edward had eloped with a fair
+heiress, for whose sake he joined the Roman Church.  Jermyn hastened to
+inform Rupert of the event.  "Your Highness is to know a romance story
+which concerns you here in the person of Prince Edward, who is last
+week married privately to the Princess Anne, the Duke of Nevers'
+daughter.  This Queen,[10] the thing being done without her consent,
+hath been very much offended at it, and, notwithstanding all the
+endeavours of your brother's friends, he hath received an order to
+retire himself into Holland, which he hath done,...  But there will
+come no further disadvantage to him than a little separation from his
+wife.  She is very rich, £6,000 or £7,000 a year is the least that can
+fall to her, maybe more; and she is a very beautiful young lady."[11]
+
+Edward's bride, Anne de Gonzague, was in fact a very distinguished
+personage,--famous already for her startling adventures, and destined
+to become more famous as a political _intrigante_.[12]  The displeasure
+of the Queen Regent was speedily softened by the intercession of Queen
+Henrietta, and still more by Edward's conversion, which went far to
+palliate his fault.  On his own family it had precisely the opposite
+effect.  His mother was furious; and the Elector, moved by fear of the
+English Parliament's disapproval, wrote indignantly that Edward could
+not be really "persuaded {210} of those fopperies to which he
+pretends."[13]  He also ordered Philip to quit Paris, where "only
+atheists and hypocrites" were to be found, and he exhorted his mother
+to remove a Roman Catholic gentleman from attendance on the boy, and to
+lay her curse upon him should he ever change his religion.[14]
+
+Philip had no sooner returned to the Hague than he distinguished
+himself in a way which won him the affectionate admiration of all his
+brothers, and the lasting displeasure of his mother.  Elizabeth's
+favourite admirer, at that period, happened to be the Marquis d'Epinay,
+a French refugee, remarkable for his fascinating manners and
+disreputable character.  The young Palatines detested him, but the man,
+notwithstanding, became intimate at the Court, and was soon acquainted
+with the Queen's most private affairs.  The intimacy produced scandal
+without, and dissension within the household.  D'Epinay boasted of his
+conquest, and Philip, a boy of eighteen, could not endure his insolence.
+
+On the evening of June 20, 1646, D'Epinay, and several of his
+countrymen encountered Philip alone.  They greeted him by name,
+insulting both him and his mother, but eventually fled before the
+fierce onslaught of the youngest Palatine.  The affair could not end
+thus.  On the following morning, as he drove through the Place d'Armes,
+Philip caught sight of his enemy.  Without a moment's thought he sprang
+from his curricle, and rushed upon D'Epinay.  D'Epinay was armed, and
+received Philip on the point of his sword, wounding him in the side.
+Philip had no sword, but he was a Palatine, and he plunged his
+hunting-knife deep into the Frenchman's heart.  D'Epinay fell dead, and
+Philip, flinging his knife from him, regained his curricle and drove
+off to the Spanish border.[15]
+
+Then arose a mighty storm.  The Queen, passionately {211} bewailing her
+misfortune in having such a son, vowed that she would never look on
+Philip's face again.  But Philip's brothers and sisters rose up in his
+defence.  The Princess Elizabeth boldly averred that "Philip needed no
+apology,"[16] and, finding her position in her mother's house
+untenable, retreated to her Aunt at Brandenburg.  And both Rupert and
+the Elector warmly espoused Philip's cause.  "Permit me, madame," wrote
+Charles Louis, "to solicit your pardon for my brother Philip,--a pardon
+I would sooner have asked, had it ever entered my mind that he could
+possibly need any intercession to obtain it.  The consideration of his
+youth, of the affront he received, and of the shame which would, all
+his life, have attached to him had he not revenged it, should
+suffice."[17]  Rupert wrote, in the same strain, from Oatlands, and his
+letter was accompanied by a second from the Elector, in which he
+declared that the very asking pardon for Philip would "more justly
+deserve forgiving than my brother's action."[18]  The Queen ultimately
+accorded a nominal pardon to the unfortunate Philip, for in July 1648,
+he was again at the Hague, under the protection of Rupert and Maurice,
+whom he accompanied to a dinner at which Mary, Princess of Orange,
+entertained her two brothers and three cousins.[19]
+
+He had, in the meantime entered the Venetian service, rather to the
+annoyance of the Elector, who wrote: "I could wish my brother Rupert or
+Maurice would undertake the Venetian business, my brother Philip being
+very young for such a task."[20]  But neither of the other two brothers
+had any intention of deserting the Stuart cause, and the Elector
+obtained leave from the Parliament for Philip to raise a thousand men
+in England.  For this purpose, Philip {212} visited his eldest brother
+in London, but stayed only a few weeks.[21]  Returning to Holland, he
+completed his levies in the states, with some assistance from
+Maurice;[22] and in the autumn of 1648 he departed to Italy, whence he
+wrote to Rupert that the Venetians were "unworthy pantaloons."[23]
+
+Rupert was, meanwhile, watching over the Stuarts in France, and Maurice
+remained quietly at the Hague with his mother and sisters.  We find him
+with no more exciting occupation than the paying of visits of
+compliment on behalf of his mother; or walking meekly behind her and
+his sisters, when they met distinguished visitors in the garden of the
+Prince of Orange.  Perhaps his health had suffered from his two severe
+illnesses in England, and he needed the long rest.  But, whatever the
+reason, at the Hague he stayed, until May 1648, when he was summoned by
+Rupert to join the Royalist fleet.
+
+
+
+[1] Cary's Memorials.  Vol. I.  p. 120.
+
+[2] Clarendon. Hist.  Bk. VII.  p. 414
+
+[3] Rupert Transcripts.  Declaration of the Prince Elector.
+
+[4] Whitelocke, 85, 101.
+
+[5] Forster's Eminent Statesmen.  1847.  Vol. VI.  pp. 80-81
+
+[6] Von Raumer's History of England in 17th Century.  III.  p. 330.
+
+[7] Cal. Dom. State Papers,  13/23 Feb. 1645.  Chas. I.  DVI.  f. 43.
+
+[8] Warburton, III.  p. 75.
+
+[9] Cal. Dom. State Papers.  Jermyn to Digby, 12 May, 1645.
+
+[10] Anne of Austria, Queen Regent of France.
+
+[11] Warburton, III.  p. 82.  5 May, 1645.
+
+[12] Memoirs of Anne de Gonzague.  Ed. Sénac de Meilhan.  Memoirs of
+Cardinal De Retz, and of Mademoiselle de Montpensier.
+
+[13] Bromley Letters, p. 127, 28 Nov. 1645.
+
+[14] Bromley, pp. 129-131.
+
+[15] Soeltl's Elizabeth Stuart, 1840.  Bk. IV.  Chap. 7, pp. 402-403.
+
+[16] Strickland's Elizabeth Stuart, p. 209.
+
+[17] Ibid.
+
+[18] Bromley Letters, p. 134.
+
+[19] Queen's Princesses, VI.  p. 149.
+
+[20] Bromley Letters, p. 136.  Elector to Elizabeth, Jan. 9, 1646-7.
+
+[21] Whitelocke, p. 306.
+
+[22] State Papers, 20 April, 1647.
+
+[23] Rupert Transcripts, Sept. 30, 1648.
+
+
+
+
+{213}
+
+CHAPTER XII
+
+COMMAND IN THE FRENCH ARMY.  COURTSHIP OF MADEMOISELLE.  DUELS WITH
+DIGBY AND PERCY
+
+Sometime before the end of the war the Queen of England had fled to
+France, and had set up her court at that home of Royal exiles,--St.
+Germains!  There she had been joined by her son, the Prince of Wales,
+and by many English Cavaliers; and thither went Rupert in July 1646.
+"If thou see Prince Rupert," wrote King Charles anxiously to his wife,
+"tell him that I have recommend him unto thee.  For, albeit his
+passions may sometimes make him mistake, yet I am confident of his
+honest constancy and courage, having at the last behaved himself very
+well."[1]  Henrietta, convinced by her husband's words, or forgetful of
+the reproaches she had so recently heaped upon her nephew, received
+Rupert graciously, and to the Prince of Wales he was of course very
+welcome.
+
+Nor was his reception at the French court less cordial.  The Queen
+Regent, impressed by his romantic history and famous courage, showered
+marks of her favour upon him; and Mazarin, the true ruler of France, at
+once offered him a command in the French army, "upon whatever
+conditions of preferment or advantage he could desire."[2]  Rupert
+hesitated to accept the flattering offer, without his Uncle's sanction.
+"Prince Rupert had several assurances by the mouth of the Duke of
+Orleans, Cardinal Mazarin and others, of the charge of the foreign
+forces mentioned in my last," says a letter in the Portland MSS., "but
+I am informed {214} he defers to accept the commission of it, until he
+hears his Uncle, the King of Great Britain, doth approve it; which
+deference is well taken here."[3]
+
+Apparently Charles expressed approval of the arrangement, for Rupert
+finally entered the French service, reserving to himself the right of
+quitting it whenever his Uncle should need him.  He was immediately
+given the rank of Field-Marshal, with a regiment of foot, a troop of
+horse, and a commission to command all the English in France.  The
+Cavaliers, exiled and destitute, eagerly embraced the opportunity of
+serving under their Prince, and Rupert had no difficulty in raising a
+large corps, more especially as the conditions of service were
+exceptionally good.  Among those who applied for a commission was the
+ever plausible Goring, but he found himself promptly refused, and
+thereupon took service under Spain.
+
+The summer of 1647 found Rupert fighting his old enemies the Spaniards,
+in Northern France, and on the borders of Flanders.  The campaign was a
+desultory one, in which little was effected, owing partly to the
+jealousies of the French officers, who were little more in concord than
+those of the English army had been.  The two Marshals, Rantzau and
+Gassion, detested each other, and Gassion, at least, was exceedingly
+jealous of Rupert's reputation.  His conduct throughout the campaign
+was, if not treacherous, extremely eccentric and he seems to have
+deserved the name of "that madman" bestowed on him by Rantzau.
+
+They marched first to the relief of Armentières, and, on their arrival
+near the town, Gassion invited Rupert to come and "view the enemy"
+accordingly they set out alone, and advanced some way down the river,
+concealing themselves behind the sheltering hedges.  Then Gassion,
+directing the Prince to stay behind until he called him, proceeded
+alone to a little house on the river bank.  In the meantime some {215}
+Spanish soldiers came down in a boat, and landed by the house.  Rupert
+saw them clearly, but dared not warn his comrade lest they should hear
+him sooner than could Gassion.  Luckily the French Marshal was equal to
+the emergency.  He was wearing a Spanish coat, and when he came face to
+face with the Spanish soldiers, he had the presence of mind to address
+them in their own language, and as though he were one of their
+officers.  This so surprised them that they stood still, staring; and
+Gassion, with more prudence than dignity, took to his heels.  In spite
+of the enemy's fire, he regained the hedge, and Rupert, coming to meet
+him, pulled him over the ditch.  "Mort Dieu!" gasped the Marshal.  "Ça
+m'arrive toujours!"  To which Rupert retorted in the dry manner which
+he seems to have usually assumed towards Gassion, "Je n'en doute point,
+si vous faites souvent comme ça."  Both got safely away, but the battle
+intended to relieve Armentières never took place.[4]  The Spaniards
+numbered three times as many as the French: and when Gassion began to
+draw out his troops next day, Rantzau flew to exhort Rupert to stop
+such madness.  The Prince thereupon urged Gassion to give up the idea
+of battle; the army was withdrawn to Arras, and Armentières fell to the
+Spaniards.
+
+On the retreat to Arras, Rupert was attacked by Piccolomini, in great
+force.  Again and again Rupert repulsed his charge, retreating slowly
+all the time.  Gassion, actuated by jealousy, sent an order to the
+Prince to remain where he was; but Rupert, retorting fiercely that it
+was the other Marshal's day of command, continued his retreat.  After
+that he despatched a formal complaint of Gassion's conduct to the Queen
+Regent, who rebuked Gassion with the curious question--"Was he a
+general or a Croat?"[5]
+
+The Spaniards marched next to La Bassée, and Gassion there invited
+Rupert to take another survey of their forces, {216} asking, "Are you
+well mounted, Sir?  Shall we go see the army?"  Rupert assented, and
+they started--not this time alone, but with three or four others in
+their company.  They had not gone far when they fell into an ambush of
+foot soldiers, and perceived that a troop of Spanish horse was
+following to cut off their retreat.  Seeing this, they wheeled round,
+and two of Rupert's gentlemen, Mortaigne and Robert Holmes, beat back a
+troop of Spaniards who were crossing the rivulet between them and the
+French.  Both were hurt, Mortaigne in the hand and Holmes in the leg.
+Mortaigne retired, but Holmes lay upon the ground, exposed to the
+sweeping fire of the enemy.  Rupert was retreating with the French,
+but, seeing Holmes in this predicament, he turned and went calmly back
+through the Spanish fire, with Mortaigne following him.  With great
+danger and difficulty he lifted Holmes on to his own horse, and brought
+him safely off, "not a man of the French volunteers coming to his
+assistance.[6]
+
+In this inglorious campaign there seems to have been little save
+retreats to record.  An attempt to relieve Landrécies failed as that at
+Armentières had done, chiefly through the mistake, or treachery of a
+guide.  Rupert was told off to secure the retreat with three German
+regiments and one of Croats.  Continually skirmishing with the Spanish
+horse, he had got through the first pass, when Gassion returned to him,
+in great distress, saying that the cannon was stuck fast in the mud,
+and would have to be abandoned.  Rupert replied that, if he might have
+the Picardy guards and a regiment of Swiss, he would not only make good
+the retreat, but would also bring off the cannon.  Gassion willingly
+sent back the required troops, and Rupert made good his promise,
+without losing a single man.  This done, "he thought to have lain down
+and refreshed himself," but an order came to march on to La Bassée, and
+{217} he at once set out with the horse, leaving the foot to follow.
+At La Bassée he won the only success that fell to the French in the
+campaign.  Reaching the town that night, he found that a relief of some
+four hundred men, under Goring, had just been despatched thither by the
+Spaniards; the opportunity was more than welcome.  All Goring's men
+were captured by Rupert's guards, and most of them, being English,
+transferred their services to the Prince.[7]  That same night Rupert
+began his line round the town, and in less than three weeks it was his.
+
+Gassion was furiously jealous.  During the whole course of the siege,
+he had refused to lend any aid whatever, and when the town was taken in
+spite of him, his jealousy led him to play the Prince a very
+treacherous trick.  He invited him one morning to "take the air," and
+Rupert, for the third time, agreed to accompany him.  They went out
+attended by a guard of eighty horse; but a peasant warned the Spaniards
+of their whereabouts, and an ambush was laid to intercept their return.
+As they came back, Rupert noticed a dog sitting with its back towards
+him, and staring into the wood.  The circumstance roused his
+suspicions; he took off his cloak, threw it to his page, and pressing
+after Gassion who was some yards ahead, cried: "Have a care, sir!
+There is a party in that wood!"  As he spoke the hidden enemy fired a
+smart volley.  Setting spurs to their horses, the French party broke
+through it, losing only Rupert's page, who was taken, but courteously
+released next day.  No sooner were they through the fire than Gassion
+faced about, saying: "Il faut rompre le col a ces coquins-là.--Pied à
+terre!"  He took his foot from his stirrup; and Rupert, naturally
+understanding that they were to attack the ambush, dismounted.  A few
+officers followed his example, and thereupon Gassion marched off with
+their horses, leaving them to face the difficulty as best {218} they
+could.  A sharp skirmish followed, in which Rupert received a shot in
+the head, but he contrived to retreat after Gassion, who was calmly
+waiting at some distance.  The French General then expressed polite
+regret for the accident: "Monsieur," he said, "je suis bien fâché que
+vous êtes blessé!"  To which Rupert replied, with crushing brevity: "Et
+moi aussi!"[8]
+
+This little skirmish ended an uneventful campaign, and Rupert returned
+to St. Germains, "where he passed his next winter with as much
+satisfaction as the tenderness he felt for his royal uncle's affairs
+would permit."[9]  King Charles was then a prisoner at Hampton Court,
+whence he wrote a very affectionate letter to his nephew, sympathising
+with him for his recent wound, and assuring him that, "next my
+children, I say _next_, I shall have most care of you, and shall take
+the first opportunity either to employ you, or to have your
+company."[10]
+
+Rupert was in the meanwhile, exerting himself in the service of the
+Prince of Wales.  It was the ambition of Henrietta to unite her eldest
+son to her niece, the daughter of the Duke of Orleans, known as La
+Grande Mademoiselle.  This lady, as heiress of the Montpensiers, had
+inherited an enormous fortune, which Henrietta desired to acquire for
+her son's benefit.  But young Charles did not care for his pompous
+cousin, and, in order to avoid the trouble of love-making, declared
+that he could not speak French.  Though Rupert himself had obstinately
+declined to mend his fortunes by marriage, he seems to have been very
+anxious to overcome his cousin's contumacy.  He became his interpreter,
+in which _rôle_ he was obliged not merely to translate, but to invent
+pretty speeches for the refractory Charles.  The task was a difficult
+one, for Mademoiselle was not stupid, and observed that when her
+supposed lover {219} wished to discuss dogs and horses with the young
+King of France he could speak French well enough.[11]  Moreover,
+neither Rupert nor Henrietta could make Prince Charles dance with his
+cousin if he did not choose to do so.  Mademoiselle pointed out his
+neglect of her to Rupert, "who," says she, "immediately made me all the
+excuses imaginable."[12]  But neither Rupert's excuses, nor Henrietta's
+protestations could bring the affair to the desired conclusion.
+
+An occupation more natural and congenial to Rupert than making love on
+behalf of an unwilling lover, was the settling of old scores, for which
+he now found leisure and opportunity.  It was not to be expected that
+he should meet Digby peaceably, and when the Secretary arrived in
+France in September 1647, a duel was universally expected.  "My Lord
+Digby, at his coming from Rouen towards Paris, received news of Prince
+Rupert being, two nights before, come from the army to St. Germains,"
+wrote O'Neil to Ormonde.  "His Highness and his dependants being the
+only persons from whom his Lordship could suspect any resentment, his
+Lordship prepared himself by the best forethought he could for any
+accident that night happen to him in that way."[13]
+
+The Queen was resolved to prevent any such "accident," and to keep a
+close watch over her nephew, to that end, but Rupert's prompt action
+took her by surprise.  On the morning after his arrival, while he was
+yet in bed, Digby received the Prince's challenge.  "About nine of the
+clock," says O'Neil, "I came to the Lord Digby's chamber, being sent
+for hastily by him.  Who told me that Prince Rupert had, a little
+before, sent him word, by M. de la Chapelle, that he expected him, with
+his sword in his hand, at the {220} Cross of Poissy, a large league off
+in the forest, with three in his company."  Digby sent back word that
+he was "highly sensible of the honour," and would come as soon as he
+could get on his clothes, but feared that there would be an hour's
+delay, since he had no horse, and was lame "in regard of a weakness in
+his hurt leg."  Rupert received this message "with much nobleness and
+civility," and at once placed his own horse at Digby's service.  By
+that time rumours of the impending fray were afloat, and Jermyn was
+sent by the Queen to remonstrate with Digby.  But the only result of
+Jermyn's intervention was to produce a quarrel between himself and
+Digby, which determined him to attend the duel on Rupert's side.  The
+delay, however, had given the Queen time to act, and just as Digby set
+foot in the stirrup, he was arrested by her Guards.  The Prince of
+Wales then rode into the forest, where he arrested Rupert and his
+seconds, Gerard, Chapelle and Guatier.  That evening, the Queen held an
+inquiry into the cause of quarrel, which Rupert declared to be certain
+private speeches made by Digby, and not his actions as Secretary of
+State.  The matter was therefore delivered to the arbitration of
+Culpepper, Gerard, Wentworth and Cornwallis; and "His Highness was so
+generous in not demanding or expecting from the Lord Digby anything
+that might misbecome him, that the business was concluded that night,
+in presence of the Queen and the Prince of Wales, much to the
+satisfaction of all parties.  Since which reconciliation," adds O'Neil,
+"Prince Rupert has carried himself so nobly to the Lord Digby, and the
+Lord Digby is so possessed with His Highness's generous proceedings
+towards him, that I think, in my conscience, there is no man, at
+present more heartily affected to His Highness's person and
+service."[14]
+
+Thus happily and unexpectedly ended the long feud.  Rupert's resentment
+was hot and passionate, but he could {221} always forego it graciously,
+provided that advances were made from the other side.  Nor were Digby's
+protestations of friendship insincere; in proof of which he promptly
+fought with and wounded Wilmot, because that gentleman had maligned the
+Prince.[15]
+
+Digby and Wilmot being thus disposed of, there remained Percy with whom
+the Prince had yet to deal.  Of this duel Rupert was resolved not to be
+cheated, and he therefore dispensed with formality.  Seizing his
+opportunity on a hunting expedition, he rode up to Percy, and laying a
+hand on his bridle, abruptly demanded "satisfaction."  Percy retorted
+angrily that he was quite ready to give it, and that the Prince's hold
+on his bridle was unnecessary.  Both then sprang from their horses and
+drew their swords.  Rupert "being as skilful with his weapon as
+valiant," ran Percy through the side, at the second pass; they closed,
+and both fell to the ground, Percy's hand being wounded in the fall.
+Upon this, one of Prince Charles's gentlemen came in and separated
+them, and so the affair ended, with advantage to Rupert.  Report said,
+afterwards, that the Prince had had the longer sword, but as in French
+duelling law there was no rule about length of weapon, that fact could
+not be held to affect the case in any way.[16]
+
+This was the last of Rupert's adventures in France.  Within a few weeks
+an event occurred which recalled him to Holland, and gave him, once
+more, the opportunity of serving his uncle, King Charles.
+
+
+
+[1] Letters of Charles I.  p. 58.  Camden Society.  1st Series.  King
+to Queen, 5 Aug. 1646.
+
+[2] Warburton, III.  p. 236.
+
+[3] Hist. MSS. Com.  Rept 13.  Portland MSS III.  p. 150.
+
+[4] Benett MSS.  Warburton, III.  pp. 238-9.
+
+[5] Ibid.  p. 240.
+
+[6] Benett MSS.  Warburton, III.  p. 241.
+
+[7] Benett MSS.  Warburton, III.  p. 243.
+
+[8] Benett MSS.  Warburton, III.  pp. 244-247.
+
+[9] Warburton.  III.  p.  246.
+
+[10] Ibid.  III.  p. 248.  King to Rupert, Sept. 27, 1647.
+
+[11] Mémoires de Mademoiselle de Montpensier.  Michaud's Collections.
+Vol. IV.  p. 57.
+
+[12] Ibid.  pp. 35, 37.
+
+[13] Carte's Letters, I.  152-156, 9 Oct. 1647.
+
+[14] Carte Letters, I.  152-156.  9 Oct. 1647.
+
+[15] Carte Letters.  I.  152-156.  9 Oct. 1647.
+
+[16] Hamilton Papers, p. 178.  Camden Soc.  New Series.
+
+
+
+
+{222}
+
+CHAPTER XIII
+
+RUPERT'S CARE OF THE FLEET.  NEGOTIATIONS WITH THE SCOTS.  RUPERT'S
+VOYAGE TO IRELAND.  THE EXECUTION OF THE KING.  LETTERS OF SOPHIE TO
+RUPERT AND MAURICE
+
+By May 1648 a Royalist reaction was setting in in England.  The King
+had been two years a prisoner, and the people, already weary of the
+Army and the Parliament, began to think with favour of their
+unfortunate sovereign.  Royalist risings took place in Kent and some of
+the Eastern Counties, and a large portion of the fleet, encouraged by
+this, revolted from the Parliament and came over to Holland.  Thither
+Rupert and the younger Charles hastened to meet it.  The French, eager
+to detain Rupert in their service, again and again offered him "any
+conditions" to remain with them, but he adhered firmly to the Stuart
+fortunes.[1] And well was it for young Charles that he did so; for, as
+even his enemies acknowledged, no other man could, or would have
+competed successfully with the terrible difficulties which they had now
+to encounter.  Fortunately, his experience in England had not been
+wasted.  He was learning to cultivate patience, tolerance and
+self-control, and never were such qualities more needed.  A letter,
+dated August 9, 1648, bears witness to the change in the Prince's
+manners.--"Let me assure you, Sir, that Prince Rupert's carriage was
+such at Calais, and throughout the journey thither, that, I protest, I
+was overjoyed to see it, both for the public, and for the Prince's
+(Charles) happiness in his company...  Certainly, Sir, he appears to me
+to be a {223} strangely changed man in his carriage; and for his
+temperance and his abilities, I think they were never much
+questioned."[2]
+
+His abilities were about to be taxed to the uttermost.  The small fleet
+was in a most unsatisfactory state.  Provisions were scarce, the
+sailors mutinous, and the loyalty of the Commanders--their recent
+revolt notwithstanding--exceedingly doubtful.  As usual, counsels were
+divided.  Batten and Jordan, the two officers who had brought over the
+fleet from the Parliament, were for sailing to Scotland; others desired
+to relieve Colchester, which had been seized for the King; Rupert
+wished to make for the Isle of Wight, where the King was confined; the
+sailors desired to hover about the Thames and capture returning
+merchant vessels.  Consequently, all that could be done was to hang
+about the Downs, capturing a few prizes and making occasional assaults
+upon the English coast.  An attack on Deal resulted in the death of
+Captain Beckman, but the sailors were still unwilling to return to
+Holland.  On the approach of the Parliamentary fleet, commanded by Lord
+Warwick, it was resolved to fight, but the engagement was
+prevented,--once by a sudden storm, and again by the contumacy of
+Batten, who refused to follow Rupert.
+
+Finally, in September it was decided to return to Holland; but Warwick
+followed the Royalist fleet closely, and there ensued a curious race
+for the possession of the Helvoetsluys harbour.  Warwick gained, and
+seemed likely to win the day; but a Captain Allen, who happened to be
+on the shore, came to the aid of the Royalists.  As Warwick's ship drew
+near, Allen signed for the line to draw him in, and, when it was thrown
+to him, contrived to let Warwick slip back, so that Rupert's ship came
+in before him.  After that, Rupert successfully hauled up all the rest
+of his fleet, except the "Convertine," which came in with the next
+tide; {224} nevertheless Warwick followed him into the harbour, and for
+more than a month the hostile fleets remained in this curious position;
+so close that the sailors could shout to one another, and yet unable to
+proceed to hostilities, because they were in a neutral harbour.[3]
+Sometimes the sailors met on shore, and then brawls arose amongst them.
+But much worse was the frequent desertion of Rupert's men.  Warwick
+spared no pains to win them over, and once he even sent an officer to
+the Prince, with a request that he might speak to his men.  Rupert's
+reply was characteristic: "The Prince told him, 'Yes, in his hearing;
+but, if he spake anything amiss he would throw him overboard'."
+Needless to add, the man retired without speaking at all.[4]
+
+Yet in spite of Rupert's vigilance, bribes and other temptations drew
+some of the ships over to the enemy, until only nine remained.
+Thereupon the Prince manned the "Convertine" with his most loyal men,
+furnished her with cannon, and laid her athwart the rest of his fleet.
+The Dutch remonstrated against this warlike action, but Rupert answered
+that if they promised him protection, he would rely on their word; if
+not, he would himself protect the fleet entrusted to him by the King.
+And the Dutch, who seem to have been very compliant towards the young
+Prince who had grown up amongst them, let him have his way.
+
+The Hague was now the head-quarters of the Prince of Wales, and thither
+flocked all his old Councillors, besides many other Cavaliers.  Faction
+raged amongst them as violently as ever.  "It was," says Clarendon, "no
+hard matter to get anything disliked that was resolved in the
+Council."[5]  That the administration of affairs was bad was a point on
+which every one agreed, but they concurred in nothing else.
+
+{225}
+
+Rupert had fallen under the influence of Sir Edward Herbert, the
+quarrelsome attorney-general, and Hyde and Cottington found themselves
+eagerly welcomed by these two, who "inveighed bitterly against the
+whole administration of the fleet."  Batten, Rupert held for a coward
+or a traitor; Long, the secretary of the Prince of Wales, for a mere
+swindler, and, despite his "changed carriage", he had not renounced his
+old hatred of Culpepper.  Their mutual animosity "infinitely disturbed
+councils,"[6] and was in all respects unfortunate.  Their policy was
+diametrically opposed.  Culpepper was for conciliating the English
+populace, and when the Royalist rising took place in 1648, he was
+averse to permitting the young Duke of Buckingham to share in it,
+unless he would declare for the Covenant, "and such-like popular ways."
+Such views naturally did not find favour with the Prince, who adhered
+to the young Duke's cause.--"Prince Rupert stuck to itt," wrote Hatton,
+"and we carried it against him;"[7] that is, against Culpepper.
+
+The disputes came to a climax over a question of supply.  A cargo of
+sugar, captured at sea, had to be sold for the payment of the fleet,
+and Rupert proposed to employ a certain Sir Robert Walsh in the
+business.  Culpepper protested such vehement distrust of the man in
+question that Rupert took his expressions as reflecting on himself, and
+haughtily demanded: "What exceptions there were to Sir Robert Walsh,
+that he might not be fit for it?"  Culpepper returned, nothing daunted,
+that Walsh was "a shark, and a fellow not fit to be trusted."
+Whereupon, said Rupert: "Sir Robert is my friend, and you must not
+think to meet him but with your sword in your hand, for he is a
+gentleman and a soldier."  Culpepper, grown reckless of his words,
+declared fiercely that he would not fight with Walsh, but with the
+Prince himself, to which Rupert replied, very quietly, "It is well!"
+The Council rose in confusion; but the Prince {226} of Wales, who was
+greatly agitated, ultimately succeeded in soothing his cousin.
+Culpepper proved more implacable, and several days elapsed before he
+could be induced to offer an apology, which Rupert received
+graciously.[8]
+
+The fleet was at this time formally given over to Rupert's command.
+For many reasons he accepted the charge reluctantly, and offered to
+serve nominally under the Duke of York.  But of this Prince Charles
+would not hear, and Rupert was therefore invested "with all the command
+at sea that he formerly held on shore."[9]  The facility with which the
+exiled Cavaliers took to the sea is strange to modern ideas, but in the
+seventeenth century the line between soldier and sailor was not very
+finely drawn.  In Rupert's own case his education among the amphibious
+Hollanders probably stood him in good stead.  Certainly he seems to
+have thoroughly understood all nautical matters, and on one occasion we
+read: "By the ill-conning of the mates the ship was brought to leeward,
+_which caused the Prince to conn her himself_."[10]
+
+Some of Rupert's friends would fain have dissuaded him from "an
+undertaking of so desperate an appearance,"[11] but he was determined
+to do his best, and the Prince of Wales frankly acknowledged that, but
+for his cousin's "industry and address" there would have been no fleet
+at all.[12] And Hyde, who, as we know, had never loved the Prince,
+wrote to Sir Richard Fanshaw, that the preservation of the fleet must
+be entirely ascribed to Prince Rupert, "who, seriously, hath expressed
+greater dexterity and temper in it than you can imagine.  I know there
+is, and will be, much prejudice to the service by his being engaged in
+that command, but the truth is there is an unavoidable {227} necessity
+for it."  And, after recounting the bad behaviour of Batten and Jordan,
+who had corrupted the sailors, and refused to put to sea, he adds: "In
+this distress Prince Rupert took the charge, and with unrivalled pains
+and toil, put all things in reasonable order....  And really I believe
+that he will behave himself so well in it that nobody will have cause
+to regret it."[13]
+
+And Rupert did behave himself well.  No toil proved too arduous for
+him, no undertaking too dangerous.  Indeed, the labours involved in his
+task were so great and so many that it seems scarcely credible that
+they could be performed by one man.  He became a merchant; he discussed
+the prices of sugar, indigo, tobacco, and other commodities, and
+personally conducted the sale of his prizes.  He attended to his own
+commissariat; dispensing with the cheating commissioners, as "unuseful
+evils."[14]  We find him gravely considering the quality of "pickled
+meat," or lamenting that peas and groats are both too dear to buy.[15]
+"Concerning the pork, he tells me he doth not think there can be so
+great a quantity provided suddenly," says a correspondent.  "He hath
+not yet provided any shirts nor apparel for the men."[16]  He was his
+own recruiting officer, and went from port to port in Ireland,
+persuading men to join his fleet.  The conduct of each man was his
+personal concern; and, as in the war in England, he was overwhelmed
+with complaints and correspondence by his officers.  One letter may
+serve as an example of the rest.
+
+"According to the service and duty I owe unto your Highness," writes
+Thomas Price, "I am enforced to certify your Highness of the dangerous
+and unbeseeming carriage of Robert Pett, gunner of His Majesty's ship
+the Revenge, {228} who, upon Saturday night last, being the tenth of
+January, about nine o'clock at night, being very much in drink, would
+have taken tobacco over a barrell of powder, (being in his cabin, which
+is in the gun room and a great quantity of loose powder lying round
+about), had he not been prevented by Captain Payton Cartwright, who was
+called by some of the gun room for that purpose.  The gunner, being
+something unruly, he was forced to go up to His Highness Prince Maurice
+to acquaint him with it.  Upon which he was committed to the guard, for
+fear of further danger."[17]
+
+Mutiny was unhappily only too frequent; but the Prince's presence
+usually sufficed to quell it.  While the fleet was at Helvoetsluys,
+there arose some discontent in the "Antelope," beginning with "a
+complaint upon victuals."  Rupert went on board, and promptly told the
+men that they were free to leave the service.  To this they made no
+answer, but they were unappeased, and when, two days later, Rupert sent
+for twenty of them to help to rig up his own ship, they refused to
+come.  The Prince then went again to the "Antelope," and "walked the
+deck, to see his commands obeyed."  The sailors crowded about him, and
+one gathered courage to shout defiance.  His example would have
+disastrously inspired the rest, had not Rupert acted with extraordinary
+promptitude.  Seizing the mutineer in his arms, he held him as though
+about to drop him over the ship's side, which remarkable action
+"wrought such a terror upon the rest, that they forthwith returned to
+their duty."[18]  Clarendon exaggerates this incident much as Pepys
+does the affair at Newark.  The Prince, he says, "with notable vigour
+and success, suppressed two or three mutinies, in one of which he was
+compelled to throw two or three of the seamen overboard, by the
+strength of his own arms."[19]  Since there {229} was frequently no
+money to pay the sailors, mutiny was of course to be expected.
+Nominally the men were paid 25_s_ a month, but, unless prizes were
+taken, they did not get the money.  Usually they acquiesced in the
+condition of affairs with admirable resignation.  In 1648, a deputation
+of five sailors came from Helvoetsluys to Prince Charles at the Hague,
+with a request to be told whether he had or had not any money.  Being
+truthfully answered that he had none, they expressed themselves
+satisfied with a promise of shares in the next prizes, and returned to
+the fleet, having, as Hyde informed Rupert, "behaved themselves very
+civilly."[20]  And not only for money to pay his sailors, but for every
+other necessary Prince Charles was dependent on the prizes taken by
+Rupert.  "Being totally destitute of means, we intend to provide for
+the satisfaction of our debts out of the proceeds of the goods in the
+ship lately taken," he wrote in 1650.[21]  In short the fleet
+represented all the funds which the poverty-stricken Royalists could
+gather together, and for the next three years the exiled Court was
+supported by the exertions of Rupert.
+
+While the fleet lay inactive in 1648 the Prince of Wales was engaged in
+negotiations with the Scots.  In Scotland the Royalist reaction was
+stronger than it was in England; the Scottish Presbyterians were wholly
+dissatisfied with Cromwell and the English Puritans, and they now
+sought to make terms with their Sovereign.  But one of their first
+conditions was that neither Rupert nor Maurice should set foot in
+Scotland, and this was exceedingly displeasing to the Prince of Wales.
+The Earl of Lauderdale, who had been sent to the Hague to negotiate the
+affair, reported that Rupert's power over the Prince was absolute, and
+that if he chose to come to Scotland come he would, in spite of the
+negative vote of the whole Council.  Rupert himself proposed to
+accompany Prince Charles in a private capacity, {230} taking no share
+in the affairs of State;[22] but the Scots, who knew his influence over
+his cousin, refused to entertain the suggestion.  Prince Charles then,
+with his own hand, struck out the clause of the treaty which disabled
+Rupert from bearing him company; an arbitrary action which seriously
+annoyed Lauderdale.[23]  Rupert, however, smoothed the matter over,
+saying that, provided his absence were not made a formal condition, he
+would remain in Holland.  Altogether he "carried himself so
+handsomely"[24] as to win over Lauderdale, who finally declared that
+Rupert's coming to Scotland would be, after all, "of great
+advantage."[25]
+
+But Rupert, in spite of his conciliatory behaviour inclined far more to
+the Royalism of Montrose than to that of Lauderdale and Argyle.  The
+Marquess of Montrose, who had sustained the King's cause in Scotland
+with extraordinary heroism and brilliancy, was at that time at Brussels
+and quite ready to risk another venture on the King's behalf.  He was,
+however, so obnoxious to the Presbyterian party that no hope of their
+union could be entertained.  Charles had to choose between the two, and
+Rupert strongly inclined to the heroic Montrose.  The character and
+achievements of the Marquess were well calculated to inspire admiration
+in the Prince.  The two had met once in England, during the August of
+1643, and a strong mutual esteem existed between them.  Therefore,
+while Charles was leaning to Argyle, Rupert was conducting a voluminous
+correspondence with Montrose.  The "noble kindness" of the Marquess,
+said the Prince, made him anxious to serve the King in his company, and
+he would very willingly join in any undertaking that he proposed.[26]
+Montrose replied with equal friendliness: "I will ... rather hazard to
+sink by you than {231} save myself aside of others."  But,
+unfortunately, a meeting between them was impossible.  The Marquess
+could not come to the Hague on account of the Presbyterian emissaries
+there assembled, and also because he was continually beset by spies,
+from whom he was anxious to conceal his alliance with the Prince.
+Rupert would fain have visited him at Brussels, but he was bound "by a
+heavy tie" to the fleet, and could only lament that "whilst I am
+separating the sheep from the goats I dare not absent myself without
+hazard."[27]  Montrose was anxious to take the fleet to Scotland,
+where, he said, "there be so handsome and probable grounds for a clear
+and gallant design ... that I should be infinitely sorry that you
+should be induced to hazard your own person, or those little rests
+(remains) upon any desperate thrusts; for, while you are safe, we shall
+find twenty fair ways to state ourselves."[28] But both that scheme,
+and the negotiations with Lauderdale fell through, and it was finally
+resolved to take the fleet to Ireland, where the Marquess of Ormonde
+stood out for the King with as great a devotion as Montrose had shown
+in Scotland.
+
+In October Rupert received a letter from the King, at the hands of Will
+Legge, who bore also an important message which the King dared not
+write.  He had now laid a plan for escape from the Isle of Wight, and
+he required Rupert to send a ship thither, and to acquaint "no other
+mortal" with the matter, except the Prince of Orange.[29] Rupert would
+have gone in person, but was still detained by his care of the fleet.
+However, the Prince of Orange willingly sent one of his own ships,
+which was boarded and searched by a captain of the Parliament.  For
+several days it lingered on the coast, under pretence of waiting for a
+wind, but, as we all know, Charles's {232} attempt at escape was
+frustrated, and the vessel returned without him.
+
+On November 21st Warwick sailed for England, and Rupert, freed from the
+surveillance of his foe, at once prepared his ships for action.  Money
+of course was lacking, but Rupert sent out two of his ships to take
+prizes, which was successfully done, and the resources were further
+increased by the sale of the Antelope's ordnance; besides which, "the
+Queen of Bohemia pawned her jewels, or the work had never been
+done."[30]  Lord Craven also added his contribution.  "What I have in
+my power shall be at your service, unless your brother Edward in the
+meantime disfurnish me," he wrote to Rupert.[31]
+
+A difficulty next arose about the use of the standard.  Properly, only
+the Lord High Admiral could carry it, and that title the Prince of
+Wales had no power to confer.  Yet Warwick made use of the standard,
+and it was therefore left to Rupert's discretion to hoist it if needful
+for the encouragement of his men.
+
+Towards the end of January 1649, all was ready, and Rupert sailed for
+Ireland with three flag-ships, four frigates, and one prize; Maurice of
+course accompanying him.  They were temporarily joined by three
+Dutchmen requiring consortship, a circumstance which proved very
+beneficial to the Royalists.  At day-break, January 22, they sighted
+the Parliament fleet off Dover, and Rupert judging valour to be the
+better part of discretion, sailed straight for it.  Terrified by this
+extraordinary boldness, and believing the Dutch ships to be in Rupert's
+pay, Warwick's fleet sought shelter beneath the forts; and the Prince,
+much encouraged by this success, passed unmolested to Kinsale.[32]
+
+The usual endeavours to sow ill-will between Rupert and Ormonde had not
+been wanting.  Digby, apparently {233} forgetful of his recent
+professions of friendship for Rupert, addressed the Lord Lieutenant in
+his old strain.  "One thing I think it necessary to advertise you of,
+that Prince Rupert hath set his rest to command this expedition of the
+fleet, and the Council have complied with him in it, insomuch that if
+it arrives safe in Ireland you must expect him with it.  I hope his aim
+is only at the honour of conveying the fleet thither, through so much
+hasard, and then returning to the Prince.  But if he have any further
+design of continuing to command the fleet, or of remaining in that
+kingdom, I fear the consequences of it, knowing what applications have
+been made to him formerly, and how unsettled and weak a people you have
+there, apt to catch at anything that's new."[33]  Hyde, on the other
+hand, warned Rupert that there would certainly be attempts to excite
+quarrels between himself and Ormonde, but added, with a confidence he
+did not feel: "Truly, Sir, I do not apprehend any danger this way.  I
+know your Highness will comply in all things with him, as a person,
+besides his great merit, of the clearest and most entire approbation of
+any subject the King hath."[34]  In similar terms wrote Jermyn at the
+Queen's behest, to Ormonde, who replied rather crushingly: "I am
+infinitely obliged to Her Majesty for her care to keep me in Prince
+Rupert's good opinion.  I shall be, and have been, industrious to gain
+his favour, and my endeavour has hitherto been successful.  Neither do
+I apprehend any danger of a change; his carriage towards me having been
+full of civility, as well in relation to my employment as to my
+person."[35]
+
+There was in fact the best of intelligence between Rupert and Ormonde,
+and thanks to the Lord Lieutenant's noble and unsuspicious nature,
+nothing could destroy it.  The "applications" to Rupert, mentioned by
+Digby, were made {234} by the Roman Catholic rebels, who disliked
+Ormonde's steady hand and firm adherence to the established religion.
+They represented to Rupert that they were averse, not to the King, but
+to his Lord Lieutenant, and that if only he (Rupert) would consent to
+lead them "they would all join in one to live and die for His Majesty's
+service, under Your Highness's command; that being their greatest
+ambition."[36]  Rupert's enemies at the Hague hastened to report these
+intrigues to Ormonde, colouring them, as much as possible, to Rupert's
+discredit.  But Ormonde replied calmly that he had been already
+informed of them by Rupert himself, who had asked his advice as to the
+answers he should send.  That he knew those who desired to divide the
+King's party "assumed encouragements from Prince Rupert, without
+warrant from him."  That he, personally would willingly resign his
+charge to the Prince, if it were for the King's advantage; but that he
+knew it to be "impossible for the Prince to descend to what would look
+like supplanting one that hath endeavoured, with some success, to serve
+him in his charge."[37]
+
+But though Ormonde refused to doubt Rupert's integrity, he did not
+derive from him the assistance he had hoped.  Rupert had written, on
+his arrival at Kinsale, promising to follow Ormonde's advice in all
+things, and to give him all the aid in his power.  But his want of men
+made it impossible for him to block up Dublin harbour, as the Lord
+Lieutenant desired,[38] and the necessity of capturing prizes, the sale
+of which supported the fleet, prevented any action of importance.  The
+Parliament complained bitterly that no ship could leave the Bristol
+Channel by day without falling a prey to the Princes,[39] and yet
+Rupert seldom had money to send to Ormonde.  "Your Lordship may be
+{235} assured of all the supplies and assistances our ships can afford
+you," he wrote in answer to one of Ormonde's frequent appeals for
+money.  "But I must entreat your Lordship to consider the great charge
+the fleet is at, and, if we lose this opportunity, we may be hindered
+by a far greater strength than yet appears.  The least squadron we must
+now send out must be of five ships.  Three we can leave behind, fitted
+with all but men, ready to do service here.  I intend, with the first
+opportunity, to go to Waterford....  From thence I shall not fail to
+receive your commands.  Mr. Fanshaw can give you an account how low we
+are in matters of monies."[40]
+
+The want of men was even more serious than the want of money.  In the
+summer Rupert hoped to really fight the Parliament fleet, and with that
+view he personally sought recruits in all the neighbouring port towns.
+By great exertions he raised a considerable number, but, when the task
+was accomplished, the Council of War hung back from the risk of a
+battle, and the Prince, rather than incur the charge of "vanity and
+rashness," dismissed his hard-won recruits and retired into harbour.
+Changed indeed was the man who had fought at Marston Moor![41]
+
+But in spite of all difficulties, Rupert contrived to take prizes, to
+support the Royalists at the Hague, and even to send some succour to
+the Scilly islands, which held out for the King.  "I believe we shall
+make a shift to live in spite of all our factions!"[42] he wrote
+cheerfully.  And make a shift he did, through "a wearisome summer,
+passed in anxiety and troubles."[43]  Cromwell had arrived in June, and
+was rapidly conquering Ireland.  The King's army was defeated near
+Dublin; the towns began to revolt to the Parliament; the faithful
+garrisons were mercilessly massacred {236} by Cromwell; and Rupert only
+escaped the treachery of the Governor of Cork by a press of business
+which prevented him from accepting an invitation to hunt.  "The
+Governor of Cork," says the historian of Rupert's voyages, "resolved to
+make himself famous by an infamous act, to which purpose, knowing His
+Highness loved hunting, he invited him to a chase of deer, close by the
+town; but Heaven abhorring such inhumanity, prevented that design, by
+providing importunate business to impede His Highness' intentions."[44]
+But though thwarted in this scheme, the Governor of Cork could and did
+surrender the city to the enemy, after which Kinsale was no longer a
+safe port for the Royalist fleet.  If the ships were to be preserved,
+it was high time to quit the Irish coast.  The Parliament had already
+sent a fleet to block the Prince up in the harbour, but again fortune
+favoured him.  A friendly wind blew the Parliament fleet out to sea,
+and enabled Rupert to slip out past them.  For want of men, he was
+forced to leave three of his ships behind him, and in November 1649, he
+began the world anew with seven sail.
+
+Within a few days of Rupert's first arrival at Kinsale, the execution
+of Charles I had taken place.  For some weeks Rupert remained ignorant
+of this final disaster, but in February a vague rumour reached him, and
+he wrote in great agitation to Ormonde: "I beseech your Lordship to let
+me know whether you have any certain news of the King's
+misfortune."[45]  The dreadful rumour was only too soon confirmed.
+From the Hague he received dismal accounts of the general depression
+and confusion--"all men being full of designs to be counsellors and
+officers;" and he was entreated to write a few lines to cheer and
+encourage his young cousin, now Charles II.[46]  Very shortly he
+received {237} his commission as Lord High Admiral, which the new King
+had now power to grant, and he thereupon published a solemn declaration
+of his intention to fight the Parliament to the death.
+
+"The bloody and inhumane murder of my late dread uncle of ever renowned
+memory hath administered to me fresh occasion to be assistant, both in
+Counsel and to the best of my personal power, to my dear cousin, now
+Charles II of England...  I do protest and really speak it, it was ever
+my intention to do him service and employ my best endeavours for
+enthroning him, as bound by consanguinity, but more particularly
+engaged by reason of former favours received from his late royal
+father, my murdered uncle.  Yet I do ingeniously confess it was never
+my desire to be employed in this great and weighty matter of His
+Majesty's Admiral.  I should willingly have been satisfied with an
+inferior place, where I might have had the freedom, in part, to bring
+to condign punishment such great traitors and rebels who had a hand in
+the murder of my late uncle, and do still persist in their perverse way
+of rebellion and cruelty.  And my reasons why I did not wish so great a
+command were these--namely, I know, and was ascertained, myself had
+been rendered odious to many English who did not rightly understand my
+real intentions, but only believed lies and forged reports of my
+enemies' framing.  And I did likewise consider that my undertaking the
+admiralty might be a means to draw away the affections of His Majesty's
+subjects, by reason such rumours had been upon me.  These, and many
+other reasons which now I will omit, did move me several times to
+refuse what, at length, His Majesty's Council of Lords, knights and
+gentlemen, who are now about him, did, in a manner, thrust upon
+me."[47]  Rupert's greatness had been, in truth, thrust upon him, but
+having accepted it, he resolved to use it {238} for avenging his uncle
+to the uttermost.  "Prince Rupert," declared a sailor of the
+Parliament, who had been his prisoner, "is not ashamed openly to
+profess that, provided he may ruin and destroy the English interest,
+especially the estates of the merchants and mariners of London, he
+cares not whether he gets a farthing more while he lives than what will
+maintain himself, his confederates, and his fleet."[48]
+
+Such being Rupert's attitude, it is worth while to note that of his
+brothers.  Maurice was of course one with him.  Edward also expressed
+himself as strongly as his two seniors could have wished.  "I should
+die happy if I could steep my hands (quand j'aurai trempé mes mains) in
+the blood of those murderers."[49]  That satisfaction was denied him,
+but he did his best by insulting the Ambassadors of the Parliament in
+the streets of the Hague.  This affair produced great excitement in
+England, and the States of Holland were forced to request Edward to
+"keep a better tongue," or else to quit their territory.  He had been
+just about to depart to Heidelberg, but, with true Palatine obstinacy,
+deferred his departure for another week, and went about boasting his
+status as a "freeborn Prince of the Empire."[50]  The States, with
+their wonted prudence, let him alone until after he was safely
+departed, when they endeavoured to appease the English Parliament by a
+show of indignation.  "The States here," wrote Nicholas, "have lately
+caused a summons publicly to be made, by ringing of a bell, requiring
+Prince Edward--who they know went hence to Germany three months
+since--to appear in the State House, by a day prefixed, to answer the
+affront he did to St. John and his colleagues; which is said to be
+only, as they passed him, to have called them a pack of rogues and
+rebels."[51]
+
+{239}
+
+The conduct of Charles Louis contrasted strongly with that of the rest
+of his family.  He, far more than Edward, had cause for gratitude to
+his Uncle, and yet he could write coldly of the King's trial:--"Others,
+(_i.e._  himself), who are but remotely concerned in the effects
+thereof, cannot be blamed if they do not intermeddle.  Neither is it in
+their power to mend anything, for it hath been seen in all Governments
+that strength will still prevail, whether it be right or wrong."[52]
+Nevertheless he quitted England after the King's execution, chiefly, it
+is to be feared, because he had become convinced that he himself would
+not be elected to the vacant throne.  Having renounced the cause of the
+Parliament, he was anxious to be reconciled to his brothers, and
+Sophie, evidently at his instigation, wrote to inform Rupert and
+Maurice of the Elector's changed views.  Both her letters are dated
+April 13th, 1649, and that to Rupert is written in French.
+
+
+"Dearest Brother,
+
+"It is only through printed reports that we hear any news of Rupert le
+Diable, for no one has received any letters from you.  My brother the
+Elector is now here, and cares no more for those cursed people in
+England, for he has paid his duty to the King, which he might easily
+have avoided, as business called him to Cleves.  Here also are the
+Scottish Commissioners, who every day bring some new proposal to the
+King, full of impertinency.  They would not that the King should keep
+any honest man about him, for which they are in great favour with the
+Princess of Orange, who declares herself much for the Presbyterians,
+and says that Percy is the honestest man the King has about him.  But I
+believe you care not much to know of intrigues here, for which cause I
+shall not trouble you further; besides, you have other business to do
+{240} than read my letters.  Only I entreat you to take notice, that I
+remain
+
+"Your most aff. sister and servant, "Sophie."[53]
+
+
+To Maurice, Sophie wrote in German, and in a more familiar style.
+Probably she was better acquainted with him than with Rupert, for he
+had encouraged and laughed at her childish tricks, during the years
+that he spent "in idleness" at the Hague.
+
+
+"Highborn Prince and Dear Brother,
+
+"I must write to you by all occasions, for I always have something to
+tell you.  This time it shall be that the Prince Elector is here, and
+that he is now altogether against the Knaves, as we are.  The peace is
+made in France.  My brother Edward says he has taken no employment yet.
+Prince Ratzevil is deadly sick, they say that the Marquis Gonzaga hath
+poisoned him; he is in Poland yet.  The States have forbidden all their
+Ministers to pray for any Kings in the Church, but the French will not
+desist.  I am so vexed with you for not writing to me that I do not
+know how to express it.  I hope you have not forgotten me, seeing that
+I am
+
+"Your faithful sister and humble servant, "Sophie."[54]
+
+
+To this letter the Elector added a short postscript.
+
+
+"My service to you, brother Rupert and brother Maurice; more I cannot
+say, being newly arrived, and visitations do hinder me.  Carl Ludwig."
+
+
+What effect this judiciously-worded composition might have had it is
+impossible to say.  Both letters fell into the hands of the Parliament
+and never reached their proper destination.  It was many years before
+Rupert and the Elector met again.
+
+
+
+[1] Benett MSS.  Warburton, III.  p. 250.
+
+[2] Nicholas Papers, I.  95.  Camden Soc.  New Series.  Hatton to
+Nicholas, Aug. 9, 1648.
+
+[3] Warburton, III.  pp. 250-254.
+
+[4] Ibid.  p. 253.
+
+[5] Clarendon, Bk. XI.  p. 63.
+
+[6] Clarendon, Bk. XI.  p. 127.
+
+[7] Nicholas Papers, I.  p. 96.
+
+[8] Clarendon, Bk. XI, pp. 128-130; Carte Letters, I.  p. 192.
+
+[9] Warburton, III.  p. 257.
+
+[10] Ibid.  p. 386.
+
+[11] Ibid.  255.
+
+[12] Transcripts.  Charles II to Rupert, 20 Jan. 1649.
+
+[13] Clar. St. Papers.  Hyde to Fanshaw, 21 Jan. 1649.
+
+[14] Warburton, III.  p. 295.
+
+[15] Rupert Transcripts.  Hyde to Rupert, Dec. 11, 1648.  Hermes to
+Rupert, Jan. 12, 1649.
+
+[16] Ibid.  Ball to Rupert, 15 Dec. 1648.
+
+[17] Rupert Transcripts.  Price to Rupert, 15 Jan. 1651.
+
+[18] Warburton, III.  pp. 262-264.
+
+[19] Clarendon, Bk. XI.  p. 152.
+
+[20] Rupert Transcripts.  Hyde to Rupert, Jan. 1649.
+
+[21] Warburton.  III.  p. 308.  Charles II to Rupert, Jan. 27, 1650.
+
+[22] Hamilton Papers, p. 219.  Camd. Soc.  June 24, 1648.
+
+[23] Ibid.  p. 245.
+
+[24] Hamilton Papers, p. 246, Camden Soc.  Lauderdale to Lanerick, Aug.
+1648.
+
+[25] Ibid.  p. 249, Aug. 20, 1648.
+
+[26] Warburton, III.  pp. 254, 262, 267-270.
+
+[27] Hist. MSS. Com.  Rpt. II.  Montrose MSS.  p. 173.
+
+[28] Warburton, III.  p. 269.
+
+[29] Ibid.  p. 272.
+
+[30] Warburton, III.  p. 273.
+
+[31] Rupert Transcripts.  Craven to Rupert, 29 Jan. 1649.
+
+[32] Warburton, III.  p. 282.
+
+[33] Carte's Ormonde, VI.  587.  27 Nov. 1648.
+
+[34] Warburton, III.  p. 277, Hyde to Rupert, Jan. 27, 1649.
+
+[35] Carte Letters, II.  p. 406.  29 Sept. 1648.
+
+[36] Rupert Transcripts.  Talbot to Rupert, Nov. 7, 1648.
+
+[37] Carte Letters, II.  427-430.  25 Jan. 1650.
+
+[38] Ibid.  II.  381.  29 May, 1649.
+
+[39] Clowes Royal Navy, II.  p. 120.
+
+[40] Carte Letters, II.  375.
+
+[41] Warburton, III.  pp. 293-294.
+
+[42] Ibid.  p. 290.  Rupert to Grenvile, Apr. 28, 1649.
+
+[43] Ibid.  p. 297.
+
+[44] Warburton, pp. 297-8.
+
+[45] Carte Papers.  Irish Confederation, VII.  256.  Rupert to Ormonde,
+Feb. 12, 1649.
+
+[46] Warburton.  III.  pp. 284-5.  Hyde to Rupert, Feb. 28, 1649.
+
+[47] Prince Rupert: his Declaration.  Pamphlet.  British Museum.  Mar.
+9, 1649.
+
+[48] Dom. State Papers.  Com. 24 fol. 60.
+
+[49] Bromley Letters, p. 295.  Edward to Elizabeth.
+
+[50] Perfect Passages, April 11, 1651.  Whitelocke, p. 49.  Green, VI.
+17-28.  Mercurius Politicus, Apr. 3-10, 1651.
+
+[51] Carte Letters, II.  p. 2.  14 May 1661.
+
+[52] Forster's Statesmen, VI.  p. 82.
+
+[53] Domestic State Papers.  Commonwealth, I.  fol. 53.  Sophie to
+Rupert, Apr. 13, 1649.
+
+[54] Domestic State Papers.  Commonwealth, I.  fol. 54, Sophie to
+Maurice.  Apr. 13, 1649.
+
+
+
+
+{241}
+
+CHAPTER XIV
+
+THE FLEET IN THE TAGUS.  AT TOULON.  THE VOYAGE TO THE AZORES.  THE
+WRECK OF THE "CONSTANT REFORMATION."  ON THE AFRICAN COAST.  LOSS OF
+MAURICE IN THE "DEFIANCE."  THE RETURN TO FRANCE
+
+On quitting Ireland in November 1649, the Royalist fleet sailed
+straight for the Spanish coast.  Hyde was then at Madrid, as the
+Ambassador of Charles II, and he pressed the Spaniards to grant the
+Prince free ports.  This they would not do, but they allowed him to
+clean and victual his vessels upon their shores, until the arrival of
+the Parliament fleet changed their attitude.[1]  The Parliament had
+despatched their Admiral Blake in pursuit of the Royalists, and Blake's
+ships were better manned, better fitted up, and more numerous than
+those of Rupert.  In fear of Blake, the Spaniards ordered Rupert to
+leave their coasts, and he took refuge in the Tagus.  There he found a
+generous reception.  The King of Portugal, "a young man of great hope
+and courage," sent an embassy to invite the two Princes to Lisbon, and
+they were conducted, with much state, to Court.  Further, the King
+promised them all the protection in his power, gave them supplies and
+provisions, the free use of his ports, and purchased their prizes.
+"The King of Portugal gives Rupert all kind of assistance, and is
+extreme kind and civil to him and Maurice.  I pray you tell your Lord
+this," wrote the Queen of Bohemia to her "dear cousin," the Duchess of
+Richmond.[2] For a brief period the adventurous Princes enjoyed a {242}
+prosperous tranquillity, but it was not to last.  Good though were the
+intentions of the young King, his Ministers feared the English
+Parliament as much as did the Spaniards.  Consequently, when Blake
+arrived at the mouth of the Tagus and demanded the surrender of the
+Princes and their fleet, dissension arose in the Court of Lisbon.  The
+young King was so indignant that he would fain have gone on board
+Rupert's vessel to fight with Blake in person.  This rash design was
+prevented by the Queen Mother, and the King, yielding to his Ministers,
+demanded three days' start for the Princes if they should put to sea.
+This condition Blake would not grant, and the King therefore refused to
+close his ports to the Royalists.  The Count de Miro, who headed the
+faction hostile to the Princes, then tried to embarrass Rupert by all
+means in his power.  He ordered the Portuguese merchants to pay for the
+prizes purchased in goods and not in money, he tried to prevent Maurice
+from gaining an audience with the King, and he actually succeeded in
+preventing him from making an attack on Blake.  "Hearing that Prince
+Maurice intends to sail from our ports, with letters of marque against
+Parliament ships, I beg it may not be done," was the concise and
+explicit note received by Rupert.[3]
+
+The Prince meanwhile gained allies against De Miro by an appeal to the
+priests, who responded readily, preaching everywhere "how shameful a
+thing it was for a Christian King to treat with rebels."  He also won
+the hearts of the populace, by hunting daily amongst them with all
+confidence, and by his "liberality and complaisance to all sorts of
+people."  His exceeding popularity with priests and people intimidated
+the hostile court faction, so that De Miro dared no longer urge
+compliance with the demands of Blake.[4]
+
+For some time Rupert remained in the Tagus, with Blake {243} awaiting
+him outside.  Occasionally, as in Holland, the sailors met on shore,
+and with more fatal results.  An ambush laid by Blake for the capture
+of Rupert while hunting, resulted in the defeat of the
+Parliamentarians, with the loss of nine of their men.  In revenge,
+Rupert attempted to blow up one of Blake's ships, sending one of his
+sailors, disguised as a Portuguese, with an infernal machine to the
+Vice-Admiral.  But the man unwarily exclaimed in English, and so was
+discovered and his design prevented.  These actions were very
+differently represented by Royalists and Parliamentarians, and both
+parties "complained to the King of Portugal."[5]  Blake stigmatised
+Rupert as "that pyrate"; and Rupert declared the Parliamentarians to be
+only "tumultuous, factious, seditious soldiers and other disorderly and
+refractory persons," and Blake a "sea-robber."[6]
+
+After this the King forbade any more Parliament ships to enter his
+harbour, and Blake in revenge attacked the Portuguese fleet returning
+from Madeira.  The King, thus justly incensed, ordered his own fleet to
+sail with Rupert, against Blake.  But the Portuguese Admiral was in the
+pay of De Miro, and "was so careful of his person" as to give Rupert no
+assistance.  On Rupert's complaint he was deprived of his command, but
+his successor proved no more efficient.[7] The attack, therefore
+failed, but Rupert was able to write cheerfully to Charles II that his
+"entertainment" was still "all civility," and that every facility had
+been afforded for the disposal of the goods taken in his prizes, which
+realised about £40,000.  A part of this sum he sent to Charles, with
+the rest he fitted up his prizes as men of war, and victualled his
+ships for four months.[8]
+
+He was now ready to force his passage through Blake's {244} fleet, or
+"perish in the attempt."  But meanwhile Blake had captured the
+Portuguese fleet coming from Brazil, and the poor King, not knowing
+whom to trust, came in person to Rupert to beg him to rescue it.  The
+Prince willingly agreed, but Blake was not anxious to fight just then,
+and the mists and contrary winds prevented the Royalists from coming up
+with him.  The King thanked Rupert for his efforts, but the continued
+misfortunes which the presence of the Royalists was bringing on
+Portugal forced them to leave Lisbon.  From that time, September 1650,
+the Princes were, in truth, little more than pirates.  The small number
+of their ships prevented them from ever engaging the fleet of the
+Parliament, and they could only carry on a depredatory warfare,
+injuring English trade, and at the same time supporting the exiled
+court, by the constant capture of merchantmen.  Any English vessel that
+refused to own Rupert as Lord High Admiral of England was a fair prize,
+and from the time that Spain allied herself with the English
+Commonwealth, Spanish vessels also were fair game in the Princes' eyes.
+And thus, says one of the Royalist captains, "our misfortunes being no
+novelty to us, we plough the sea for a subsistence, and being destitute
+of a port, we take the Mediterranean sea for our harbour; poverty and
+despair being our companions, and revenge our guide."[9]
+
+On leaving Lisbon, Rupert returned at first to the coast of Spain.  Off
+Estepona he crippled, but could not take, an English vessel.  At Malaga
+he found some more English ships, but was peremptorily forbidden to
+attack them by the Spanish Governor.  To this order he only replied
+that he would not shoot, but that, since one of the vessels in question
+was commanded by a regicide, he could not possibly forego this
+opportunity of revenge.  In accordance with this declaration, he sent a
+fire-ship by night, which successfully burnt the ship of the regicide,
+Captain Morley.  {245} The anger of the Spaniards forced him to put to
+sea at once, and he next came to Montril, where he attacked and
+destroyed three English ships, in spite of the efforts made from the
+Spanish forts to defend them.[10]  Between Cape de Gatte and Cape
+Palos, he took several prizes, and from there he stood for Tunis.  But
+most of his captains disobeyed orders, and entered Cartagena, where
+they hoped to find booty.  There the Spaniards allowed Blake to attack
+them, and, to escape capture, they ran their ships ashore and burnt
+them.  Rupert and Maurice, unaware of the disaster, left letters for
+their missing captains, under a stone, on the coast of Tunis, and
+sailed for Toulon.  But a sudden storm separated the Princes, and
+Maurice arrived at Toulon alone with his prizes; not knowing what was
+become of his brother, and fearing the worst.[11]
+
+The condition of Toulon was somewhat disturbed, for the wars of the
+Fronde were then raging in France, and the town, at that moment, was
+for the Prince of Condé against the court.  Maurice was therefore
+warned by the French Admiral commanding in the port, to be very careful
+of himself and of his ships.  But happily both the magistrates of the
+town and the officers of the forts showed themselves well-disposed to
+the Prince.  They hastened to visit him, offered all the aid they could
+give him, and pressed him daily to come on shore.  Maurice, "through
+grief for that sad separation from his brother,"[12] declined their
+invitations, and refused, for several days, to leave his ship.  At last
+the twofold necessity of disposing of his prize goods, and of
+purchasing a new mast, determined him to land; but before the appointed
+day arrived, he was relieved from anxiety by the appearance of Rupert
+himself in the port.  The meeting was rapturous.  "I need not express
+the joy of their embraces, after so long and tedious {246} absence,
+with the uncertainty of either's safety," says a witness of it,
+"wanting expressions to decipher the affectionate passion of two such
+brothers, who, after so long time of hardship, now found themselves
+locked in each others arms, in a place of safety."[13]  The brothers,
+thus reunited, went on shore together, where they were received with
+great enthusiasm, and were "magnificently treated"[14] at the house of
+the French Admiral.
+
+Soon after this the captains who had lost their ships at Cartagena
+arrived to explain themselves, and each by accusing the others
+endeavoured to excuse himself.  Being in a foreign port, Rupert would
+not hold a court-martial, but finally the flight of one captain seemed
+to declare his guilt, and clear the rest, though they did not escape
+without a severe reprimand for disobeying orders.
+
+The delay at Toulon lasted for a considerable time, and in the interval
+Rupert received a summons to Paris from the Queen Regent and Queen
+Henrietta, who offered him important employment in France, if he would
+leave the command of his fleet to Maurice.  But Rupert did not believe
+his brother capable of managing the fleet alone, and he was resolved
+not to abandon the desperate undertaking to which he was pledged.[15]
+The fleet was then reduced to three sail, the "Constant Reformation,"
+(Admiral,) and the "Swallow," (Vice-Admiral,) and Maurice's prize; and
+Rupert strained his slender resources to the utmost in order to
+purchase a new ship, which he named the "Honest Seaman."  About the
+same time he was joined by a Captain Craven with a vessel of his own,
+which made up the number to five sail.  At last, after much delay and
+trouble, the prize goods were advantageously disposed of, the ships
+were supplied from the Royal Stores of France, and the Princes were
+ready to seek new adventures.  The Channel and the {247} coast of Spain
+were now so well guarded by the Parliament ships as to be unsafe for
+the Princes' little fleet.  Rupert saw that he must now seek distant
+seas, and after putting his enemies off his track by inquiring of
+suspected spies the best advice for sailing to the Archipelago, he
+slipped quietly away to the coast of Barbary.  "I infinitely pity the
+poor Prince, who wanted all manner of counsel and a confident friend to
+reveal his mind unto,"[16] wrote Hatton to Nicholas.
+
+The first prize taken in the Straits was a Genoese vessel, bound for a
+Spanish port, which was taken, partly in reprisal for the stealing of
+one of Rupert's caravels by the Genoese, and partly because the sailors
+clamoured for her capture.  A Spanish galleon was next taken, and her
+crew put on shore, after which Rupert made for Madeira.  This island
+was possessed by the Portuguese, and the Princes were received with all
+kindness.  The Governor, with all his officers, came on board the
+Admiral, and the Princes afterwards paid a return visit to the fort,
+when they were courteously received, and "accompanied to the sight of
+all that was worthy seeing on the island."[17]
+
+Rupert's secret intention was to make for the West Indies, but no
+sooner did his mind become known, than the plan was vehemently opposed
+by most of his officers.  The true cause of their opposition was the
+belief that the idea had originated with Fearnes, the captain of the
+Admiral, who seems to have been very unpopular with the rest of the
+fleet.  So high did the dissension run that Rupert felt himself
+compelled to call a council, the members of which, with two exceptions,
+voted to make for the Azores, alleging that the Admiral, which had
+lately sprung a leak, was unfit for the long voyage to the West Indies.
+Moved by his new-born anxiety to avoid the charges of "self-will and
+rashness," Rupert yielded to the voices of the majority, {248} against
+his better judgment.  To the Azores they went, and, as the Prince
+expected, disaster followed.[18]  No prizes were taken, there was found
+no convenient harbour where the Admiral's leak might be stopped, and so
+bad was the weather that, for long, the ships could not approach the
+shores to get provisions.  When, at last, they made the island of St.
+Michael--also a Portuguese possession--they were as well received as
+they had been at Madeira, and here also the Governor conducted the
+Princes "to all the monasteries and place of note."[19]  Next Rupert
+stood for Terceira, but the Governor of that island belonged to the
+faction which had opposed the Royalists at Lisbon, and showed himself
+unfriendly.  Still, he permitted Rupert to purchase wine and meat, and,
+the bargain arranged, the fleet returned to St. Michael.  On the way
+the Admiral sprang a new leak, which could not be found, nor was there
+any harbour where she could be safely unloaded that it might be
+discovered.  Rupert again proposed the voyage to the West Indies, but
+the suggestion nearly produced a mutiny, which the Prince only quashed
+by promptly breaking up the meetings of the disaffected.
+
+While affairs were in this state, and the supply of provisions yet
+uncompleted, stormy weather drove the ships out to sea.  The leak in
+the Admiral increased rapidly, and her boat, which was too large to be
+hoisted in, was washed away from her.  On the same day, the
+Vice-Admiral, attempting to hoist in her own boat, sunk it at her side.
+The storm raged without abatement for three days, at the end of which
+the Admiral's condition was hopeless.  By continually firing her guns
+she had contrived to keep the other ships near her, and by constant
+pumping the disaster had been deferred.  But on the third morning,
+September 30th, 1651, at 3 a.m., the ship sprang a plank, and though a
+hundred and twenty pieces of raw beef were trodden down {249} between
+the timbers, and planks nailed over them, it was without avail.  The
+sails were blown away, and by ten o'clock of the same morning, the
+water was rushing in so fast that the men could not stand in the hold
+to bale.  In this desperate condition, the whole crew behaved with real
+heroism.  Having thrown the guns overboard, in the vain endeavour to
+lighten the ship, they resigned all hope, and resolved to die together.
+The storm was so violent that none of the other ships dared to approach
+the Admiral, lest they should perish with her.  Once the "Honest
+Seaman" ran across her bowsprit, in the hope that some of the crew
+might save themselves on her, but none made the attempt.  Rupert then
+signalled Maurice to come under his stern, that he might speak his last
+words to him.  Approaching as near as possible, the two Princes tried
+to shout to one another, "but the hideous noise of the seas and winds
+over-noised their voices."[20]  Maurice, frantic with distress,
+declared that he would save his brother or perish; but his captain and
+officers, less ready to sacrifice their lives, "in mutinous words"
+refused to lay their ship alongside the Admiral.  Seeing his orders
+given in vain, Maurice next tried to send out a little boat which he
+had on board, but, though his men feigned to obey him, they delayed, as
+long as possible, getting the boat ready.  "The Captain of the
+Vice-Admiral cannot be excused," says an indignant letter, "for when he
+saw the ship perishing he made no action at all for their boat to help
+to save the men, but walked upon the deck, saying: 'Gentlemen, it is a
+great mischance, but who can help it?'  And the master never brought
+the ship near the perishing ship, notwithstanding Prince Maurice's
+commands, and his earnestness to have it done."[21]
+
+At last it occurred to the crew of the Admiral that their Prince, at
+least, might be saved in their one small boat, and they "beseeched His
+Highness" to make use of it.  {250} But of this Rupert would not hear.
+He thanked the men for their affection to him, and declined to leave
+them, saying that they had long shared his fortunes, and he would now
+share theirs.  Then they represented to him that, supposing he could
+get on board another ship,--a very remote chance in such a sea,--he
+might, by his authority, cause something to be done to save the rest of
+them.  Seeing that he still hesitated, they wasted no more time in
+parley, but promptly overpowered him, and placed him forcibly in the
+boat, "desiring him, at parting, to remember they died his true
+servants."[22]  By a miraculous chance, as it seemed then, the little
+boat reached the "Honest Seaman" in safety, and, having put the Prince
+on board her, returned at once to rescue some others.  Only Captain
+Fearnes accepted the offered rescue.  M. Mortaigne, whom Rupert
+especially entreated to come to him, preferred to die with the rest,
+and after this second journey, the little skiff sank.  Rupert, now as
+frantic as Maurice had been before, ordered the "Honest Seaman" to run
+towards the Admiral, and enter the men on her bowsprit.  The Captain
+obeyed to his best ability, but could not accomplish his aim, because
+the Admiral, having lost her last sail, and being heavy with water,
+could not stir.  The gallant crew signalled their farewells to their
+Prince, and were then invited by their Chaplain, who had remained with
+them, to receive the Holy Communion.  For some hours longer the ship
+remained above water, but at nine o'clock at night she sank with all on
+board, the crew burning two fire-pikes as a last farewell to their
+Admiral.
+
+Rupert, for once in his life, was utterly crushed by the weight of
+misfortune.  He was taken next day into his brother's ship, and there
+he remained for some time, "overladen with the grief of so inestimable
+a loss", and leaving everything to the care and management of Maurice.
+The {251} loss of the treasure on board the Admiral had been enormous,
+amounting to almost the whole of the year's gains; but, wrote Rupert to
+Herbert, "it was not the greatest loss to me!"[23]  Of the Prince's own
+enforced rescue we have three separate accounts.  "The Prince was
+unwilling to leave us, and resolved to die with us," reported the
+Captain.[24]  And says another writer: "His Highness would certainly
+have perished with them, if some of his officers, more careful of his
+preservation than himself, had not forced him into a small boat and
+carried him on board the 'Honest Seaman.'"[25]  It is also noted in the
+common-place book of one Symonds, a manuscript now preserved in the
+British Museum: "It is very remarkable of Prince Rupert that, his ship
+having sprung a plank in the midst of the sea.... he seemed not ready
+to enter the boat for safety, nor did intend it.  They all, about
+sixty, besought him to save himself, and to take some of them with him
+in the boat to row him; telling him that he was destined and appointed
+for greater matters."[26]
+
+Misfortunes, as usual, did not come singly.  Making for Fayal, with
+Maurice still in command, the "Swallow" and the "Honest Seaman" fell in
+with the other three ships, from which they had been separated, but
+only in time to witness the wreck of the "Loyal Subject."  This time
+the Portuguese were far less friendly than before.  Apparently they
+feared lest the English should appropriate a Spanish vessel which had
+just surrendered at Pico, and when Maurice sent to offer his
+assistance, they fired upon his envoys.  Maurice's officer insisted
+upon landing and was promptly arrested, without a hearing.  The "Honest
+Seaman" and the "Revenge" thereupon fired on the Portuguese, but
+without effect, and the whole fleet stood away to Fayal, where they
+found {252} that the officers whom they had left on shore to secure
+supplies, had also been arrested.  The necessity for action roused
+Rupert from his melancholy.  He guessed that the changed attitude of
+the Governors must be due to a peace made between Portugal and the
+English Commonwealth, and saw that he must act with decision.  He
+therefore sent to the Governor of Fayal, saying that Prince Rupert was
+in his harbour, on board the "Swallow," and that unless his men were at
+once released, and things placed on the former friendly footing, he
+would free his men by force, and would also write to the King of
+Portugal "a particular of the affronts he had received."  Evidently
+Rupert was a much more awe-inspiring person than Maurice, for the
+Governor, terrified by the unexpected discovery of his presence, at
+once released his prisoners, and permitted the Princes to take in their
+stores unmolested.[27]
+
+Rupert was determined now to go to the West Indies, and, in order to
+prevent factious opposition, he sent his secretary on board each ship
+in turn to require the opinion of each officer, in writing, as to what
+it would be best to do.  By this device all collusion was prevented,
+and consequently the majority decided with the Prince, for the West
+Indies.  The only two dissentients were the Captain and Master of the
+Vice-Admiral, who had behaved so badly at the wreck of the Admiral.
+These two were for going to the mouth of the Channel to take prizes.
+But their advice was generally scouted, as it was evident to all that
+the ships could not live in the northern seas.  The dissentient Captain
+thereupon quitted the fleet, "pretending a quarrel he had with Captain
+Fearnes,"[28] and Rupert willingly let him go.
+
+Distrusting the Portuguese in the Azores, the Princes sailed towards
+the Canary Islands, hoping to meet with prizes from which they might
+obtain new rigging and other {253} necessities, for all the ships were
+in a terribly damaged condition.  Stress of weather forced them to put
+in at Cape Blanco, in Arguin, on the coast of Africa, where, finding a
+good harbour, they resolved to refit.  A Dutch vessel, which had also
+taken refuge there, supplied them with pilots, and with planks and
+other necessaries for the repair of their ships.  Having obtained these
+things, they set up tents on land, in which they stored their cargoes,
+while they brought the ships aground.
+
+The repairs involved a considerable delay, and Rupert wished to employ
+the time in procuring new provisions.  Fish was to be found in great
+abundance, but no cattle could be purchased on account of the timidity
+of the natives, who fled at the approach of Europeans.  This timidity
+was exceedingly annoying to Rupert, and on January 1st, 1651, he
+marched inland with a hundred men, being resolved to get speech with
+the natives.  A fog favoured him, so that he came upon an encampment
+before the people were aware of his neighbourhood.  Nevertheless no
+sooner did they see him than they took to flight, leaving behind them
+their tents, and their flocks of sheep and goats.  In a final attempt
+to detain them Rupert shot a camel, but the act naturally did not
+reassure them, and the rider mounted another and fled, "but for haste
+left a man-child behind, which by fortune was guided to His Highness,
+as a New Year's gift.  The poor infant, embracing his legs very fast,
+took him for his own parent."[29]  Child and flocks being carefully
+secured, Rupert marched on after the natives, dividing his men into
+small companies, that they might appear the less alarming.  This plan
+succeeded so far that at length two natives came back with a flag of
+truce, desiring to treat for the recovery of the child and the sheep.
+To this the Prince readily consented; whereupon the men promised to
+come to him in two days' time, and he returned to his fleet.
+
+{254}
+
+According to promise, the African envoys appeared on the shore, Jan.
+3rd, and desired a hostage.  Rupert, doubtful of their good faith,
+refused to order any man to risk his life; but one volunteered, and was
+allowed to go.  Then the Africans, making no offers of trading with the
+Prince, demanded the child's surrender, "expressing great sorrow for
+the loss thereof."  This increased Rupert's suspicions, and he ordered
+his men to keep well within their own lines.  One sailor, disobeying,
+went out upon the cliff, and was immediately killed by the natives,
+who, having thus broken truce, killed their hostage also, and fled.
+Rupert pursued in great fury, but without being able to overtake them.
+A second expedition, led by Robert Holmes, had no better result, and
+the child remained in Rupert's possession.[30]  In 1653, "an African
+lad of five "is mentioned by one of Cromwell's spies, as "part of the
+prey the Prince brought over seas;"[31] and reference is made to "the
+little nigger"[32] in several of Robert Holmes's letters to Rupert.
+
+The Dutch vessel from which the Prince had obtained his planks, now
+sent him supplies of water from the Island of Arguin, and seeing her
+thus well-disposed, he chartered her to carry his prize cargo of ginger
+and sugar to France.  He also took the opportunity of sending a brief
+account of his adventures and misfortunes to the King, and to Sir
+Edward Herbert.  The copy of his letter to Charles II is headed: "What
+our ship's company desired me to say to the King," and is as follows.
+
+"Sire,--By several ways I have given your Majesty a general account of
+our good and bad fortunes, since we left Toulon, but fearing some, if
+not all, may have had worse fortune than I am confident this will, I
+have made a more particular relation to Sir Edward Herbert of both, to
+which I could {255} add more particulars to shew your Majesty how I
+have been hindered in a design to do your Majesty eminent service, but,
+Sire, I shall leave this until I have the happiness to be nearer your
+Majesty.  In the meantime I have sent an order on Mr. Carteret, with
+some goods, to pay the debts of your Majesty I made at Toulon, and some
+others, which belong to me, my brother, and the seamen, the proceed of
+which I have ordered to be put into Sir Edward Herbert's hands for
+yourself, or your brother's necessities; be pleased to command what you
+will of it.  In such a case, I dare say, there will be none among us
+will grumble at it.  All I humbly beg is that Sir Edward Herbert may
+receive your Majesty's commands by word of mouth, or under your own
+hand, and that your Majesty be pleased to look upon us, as having
+undergone some hazards equal with others.  Had it pleased God to
+preserve the 'Constant Reformation' (the Admiral), I had loaded this
+vessel with better goods."[33]
+
+To Herbert the Prince wrote at greater length, giving an account of the
+wreck of the Admiral, and of the factious opposition he had encountered
+among his officers.  He explained also that the shares of each man in
+the prizes taken had been adjudged by the chaplain, Dr. Hart, and he
+concluded: "If His Majesty or the Duke of York be in necessity
+themselves, pray dispose of all to what they have need of, for their
+own use; I mean _after the debts I made at Toulon for the fleet are
+satisfied_.  I wrote word so to His Majesty."[34]  Some eight years
+later, at the Restoration, those debts which weighed so heavily on
+Rupert's conscience were still unpaid, and the fact is worth
+remembering in connection with the quarrel that the Prince had with the
+King on his return to France.
+
+{256}
+
+The cargo being despatched and the ships repaired, the Princes made for
+the Cape Verd Islands, where they took in water and "one thousand dried
+goats."[35]  From there they went to Santiago, which they found
+inhabited chiefly by negroes.  There was, however, a Portuguese
+Governor, Don Jorge de Mesquita de Castello Baranquo, who overwhelmed
+them with attentions, and presents of fruit.  Rupert returned his
+civilities with such presents as his cargo afforded, and wrote to the
+King of Portugal gratefully acknowledging the kindness of Don Jorge.
+The letter bears date March 2nd, 1652.[36]  When the Princes had been
+some days in the harbour, Don Jorge informed them that certain English
+vessels, bound for Guinea, were at anchor in the River Gambia, and
+offered pilots to take the Royalists up the river.  This offer Rupert
+eagerly accepted, but the pilots proved inefficient, and mistook the
+channel, forcing the "Swallow," now the Admiral, to anchor in very
+shallow water.  Rupert went out in his boat to sound for the channel,
+and while thus occupied, came upon a ship belonging to the Duke of
+Courland, on the Baltic.  The Courlanders at once told the Prince the
+whereabouts of the English vessels, and offered to pilot him up to
+them.  With their help, the Admiral weighed anchor, found the channel,
+and captured an English ship, the "John."  On board this ship was a
+negro interpreter, known as Captain Jacus, and the son of the Governor
+of Portodale.  To these two Rupert showed much kindness, freely giving
+them their liberty, an action for which he soon reaped an ample reward.
+That night Rupert's fleet anchored by the Courlander, which continued
+professions of friendship and offers of aid, for which the Prince
+returned grateful thanks.
+
+On the following morning, Rupert took a Spaniard, but failed to get
+into the tributary of the Gambia, where lay an English ship.  With the
+next tide Maurice succeeded in {257} getting in, and as soon as it was
+light, began the attack.  The Englishman quickly surrendered, on a
+promise of quarter, and freedom for the Captain.  Then, too late, the
+crew remembered that no terms had been made for the merchant whom they
+had on board.  A dispute arose as to the fairness of the agreement
+already made, and Maurice, in true sporting spirit, offered to free the
+captured ship, and fight it out over again;[37] but the English crew,
+declining the quixotic offer, accepted his former terms, and Maurice
+boarded them, still in exuberant spirits.  "See what friends you have
+of these Portugals!" he cried in youthful triumph.  "But for them we
+should never have come hither and taken you."[38]  Altogether three
+English ships, the "Friendship," the "John," and the "Marmaduke," had
+been captured in the river, besides the Spaniard.  Rupert distributed
+the crews of the prizes among his own ships, and Maurice, re-naming the
+largest of the prizes, the "Defiance," made her the Vice-Admiral.
+
+The natives of the country, thinking to please Rupert, and anxious,
+possibly, to gratify old grudges, murdered several sailors of the
+Parliament who had landed.  But Rupert, "abhorring to countenance
+infidels in the shedding of Christian blood," took care to intimate his
+deep displeasure.[39] Thereupon the brother and son of the native King
+came to visit him.  He received them with all due courtesy, offering
+them chairs to sit upon, which, however, they gravely declined, saying
+that only their King was worthy of such an honour.
+
+But notwithstanding the friendly disposition of the natives Rupert
+could not prolong his stay in the river.  The time of the
+tornadoes--May to July--was drawing near, and preparation was
+necessary.  The Princes therefore broke up {258} their Spanish prize,
+as unfit for service, bequeathed her guns to the Courlanders, and
+sailed for the Cape de Verd Islands.  By the way some of their ships
+were missed, and they anchored on the coast to await them.  During the
+delay, the natives stole away one of Maurice's sailors, and Maurice,
+finding fair words unavailing, sent a force, under Holmes, to recover
+him.  The two boats, in which Holmes and his men were embarked, were
+overturned in the surf, and lost at their landing, but happily, the
+liberated negro, Jacus, came to their help with a party of his friends.
+Then Maurice sent a third boat to bring his men back, but with orders
+not to land unless Jacus advised it.  Holmes and his force were safely
+re-embarked, when the captain of the boat, mistaking Maurice's orders,
+declared that they were to take Jacus back with them.  On hearing this,
+Holmes went once more on shore, to speak to Jacus, and, during the
+delay involved, the hostile negroes began to attack the crew.  The
+sailors shot a negro, and captured one of their canoes, which so
+incensed the rest that they seized upon Holmes and another man who had
+accompanied him.  The men in Maurice's boat saw themselves outnumbered,
+and returned in all haste to their ship, with the bad news.  Both
+Princes were "extremely moved," and, swearing that they would rescue
+their comrades or perish in the attempt, they went ashore to treat with
+the natives.  The negroes declared, through Jacus, that they would
+release Holmes if their canoe were returned, and the men in her set at
+liberty.  Rupert at once signalled to the Vice-Admiral to free the
+canoe, but no sooner was it done than Jacus came running down to the
+shore, with the news that his countrymen intended treachery, and would
+not release their prisoners.  It proved too late to re-take the canoe,
+but the Prince fired on the natives, who were gathering round him, and
+signalled all his ships to send men to his aid.  The natives fought
+with much courage; and Rupert himself was wounded by a poisoned arrow,
+which he instantly cut out with his knife.  {259} While he engaged the
+attention of the hostile negroes, Jacus and his friends contrived to
+free Holmes and his comrade, and to embark them safely in Maurice's
+pinnace.  This done, the Princes retreated to their fleet; but they did
+not show themselves ungrateful to Jacus, "whose fidelity," says one of
+the crew, "may teach us that heathens are not void of moral honesty."
+On the day following, Rupert sent his thanks, and an offer to take
+Jacus with him and "to reward him for his faith and pains."  But Jacus,
+wishing the Princes all good luck, declined their offer; he was, he
+said, not in the least afraid to remain with his own tribe.[40]
+
+The missing ships being come up, the Princes continued their voyage
+towards the Cape Verd Islands, taking a large English prize on the way.
+Two smaller English vessels were captured by the "Revenge" at Mayo, and
+Maurice took a Dane, but was promptly ordered to release her, by his
+brother.  Then most of the ships went with Maurice to St. Iago, taking
+a present of 900 hides out of the spoil, to the Governor; the Admiral
+and the "Revenge" went on to Sal.  The "Revenge," as it happened, was
+largely manned by the sailors taken in the prizes.  These men, being
+naturally disaffected to the Princes, overpowered their officers in the
+night, and stole away to England.  They reached home in safety, and
+were able to give a very edifying account of Rupert and his crews to
+the Parliament: "For their delight is in cursing and swearing, and
+plundering and sinking, and despoiling all English ships they can lay
+their talons on."  Still the report of the Royalists' condition must
+have been very encouraging to their enemies.  "The 'Swallow' and the
+'Honest Seaman' were so leaky that they had to pump day and night, and
+consequently cannot keep long at sea.  They had not above three weeks'
+bread, and nothing but water, at the time when they took the three
+ships in the River {260} Gambia," said the escaped prisoners.[41]
+Rupert, on missing the "Revenge," guessed what had happened, but he
+touched at Mayo to ask if she had been sighted.  His presence there so
+terrified a Spanish crew that they landed all their cargo, which was at
+once seized by the Portuguese.  Rupert then returned to Santiago, where
+he took in water and provisions, bestowed the hulk of a prize on "the
+Religious people of the Charity," made "a handsome present to the
+Governor, in acknowledgment of his civilities," and took a final leave
+of the Island.[42]
+
+The Princes were now fairly on their way to the West Indies; but, near
+Barbadoes, the Admiral sprang a leak, and had to put into Santa Lucia,
+in the Caribbees, the men "being almost spent with extreme labour."[43]
+Four days later, the leak being stopped, they proceeded towards St.
+Martinique, meeting on the way some Dutch men-of-war, with the officers
+of which they exchanged visits and civilities.  The French Governor of
+St. Martinique proved very hospitable, and, moreover, sent the Princes
+a timely warning that all the English possessions in the West Indies
+had surrendered to the Parliament.  Having returned grateful thanks for
+this information, the Royalists proceeded to San Dominique, where the
+natives brought them fruit, in exchange for glass beads.  On the day
+before Whit Sunday they reached Montserrat, where they seized two small
+ships, but one, proving to be the property of Royalists, was released.
+At Nevis they found a large number of English vessels, which, like a
+flock of frightened animals, "began to shift for themselves," some
+endeavouring to escape, and others running ashore.[44]  A brief
+engagement took place, in which Rupert's secretary was shot down at his
+side, {261} but no prizes could be taken, because the enemy's vessels
+were so fast aground that they could not be brought off.
+
+After a brief visit to La Bastare, the Princes went to the Virgin
+Islands, intending to unload and careen the Admiral, and on the way
+thither, they added to their numbers by purchasing from a Dutch
+man-of-war a prize she had taken.  They had hoped to find cassava roots
+in the islands, but these proved scarce, and consequently they suffered
+greatly from want of food.  Rupert was even forced to reduce his men's
+rations, but, seeing that their Princes shared equally with them in all
+hardships, the sailors bore the privation with cheerful courage.  The
+scarcity of food caused them to leave the Virgins as soon as the leaky
+ships were repatched, and, having burnt three small prizes as
+unseaworthy, they sailed southwards.
+
+Now came the crowning misfortune of the unhappy Prince who had been so
+long "kept waking with new troubles."[45]  Not far from Anguilla the
+fleet was caught in a most terrible hurricane.  So strong was the wind
+that the men could not stand at their work; so thick the weather that
+no one could see more than a few yards before him.  For two days the
+ships ran before the wind, the Admiral escaping wreckage on the rocks
+of Angadas by a miracle.  On the third day the hurricane abated, and
+the Admiral found herself alone at the uninhabited island of St. Ann,
+in the Virgins; the "Honest Seaman" had been cast ashore at Porto Rico,
+and the Vice-Admiral had totally disappeared.  "In this fatal wreck,"
+says Pyne, "besides a great many brave gentlemen and others, the sea,
+to glut itself, swallowed Prince Maurice, whose fame the mouth of
+detraction cannot blast; his very enemies bewailing his loss.  Many had
+more power, few more merit.  He was snatched from us in obscurity, lest
+beholding his loss would have prevented others from endeavouring their
+own safety; {262} so much he lived beloved and died bewailed."[46]
+Rupert's grief was beyond words.  He had lost the only member of his
+family to whom he was bound by close ties of affection, the most
+faithful and devoted of his followers, his favourite companion, his
+best-loved friend.  From the very first he accepted the situation as
+hopeless, and he bore his sorrow in grim silence, not suffering it to
+crush him as his grief for the loss of the "Constant Reformation" had
+done.  There was no Maurice now to fall back upon, and the needs of the
+ship could not be neglected.  Alas, one ship, the "Swallow," was all
+that remained of the gallant little fleet, and Rupert, finding himself
+thus alone, resolved to return to France.  First he paid a farewell
+visit to Guadeloupe, where he was kindly received, and supplied with
+wine.  There also he took an English prize, naively likened by the
+writer of his log to "Manna from Heaven."[47] But well might the crew
+rejoice at the capture, seeing that their rations were now reduced to
+three ounces per diem.  Touching at the Azores, they were surprised to
+be received with bullets, and not suffered to approach within speaking
+distance of the land.  Rupert therefore sailed straight for Brittany,
+stopping at Cape Finisterre for fresh provisions.  His health was
+completely broken down, and the food on board both scarce and nasty,
+and we read: "His Highness had not been very well since he came from
+the West Indies, and fresh provisions being a rarity, a present of two
+hens and a few eggs was very acceptable."[48]
+
+But the Prince was nearing the end of his hardships, if not of his
+troubles.  Early one morning in the March of 1653, he came into the
+Loire and anchored at St. Lazar.  The next day, in attempting to get
+higher up the river, he ran his ship aground.  The crew were anxious to
+leave her to her fate, but Rupert had not come through so many {263}
+difficulties only to succumb to the last, and by his "industry and
+care" he brought her safely off.  Having secured his prizes, he sent
+the "Swallow" back to the mouth of the river to refit.  "Here, however,
+like a grateful servant, having brought her princely master through so
+many dangers, she consumed herself, scorning, after being quitted by
+him, that any inferior person should command her."[49]
+
+Thus closed the most singular episode in a much chequered career.  The
+morality of Rupert's proceedings during his three years' wanderings on
+the high seas has been much debated.  In theory he was a loyal Admiral
+holding his own against a rebel fleet, but in fact, it must be owned,
+he was little more than a pirate, or at best, a privateer.  He was
+never able to meet the fleet of the Parliament in battle, and could
+only wage war by crippling the trade of the hostile party.  Moreover,
+though his desire to injure the trade of the enemy was both earnest and
+sincere, he was still more anxious to gain merchandise, by the sale of
+which he could support his destitute sovereign and his fleet.  Yet he
+kept within the limits he had set himself, and made prizes only of
+ships belonging to adherents of the Commonwealth or to its Spanish
+allies.  The capture of a Genoese vessel has been admitted, but that
+was in the nature of a reprisal, and it has been seen how a Danish and
+a Royalist ship taken by mistake were set free.  That the Prince
+endured hardship, difficulties and dangers out of a loyal devotion to
+his cousin, is shown by the readiness with which he renounced his
+private share of the spoil in Charles's favour, when he sent home the
+cargo of 1652.  The devotion evidently felt for him by his crew speaks
+well for his character as a commander, and all his recorded dealings
+with the natives of Africa and the various islands, show a humane and
+enlightened spirit in which there is nothing of the buccanneer.  Indeed
+the various logs which bear record of his voyages {264} are marked by a
+tone of great decorum.  In them the chaplain figures frequently, and on
+one occasion it is noted, "The second day being Sunday, we rode still,
+and did the duties of the day in the best manner that we could; the
+same at evening."[50]  And even granting that the decorous tone of the
+logs is forced and exaggerated of set purpose, the fact remains that no
+specific charge of cruelty was ever brought against the Prince by his
+enemies or any one else.  This, when it is remembered how lawless were
+the high seas in those days, is no slight praise.  But, whatever may be
+thought of the ethics of the case, it will be universally acknowledged
+that to keep the seas as Rupert kept them for three years, with no
+previous experience in nautical affairs, with never more than seven,
+and usually only three ships at his command, with those ships
+hopelessly leaky and rotten, and continually beset by every possible
+form of danger and disaster, was a feat deserving of wonder and
+admiration.
+
+
+
+[1] Clarendon State Papers.  Hyde to Rupert, Oct. 19, 1650.
+
+[2] Cary's Memorials, Vol. II.  p. 164.
+
+[3] Warburton, III.  p. 306, _note_.
+
+[4] Ibid.  p. 303.
+
+[5] Warburton, III.  pp. 304-305.  Whitelocke, 458.  Thurloe's State
+Papers, I. 145-146.
+
+[6] Thurloe, I.  141.  Dom. State Papers.  Commonweath, IX.  fol. 38.
+
+[7] Warburton.  III.  pp. 306, 310.
+
+[8] Ibid pp. 310-312.  Add. MSS.  18982 f. 210.
+
+[9] Warburton, III.  p. 313.
+
+[10] Hist. MSS. Com.  Rept 14.  Portland MSS.  Vol. I.  p. 548.  26
+Dec. 1650.
+
+[11] Warburton, III.  p. 318.
+
+[12] Ibid.  320.
+
+[13] Warburton, III.  320.
+
+[14] Ibid.  p. 321.
+
+[15] Letters, II.  p. 3.  14 May, 1651.
+
+[16] Nicholas Papers, I.  249.  May 1651.
+
+[17] Warburton, III.  p. 325.
+
+[18] Warburton, III.  p. 327.
+
+[19] Ibid.  p. 329.
+
+[20] Warburton, III.  p. 334.
+
+[21] Ibid.  pp. 533-535.  Pitts to --.  No date.
+
+[22] Warburton, III.  p. 335.
+
+[23] Warburton, III.  p. 349.
+
+[24] Rupert Transcripts.  Captain Fearnes' Relation.
+
+[25] Warburton, III.  p. 540.
+
+[26] Harleian MSS.  991.
+
+[27] Warburton, III.  p. 340.
+
+[28] Ibid.  p. 537, Pitts to --.  No date.
+
+[29] Warburton, III.  p. 345.
+
+[30] Warburton, III.  pp. 346-7.
+
+[31] Thurloe State Papers, II.  405.
+
+[32] Rupert Transcripts.  Holmes to Rupert, May 3 and 19, 1653.
+
+[33] Warburton, III.  p. 348.
+
+[34] Ibid.  p. 349.  This letter is supposed by Warburton to be written
+to Hyde, but it is without address; and the three references of Rupert
+to Herbert in the letter to the King seem to imply that the
+accompanying letter was intended for Herbert, and not Hyde.
+
+[35] Warburton, III.  p. 541, Feb. 1st 1652.
+
+[36] Ibid.  p. 366.
+
+[37] Warburton.  III.  p. 359.
+
+[38] Domestic State Papers.  Commonwealth, 41.  fol. 34.  8 Oct. 1653.
+Report of Walker.
+
+[39] Warburton, III.  p. 360.
+
+[40] Warburton, III.  pp. 363-367.
+
+[41] Domestic State Papers.  Commonwealth.  Vol. XXIV.  f. 60.  June
+(?), 1652.  Coxon's Report.
+
+[42] Warburton, III.  p. 370.
+
+[43] Ibid.  p. 371.
+
+[44] Ibid.  p. 376.
+
+[45] Warburton, III.  p. 337.
+
+[46] Warburton, III.  p. 382.
+
+[47] Ibid.  p. 384.
+
+[48] Ibid.  p. 546.
+
+[49] Warburton, III.  p. 388.
+
+[50] Rupert Transcripts.  Journal, Feb. 26, 1651.
+
+
+
+
+{265}
+
+CHAPTER XV
+
+RUPERT AT PARIS.  ILLNESS.  QUARREL WITH CHARLES II.  FACTIONS AT ST.
+GERMAINS.  RUPERT GOES TO GERMANY.  RECONCILED WITH CHARLES
+
+Rupert's return was eagerly hailed by all parties in the exiled Court
+of England.  Wrote the King:
+
+
+"My Dearest Cousin,
+
+"I am so surprised with joy in the assurance of your safe arrival in
+these parts that I cannot tell you how great it is; nor can I consider
+any misfortunes or accidents which have happened, now I know that your
+person is in safety.  If I could receive the like comfort in a
+reasonable hope of your brother's, I need not tell you how important it
+would be to my affairs.  While my affection makes me impatient to see
+you I know the same desire will incline you, (after you have done what
+can only be done by your presence there,) to make what haste to me your
+health can endure, of which I must conjure you to have such a care as
+it shall be in no danger."[1]
+
+
+Hyde expressed himself with almost equal warmth.  "For God's sake, Sir,
+in the first place look to your health, and then to the safety of what
+you have there, and lose no minute of coming away.  I do not doubt you
+will find the welcome that will please you with the King, the Queen,
+and the Duke of York."[2]
+
+And Jermyn added the assurance of his own "infinite joy," and the
+Queen's constant friendship, concluding with {266} the appropriate
+prayer: "God of Heaven keep you in all your dangers, and give you at
+length some quiet, and the fruits of them."[3]
+
+The King gave proof of his affection by the zeal with which he prepared
+for his cousin's reception in Paris; an honour apparently disputed with
+him by Rupert's brother Edward.  "The King is very active in preparing
+a lodging for you," writes one of the Prince's friends.  "If I be not
+deceived he would have liked well to have it left to him, of which the
+Prince, your brother, as I understand, gives you some account.  I will
+send you more by the next, knowing no more as yet, but that the King
+hath it in his love for you to have you near him, which certainly is
+fitter than to have thought of another lodging, without his
+knowledge."[4]
+
+But, alas! the Rupert who returned was not the Rupert who had sailed
+away three years before!  He had, as Hyde expressed it, "endured
+strange hardness,"[5] and the "hardness" had left its mark upon him.
+He came back from his long voyage a changed and broken-hearted man.
+"His Highness's fire was pretty much decayed, and his judgment
+ripened," says Campbell; but the change went deeper than that.  The
+Prince had failed in his undertaking; he had lost the greater part of
+his hard-won treasure, his ships, his men, above all his best-loved
+brother--and these losses had carried with them a part of his old self.
+The high spirits and buoyant hopefulness of earlier days were gone for
+ever.  Gone too was something of the youthful generosity; Rupert was
+embittered now, harder, colder, more sardonic; a man, said Colbert,
+"with a natural inclination to believe evil!"[6]
+
+His health too, that best inheritance from his mother, had been ruined
+by bad climates and insufficient food.  On {267} his arrival at Nantes
+he fell dangerously ill, nor was he ever again wholly free from
+suffering.  His illness created no small consternation among the
+Royalists, and much sympathy was poured out upon him.  "Think of your
+health," urged one friend, "and if you dare venture on your old
+apothecary you may, from whom you will receive some drugs, well meant,
+if not well prepared."[7]  This tempting offer was probably declined.
+The Palatines had ideas of their own upon the subject of medicine, a
+profound distrust of doctors, and a very reasonable aversion to the
+then universal practice of bleeding.  "Pray God she fall not into the
+Frenchified physician's hands, and so let blood and die!"[8] Rupert
+wrote of a fair friend, at a later date, On the present occasion he
+recovered from his illness, with or without the aid of physicians, and
+in April hastened to join his cousin, King Charles.
+
+At Paris he met with as warm a reception as he could have desired.  Not
+only the English exiles, but the French Court also hastened to do him
+honour.  The Queen Regent and Mazarin had always been his good friends,
+and now his strange adventures had fired the imagination of the young
+King Louis, who "complimented him in an extraordinary manner."[9]
+Indeed Rupert, with his romantic history, his striking personality,
+gigantic stature, and supposed magical powers,[10] not to mention his
+accredited wealth, his monkeys and "blackamours," made a considerable
+sensation in the excitable world of Paris.  Many were the anonymous
+letters addressed to him by fair hands; but for some time his bad
+health and his sorrowful heart made him indifferent to the adulation
+bestowed on him.  "Prince Rupert goes little abroad in France, and is
+very sad that {268} he can hear nothing of his brother Maurice,"[11]
+was the report made by Cromwell's spies.  And wrote Hyde, April 25,
+1653: "Prince Rupert is not yet well enough to venture to go abroad,
+and therefore hath not visited the French Court, but I hope he will
+within a day or two.  Of Prince Maurice we hear not one word."[12]
+
+But as his health improved, Rupert relaxed his austerity and joined his
+Stuart cousins in their amusements.  He was often to be seen in the
+hall of the Palais Royal, playing at billiards with the King and the
+Duke of York,[13] and sometimes he swam with them in the Seine.  On one
+such occasion he was very nearly drowned; he was seized with cramp, and
+had already gone under water, when one of his train rescued him by the
+hair of his head.  "The River Seine had like to have made an end of
+your black Prince Rupert," wrote one of the Puritan spies who watched
+all his actions, "for, some days since, he would needs cool himself in
+the river, where he was in danger of drowning, but, by the help of one
+of his blackmores, escaped."[14]
+
+The same spy related another adventure which, if true, illustrates the
+singularly lawless state of Paris, and also suggests that Rupert was
+not quite indifferent to the overtures of the ladies who courted him.
+As he returned from hunting, one Sunday, accompanied only by Holmes, he
+was overtaken by two gentlemen, riding in great haste towards Paris.
+No sooner had they passed the Prince, than, wheeling suddenly round,
+they both fired at him.  Both missed, and Rupert promptly returning the
+shots, wounded one and killed the other.  A third gentleman then coming
+up, was about to fire on the Prince, but seeing him prepared, changed
+his mind and called out that he was the husband of the Marechal de
+Plessy Praslin's daughter.  Rupert retorted that he did {269} not
+believe him, but, since he said so, would let him alone.  So the matter
+passed," concludes the narrator of the story coolly, "and the gentleman
+killed, the worse for him!"[15]
+
+In the midst of these adventures Rupert did not neglect business.  He
+had to dispose of the guns and other fittings of his ship, which it was
+impossible to render sea-worthy again; and he also had a considerable
+quantity of goods to sell, the nature of which we learn from the
+letters of Holmes, who had gone back to Nantes in May 1653.  From
+Nantes, Holmes sent samples of sugar, copper, tobacco, various kinds of
+woods, and elephants' teeth to the Prince at Paris.  He also sent, at
+Rupert's express desire, "the little nigger," and promised to search
+among the ballast for two elephants' teeth which Rupert particularly
+required.[16] His search was very successful, and May 24 he reported,
+"I met, in tumbling over the ballast, 21 elephants' teeth, 36 sticks of
+wood, a chest of white sugar, and a small chest of copper bars."[17]
+It was time that some steps were taken for the disposing of these
+commodities.  The officers of the ships were "much destitute of money."
+Fearnes refused to give Holmes any proper account of the stores, and
+the sailors were mutinying for pay.  Holmes encountered them with drawn
+swords in their hands, but pacified them with "gentle mildness";[18]
+and Rupert came himself to Nantes to attend the sale of his treasures.
+In this matter, Mazarin lent all assistance in his power, and Cromwell
+who claimed the Prince's goods as stolen from English merchants
+remonstrated with the French court in vain.
+
+"What should His Excellency the Lord General Cromwell expect from the
+Cardinal but a parcel of fair promises?" protested an agent of the
+Commonwealth.  "I assure you the King and the Cardinal are resolved not
+to {270} deliver Prince Rupert's merchandizes.  The merchants, having
+given a good deal of money to some ministers here, thinking to corrupt
+them,--a thing very easy to be done, in any other occasion but
+this,--find now that it is but so much money cast into the sea.  Prince
+Rupert was somewhat affrighted, by reason of the bribes, but there is
+given him by the Queen, Cardinal, and Council such assurances as his
+mind is at rest.  I protest they laugh at you, and think your demands
+so insolent as nothing more."[19]
+
+In fact, while the English merchants lavished money, and Cromwell
+protests, Rupert was quietly selling the disputed goods at Nantes, and
+also the "Swallow" and her guns.  He had no sooner accomplished this
+than he hastened back to Paris, in obedience to an urgent letter
+received from Charles.
+
+
+"Dearest Cousin,
+
+"According to your desire I sent the warrant to sell the 'Swallow' and
+her guns.  I have little to say to you, only to put you in mind to make
+all the haste you can hither, when you can do it without harm to your
+business.  For, besides the great desire I have of your company, I do
+believe there is something now to be done which I cannot do without
+your presence and assistance.  I have no more to say until I see you,
+but to assure you that I am entirely, dearest Cousin,
+
+"Your most affectionate Cousin,
+    "Charles R."[20]
+
+
+After this very cordial letter it is rather surprising to find a
+violent quarrel between the two cousins immediately following Rupert's
+return to Paris.  The truth was that Charles had expected to gain much
+wealth on the return of the fleet, which would, he hoped, enable him to
+leave {271} France, of which he was as weary as France was of him.  But
+before Rupert's first coming to Paris he had sent such an account as
+ought to have convinced Charles that he had little to expect.  That he
+had gained treasure of great value the Prince confessed, but most of it
+had been lost with Maurice, or in the wreck of the "Constant
+Reformation." What remained would scarcely suffice to pay off the
+sailors and discharge the old debt at Toulon.  Moreover, the ships were
+so worm-eaten that there was no possibility of again sending them to
+sea.[21]  Bitter as was this disappointment to the King, he still hoped
+to gain something by the sale of the guns, and when he found that
+Rupert laid claim to half the money thus obtained, it was more than he
+could endure.  Hyde, who had never loved Rupert, easily persuaded the
+King that his cousin was dealing unfairly, and induced him to demand an
+exact account.  The Prince, hotly resenting Hyde's insinuations,
+refused to offer any explanation more explicit than that already made.
+
+When it is remembered how devotedly Rupert had exposed his person and
+all that he had in Charles's service, how his mother's jewels had
+helped to fit out the fleet, and how freely he had surrendered his
+private share in the prizes to the King, it is scarcely credible that
+he could have put forward an unjust, or even a selfish claim.  Campbell
+corroborates the Prince's own statement that the sale of the goods did
+not realise enough to pay off all the sailors; and there still remained
+the debts at Toulon, which Charles had been begged to pay two years
+before.  Nor were they paid now, in 1662, one Guibert Hessin petitioned
+Charles II for 29,480 livres tournois, being the debt for victualling
+the fleet at Toulon in 1650, of which Rupert had ordered payment in
+1654.[22]  It is therefore fairly evident that Rupert did not claim the
+money for {272} his own use, but in order to satisfy the just claims of
+others.  The payment of his debts was a point on which he was
+particularly sensitive, but the practice may well have failed to
+commend itself to Charles.  An important witness on Rupert's side is
+Hatton, who, a little before the quarrel, had written to Nicholas: "I
+am sure they now owe Prince Rupert £1,700, ... and that will, at the
+day of reckoning, breed ill-blood."[23]
+
+The day of reckoning came in February 1654, and all happened as Hatton
+had predicted.
+
+"You talk of money the King should have upon the prizes at Nantes!"
+wrote Hyde indignantly.  "Alas, he hath not only not had one penny from
+thence, but Prince Rupert pretends that the King owes him more money
+than ever I was worth."[24]  The quarrel raged for a month before
+Rupert would give any explanation of his claims.  At last, in March, he
+condescended to give the King "a little short paper, not containing
+twenty lines," which he charged his cousin not to show to Hyde.  But
+Charles of course suffered Hyde to see it, charging him, in his turn,
+to conceal his knowledge of it from Rupert.[25]  The result was a worse
+quarrel than ever.  Seeing that the King was not going to acknowledge
+his claim, Rupert prompted his creditors to arrest the guns.  Charles
+remonstrated,--"kindly expostulated," Hyde phrased it,--whereupon
+Rupert lost his temper, and protested that "justice would have
+justice," speaking, said Hyde, "with isolence enough."[26]  The affair
+was "exceedingly taken notice of,"[27] and it was rumoured that Rupert
+would leave his cousin's service.  Mazarin, who realised that the
+sooner Charles got some money, the sooner he would leave France,
+enabled him to {273} rescue the guns from the creditors' clutches; but
+Queen Henrietta gave all her support to her nephew.  "It is not
+possible to believe how much, in so gross a thing, the Queen and Lord
+Jermyn side with Prince Rupert," complained Hyde.[28]  Probably
+Henrietta and her favourite cared little whether the creditors were
+paid or not; but more than a mere question of debts was at stake,  the
+exiled Court was as factious as ever.  In the King's Council,
+Henrietta, the Duke of York, the Duke of Buckingham and Lord Jermyn
+opposed themselves violently to the policy of Ormonde, Rochester
+(Wilmot), Percy, Inchiquin, Taafe, and Hyde.  Hyde's party was then in
+the ascendant, and the Queen was anxious to secure Rupert's adherence
+to her own party.  He was not without a considerable following of his
+own, and there was a definite design to represent him "as head of the
+Swordsmen, making it good by little insignificant particulars."[29]
+The most influential of his friends was the Attorney-General, Herbert,
+recently made Lord Keeper, to whom Henrietta had hastened to pay court
+as soon as she heard of Rupert's arrival at Nantes.  Herbert, though
+distinguished neither for tact nor for wisdom, possessed great
+influence with the Prince.  "The Lord Keeper is so extreme vain and
+foolish in his government of Prince Rupert that he does more towards
+the ruin of that Prince than all his enemies could do,"[30] declared
+Hyde.  And though Charles declared that he could cure his cousin of his
+infatuation, he failed to do so.  Lord Gerard, a man of fertile brain,
+who "could never lack projects,"[31] was not much wiser than Herbert.
+Between them, they concocted a thousand schemes "to make Prince Rupert
+General in England, Scotland, and Ireland, and Admiral of two or {274}
+three fleets together," not to mention other projects, all contrived
+for the benefit of the unlucky Prince, who, Hyde might justly say,
+would "have cause to curse the day he ever knew either of them."[32]
+
+The Queen, on her part, was doing her best to destroy Hyde's power with
+the King, that being the chief obstacle to the exercise of her own
+influence.  The Chancellor had no lack of enemies, but the charges
+brought against him were so absurd that he could afford to laugh at
+them.  "I hope you think it strange to hear that I have been in
+England, and have had private conference with Cromwell; and that you
+are not sorry that my enemies can frame no wiser calumny against
+me,"[33] he wrote to a friend.  The inventor of this extraordinary
+story was the King's secretary, Long, who was backed up by the Queen
+and her partisans.  They expected the support of Rupert, but he, much
+as he detested the Chancellor, was too honest to lend himself to any
+such plot.  "They are much disappointed to find Prince Rupert not of
+their party," declared Hyde triumphantly.  "He indeed carries himself
+with great discretion."[34]  Nor did the Prince content himself with
+discretion, he even actively defended Hyde's character.  A dispute on
+the subject had arisen between Ormonde and Herbert, the latter having
+remarked that "it was strange the King should make such a difference
+between Mr. Chancellor and Mr. Long, whereas he held Mr. Long as good a
+gentleman as Mr. Chancellor."  Rupert, who was standing by, retorted
+sharply that the King "made not the difference from their blood, but
+from the honesty of the Chancellor and the dishonesty of Long."
+Herbert vehemently protested that he believed Long as honest as Hyde;
+to which replied Ormonde, "Ay, but the King thought not so, and perhaps
+{275} there were times when his Lordship thought not so."  And a very
+pretty quarrel ensued.[35]
+
+In the meantime Sir Marmaduke Langdale, a man of more sense than Gerard
+or Herbert, seriously proposed that Rupert should take a new expedition
+to Scotland.  To this plan, the Queen lent a willing ear.  The Scots,
+though still resolved that only those "eminent for righteousness"
+should enter Scotland with the King, were willing to include Rupert,
+Ormonde, Nicholas, Gerard and Craven under that head.[36] The scheme
+therefore seemed feasible, but Rupert and Henrietta were of one mind in
+wishing that James of York, rather than the King, might be the nominal
+leader of the enterprise.  The wish was natural enough, for the life
+led by Charles in Paris was not calculated to commend him to his
+serious-minded cousin.  James, on the contrary, seemed full of promise,
+practical, conscientious, and energetic.[37] Negotiations with the
+Scots were seriously opened, but they were not all agreed concerning
+Rupert; and a letter shown to James by his secretary, Bennet, created
+considerable stir in the Palais Royal.  This letter stated that the
+Scots still cherished a strong aversion to Rupert, and earnestly hoped
+that he would not appear in their country.  James hastened with the
+letter to his cousin, who, "would needs know" the name of the writer.
+This, Bennet refused to divulge, until the writer himself arrived on
+the scene, in the person of Daniel O'Neil, who, seeing the excitement
+he had caused, "told plainly he wrote it, and said further that most of
+the friends of the English and Scots were of that opinion."[38]
+
+Eventually the whole scheme fell through, as a hundred others had done,
+but not before Charles's anger and jealousy had been excited against
+James.  The result of the negotiations was therefore to produce a
+coldness between the {276} Stuart brothers, a further breach between
+Charles and Rupert, and a definite quarrel between the King and the
+Queen mother.  Henrietta reproached her son violently with his conduct
+towards Rupert, Herbert and Berkeley; and Charles retorted angrily,
+that, after their behaviour to him, they should "never more have his
+trust nor his company."[39]
+
+Upon this, Rupert resigned his office of Master of the Horse--a mere
+empty title--and departed for Germany, notwithstanding Henrietta's
+entreaties that he would remain.[40] He had hardly declared his
+intention of going, when the good-natured Charles half-repented of his
+share in the quarrel; and a reconciliation was accomplished, so far as
+the debt was concerned.[41]  But Rupert adhered to his resolution of
+visiting Germany, saying that he had affairs of his own to look after,
+to obtain some appanage from his brother, and to demand the money due
+to him from the Emperor, under the treaty of Munster.  Charles
+therefore wrote an apologetic letter to his aunt, the Queen of Bohemia,
+explaining that his cousin had not quitted his service, and that,
+though he did not deny having "taken some things unkindly" from Rupert,
+he trusted that they might soon meet again, "with more kindness and a
+better understanding," for, in spite of all that had passed, he
+continued to "love him very much, and always be confident of his
+friendship."[42]
+
+Rupert went first to his brother at Heidelberg, with "a great train and
+brave," consisting of twenty-six persons,--three negroes and "the
+little nigger" included.[43]  At Heidelberg he remained for about a
+month, but his real destination was Vienna, whither he went to demand
+the money {277} owed him by the Emperor.  He arrived there in
+September, and was received with great cordiality.  He had been a
+_persona grata_ to the Austrians ever since he had won their hearts as
+their prisoner; and Cromwell's spies commented, in great disgust, on
+the honour shown him, and the alacrity with which dues were promised to
+him.  "His Imperial Majesty hath commanded an assignation to Prince
+Rupert Palatine of 30,000 rix dollars, of a certain sum due since the
+Treaty of Munster.  Prince Rupert has also obtained money for Charles
+Stuart, and more is promised," they reported.[44]
+
+It is here seen that not Rupert's private affairs alone had taken him
+to Vienna, nor was his separation from Charles of long duration.
+France had now concluded a treaty with Cromwell, so that the exiled
+King was forced to quit that country.  The money obtained through
+Rupert enabled him to leave France with ease, and he proceeded to
+Cologne.  A rumour arose that he intended to throw himself upon the
+hospitality of the Emperor, and perhaps Rupert's visit to Vienna had
+been partly designed to ascertain the possibility of this move.  But
+the idea did not commend itself to the Austrian Court, and the Elector
+Charles Louis wrote hastily to Rupert, October 1654: "I have ventured
+to send M. Bunckley to the King of Great Britain, to warn him that he
+would be unwelcome at Vienna.  Doubtless you will be able to confirm
+this, concerning which I have received an express messenger from his
+Imperial Majesty."[45]  Probably Rupert did confirm his brother's
+message, for Charles stayed at Cologne, awaiting his cousin's "much
+longed for" return.  Rupert rejoined him there in January 1655, but did
+not stay long.  Hyde was still all powerful, and Rupert was never a man
+who cared to take the second place.  "I need not tell you," wrote one
+of the ubiquitous spies, "by whom Prince Rupert was turned from Court;
+yet perhaps you {278} have not known that Hyde offered Charles Stuart
+that 50,000 men should be in arms in England, before a year went about,
+if he would quit the Queen's Court, and the Prince's party.  By the
+last letters it doth seem as if Prince Rupert had an intention to see
+Cologne before Modena, and, if he can break Hyde's neck here, it may
+alter his design, and make him stay with the King, which he hath most
+mind of."[46]
+
+The last sentence alludes to an engagement entered into by Rupert to
+raise men for the Duke of Modena.  In May 1655 he was busy with his
+levies, and he had offered commands in his force to Craven, Gerard, and
+the once Puritan Massey.[47]  The French Court patronised the Duke of
+Modena, and Mazarin promised Rupert the command of 2,000 men chosen
+from the best troops of France, 1,000 Swiss, and three other regiments.
+The arrears of pay due to the Prince for his services to France in
+1648, were less readily conceded.  Fortunately Rupert had a friend at
+court in the person of Edward's wife, Anne de Gonzague.  This lady,
+being a very powerful person in France, obtained a promise of speedy
+payment, the more readily since Rupert declared that without the money
+he could not equip himself for the enterprise, and without himself his
+levies should not go.[48]  Yet, in the very next month, he quietly
+renounced the whole scheme, sent his troops to Modena, and returned to
+Heidelberg.  The reason for this sudden change of plan was the anxiety
+of Charles, who, fearing to lose his cousin altogether, had "abruptly
+begged him to quit all employments," and serve himself only.  Rupert,
+loyal as ever, answered with equal abruptness that he would serve his
+cousin "with all his interest, either in men, money, arms, or friends,"
+provided that he could effect "a handsome conjuncture," _i.e._ an
+honourable arrangement, {279} with Modena.[49]  This done, he joined
+the King at Frankfort, whence we find Ormonde writing to Hyde: "When
+to-morrow we have been to a Lutheran service, and on Monday have seen
+the fair, I know not how we shall contrive divertissements for a longer
+time, unless Prince Rupert, who is coming, find them."[50]
+
+Whether Rupert found them or not is unrecorded, but he certainly made
+friends with the King, in whose company he remained until October.
+Charles had still some hopes of the Scots, and it was rumoured that
+Rupert endeavoured to win the Presbyterians by stating--with perfect
+truth--that he had been bred a Calvinist.[51]  It was said also that he
+had countenanced the plot of 1654 for Cromwell's assassination, and had
+even introduced the author of it to the King.  Whether the accusation
+be true or false it is hard to say.[52]  The only allusion to the plot
+found in the Prince's own correspondence is in a letter written from
+Heidelberg, which narrates the fate of the conspirators; "the Diurnal
+says Jack Gerard is beheaded, and another hanged, and that the Portugal
+ambassador's brother was beheaded at the same time, and another English
+gentleman hanged about that business, but says little of any design.  I
+have not yet received one line, so I cannot give your Highness any
+further account."[53]  This letter may, or may not imply a previous
+acquaintance with the design.  It certainly assumes that Rupert knew
+all about it, but the affair was then public property.  Still there is
+nothing absolutely impossible in the Prince's complicity.  Cromwell was
+regarded by the Royalists at that {280} time, as a being almost beyond
+the pale of humanity.  He was "the beast whom all the Kings of the
+earth do worship;"[54] and, though Rupert's known words and actions fit
+ill with assassination plots, it may be that the crime of murder looked
+less black to him when the intended victim happened to be the English
+Lord Protector.
+
+In October 1655, the Prince was suddenly called away to Vienna, where
+he seems to have acted as Charles II's informal ambassador.  The
+rumours as to his intended actions were many and various.  At one time
+he was expected to command the Dutch fleet against the fleet of the
+Commonwealth, some said that he would take service with the Swedes,
+others that he would adhere to the Emperor.[55]  But his real intention
+was, as we know, to serve his cousin, and Cromwell, evidently convinced
+of this, deputed the traitor Bampfylde to watch the Prince's movements.
+Concerning this same Bampfylde there is a rather amusing correspondence
+extant.  Jermyn, on whom he had successfully imposed, recommended him
+to Rupert's patronage, as a man "suffering and persecuted" for his
+loyalty.[56]  Rupert referred the matter to the King, who expressed
+himself "astonished" at Jermyn's letter, saying that he had already
+warned him of Bampfylde's treachery.[57] Bampfylde, in his turn, wrote
+to Cromwell, begging to be sent into Germany; "for I know the Duke of
+Brandenburg, the Prince Elector and Prince Rupert, and could give you
+no ill information.  I would conceal my correspondence with you, and
+only pretend that I wished to see Germany and to seek employment in the
+wars there."[58]  And when Cromwell had granted his desire, the spy
+found that he had walked into the clutches of Rupert, who was fully
+{281} aware of his intended treachery.  "I have obeyed to the utmost
+your commands about Colonel Bampfylde," wrote the Prince to the King.
+"You will receive particulars from your factor, Sir William Curtius,
+and from the Elector of Mayence.  No impartial merchants being present,
+we could do no more, and could not have done so much, had not Bampfylde
+consented to a submission in this Imperial town.  I will obey any
+further commands you may send me, in these parts."[59]
+
+Rupert's loyalty was, in spite of everything, inextinguishable, and the
+tone which he now assumed towards his young cousin was singularly
+deferential.  "Wyndham writes to my servant, Valentine Pyne, conjuring
+him to come with all possible speed to the King," he wrote, in 1658, to
+Nicholas.  "I owe my person, and any of mine to his service; but
+represent to him that it would be a great obligation if Pyne could stay
+with me, till there be some great business in hand.  Meantime he can
+study things in these parts, fit to use for some good design."[60]
+Even his advice was couched in an apologetic form.  Thus he advised
+against attempting a Spanish alliance in 1656: "Sir, I received your
+Majesty's of the 16th of December, but at my arrival at this place.
+With great greefe I understand the continuation of the news that was
+whispered at Vienna, before my departure, of the Spaniards tampering
+for a peace with Cromwell.  Yet I am so confident that they will come
+off it, that I wish the King of England would not be too hasty in
+offering himself to Spain.  If the business between them and England
+break, they will be sure to take the King of England by the hand; if
+not, all will be vain.  I humbly beseech Your Majesty to pardon this
+boldness, which proceeds from a very faithful heart to serve Your
+Majesty."[61]
+
+{282}
+
+This humble submission is indeed a contrast to the "insolence"
+described by Hyde.  Possibly the increased deference corresponds to a
+decrease of friendship.  What Rupert could do for Charles's service he
+would do; but, though they were reconciled and, to all appearance, on
+excellent terms, it is probable that the intimate friendship which had
+existed between them, previous to their quarrel in 1653-4, was never
+fully restored.  Rupert was no longer the elder cousin, but the
+faithful servant, and he evidently meant to mark his change of
+position.  In the early years of the Civil Wars, he had exercised a
+paramount influence over Charles, but his three years' absence had lost
+that for ever.  With James he retained his influence longer.  We find
+him expressing "astonishment" at the contents of a letter written by
+the younger of his royal cousins, and James meekly replying that he
+does not remember what he said, but is sure he did not mean it.  "Je
+parlai à son Altesse (James) de l'étonnement qu'avait la votre de ce
+qu'elle avait reconnu en sa dernière lettre; qu'il me dit ne se point
+ressouvenir ni avoir fait à dessein; au contraire, qu'il fera toujours
+son possible pour la service et contentement de Votre Altesse, à
+laquelle il me dit vouloir en écrire pour s'en excuser."[62]  In the
+differences between the Stuart brothers Rupert seems to have
+sympathised with James.  "My godson (James) I am sure will take very
+well what you have answered for him," wrote his mother to the Prince;
+"I am extremely glad you did it."[63]
+
+
+
+[1] Warburton, III.  p. 418.  Charles II to Rupert, Mar. 22, 1653.
+
+[2] Ibid.  p. 419.  Hyde to Rupert.  No date.
+
+[3] Warburton, III.  p. 390.  Jermyn to R., Feb. 6, 1653.
+
+[4] Rupert Transcripts.  -- to Rupert, 1653.
+
+[5] Clar. State Papers, 1089.  Hyde to Nicholas, Apr. 18, 1653.
+
+[6] Cartwright.  Madame: A Life of Henrietta of Orleans, p. 359.
+
+[7] Warburton, III.  p. 420.
+
+[8] Ibid.  p. 454.
+
+[9] Memoir of Prince Rupert, ed. 1683, p. 35.
+
+[10] Evelyn, IV.  282.  He was supposed to have cured Jermyn of a
+fever, with a charm.  "His Highness, it seems, has learnt some magic in
+the remote islands."
+
+[11] Whitelocke, p. 556.
+
+[12] Clar. State Papers.  Hyde to Nicholas, 25 Apr. 1653.  Printed Vol.
+II, p. 163.
+
+[13] Cartwright.  Madame: Duchess of Orleans, p. 50.
+
+[14] Evelyn, IV.  282, _note_.  Thurloe, I.  306.
+
+[15] Thurloe State Papers, II.  186.  1 April, 1654.
+
+[16] Rupert Transcripts.  Holmes to Rupert, May 3, May 17, 1654.
+
+[17] Ibid.  May 24, 1654.
+
+[18] Ibid.  May 17, June 24, 1654.
+
+[19] Thurloe State Papers, I.  p. 344.  19 July, 1653.
+
+[20] Rupert Transcripts.  Charles II to Rupert.  Nov. 1654.
+
+[21] Clarendon, Bk. XIV.  p. 71.  Campbell's British Admirals.  1785.
+Vol. II.  p. 243.
+
+[22] Domestic State Papers.  March 1662.  Petition of Guibert Hessin.
+
+[23] Nicholas Papers.  Camd. Soc.  New Series.  Vol. II.  p. 33.  9/19
+Dec. 1653.
+
+[24] Clarendon State Papers, Hyde to Nicholas, Feb. 27, 1654.
+
+[25] Ibid.  March 13, 1654.
+
+[26] Ibid.  April 10, 1654.
+
+[27] Ibid.
+
+[28] Clarendon State Papers, Hyde to Nicholas, April 10, 1654.
+
+[29] Nicholas Papers.  Camden Society.  Vol. II.  p. 91, 25 Sept. 1654.
+
+[30] Clarendon State Papers, Hyde to Nicholas, June 13, 1653.
+
+[31] Ibid.  Apr. 24, 1654.
+
+[32] Clarendon State Papers, Hyde to Nicholas, Jan. 2, 1654.
+
+[33] Evelyn, IV.  298, 27 Dec. 1653.
+
+[34] Clarendon State Papers, Hyde to Nicholas, 16 Jan. 1654.
+
+[35] Nicholas Papers, Vol. II.  p. 50, 16 Jan. 1654.
+
+[36] Clarendon State Papers.  News from London, May 27, 1653.
+
+[37] Thurloe State Papers, Vol. II.  p. 179.
+
+[38] Thurloe, II.  140-141, 14 May, 1654.
+
+[39] Thurloe, II.  312.
+
+[40] Clar. State Papers, 1 May, 1654.  Printed, III.  p. 236.
+
+[41] Thurloe, II.  p. 327.
+
+[42] Clarendon State Papers.  Charles II to Elizabeth of Bohemia, May
+29, 1654.
+
+[43] Thurloe, II.  327, 9 June, 1654.
+
+[44] Thurloe, II.  580, 567, 644, 1 Sept., 8 Sept., 13 Oct. 1654.
+
+[45] Bromley Letters, p. 315, Elector to Rupert; also Thurloe, II.  p.
+644.
+
+[46] Thurloe, III.  459, 1 June, 1655.
+
+[47] Thurloe, III.  414, 591, 8 May, 8 July, 1655.
+
+[48] Bromley Letters, pp. 196-202.  De Choqueux to Rupert, June 23,
+1655.
+
+[49] Thurloe, III.  659.  28 June, 1655.
+
+[50] Clar. State Papers.  Ormonde to Hyde, Sept. 25, 1655.
+
+[51] Dom. State Papers.  Commonwealth.  Vol. XCIX.  fol. 33.  10-20
+July, 1655.
+
+[52] Dom. State Papers.  Gerard's Trial.  Common.  Vol. 72_a_.
+Clarendon State Papers.  Aug. 1654.  Henshaw's Vindication.
+
+[53] Rupert Correspondence.  Job Holder to Rupert, July 25, 1654.  Add.
+MSS.  18982.
+
+[54] Elizabeth of Bohemia, 4 Jan., 1655.  Evelyn IV.  p. 222.
+
+[55] Thurloe, II.  327.  III.  683.  IV.  697.
+
+[56] Domestic State Papers, Jermyn to Rupert, Aug. 30 1657.
+
+[57] Ibid.  Nicholas to Rupert, May 16, 1658.
+
+[58] Ibid.  Bampfylde, June 24, 1657.
+
+[59] Clar. State Papers.  Rupert to Charles, Nov. 21, 1657.
+
+[60] Dom. State Papers.  Common.  179 fol.  13, 20 Jan. 1658.
+
+[61] Thurloe, I.  694, 6 Feb. 1656.
+
+[62] Bromley Letters, p. 201.  De Choqueux to Rupert, June 23, 1655.
+
+[63] Ibid.  p. 294, Elizabeth of Bohemia to Rupert.
+
+
+
+
+{283}
+
+CHAPTER XVI
+
+RESTORATION OF CHARLES LOUIS TO THE PALATINATE.  FLIGHT OF THE PRINCESS
+LOUISE FROM THE HAGUE.  RUPERT'S DEMAND FOR AN APPANAGE.  QUARREL WITH
+THE ELECTOR
+
+The Peace of Munster, concluded October 24th, 1648, between Austria,
+France and Sweden, had terminated the long exile of the Palatines.  By
+it Charles Louis was recognised as Elector Palatine, ranking henceforth
+as last among the Electors, instead of first, as his ancestors had
+done; and he was also restored to the Lower Palatinate, though still
+excluded from the upper.  He immediately took up his residence at
+Heidelberg, and his mother expected, not unreasonably, that his
+restoration would, at least, ameliorate her sufferings.  But Charles
+Louis entered upon a country exhausted by war, and grievously in need
+of cherishing care.  He had, of course, no money to spare, and he was
+far too selfish to forego any of his schemes, or to sacrifice himself
+for the sake of his unhappy mother.  He went so far as to invite his
+two sisters, Elizabeth and Sophie, to Heidelberg, thereby relieving his
+mother of the burden of their support, but the coming of the Queen
+herself he carefully discouraged.  Worse still, he refused to send her
+even a portion of her jointure.  "The next week I shall have no food to
+eat, having no money nor credit for any; and this week, if there be
+none found, I shall neither have meat, nor bread, nor candles," she
+complained to Lord Craven.[1]  That faithful friend was quite unable to
+assist her, having been himself ruined by his services rendered {284}
+to the Stuarts; and how the hapless Queen existed it is hard to say,
+until, in 1657, the States generously granted her a pension of 10,000
+livres per month.
+
+Nor were her poverty and the callous indifference of of her favourite
+son her only troubles.  Her third daughter, the fair Henriette, had
+died, after a three months' marriage with the Prince of Transylvania,
+and the eldest and youngest having departed to Heidelberg, she was left
+alone with the artist, Louise.  Next to the Elector, Louise had been
+her mother's favourite child, and great was the shock to Elizabeth when
+this last remaining daughter suddenly professed herself a Roman
+Catholic, and fled secretly to France.  For several days no one knew
+what had become of her; and the mother, sufficiently distracted by her
+daughter's abrupt desertion, found her grief enhanced by the
+circulation of scandalous rumours.  The escapade was well calculated to
+produce them, for the Princess had fled from the Hague alone, and on
+foot, at seven o'clock on a December morning.  Not till the day
+following, was the letter which she had pinned to her toilet table
+discovered; and its contents were not very consolatory to Elizabeth.
+From it she learnt that Louise, being convinced that the Roman was the
+one true Church, had acted thus strangely because she dared not attend
+the Anglican Celebration of the Holy Communion on Christmas Day.[2]
+
+Rupert, who seems to have been much moved by his mother's distress,
+wrote to the States of Holland, begging their care and consideration
+for the Queen, and demanding "the satisfaction that is due to us in
+regard of the slanders that so greatly augment the injury;" and he
+added a passionate protest of gratitude for all that the States had
+done for his family.[3]  They complied with his request by depriving
+the Princess of Hohenzollern, the supposed perverter of Louise, of all
+her privileges at Bergen.  But {285} though the Princess of
+Hohenzollern bore the blame, the responsibility probably belonged as
+much to Louise's brother Edward as to any one else.  "Ned is so
+wilful!" complained his mother, in reference to his conduct in this
+affair.[4]  He came to meet his sister at Antwerp, where she had taken
+refuge in a Carmelite convent, and conducted her thence to Paris.  She
+was, of course, kindly received by the French Court, and the joy of
+Henrietta Maria over the repenting heretic was very great.  The English
+Queen wrote to Elizabeth that she would care for Louise as her own
+daughter, and begged forgiveness for her.  "But," said Elizabeth to
+Rupert, "I excused it, as handsomely as I could, and entreated her only
+to think what she would do, if she had had the same misfortune."[5]  It
+was not long before Henrietta had a somewhat similar misfortune, in her
+failure to convert her youngest son, Henry of Gloucester.  The boy took
+refuge in Holland, and Elizabeth had a pleasing revenge in receiving
+her young nephew.  King Charles and his sister, Mary of Orange, both
+visited Louise, and reproached her for her "unhandsome" flight from her
+mother; but she only answered that, though sorry for Elizabeth's
+displeasure, she was "very well satisfied" with her change of faith.[6]
+Subsequently she entered a convent and became abbess of Maubuisson,
+where she lived long enough to see the second exile of the Stuarts, of
+whom she was ever a warm partisan.
+
+Elizabeth, thus left alone in her poverty, seems to have turned to
+Rupert with more affection than she had ever before shown him.  She
+wrote him long letters, full of Hague gossip, of complaints of the
+Elector, and professions of affection for himself.  "I love you ever,
+my dear Rupert," or, "I pray God bless you, whatever you resolve to
+do."[7] {286} Occasionally she relapsed into her old jesting manner.
+Thus, she told him of a present of oranges forwarded to him from Spain:
+"My Lord Fraser sent you a letter from Portugal from Robert Cortez.  He
+sends you two cases of Portugal oranges, two for the King, and two for
+me....  I believe my Lord Craven will tell you how much ado he has had
+to save your part from me.  I made him believe I would take your cases
+for my niece and the Prince of Orange.  I did it to vex him."[8]  She
+was still of her "humour to be merry," though she had more cause than
+ever for sadness.
+
+Philip had fallen in 1650 at the siege of Rhetel, fighting for France
+against Spain, but no allusion to his death from the hand of his mother
+or brothers has been preserved.  Edward, who lived nominally in France,
+but was generally to be found at the Hague and at Heidelberg, was on
+friendly terms with Rupert, though he could not be to him as Maurice
+had been.  From time to time disquieting rumours of Maurice's
+reappearance were afloat, and in 1654 the story was very
+circumstantial.  "Here is news of Prince Maurice, who was believed to
+be drowned and perished, that he is a slave in Africa.  For, being
+constrained at that time that he parted from Prince Rupert to run as
+far as Hispaniola in the West Indies, he was coming back thence in a
+barque laden with a great quantity of silver, and was taken by a pirate
+of Algiers.  The Queen, his mother, hath spoken to the Ambassador of
+France, to the end that he may write on his behalf, to the Great
+Turk."[9] Rupert, personally, was convinced that his brother had
+perished in the hurricane, but he would lose no chance of recovering
+him, however slight, and he urged the Elector to investigate the matter
+with all speed.  "Concerning my brother Maurice," wrote Charles Louis
+to his mother, "my brother Rupert, who is now here, thinks the way by
+the {287} Emperor's agent at Constantinople too far about for his
+liberty, if the news be true, and that from Marseilles we may best know
+the certainty, as also the way of his releasement."[10]  But the news
+was not true, and Rupert's inquiries left him more hopeless than ever.
+
+The Prince deprived at once of his chief companion and of his
+occupation, now bethought him of marrying and settling down.  But in
+order to do this, it was necessary to have some visible means of
+subsistence, and therefore, in June 1654, he required a grant of land,
+as a younger brother's portion, from the Elector.  He was, at that
+time, the guest of his brother at Heidelberg.  The brothers had not met
+for eight years, and had parted last in England, when their relations,
+all things considered, cannot have been very cordial.  Now they
+appeared to have buried the past, and were perfectly friendly.  Even
+Rupert's modest claim to some few miles of land was not abruptly
+rejected by the Elector, and it was confidently reported in England,
+that Prince Rupert would "settle on his plantation, his brother having
+given him lands to the quantity of twenty English miles in
+compass."[11]  But this grant was never finally completed.  During
+Rupert's absence in Vienna the affair seemed to be progressing
+favourably, and his agent, Job Holder, wrote to him from Heidelberg:
+"This day Valentine Pyne made an end of measuring the Cloysture and
+Langessel.  The circumference which is given to the Elector, is ten
+English miles,--reckoning 1,000 paces to the mile,--and go paces.  This
+morning I waited upon Mr. Leslie from Langessel to Heidelberg, who gave
+H. H. the Elector an account of what was done, and desired H. H. to
+confirm those lands upon your Highness, with the full freedom and
+prerogatives thereof.  But His Highness defers it until the draught
+thereof be finished; it will be, I believe, next Tuesday before a
+further account can be had from {288} hence.  Mr. Leslie says there is
+a necessity of having the house speedily repaired; after two months
+winter comes on, which will be unseasonable for the purpose.  In the
+meantime he intends to go on with the Paddock, in observance of Your
+Highness's commands, and to make it as large as the highways will
+permit.  Her Highness, the Princess Elizabeth, commanded me to write
+that my Lady Herbert was coming to the Hague with 30 English
+gentlemen."[12] But a couple of months later the Elector declared
+himself dissatisfied with the management of Leslie, and desired Rupert
+to have no more to do with him.[13]
+
+The business remained unfinished, but the Elector's letters to his
+brother were still in a most friendly and affectionate strain;
+addressed always to his "très-cher Frère," and signed "très-cher frère,
+votre très affectionné, et fidèle frère et serviteur," they are full of
+good-will, and wishes for "une prompte et bonne expédition" in Rupert's
+affairs.  Occasionally they assume the old tone of jesting familiarity;
+in one letter Charles laments that the poems--"nos poësies"--forwarded
+to his brother have miscarried; and in another, remarks, in the true
+polyglot style of the Palatines, "Le Duc de Simmeren nous a vu à Hort,
+en passant pour être au baptême d'un fils de Madame la Landgrave de
+Cassel, où je suis prié aussi; but I do not love to go
+a-gossipping."[14]  In August he anticipated a petty war with the
+Bishop of Speyer, but he hastily declined Rupert's prompt offer of
+assistance.  "I am deeply obliged for the offer you make me, but I
+should be desolated to think that you neglected your own more pressing
+business for a dispute of so little consequence."[15]  In truth, the
+less his brother interfered in Palatine politics, the better pleased
+was the Elector.  Rupert, he once wrote to his sister Sophie, {289}
+might suit very well with those who cared "to propagate the gospel by
+the sword," but he, for his part, loved "peace and concord."[16]
+
+His concord with Rupert was not of long duration, and this time the
+causa belli was a woman.  The Elector had married, in 1650, Charlotte
+of Hesse Cassel, but the marriage was not a happy one.  The Electress
+was of a violent temper, jealous and unreasonable to the last degree,
+and Charles Louis, wearying of his attempts to win her affections,
+permitted his wandering fancy to dwell on a certain Louise Von
+Degenfeldt, a girl not only beautiful, but clever enough to write her
+love-letters in Latin.  Most unfortunately, the Baroness Louise also
+fascinated--quite unconsciously--the Elector's brother Rupert.  At the
+same time the Electress conceived a violent admiration for her gallant
+brother-in-law, and the situation was, as may well be imagined,
+somewhat critical.  The explosion was caused by a letter which Rupert
+wrote to Louise, complaining bitterly of her coldness towards him.  The
+letter, which was without superscription, fell into the hands of the
+Electress, who, believing it intended for herself, received it with
+delight.  It was her chief desire, just then, to appear to Rupert the
+most fascinating person in her court, and, encouraged by his letter,
+she assured him publicly that he had no cause to complain of lack of
+affection on her part.  Rupert, who had evidently not learnt to command
+his countenance, was overcome with confusion, and blushed so furiously
+as to show the Electress her mistake.  Thenceforth the Electress abused
+and persecuted Louise for having endeavoured to win the Prince's love,
+of which crime, at least, she was perfectly innocent.[17]
+
+The affair came to the Elector's ears, and jealousy sprang up between
+the brothers.  The Elector's manner changed; {290} he refused the
+promised appanage, he treated Rupert with marked coldness, and finally
+retired to Alzei, where there was little accommodation for his court.
+Rupert followed him thither, and was denied a sufficiency of rooms for
+himself and his servants; then, as usual, he lost his temper.[18] There
+was a quarrel, and the younger brother departed in a rage, taking with
+him all his movables--which cannot have been many.[19]  He went first
+to Heidelberg, but the Elector, either wishful to insult him, or really
+fearful of his violence, wrote, ordering that he should be refused
+admittance to the city.  To his surprise and indignation, Rupert found
+the gates closed against him.  He demanded to see the order by which
+this thing was done.  The order was shown him, written in the Elector's
+own hand.  It was too much!  Then and there Rupert raised his hat from
+his head, and swore, with tears in his eyes, that he would never more
+set foot in the Palatinate.[20]  Twenty years later, when it seemed to
+the Elector that his race was about to die out, he would have given
+much to recall his ill-used brother.  But all the entreaties which he
+lavished on Rupert, produced but one answer: "Ich habe auf Euer Liebden
+Veranlassung ein feierliches Gelübde zu Gott gethan, die Pfalz nie
+wieder zu betreten; und will, bei dem wenn auch bedauerlich beschwornen
+Vorsatze beharren."  "Your Belovedness,"--a curious Palatine substitute
+for Your Highness,--"has caused me to take a solemn oath to God that I
+will never more set foot in the Palatinate; and my sworn, if
+regretable, oath I will keep."[21]  Rupert, like his father before him,
+was "a Prince religious of his word."
+
+After his quarrel with his brother, Rupert wandered back to Vienna, and
+is said to have served in the wars in Pomerania and Hungary.  In 1657
+it was stated in England {291} that "Prince Rupert hath command of
+8,000 men, under the King of Hungary, who will owe his empirate to his
+sword."[22]  And a German authority describes him as leading in the
+capture of the Swedish entrenchments at Warnemünde, 1660.[23]  But the
+truth of these reports is very doubtful, and he seems to have resided
+between 1657 and 1660 chiefly with his friend the Elector of Mainz.  At
+Mainz he lived in tranquillity, but in great poverty.  "He looks
+exceedingly poverty-stricken," wrote Sophie of another Cavalier, "and I
+fear that Rupert will soon do the same, judging by his ménage."[24]
+
+But to Rupert poverty was no new thing, and he now enjoyed, for the
+first time since his captivity in Austria, leisure to devote himself to
+art, philosophy and science.  In these years he first studied the art
+of engraving, in which he was afterwards so famous.  He is popularly
+supposed to have invented the process of engraving by Mezzotint, the
+idea of which he is said to have conceived from watching a soldier
+clean a rusty gun.  But the process was, as a matter of fact,
+communicated to him by a German soldier, Ludwig von Siegen.  In 1642
+von Siegen had completed his invention, and had sent a portrait,
+produced by his new process, to the Landgrave of Hesse, with the
+announcement that he had discovered "a new and singular invention of a
+kind never hitherto beheld."  In 1658 he met Rupert in Vienna, and,
+finding in him a kindred spirit, disclosed his secret.  They agreed
+only to reveal the process to an appreciative few, and it is probable
+that, but for Rupert's interest in it, the invention would have died
+with the inventor.[25]  To the Prince belongs the credit of introducing
+it into England.  "This afternoon Prince Rupert shewed me, with his own
+hands, the new {292} way of engraving," says Evelyn in his diary, March
+16, 1661.[26]  And in his "Sculptura" he says, after describing the
+process, "Nor may I without ingratitude conceal that illustrious name
+which did communicate it to me, nor the obligation which the curious
+have to that heroic person who was pleased to impart it to the
+world."[27]  Rupert himself worked hard at his engravings, assisted by
+the artist, Le Vaillant; and Evelyn refers with enthusiasm to "what
+Prince Rupert's own hands have contributed to the dignity of that art,
+performing things in graving comparable to the greatest masters, such a
+spirit and address appears in all he touches, especially in the
+Mezzotinto."[28]
+
+While at Mainz, Rupert developed other inventions, among them the
+curious glass bubbles known as "Rupert's Drops," which will withstand
+the hardest blows, but crumble into atoms if the taper end is broken
+off.  He also prepared to write his biography.  This he intended as a
+vindication against all the calumnies which had been associated with
+his name.  But long before the vindication was compiled the need for it
+had vanished.  The Restoration of 1660 changed Rupert's fortunes as it
+changed those of his Stuart cousins.  He found himself "in great
+esteem"[29] with the whole English nation, and he therefore abandoned
+the idea of writing his history.  All that remains of the projected
+biography are a few fragments relating to his childhood and early
+career.
+
+
+
+[1] Strickland's Elizabeth Stuart, p. 218; also Green's Princesses, VI.
+38-41.
+
+[2] Green's Princesses, Vol. VI.  55-58.
+
+[3] Thurloe, VI.  p. 803, 24 Feb. 1658.
+
+[4] Bromley Letters, pp. 285-288.  Elizabeth to Rupert, March 4, 1658.
+
+[5] Ibid.  p. 289.
+
+[6] Bromley, pp. 287-288.
+
+[7] Bromley Letters, pp. 189, 295, Elizabeth to Rupert.
+
+[8] Bromley Letters, p. 286, March 4, 1658.
+
+[9] Thurloe, II.  362, 19 June, 1654.
+
+[10] Bromley, p. 167.  Elector to Elizabeth, June 27, 1654.
+
+[11] Thurloe, II.  514, 12 Aug. 1654.
+
+[12] Add. MSS.  18982.  Job Holder to Rupert, Aug. 1, 1654.
+
+[13] Ibid.  Oct. 14, 1654.
+
+[14] Bromley Letters, pp. 170, 173, 315, 25 Aug., 25 Sept., Oct. 1654.
+
+[15] Bromley Letters, p. 171, 25 Sept. 1654.
+
+[16] Briefwechsel der Herzogin Sophie mit ihrem Brüder Karl Ludwig, p.
+309.  5 Jan. 1678.  Publication aus der Preussischen Staats Archiven.
+
+[17] Memorien der Herzogin Sophie, p. 57.
+
+[18] Halisser's Reinische Pfalz, II.  p. 643.
+
+[19] Thurloe, V.  p. 541.
+
+[20] Reiger's Ausgelöschte Simmerischen Linie, ed. 1735.  p. 182.
+
+[21] Sprüner's Pfalzgraf Ruprecht, p. 134.
+
+[22] Hist. MSS. Com.  Rept. V.  App. I.  p. 152, Sutherland MSS.
+
+[23] Allgemeine Deutsche Biographic, XXIX, 745.
+
+[24] Briefwechsel der Herzogin Sophie, p. 4, 21 Oct  1658.
+
+[25] Challoner Smith.  Mezzotint Engraving, Part IV.  Div II.  pp.
+xxvi-xxx.
+
+[26] Evelyn's Diary, I.  p. 346.
+
+[27] Evelyn's Sculptura, 1662, Chap. VII.  p. 145.
+
+[28] Sculptura, p. 147.
+
+[29] Campbell's Admirals, 1785, Vol. II.  p. 245.
+
+
+
+
+{293}
+
+CHAPTER XVII
+
+RUPERT'S RETURN TO ENGLAND, 1660.  VISIT TO VIENNA.  LETTERS TO LEGGE
+
+Charles II, so often accused of ingratitude, did not prove forgetful of
+the cousin who had endured so much in his service.  No sooner had the
+Restoration established him in his kingdom, than he summoned Rupert to
+share in his prosperity, as he had formerly shared his ill-fortune.
+The summons found Rupert with the Emperor, and suffering from an attack
+of the fever, which had clung about him ever since his return from the
+West Indies.
+
+"Your friend Rupert has not been well since he came into his quarters,"
+wrote the Queen, his mother, to Sir Marmaduke Langdale.  "He had like
+to have a fever, but he writes to me that it left him, onlie he was a
+little weak.  As soon as he can he will be in England, where I wish
+myself, for this place is verie dull now, there is verie little
+company."[1]  Her position at the Hague was, in truth, a sad and lonely
+one, but she was still able to write in her old merry style, rejoicing
+greatly in a mistake made by Sir Marmaduke, who had inadvertently sent
+to her a letter intended for his stewards, and to the stewards a letter
+intended for the Queen.  "If I had you here, I would jeer you to some
+tune for it!" she said; and so, no doubt, she would have done.  But in
+her next letter she confessed that she had herself "committed the like
+mistake manie times," and added more news of Rupert, who had gone away
+for change of air.[2]  In a third letter she expressed {294}
+satisfaction at the King's affection for Rupert, who was then at
+Brandenburg with his sister Elizabeth.[3]  Before coming to England,
+the Prince also visited his youngest sister at Osnabrück, and it was
+late in September when he arrived in London.
+
+His coming had been for some time anxiously expected, though he was
+evidently regarded as still in the Emperor's service.  "For
+ambassadors," it was said, "we look for Don Luis de Haro's brother from
+Spain, with 300 followers; Prince Rupert, with a great train from the
+Emperor; and the Duc d'Epernon from France, with no less State."[4]
+Rupert came, however, in a strictly private capacity; and September
+29th, 1660, Pepys recorded in his diary: "Prince Rupert is come to
+Court, welcome to nobody!"[5]  How the Prince had, thus early, incurred
+the diarist's enmity is puzzling; later, the causes of it are perfectly
+understandable.
+
+But though unwelcome to Pepys, Rupert was very welcome to many people,
+and not least so to the Royal family, who received him as one of
+themselves.  In November the Royal party was augmented by the arrival
+of Queen Henrietta; her youngest daughter, Henrietta Anne; and the
+Palatine, Edward, from France.  The young Princess Henrietta was
+already betrothed to the French King's brother, Philippe of Orleans;
+and Rupert, who had a just contempt for the character of the intended
+bridegroom, vehemently opposed the conclusion of the match.  He could,
+he declared, arrange the marriage of his young cousin with the Emperor,
+who would be at once a greater match and a better husband.[6]  But both
+the Queen mother and Charles were anxious for the French alliance, and
+the marriage took place notwithstanding Rupert's opposition.  When,
+after ten years of unhappiness, the poor young Duchess died a tragic
+{295} death, Rupert was in a position to say "I told you so," and he
+always maintained that her husband had poisoned her.  "There are three
+persons at court say it is true," wrote the French Minister, Colbert:
+"Prince Rupert, because he has a natural inclination to believe evil;
+the Duke of Buckingham, because he courts popularity; and Sir John
+Trevor, because he is Dutch at heart, and consequently hates the
+French."[7]
+
+On New Year's Day, 1661, Anne Hyde, the clandestine bride of James of
+York, was formally received at court.  Rupert and Edward dined with the
+rest of the Royal family, in public; and on this occasion there was a
+most unseemly contest between the Roman chaplain of the Queen mother,
+and the Anglican chaplain of Charles II, for the honour of saying
+grace.  In struggling through the crowd assembled to see the King dine,
+the Anglican priest fell down, and the Roman gained the table first and
+said grace.  His victory was greeted by the disorderly courtiers with
+shouts of laughter.  "The King's chaplain and the Queen's priest ran a
+race to say grace," they declared, "and the chaplain was floored, and
+the priest won."[8]
+
+Rupert, soon after his arrival in England, had resigned his title of
+President of Wales and the Marches, granted him by Charles I, on the
+grounds that he would hold only of the reigning King.[9]  He had,
+however, found himself so cordially received, and so generally popular,
+that he resolved to accept Charles's invitation to remain permanently
+in England.  "Prince Rupert," says a letter in the Sutherland MSS.,
+dated March 1661, "is the only favourite of the King, insomuch that he
+has given him £30,000 or £40,000 per annum, out of his own revenue, for
+his present maintenance; and is resolved to make him Lieutenant {296}
+General of all Wales, and President of the Marches.  Meantime he is
+preparing to go to Germany to take leave of that court and to resign
+his military charge there, and so return to England.  I am told that
+the King went into the Palatinate with an intent to have procured some
+money of the Palsgrave, which was refused.  Prince Rupert, being then
+there, seeing the unworthiness of his brother in this particular, made
+use of all the friends he had, and procured his Majesty a considerable
+sum of money, which was an act of so much love and civility as his
+Majesty was very sensible of then, and now he will requite him for
+it."[10]  But Charles's intentions towards Rupert, though doubtless
+good, were far less magnificent than here represented.  The claims on
+his justice and bounty were far too numerous, and his means far too
+small, to permit of his rewarding anyone so lavishly.
+
+Rupert was still in high favour at the Austrian court, and the
+"temptations to belong to other nations" were real ones; but he
+preferred England and the Stuarts to any of the allurements held out to
+him by France or Germany, and therefore resolved to "remain an
+Englishman."  In accordance with this decision, he set forth for Vienna
+in April 1661, partly to wind up his affairs there and to take leave of
+the Emperor, and partly to transact business on behalf of Charles II.
+His absence from England lasted nine months, and his doings and
+movements during that period are chronicled in letters addressed to his
+"Dear Will."  The old friendship of the Prince and the honest Colonel
+had not cooled, though tried by time and long years of separation; and,
+on his departure, Rupert appointed Legge his "sufficient and lawful
+attorney, to act, manage, perform and do all, and all manner of things"
+in his behalf.[11]
+
+The greater part of his letters to Legge are printed in {297}
+Warburton, but with some omissions and inaccuracies.  They are also to
+be found, in their original spelling, in the Report of the Historical
+MSS. Commission on Lord Dartmouth's Manuscripts; but they are, in their
+frank, familiar, somewhat sardonic style, so characteristic of the
+Prince as to merit quotation here.[12]
+
+The first letters are dated from the Hague, whither he had gone to
+visit his solitary mother.  "I found the poor woman very much
+dejected," he informed his friend.  And after mentioning disquieting
+rumours of war, he concluded, with evident triumph:--
+
+
+"I almost forgott to tell you a nother story which be plesed to
+acquainted (sic) the Duke of Albemarle with.  You have doubtlesse scene
+a lame Polish Prince, some time at Whitehall with passe ports a beggin.
+This noble soule is tacken and in prisoned at Alikmare; hath bin butt
+twice burnt in the bake befor this misfortune befell him.  The Duke I
+am sure will remember him, and what my jugement was of the fellow.
+
+"I am your most faithful friend for ever,
+    "Rupert."
+
+
+Europe was at that time swarming with impostors, who impersonated all
+imaginable persons of distinction.  Only a few months earlier a "Serene
+Prince" had been visiting the Elector, who wrote of him much as Rupert
+might have done.  "His Highness was graciously pleased to accept from
+me three ducats for his journey, besides the defraying.  I doubt not
+but he and the counterfeit Ormonde and Ossory will come to one and the
+same end one day."[13]
+
+In the beginning of May Rupert had reached Cleves, where he found the
+little Prince of Orange.  Rumours of war met him on all sides; both
+Swedes and Turks were arming against the Emperor, and the Dutch
+declared loudly {298} that they would defend their herring fisheries
+against England, with the sword.  "I told some that butter and cheese
+would do better," wrote the Prince; little thinking what stout
+antagonists he was to find those despised Hollanders at sea.  He was
+anxious to recommend to Charles' service an engineer, "the ablest man
+in his profession that ever I saw...  If the fortification of
+Portchmouth go on, I wish his advice may be taken, for noen fortifies
+so well, and cheap, and fast as he.  He has a way of working which noen
+has so good.  Pray neglect not this man, and tell Sir Robert Murray of
+him, with my remembrances; also that I met with camphor wood, which
+smells of it, also with a distilled pure raine water which dissolved
+gold."
+
+After a short visit to his friend, the Elector of Mainz, who, he said,
+"assured me to be assisting in all things," Rupert reached Vienna.
+There he was very cordially received by the Emperor, though the Spanish
+Ambassador, for political reasons, saw fit to ignore his arrival.  The
+Austrians were still loth to let him leave them; and on June 22, he
+wrote to Legge: "A friend of mine, att my coming, assured me that there
+were but twoe difficulties whiche hindred my advancement to the
+Generallship of the Horse.  The one was my being no Roman, the other
+that the Marquess of Baden and Generall Feldzeugmeister de Sanch might
+take ill if I was advanced before them.  And he thought both these
+small impediments might easily be overcome, but especially the first,
+on whiche, he assured me, most ded depend."  He had not yet forgotten
+his role of Protestant martyr!  To this letter he added, as usual, a
+hurried and incoherent postcript.
+
+"I almost forgott to tell you how that Comte Lesley's cousin, (I
+forgott his name, but I remember that his sister was married to St.
+Michel,) this man ded me the favor to send over a booke to Comte
+Lesley, entitled 'The Iron Age,' in whiche it speekes most base
+languiage of me and my actions in England.  It is dedicated to Jake
+Russell, {299} but I am confident if honest Jake had reade the booke,
+he would have broke the translator's head....  One Harris translated
+it; pray inquire after the booke, and juge if it were not a Scotch
+tricke to sende it...  Moutray is the name I forgott."
+
+By July the Spanish Ambassador had deigned to visit the Prince, and to
+reveal the true cause of his long delay--namely, the rumours of Charles
+II's approaching marriage with the Infanta of Portugal, which was
+likely to produce a war with Spain.  For this same reason, joined with
+their resentment at Rupert's refusal of the Generalship of the horse,
+the Austrian Ministers also treated him with coldness, though the
+personal kindness of the Imperial family was never abated.  "In the
+meantime be pleased to knowe that Rupert is but coldly used by the
+Ministers here," wrote the Prince; "they would have him demand the
+Generallship before there is an appearance of subsistence,--nay, before
+what is oweing in arreare, by the Peace of Munster, be made sure unto
+him; to whiche Rupert doth no waies incline, especialy since he had the
+intimation given him that his religion was an obstacle to his
+advancement in the warr.  The Emperor, Emperatrice and Archduc are
+extreamly kind to Rupert; but noen of the Counsellors have done him the
+honor of a visit.  The reason is, I believe, the marriage aforesaid...
+For God's sake, if there be any likelihood of a breach with Spaine,
+lett us knowe it by times; it concerns us, Ile assure you."
+
+In August matters were much in the same condition, and Rupert was still
+struggling for the arrears of the debt due to him.  "Monys is comodity
+in greate request in this court, and scarce enough!" he confessed.
+Notwithstanding his refusal to enter the Austrian service, he
+identified himself with the Empire sufficiently to write of "our
+commander," when referring to the war then waged by the Emperor against
+the Turks.  In the next month the Elector had played him "a brotherly
+trick," and the letter which {300} he wrote to Will was as full of
+fury, as any he had indited during the Civil War.
+
+
+"Dear Will,
+
+"I am not able to writt you of any subject but of one, which, I
+confesse, doth troble me in the highest degre, and dothe concerne our
+master as well as myself.  The stori is this.  The Elector Pallatin
+hath bin plesed to writt to a Prive Consellor of this Court, in these
+terms--what the King of England's ambassador doth negotiate with the
+Porte Elector Pallatin knowes not, nor what is intended by him against
+the house of Austria, but Prince Rupert, whoe is intimate with Kinge of
+England and his Prive Consellor, can tell, if he plese.--All this is a
+brotherly tricke you'l saye; but I thancke Gode they heere doe little
+beleeve what he saies...  By Heven I am in suche a humour that I dare
+not writt to any; therefore excuse me to alle, for not writting this
+post...  Faire well, deare Will!"
+
+
+Five days later Rupert had recovered himself, and could write in his
+ordinary sarcastic fashion: "By the last I writt you the kinde usage of
+my brother the Elector to me, as alsoe the good office he ded the Kinge
+in this Court.  I thanke Gode he hath not realised his barbaros
+intentions!"  But the letter was broken off abruptly, because the
+Emperor was waiting for Rupert's hounds to hunt a stag.  By the next
+post the Prince had to lament the loss of one of these hounds, and his
+keen regret shows plainly that his love for dogs was as strong as ever.
+
+"I am glad that Holmes hath given the King satisfaction....  Pray give
+him thankes for remembering his ould master.  Pray remember my service
+to the General (Monk); tell him I am glad to heere of his recouvrey, it
+was before I knew he had been sicke.  If my Lord Lindsay be at court,
+the same to him, with the doleful news that poore Rayall att this
+instant is dying, after having ben the cause of the {301} death of many
+a stagge.  By Heven, I would rather loose the best horse in my stable."
+
+Rupert was now preparing to return to England, and was very busy
+purchasing wines for the use of the English Court.  A considerable
+quantity, presented to him by the Elector of Mainz, he had already
+forwarded to Legge, to dispose of as he pleased.  By November 22 he had
+reached Cassel, whence he wrote to Legge, "I am making all the haste I
+can to you."  But at Cassel he found his eldest sister, and he remained
+with her some weeks, not returning to England until the beginning of
+1662.
+
+His mother, in the meantime, had obtained her much desired summons to
+England, and had taken up her abode in a house placed at her disposal
+by the ever faithful Craven.  For a brief period she enjoyed rest and
+peace, rejoicing in the return to her native land, and in the affection
+of her Stuart nephews, who, she said, showed her more kindness than any
+of her own sons had ever done.  Eighteen months after her arrival in
+England, she died, in the arms of the King.  Her pictures she
+bequeathed to Lord Craven, and her papers and jewels to Rupert, thereby
+establishing a new cause of contest between her two eldest sons.[14]
+For the Elector denied his mother's right to leave the jewels--which
+were, he declared, heirlooms--to a younger son.  Rupert held
+tenaciously to his possessions, and the dispute raged long and bitterly.
+
+
+
+[1] Strickland's Elizabeth Stuart, p. 268.
+
+[2] Ibid.  p. 268.
+
+[3] Strickland's Elizabeth Stuart, p. 269.
+
+[4] Hist. MSS. Com.  Rept. V.  App. I.  p. 173.  Sutherland MSS., 4
+Aug. 1660.
+
+[5] Pepys Diary, Sept. 29th, 1660.
+
+[6] Cartwright.  Madame: A Life of Henrietta of Orleans, pp. 70-71.
+
+[7] Cartwright's Madame, p. 359.
+
+[8] Strickland's Henrietta Maria, Queens of England, VIII.  p. 232.
+From MSS. of Père Cyprian Gamache.
+
+[9] Hist. MSS. Com.  Rept. V.  App. I.  p. 200.  Sutherland MSS.  3
+Nov. 1660.
+
+[10] Hist. MSS. Com.  Rept. V.  App I.  p. 170.  2 Mar. 1661.
+
+[11] Collins Peerage, Dartmouth, Vol. IV.  p. 107, _passim_
+
+[12] See Hist. MSS. Com.  Rept. on Dartmouth MSS.  Vol. I.  pp. 1-9.
+
+[13] Bromley Letters, p. 209, Aug. 11-21, 1660.
+
+[14] Will of Elizabeth of Bohemia.  Wills from Doctors Commons, p. 109.
+Camden Society.
+
+
+
+
+{302}
+
+CHAPTER XVIII
+
+RUPERT AND THE FLEET.  PROPOSED VOYAGE TO GUINEA.  ILLNESS OF RUPERT.
+THE FIRST DUTCH WAR.  THE NAVAL COMMISSIONERS AND THE PRINCE.  SECOND
+DUTCH WAR.  ANTI-FRENCH POLITICS
+
+Rupert received a warm welcome on his return to England, and was at
+once sworn a member of the Privy Council.  It was but natural that he
+should turn his attention to naval affairs.  The growth of the sea
+power of England had received an impetus during the years of the
+Commonwealth, due indirectly to Rupert himself; for had not the
+Commonwealth been forced to protect itself against the pirate Princes,
+it would probably have cared less for its navy.[1]  Charles II, like a
+true Stuart, cared for his fleet also, and took a keen interest in
+ship-building and other matters connected with the navy.  In October
+1662, he appointed Rupert to the Committee for the Government of
+Tangiers, together with the Duke of York, Albemarle, Sandwich,
+Coventry, and Pepys of famous memory.  If Pepys may be credited, the
+Prince did not take the business at all seriously: "The Duke of York
+and Mr. Coventry, for aught I see, being the only two that do anything
+like men.  Prince Rupert do nothing but laugh a little, with an oath
+now and then."[2]
+
+But if Rupert was indifferent about Tangiers he was keenly interested
+in the African question.  The quarrels of the English and Dutch traders
+on the African coast had produced much ill-feeling between the two
+nations, and, in August {303} 1664, Rupert offered to lead a fleet to
+Guinea, to oppose the aggressions of the Dutch Admiral, De Ruyter.  A
+fleet of twelve ships was accordingly fitted out.  On September 3,
+wrote Pepys: "Prince Rupert, I hear this day, is going to command this
+fleet going to Guinea against the Dutch.  I doubt few will be pleased
+with his going, he being accounted an unhappy man;"[3]--a view which
+contrasts strangely with the terror which Rupert's mere name had roused
+in earlier days.  Two days later Pepys had encountered Rupert himself:
+"And, among other things, says he:  'D-- me!  I can answer but for one
+ship, and in that I will do my part, for it is not as in an army where
+a man can command everything.'"[4]
+
+A royal company had been formed for the promotion of the enterprise,
+and a capital was raised of £30,000, in which the Duke of York held
+many shares.[5]  Eighty pounds was laid out on "two trumpets, a
+kettle-drum, and a drummer to attend Prince Rupert to sea;"[6] and,
+after a farewell supper at Kirke House, Rupert went down the river at
+three o'clock on an October morning, accompanied by the King, Duke of
+York, and many Courtiers.  With the next tide he embarked, but the
+weather was very rough, and for some days he was wind-bound at
+Portsmouth.  His crews numbered two hundred and fifty in all, besides
+fifty-four supernumaries in his train.[7]  As was invariably the case
+at this period, the fleet was badly and insufficiently provisioned; but
+the delay at Portsmouth enabled Rupert to have this rectified, and
+thus, for the first time, he came into collision with Pepys, the
+victualler of the navy.
+
+For some weeks the Prince hovered about the Channel, waiting for an
+expected Dutch fleet; but the Dutch {304} out-witted him.  By promising
+to keep within harbour, they persuaded the King to recall Rupert, and,
+in the meantime, privately ordered their Mediterranean fleet to sail
+for New Guinea.  Thus nothing was done by the English, and the only
+warfare waged by Rupert was with his chaplain, of whom he wrote bitter
+complaints to Lord Arlington, the then Secretary of State.
+
+
+"Sir,
+
+"I beseech you, at the delivery of this inclosed leter, to acquaint the
+King and the Duke of York that, after I had closed their leters, the
+spirit of mutiny entered our parson againe, so that there was no rest
+for him, until I commanded him to his cabin, and withal to make readdy
+for prayers this next morning, which he had neglected yesterday.  Att
+this instant I receave this inclosed, by whiche you may see his humor.
+After this stile he talked, till ten last night, abusing the captain
+most horribly.  In consideration of my Lord of Canterburie, whoe
+recommended him, I strained my patience very much; but if this felow
+shoulde continue longer on bord, you may easily imagine the troble he
+woulde put us to.  If I had any time I would writt to my Lord
+Archbishop, giving him the whoele relation of what passed.  I am now
+sending all our captains present to indevor the hastening down to the
+Downes.  If nothing hinder, I hope, God willing, to sayle to-morrow.
+Minne is not yet abord, but I expect him the next tide.  I will be sure
+give you notice what our motions will be from time to time, and rest
+
+"Your affectionat frend to serve you,
+    "Rupert.
+
+"Oct. 8, Lee Rd.
+
+"Pray to doe me the favor as to acquaint my Lord Archbishop of
+Canterburie with this, and my respects to him."[8]
+
+{305}
+
+His next letter, of October 11, shows that the Prince had been relieved
+of his militant chaplain.  "Our ship, by wanting Levit, is very quiet.
+God send us another (chaplain) of a better temper.  Hitherto we have
+not trobled Him much with prayers."[9]  But the matter did not end
+there, and October 30, Rupert wrote again: "Our late parson, I heere,
+plaies the devil in alle companies he comes; raising most damned
+reports of us alle, and more particularly of me."  This letter is
+devoid of all complimentary phrases, and ends simply, "Yours, Rupert."
+An apologetic postscript explains these omissions.  "His Majesty has
+given me direction to write to him thus, without ceremony, and it will
+be easier for us all to follow.  I have therefore begonne, and desire
+you to do the like."[10]
+
+The fleet never reached its destination.  A war was imminent nearer
+home, and Charles was probably unwilling to send so many ships out of
+the Channel; but the reasons for their abrupt recall were a subject of
+much discussion.  "This morning I am told that the goods on board
+Prince Rupert's ship, for Guinea, are unlading at Portsmouth, which
+makes me believe that he is resolved to stay and pull the crow with
+them at home," says a letter among the Hatton papers.  "But the matter
+be so secretly carried that this morning there was not the least
+intimation given what to depend on, even to them that are commonly
+knowing enough in affairs of that kind."[11]
+
+An additional reason for the collapse of the expedition was the severe
+illness of Rupert.  The old wound in the head, which he had received
+through Gassion's treachery, had never properly healed, and now an
+accidental injury to it had very serious results.  The Duke of York,
+much concerned by the accident, immediately sent a surgeon to {306} the
+fleet, and wrote with friendly solicitude to his cousin: "As soon as
+Will Legge showed me your letter of the accident in your head, I
+immediately sent Choqueux to you, in so much haste as I had not time to
+write by him.  But now, I conjure you, if you have any kindness for me,
+have a care of your health, and do not neglect yourself.  I am very
+glad to hear your ship sails so well.  I was yesterday to see the new
+ship at Woolwich launched, and I think, when you see her, (which I hope
+you will do very quickly, under Sir John Lawson,) you will say she is
+the finest ship that has yet been built."[12]
+
+The surgeon operated upon the Prince, who wrote November 6, to the
+King: "I could not go from shipp to shipp to hasten the work, since
+Choqueux will not let me stir, to which I consented the rather, since
+he promises to have me quite well and whoele in a few days."[13]  But
+the promise was not made good, and a very dangerous illness ensued.
+"Prince Rupert, by a chance, has bruised his head, and cannot get
+cured," says one of the Hatton correspondents in December.  "He is gone
+up to London to endeavour it there...  He is mightily worn away, and in
+their opinion that are about him is not long-lived.  He would fain go
+to Guinea, and is endeavouring to be despatched there; he believes the
+warmth of that clime would do him good."[14]  Life, apparently, still
+held attractions for Rupert.  According to Pepys, he was "much
+chagrined" at the idea of dying, but recovered his spirits wonderfully
+when assured of convalescence.  "Since we told him that we believe he
+would overcome his disease, he is as merry, and swears, and laughs, and
+curses, and do all the things of a man in health as ever he did in his
+life."[15]
+
+The illness lasted a long time; but though he was {307} exceedingly
+weak, Rupert did not fail to take his part in the first Dutch war.  The
+formal declaration of war was made in February 1665, to the great joy
+of the English nation, whose commercial heart had been stirred by
+colonial jealousies.  "What matters this or that reason?" cried the
+honest Duke of Albemarle (General Monk).  "What we want is more of the
+trade which the Dutch now have!"[16]  France, for equally selfish
+reasons, threw in her lot with the Dutch, but delayed coming to their
+assistance; and the first engagement did not take place till June 13,
+1665.
+
+The English fleet was divided into three squadrons, Red, White and
+Blue.  In the Red commanded the Duke of York, as Lord High Admiral;
+Rupert was Admiral of the White, and his rival, Lord Sandwich, led the
+Blue.  On the twenty-first of April they sailed to the Texel, hoping to
+blockade the Zuyder Zee, meet De Ruyter on his return from Africa, and
+cut off the home-coming vessels.  The English commanders, Rupert
+excepted, believed that the Dutch would at once come out and fight.
+But Rupert proved right, the Dutch made no sign, and within a
+fortnight, want of provisions drove the English back to Harwich.
+
+In the meantime the Dutch sent forth a fleet of 103 men-of-war, 7
+yachts, 11 fire-ships, and 12 galiots.  This was divided into seven
+squadrons, and placed under the joint command of Evertsen and Opdam.
+By May 13th they were at sea, and immediately captured some English
+merchantmen coming from Hamburg.  There was an outcry of indignation in
+England, and the fleet hurried to sea.  On June 3rd the rival fleets
+met in Southwold Bay.  The English, who had 109 men-of-war and 28
+fire-ships and ketches, were numerically superior to their enemy.
+Opdam was, besides, hopelessly hampered by imperative commands from the
+States to fight at once, and by a want {308} of military pride and
+esprit de corps throughout his fleet.  The action began with Rupert in
+the van, York in the centre, and Sandwich in the rear.  Rupert
+"received the charge" of the Dutch fleet, not firing until close to it,
+and then shooting through and through it.[17]  Having thus met, the two
+fleets passed each other, and then turned to renew the encounter.
+Sandwich, getting mixed up with the Dutch, cut their fleet in two and a
+general _mêlée_ ensued.  In the Dutch centre the Junior Admiral was
+killed, and his crew, in a panic, carried their ship out of action.
+Twelve or thirteen other vessels imitated this ungallant conduct, and
+when,--after a desperate encounter with the Royal Charles,--Opdam's
+ship blew up, the fate of the battle was decided.  Evertsen and Tromp,
+each believing the other killed, both took command and issued contrary
+orders.  Three or four of their vessels ran foul of one another, and
+were burnt by an English fire-ship; by 7 p.m. the whole Dutch fleet had
+begun a disorderly retreat.[18]
+
+The Dutch losses had been very heavy, those of the English
+comparatively slight; but the English fire-ships were expended, and the
+wind blew hard for the coast of Holland, which made a too vigorous
+pursuit of the flying foe dangerous.  Nevertheless, the Duke of York
+ordered the chase to be continued, and retired to rest.  Sir William
+Penn, who was on board the "Royal Charles" as first Captain of the
+fleet, also went to sleep, leaving the ship in the charge of Captain
+Harman.  During the night one of the Duke's gentlemen, Brouncker, came
+and urged Harman to slacken sail, in consideration of the danger to
+which the Duke was exposed.  This, Harman refused to do; but when
+Brouncker returned later, with an order purporting to come from James
+himself, he reluctantly yielded.  Next morning the enemy was out of
+sight, and James expressed both {309} surprise and displeasure at the
+discovery, denying that he had ever ordered the chase to be given up.
+The affair was hotly discussed, and Bishop Burnet plainly implies that
+the Duke had used this cowardly device to save both his person and his
+reputation.[19]  But James was no coward, and it is exceedingly
+unlikely that he would have stooped to such a trick.  Rupert and
+Albemarle, who hated Penn, would fain have blamed him as "a cowardly
+rogue who brought all the roguish fanatic captains into the fleet."[20]
+But Penn declared that he had been in bed at the time, and knew nothing
+about the matter.  The statement elicited from Brouncker, in a
+Parliamentary inquiry, that he had acted on his own responsibility, out
+of anxiety for the Duke's safety, was probably the real truth.
+
+Rupert, though in an extremely weak state of health, had shown his
+usual courage and energy in the action.  The official reports did not
+give satisfaction to his admirers.  "Not a word is said of Prince
+Rupert, though the seamen say that none excelled him in valour and
+success," they complained.[21]  The Prince himself wrote cheerfully to
+Arlington, though, as his letter confesses, he was again on the
+sick-list.  "My greatest joy is to have ben so happie as to have bin a
+small instrument in this last encounter, to chastise so high an
+insolency as that of the Dutch.  I hope, with his Majesty's good
+liking, to continue so, till they be brought to their duty; which work
+will be very easy if we linger not out the time, for which this place
+is not unfitt and will give a thousand excuses for delays.  What this
+day will be resolved on in the Council I know not, being laid by the
+leg, by a small mistake of the Surgeon, of which I shall not trouble
+you.  This {310} is writt abed, as you may see by the ill caracter,
+which I desire you not to take ill."[22]
+
+Though the Dutch had been defeated with great loss, the war was by no
+means over, and it was necessary to put to sea again, as soon as
+refitting had been accomplished.  This time the Duke of York was
+forced, much against his will, to stay at home.  Charles at the
+instigation of the Queen mother, forbade his brother again to risk his
+life, and offered the joint command of the fleet to Rupert and
+Sandwich.  Rupert was supposed to have a personal aversion to Sandwich,
+which may or may not have been well grounded.[23]  Sandwich's character
+has been variously represented, and, whether justly or not, his honesty
+was certainly suspected.  His own creature, Pepys, a little later
+confided to his diary his concern for his lord in "that cursed business
+of the prizes," and his vehement disapproval of the whole affair.[24]
+On the other hand, both Evelyn and Clarendon esteemed Sandwich highly.
+
+But be the reason what it may, Rupert was averse to sharing the command
+with him, and hesitated to accept it.  A conference with the King at
+Hampton Court at last won him over; he submitted "very cheerfully," and
+forthwith made ready to sail.[25]
+
+Unfortunately Coventry, who disliked Rupert "for no other reason than
+for not esteeming him at the same rate he valued himself," says
+Clarendon, succeeded in persuading the King that the result of such a
+union must be disastrous.  When all was ready, and Rupert's "family" on
+board, the King affectionately informed his cousin that he could not
+dispense with his society that summer.  Rupert, "though wonderfully
+surprised, perplexed, and even broken-hearted," offered no resistance.
+He quietly {311} disembarked his retinue, and returned, "with very much
+trouble," to Court.[26]
+
+Some consolation he may have found in the fact that Sandwich did
+nothing all the summer, and, on his return, fell under a cloud on
+charges of peculation.  Rupert seems to have treated him with great
+kindness, giving him his countenance and support,[27] but the
+sympathies of the Parliament were evidenced by a proposal to vote to
+Rupert a gift of £10,000, and to Sandwich half-a-crown.[28]
+
+His rival being thus disposed of, the command of the fleet was offered
+in 1666 to Rupert, in conjunction with the Duke of Albemarle.  To this
+new colleague Rupert had no objections, and there was, happily, "great
+unanimity and consent between them."  True, Rupert would fain have
+sailed in a separate ship, but, it being represented that this might
+cause confusion in orders, he yielded to the argument.  Albemarle left
+much to Rupert's management, "declaring modestly, upon all occasions,
+that he was no seaman;" and this was doubtless very pleasing to the
+Prince, who loved to rule.  As both Admirals were "men of great
+dexterity and indefatigable industry," the outlook was exceedingly
+favourable.[29]
+
+The sailors welcomed Rupert gladly; and, on February 13, "several
+sea-captains who had served under Prince Rupert, invited him to dinner,
+and spoke cheerfully of going against the Dutch again together."[30]
+On May 25 they sailed from the Nore, with 58 ships and 9 fire-ships.
+Rupert was in excellent spirits and, reported his secretary, went "most
+cheerfully" on the expedition.[31]
+
+Unfortunately the King and his Council committed at the outset a
+strategic blunder for which neither of the Admirals {312} was
+responsible.  It was rumoured that a French fleet was coming from Belle
+Isle, under the Duke of Beaufort, and Rupert was ordered to sail with
+24 ships to intercept it before it could join with the Dutch.  The
+sailors grumbled loudly at this separation.  "Nothing was to be heard
+among the seamen but complaints about the dividing of the fleet, and
+the sending away Prince Rupert."[32]  But orders had to be obeyed, and
+Rupert sailed away, leaving Albemarle with only 56 ships to meet De
+Ruyter's 85.
+
+In the Prince's absence, Albemarle fell in with the Dutch in the Downs,
+and the famous four days' battle began, June 1st.  The wind was with
+Albemarle, but he had only 35 ships well in hand, the rest straggling
+behind.  With great ingenuity he made his attack so that only a portion
+of the Dutch fleet could engage with him, and the fight was continued,
+with immense gallantry and varying fortune, from 9 a.m till 10 p.m.  On
+the second day the English returned in good order, but, though the
+Dutch were crowded and confused, Albemarle was too weak to press his
+advantage.  Each side lost about three ships.  On the third day
+Albemarle held off, hoping for Rupert's arrival.  This did not take
+place till late in the afternoon, and the blame of this long delay was
+due to home authorities.  As soon as firing was heard in the Downs,
+Coventry had signed an order for Rupert's recall, and sent it to
+Arlington, expecting that he would at once despatch it.  But Arlington
+happened to be in bed, and his servants dared not wake him; "a
+tenderness not accostumed to be in the family of a secretary," says
+Clarendon, with just severity.[33]  Consequently Rupert never received
+the order until he himself had heard the noise of battle, and turned
+back to Albemarle's aid, on his own responsibility.  A contrary wind
+delayed him yet longer, and it was 3 p.m on Sunday, June 3, before he
+reached the scene of action, where he was received by {313} the sailors
+with shouts of joy.  In the confusion of joining the fleets, the "Royal
+Prince" ran aground, and was burnt by the Dutch; a misfortune "which
+touched every heart, for she was the best ship ever built, and like a
+castle at sea."[34]  The fight was not resumed until the next morning.
+All order had been lost, and both sides were in confusion.  There was
+two hours' furious firing, and the Dutch centre passed right through
+the English centre, where the fight was very hot.  Finally the
+exhausted Dutch suffered the English to draw away, and Albemarle,
+rallying his scattered fleet, beat an honourable retreat.[35]
+
+Rupert's arrival had not turned defeat into victory, but it had saved
+Albemarle from imminent disaster.  The losses of the English had been
+extremely heavy, but those of the Dutch had been also severe, and all
+the moral prestige belonged to the English, who had sustained the fight
+against great odds, with extraordinary gallantry.  The credit was due,
+in a great measure, to the skill and valour of the admirals, but not a
+little, also, to the good discipline and seamanship of the men and
+officers.  Dryden who celebrated the event in a long poem, while giving
+the admirals their due, did not forget the rest.
+
+  "Thousands there were, in darker fame shall dwell,
+  "Whose deeds some nobler poem shall adorn,
+  "But, though to me unknown, they sure fought well,
+  "Whom Rupert led, and who were British born."[36]
+
+
+As before, Rupert's admirers thought that "the good prince" had not
+received his due in the official reports of the action.  His secretary,
+James Hayes, wrote to Arlington's secretary to expostulate.  "Give me
+leave to suggest that, {314} since in the Dutch gazette those lying
+words speak dishonourably of the Prince, it will offer an occasion of a
+word or two in yours, more to his merit; in whom I did indeed discover
+so extraordinary courage, conduct and presence of mind in the midst of
+all the showers of cannon bullet, that higher I think cannot be
+imagined of any man that ever fought.  I observed him with astonishment
+all that day."[37]  This letter produced the following note, added to
+the official gazette: "The writer of this letter could not think fit to
+mingle in his relations any expressions of His Royal Highness's
+personal behaviour, because it was prepared for his own sight.  But it
+is most certain that never any Prince, or it may be truly said, any
+private person, was, in an action of war, exposed to more danger from
+the beginning to the end of it.  His conduct and presence of mind
+equalling his fearless courage, and carrying him to change his ship
+three times, setting up his Royal standard in each of them, to animate
+his own men and brave the enemy."[38]  For this tribute Hayes returned
+grateful thanks.  "You have done right to a brave Prince, whose worth
+will endure praise, though I find his ears are too modest to hear his
+own."[39]
+
+Rupert was far more engaged with his smouldering wrath against the
+Commissioners of the Navy, than in considering what the gazette did, or
+did not say of himself.  A month earlier he had written to the King
+that "unless some course" were taken with the victualler--viz.
+Pepys--the whole fleet would be ruined.[40]  Now, when the fleet came
+in to refit, the first thing he did on meeting the King, was to
+reiterate his complaints.  "Which," wrote Pepys, "I am troubled at, and
+do fear may in violence break out upon this office some time or other,
+and we shall {315} not be able to carry on the business."[41]  But
+Rupert's time on shore was short, and the storm was deferred.
+
+By July 22 the fleet was again at sea.  Severely as it had suffered,
+the refitting had been conducted with remarkable celerity, and the King
+and the Duke of York themselves showed such an active interest in the
+preparations, that Rupert swore that they were the best officers in the
+navy.  The fleet went out "in very good heart," Rupert's ship boasting
+"a dancing-master and two men who feign themselves mad and make very
+good sport to a bag-pipe."[42] Unluckily, the very day after putting to
+sea, came a violent thunderstorm, which damaged the ships so severely
+that the Prince declared himself more afraid of the weather than of the
+enemy.
+
+On July 25 they fell in with the Dutch fleet, commanded by Tromp and De
+Ruyter, off the North Foreland.  The Dutch line was uneven, the van and
+centre crowded; the English line presented a remarkable regularity.
+The fight began at 10 a.m., and Tromp immediately engaged the English
+rear, carried it away with him, out of sight, and was eventually
+shattered by it.  This independent action on the part of his
+subordinate, greatly embarrassed De Ruyter.  His van was speedily
+over-matched, and at 4 p.m. his centre gave way.  At night the English
+renewed the attack in a desultory fashion, and Rupert appears to have
+run some danger, for he afterwards promoted a gunner who had saved his
+life at the risk of his own.[43]
+
+On the day following, the Prince added insult to injury by sending his
+little yacht "Fan-Fan," which had been built the week before, to attack
+De Ruyter.  Rowing under the great ship, the little vessel plied her
+valiantly with her two small guns.  This game continued for an hour, to
+the intense amusement of the English, and the indignation of {316} the
+Dutch, who could not bring their guns to bear on the yacht, by reason
+of her nearness to them.  At last they contrived to hit her, and she
+was forced to retreat to the protection of her own fleet.[44]  De
+Ruyter then effected a masterly retreat, his enemies fearing to follow
+on account of his proximity to his own shores.
+
+The English had won a brilliant victory with very little loss--only one
+ship and two or three fire-ships at most.  Of the Dutch fleet at least
+twenty ships had perished, and it was quite unable to renew the fight.
+The coast of Holland was now exposed to a triumphant enemy, and a
+renegade Dutchman, Laurens van Heemskerk, offered to guide the English
+to the islands of Vlieland and Ter Schelling, where lay many merchant
+vessels and all kinds of stores.  The enterprise was entrusted to
+Robert Holmes, with orders to destroy all that he found, and to carry
+away no booty.  In the harbour he discovered 170 merchant-men and two
+men-of-war, and he did his work so thoroughly that the affair was
+called in England, "Sir Robert Holmes, his Bonfire.[45]
+
+Van Heemskerk afterwards fell into great poverty in England, and was
+evicted from his house for non-payment of rent; upon which he
+petitioned the King for some reward for his services, stating that, but
+for the great goodness of Prince Rupert, his wife and children must
+inevitably have starved.[46]
+
+During August the fleet lingered about Sole Bay, hoping that wrath for
+the burning of their harbour would bring the Dutch out again.  But
+Rupert laid Albemarle a bet of "five pieces" that they would not come,
+and won his money.[47]  The sailors, inspired by their late success,
+were anxious for further action, and would fain have attacked {317} the
+East India fleet at Bergen; but want of provisions held the commanders
+back.  Rupert wrote furiously to the King that his men were all sick
+for want of food; the beer was bad, each barrel was short of the proper
+quantity, and all his remonstrances only produced from Pepys accounts
+of things already sent.[48]  Fearing the weather, he came into the
+Downs, and there took a French vessel.  The French Vice-Admiral on
+board at once demanded to be taken to Rupert, whom he knew.  The Prince
+treated him "as a gallant person ought to be," and restored to him all
+his personal possessions.[49]  On board the same vessel was found the
+engineer, La Roche, with whom Arthur Trevor had battled in earlier days
+at Oxford.  Rupert had, however, pardoned, or forgotten, his contumacy,
+and released him in consideration of the services he had formerly
+rendered in England.[50]  Finally, on October 2nd, the fleet anchored
+in the Thames, and immediately afterwards burst the storm which Pepys
+had long expected.
+
+It is indisputable, even on Pepys' own showing, that peculation,
+bribery, and corruption were the causes of the neglect from which the
+fleet had suffered.  The Naval Commissioners, in order to make their
+own profit, cheated and starved the sailors; they falsified the
+quantities of food that they sent, and what they delivered was bad.
+Rupert had just cause for his wrath, and he did not hesitate to express
+it.  Five days after the return of the fleet, Pepys and his colleagues
+were called upon to answer for their conduct.  They endeavoured very
+ingeniously to defend themselves by transferring the blame to the
+Prince.  Thus Pepys describes the interview.  "Anon we were called into
+the green room, where were the King, Duke of York, Prince Rupert, Lord
+Chancellor, Lord Treasurer, Duke of Albemarle, {318} and Sirs G.
+Carteret, W. Coventry, Morrice.  Nobody beginning, I did, and made, as
+I thought, a good speech, laying open the ill state of the Navy, by the
+greatness of the debt, greatness of the work to do against next year,
+the time and materials it would take, and our own incapacity through a
+total want of money.  I had no sooner done, but Prince Rupert rose up
+in a great heat, and told the King that, whatever the gentleman said,
+he had brought home his fleet in as good a condition as ever any fleet
+was brought home; that twenty boats would be as many as the fleet would
+want, and that all the anchors and cables left in the storm might be
+taken up again...  I therefore did only answer that I was sorry for His
+Highness's offence, but what I said was the report I had received.  He
+muttered and repeated what he had said, and, after a long silence, no
+one, not so much as the Duke of Albemarle, seconding the Prince, we
+withdrew.  I was not a little troubled at this passage, and the more,
+when speaking with Jack Fenn about it, he told me that the Prince will
+now be asking who this Pepys is, and will find him to be a creature of
+My lord Sandwich, and that this was therefore done only to disparage
+him."[51]
+
+In consequence of this dispute, Batten was sent down to view the fleet.
+He had been Rupert's enemy of old, and he now made a very unfavourable
+report, which he intended to present to the Duke of York.  To this end
+he obtained an audience, but great was his dismay when he found Rupert
+in the company of his cousin.  "It was pretty to see," says Pepys, with
+malicious glee, "how, when he found the Prince there, he did not speak
+out one word, though the meeting was of his asking, and for nothing
+else.  And when I asked him, he told me that he knew the Prince too
+well to anger him, and that he was afraid to do it."[52]
+
+{319}
+
+But the King showed himself apathetic in this matter; it was doubtless
+true that the Commissioners lacked funds, and the charges against them
+were not, just then, further pressed.  Probably the plague and the
+great fire of London threw all other affairs temporarily into the
+shade.  The Prince was with the fleet when informed of the great fire,
+and is said to have merely remarked that, "Now Shipton's prophecy was
+out,"[53]--the burning of London having been one of the events foretold
+by the reputed prophetess, Mother Shipton.  Evidently Rupert had ceased
+to be surprised, whatever might happen.
+
+In January 1667 he was again very ill.  The old wound in his head broke
+out afresh, and his life was despaired of; but in February he consented
+to an operation, which gave him some relief and enabled him to sleep.
+A second operation brought him fairly to convalescence, and after this
+he "diverted himself in his workhouse," where, amongst other curious
+things, he made instruments with which the surgeons were able to dress
+his wound quickly and easily.[54] Owing partly to this illness and
+partly to the King's poverty and home policy, the fleet was neglected
+throughout the whole year--only two small squadrons were fitted out;
+and in May, the Dutch took an ample revenge by entering the Medway, and
+burning the country near Felixstowe.
+
+Rupert had, before this, urged the fortification of Harwich and
+Sheerness; and the King, now roused from his nonchalance, sent him to
+superintend the fortification of these and other places, which would
+secure the Medway from invasion,--and the Prince also had command of
+all the troops quartered in these places.[55]  With his usual care for
+his subordinates, he demanded the deferred pay of his captains, and
+attended a Council meeting in order to press the {320} matter.[56]  The
+empty condition of the treasury occasioned a quarrel with Arlington,
+and the report ran that Rupert had, in Council, dealt Arlington a box
+on the ear, which had knocked off his hat and wig.[57]  This was an
+exaggeration, but Rupert was always on bad terms with the cabal of
+which Arlington was a member.  The known integrity of the Prince made
+him very popular with the nation at large, and he was requested by
+Parliament to draw up a report on the causes of the late naval
+disasters.  Few things could have pleased him better than such an
+opportunity of airing his grievances.  He drew up a long narrative,
+beginning with the separation of the fleet in June 1666, and going on
+to the "horrible neglects" of the overseers, workmen, and above all,
+the victuallers of the navy.  "The next miscarriage I shall mention was
+the intolerable neglect in supplying provisions during the whole summer
+expedition, notwithstanding the extraordinary and frequent importunity
+of our letters...  I remember also we did then complain that great
+quantities of wood-bound casks were staved, and much of the provisions
+proved defective; also that the gauge of the beer barrels was 20
+gallons in a butt short of what it ought to be, and the bills of credit
+came with the pursers of the fleet, instead of provisions.  This want
+of provisions did manifestly tend to the extraordinary prejudice of his
+Majesty's service in that whole summer, but most especially after the
+victory obtained in July fight, when we had carried the fleet on the
+enemy's coast, and lay there, before the Vlie Island, in the way of all
+their merchant ships.  We were enforced, merely for want of provisions,
+to quit out to Sole Bay."[58]  The Parliament, upon receipt of this
+report, appointed a committee to inquire into the neglect mentioned,
+and voted thanks to Rupert and Albemarle for their conduct of the war.
+
+{321}
+
+The manning of the fleet caused nearly as much discussion as did the
+victualling, and about this period Rupert and James of York were by no
+means of one mind concerning it.  Rupert dismissed James's men as
+cowards, and James rejected Rupert's "stout men" as drunkards.  "If
+they will turn out every man that will be drunk, they must turn out all
+the commanders in the fleet," cried the exasperated Prince.  "What is
+the matter if a man be drunk, so, when he comes to fight, he do his
+work?"[59] But the dispute ran high; James declared he "knew not how"
+Colonel Legge's son had been made a captain after a single voyage, and,
+though he liked Colonel Legge well, he insisted that the boy must serve
+a longer apprenticeship.  "I will ask the King to let me be that I
+am--Admiral!" he declared wrathfully, when Rupert combated his
+decisions.[60] The King listened to all these disputes with his usual
+lazy good nature.  "If you intend to man the fleet without being
+cheated by the captains and pursers, you may go to bed and never have
+it manned at all," he said.[61]  But James had his way in so far that
+Sir William Penn was appointed to command the summer fleet, in spite of
+Rupert's aversion to him.  "I do pity Sir William Penn," quoth Pepys,
+naively.[62]
+
+Owing to the representations of Rupert "and other mad, silly people,"
+as Pepys phrased it,[63] no large fleet was fitted out in 1668; and, so
+far as the navy was concerned, no events occurred until 1672, when the
+second Dutch war broke out.
+
+This war was as unpopular as the first had been popular.  In the
+interval between them Charles II had made the secret Treaty of Dover
+with Louis XIV, and he now {322} entered into this war solely to assist
+Louis' ambition.  Therefore instead of the English opposing the Dutch
+and French, as formerly, the French and English were now allied against
+the Dutch.  Rupert and Ormonde vigorously opposed the declaration of
+war, and perhaps it was on account of his dislike to the whole business
+that the Prince remained at home, while the Duke of York took command
+of the fleet.  Nevertheless Rupert was put in command of all naval
+affairs on shore, and he resolved that the fleet should not suffer as
+it had before done, for the want of all necessary supplies.
+
+His first act in his new capacity was to summon Pepys, and his
+colleagues to give an exact list of the fleet, the station and
+condition of each ship, and an account, "particular, not general," of
+all their stores, great and small.[64] He diligently superintended the
+fortification of the coast, inspected the regiments there stationed,
+and kept a watchful eye on the necessities of the fleet.  But, in spite
+of this efficient assistance on shore, James accomplished nothing of
+moment, and the battle of Southwold Bay, fought May 28, left the
+honours to the Dutch, though both sides claimed the victory.
+
+Before the next campaign, the Test Act had been passed, by which Roman
+Catholics were prevented from holding any office under the Crown.  This
+forced the Duke of York to resign his command of the fleet, and Rupert
+was appointed to take his place.
+
+Rupert's position was a difficult one.  He detested the secret policy
+of Charles, and consequently the French, who were his allies.  With the
+Cabal, as the home Ministry was then called, he was also at enmity.
+The Ministers, therefore, in order to make him as inefficient as
+possible, manned the fleet with adherents of the Duke of York, who were
+told--though falsely--that detracting from the Prince {323} would
+please the Duke.  Therefore "they crossed him in all that they could,
+and complained of all that he did."  In short, Rupert had to contend
+with intrigues at home, limitation of his proper powers, want of men,
+ammunition and provisions, the deceit of the Naval Commissioners,
+insubordination among his officers, and defection of his allies.[65]
+
+As his second in command, he begged to have Holmes, with whom his
+connection had been so long and intimate.  Thanks to the favour of both
+Rupert and the Duke of York, Holmes had risen high in the navy, and was
+now an Admiral, and Governor of Sandown Castle, in the Isle of Wight.
+His promotion seems to have excited some jealousy, and Marvell
+described him bitterly, as "First an Irish livery boy, then a
+highwayman, (a pirate would be nearer the mark,) now Bashaw of the Isle
+of Wight, the cursed beginner of the two Dutch wars."[66]  The last
+sentence alludes to Holmes's exploits in Africa in 1664, and his attack
+on the Smyrna fleet in 1672, which were the immediate causes of the
+wars of 1665 and 1672 respectively.  But in both cases Holmes only
+obeyed orders for which he was not responsible.  Pepys hinted darkly,
+concerning him, that "a cat will be a cat still,"[67] but then Pepys
+had private reasons for disliking him.  He was a good soldier, and an
+experienced sailor, and the Cabal Ministry had no better reason for
+refusing to let him go with Rupert than the fact that he was the
+Prince's friend.  Instead of Holmes they forced Rupert to take Sir
+Edward Spragge, with whom he was not, then, on good terms.[68]
+
+The long delay in setting out the fleet tempted the Dutch to repeat
+their descent upon the Medway, and this {324} they would undoubtedly
+have done, but for the personal energy of the Prince.  Collecting
+together a few ships, he "made a demonstration", and sailed through the
+Channel, to the great surprise of the Dutch, who immediately
+retired.[69]
+
+By May 20th the English fleet was ready to sail, and it was at once
+joined by the French, under Admiral D'Estrées.  About a week later they
+fell in with the Dutch off Schoneveldt.  Rupert sent a few vessels
+forward to draw out the enemy from their harbour, but De Ruyter came
+upon them so unexpectedly that they crowded back in confusion, each
+falling to the squadron nearest to her.  The place was narrow, the wind
+for the Dutch, and some of the officers advised retreat.  "But," said
+the English proudly," our Admiral never knew what it was to go
+back,"[70] and Rupert insisted on fighting then and there.  When De
+Ruyter attacked, the line of the allies was not ready, and the result
+was an indecisive battle, attended with great loss of life.[71]  In his
+official report, the Prince acknowledged that all had done their
+best:--"All the officers and seamen generally behaved themselves very
+well, of which I shall send the particulars when I am better informed;
+in my squadron, more especially Captain Legge, Sir John Holmes, Captain
+Welwang, Sir Roger Strickland and Sir William Reeves.  Sir Edward
+Spragge also, on his side, maintained the fight with so much courage
+and resolution, and their whole body gave way to such a degree, that,
+had it not been for fear of the shoals, we had driven them into their
+harbours.  The case being thus, I judged it fit to stand off a little,
+and anchor where now I ride.  I hope his Majesty will be satisfied,
+that, considering the place we engaged in, and the shoals, there was as
+much done as could be expected; and thus I leave it to His Majesty's
+{325} favourable construction, to whom I wish many happy years to come,
+this being his birthday."[72]
+
+The Dutch were at home, and it was easy for them to refit, but the
+situation of the allies was more critical.  Rupert made what
+preparations he could, and sat up the whole night of June 3rd,
+expecting an attack.  But the carelessness of Spragge nullified this
+vigilance.  Early on the morning of July 4th, Spragge came on board the
+Admiral.  Rupert "said little", but told him to prepare for battle.
+Nevertheless he delayed his departure so long that De Ruyter came out
+before he had reached his own ship, and the whole of the Blue Squadron
+had to await his return.[73]  The Red and White Squadrons weighed
+anchor very quickly; Rupert, in his impatience cut his cable, and some
+others followed his example.
+
+But this second battle was as indecisive as the first.  D'Estrées
+permitted the Dutch Admiral Banckert to hold him in check, and gave no
+effective aid.  Rupert engaged with De Ruyter and "performed wonders,"
+though his ship took in so much water that he was unable to use his
+lower tier of guns.  Spragge opposed himself to Tromp.  The loss of men
+was about equal on both sides, and no ships were lost at all.  The
+allies pursued the Dutch from 10 p.m. to 6 a.m.; but they had gained no
+serious advantage, and were obliged to turn home to refit.[74]
+
+Rupert came home in an exceedingly bad temper.  "There goes a story
+about town that the Prince, at his first coming, when the Commissioners
+of the Navy came to wait upon him, fell into such a passion against
+them that he had like to have made use of his cane upon some of them.
+Certain it is that he is very angry with them for not having taken care
+to supply the fleet with {326} necessaries,"[75] says one letter.
+Another, dated June 13, shows that the King too came in for a share of
+his cousin's indignation: "The Prince, they say, storms exceedingly at
+the want of provision they had, and declares he shall never thrive at
+sea till some are hanged at land.  The King said merrily, the day
+before he went to see him, that he must expect a chiding, but he had
+sweetened him by letter all he could."[76] Rupert, however, refused
+absolutely to return to the fleet, unless he were given a new
+Commission, freed from all vexatious restrictions.  This was
+accordingly done, and July 9th, he was made General on sea and land,
+with power to make truce and grant articles; and he held the post of
+First Lord of the Admiralty from this date till May 1679.
+
+It was now proposed to throw a land force into Holland, and the command
+of the army was given to Schomberg, a German soldier of fortune.
+Unluckily, while the ships were refitting at Portsmouth, Schomberg
+irrevocably offended his chief, by ordering the "Greyhound" frigate to
+carry a flag on her main-top.  This order he gave that she might be the
+more easily distinguishable, but she had in reality no right to carry
+any such colours, and Rupert, when he beheld her coming through the
+fleet, was transfixed with amazement.  His peremptory orders for the
+hauling down of the flag being disregarded, he fired on it; whereupon
+it was taken down, and the Captain came on board the Admiral to explain
+that he had acted by Schomberg's direction.  Rupert arrested him for
+insolent language, but soon pardoned and released him.  Schomberg he
+would not forgive, and in revenge, as that General declared, he ordered
+him and his forces to Yarmouth, where they lay idle all the summer.
+The feud raged for some {327} time, and Schomberg sent on a challenge
+to Rupert, but the duel was prevented by the King.[77]
+
+A quarrel was also reported to have occurred between Rupert and the
+Duke of York, in which swords had been drawn, the Duke calling the
+Prince "Coward," and the Prince retorting with the epithet of
+"Traitor."[78]  Another rumour, probably better grounded, was that
+D'Estrées would not sail with Rupert, and had refused to furl his
+flag[79] when the Prince came on board him.  This was mere gossip, but
+it had a foundation, for the two Admirals were on very bad terms--a
+fact which increased Rupert's popularity at home, for the French were
+detested of the people, and the Prince was now "the only hero in their
+thoughts."[80]
+
+At the beginning of August the allies put to sea, and on the 11th they
+met the Dutch off the Texel.  The French were in the van, Rupert
+commanded the centre, Spragge the rear.  The three squadrons engaged,
+as before, with Banckert, De Ruyter, and Tromp respectively.  Rupert
+drew off, trying to lead De Ruyter from the coast.  Spragge
+deliberately waited for Tromp, whom he had promised the King to take
+dead or alive, and, in the fierce personal contest that followed, lost
+his own life.  D'Estrées simply allowed Banckert to run right through
+his squadron, and held off from the fight.  Banckert was thus left free
+to join De Ruyter against Rupert, who, completely deserted by his van
+and rear, had to contend against fearful odds.[81]
+
+"Does your Highness see the French yonder?" asked Captain Howard,
+standing at his side.
+
+"Ay--Zounds, do I!" cried Rupert passionately.[82]  The Dutch also
+noted D'Estrées' treacherous conduct.  "The {328} French have hired the
+English to fight for them, and have come to see them earn their
+wages,"[83] was the saying passed amongst them.  But one gallant
+Frenchman, at least, blushed for his countrymen.  The Vice-Admiral, De
+Martel, putting himself into Rupert's squadron, fought valiantly at his
+side; on which, it was said, in bitter jest, that D'Estrées threatened
+to hang him "for venturing the King's ship."[84]  Finally Rupert
+extricated himself and ran down to the rear, De Ruyter withdrawing
+about 7 p.m.  The result of the battle was a victory for the Dutch, who
+thus opened their blockaded ports, and saved their coast from a second
+assault.
+
+Possibly the French doubted the good faith of the English, and
+therefore acted thus strangely; but, be the motive for their conduct
+what it may, feeling ran high against them.  Rupert, with difficulty
+prevented his own sailors from insulting D'Estrées when he came on
+board his ship,[85] and in England men spoke only of the French
+traitors.
+
+Rupert's return was eagerly desired, and it was reported that he came
+back "very angry and raging and to do some extraordinary thing."  He
+was in the zenith of his popularity, and was received "with the
+greatest dearness possible," both by King and people.[86]  But it was
+no part of the King's policy to quarrel with the French, and he tried
+to smooth over the affair, saying that it was not foul play, but "a
+great miscarriage."[87]  Rupert, however, would not hold his tongue,
+and wherever he went, he fiercely blamed D'Estrées, even stating
+plainly to the French Ambassador, his opinion of his countryman's
+conduct.[88] At the same time he was so scrupulously exact in his {329}
+assertions that he would not publish his narrative of the battle, until
+he could find out what had been the exact way of the wind when he was
+off Camperdown.[89]
+
+D'Estrées retorted with the declaration that Rupert, owing to his
+aversion to the war, had not pushed the first battle so far as he could
+have done.[90]  But, said a contemporary, "it is as impossible to make
+any Englishman suspect the Prince's courage, as to persuade him that
+the French have any, at sea."[91]  De Martel boldly seconded Rupert,
+and wrote to his own government: "If Count D'Estrées would have fallen
+with a fair wind upon De Ruyter and Banckert at their first engaging,
+when in numbers they much exceeded the Prince, they must, of necessity
+have been enclosed between His Highness and Count D'Estrées; and so the
+enemy would have been entirely defeated."[92]  For this unwelcome
+candour he was sent to the Bastille, upon which Rupert swore furiously
+that Charles ought to defend him, by force of arms if necessary.[93]
+And the more the Prince raged and stormed, so much the more was he
+adored by the people, who admired him "to such a degree," said a
+cynical observer, "that it would be impossible for him to do anything
+amiss, so long as he opposes the French, or as they think he does."[94]
+
+Ever since the Restoration he had been exceedingly popular, and as
+early as 1666 there had been rumours of an abortive plot to place him
+on the throne.  The statement of the witness who revealed it, is as
+follows: "William Hopkins doth depose that he heard Edward Dolphin of
+Camphill, near Birmingham, say these words, or to that purpose, viz.:
+'The Papists should be uppermost for a time...' {330} and said he could
+tell me more, for he cared not if he were hanged so he could serve the
+country.  Then, speaking low, he said, (as I suppose,) 'The King and
+the Duke of York are Papists, and the King hath been at Mass
+underground within this week or fortnight, and I can prove it.'  And
+when I contradicted him, he said the King's wife was a Papist, and that
+a royal G. should rule over us.  And when I demanded if he meant not
+George Monck, he replied it was Prince Rupert he meant.  Then I said he
+was no G., so he answered G. stood for a German, and Prince Rupert was
+a German Prince, and declared he meant Prince Rupert should be above
+the King, and said all should be willing to it, and venture lives and
+fortunes to vindicate the cause of the said Prince Rupert."[95]  The
+whole plot probably existed only in the ravings of a lunatic, but
+insignificant though it is in itself, it is an indication of the
+country's feeling.
+
+That Rupert would have listened for a moment to any disloyal scheme is,
+of course, incredible.  Indeed the only time, after the Restoration,
+that he played any part in politics was in this year of 1673, when he
+was forced into the position of popular leader, and carried away by his
+wrath against the French.  Feeling against "Popery" was, just then,
+keen, the nation having been stirred by the Duke of York's open
+adhesion to the Roman Church, and his marriage with a Roman bride,
+believed by the ignorant, to be the Pope's own granddaughter.  "What
+will the Prince say?" was the popular cry, on all occasions;[96] and
+the position contrasts oddly with the attitude of the populace towards
+Rupert in the Civil War.  Then he was "atheistical, popish, heathenish,
+tyrannical, bloodthirsty;" now the country turned to him as a true
+patriot, the staunch upholder of the Anglican Church, the defender of
+the rights of Parliament.
+
+Shaftesbury, the prime mover of all the agitation against {331} James,
+hastened to ally himself with the Prince, and together they formed an
+anti-French party, which stirred up the Commons against the French
+alliance.  "Prince Rupert and he are observed to converse much
+together, and are very great, and indeed I see His Highness's coach
+often at the door.  They are looked to be the great Parliament men and
+for the interests of old England."[97]
+
+The result of all this was, naturally, a coolness between Rupert and
+the King, but it was not of long duration.  The Prince was really too
+loyal to suffer his connection with the country party to carry him to
+any great lengths, and it soon ceased altogether.[98]  In the
+iniquitous Popish Plot he had no share, nor would he countenance the
+attempts to exclude James from the succession in favour of Monmouth.
+True he lent Monmouth his house at Rhenen, when that unsuccessful
+schemer had been forced to retire abroad, but the loan was entirely a
+private matter, and quite apart from politics.[99]  Rupert had no
+liking for intrigues, and he held himself equally aloof from those of
+Shaftesbury, and those of the Cabal.  To the members of the Cabal he
+was always hostile, which, says Campbell, was no wonder, seeing that
+they were "persons of the utmost art," and the Prince was "one of the
+plainest men that could be."[100]  Yet, in spite of his objections to
+the King's ministers, Rupert always retained the King's friendship,
+steering his way amongst factions and intrigues so tactfully, and yet
+so honestly, that he was beloved and respected by all parties.[101]
+
+
+
+[1] Campbell's Admirals, II.  p. 242.
+
+[2] Pepys Diary, 4 June, 1664.
+
+[3] Pepys Diary, Sept. 3, 1664.
+
+[4] Ibid.  Sept. 5, 1664.
+
+[5] D. S. P.  Sept. 13, 1664.
+
+[6] Dom. State Papers, Sept. 23, 1664.
+
+[7] Ibid.  Oct. 8, 15, 24, 1664.
+
+[8] Domestic State Papers.  Oct. 8 1664.  Chas. II.  103.  f. 27.
+
+[9] Dom. State Papers.  Chas II.  103.  f. 40.
+
+[10] Ibid.  Oct. 11, 1664.  Chas. II.  Vol. 103.  f. 153.
+
+[11] Hatton Correspondence, Vol. I.  p. 37.  Camd. Soc.  New series.
+Lyttleton to Hatton, Oct. 19, 1664.
+
+[12] Bromley Letters, 283-284.  27 Oct. 1664.
+
+[13] Domestic State Papers.  Rupert to King, Nov. 6, 1664.  Chas. II.
+104. 42.
+
+[14] Hatton Correspondence, Vol. I.  p. 44.  10 Dec. 1664.
+
+[15] Pepys.  15 Jan. 1665.
+
+[16] Mahan's Sea Power, p. 107.
+
+[17] Dom. State Papers.  Hickes to Winson, June 10, 1665.
+
+[18] See Clowes' Royal Navy, II.  pp. 256-266.  Campbell, II.  93-98.
+
+[19] Burnet Hist. of his own Times, ed. 1838.  p. 148 and _note_.
+Campbell, II.  pp. 99-100.  Clowes, II.  265.  Pepys Diary, 20 Oct.
+1666.
+
+[20] Pepys, 6 Nov. 1665.
+
+[21] Dom. State Papers, June 10, 1665.
+
+[22] Dom. State Papers, Chas. II.  124, 46.  Rupert to Arlington, June
+13, 1665.
+
+[23] Ibid.  2 July, 1665.
+
+[24] Pepys.  11 Oct., 31 Sept 1665, 12 Jan. 1666, 23 Oct. 1667.
+
+[25] Clarendon Life, II.  402.
+
+[26] Clarendon Life, II.  403.
+
+[27] Pepys.  25 Oct. 1665.
+
+[28] Ibid.  6 Nov. 1665.
+
+[29] Clarendon's Life, III.  69.
+
+[30] Dom. State Papers, Feb. 16, 1666.
+
+[31] Ibid.  May 27, 1666.
+
+[32] Dom. State Papers, Clifford to Arlington, June 6, 1666.
+
+[33] Clarendon's Life, III.  72.
+
+[34] Dom. State Papers, Clifford to Arlington, June 6, 1666.
+
+[35] Campbell.  Vol. II.  107-111.  Mahan's Influence of Sea Power on
+History, 118-126.  Clowes' Royal Navy, II.  267-278.
+
+[36] Dryden, Annus Mirabilis.  1666.
+
+[37] Dom. State Papers.  Chas. II.  159.  f. 3.  Hayes, 15 June, 1666.
+
+[38] Ibid.  Vol.  159.  3 (1).
+
+[39] Ibid.  159.  55.  Hayes, June 21, 1666.
+
+[40] Ibid.  Chas.  II.  156.  100.  22 May, 1666.
+
+[41] Pepys.  June 20, 1666.
+
+[42] Dom. State Papers, Clifford to Arlington, July 5, 1666.
+
+[43] Ibid.  Geo. Hillson, Gunner of Ruby, to Pepys, Nov. 30, 1666.
+
+[44] Dom. State Papers.  Clifford to Arlington, July 27, 1666.
+
+[45] Dom. State Papers.  Rupert to King, Aug. 11, 1666.  Clowes, II.
+278-285.  Mahan, 131.  Campbell, 112-117.  Clarendon Life, III.  79.
+
+[46] D. S. P.  1670.  Chas.  II.  281 a 173.
+
+[47] Ibid.  Clifford to Arlington, Aug. 16, 1666.
+
+[48] Dom. State Papers, Rupert to King, Aug. 27, Sept 24, 1666.
+
+[49] Clarendon's Life, III.  83.
+
+[50] Dom. State Papers, 19 Sept  1666, 19 and 20 Oct. 1666.  Chas.  II.
+175.  f. 111, 112.
+
+[51] Pepys, Oct. 7, 1666.
+
+[52] Ibid.  Oct. 10, 1666.
+
+[53] Pepys, 20 Oct. 1666.
+
+[54] Dom. State Papers, Feb. 21, 1667.
+
+[55] Ibid.  June 13, July 6, Nov. 23, 1667.
+
+[56] Dom. State Papers, July 25, 1668.
+
+[57] Ibid.  Sept. 12, 1668.
+
+[58] Prince Rupert's Narrative, see Warb.  III.  p. 480.
+
+[59] Pepys, Jan. 2, 1668.
+
+[60] Pepys, Jan. 28, 1668.
+
+[61] Ibid.  Mar. 18, 1668.
+
+[62] Ibid.  Mar. 20, 1668.
+
+[63] Ibid.  May 28, 1668.  Campbell, II.  121-122.
+
+[64] Dom. State Papers, May 4, 1672.
+
+[65] Campbell, II.  246.  Letters to Williamson, I.  p. 195.
+
+[66] Andrew Marvell.  Seasonable Argument, 1677.  Letters to
+Williamson.  II. 63, _note_.
+
+[67] Pepys, 24 Jan. 1666.
+
+[68] Campbell, II.  149.  Clowes, Vol. II.  309-310.
+
+[69] Campbell, II.  149.  Clowes, II.  310.
+
+[70] Hatton Correspondence, I.  p. 105.  May 20, 1673.
+
+[71] Clowes, II.  311-315.
+
+[72] Campbell, II.  246.  Memoir of Prince Rupert, p. 58.
+
+[73] Hist. MSS. Commission, Rept. 15.  Vol. III.  pp. 9-13.  Journal of
+Sir Edward Spragge, May 1673.  Dartmouth MSS.  Vol. III.
+
+[74] Campbell, II.  151-153.  Clowes, II.  314-315.
+
+[75] Camden. Society.  New Series.  Letters to Sir Joseph Williamson,
+Vol. I.  p. 48.  May 6, 1673.
+
+[76] Ibid.  I.  39, June 13, 1673.
+
+[77] Letters to Williamson, Vol. I.  pp. 121, 124, 145, July 21, Aug.
+4, Aug. 6, 1673.
+
+[78] Hist. MSS. Com.  Rept. 12.  Fleming MSS.  p. 102, 22 July, 1673.
+
+[79] Hatton Correspondence, Vol. I.  p. 106.
+
+[80] Letters to Williamson, I.  p. 63.
+
+[81] Campbell, II.  157-159.  Clowes, II.  316-317.
+
+[82] Letters to Williamson, Vol. I.  p. 174.  Aug. 18, 1673.
+
+[83] Campbell, II.  159.
+
+[84] Letters to Williamson, Vol. II.  p. 9.  Sept. 5, 1673.
+
+[85] Ibid.  Vol. I.  p. 185.
+
+[86] Ibid.  I.  pp. 183, 191.  Aug. 25, 1673.
+
+[87] Ibid.  II.  p. 1.
+
+[88] Ibid.  I.  p. 191.  Aug. 29, 1673.
+
+[89] Letters to Williamson, II.  13.  Sept. 5, 1673.
+
+[90] Clowes, II.  520-322.  Campbell, II.  152.  Hist. MSS. Com.  Rpt.
+12.  Fleming MSS.  p. 103.
+
+[91] Hatton Correspondence, Vol. I.  p. 114.
+
+[92] Ibid.  Vol. II.  p. 1, _note_.
+
+[93] Ibid.  II.  20, Sept. 19, 1673.
+
+[94] Ibid.  I.  p. 194, Aug. 29, 1673.
+
+[95] Dom. State Papers.  Chas. II.  172.  13.
+
+[96] Letters to Williamson, Vol. I.  p. 143, Aug. 4, 1673.
+
+[97] Letters to Williamson, Vol. II.  p. 21, Sept. 19, 1673.
+
+[98] Campbell, II.  p. 47.
+
+[99] Hist. MSS. Com.  Rept. 12.  Fleming MSS.  p. 162.
+
+[100] Campbell, II.  p. 246.
+
+[101] Ibid.  II.  245.  Memoir of Prince Rupert, Preface.
+
+
+
+
+{332}
+
+CHAPTER XIX
+
+RUPERT'S POSITION AT COURT.  HIS CARE FOR DISTRESSED CAVALIERS.  HIS
+INVENTIONS.  LIFE AT WINDSOR.  DEATH
+
+Of Rupert's later life in England, apart from his naval career, there
+is not much to tell.  In the dissolute court of the Restoration there
+was no place for Rupert of the Rhine.  He represented the older
+Cavaliers.  He had stood side by side and fought on many a field with
+the fathers of the men who adorned the Court of Charles II; but with
+the sons, the children of the exiles, he could have no sympathy.  Much
+has been said and written contrasting those fathers and sons, the men
+who died for Charles I, and the men who lived with Charles II.  But no
+contrast is stronger than that of the two Kings themselves,--of the
+grave, dignified, blundering, narrow, but ever earnest martyr-king,
+with the dissolute, easy-going, but always shrewd, merry monarch.
+
+The Cavaliers of the Civil War were, as we have seen, by no means free
+from faults and follies; but the real difference between them and their
+successors lay less in individual character than in ideal.  In the
+first half of the seventeenth century religious feeling had been strong
+in all classes, and the tone of morality high.  Devotion to duty was
+strongly inculcated, and men believed it their duty to sacrifice
+themselves for their King, or for their opinions as the case might be.
+That most of the Cavaliers were willing to offer their sacrifices in
+their own way only, and that many were desirous of gaining rewards for
+their services may be granted; but the fact remains that they did {333}
+sacrifice themselves, and clung loyally to their Sovereign when all
+hope of reward was passed.
+
+In 1660 the ideal of life was changed, or rather all ideal had
+perished, and the Courtiers imitated their master in his attempt to
+lounge through life with as much pleasure and as little inconvenience
+to themselves as possible.  The relaxation of all moral restraint was
+due, in a great measure, to the inevitable reaction from Puritan
+rigidity and hypocrisy; but it was due still more to the years of
+exile, during which the Royalists had been "strangely tossed about on
+the fickle waves of fortune."[1]  The Civil War had been a check on all
+education; it had released boys from school and students from college
+to throw them, at an early age, into the perils and temptations of a
+camp.  At the same time, it had deprived them of the care and guidance
+of parents and guardians.  Later, these boys, grown men before their
+time, had led a precarious existence on the Continent, living how and
+where they could, and snatching consolation for sorrow and privation in
+such illicit pleasures as came in their way.  This life had ruined
+Charles II, and it is not wonderful that it ruined other men.
+
+Rupert had been young too in those days,--he was only eight years
+Charles's senior, but the precarious life had not affected him in the
+same way.  He had never drifted; it was not in his nature to drift, and
+his own strength and earnestness had kept him ever hard at work, with
+some definite end before him.  Yet it cannot be denied that his
+character had suffered.  The edge of it was, as it were, blunted.  His
+ideals had perished in the stress of toil and anxiety.  His chivalry
+had given place to common-sense.  His hopefulness was gone, and his
+youthful eagerness had been replaced by a coldly sardonic view of life.
+"Blessed are those who expect nothing" was Rupert's motto now.
+
+In all things he had grown coarser, and yet his standard {334} of life
+remained, for those times, high.  He had imbibed in his youth, says an
+admiring contemporary, "such beautiful ideas of virtue that he hath
+ever since esteemed it, notwithstanding the contempt the world hath put
+upon it; nor could he abhor the debaucheries of the age as he doth, had
+not his prejudice against it been of long duration.  Such virtue is not
+formed in a day, and it is to his education that he owes the glory of a
+life so noble and so Christian."[2]  Rupert had in truth too much
+self-respect, it may be too much religion, to sink to the depths to
+which Charles's court was sunk, and he held himself aloof with lofty
+disdain.  "Mon cousin", as the mocking courtiers called him, in
+imitation of the King, was at once the object of their fear and of
+their merriment.  So great was their terror of him that, mock though
+they might behind his back, not one of them dared, as they owned, make
+him the object of open satire, from which the King and the Duke of York
+did not escape.
+
+The royal brothers themselves stood in some awe of their cousin.
+Sandwich told Pepys that he had heard James laugh at Rupert in his
+absence,[3] but in his cousin's presence James usually behaved to him
+with due respect.  As for the King, he confessed, in 1664, that he
+dared not send for Sandwich to Court, lest his coming should offend
+Rupert.[4]  Occasionally there were quarrels and coolnesses between the
+cousins, for Rupert was still sometimes irritable; yet he always
+retained the friendship of both Charles and James.  His position was
+somewhat anomalous, especially after the popular party had raised the
+no-Popery cry and looked to him as their natural head.  Yet he steered
+through that difficult course with satisfaction to all parties, and
+infinite credit to himself.  He showed, says one of his admirers,
+"temperance and moderation in committing {335} nothing towards the
+present differences amongst us, nor adding any fuel to those unhappy
+heats, which he, supposing too high already, endeavoured rather to
+quench than to increase."[5]
+
+He was not infrequently to be found in the King's company,
+notwithstanding his aversion to the court.  In 1663, he accompanied
+Charles on a progress through the western counties.  On the King's
+marriage he went with him to meet the bride at Dover; and, on this
+occasion, he scandalised the Portuguese by his rudeness.  The
+Portuguese Ambassador took precedence of the Prince, whereupon Rupert
+took him by the shoulders and quietly put him out of the way.  The
+King, much shocked, remonstrated with his cousin, and induced him to
+yield place.[6]  In March 1669 Rupert was driving with the King on the
+occasion when the royal coach was upset in Holborn, and, as Pepys said,
+"the King all dirty, but no hurt."[7]  Rupert was also of the party
+that received Henrietta of Orleans on her one brief visit to England in
+1670; he is frequently mentioned as dining with the Royal family; and
+when the Prince of Tuscany visited England incognito, the Queen Mother
+decided that, according to etiquette, his first visit was due to
+Rupert.[8]  Pepys tells how he went to see a tennis-match between
+Rupert and Captain Cook on one side, and May and Chichely on the other.
+The King was present as a spectator, and, says the diarist, "It seems
+they are the best players at tennis in this nation."[9]  A trivial, yet
+characteristic anecdote is told by Coke.  He was walking in the Mall
+with the King, when they were overtaken by Prince Rupert.  "The King
+told the Prince how he had shot a duck, and which dog fetched it, and
+{336} so they walked on, till the King came to St. James's House, and
+there the King said to the Prince: 'Let's go and see Cambridge and
+Kendal!'--the Duke of York's two sons, who then lay a dying."[10]
+
+One of Rupert's principal cares was the relief of the distressed
+Cavaliers, who looked to him as their supporter and representative.
+Charles II has often been blamed for not relieving the wants of so many
+of those who had suffered for his father.  Probably he was callous to
+suffering which he did not directly witness, but it must be confessed
+that his position was a hard one.  He could dispose of very little
+money, and he was much bound to the Presbyterians who had restored him
+to the throne.  His pledges to them prevented him from upsetting much
+of the existing arrangements, and consequently hampered him in the
+relief of the Royalists.  Such of these as were in want turned to
+Rupert, sure of a hearing and of such aid as he could give, whether it
+were in money, or in intercession with the King.  The State papers are
+full of their petitions, which generally refer to Rupert as their
+guarantor; indeed his certificate seems to have been regarded as the
+necessary hall-mark of their authenticity.  In 1660 he came to the
+defence of 142 creditors of the late King;[11] and we find him pleading
+for a certain Cary Heydon, and other people, at the commission for
+indigent officers.[12] One very striking instance of his justice and
+good memory occurred just before his death.  A certain member of
+Parliament, named Speke, had been accused of conspiring for Monmouth
+against the Duke of York, and was summoned before the Council Chamber.
+He defended himself ably, and quoted his former services to Charles I.
+Rupert suddenly stood up, told the King that it was all true, "and
+added one circumstance which Mr. Speke had thought it not {337}
+handsome to mention," namely, that when he, Rupert, had been in great
+want of money for the King's service, Speke had sent him "1,000
+pieces"; and had been so far from asking repayment, that the Prince had
+neither seen nor heard of him from that day to this.  The accusation
+was promptly dismissed; and on the next day Rupert invited Speke to
+dinner, when he "entertained him in the most obliging manner."[13]
+
+In December 1662 Rupert became one of the first Fellows of the Royal
+Society, of which the King was also a member,[14] and their common
+interest in science formed an additional bond of union between the
+cousins.  Rupert had both a forge and a laboratory in which he himself
+worked with great zeal.  The King, with his favourite Buckingham, was
+wont to lounge in and sit on a stool, watching his energetic cousin,
+with keen interest.  Sometimes the Prince would weary of their chatter,
+and he had a short and effectual way of ridding himself of them.  He
+would coolly throw something on to the fire which exhaled such fearful
+fumes that the King and courtiers would rush out half-choked, vowing in
+mock fury that they would never again enter the "alchemist's hell."[15]
+
+Rupert's inventions were many, and were connected chiefly with the
+improvement of weapons and materials of war.  He made an improved lock
+for fire-arms; increased the power of gunpowder ten times; invented a
+kind of revolver; a method of making hail-shot; a means of melting
+black-lead like a metal; a substance composed of copper and zinc, and
+called "Prince's metal" to this day; and a screw which facilitated the
+taking of observations with a quadrant at sea.  In 1671 he took out a
+patent "for converting edge-tools forged in soft iron, after forged;
+and for converting iron wire, and softening all cast or melted iron, so
+that {338} it can be wrought and filed like forged iron."[16]  He also
+had a patent for tincturing copper upon iron,[17] and he built a house
+at Windsor for the carrying on of his works.  Besides his scientific
+works and studies, he had on hand innumerable projects, adventurous and
+commercial.  He was deeply interested in African trade, and was a
+patentee of the Royal African Company, formed for its promotion.  In
+1668 he had conceived a scheme for discovering the north-west passage.
+The idea had been suggested to him by a Canadian, and he forthwith
+demanded of the King a small ship, the "Eagle," which he despatched on
+the quest.[18]  As a result of this, he became first President of the
+Hudson Bay Company, to which the King granted in 1670 the sole right to
+trade in those seas.[19]  In the same year he was appointed to the
+Council of trade and plantations.  During the Dutch wars he fitted out
+four privateers, the "Eagle," the "Hawk," the "Sparrow Hawk," and the
+"Panther."[20]  In 1668 he petitioned, in conjunction with Henry
+Howard, for the sole right to coin farthings, for which he had invented
+a new model.[21]  This petition was regarded with great favour by the
+nation at large, for "every pitiful shopkeeper" coined at his own
+pleasure, and the abuses of the system were many.  The farthings of
+Prince Rupert were "much talked of and desired;"[22] and, in
+consequence of his petition, he was empowered, with Craven and others,
+to examine into the abuses of the Mint.[23]  Later he started a
+project, in partnership with Shaftesbury, for working supposed
+silver-mines in Somersetshire.[24]
+
+{339}
+
+In September 1668 the Prince was made Constable of Windsor, in November
+he was granted the keepership of the Park, and in 1670 he became Lord
+Lieutenant of Berkshire.  From that time he lived much at Windsor, but
+we find him still occasionally employed in the public service.  At the
+request of the Mayor and Aldermen of London he laid the first stone of
+a new pillar of the Exchange.[25]   In 1669 he was on the Committee for
+Foreign Affairs; and in 1670 he was authorised to conclude a commercial
+treaty with the French Minister, Colbert.[26]  In 1671 he was one of
+the commission appointed to consider the settlement of Ireland; and in
+1679 various "odd letters and superscriptions" taken on a suspected
+Frenchman, were handed over for the Prince to decipher.[27]
+
+But after the last naval action of 1673 Rupert retired more and more
+from public life.  The peacefulness of Windsor suited him far better
+than the turmoil of the court, and he devoted himself to the repairing
+and embellishing of the castle, in which he took an "extraordinary
+delight."[28] Evelyn, who visited Windsor in 1670, describes the castle
+as exceedingly "ragged and ruinous," but Rupert had already begun to
+repair the Round Tower, and Evelyn was lost in admiration of the
+Prince's ingenious adornment of his rooms.  The hall and staircase he
+had decorated entirely with trophies of war,--pikes, muskets, pistols,
+bandeliers, holsters, drums, pieces of armour, all new and bright were
+arranged about the walls in festoons, giving a very curious effect.
+From this martial hall Evelyn passed into Rupert's bedroom, and was
+immensely struck with the sudden contrast; for there the walls were
+hung with beautiful tapestry, and with "curious and effeminate
+pictures," all suggestion of war being carefully avoided.  Thus
+successfully had Rupert {340} represented the two sides,--martial and
+artistic,--of his nature.[29]
+
+At this time he devoted himself more closely than ever to his
+scientific and mechanical studies, "not disdaining the most sooty and
+unpleasant labour of the meanest mechanic."[30]  In such harmless and
+intelligent pursuits did he find his pleasures.  He was not a person of
+extravagant tastes, which was fortunate, seeing that his means were not
+large, and that his purse was always open to the needy, so that he had
+no great margin for personal expenditure.  From his trading ventures he
+doubtless derived some profits; and in 1660 he had been assigned a
+pension of £4,000 per annum.  For his naval services he received no
+wages, but occasional sums of money offered as the King's "free
+gift."[31]  As Constable of Windsor he had perquisites, and when he
+chose to live at Whitehall, an allowance of food was given him, at the
+rate of six dishes per meal.[32] But, after his appointment to Windsor,
+he was seldom seen at Whitehall, except when it was necessary to attend
+some State funeral, at which functions he was generally required to
+play the part of chief mourner.
+
+Sometimes his solitude was disturbed by visitors.  In 1670 he
+entertained the young Prince of Orange, who had come to marry his
+cousin, Mary of York.[33]  In May 1671 the Installation of the Garter
+was held at Windsor, when the King of Sweden, represented by Lord
+Carlisle, and introduced by Rupert and James of York, received the
+insignia of the Garter.[34]  At intervals the King paid private visits
+to his cousin; and in February 1677 he came down with the intention of
+spending a week at the castle, but his intention was changed by the
+wild conduct of his retinue.  {341} "On Wednesday night," says a letter
+in the Rutland MSS., "some of the Courtiers fell to their cups and
+drank away all reason.  At last they began to despise art too, and
+broke into Prince Rupert's laboratory, and dashed his stills, and other
+chemical instruments to pieces.  His Majesty went to bed about twelve
+o'clock, but about two or three, one of Henry Killigrew's men was
+stabbed in the company in the next chamber to the King....  The Duke
+ran speedily to His Majesty's bed, drew the curtain, and said: 'Sir,
+will you lie in bed till you have your throat cut?' Whereupon His
+Majesty got up, at three o'clock in the night, and came immediately
+away to Whitehall."[35]
+
+To such visitors the Prince must infinitely have preferred his
+solitude.  He was a lonely man; the last, in a sense, of his
+generation.  Between him and the Courtiers of Charles a great gulf lay.
+Will Legge was dead, and most of his other friends had likewise passed
+before him.  Lord Craven was left, and Ormonde absent in Ireland, but
+they were the last of the old régime.  For companionship Rupert fell
+back on his own "gentlemen," the people of Berkshire, and his dogs.
+His "family" was devoted to him, but it seems to have been somewhat
+troublesome on occasion.  Thus, soon after the Restoration, certain
+members of it caused the Lord Chamberlain to search Albemarle's cellars
+for gunpowder, a proceeding which naturally excited Albemarle's wrath.
+Rupert was so exceedingly annoyed at the occurrence, that he not only
+dismissed the servant in fault, but "offered to fight any one who set
+the design on foot."[36]  Later, we find a petition from a Frenchman,
+complaining of an assault made upon him "by several scoundrels of the
+Prince's stables."[37]
+
+Rupert's love for dogs had not abated with advancing years.  In 1667 he
+lost a favourite greyhound, for which {342} he advertised as
+follows:--"Lost, a light, fallow-coloured greyhound bitch.  She was
+lost on Friday last, about twelve of the clock, and whosoever brings
+her to Prince Rupert's lodgings at the Stone Gallery, Whitehall, they
+shall be well rewarded for their pains."[38]  But at Windsor it was a
+"faithful great black dog" which was his inseparable companion, and
+which accompanied him on the solitary evening rambles which won them
+both the reputation of wizards.  The fact that he was so regarded by
+the country people troubled Rupert not at all, and he referred to it
+with grim amusement in writing to his sister Elizabeth.[39]
+
+"And thus," says one of his gentlemen, "our noble and generous Prince
+spent the remainder of his years in a sweet and sedate repose, free
+from the confused noise and clamour of war, wherewith he had, in his
+younger years, been strangely tossed, like a ship, upon the boisterous
+waves of fickle and inconstant fortune."
+
+The end came in 1682.  For many years Rupert had been quite an
+invalid--"fort maladif", as the Danish Ambassador told the Princess
+Sophie; not only the old wound in his head, but also an injury to his
+leg caused the Prince acute and constant suffering during the last
+years of his life.  He was at his town house in Spring Gardens,
+November 1682, when he was seized with a fever, of which he died in a
+few days.  It was said that his horror of being bled led him to conceal
+the true cause of his suffering until it was too late to remedy it.
+"Yesterday Prince Rupert died," says a letter, dated November 30th.
+"He was not ill above four or five days; an old hurt in his leg, which
+has been some time healed up, broke out again, and put him into an
+intermitting fever.  But he had a pleurisy withal upon him, which he
+concealed, because he would not be let blood until it was too late.  He
+died in great pain."[40] {343} Rupert made his will, November 27th,
+appointing Lord Craven his executor, and guardian of his daughter,
+Ruperta; and not forgetting any of those who had served him faithfully.
+Two days later he died.[41]  His funeral was conducted with all due
+state, Lord Craven acting chief mourner; and the King ordered a waxen
+effigy of the Prince to be placed, as was then the fashion, beside his
+grave.  He lies in the chapel of Henry VII, in Westminster Abbey, but
+his effigy is not one of those that survive to the present day; and the
+verger who points out to us the tombs of George of Denmark and other
+insignificant people, passes by that of Rupert of the Rhine without
+remark.
+
+
+
+[1] Memoir of Prince Rupert, p. 75.
+
+[2] Lansdowne MSS.  817.  fols. 157-168.  British Museum.
+
+[3] Pepys, 23 June, 1665.
+
+[4] Ibid.  14 July, 1664.
+
+[5] Memoir of Prince Rupert, Preface.
+
+[6] Strickland.  Queens of England, VIII.  pp. 303-304.
+
+[7] Pepys, 8 Mar. 1669.
+
+[8] D. S. P.  Feb. 1669.
+
+[9] Pepys, 2 Sept. 1667.
+
+[10] Knight's London, Vol. II.  p. 374.
+
+[11] Dom. State Papers, Nov. 1660.
+
+[12] Ibid.  Nov. 1668.
+
+[13] Warburton, III.  pp. 508-510.
+
+[14] Campbell, II.  244.
+
+[15] Treskow.  Prinz Ruprecht, 210-211.
+
+[16] Dom. State Papers, Apr. 22, 1671.
+
+[17] Ibid.  Nov. 17, 1671.
+
+[18] Ibid.  Feb. 7, 1668.
+
+[19] Campbell, II.  249.
+
+[20] Dom. St. Papers, 3 June, 1667; 3 May, 1672.
+
+[21] D. S. P.  11 Mar. 1668.
+
+[22] D. S. P.  11, 21 Nov. 1669.
+
+[23] D. S. P.  28 Aug. 1668.
+
+[24] Hist. MSS. Com.  Rept. 9.  App. III.  p. 6a.  Sackville MSS.
+
+[25] Hist. MSS. Com.  Rept 12.  Fleming MSS.  p. 54.
+
+[26] D. S. P.  27 Oct. 1670.
+
+[27] Hist. MSS. Com.  Rept. 7.  496a.
+
+[28] Memoir of Prince Rupert.  1683.  p. 75.
+
+[29] Evelyn's Diary, 28 Aug. 1670.  Vol. II.  p. 51.
+
+[30] Memoir.  1683.  p. 73.
+
+[31] D. S. P.  1668.
+
+[32] Ibid.  Aug. 25, 1663,
+
+[33] Hatton Correspondence, I.  p. 59.
+
+[34] D. S. P.  May 29, 1671
+
+[35] Hist. MSS. Com.  Rept. 12.  Rutland MSS.  Vol. II.  p. 38.
+
+[36] Dom. State Papers.  Jan 11, 1661.
+
+[37] Ibid.  Feb. 2, 1665.
+
+[38] Dom. State Papers, 1667.  Chas.  II.  187 f. 207.
+
+[39] Strickland, Elizabeth Stuart.  Queens of Scotland.  Vol. VIII.  p.
+280.
+
+[40] Hatton Correspondence.  II.  p. 20, Nov. 30, 1682.
+
+[41] Wills from Doctor's Commons.  Camden Society, p. 142.
+
+
+
+
+{344}
+
+CHAPTER XX
+
+THE PALATINES ON THE CONTINENT.  RUPERT'S DISPUTES WITH THE ELECTOR.
+THE ELECTOR'S ANXIETY FOR RUPERT'S RETURN.  WANT OF AN HEIR TO THE
+PALATINATE.  FRANCISCA BARD.  RUPERT'S CHILDREN
+
+The oath which Rupert had sworn in 1658, he faithfully kept; never
+again, in spite of changed circumstances, and the earnest entreaties of
+his family, did he set foot in the Palatinate.  Yet he was not quite
+forgotten by his relatives.  The lively and voluminous correspondence
+of Sophie and the Elector, from which we learn much of all family
+affairs, contains many allusions to "mon frère Rupert," in whose
+sayings and doings the brother and sister took a keen interest.
+
+Sophie had been married, October 17th, 1658, to Ernest Augustus of
+Brunswick, one of the Dukes of Hanover, and titular bishop of
+Osnabrück.  In her new home she was visited by Rupert, Sept. 1660, and
+she wrote of the visit to Charles Louis, as most satisfactory.  "My
+brother Rupert made a great friendship with my Dukes," she said; "they
+agree so very well in their amusements!"[1]  Since Sophie's Dukes were
+devoted to music and to hunting, it may easily be understood that
+Rupert's tastes accorded well with theirs.
+
+Sophie wrote "Dukes" advisedly, for she had practically married, not
+only Ernest Augustus, but his elder brother, George William.  These two
+were even more inseparable {345} than Rupert and Maurice had been, and
+their mutual affection caused considerable annoyance to the unfortunate
+Sophie.  She had been first betrothed to the elder of the two, but
+George William being seized with a panic that marriage would bore him
+horribly, had persuaded his devoted brother Ernest to take the lady off
+his hands.  Sophie acquiesced placidly in the arrangement; she desired
+chiefly to secure a good establishment, and if she had any preference,
+it was for the younger brother.  But she was not allowed to keep her
+husband to herself.  Neither brother could bear the other out of his
+sight; and when constant intercourse with his sister-in-law had roused
+George William's regret for his hasty rejection of her, the position of
+Sophie became exceedingly difficult.  Worse still, her husband was
+possessed with so ardent an admiration for his brother as to fancy that
+everyone else must adore him as he did; and this idea kept him in a
+terror of losing his wife's affections.  As he would endure separation
+from neither wife nor brother there was no remedy, and for months the
+hapless Sophie was led in to dinner by George William, without ever
+daring to raise her eyes to his face.  Luckily for her the strain
+became too much at last, even for Ernest Augustus, and he consented to
+take an eighteen months' tour in Italy with his brother, leaving his
+wife to visit her own relations in peace.[2]
+
+The eldest sister, the learned Elizabeth, had devoted herself, like
+Louise, to a religious life; and became first Coadjutrice, and
+afterwards Abbess of the Lutheran Convent of Hervorden.  In this
+capacity she governed a territory of many miles in circumference, and
+containing a population of seven thousand.  She was recognized as a
+member of the Empire, had a right to send a representative to the Diet,
+and was required to furnish one horseman and six foot soldiers to the
+Imperial army.  Every Saturday she {346} might be seen gravely knitting
+in the courtyard of her castle, while she adjudged the causes brought
+for her decision.  For some reason or other she and her religious views
+were a subject of great mirth to her brothers and sisters.  Rupert
+visited her more than once in 1660 and 1661, but, said Sophie, "Il se
+raille beaucoup de La Signora Grecque."[3] And Sophie herself usually
+alluded to her eldest sister with mild amusement, Charles Louis with
+evident irritation.
+
+Louise seems really to have been the happiest of all the family, and to
+have lived with true contentment in her convent of Maubuisson.  Sophie,
+who had the joy of visiting her there in 1679, wrote to the
+Elector:--"She has not changed.  I find her very happy, for she lives
+in a beautiful place; her garden is large and very pleasant, which is
+one of the things I love best in the world."[4]  In her next letter she
+remarked that Louise was very regular in her observance of convent
+rules, "which makes her pass for a saint;" and she added, with a little
+sigh of envy for the peace she witnessed, "I could easily accommodate
+myself to a life like that."[5]  But the reply of Charles Louis was
+satirical and unsympathetic.  "I know not if I dare ask you to make my
+very devoted 'baisemains' to my sister the Abbess of Maubuisson,
+provided that the offering of my profane lips, which still smack
+somewhat of the world, does not offend her abstracted thoughts, and
+that she can still spare some for her carnal brother, who is now only
+skin and bones.  At least, I am always grateful that she asks of me
+nothing mundane."[6]
+
+Louise lived to a cheerful and healthful old age, retaining to the last
+her interest in art.  Her own chapel and many neighbouring churches
+were beautified by the {347} productions of her brush; and in 1699,
+when she had reached the age of seventy-seven, she was painting a copy
+of Pousin's Golden Calf, as a gift for Sophie.  Her life was simple but
+peaceful: she ate no meat, slept on a bed "as hard as a stone," sat
+only on a straw stool, and rose always at mid-night to attend
+chapel.[7]  Yet she was never ill, nor did she ever lose her high
+spirits.  "She is better tempered, more lively, sees, hears and walks
+better than I do," wrote her niece Elizabeth Charlotte, the daughter of
+Charles Louis, when Louise was eighty.  "She is still able to read the
+smallest print without spectacles, has all her teeth complete, and is
+quite full of fun (popierlich), like my father when he was in a good
+humour."[8]
+
+Elizabeth Charlotte had been married to Philip of Orleans, the quondam
+husband of her fair cousin, Henrietta Stuart, and Louise was her chief
+consolation in an exceedingly unhappy life.  "One cannot believe how
+pleasant and playful the Princess of Maubuisson was," she said, "I
+always visited her with pleasure; no moment could seem tedious in her
+company.  I was in greater favour with her than her other nieces,
+(Edward's daughters,) because I could converse with her about
+everything she had gone through in her life, which the others could
+not.  She often talked to me in German, which she spoke very well.  She
+told me her comical tales.  I asked her how she had been able to
+habituate herself to a stupid cloister life.  She laughed, and said: 'I
+never speak to the nuns, except to communicate my orders.'  She said
+she had always liked a country life, and fancied she lived like a
+country girl.  I said: 'But to get up in the night and to go to
+church!'  She answered, laughing, that I knew well what painters were;
+they like to see dark places and the shadows caused by lights, and this
+gave her every day fresh taste for painting.  {348} She could turn
+everything in this way, that it should not seem dull."[9]  But in spite
+of her flippant speeches, Louise was respected by all who knew her,
+adored in her own convent, and died in the odour of sanctity, attesting
+to the end her staunch adherence to the Jacobite cause.
+
+Edward, with whom Rupert had more intercourse than with the other
+members of his family, died young, three years after the Restoration,
+and thus Rupert was left alone in England.  Occasionally he wrote to
+his sisters, but not very often.  "If you knew how much joy your
+letters give me I am sure you would have the good nature to let me
+receive them oftener than you do,"[10] declared Elizabeth.  And Sophie
+complained likewise: "It is so long since I have heard from Rupert that
+I do not know if he is still alive."[11]  With Elizabeth, Rupert had a
+common ground in the contests they both waged with "Timon" the Elector:
+"Timon is so finely vexed at the 6,000 rix dollars he has to pay me,
+out of a clear debt, that he will not send me my annuity,"[12] declared
+Elizabeth in 1665.  Rupert's own quarrels with "Timon" were more
+bitter.  The unsettled dispute about the appanage had been aggravated
+by the struggle over their mother's will.  The Queen had threatened, in
+her wrath, to bequeath her unsatisfied claims on the Elector to his
+brothers.  This she had not done, but she had made Rupert her residuary
+legatee, leaving to him most of her jewels.  The Elector, as we have
+seen, denied his mother's right to do this.  Rupert refused to give up
+his legacy, and for years the sordid dispute dragged on.
+
+In 1661 the Elector offered a sum of money in lieu of all Rupert's
+claims upon him; but the offer was rejected with scorn.  The Elector
+professed himself much injured; {349} and Sophie, who sided entirely
+with her eldest brother, wrote consolingly: "Rupert does not do you
+much harm by rejecting your money."[13]  Next Charles Louis tried to
+put his brother off by assigning to him a debt which he pretended due
+to him from France; but neither would this satisfy Rupert.  "Give me
+leave to tell you," he wrote to Arlington in 1664, "that the debt my
+brother pretends from France is a mere chimera.  It was monys promised
+to Prince John Casimir to goe bake with his army out of France, whiche,
+you will finde, is not intended to be payed yett.  As I assured His
+Majesty, I remitt the whoele business to him to dispose, and have given
+my Lord Craven order to satisfy His Majesty and yourself in all which
+shall be desired, in order to it.  Soe you may easily believe I shall
+imbrace most willingly the offers you made unto me, assuring you that I
+shall repay the favor by possible meanes I can."[14]
+
+But the mediation of Charles II did not bring matters to a peaceful
+end, and Rupert seems to have sought accommodation through Sophie.  "It
+seems to me that Rupert never remembers my existence, except when he
+thinks of being reconciled with you," declared that lady to the
+Elector.[15]  Nevertheless she did her best to produce the
+reconciliation.  "I am very glad that you are anxious to do all you can
+to content Rupert," she wrote to her eldest brother; "I do not doubt he
+will be reasonable on his side, and that he will consider your present
+position, since he expresses a desire to be friends with you."[16]  And
+in the next year, 1668, she was still hopeful.  "I hope Rupert will be
+contented with what you offer him, for he seems to be in a very good
+temper."[17]
+
+{350}
+
+But, in spite of Rupert's good temper, the affair was not concluded,
+and in 1669, even the indolent Charles II was roused to pen an
+expostulatory letter to Charles Louis, with his own hand.
+
+
+"Most dear Cosin,
+
+"It is well known to you that I have always expressed myself very much
+concerned for the differences that have been between you and my Cosin,
+Prince Rupert; and that I have not been wanting, in my indeavor to
+bring them to a good conclusion, and how unsuccessful I have been
+therein.  But, being still desirous thereof, I cannot but continue my
+interposition, and, upon a due consideration of both sides, (and very
+tenderly the state of your own affairs,) I have thought fit to offer
+yet one more expedient towards the accommodating of the matter, which
+is this:--that my Cousin Rupert shall disclaim and discharge you from
+all arrears of appanage due unto him by a former agreement, which,
+according to your owne computation,--as I am informed,--by this time,
+amounted above the sum of £6,000 sterl.  He shall alsoe lay downe all
+his pretensions as executor to the late Queene, my Aunt, contenting
+himself only with the moveables in his possession, which belong to the
+Palatinate house, and £300 sterl. by the year,--if he have no lawful
+issue--ad duram vitae; the first payment to be made forthwith, and the
+subsequent allowances at Easter Fair at Frankfort.  The one halfe of
+whiche sum, if contented, to be obliggeded to lay out in comodities and
+wines of the growth of your country.  And that you may have a more
+particular accompt of this last proposition, and the reasons inducing
+to it, I have thought fit to send unto you the bearer, James Hayes,
+Esq., my Cousin Rupert's secretary, as being best acquainted with this
+affair; to whom I desire you to give credence in this matter, and
+conjuring you to give him such a despatch as may finally dethrone this
+unhappy controversy.  Wherein, if ye shall comply with my {351} desire,
+ye shall give me a great satisfaction; but if otherwise, you must
+excuse me, if I use my utmost interest for the obtaining of that to my
+cousin, which I conceive so justly belongs to him.  I am, with all
+truth, most dear cosin,
+
+"Your most affecionat cousen,
+    "Charles R.[18]
+
+"March 31, '69."
+
+
+This letter does considerable credit to Charles's business capacities;
+but even so modest a settlement as he proposed was refused.  Nor did
+the interference of Louis XIV of France, in July 1670, produce any
+better result.  "As to the letter of the King of France about Rupert, I
+think it is easy to answer with very humble thanks, neither accepting
+nor declining his mediation," advised Sophie.[19]
+
+But Rupert's revenge was not long deferred.  About five years later the
+Elector found cause to repent his ill-usage of his obstinate brother,
+and would have given much to recall him to the home of his fathers.
+
+The scandals rife at the Court of Heidelberg, in 1658, had by no means
+abated after Rupert's withdrawal.  The dissensions of the Elector and
+Electress became a subject of public remark, and the Queen of Bohemia
+had herself written of them to Rupert, adding prudently--"I do not tell
+you this for truth, for it is written from the Court of Cassel, where,
+I confess, they are very good at telling of stories, and enlarging of
+them."[20]  But, unluckily, matters were so bad that no embellishments
+from the Court of Cassel could make them much worse.  The
+scandal--"accidents fallen out in my domestic affairs," Charles Louis
+phrased it,[21]--had come to such a pitch that the Electress, after
+boxing her husband's ears at a public dinner, and {352} attempting to
+shoot both him and Louise von Degenfeldt, fled from Heidelberg, leaving
+her two young children, Karl and Elizabeth Charlotte,--or Carellie and
+Liselotte, as their father called them,--to the mercy of her husband.
+
+Thereupon Charles Louis formally married Louise von Degenfeldt, who was
+thenceforth treated as his wife.  By her he had no less than eight
+children, but as the marriage was not, of course, really legal, none of
+those children could succeed him in the Electorate.  Carellie, his only
+legitimate son, was delicate, and his marriage childless; Elizabeth
+Charlotte had renounced all claim to the Palatinate on her marriage
+with the Duke of Orleans, and in 1674 the extinction of the Simmern
+line seemed imminent.  This danger affected Charles Louis very deeply.
+He had been a bad son, an unkind brother, and an unfaithful husband,
+but he was, for all that, a good ruler and an affectionate father.
+"The Regenerator" he was called in the war-wasted country to which his
+laborious care had brought peace and comparative prosperity; and his
+name was long remembered there with reverent love.  The prospect of
+leaving his cherished country and his beloved children to the mercy of
+a distant and Roman Catholic cousin, caused him acute suffering.  Nor
+did he believe the said children would be much better off in the care
+of their eldest brother and his wife.
+
+"What devours my heart is that, in case of my death, I leave so many
+poor innocents to the mercy of their enemies," he wrote to Sophie;
+"Wilhelmena (the wife of Carellie) shows sufficiently what I may expect
+of her for those who will be under her power after my death; since,
+particularly in company, she shows so much contempt for them.  This
+also has some influence on Carellie, who treats them--with the
+exception of Carllutz--like so many strangers, as does Wilhelmena;....
+the poor little ones are always in fear of her severe countenance."[22]
+
+{353}
+
+With this depressing prospect before him, Charles Louis turned his
+thoughts to his neglected brother, showing his confidence in Rupert's
+generosity, by his readiness to entrust him with the care of his
+children.  "George William says that the Prince Rupert ought to
+marry,"[23] wrote Sophie, quoting her troublesome brother-in-law, in
+Jan. 1674.  Such was the opinion of the now regretful Elector, and he
+pressed his brother to return, promising to grant him all he could
+desire, if he would but come and raise up heirs to the house of
+Simmern.  But Rupert remembered his oath, and answered as we have seen
+in a former chapter.  Then Sophie tried her powers of persuasion, and
+bade Lord Craven tell Rupert how much the Elector would be pleased, if
+he would but yield.  But Lord Craven showed himself, for once, severely
+practical.  If Sophie would name to him some very rich lady willing to
+marry Rupert, he would be delighted to negotiate the matter, he said;
+if not, then he begged to be excused from interference.  "And there I
+am stuck (je suis demeure)," confessed Sophie, "for I do not know how
+he would support her."[24]
+
+Nevertheless the family continued their solicitations, to which Rupert
+next retorted that the Elector had better get his cousin, the Elector
+of Brandenburg, and his sister Elizabeth to persuade Charlotte of Hesse
+to agree to a divorce; when, Louise being dead, he could marry again.
+"He must either be very ignorant of our intrigues here, or wishes to
+appear so," wrote the Elector bitterly.[25]  He knew that Charlotte
+would never forego her vengeance by setting him free, and that neither
+his cousin nor his sister would interfere in such an affair.  Elizabeth
+was, however, so far pressed into the service, that she, in her turn,
+exhorted Rupert to come over and marry.  To her he only replied, "that
+he was quite comfortable at Windsor, and had no intention {354} of
+moving; that Charles Louis had insulted him and might do what he
+pleased for an heir, he should not have him."[26] Such was his final
+word, and consequently the Palatinate passed, on the death of Carellie
+in 1685, to the Neuburg branch of the family.
+
+Charles Louis died in 1680, and Rupert did not cherish the enmity he
+had borne him beyond the grave.  On the contrary, he was anxious to do
+what he could for the benefit of his impecunious nephews and nieces.
+For Carellie he did not care, the young Elector had offended him by his
+neglect,[27] but it was not Carellie who needed his protection; it was
+rather against Carellie that he took up the cause of the Raugräfen, as
+Charles Louis' children by Louise were called.  The circumstances of
+the case had left them completely dependent on their eldest brother,
+who bore them no great love.  This was not due to the fact that their
+mother had supplanted his own.  Carellie had never loved his mother; he
+had often told his father that he paid no heed to what Charlotte might
+say, and had himself urged her to consent to a divorce.[28]  But he was
+of a peculiar temperament, jealous, fretful, difficult, and his dislike
+of the Raugräfen was really due, partly to the influence of his
+disagreeable wife, and partly to jealousy of the affection which his
+father had always shown to them, especially to Moritzien,--poor
+Moritzien, gifted with all the Palatine fascination and brilliancy, but
+ruined by a life of uninterrupted indulgence, so that he drank himself
+to death.
+
+Promises of providing for these cadets had been wrung from Carellie by
+his anxious father, but these promises he showed himself in no haste to
+keep, and Sophie appealed, on their behalf to Rupert.  He showed
+himself ready to assist them, and demanded a concise account of the
+whole {355} busiess, in order that he might be qualified to
+interfere.[29] "Not that he thinks the Elector will break his sacred
+promise to his father,"[30] declared Sophie.  Nevertheless she urged
+the eldest Raugraf, Karl Ludwig, or "Carllutz," who had shortly before
+visited Rupert in England, to write very affectionately to his uncle,
+in gratitude for the interest shown in them.[31]  But, unfortunately
+for the Raugräfen, Rupert did not long survive his brother; and only a
+few months later Sophie wrote to one of her nieces: "You have lost a
+great friend in my brother Prince Rupert.  I am very much troubled and
+overwhelmed with the unexpected loss.  I know the Electress Dowager
+will also bewail him."[32]
+
+Considering that for more than twenty years Sophie had not seen her
+brother, her grief seems a little excessive, but doubtless she lamented
+him for many reasons.  The memory of old days dwelt with her all the
+more as she advanced in years, and latterly she had drawn nearer to her
+brother.  By his means a marriage had been projected between Sophie's
+eldest son George and the Princess Anne, the second daughter of the
+Duke of York.  During the progress of this negotiation, Sophie sent
+George over to England, on a visit to his uncle.  She had some
+misgivings about his reception, for, as she confessed, George was not
+"assez beau" to resemble a Palatine in any way, though her second son
+Friedrich, or "Gustien," as she called him, was tall and
+handsome,--"the very image of Rupert" (Rupert tout crâché).[33]
+Gustien had, moreover, not only Rupert's handsome face and gigantic
+stature, but also his resolute character.  "If he would have changed
+his religion, he might have succeeded well at the Imperial Court,"
+{356} wrote his mother; "but he has too much of his uncle Rupert not to
+be firm in his religion."[34]
+
+However, George, if less favoured by nature, was still the eldest son,
+and therefore of necessity the bridegroom elect.  Notwithstanding his
+want of good looks he was very kindly received, both by King Charles
+and Rupert.  The King declared that he would treat him "en cousin," and
+lodged him in Whitehall.  Rupert paid him daily visits when his health
+allowed of it, but he was very ill, and often confined to his bed.  "I
+went to visit Prince Rupert, who received me in bed," wrote George to
+his mother; "he has a malady in his leg, which makes him very often
+keep his bed; it appears that it is so, without any pretext, and that
+he has to take care of himself.  He had not failed one day of coming to
+see me."[35]
+
+But though entertained with "extraordinary magnificence,"[36] the
+Hanoverian was not favourably impressed with either England or the
+Princess Anne.  The country was in a ferment over the alleged discovery
+of the Popish Plot, and George regarded the judicial murders then
+perpetrated with astonished disgust.  "They cut off the head of Lord
+Stafford yesterday, and made no more ado than if they had chopped off
+the head of a pullet," he told his mother.[37]
+
+But notwithstanding the averseness of the intended bridegroom, the
+project was not at once renounced; and Rupert's last letter to Sophie,
+written shortly before his death, contained definite proposals on the
+subject.  "En ma dernière, chère soeur, je vous ai informé que cette
+poste je pourrai dire plus de nouvelles assurées de l'affaire en
+question.  Saches done, en peu de mots, on offre 40 mille livres sterl.
+assigné caution marchande, et 10 mille livres sterl. par an, durant la
+vie de M. le Duc, votre mari; et on souhaite {357} que donerez liberté
+a M votre fils de demeurer quelques temps en ce pays là, fin d'aprendre
+la langue, et faire connaître au peuple, ce qu'on trouve nécessaire en
+tout cas.  Voyez ce que j'ai ordre de vous dire, et de demander un
+réponse pour savoir si l'affaire vous agrée; si vous avez pour
+agréable, quelle en face, il sera nécessaire que M. le Duc m'envoie un
+homme d'affaires, avec ses instructions, et ses assurées que sera bien
+... de celui qui est à vous; Rupert.
+
+"Il faut vous dire si 1'affaire se fait ou non vous avez fort grand
+obligation à la Duchesse de Portchmouth;[38] elle vous assure de toutes
+ses services en cette affaire."[39]
+
+Apparently the offered terms were not acceptable to the Hanoverians,
+for the negotiation closed with Rupert's death.
+
+Rupert died, to all appearance, unmarried, but he left two children, a
+son and a daughter.  More than once he had seriously contemplated
+matrimony.  In 1653 it had been rumoured that he was about to wed his
+cousin Mary, the Princess Royal, widow of the Prince of Orange.[40]  In
+1664 he made proposals for a Royal lady of France, but the said lady
+objected that he had been "too long and too deeply attached to a
+certain Duchess."[41]  That obstacle was removed in the same year by
+the Duchess of Richmond's clandestine love-match with Thomas Howard;
+but the French lady was long in coming to a decision, and in the
+meantime the young Francesca Bard crossed Rupert's path.
+
+Francesca was the eldest daughter of Sir Henry Bard, one of the wilder
+Cavaliers, who had been raised to the Irish peerage as Viscount
+Bellamont; the same who had pleaded so earnestly with Rupert for
+Windebank's life in 1645.  He had died during the exile, when on a
+mission to {358} Persia; and Francesca, on the death of her only
+brother, assumed the family title, as Lady Bellamont.  Except a title
+her father had nothing to bequeath, and it was probably the urgent
+petitions for the relief of their poverty, addressed by the family to
+the King, that first brought Francesca into contact with Rupert.[42]
+
+The Prince loved Francesca Bard, renounced his French alliance, and
+thenceforth turned a deaf ear to all entreaties that he would marry.  A
+son was born to him, and christened "Dudley."  Rupert seems to have
+cared for the boy, and he certainly conducted his education with
+anxious solicitude.  He sent him first to school at Eton, where he
+could himself watch over him from Windsor.  At Eton the boy was
+distinguished for his "gentleness of temper," and "the aimiableness of
+his behaviour," characteristics which he certainly did not inherit from
+his father.  Nevertheless he had Rupert's martial spirit, and like his
+father before him, he early showed an aversion to study, and a passion
+for arms.  Rupert observing this and remembering his own boyhood,
+removed his son from Eton and placed him under the care of Sir Jonas
+Moore at the Tower, in order that he might receive instructions in
+mathematics and other subjects necessary for a military profession.[43]
+
+To Dudley, at his death, the Prince left his house and estate at
+Rhenen, the debts still due to him from the Emperor, from the Elector
+Palatine, and from all persons not natural born subjects of England.
+The English debts, which were considerably less, he destined to be
+divided amongst his servants.[44]
+
+"Der armer Dodley,"[45] as his Aunt Sophie called him, went to Germany
+to secure his property, and was received {359} with great kindness by
+the Palatines, though there was a difficulty about the house at Rhenen,
+that being entailed property.[46]  In 1685 he was back again in
+England, fighting loyally for King James, as his father would have
+approved.  In the battle of Norton St. Philip, where Monmouth fought an
+indecisive battle with Grafton, Churchill and Feversham, we find
+"Captain Rupert, the Prince's son," in command of the musketeers, and
+playing a prominent part.[47]  But when the rebellion had been
+suppressed, Dudley returned to Germany, seeking employment in the wars
+waged by the Empire against the Turks.  He had all his father's active
+spirit and dauntless courage, but he had not also his enchanted life.
+In August 1686 young Dudley fell, in a desperate attempt made by some
+English volunteers to scale the walls of Buda.  His death is mentioned
+with deep regret in several contemporary letters and diaries.  Though
+so young--he was only nineteen--he had already become famous for his
+valour, and exceedingly popular on account of his lovable character.[48]
+
+Many believed him to have been Rupert's lawful son, and there seem to
+have been some grounds for the belief.  He was universally known as
+"Dudley Rupert", and his mother maintained to the end of her days that
+she had been Rupert's wife.  Her claim was practically acknowledged in
+Germany, where morganatic marriages were already in fashion; and even
+in England rumours of it were rife.  "Some say Prince Rupert, in his
+last sickness, owned his marriage," says a letter in the Verney
+Correspondence, "if so, his son is next heir, after him, to the
+Palsgrave.[49]  But no public acknowledgment ever took place, and
+Rupert styled the boy in his will, "Dudley {360} Bard."  On the other
+hand, he bequeathed to him property entailed on heirs male, and the
+Emperor actually paid to Francesca, after her son's death, the sum of
+20,000 crowns which he had owed to Rupert.[50]
+
+It seems possible that there was some kind of marriage,[51] but that
+such marriages were of rather doubtful legality.  It could not have
+given Dudley royal rank, and hardly even a claim to the Palatinate,[52]
+for, had such a claim existed, Rupert would certainly have put his son
+forward when the House of Simmern was crying out for an heir.  His
+niece, Elizabeth Charlotte of Orléans, declared that he had deceived
+Francesca with a false marriage.  But the good Duchess was notoriously
+ignorant of her uncle's affairs, and added to her story several
+impossible circumstances which tend to discredit it, asserting, among
+other things, that Rupert had been lodging at the time, in Henry Bard's
+house, though Bard had been dead nearly ten years.[53]  Moreover, such
+treachery is at variance with Rupert's whole character and all his
+known actions, and, though he cannot be said to have treated Francesca
+well, he may at least be acquitted of the baseness suggested by his
+niece.
+
+During Rupert's life-time no mention is made of Francesca in letters or
+papers, public or private.  Yet, after his death, we find frequent
+reference to her as to a well-known personage.  Two reasons for her
+retirement suggest themselves.  In the first place she was, as she
+herself asserted, too virtuous to care to have any dealings with the
+corrupt Court, and in the second place she was a devout Roman Catholic.
+Considering the prevalent horror of "Popery," the fanatical agitation
+concerning the second marriage of the Duke of {361} York, and Rupert's
+position as the popular hero, it may be that Francesca's religion made
+him unwilling to bring her forward publicly.  But, be the exact facts
+of his connection with her what they may, that bond was probably the
+true reason for his obdurate refusal to hear of any other marriage.
+
+The later history of Francesca is sufficiently curious.  In consequence
+of her own avoidance of the Court she had no powerful friends in
+England, and on Rupert's death, she sought refuge with his sister
+Sophie.  The kindly Electress received her as a sister, though she
+quite realised the difficulty of proving her right to the name.  "She
+says she was married to my brother," wrote Sophie, "but it will be very
+difficult to prove; and because she has always behaved herself
+honourably, she has no friends at Court."[54]
+
+Of Dudley his aunt wrote as "the noble Dudley Rupert," and she actively
+assisted him to make good his claims to the property left him by his
+father.[55]  After his death she endeavoured to get his possessions
+transferred to his mother, and wrote on the subject both to James II
+and to Lord Craven.  "It will help her to enter a convent," she said,
+"for the poor woman will be inconsolable."[56]
+
+But the lively Irish woman, devout, though she was, had no taste for
+the cloister, and preferred to remain at Sophie's Court, where she was
+greatly beloved.  "She is an upright, good and virtuous woman; there
+are few like her; we all love her!"[57] declared the Electress.  In a
+later letter she refers to the lively wit of Francesca, "who makes us
+all laugh,"[58]
+
+Evidently she accompanied Sophie on her visits to other potentates, and
+by William III she was accorded almost royal rank.  In 1700 she went
+with Sophie to visit him at his Palace at Loo, and was there admitted
+to the royal {362} table.  "The King ate in the back stairs, without an
+armchair, with only the two Electresses, the Princess, and the Irish
+Lady (Francesca), the Electoral Prince, and the Prince of Hesse," says
+an Englishman, writing to a friend.  "The rest of the company dined at
+the other tables below."[59]
+
+After the English Revolution of 1688 Francesca became a staunch and
+active Jacobite.[60]  She made no secret of her views, and even
+stimulated Sophie's own sympathy for her exiled relatives.  The envoys
+of William III and of Queen Anne inveighed bitterly against "one Madame
+Bellamont, a noted lady, who is in favour with the Electress, has been
+her chief confidante, and to her all the discontented politicians
+address themselves, Papists and Sectaries.  She is of the former
+communion, and I may safely say she is one of the most silly creatures
+that ever was born and bred in it, to say nothing of the scandal her
+person hath so justly deserved."[61]  The same writer asserted that
+Francesca was the only person who could speak English at the Electoral
+Court; and frequent references to her are found in the despatches of
+himself and his successor.  "A Lady whom they call ye Lady Bellamont,"
+says one, "whose character ye well know already.  She was Mistress, and
+she pretends married, to Prince Rupert, and as she is a zealous Roman
+Catholic so she seems to be a faithful friend to the Court of St.
+Germains, but is nevertheless used here with much kindness and
+civility."[62]
+
+In 1708 Francesca undertook a journey to France on Jacobite business,
+but, opposed though her actions were to Sophie's interests, they could
+not diminish that lady's love for her.  The Electress, declared the
+enraged English envoys, was as much enamoured as her brother had
+been.[63] {363} And so she remained until Francesca's death in August
+1708, when she wrote mournfully to one of her nieces: "I have lost my
+good, honourable, charitable Madame Bellamont."[64]
+
+Strange enough was the position of the Jacobite lady in the Hanoverian
+Court, but the situation was rendered yet more complicated by the
+presence of Rupert's daughter, Ruperta, as the wife of
+Brigadier-General Emanuel Scrope Howe, William III's "envoy
+extraordinary to the most Serene House of Brunswick Lunenburg."  The
+mother of Ruperta was a far less reputable person than was Francesca
+Bard.  Rupert had, as we have seen, kept himself apart from much of the
+wickedness of Charles II's court, but in the summer of 1668 he was
+unhappily persuaded to accompany his cousin to Tunbridge Wells.  There
+he fell a victim to the charms of the actress, Margaret Hughes.[65]
+This woman obtained considerable influence over him, and he purchased
+for her a house at Hammersmith; also he left to her and his daughter,
+in equal shares, all that remained of his personal property, after the
+claims of Dudley and his servants had been satisfied.  This, when all
+had been realised, amounted to about £6,000 each; not an extravagant
+provision, but then Rupert did not die rich.
+
+Occasional mention of Mrs. Hughes is found in contemporary letters.  In
+1670 her brother, who was in Rupert's service, was killed by one of the
+King's servants, in a dispute over the rival charms of Peg Hughes and
+Nell Gwyn.[66]  A little later, Sophie informed the Elector that the
+woman was in high favour at Windsor, and would, she feared, get
+possession of the Queen of Bohemia's jewels.  "Ein jeder seiner Weis
+gefelt!" she concluded sarcastically.[67] In another letter she wrote
+that the Danish Ambassador thought Mrs. Hughes very modest.  "I was
+going to say {364} the most modest of the Court, but that would be no
+great praise!"[68]  She seems, however, to have put slight faith in the
+assurance, for she earnestly desired Ruperta's marriage, on the grounds
+that she could get no good from her mother.[69]  It was said that
+Rupert, when dying, had sent his Garter to the King, with the request
+that it, together with the hand of Ruperta, might be bestowed on
+Charles's son, Lord Burford.[70]  With this request the King did not
+comply; and about 1696 Ruperta married Emmanuel Howe, son of Mr. John
+Howe of Langar, in Nottinghamshire.
+
+For some time the marriage was kept a secret, for Howe feared the
+displeasure of the then King, William III.  At last, just before his
+departure to Hanover, he permitted the Duke of Albemarle to break the
+news to the King.  William was pleased to be gracious, and even
+recommended Ruperta to Sophie's notice, saying: "She is very modest,
+and lives like an angel with her husband."[71]  The husband in question
+met with Sophie's approval, for she thought him "a fine man, rich, and
+in a good position."[72]  With Francesca he had a double cause of
+enmity, both public and private, and he wrote of her as virulently as
+his predecessors had done, declaring that she "has done her endeavours
+continually to cross my transactions here for the Queen's service;"[73]
+and again,--"She is indeed a very simple creature, but as malitious and
+violent as is possible for anything to bee."[74]
+
+Nevertheless the large-hearted Electress made her niece almost as
+welcome as she had made her reputed sister-in-law, and the Jacobite
+_intrigante_ and the Orange Ambassadress, both so closely connected
+with Rupert, seem to have {365} contrived to reside in comparative
+peace, under the protection of the mother of the house of Hanover.
+
+But for the bar sinister the claim of Ruperta to the English throne
+would have preceded that of Sophie's son, George I.  It has sometimes
+been regretted that Rupert left no legitimate child who might have
+reigned in George's stead; but it may be safely conjectured that the
+fact would not have been a subject of regret with Rupert himself.  He
+would have been the last person to wish that any child of his should
+supplant the house of Stuart, which he had so long and so faithfully
+served.  Honest in all his dealings, faithful to his friends, and
+unswervingly loyal to his king he had ever been, and in his old age he
+would not have turned traitor.  Loyalty and strength were the key-notes
+of his character.  Never did he break his given word, with friend and
+foe alike he scrupulously kept faith, and whatsoever he found to do, he
+did it with all his might.  In all things he had the courage of his
+opinions; and the rigid temperance which he practised from his earliest
+youth, in an age and a country where drinking was almost universal,
+shows an unusual independence of character, and an unusual degree of
+self-respect.
+
+His private life, if judged by the standard of the present day, was far
+from virtuous, but it was virtue itself when compared with the practice
+of those who were his daily associates.  His exceptional powers of mind
+raised him above the ordinary intellectual level; his personal valour
+surpassed all common courage!  But, if his talents and virtues were in
+the superlative degree, so also were his failings.  His consciousness
+of his own powers made him over-confident, impatient of advice,
+intolerant of contradiction.  His jealous pride rendered him incapable
+of filling the second place.  With advancing years these faults were
+somewhat amended,--for Rupert was too wise not to profit by experience;
+but, as his hot temper and youthful insolence had won him the hatred of
+Charles I's courtiers, so his {366} cold cynicism and haughty disdain
+made him detested of the Court of Charles II.
+
+In the coarse and witty memoirs of that brilliant Court, Rupert passes
+without notice, or with only an occasional satirical reference.  One
+noble writer, Anthony Hamilton, has, however, left a description of
+him, which, though written in prejudice, is not without its value.
+
+"He was brave and courageous to rashness, but cross-grained, and
+incorrigibly obstinate.  His genius was fertile in mathematical
+experiments, and he had some knowledge of chemistry.  He was polite to
+extravagance when there was no occasion for it; but haughty and rude
+where it was his interest to conciliate.  He was tall and ungracious.
+He had a hard, stern expression even when he wished to please, and when
+he was out of temper his countenance was truly terrifying"--("une
+physiognomic vraiment de reprouvé").[75]
+
+Such was the view of a courtier; Rupert's friends and inferiors saw him
+in another light.  Beneath the cynical exterior the Prince had a kind
+heart still; his personal followers loved him; the poor blessed him for
+his charity; the trades-people remembered with wondering gratitude his
+"just and ready payment of their bills;" the sailors looked to him as
+the "seaman's friend;" impecunious scholars and inventors sought, not
+in vain, his aid and countenance; the distressed Cavaliers appealed to
+him in well-founded confidence that they would be heard and helped.[76]
+"In respect of his private life," says Campbell, writing while the
+memory of the Prince still dwelt among the living, "he was so just, so
+beneficent, so courteous, that his memory remained dear to all who knew
+him; this I say of my own knowledge, having often heard old people in
+Berkshire speak in raptures of Prince Rupert!"[77]
+
+
+
+[1] Briefwechsel der Herzogin Sophie mit Karl Ludwig von der Pfalz.  p.
+38.  Sophie to Karl.  21 Sept. 1660.
+
+[2] Memorien der Herzogin Sophie, pp. 64-67.
+
+[3] Briefwechsel des Herzogin Sophie mit Karl Ludwig.  p. 35.  Sophie
+to Karl, 1660.
+
+[4] Ibid.  pp. 371-3.  24 Aug. 1679.
+
+[5] Ibid.  p. 374.  4 Sept. 1679.
+
+[6] Ibid.  p. 371.  15 Aug. 1679.
+
+[7] Briefe der Prinzessin Elizabeth Charlotte von Orleans an die
+Raugräfinnen.  7 Aug. 1699.  p. 43.  ed. 1843.
+
+[8] Strickland.  Queens of Scotland, VIII.  p. 403.
+
+[9] Green's Princesses, VI.  p. 61.
+
+[10] Bromley Letters, p. 354.  20/30 May, 1665.
+
+[11] Bromley, p. 226.  31 Oct. 1661.
+
+[12] Bromley, p. 254.  20/30 May, 1665.
+
+[13] Briefe der Herzogin Sophie, p. 48.
+
+[14] Dom. State Papers.  Chas. II.  103.  40.  Rupert to Arlington.
+Oct. 11, 1644.
+
+[15] Briefe der Herzogin.  p. 133.
+
+[16] Ibid.  p. 116.
+
+[17] Ibid.  133.
+
+[18] Dom. Entry Book.  Record Office, 31.  fol. 21.
+
+[19] Briefe der Herzogin, 9 July, 1669, p. 141.
+
+[20] Bromley Letters, p. 291.
+
+[21] Ibid.  p. 236.
+
+[22] Briefwechsel der Herzogin mit Karl Ludwig, p. 179.  Karl to
+Sophie, 5 Mar. 1674.
+
+[23] Briefe der Herzogin, p. 175.  24 Jan. 1674.
+
+[24] Ibid.  p. 315.  10 Feb. 1678.
+
+[25] Ibid.  p. 385, 28 Oct. 1679.
+
+[26] Strickland's Elizabeth Stuart.  Queens of Scotland, VIII.  p. 210.
+
+[27] Briefe der Herzogin Sophie an die Raugräfen, etc.  p. 32.  27 Dec.
+1682.
+
+[28] Briefwechsel mit Karl Ludwig, pp. 348. 329.  7 Feb. 1679 and 25
+June, 1678.
+
+[29] Briefe an die Raugräfen, p. 17.  14 Mar. 1680.
+
+[30] Briefe.  p. 11.  20 Dec. 1680.
+
+[31] Ibid.  p. 17.
+
+[32] Briefe an die Raugräfen, p. 32.  27 Dec. 1682.
+
+[33] Strickland.  Queens of Scotland, VIII.  p. 334.  Briefwechsel der
+Herzogin mit Karl Ludwig.
+
+[34] Strickland.  Queens of Scotland, VIII.  p. 345.
+
+[35] Strickland.  Queens of England, X.  p. 313.
+
+[36] Memoir of Rupert, Preface.
+
+[37] Queens of England, X.  p. 313.
+
+[38] Renée de la Querouaille, Duchess of Portsmouth.
+
+[39] Hist. MSS. Com. Rept. 9, 18 Sept. 1682.  Morrison MSS.
+
+[40] Clar. State Papers.  Cal.  Vol. II.  Fol. 1271.  News Letter, 8
+July, 1653.
+
+[41] Bromley Letters, p. 252, 22 Mar. 1664.
+
+[42] Cal. Dom. S. P.  1660, pp. 300, 331.
+
+[43] Wood's Athense Oxouiensis.  ed. 1815.  Vol. II.  Fasti I.  p. 490.
+Campbell II.  250.
+
+443] Wills from Doctor's Commons, p. 142.
+
+[45] Briefe an die Raugräfen, p. 33.  12 Mar. 1683.
+
+[46] Briefe an die Raugräfen, p. 49.  Campbell, p. 250.  Vol. II.
+
+[47] Hist. MSS. Com.  IX.  3.  p. 36.
+
+[48] Hist. MSS. Com.  Rept. V.  App. I.  p. 187.  Sutherland MSS.  Aug.
+1686.  Autobiography of Sir John Bramston.  p. 236.  Camden Society.
+
+[49] Hist. MSS. Com.  Rept. VII.  p. 479_b_.  Verney MSS.
+
+[50] Add. MSS.  28898.  fol. 21.  Brit. Mus.
+
+[51] Since going to press the author has been shown a document
+purporting to be the marriage certificate of Prince Rupert and the Lady
+Francesca Bard; it is dated July 30 1664, and signed by Henry Biguell,
+Minister (Vicar of Petersham).
+
+[52] Cf. Marriage of Geo. Wm. Duke of Hanover with Eleonore D'Olbreuse.
+His children were excluded from succession.
+
+[53] Briefe der Prinzessin Elizabeth Charlotte, ed. Menzel.  1843.  p.
+86.
+
+[54] Briefe der Kurfürstin Sophie an die Raugräfen, p. 84.  12 Mar.
+1680.
+
+[55] Briefe an die Raugräfen, p. 49.  9 Sept. 1686.
+
+[56] Briefe an die Raugräfen, p. 49.
+
+[57] Briefe an die Raugräfen, p. 152.  11 Feb. 1697.
+
+[58] Briefe an die Raugräfen, p. 269.  1 Oct 1704.
+
+[59] Hist. MSS. Com.  Rept. 12.  App. 3.  MSS. of Earl Cowper, II.  p.
+404.
+
+[60] A Jacobite at the Court of Hanover.  Eng. Hist. Review.  F. F.
+Chance.
+
+[61] Regencies.  Record Office.  2.  3.  12 Sept. 1702.
+
+[62] Regencies.  3.  19 Sept. 1704.
+
+[63] Add MSS.  23908.  fol. 82.  Brit. Mus.
+
+[64] Briefe an die Raugräfen, p. 285.  16 Aug. 1708.
+
+[65] Hamilton's Mémoires du Comte de Grammont.  ed. 1876.  pp. 242-243.
+
+[66] Hist. MSS. Com.  Rept. 12.  Rutland MSS.  II.  17.
+
+[67] Briefwechsel mit Karl Ludwig, p. 194.  3 July, 1674.
+
+[68] Briefwechsel mit Karl Ludwig, p. 368.  6 July, 1679.
+
+[69] Briefe an die Raugräfen.  p. 149.  4-14 Dec. 1696.
+
+[70] Hist. MSS. Com.  Rep. 7.  p. 480_b_.  Verney MSS.
+
+[71] Briefe der Kurfürstin Sophie an die Raugräfen, p. 183, 26 Oct.
+1698.
+
+[72] Ibid.
+
+[73] Regencies.  4 Jan., Feb. 1706.
+
+[74] Ibid.  4, 22 May, 1708.
+
+[75] Hamilton's De Grammont.  ed. 1876.  p. 242.
+
+[76] Hist. Memoir of Prince Rupert, ed. 1683.  Preface.
+
+[77] Campbell's Admirals, II.  p. 250.
+
+
+
+
+{369}
+
+INDEX
+
+
+A
+
+Abbot, Mr., 86-87.
+
+Abingdon, 162.
+
+Africa, Natives of, 257-259; trade with, 302, 307, 338.
+
+Albemarle, Duke of, (_see_ Monk,) 297, 302, 307, 309, 341, 364; as
+Admiral, 311-313, 316, 318.
+
+Aldbourn Chase, Battle of, 121.
+
+Allen, Captain, 223.
+
+Ambassador, French, 124.
+
+Anne of Austria, (Queen Regent of France,) 209, 213, 215, 246, 267.
+
+Anne de Gonzague, (Princess Palatine,) 209, 278.
+
+Anne Queen, (_see_ York,) 362.
+
+"Antelope", The, 228, 232.
+
+Archduke, The, (_see_ also Leopold,) 51, 299.
+
+Arguin, Fleet at, 253-4.
+
+Argyle, Duke of, 230.
+
+Arlington, Lord, (_see_ Bennett,) 312-313, 320; letters of Rupert to,
+304-5, 309, 349.
+
+Armentières, 214-215, 216.
+
+Army, New Model, 163, 172-3.
+
+Arras, 215.
+
+Arundel, Lord, 22, 44.
+
+Ashburnham, John, 78, 123, 133, 136, 156, 157, 172, 180, 191.
+
+Astley, Sir Jacob, (afterwards Lord,) 34, 70, 85, 91, 99, 168, 172,
+174; letters of, 126, 165; letters to, 165-166.
+
+Aston, Sir Arthur, 69, 74, 91, 106.
+
+Aubigny, Lord, (George Stuart,) 93.
+
+Aylesbury, 128.
+
+Azores, The, 247-248, 251-252, 262.
+
+
+
+B
+
+Baden, Margrave of, 51.
+
+Bagot, Sir William, 70, 166.
+
+Balfour, 97, 154.
+
+Ball, Captain, 126.
+
+Bampfylde, Colonel, 280-281.
+
+Banbury, 96-97.
+
+Banckert, Admiral, 325, 327.
+
+Banner, General, 37, 50, 51.
+
+Bard, Francesca, (Viscountess Bellamont,) 357-365.
+
+Bard, Dudley, 358-361.
+
+Bard, Sir Henry, (Viscount Bellamont,) 126, 357, 360; letter of, to
+Rupert, 170.
+
+Basing House, 161.
+
+Batten, Captain, 223, 225, 227, 318.
+
+Bavaria, Duke of, 8, 45, 51, 52, 55; Duchess of, 52.
+
+Beaufort, Duc de, 312.
+
+Beckman, Captain, 223.
+
+Bedford, Earl of, 123.
+
+Bedford, 125.
+
+Beeston Castle, 168.
+
+Bellamont; _see_ Bard.
+
+Bellasys, Lord, 115, 196.
+
+Bennett, Henry, (_see_ Arlington,) 275.
+
+Berkeley, Sir John, 276.
+
+Birmingham, 103-104.
+
+Blake, Admiral, 241-245.
+
+Blechingdon House, 169.
+
+Blount, Sir Charles, 126.
+
+Bohemia, 3-5.
+
+Bolton, 144.
+
+Boswell, Sir W., 55.
+
+Boye, 44, 79-81; death of, 81, 150.
+
+Brandenburg, Elector of, 5-6, 280, 353; Catharine, Electress of, 5-6,
+211.
+
+Breda, Siege of, 34-35.
+
+Brentford, Lord, (_see_ Ruthven,) 162.
+
+Bristol, 113, 118, 177, 180; siege of, 114-117, 180-182.
+
+Bristol, Earl of, 94.
+
+Brouncker, Mr., 308-309.
+
+Brunswick, Christian of, 7.
+
+Buckingham, George Villiers, first Duke of, 12; letters of Prince Henry
+to, 13; death of, 13; daughter of, 12, 111.
+
+Buckingham, Second Duke of, 225, 273, 295, 337.
+
+Bulstrode, Sir Richard, 92.
+
+Bunckley, M., 277.
+
+Burnet, Bishop, 309.
+
+Burford, Lord, 364.
+
+Butler, Colonel, 183.
+
+Byron, Sir John, (afterwards Lord,) 95, 100, 120, 130, 140, 160, 164,
+167-168, 190.
+
+Byron, Sir Nicholas, 90.
+
+Byron, Sir Robert, 70.
+
+
+
+C
+
+Cabal, The, 320, 322, 323, 331.
+
+Caldecot House, Attack on, 86.
+
+Calvinist Princes, 4.
+
+Cambridge, Duke of, 336.
+
+Canterbury, Archbishop of, 304.
+
+Carleton, Sir Dudley, 10.
+
+Carlisle, Lord, 340.
+
+Carlisle, Lady, 78.
+
+Carnarvon, Lord, 27, 119, 122.
+
+Carteret, Sir George, 255, 318.
+
+Cartwright, Captain, 228.
+
+Casimir, Prince, 43.
+
+Casimir, Prince John, 349.
+
+Cavaliers, First defeat of, 121; character of, 332-333; distressed,
+336-337.
+
+Cave, Sir Richard, 127.
+
+Chalgrove Field, 108-110.
+
+Chapelle, M. de La, 219-220.
+
+Charles I.  As Prince, 7; as King, 12, 13, 21-24, 27, 30, 31, 40, 43,
+48-52, 56, 57, 58, 60-61, 67, 71, 77-78, 87, 88, 91-93, 119-120, 133,
+141, 146, 160-161, 189-190, 208, 214, 223, 237, 295, 332, 336; letters
+of, 32, 63, 138, 141, 143, 147, 152-153, 157, 166, 187, 194, 213, 218,
+231; letters to, 15, 50, 185-186; attempts to treat with Parliament,
+85, 99, 102, 128, 163; disavows Rupert's action, 86; fears Rupert's
+violence, 94; in want of money, 95; advances on London, 98-99; recalls
+Rupert to Oxford, 106; meets Queen at Edgehill, 111; disturbed councils
+of, 108; affection for Duke and Duchess of Richmond, 111-112; goes to
+Bristol, 118-119; at siege of Gloucester, 120; defeated at Newbury,
+121-122, 161; vacillates between parties, 122-123, 124, 143, 170-173;
+desires to send Prince of Wales to West, 142; attempts to prejudice,
+against Rupert, 145; successes of, in West, 154; removes Wilmot,
+154-155; desires to reconcile Rupert with Digby, 157-158; retreats to
+Oxford, 161-162; last campaign of, 170-173; defeated at Naseby, 173;
+retreats to Wales, 173, 177; refuses to treat, 178-179; dismisses
+Rupert, 184; at Newark, 186-187; permits Rupert's trial, 195; offended
+by Rupert's conduct, 197-198; reconciled with Rupert, 199-201; goes to
+Scots, 201; reproaches Charles Louis, 206-207; reaction in favour of,
+222; attempt of, to escape, 231-232; death of, 236-239.
+
+Charles II.  As Prince, 77, 100, 107, 159, 167, 173, 199, 213, 220,
+221, 222, 224-226, 229, 232, 236, 237, devoted to Rupert, 142, 174,
+230; courtship of Mademoiselle, 218-219; negotiates with Scots,
+229-230; as King, 239, 241, 255, 266, 268, 275, 278, 279, 285, 298,
+299, 300, 301, 303-305, 310, 311, 315-317, 319, 321, 325, 332, 340,
+341, 342, 356; letters to, 243, 254-255, 281, 306; letters of, 265,
+270, 276, 350-351; quarrel with Rupert, 270-273; quarrel with
+Henrietta, 276; goes to Cologne, 277; Rupert acts for, at Vienna, 277,
+280, 296; begs Rupert to remain with him, 278; relations with Rupert,
+282, 294-296, 331, 334-338; quarrel with James of York, 282;
+restoration of, 293; care for Navy, 302; Rupert complains to, 314, 318,
+326; excuses the French Fleet, 328; plot against, 329-330; mediates
+between Rupert and Elector, 349; chaplain of, 295.
+
+Charles Louis, Elector Palatine.  Letters of, to Elizabeth of Bohemia,
+9, 24-27, 30, 42, 43, 50, 57, 207, 209, 211, 239, 286, 297; to Charles
+I, 15; to Sir T. Roe, 89; to Rupert, 277, 288; to Sophie, 289, 346,
+352, 353.  Letters of Princess Sophie to, 344, 346, 349, 351; of Rupert
+to, 290; of Charles II to, 350-351.  Early life of, 3, 8, 10, 11,
+14-20; comes of age, visit to England, 21-24; favourite son of
+Elizabeth, 17, 21, 41; secures aid in England, 28; attempts to recover
+Palatinate, 35-39; desires to send servant to Rupert, 42-43; prisoner
+in Paris, 48-49; goes to England, 50; sides with Parliament, 88-89,
+205-208: receives money from Parliament, 184, 207; indifference to the
+King's death, 239; visits Rupert and Maurice, 203, 205; indignant with
+Edward, 209-210; supports Philip, 210-212; desires reconciliation with
+brothers 239-240; restoration of, 283; neglects Elizabeth, 283-285;
+cordial to Rupert, 287-288; quarrel with Rupert, 290, 301, 348-351;
+desires Rupert's return, 290, 353-354; attempts to injure Rupert,
+299-300; unfortunate marriage of, 289, 351-352; love for Louise von
+Degenfeldt, 289, 352; daughter of, 347; anxiety of, for children, 352;
+death of, 354; children of, 354-355.
+
+Chester, Bishop of, 144.
+
+Chicheley, 335.
+
+Choqueux; _see_ De Choqueux.
+
+Churchill, John, 359.
+
+Cirencester, 101-102, 120, 125.
+
+Clare, Lord, 123.
+
+Clarendon, Lord, (_see_ Hyde, Edward,) 77, 78, 83, 186, 310, 312;
+opinion of Rupert, 2, 72-73, 151-152; opinion of Maurice, 73.
+
+Cleveland, 64, 80.
+
+Clubmen, 164, 168, 180.
+
+Coke, 335.
+
+Colbert, 339; opinion of Rupert, 266, 295.
+
+Colster, Captain, 59.
+
+Condé, Prince of, 245.
+
+"Constant Reformation", 246, 247, 255, 271; wreck of, 248-251.
+
+"Convertine", 223-224.
+
+Conway, Lord, 208.
+
+Cook, Captain, 335.
+
+Cork, Governor of, 236.
+
+Cornish Soldiers, zeal of, 115-116.
+
+Cornwallis, Lord, 220.
+
+Cortez, Robert, 286.
+
+Cottington, 157.
+
+Courland, Ship from, 256, 258.
+
+Court, Factions at, 70-71, 108, 118, Courtiers of Charles II, 332-333,
+334, 341.
+
+Coventry, Sir William, 302, 310, 312, 318.
+
+Crane, Sir Richard, 40-41.
+
+Crafurd, Lord, 107.
+
+Craven, Lord, 26, 37-41, 275, 278, 283, 286, 301, 338, 341, 343, 353;
+generosity of, 36-37; letters of, 43, 232.
+
+Craven, Captain, 246.
+
+Crawford, Lord, 87.
+
+Crofts, Mrs., 26, 27.
+
+Croker, Colonel, 107.
+
+Cromwell, Oliver, 1, 148-150, 162-163, 170-173, 183, 229, 235-236,
+269-270, 274, 277, 279-281; spies of, 268-269, 277, 280.
+
+Culpepper, Sir John, 75, 145, 147, 220, 225-226.
+
+Curtius, Sir William, 281.
+
+
+
+D
+
+Dartmouth, 119.
+
+Davenant, Sir W., 138.
+
+De Choqueux, 306.
+
+"Defiance", The, 257, 261.
+
+Degenfeldt, Louise Von, 289, 352-354.
+
+De Martel, Admiral, 328-329.
+
+De Miro, Count, 242-243.
+
+Denbigh, Lord, 104.
+
+D'Epernon, Duc, 294.
+
+D'Epinay, Count, 210.
+
+Derby, Earl of, 103, 135, 144, 152; Countess of, 103, 135, 144.
+
+De Rohan, Duc, 30; Madame, 30, 31; Marguerite, 30-33, 44.
+
+De Ruyter, Admiral, 303, 307, 315-316, 324-325, 327-328.
+
+D'Estrées, Admiral, 324, 327, 328-329.
+
+D'Hona, Baron, 5.
+
+Digby, George Lord, (afterwards Earl of Bristol,) 60, 71, 74, 84, 87,
+103, 105, 107-108, 122, 124, 129, 157, 158, 170, 178, 186-187, 194,
+196-198, 204, 209, 221; Character of, 81; enmity to Rupert, 75-77, 85,
+173; challenged by Rupert, 219; reconciled to Rupert, 158, 220;
+intrigues of, 123, 129, 131, 140-141, 145, 170-172, 179-180, 184,
+189-193; cause of Marston Moor, 147; cause of Wilmot's fall, 156-157;
+letters of, 138, 155, 174-175, 232-233; letter to, 175-176.
+
+Digby, Lady, 191.
+
+Digby, Sir Kenelm, 208.
+
+Dolphin, Edward, 329-330.
+
+Donnington Castle, 161.
+
+Dorchester, 119.
+
+Dorset, Lord, 200.
+
+Dover, Treaty of, 321.
+
+Downs, Battle of the, 312-314
+
+Durer, Albert, 43.
+
+Dyves, Sir Louis, 69, 74, 97.
+
+
+
+E
+
+Edgehill, Battle of, 65, 66, 84, 91-93.
+
+Edward, Prince Palatine, 15, 18, 19, 35, 49, 208-209, 210, 232,
+238-240, 266, 285-286, 294-5, 347-348; marriage of, 209; wife of, 278;
+letter of, 238.
+
+Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia, 3, 5-17, 19-21, 25-29, 35, 36,
+40-41, 48, 50, 52, 56-57, 89-90, 127, 210-211, 232, 284, 293, 297;
+poverty of, 13, 15, 283-284.  Letters of to Sir T. Roe, 40-41, 49-51,
+56; to Rupert, 282, 285-286, 351; to Duchess of Richmond, 241; to Vane,
+21, 23.  Letters of Charles II to, 276; of Charles Louis to, 9, 24-27,
+30, 42-43, 50, 207-211, 239, 286; of Sir T. Roe to, 22-25, 30.  Death
+of, 301; will of, 301, 348, 350; jewels of, 363.
+
+Elizabeth, Princess Palatine, 3, 8, 10, 11, 17-18, 22, 48, 211, 283,
+288, 294, 301, 342, 346, 353; Abbess of Hervorden, 345-346; letter of,
+348.
+
+Elliot, Colonel, 142.
+
+Emperors: Matthias, 3-4; Ferdinand II, 5-8; Ferdinand III, 41-42,
+45-46, 52-56, 276-277; Leopold I, 293-294, 296, 298-300.
+
+Empire, Religious war in, 3, 4, 7, 43.
+
+Empress, 52, 299.
+
+Ernest Augustus; _see_ Hanover, Dukes of.
+
+Essex, Charles, 42.
+
+Essex, Earl of, 67-68, 87, 91-93, 96-99, 106-108, 110, 111, 120-122,
+125, 128, 154, 169.
+
+Evelyn, John, Diary of, 292, 339.
+
+Evertsen, Admiral, 307-308.
+
+Exeter, 119.
+
+Eythin, Lord, (_see_ King,) 149.
+
+
+
+F
+
+Fairfax--Lord, 146, 150; Thomas, 171-173, 181-183, 201-203.
+
+Falkland, Lord, 71, 122.
+
+"Fan-fan", The, 315.
+
+Fanshaw, Sir Richard, 226, 235.
+
+Faussett, Captain, 134.
+
+Fayal, 251.
+
+Fearnes, Captain, 247, 250, 251-252, 269.
+
+Fenn, Jack, 318.
+
+Ferdinand of Styria, (_see_ Emperors,) 3-4.
+
+Ferentz, Count, 37, 39-41.
+
+Feversham, Colonel, 359.
+
+Fielding, Colonel, 90, 106-107, 170.
+
+Fiennes, Nathaniel, 87, 114, 116-117.
+
+Fleet, English.  Revolts to the King, 222; unsatisfactory state of,
+223-229; on Irish Coast, 232-236; in Tagus, 241-244; on Spanish Coast,
+244-245; refits at Toulon, 245-246; sails for Azores, 247-248; wrecks,
+249, 250, 251, 261; dissension in, 247, 252; damaged by storms, 253,
+259-260; on African Coast, 253, 256-259; voyage to West Indies,
+260-261; return to France, 261-2; expedition for Guinea, 303-305; in
+first Dutch War, 307-316; in second Dutch War, 322-329; neglected by
+victuallers, 303, 314-315, 317, 320, 325-6; quarrels concerning, 321.
+
+Fleet, Dutch, 303-304, 307-308, 312-316, 324-328; enters Medway, 319;
+want of union in, 308.
+
+Fleet, French, 325, 327-328.
+
+Forth, Lord, 120.
+
+Fox, Captain, 59.
+
+Fraser, Lord, 286.
+
+Frederick, Elector Palatine, (King of Bohemia,) 3-8, 12-14, 46, 72;
+letters of, 9.
+
+Frederick Henry, Prince Palatine, 3-9, 10-13; letters of, 8, 9, 13.
+
+
+
+G
+
+Gambia, River, 256-257.
+
+Gassion, Maréchal, 214-218, 305.
+
+George of Denmark, 343.
+
+George William; _see_ Hanover, Dukes of.
+
+Gerard Charles, (afterwards Lord,) 78, 137, 190, 196-198, 201, 202,
+220, 273, 275, 278.
+
+Gerard, Jack, 279.
+
+Glemham, Sir T., 191, 202.
+
+Gloucester, Siege of, 120.
+
+Gonzaga, Marquis de, 240.
+
+Goodwin, Ralph, 198.
+
+Goring, George, 27, 34, 35, 76, 84, 103, 141, 145-6, 149-150, 154,
+158-159, 161, 170, 172, 177, 214, 217; character of, 83-84; enmity to
+Rupert, 82-84, 124; reconciled to Rupert, 158-160; letters of, 27-28,
+155, 158-159.
+
+Grafton, Duke of, 359.
+
+Grandison, Lord, 34, 75, 115, 116.
+
+"Greyhound", The, 326.
+
+Guatier, M. de, 220.
+
+Guinea, 303-304.
+
+Gustave, Prince Palatine, 18.
+
+Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden, 14, 15, 35, 36, 66, 92.
+
+Gwyn, Nell, 363.
+
+
+
+H
+
+Haesdonck, Jan von, 95.
+
+Hague, Court at, 224-226.
+
+Hamilton, Anthony, opinion of Rupert, 366.
+
+Hamilton, Marquis of, 140.
+
+Hampden, John, 109.
+
+Hanover, Dukes of: Ernest Augustus, 344-345, 357; George William,
+344-345, 353; Prince George of, 355-356, 365.
+
+Harman, Captain, 308.
+
+Haro, Don Luis de, 294.
+
+Harris, 299.
+
+Harrison, Major, 183.
+
+Hart, Dr., 255.
+
+Harvey, Dr., 127.
+
+Hastings, Colonel, (_see_ Loughborough, Lord,) 105, 125, 171.
+
+Hatton, Sir C., 272.
+
+Hatzfeldt, Count, 38-42.
+
+Hayes, James, 313, 314, 350.
+
+Henderson, Sir J., 136.
+
+Henrietta Maria, Queen of England, 24, 25, 30, 56-59, 71, 82, 103,
+110-111, 122-124, 130-131, 139, 141, 156, 184, 208, 209, 213, 233, 246,
+265, 285, 294, 310, 335; desires marriage of Charles II, 218-219; stops
+Rupert's duel, 219-220; sides with Rupert, 273, 276; party of at St.
+Germains, 273-276, 278; chaplain of, 295.
+
+Henrietta Anne, Duchess of Orléans, 294, 295, 335, 347.
+
+Henriette, Princess Palatine, 18, 284.
+
+Henry, Duke of Gloucester, 285.
+
+Herbert, Sir Edward, 159, 167, 225, 251, 254-5, 273-6; letter to, 255.
+
+Herbert, Henry Somerset, Lord, 107-108, 157.
+
+Herbert Lord, (son of Lord Pembroke,) 112.
+
+Hertford, Lord, 76, 101, 114, 157; quarrel of with Princes, 116-119.
+
+Hesse Cassel, Charlotte of, Electress Palatine, 289, 351-353, 354.
+
+Hesse Cassel, Landgrave of, 4, 288, 291.
+
+Hessin, Guibert, 271.
+
+Heydon, Cary, 336.
+
+Hohenzollern, Princess of, 284-285.
+
+Holder, Job, Letters of, 287-288.
+
+Holland, Lord, 123.
+
+Holland, States of, 7, 15, 36, 238, 240, 284.
+
+Holmes, Sir J., 324.
+
+Holmes, Robert, 201, 216, 254, 258, 259, 268, 269, 300, 316, 323;
+character of, 323.
+
+"Honest Seaman", The, 246, 249, 251, 259, 261.
+
+Honthorst, 17.
+
+Hopkins, William, 329.
+
+Hopton, Sir Ralph, (afterwards Lord,) 69, 70, 101, 113, 114, 118, 119,
+125, 155, 167.
+
+Howard, Captain, 327.
+
+Howard, Henry, 338.
+
+Howard, Colonel, 164-165.
+
+Howard, Thomas, 113, 357.
+
+Howe, Brigadier-General, 363-4.
+
+Hubbard, Sir J., 135.
+
+Hughes, Margaret, 363-364.
+
+Hungary, King of, 5, 291.
+
+Hyde, Anne; _see_ York, Duchess of.
+
+Hyde, Sir Edward, (_see_ also Clarendon,) 71, 225-6, 229, 233, 241,
+265-6, 268, 271-4, 277-9, 282.
+
+
+
+I
+
+Inchiquin, Lord, 273.
+
+Independents, 128.
+
+Ireton, Henry, 172.
+
+Irish Soldiers, 131, 168-169.
+
+
+
+J
+
+Jacus, Captain, 256-259.
+
+James I, King of England, 3, 7, 8, 12.
+
+James II; _see_ York, Duke of, 361.
+
+Jermyn, Lord, 130, 133, 139, 140, 189, 209, 220, 233, 265, 273, 280.
+
+Jordan, Captain, 223, 227.
+
+Juliana, Electress Palatine, 6, 8.
+
+
+
+K
+
+Karl, Prince Palatine, 352, 354, 355.
+
+Karl Ludwig, Raugraf, 355.
+
+Kendal, Duke of, 336.
+
+Kevenheller, Graf, 46, 52.
+
+Killigrew, Henry, 341.
+
+King, General, (_see_ also Eythin,) 38, 39.
+
+Kingsmill, 43, 44.
+
+Kirke, Mrs., 112.
+
+Königsmark, Graf, 37, 39.
+
+Kuffstein, Graf, 41, 42, 44, 46.
+
+Kuffstein, Susanne Marie von, 44, 47.
+
+
+
+L
+
+La Bassée, 215-217.
+
+Langdale, Sir Marmaduke, 78, 160, 179, 180, 275, 293.
+
+Lansdowne, Battle of, 113.
+
+La Roche, M., 133-4, 317.
+
+Lathom House, siege of, 135, 141, 144.
+
+Laud, Archbishop, 27-29.
+
+Lauderdale, Lord, 229-230.
+
+Lawson, Sir J., 306.
+
+Legge, Captain, 324.
+
+Legge, Robin, 75, 158, 171.
+
+Legge, Colonel William, 60, 61, 109, 110, 120, 140, 141, 143, 156, 167,
+168, 170, 171, 184-6, 190-3, 199, 201, 231, 296, 306, 341; character
+of, 76-77, 186; letters to, 140-1, 158-9, 166-7, 171, 173, 174-5, 178,
+198-9, 208-9, 297-301; letters of, 160, 175-6; son of, 321.
+
+Leicester, Earl of, 30, 32, 43, 48, 49.
+
+Leicester, Mayor of, 86.
+
+Leipzig, Battle of, 14.
+
+Leopold, Archduke, 46, 47, 52, 55.
+
+Leslie, David, 149.
+
+Leslie, Count, 298.
+
+Leslie, Mr., 288.
+
+Le Vaillant, 292.
+
+Leven, Lord, 146.
+
+Leviston, Sir J., 208.
+
+Levit, 304-5.
+
+Lindsey, Lord, (1) Robert Bertie, 61, 90-93, (2) Montagu Bertie, 77,
+163, 300.
+
+Lippe, Colonel, 39, 40.
+
+Lisle, George, 75, 121, 166, 198.
+
+Liverpool, 144.
+
+Long, Mr., 225, 274.
+
+Loughborough, Lord, (_see_ also Hastings,) 70, 166.
+
+Louis XIV, King of France, 219, 267, 321, 322, 351.
+
+Louise, Princess Palatine, 51, 82, 284-285, 345; Abbess of Maubuisson,
+346-348; character of, 16, 17, 346-348.
+
+Louise von Degenfeldt, 289, 352-4.
+
+"Loyal Subject", The, 251.
+
+Lucas, Charles, 78, 87, 135, 167, 198.
+
+Lucas, Lady, 96.
+
+Lutheran Princes, 4.
+
+Lyme, Siege of, 119.
+
+
+
+M
+
+Madagascar, 25, 28.
+
+Madeira, Governor of, 247.
+
+Magdeburg, Administrator of, 42.
+
+Mainz, Elector of, 291, 298, 301.
+
+Manchester, Lord, 146.
+
+Mansfeld, Count, 7.
+
+Marlborough, 100.
+
+Marston Moor, Battle of, 44, 66, 146-150.
+
+Martin, 167.
+
+Marvell, Andrew, 323.
+
+Mary Stuart, Princess of Orange, 49, 57, 211, 239, 285, 357.
+
+Massey, Colonel, 120, 160, 168, 278.
+
+Matthias, Emperor, 4.
+
+Maurice, Prince of Orange; _see_ Orange.
+
+Maurice, Prince Palatine, 6, 8, 10, 11, 15, 18, 19, 29, 32, 34-35, 44,
+46, 48, 49, 50-1, 57-60, 63, 68, 87, 88, 107, 112-119, 127, 142-3, 154,
+161-6, 168, 170, 173, 177, 184-187, 194, 203, 205, 208, 211, 212, 228,
+229, 232, 238, 241-2, 245-6, 249-251, 256-259, 268, 271, 345; wrecked,
+261-262; reported return of, 286-287; letters of, 50, 164, 177; letter
+to, 32, 187, 240; character of, 72, 73, 76.
+
+May, 335.
+
+Mayence, Elector of, 281.
+
+Mazarin, Cardinal, 1, 213, 267, 269, 270, 272, 278.
+
+Meldrum, Sir J., 135, 137.
+
+Mennes, Sir J., 304.
+
+Merchants, English, 269-270.
+
+Mezzotint, 291-292.
+
+Modena, Duke of, 278-279.
+
+Monk, General, (_see_ also Albemarle, Duke of,) 34, 35, 300.
+
+Monmouth, Duke of, 331, 336.
+
+Montpensier, Mademoiselle de, 218-219.
+
+Montrose, Marquess of, 194, 230-231.
+
+Moore, Sir J., 358.
+
+Morley, Captain, 244.
+
+Morrice, 318.
+
+Mortaigne, M., 137, 216, 250.
+
+Moutray, 299.
+
+Mozley, Colonel, 128-129.
+
+Munster, Peace of, 205, 276, 277, 283, 299.
+
+Murray, Sir R., 298.
+
+Mynn, Captain, 69.
+
+
+
+N
+
+Naseby, Battle of, 172-3.
+
+Nassau, Ernest, Count of, 6,
+
+Navy, Commissioners of, 314-315, 317, 323, 325-6.
+
+Nevers, Duke of, 209.
+
+Newark, Siege of, 135-138; scene at, 195-198.
+
+Newbury, Battles of, 121, 161.
+
+Newcastle, Marquess of, 101, 103, 107, 135, 139, 143-4, 147-151,
+156-157.
+
+Nicholas, Sir Edward, 130, 184, 238, 275; letters of, 102, 106, 108,
+113, 185-6; letters to, 272, 281.
+
+Northampton, Lord, 87, 107.
+
+Norton St. Philip's, Battle of, 359.
+
+
+
+O
+
+Ogle Thomas, 128-9.
+
+O'Neil, Daniel, 60, 112, 137, 151, 156, 157; allied with Digby,
+131-132, 180; letters of 69, 100, 156-7, 219-220, 275.
+
+Opdam, Admiral, 307.
+
+Orange.  Henry Frederick, Prince of, 7, 14, 20, 29, 34-36, 49, 57-59,
+71; Maurice, Prince of, 6, 9, 13; William, Prince of, 49, 57, 231.
+William, Prince of, (William III,) 286, 297, 340; as King, 361, 364;
+envoys of, 362, 364.  Mary, Princess of; _see_ Mary.
+
+Orléans, Duchess of, Elizabeth Charlotte, 247-8, 352, 360; Henrietta,
+_see_ Henrietta.
+
+Orléans, Duke of, Gaston, 213; daughter of (_see_ Montpensier) 218.
+
+Orléans, Philippe, Duke of, 294-5, 347, 352.
+
+Ormonde, Duke of, 129, 131, 133, 179, 190, 231, 273, 274, 275, 279,
+297, 341; letters of, 131, 132, 233; letters to, 71, 124, 141, 145,
+156-7, 167-8, 180, 189, 219-220, 233-236.
+
+Osborne, Colonel, 198.
+
+Ossory, Earl of, 297.
+
+Oxford, Court at, 111, 123-4, 133-5, 139; Parliament at, 129; siege of,
+171, 201-202.
+
+
+
+P
+
+Palatinate, The, 8, 28, 35-40, 283.
+
+Parliament, English, 7, 57, 71; negotiates with King, 98, 99, 102, 163;
+allies with Scots, 128; army of, 163; remonstrates with Rupert, 169;
+offers pass to Rupert, 198-199; obliges Princes to leave England, 203;
+approves conduct of Elector, 206-7; sends ships against the Princes,
+241-245.
+
+Peace Party, 128.
+
+Penn, Sir W., 308-9, 321.
+
+Pepys, Samuel, Diary of, 197-8, 294, 302, 303, 306, 310, 314, 315, 321,
+323; as victualler of fleet, 303, 314, 317-319.
+
+Percy, Henry, Lord, 76, 82, 113, 120-124, 133-4, 145, 155, 157, 189,
+239, 273; letters of, 122-123; duel with Rupert, 221.
+
+Pett, Robert, 227.
+
+Philip, Prince Palatine, 15, 18, 35, 49, 208, 210, 286; kills d'Epinay,
+210-211; enters service of Venice, 211-212.
+
+Picolomini, 215.
+
+Plymouth, Siege of, 119.
+
+Poland, Casimir, Prince of.  43.
+
+Poland, Ladislas, King of, 22.
+
+Popish Plot, 356.
+
+Porter, Endymion, 24.
+
+Portland, Lord, 191, 198.
+
+Portodale, Governor of, 256.
+
+Portsmouth, Duchess of, 357.
+
+Portugal, Ambassador of, 335.
+
+Portugal, Infanta of, 299; King of, 241-244, 252; Queen of, 242;
+Princes in, 241-244.
+
+Portuguese in the Azores, 247, 248, 251-252, 256, 262.
+
+Powick Bridge, Battle at, 87-88.
+
+Price, Thomas, 227.
+
+Purefoy, Mrs., 86-87.
+
+Puritans: in terror of Rupert, 62, 63; hang Irish soldiers, 64;
+violence of; 94-95; exultation of, at Marston Moor, 150-152.
+
+Pyne, Valentine, 261, 281, 287.
+
+
+
+R
+
+Radcliffe, Sir George, 89, 189.
+
+Rantzau, Maréchal, 214, 215.
+
+Ratzeville, Prince, 240.
+
+Raugräfen, 354-355.
+
+Ravenville, Prince, 51.
+
+Reading, 106-107.
+
+Reeves, Sir W., 324.
+
+"Revenge", The, 227, 251, 259-260.
+
+Richelieu, Cardinal, 31, 49.
+
+Richmond, Duchess of, 111-113, 199, 201, 241, 357.
+
+Richmond, Duke of, 93, 112, 130, 193, 195, 199, 200; character of,
+77-78; letter of, to Rupert, 124-5, 138-9, 140-144, 160-1, 178; letter
+of Rupert to, 178.
+
+Rivers, Lady, 96.
+
+Roe, Sir Thomas, 10, 16, 51-56; Letters of Elizabeth of Bohemia to,
+40-41, 49-51, 56; of Rupert to, 52-54; of Sir W. Boswell to, 56.
+Letters to Elizabeth of Bohemia, 22-25, 28, 30; to the Elector, 64, 88.
+
+Rossetter, Colonel, 194.
+
+Roundway Down, 113.
+
+"Royal Charles", The, 308.
+
+Royalists.  Dissensions in Army of, 68-70, 91-92; want of discipline
+among, 93, 100; want of supplies among, 100, 164-165; factions among,
+124, 156, 224-225; plot of, to surrender Bristol, 103; revenge of, for
+breach of faith, 107, 116.
+
+"Royal Prince", The, 313.
+
+Raugräfen, The, 354-355.
+
+Rupert, Prince Palatine.  Letters to, 69, 70, 74-75, 100, 103, 106-108,
+113, 122-127, 129, 130, 133-145, 147, 151, 155, 158-161, 164-6,
+168-170, 177, 179, 194-5, 199, 200, 209, 218, 227, 230-1, 232-236, 239,
+240, 265-6, 269, 270, 277, 279, 282, 285-288, 306, 348; letters of,
+144, 166, 169, 178, 235, 251, 255, 284.  Letters of, to Arlington,
+304-5, 309, 324, 349; to Charles I, 15, 185, 200; to Charles II, 243,
+254, 281, 306; to Legge, 140, 141, 158-9, 167, 171, 178, 179, 180, 198,
+208-209, 297-301; to Montrose, 230-1; to Ormonde, 235-236; to Roe,
+52-54; to Sophie, 356-357.  Early life of, 5-21; first visit to
+England, 23-29; marriage treaty for, 30-32, 357: at siege of Breda,
+34-35; attempt of, on Palatinate 35-38; a prisoner of the Empire,
+40-55; rejects overtures of Emperor, 45; release of, 52-55; returns to
+Hague, 56-57; made General of the Horse, 59; voyage to England, 59-60;
+opposes treaty, 85; raises supplies, 86.  Actions of in 1642, 87-99; in
+1643, 101-128.  Intercedes for Fielding, 107; at Chalgrove Field,
+108-110; besieges Bristol, 114-117; quarrels with Hertford, 117;
+quarrels with Queen, 122-3; attempt on Aylesbury, 128-129; created Duke
+of Cumberland, 129; made President of Wales, 129, 132; opposed by
+Digby, 129-131, 143, 145; befriended by Jermyn, 130-133, 139; relieves
+Newark, 135-187; recalled to Oxford, wrath of, 140-141; marches north,
+143; fights at Marston Moor, 147-153; depression of, 160-161; made
+Master of Horse, and Commander-in-Chief, 162; proscribed by Parliament,
+163; favours treaty of Uxbridge, 163; aids Maurice in Marches, 166-168;
+retaliates for execution of Irish soldiers, 168-169; last campaign in
+England, 170-173; forms peace-party, 177-9, 189; besieged in Bristol
+and surrenders, 180-183; justified by Puritans, 183-184; indignation of
+Royalists against, 184; cashiered by King, 184-185; goes to King at
+Newark 194; acquitted by Court Martial, 195; violent conduct of,
+196-197; returns to Woodstock, 198-199; reconciled with King, 200-201;
+at siege of Oxford wounded 201-202; challenges Southampton, 202; goes
+to France, 203, 213.  Position of in Royalist Army, 61; military talent
+of, 61, 66-67; tactics of, 66, 91, 92; skilled strategy of, 67, 90,
+101, 119, 143; activity of, 63, 64, 102-3, 107, 132; reputation of,
+62-64, 88-89; popularity of, 73-75; failings of, 67, 71-72, 75-76;
+difficulties of, 68, 71, 100, 125-126, 164-167; struggles of, with
+Court, 108, 118, 122-125, 132-4, 139, 170-2; calumnies against, 64-66,
+94-95, 139, 145.  Digby's Plot against, 179-180, 184, 187-189, 194; at
+enmity with Digby, 75, 81, 85; challenges Digby, 219-220; reconciled
+with Digby, 158, 220.  Hatred of Wilmot, 75, 82, 84, 113, 155-157; of
+Goring 76, 82-3, 158-160; of Percy, 76, 82, 221; of Culpepper, 75,
+225-6.  Friends of, 76-79, 112; affection of, for Maurice, 76, 117;
+visited by Charles Louis, 205; espouses cause of Philip, 211; accepts
+command in French army, 214; campaign in Flanders, 214-218; courts
+Mademoiselle for Prince Charles, 218-9; duels of, 219-221; takes charge
+of fleet, 222-229; difficulties of, 223-5, 227-9, 252; conciliates
+Scots, 229-230; friend of Montrose, 230-231; takes fleet to Ireland,
+231-237; hears of King's execution, 237.  Made Lord High Admiral, 237;
+with fleet in Tagus, 241-244; on Spanish Coast 244-5; refits at Toulon,
+245-7; voyage of, to Azores, 247-252; wrecked in "Constant
+Reformation", 248-251; on coast of Africa, 253-259; loses the
+"Revenge", 259-260; in West Indies, 260-1; caught in hurricane, loses
+Maurice, 261-2, 267; returns to France, 262-263.  Broken health of,
+262, 266-268, 293; reception of in Paris, 265-269; disposes of prize
+goods, 269-70; quarrel with Charles II, 270-273, 276, 282; position of,
+at St. Germains, 273-276; supports James of York, 275, 282; proposes to
+go to Scotland, 275, 279; acts for Charles II at Vienna, 277, 280-281;
+raises forces for Modena, 278; adheres to Charles II, 278, 281-282;
+complicity of, in plot against Cromwell, 279-280; rumours concerning,
+280, 290-1; inquires into rumour of Maurice's return, 286-7; demands
+appanage from Elector, 287-288; in love with Louise von Degenfeldt,
+289; quarrels with Elector, vows never to return, 290, 344, 348-350;
+lives at Mainz, 291-292; visit of, to England, 294-296; popularity in
+England, 295-296, 311, 330-331; visit of, to Vienna, 296-301; on
+Committee for Tangiers, 302; prepares fleet for Guinea, 303-305;
+illness of, 305-6, 309, 319; actions of, in first Dutch War, 307,
+310-313, 315-317; command withdrawn from, 310-311; holds joint command
+with Albemarle, 311-317; complains of Naval Commissioners, 303, 314,
+317-318, 320, 325-6; fortifies coast, 319, 322.  Quarrels with
+Arlington, 319-320; with James of York, 321, 327; dislikes second Dutch
+War, 322; actions of, in second Dutch War, 322-328; difficulties of in
+second Dutch War, 322-3; angry with Schomberg and with D'Estrées, 326;
+rage of, against the French, 328-331; position of, at Court, 332,
+334-5; politics of, 329, 330-1, 334-5; care of, for distressed
+Cavaliers, 336-337; inventions and trading ventures of, 337-338;
+Constable of Windsor, 339-342; family relations of, 284, 301, 344-355;
+urged to return to Palatinate and marry, 353-4; negotiates marriage for
+George of Hanover, 356-7; admiration of, for Duchess of Richmond,
+112-113, 357; connection with Francesca Bard, 357-363; connection with
+Margaret Hughes, 363-4; death of, 342-343, 355; will of, 343, 359, 360,
+363; character of, 1-2, 18, 21, 23-4, 58, 222-3, 266, 333-4, 365-6;
+courage of, 62, 63, 99, 115, 251, 309, 313-314; temperance of, 55, 62,
+84; chivalry of, 66, 86, 87, 146, 317; confidence and over-bearing
+manners of, 62, 71-2, 118; shyness of, 72-73; faithful to his word,
+pays debts, 116, 137, 255, 272; declaration of, 94, 96, 102, 187-8,
+236-7; children of, 357-365; secretary of, 93, 260, 313-4, 350;
+chaplain of, 304-5; dog of, 44, 79-81, 150; falcon of, 110; servants
+of, 203, 341; yacht of, 315; disguises of, 90, 96.
+
+Ruperta, 343, 363-5.
+
+Russell, Jack, 298-9.
+
+Ruthven, (_see_ Brentford,) 91-92.
+
+
+
+S
+
+St. Germains, Court at, 213, 218, 267, 273-6.
+
+St. John, 238.
+
+St. Martinique, 260.
+
+St. Michael, 248.
+
+St. Michel, 298.
+
+Sandwich, Lord, 302, 307, 310, 311, 318, 334.
+
+Sandys, Colonel, 87.
+
+Santa Lucia, 260.
+
+Santiago, 256, 260.
+
+Saxony, Elector of, 55.
+
+Saxe Weimar, Duke of, 48-49.
+
+Say, Lord, Son of, 114.
+
+Schomberg, Colonel, 326-7.
+
+Schoneveldt, Battle of, 324-5.
+
+Scots: allied with English Parliament, 128, 149, 150, 177; negotiate
+with Charles II, 229-230, 275, 279; aversion of to Rupert, 229-230, 275.
+
+Shaftesbury, Lord, 330-1, 338.
+
+Shakespeare, Granddaughter of, 111.
+
+Shipton, Mother, 319.
+
+Siegen, Ludwig von, 291.
+
+Simmern, Duke of, 288.
+
+Skrimshaw, Adjutant, 166.
+
+Slanning, Nicholas, 116.
+
+Slingsby, Lieutenant, 167.
+
+Sophie, Princess Palatine, Duchess of Hanover, 9, 37, 283, 294, 342,
+346-7, 353-355, 356, 358, 361-365; early life of, 10, 11, 16-19;
+marriage of, 344-5; letters of, 239-240, 291, 346-349, 363-4; letters
+to, 289, 346-354, 356-7; opinion of her mother, 9, 12; describes her
+sisters, 17-18; children of, 355.
+
+Southcote, Sir Edward, 74, 80.
+
+Southampton, Lord, 77, 202.
+
+Southwold Bay, Battles of, 307-8, 322.
+
+Spain, 241, 244-5, 263, 281; Cardinal Infante of, 43; Ambassador of,
+298-299.
+
+Speke, Hugh, 336-7.
+
+Spencer, Lord, 91.
+
+Speyer, Bishop of, 288.
+
+Spragge, Sir Edward, 323-5, 327.
+
+Stadtholder; _see_ Orange, Princes of.
+
+Stafford, Lord, 356.
+
+Stapleton, Sir Philip, 121-122.
+
+Stockport, 144.
+
+Strickland, Sir Roger, 324.
+
+Stuart, Lord Bernard, 91, 162, 196.
+
+Sunderland, Lord, 122.
+
+Sussex, Lady, 80, 87.
+
+"Swallow", The, 246, 249, 251-2, 256, 259-263, 271-2.
+
+Sweden, King of, (_see_ Gustavus) 8, 340.
+
+Symonds, Diary of, 196; commonplace-book of, 251.
+
+
+
+T
+
+Taafe, Lord, 112, 273.
+
+Terrel, Sir Edward, 87.
+
+Texel, Battle of the, 327-328.
+
+Tilly, General, 8.
+
+Toulon, 245-246, 255, 271.
+
+Transylvania, Prince of, 284.
+
+Trevanion, Colonel, 116.
+
+Trevor, Arthur, 132, 317; letters of, 71, 124, 129, 130, 133-136, 138,
+141, 145, 148, 150, 153, 156-159, 160, 170-171.
+
+Trevor, Sir John, 295.
+
+Trevor, Mark, 167.
+
+Tromp, Admiral van, 308, 315, 325, 327.
+
+
+
+U
+
+Uxbridge, Treaty of, 163, 179.
+
+
+
+V
+
+Vane, Sir Henry, letters to, 21, 23.
+
+Van Heemskerk, 316.
+
+Vavasour, Colonel, 69, 70, 107, 108.
+
+Verney, Sir Edmund, 93.
+
+Villiers, Lady Mary (_see_ Richmond, Duchess of,) 12.
+
+Virgin Islands, 261.
+
+Vlotho, Battle of, 38-39.
+
+
+
+W
+
+Walker, Sir Edward, 72.
+
+Waller, Sir William, 114, 120, 161-2, 183.
+
+Walsh, Sir Robert, 225-226.
+
+Walsingham, 190-193.
+
+War.  Thirty Years', 7; Dutch, 307-316, 321-329.
+
+Warwick, Lord, 223-4, 232.
+
+Warwick, Sir Philip, 61, 72, 147, 193.
+
+Webb, Mr., 43.
+
+Welwang, Captain, 324.
+
+Wentworth, Lord, 65, 90, 115, 220.
+
+West Indies, 260-261.
+
+Weymouth, 119.
+
+Whitebridge, Skirmish at, 110.
+
+Whitelocke, Bulstrode, 95, 97, 163.
+
+Wigan, 144.
+
+Wilhelmina, Princess Palatine, 352.
+
+Willoughby, Lord, (_see_ Lindsey,) 92, 93.
+
+Willoughby (of Parham), Lord, 135.
+
+Willys, Sir Richard, 195-196.
+
+Wilmot, Lord, 35, 87, 100, 113-4, 122-4, 189, 221, 273; character of,
+83-84; at enmity with Rupert, 75, 82, 124, 145, 154-157; arrest and
+dismissal of, 154-157.
+
+Windebank, Colonel, 169-170, 357.
+
+Windebank, Secretary, 41, 43.
+
+Windsor, attack on, 97; castle of, 339.
+
+Wyndham, Colonel, 70, 281.
+
+
+
+Y
+
+York.  Princess Anne of, 355-356; Archbishop of, 167-168; Duchess of,
+295.
+
+York, James, Duke of, 171, 226, 255, 265, 268, 273-5, 302-305, 310,
+315-318, 334, 336, 340-1; quarrels with Charles II, 275, 282; supported
+by Rupert, 282: made Lord High Admiral, 307-9; quarrels with Rupert,
+321, 327; commands fleet, 322; letter of, 306; marriage of, 295, 330,
+360; party of, 323; sons of, 336; as King, 359.
+
+York, Princess Mary of, 340.
+
+York, Siege of, 144-150.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Rupert Prince Palatine, by Eva Scott
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+The Project Gutenberg E-text of Rupert Prince Palatine, by Eva Scott
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+
+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Rupert Prince Palatine, by Eva Scott
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Rupert Prince Palatine
+
+Author: Eva Scott
+
+Release Date: April 11, 2012 [EBook #39426]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK RUPERT PRINCE PALATINE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Al Haines
+
+
+
+
+
+</pre>
+
+
+<p class="capcenter">
+<br /><br /><br />
+<a id="img-front"></a>
+<img class="imgcenter" src="images/img-front.jpg" alt="Le Prince Rupert.  Duc de Baviere et Cumberland. From the portrait by Honthorst in the Louvre Paris." />
+<br />
+Le Prince Rupert.  <br />
+Duc de Baviere et Cumberland. <br />
+From the portrait by Honthorst in the Louvre Paris.
+</p>
+
+<h1>
+<br /><br />
+RUPERT
+<br />
+PRINCE PALATINE
+</h1>
+
+<p class="t3">
+<br /><br />
+BY
+</p>
+
+<p class="t2">
+<br />
+EVA SCOTT
+</p>
+
+<p class="t4">
+<br />
+Late Scholar of Somerville College
+<br />
+Oxford
+</p>
+
+<p class="t3">
+<br /><br /><br />
+WESTMINSTER
+<br />
+ARCHIBALD CONSTABLE &amp; Co.
+<br />
+NEW YORK
+<br />
+G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS
+<br />
+1900
+</p>
+
+<p class="t4">
+<br /><br /><br />
+SECOND EDITION
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="Pv"></a>v}</span>
+</p>
+
+<h3>
+<br /><br /><br />
+PREFACE
+</h3>
+
+<p>
+It is curious that in these days of historical research so
+little has been written about Rupert of the Rhine, a man
+whose personality was striking, whose career was full of
+exciting adventure, and for whose biography an immense
+amount of material is available.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+His name is known to most people in connection with
+the English Civil War, many have met with him in the
+pages of fiction, some imagine him to have been the inventor
+of mezzotint engraving, and a few know that he was
+Admiral of England under Charles II.  But very few indeed
+could tell who he was, and where and how he lived, before
+and after the Civil War.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The present work is an attempt to sketch the character
+and career of this remarkable man; the history of the
+Civil War, except so far as it concerns the Prince, forming
+no part of its scope.  Nevertheless, the study of Prince
+Rupert's personal career throws valuable side-lights on the
+history of the war, and especially upon the internal
+dissensions which tore the Royalist party to pieces and were
+a principal cause of its ultimate collapse.  From Rupert's
+adventures and correspondence we also learn much
+concerning the life of the exiled Stuarts during the years of
+the Commonwealth; while his post-Restoration history is
+closely connected with the Naval Affairs of England.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The number of manuscripts and other documents which
+bear record of Rupert's life is enormous.  Chief amongst
+them are the Domestic State Papers, preserved in the
+Public Record Office; the Clarendon State Papers, and the
+Carte Papers in the Bodleian Library, Oxford; the
+Lansdowne Manuscripts in the British Museum, and the Rupert
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="Pvi"></a>vi}</span>
+Correspondence, which originally comprised some thousands
+of letters and other papers collected by the Prince's secretary.
+The collection has now been broken up and sold; but the
+Transcripts of Mr. Firth of Balliol College, Oxford, were
+made before the collection was divided, and comprise the
+whole mass of correspondence.  For the loan of these
+Transcripts, and for much valuable advice I am deeply
+indebted to Mr. Firth.  I also wish to acknowledge the kind
+assistance of Mr. Hassall of Christchurch, Oxford.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Some of the Rupert Papers were published by Warburton,
+fifty years ago, in a work now necessarily somewhat
+out of date.  But there is printed entire the log kept in
+the Prince's own ship, 1650-1653, which is here quoted
+in chapters 13 and 14; also in Warburton are to be found
+the letters addressed by the Prince to Colonel William
+Legge, 1644-1645.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Bromley Letters, published 1787, relate chiefly to
+Rupert's early life, and to the years of exile, 1650-1660.
+The Carte Papers are invaluable for the history of the
+Civil War, and of Rupert's transactions with the fleet,
+1648-50; and in the Thurloe and Clarendon State Papers
+much is to be found relating to the wanderings of Rupert
+and the Stuarts on the Continent.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+With regard to the Prince's family relations, German
+authorities are fullest and best.  Chief among these are the
+letters of the Elector Charles Louis, and the letters and
+memoirs of Sophie, Electress of Hanover, all published
+from the Preussischen Staats-Archieven; also the letters of
+the Elector's daughter, the Duchess of Orléans, published
+from the same source.  Besides these, Haüsser's "Geschichte
+der Rheinischen Pfalz", and Reiger's "Ausgeloschte
+Simmerischen Linie" are very useful.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Mention of the Prince is also found in the mass of Civil War
+Pamphlets preserved in the British Museum and the Bodleian
+Library, and in contemporary memoirs, letters and diaries,
+on the description of which there is not space to enter here.
+</p>
+
+<h3>
+<br /><br /><br />
+CONTENTS
+</h3>
+
+<pre class="contents">
+                                                                 Page
+
+CHAPTER      I.  THE PALATINE FAMILY  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   <a href="#P1">1</a>
+
+   "        II.  RUPERT'S EARLY CAMPAIGNS.  FIRST VISIT TO
+                   ENGLAND.  MADEMOISELLE DE ROHAN  . . . . . . .  <a href="#P20">20</a>
+
+   "       III.  THE SIEGE OF BREDA.  THE ATTEMPT ON THE
+                   PALATINATE.  RUPERT'S CAPTIVITY. . . . . . . .  <a href="#P34">34</a>
+
+   "        IV.  THE PALATINES IN FRANCE.  RUPERT'S RELEASE . . .  <a href="#P48">48</a>
+
+   "         V.  ARRIVAL IN ENGLAND.  POSITION IN THE ARMY.
+                   CAUSES OF FAILURE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  <a href="#P59">59</a>
+
+   "        VI.  THE BEGINNING OF THE WAR.  POWICK BRIDGE.
+                   EDGEHILL.  THE MARCH TO LONDON . . . . . . . .  <a href="#P85">85</a>
+
+   "       VII.  THE WAR IN 1643.  THE QUARREL WITH HERTFORD.
+                   THE ARRIVAL OF THE QUEEN . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#P101">101</a>
+
+   "      VIII.  THE PRESIDENCY OF WALES.  THE RELIEF OF
+                   NEWARK.  QUARRELS AT COURT.  NORTHERN
+                   MARCH.  MARSTON MOOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#P128">128</a>
+
+   "        IX.  INTRIGUES IN THE ARMY.  DEPRESSION OF RUPERT.
+                   TREATY OF UXBRIDGE.  RUPERT IN THE MARCHES.
+                    STRUGGLE WITH DIGBY.  BATTLE OF NASEBY  . . . <a href="#P154">154</a>
+
+   "         X.  RUPERT'S PEACE POLICY.  THE SURRENDER OF
+                   BRISTOL.  DIGBY'S PLOT AGAINST RUPERT.  THE
+                   SCENE AT NEWARK.  RECONCILIATION WITH
+                   THE KING.  THE FALL OF OXFORD  . . . . . . . . <a href="#P177">177</a>
+
+   "        XI.  THE ELECTOR'S ALLIANCE WITH THE PARLIAMENT.
+                   EDWARD'S MARRIAGE.  ASSASSINATION OF
+                   D'ÉPINAY BY PHILIP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#P205">205</a>
+
+   "       XII.  CAMPAIGN IN THE FRENCH ARMY.  COURTSHIP
+                   OF MADEMOISELLE.  DUELS WITH DIGBY AND
+                   PERCY  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . <a href="#P213">213</a>
+
+   "      XIII.  RUPERT'S CARE OF THE FLEET.  NEGOTIATIONS
+                   WITH SCOTS.  RUPERT'S VOYAGE TO IRELAND.
+                   THE EXECUTION OF THE KING.  LETTERS OF
+                   SOPHIE TO RUPERT AND MAURICE . . . . . . . . . <a href="#P222">222</a>
+
+   "       XIV.  THE FLEET IN THE TAGUS.  AT TOULON.  THE
+                   VOYAGE TO THE AZORES.  THE WRECK OF THE
+                   "CONSTANT REFORMATION."  ON THE AFRICAN
+                   COAST.  LOSS OF MAURICE IN THE "DEFIANCE."
+                   THE RETURN TO FRANCE  . . . . . . . . . . . .  <a href="#P241">241</a>
+
+   "        XV.  RUPERT AT PARIS.  ILLNESS.  QUARREL WITH
+                   CHARLES II.  FACTIONS AT ST. GERMAINS.
+                   RUPERT GOES TO GERMANY.  RECONCILED
+                   WITH CHARLES  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  <a href="#P265">265</a>
+
+   "       XVI.  RESTORATION OF CHARLES LOUIS TO THE
+                   PALATINATE.  FLIGHT OF THE PRINCESS LOUISE
+                   FROM THE HAGUE.  RUPERT'S DEMAND FOR AN
+                   APPANAGE.  QUARREL WITH THE ELECTOR . . . . .  <a href="#P283">283</a>
+
+   "      XVII.  RUPERT'S RETURN TO ENGLAND, 1660.  VISIT TO
+                   VIENNA.  LETTERS TO LEGGE . . . . . . . . . .  <a href="#P293">293</a>
+
+   "     XVIII.  RUPERT AND THE FLEET.  PROPOSED VOYAGE TO
+                   GUINEA.  ILLNESS OF RUPERT.  THE FIRST DUTCH
+                   WAR.  THE NAVAL COMMISSIONERS AND THE
+                   PRINCE.  SECOND DUTCH WAR.  ANTI-FRENCH
+                   POLITICS  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  <a href="#P302">302</a>
+
+   "       XIX.  RUPERT'S POSITION AT COURT.  HIS CARE FOR
+                   DISTRESSED CAVALIERS.  HIS INVENTIONS.  LIFE
+                   AT WINDSOR.  DEATH  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  <a href="#P332">332</a>
+
+   "        XX.  THE PALATINES ON THE CONTINENT.  RUPERT'S
+                   DISPUTES WITH THE ELECTOR.  THE ELECTOR'S
+                   ANXIETY FOR RUPERT'S RETURN.  WANT OF
+                   AN HEIR TO THE PALATINATE.  FRANCISCA
+                   BARD.  RUPERT'S CHILDREN  . . . . . . . . . .  <a href="#P344">344</a>
+
+                 INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  <a href="#P369">369</a>
+</pre>
+
+<p class="capcenter">
+<br /><br /><br />
+<a id="img-chart"></a>
+<img class="imgcenter" src="images/img-chart.jpg" alt="Genealogical chart" />
+<br />
+Genealogical chart
+</p>
+
+<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
+
+<p><a id="chap01"></a></p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P1"></a>1}</span>
+</p>
+
+<h2>
+RUPERT, PRINCE PALATINE
+<br /><br /><br />
+</h2>
+
+<h3>
+CHAPTER I
+</h3>
+
+<h4>
+THE PALATINE FAMILY
+</h4>
+
+<p>
+"A man that hath had his hands very deep in the blood of many innocent
+people in England," was Cromwell's concise description of Rupert of the
+Rhine.[<a id="chap01fn1text"></a><a href="#chap01fn1">1</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"That diabolical Cavalier" and "that ravenous vulture" were the
+flattering titles bestowed upon him by other soldiers of the
+Parliament.[<a id="chap01fn2text"></a><a href="#chap01fn2">2</a>]  "The Prince that was so gallant and so generous," wrote
+an Irish Royalist.[<a id="chap01fn3text"></a><a href="#chap01fn3">3</a>]  And said Cardinal Mazarin, "He is one of the
+best and most generous princes that I have ever known."[<a id="chap01fn4text"></a><a href="#chap01fn4">4</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Rupert was not, in short, a person who could be regarded with
+indifference.  By those with whom he came in contact he was either
+adored or execrated, and it is remarkable that a man who made so strong
+an impression upon his contemporaries should have left so slight a one
+upon posterity.  To most people he is a name and nothing more;&mdash;a being
+akin to those iron men who sprang from Jason's dragon teeth, coming
+into life at the outbreak of the English Civil War to disappear with
+equal suddenness at its close.  He is regarded, on the one hand, as a
+blood-thirsty, plundering ruffian, who endeavoured to teach in England
+lessons of cruelty learnt in the Thirty Years' War;
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P2"></a>2}</span>
+on the other,
+as a mere headstrong boy who ruined, by his indiscretion, a cause for
+which he exposed himself with reckless courage.  Neither of these views
+does him justice, and his true character, his real influence on English
+history are lost in a cloud of mist and prejudice.  His character had
+in it elements of greatness, but was so full of contradictions as to
+puzzle even the astute Lord Clarendon, who, after a long study of the
+Prince, was reduced to the exclamation&mdash;"The man is a strange
+creature!"[<a id="chap01fn5text"></a><a href="#chap01fn5">5</a>] And strange Rupert undoubtedly was!  Born with strong
+passions, endowed with physical strength, and gifted with talents
+beyond those of ordinary men, but placed too early in a position of
+great trial and immense responsibility, his history, romantic and
+interesting throughout, is the history of a failure.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In his portraits, of which a great number are in existence, the story
+may be read.  We see him first a sturdy, round-eyed child, looking out
+upon the world with a valiant wonder.  A few years later the face is
+grown thinner and sadder, full of thought and a gentle wistfulness, as
+though he had found the world too hard for his understanding.  At
+sixteen he is still thoughtful, but less wistful,&mdash;a gallant, handsome
+boy with a graceful bearing and a bright intelligent face, just touched
+with the melancholy peculiar to the Stuart race.  At five-and-twenty
+his mouth had hardened and his face grown stern, under a burden which
+he was too young to bear.  After that comes a lapse of many years till
+we find him embittered, worn, and sad; a man who has seen his hopes
+destroyed and his well-meant efforts perish.  Lastly, we have the
+Rupert of the Restoration; no longer sick at heart and desperately sad,
+but a Rupert who has out-lived hope and joy, disappointment and sorrow;
+a handsome man, with a keen intellectual face, but old before his time,
+and made hard and cold and contemptuous by suffering and loneliness.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P3"></a>3}</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The first few months of Rupert's existence were the most prosperous of
+his life, but he was not a year old before his troubles began.  His
+father, Frederick V, Elector Palatine of the Rhine, had been married at
+sixteen to the famous Elizabeth Stuart, daughter of James I of England;
+the match was not a brilliant one for the Princess Royal of England,
+but it was exceedingly popular with the English people, who regarded
+Frederick with favour as the leader of the Calvinist Princes of the
+Empire.  Elizabeth was no older than her husband, and seems to have
+been considerably more foolish.  Her extravagancies and Frederick's
+difficult humours were the despair of their patient and faithful
+household steward; yet for some years they dwelt at Heidelberg in
+peaceful prosperity, and there three children were born to them,
+Frederick Henry, Charles Louis, and Elizabeth.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+But the Empire, though outwardly at peace, was inwardly seething with
+religious dissension, which broke out into open war on the election of
+Ferdinand of Styria, (the cousin and destined successor of the
+Emperor,) as King of Bohemia.  Ferdinand was a staunch Roman Catholic,
+the friend and pupil of the Jesuits, with a reputation for intolerance
+even greater than he deserved.[<a id="chap01fn6text"></a><a href="#chap01fn6">6</a>]  As a matter of fact Protestantism
+was abhorrent to him, less as heresy, than as the root of moral and
+political disorder.  The Church of Rome was, in his eyes, the fount of
+order and justice, and he was strongly imbued with the idea, then
+prevalent in the Empire, that to princes belonged the settlement of
+religion in those countries over which they ruled.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+But it happened that the Protestants of Bohemia had, at that moment,
+the upper hand.  The turbulent nobles of the country were bent on
+establishing at once their political and religious independence; they
+rose in revolt, threw the Emperor's ministers out of the Council
+Chamber window at Prague, and rejected Ferdinand as king.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P4"></a>4}</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Lutheran Princes looked on the revolt coldly, feeling no sympathy
+with Bohemia.  They believed as firmly as did Ferdinand himself in the
+right of secular princes to settle theological disputes.  They were
+loyal Imperialists, and hated Calvinism, anarchy and war, far more than
+they hated Roman Catholicism.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+With the Calvinist princes of the south, at the head of whom stood the
+Elector Palatine and the Landgrave of Hesse Cassel, the case was
+different.  Fear of their Catholic neighbours, Bavaria and the
+Franconian bishoprics, made them war-like; they sympathised strongly
+with their Bohemian co-religionists, they longed to break the power of
+the Emperor, and were even willing to call in foreign aid to effect
+their purpose.  Schemes for their own personal aggrandisement played an
+equal part with their religious enthusiasm, and their plots and
+intrigues gave Ferdinand a very fair excuse for his unfavourable view
+of Protestantism.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+For a time they merely talked, and on the death of Matthias they
+acquiesced in the election of Ferdinand as Emperor: but only a few days
+later Frederick was invited by the Bohemians to come and fill their
+vacant throne.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Frederick was not ambitious; left to himself he might have declined the
+proffered honour, but, urged by his wife and other relations, he
+accepted it, and departed with Elizabeth and their eldest son, to
+Prague, where he was crowned amidst great rejoicings.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Among the Protestant princes, three, and three only, approved of
+Frederick's action; these were Christian of Anhalt, the Margrave of
+Anspach and the Margrave of Baden.  Maurice of Hesse-Cassel, on the
+contrary, though a Calvinist and an enemy of the Imperial House,
+strongly condemned the usurpation as grossly immoral; and in truth the
+only excuse that can be offered for it is Frederick's belief in a
+Divine call to succour his co-religionists.  Unfortunately he was the
+last man to succeed in so difficult an enterprise; yet for a brief
+period all went well, and at Prague, November
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P5"></a>5}</span>
+28th, 1619, in the
+hour of his parents' triumph, was born the Elector's third son&mdash;Rupert.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Bohemians welcomed the baby with enthusiasm; the ladies of the
+country presented him with a cradle of ivory, embossed with gold, and
+studded with precious stones, and his whole outfit was probably the
+most costly that he ever possessed in his life.  He was christened
+Rupert, after the only one of the Electors Palatine who had attained
+the Imperial crown.  His sponsors were Bethlem Gabor, King of Hungary,
+whose creed approximated more closely to Mahommedanism than to any
+other faith; the Duke of Würtemberg, and the States of Bohemia,
+Silesia, and Upper and Lower Lusatia.  The baptism was at once the
+occasion of a great feast, and of a political gathering; it aggravated
+the already smouldering wrath of the Imperialists; a revolt in Prague
+followed, and within a year the Austrian army had swept over Bohemia,
+driving forth the luckless King and Queen.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Frederick had no allies, he found no sympathy among his fellow-princes,
+on the selfish nobility and the apathetic peasantry of Bohemia he could
+place no reliance; resistance in the face of the Emperor's forces was
+hopeless;&mdash;the Palatines fled.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In the hasty flight the poor baby was forgotten; dropped by a terrified
+nurse, he was left lying upon the floor until the Baron d'Hona,
+chancing to find him, threw him into the last coach as it left the
+courtyard.  The jolting of the coach tossed the child into the boot,
+and there he would have perished had not his screams attracted the
+notice of some of the train, who rescued him, and carried him off to
+Brandenburg after his mother.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Elizabeth had sought shelter in Brandenburg because the Elector of that
+country had married Frederick's sister Catharine.  But George William
+of Brandenburg was a Lutheran, and a prudent personage, who had no wish
+to embroil himself with his Emperor for a cause of which he thoroughly
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P6"></a>6}</span>
+disapproved.  He gave his sister-in-law a cold reception, but,
+seeing her dire necessity, lent her his castle of Custrin, where, on
+January 11th, 1621, she gave birth to a fourth son.  Damp, bare and
+comfortless was the castle in which this child first saw the light, and
+mournful was the welcome he had from his mother.  "Call him Maurice,"
+she said, "because he will have to be a soldier!"  So Maurice the boy
+was named, after the warlike Prince of Orange, the most celebrated
+general of that day.[<a id="chap01fn7text"></a><a href="#chap01fn7">7</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To the Prince of Orange the exiles now turned their thoughts.  Return
+to their happy home in the Palatinate was impossible, for Frederick lay
+under the ban of the Empire, and his hereditary dominions were
+forfeited in consequence of his rebellious conduct; therefore when, six
+weeks after the birth of her child, George William informed Elizabeth
+that he dared no longer shelter her, she entrusted the infant to the
+care of the Electress Catharine, and taking with her the little Rupert,
+began her journey towards Holland.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Maurice, Prince of Orange and Stadtholder of Holland, was the eldest
+son of William the Silent, and brother of Frederick's mother, the
+Electress Juliana.  He had strongly urged his nephew's acceptance of
+the Bohemian crown, and it seemed but natural that he should afford an
+asylum to those whom he had so disastrously advised.  He did not shrink
+from his responsibility, and the welcome which he accorded to his
+hapless nephew and niece was as warm as that of the Elector of
+Brandenburg had been cold.  At Münster they were met by six companies
+of men at arms, sent to escort them to Emerich, where they met their
+eldest son, Henry, who had been sent to the protection of Count Ernest
+of Nassau at the beginning of the troubles; there also gathered round
+them the remnants of their shattered court, and it was with a shadowy
+show of royalty that they proceeded to the Hague.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P7"></a>7}</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Nothing could have exceeded the kindness of their reception, princes
+and people being equally anxious to show them sympathy.  Prince Henry
+Frederick of Orange, the brother and heir of the Stadtholder, resigned
+his own palace to their use, and the States of Holland presented
+Elizabeth with a mansion that stood next door to the palace.  The
+furniture necessary to make this house habitable, Elizabeth was
+enforced to borrow from the ever generous Prince Henry.  For all the
+necessaries of life the exiles were dependent upon charity, and, but
+for the generosity of the Orange Princes, supplemented by grants of
+money from England and from the States of Holland, they would have
+fared badly indeed.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Thenceforth Elizabeth dwelt at the Hague, while the Thirty Years' War,
+of which her husband's action had lit the spark, raged over Germany.
+Slowly and reluctantly a few of the Protestant Princes took up arms
+against the Emperor.  James I sent armies of Ambassadors both to Spain
+and Austria, and offered settlements to which Frederick would not, or
+could not agree, but he lent little further aid to his distressed
+daughter.  He regarded his son-in-law's action as a political crime,
+which had produced the religious war that he had striven all his life
+to avoid, therefore, though he tacitly permitted English volunteers to
+enlist under Frederick's mercenary, Count Mansfeld, he would not
+countenance the war openly.  Indeed he deprecated it as the chief
+obstacle to the marriage of Prince Charles with the Spanish Infanta, on
+which he had set his heart.  The English Parliament, on the contrary,
+detested the idea of a Spanish alliance, and eagerly advocated a war on
+behalf of the Protestant exiles.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+But if her father would not fight on her behalf Elizabeth had friends
+who asked nothing better.  For her sake Duke Christian of Brunswick,
+the lay-Bishop of Halberstadt, threw himself passionately into the war.
+He and Mansfeld having completed between them the alienation of the
+other Princes,
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P8"></a>8}</span>
+by their lawless plunderings, were defeated by the
+Imperialist General, Tilly.  The Emperor settled the Upper Palatinate
+on his brother-in-law, the Duke of Bavaria, and, though the Lower
+Palatinate clung tenaciously to its Elector, Frederick was never able
+to return thither, until, many years later, the intervention of the
+quixotic King of Sweden won him a brief and evanescent success.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Thus in trouble, anxiety and poverty passed the early youth of the
+Palatine children.  In the first years of the exile only Henry and
+Rupert shared their parents' home at the Hague; Charles and Elizabeth
+had been left in the care of their grandmother Juliana, who, when
+Heidelberg became no longer a safe place of residence, carried them off
+to Berlin, where Maurice had been left with his aunt.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Henry was old enough to feel the separation from his brother and
+sister, to whom he was much attached.  "I trust you omit not to pray
+diligently, as I do, day and night, that it may please God to restore
+us to happiness and to each other," he wrote with precocious
+seriousness to Charles, "I have a bow and arrow, with a beautiful
+quiver, tipped with silver, which I would fain send you, but I fear it
+may fall into the enemy's hands."[<a id="chap01fn8text"></a><a href="#chap01fn8">8</a>]  In another letter he tells
+Charles that "Rupert is here, blythe and well, safe and sound," that he
+is beginning to talk, and that his first words were "Praise the Lord",
+spoken in Bohemian.[<a id="chap01fn9text"></a><a href="#chap01fn9">9</a>]  In the following year, 1621, Rupert was very
+ill with a severe cold, and Henry wrote to his grandfather, King
+James:&mdash;"Sir, we are come from Sewneden to see the King and Queen, and
+my little brother Rupert, who is now a little sick.  But my brother
+Charles is, God be thanked, very well, and my sister Elizabeth, and she
+is a little bigger and stronger than he."[<a id="chap01fn10text"></a><a href="#chap01fn10">10</a>]  A quaint mixture of
+childishness and precocity is noticeable in all his letters.  "I have
+two
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P9"></a>9}</span>
+horses alive, that can go up my stairs; a black horse and a
+brown horse!" he informed his grandfather on another occasion.[<a id="chap01fn11text"></a><a href="#chap01fn11">11</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Frederick, an affectionate father to all his children, was especially
+devoted to his eldest son, whom he made his constant companion.  Of
+Rupert also we find occasional mention in his letters.  "The little
+Rupert is very learned to understand so many languages!"[<a id="chap01fn12text"></a><a href="#chap01fn12">12</a>] he says in
+1622, when the child was not three years old.  In another letter, dated
+some years later, he writes to his wife: "I am very glad that Rupert is
+in your good graces, and that Charles behaves so well.  Certes, they
+are doubly dear to me for it."[<a id="chap01fn13text"></a><a href="#chap01fn13">13</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+But the Queen, so universally beloved and belauded, does not appear to
+have been a very affectionate mother.  A devoted wife she
+unquestionably was, but she did not exert herself to win her children's
+love.  "Any stranger would be deceived in that humour, since towards
+them there is nothing but mildness and complaisance,"[<a id="chap01fn14text"></a><a href="#chap01fn14">14</a>] wrote her son
+Charles in after years; and, though Charles himself had little right so
+to reproach her, there was doubtless some truth in the saying.  She had
+not been long at the Hague before she obtained from the kindly
+Stadtholder the grant of a house at Leyden, "where," says her youngest
+daughter, Sophie, "her Majesty had her whole family brought up apart
+from herself, greatly preferring the sight of her monkeys and dogs to
+that of her children."[<a id="chap01fn15text"></a><a href="#chap01fn15">15</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Having thus successfully disposed of her family, Elizabeth was able to
+live at the Hague with considerable satisfaction, surrounded by the
+beloved monkeys and dogs, of which she had about seventeen in all.  Nor
+was she without congenial society.  At the Court of Orange there were
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P10"></a>10}</span>
+no ladies, for both the Princes were unmarried; but very speedily
+a court gathered itself about the lively Queen of Bohemia.  English
+ladies flocked to the Hague to show their respect and sympathy for
+their dear Princess.  Nobles and diplomates, more especially Sir Thomas
+Roe and Sir Dudley Carleton, the last of whom was English Ambassador at
+the Hague, vied with one another in evincing their friendship for the
+Queen; and hundreds of adventurous young gentlemen came to offer their
+swords to her husband and their hearts to herself.  "I am never
+destitute of a fool to laugh at, when one goes another comes,"[<a id="chap01fn16text"></a><a href="#chap01fn16">16</a>]
+wrote Elizabeth, <i>à propos</i> of these eager volunteers, who had dubbed
+her the "Queen of Hearts."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Soon after they were settled at Leyden, Henry and Rupert were joined by
+the sister and brothers hitherto left at Berlin, and their society was
+further augmented by other children, born at the Hague, and despatched
+to Leyden as soon as they were old enough to bear the three days'
+journey thither.  To the youngest sister, Sophie, we owe a detailed
+description of their daily life.  "We had," she wrote, "a court quite
+in the German style; our hours as well as our curtsies were all laid
+down by rule."  Eleven o'clock was the dinner hour, and the meal was
+attended with great ceremony.  "On entering the dining-room I found all
+my brothers drawn up in front, with their gentlemen and governors
+posted behind in the same order, side by side.  I was obliged to make a
+very low curtsey to the Princes, a slighter one to the others, another
+low one on placing myself opposite to them, then another slight one to
+my governess, who on entering the room with her daughters curtsied very
+low to me.  I was obliged to curtsey again on handing my gloves over to
+their custody, then again on placing myself opposite to my brothers,
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P11"></a>11}</span>
+again when the gentlemen brought me a large basin in which to wash
+my hands, again after grace was said, and for the ninth, and last time,
+on seating myself at table.  Everything was so arranged that we knew on
+each day of the week what we were to eat, as is the case in convents.
+On Sundays and Wednesdays two divines or two professors were always
+invited to dine with us."[<a id="chap01fn17text"></a><a href="#chap01fn17">17</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+All the children, both boys and girls, were very carefully instructed
+in theology, according to the doctrine of Calvin, and, observed the
+candid Sophie, "knew the Heidelberg Catechism by heart, without
+understanding one word of it."[<a id="chap01fn18text"></a><a href="#chap01fn18">18</a>]  According to the curriculum
+arranged for them, the boys enjoyed four hours daily of leisure and
+exercise.  They had to attend morning and evening prayers read in
+English; the morning prayer was followed by a Bible reading, and an
+application of the lesson.  They were instructed also in the terrible
+Heidelberg Catechism, in the history of the Reformers, and in religious
+controversy.  On Sundays and feastdays they had to attend church, and
+to give an abstract of the sermon afterwards.  They learnt besides,
+mathematics, history, and jurisprudence, and studied languages to so
+much purpose that they could speak five or six with equal ease.[<a id="chap01fn19text"></a><a href="#chap01fn19">19</a>]  To
+their English mother they invariably wrote and spoke in English, but
+French was the tongue they used by preference, and amongst themselves;
+a curious French, often interpolated with Dutch and German phrases.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Rupert early evinced his independence of character by revolting against
+the strict course laid out for him.  "He was not ambitious to entertain
+the learned tongues....  He conceived the languages of the times would
+be to him more useful, having to converse afterwards with divers
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P12"></a>12}</span>
+nations.  Thus he became so much master of the modern tongues that at
+the thirteenth year of his age he could understand, and be understood
+in all Europe.  His High and Low Dutch were not more naturally spoken
+by him than English, French, Spanish and Italian.  Latin he
+understood."[<a id="chap01fn20text"></a><a href="#chap01fn20">20</a>] He showed, moreover, a passion for all things
+military.  "His Highness also applying himself to riding, fencing,
+vaulting, the exercise of the pike and musket, and the study of
+geometry and fortification, wherein he had the assistance of the best
+masters, besides the inclination of a military genius, which showed
+itself so early that at eight years of age he handled his arms with the
+readiness and address of an experienced soldier."[<a id="chap01fn21text"></a><a href="#chap01fn21">21</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Occasionally their mother would summon the children to the Hague, that
+she might show them to her friends; "as one would a stud of
+horses,"[<a id="chap01fn22text"></a><a href="#chap01fn22">22</a>] said Sophie bitterly.  The life at Leyden was also varied
+by the visits of the Elector Frederick, who was occasionally
+accompanied by Englishmen of distinction.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In 1626 came the great Duke of Buckingham himself.  James I was dead,
+and Charles I reigned in his stead, but the brilliant favourite
+Buckingham ruled over the son as absolutely as he had ruled over the
+father before him.  He was inclined now to take up the cause of the
+Palatines, and, as the price of his assistance, proposed a marriage
+between the eldest prince, Henry, and his own little daughter, the Lady
+Mary Villiers.  Frederick, knowing his great power, listened
+favourably, and Buckingham accordingly visited the children at Leyden,
+where he treated his intended son-in-law with great kindness.  Henry
+remembered the Duke with affection, and addressed some of his quaint
+little letters to him, always expressing gratitude for his
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P13"></a>13}</span>
+kindness.  "My Lord," he wrote in 1628, "I could not let pass this
+opportunity to salute you by my Lord Ambassador, for whose departure,
+being somewhat sorrowful, I will comfort myself in this, that he may
+help me in expressing to you how much I am your most affectionate
+friend.&mdash;Frederick Henry."[<a id="chap01fn23text"></a><a href="#chap01fn23">23</a>]  But ere the year was out the Duke had
+fallen under the assassin's knife, and the little Prince did not long
+survive him.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Stadtholder Maurice had died in 1625, bequeathing to Elizabeth,
+amongst other things, a share in a Dutch Company which had raised a
+fleet intended to intercept Spanish galleons coming, laden with gold,
+from Mexico.  In January 1629 this fleet returned triumphant to the
+Zuyder Zee.  To Amsterdam went Frederick, accompanied by his eldest
+son, now fifteen, to claim Elizabeth's share of the spoil.  "For more
+frugality"[<a id="chap01fn24text"></a><a href="#chap01fn24">24</a>] the poverty-stricken King and Prince travelled by the
+ordinary packet-boat, They reached Amsterdam in safety, but on the
+return journey, the packet-boat was run down by a heavy Dutch vessel,
+and sank with all on board.  Frederick was rescued by the exertions of
+the skipper, but young Henry perished, and his piteous cry, "Save me,
+Father!" rang in the ears of the unhappy Frederick to his dying day.[<a id="chap01fn25text"></a><a href="#chap01fn25">25</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Miseries accumulated steadily.  The poverty of the exiles increased as
+rapidly as did their family, and at last they could scarcely get bread
+to eat.  The account of their debts so moved Charles I that he pawned
+his own jewels in order to pay them, after which, the King and Queen
+retired to a villa at Rhenen, near Utrecht, where they hoped to live
+economically.  There Elizabeth was, to a great extent, deprived of the
+society which she loved; but she found consolation in hunting, a sport
+to which she
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P14"></a>14}</span>
+was devoted.  Sometimes she permitted her sons to
+join her, and on one such occasion a comical adventure befell young
+Rupert.  A fox had been run to earth, and "a dog, which the Prince
+loved," followed it.  The dog did not reappear, and Rupert, growing
+anxious, crept down the hole after it.  But, though he managed to catch
+the dog by the leg, he found the hole so narrow that he could extricate
+neither his favourite nor himself.  Happily he was discovered in this
+critical position by his tutor, who, seizing him by the heels, drew out
+Prince, dog, and fox, each holding on to the other.[<a id="chap01fn26text"></a><a href="#chap01fn26">26</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To Frederick the sojourn at Rhenen was very agreeable.  Failing health
+increased his natural irritability, and he ungratefully detested the
+democratic Hollanders.  "Of all <i>canaille</i>, deliver me from the
+<i>canaille</i> of the Hague!"[<a id="chap01fn27text"></a><a href="#chap01fn27">27</a>] he said.  "It is a misery to live amongst
+such a people."[<a id="chap01fn28text"></a><a href="#chap01fn28">28</a>]  At last, in 1630, a ray of hope dawned upon him.
+Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden, resolved to assist the Protestants
+of Germany, and, encouraged by France, launched himself into the
+Empire.  In 1631 he gained the battle of Leipzig, and success followed
+success, until the Lower Palatinate was in the Swedish hero's hands.
+Then Frederick, provided, by the Stadtholder, with £5,000, set out to
+join Gustavus, but ere his departure, paid a farewell visit to Leyden.
+There he attended a public examination of the University Students, in
+which Charles and Rupert won much distinction.  The visit was his last.
+By November 1632 his troubles were over, and the weary, anxious,
+disappointed king lay dead at Mainz, in the thirty-sixth year of his
+age.  The immediate cause of his death was a fever contracted in the
+summer campaign; but it was said that his heart had been broken by the
+death of his eldest son, and that all through his illness he declared
+that he heard
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P15"></a>15}</span>
+the boy calling him.  The death of Gustavus Adolphus
+in the same month checked the victorious progress of the Swedish army,
+and, consequently, the hopes of the Palatines.  Frederick had been
+loved by his sons, and his loss was keenly felt by those of them who
+were old enough to understand it.  The misfortune was, however, beyond
+the comprehension of the five-year-old Philip, who evidently had learnt
+to regard military defeat as the only serious disaster.  "But is the
+battle then lost, because the king is dead?" he demanded, gazing in
+astonishment at Rupert's passionate tears.[<a id="chap01fn29text"></a><a href="#chap01fn29">29</a>]  More than a battle had
+been lost, and forlornly pathetic was the letter indicted by the elder
+boys to their uncle, King Charles:
+</p>
+
+<p><br /></p>
+
+<p>
+"We commit ourselves and the protection of our rights into your
+gracious arms, humbly beseeching your Majesty so to look upon us as
+upon those who have neither friends, nor fortune, nor greater honour in
+this world, than belongs to your Royal blood.  Unless you please to
+maintain that in us God knoweth what may become of your Majesty's
+nephews.
+</p>
+
+<p class="noindent">
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"CHARLES.<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"RUPERT. &nbsp;&nbsp; "MAURICE.<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"EDWARD."[<a id="chap01fn30text"></a><a href="#chap01fn30">30</a>]<br />
+</p>
+
+<p><br /></p>
+
+<p>
+Hard, in truth, was the position of Elizabeth, left to struggle as she
+might for her large and impecunious family.  She had lost, besides
+Henry, two children who had died in infancy.  There remained ten, six
+sons and four daughters, the eldest scarcely sixteen, and all wholly
+dependent on the generosity of their friends and relations.  The States
+of Holland at once granted to the Queen the same yearly sum which they
+had allowed to her husband, and while her brother, Charles I,
+prospered, and the Stadtholder
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P16"></a>16}</span>
+Henry still lived, she did not
+suffer the depths of poverty to which she afterwards sank.  Yet money
+was, as her son Charles put it, "very hard to come by";[<a id="chap01fn31text"></a><a href="#chap01fn31">31</a>] they were
+always in debt, and it is recorded by another son, that their house was
+"greatly vexed by rats and mice, but more by creditors."[<a id="chap01fn32text"></a><a href="#chap01fn32">32</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Happily for herself, Elizabeth was possessed of two things of which no
+misfortune could deprive her, namely, a buoyant nature and a perfect
+constitution.  "For, though I have cause enough to be sad, I am still
+of my wild humour to be merry in spite of fortune," she once wrote to
+her faithful friend, Sir Thomas Roe.[<a id="chap01fn33text"></a><a href="#chap01fn33">33</a>]  And her children inherited
+her high spirits.  "I was then of so gay a disposition that everything
+amused me," wrote Sophie; "our family misfortunes had no power to
+depress my spirits, though we were, at times, obliged to make even
+richer repasts than that of Cleopatra, and often had nothing at our
+Court but pearls and diamonds to eat."[<a id="chap01fn34text"></a><a href="#chap01fn34">34</a>]  And as it was with Sophie
+so it was with the others; despair was unknown to them, and for long it
+was their favourite game to play that they were travelling back to the
+lost Palatinate, and had entered a public-house on the way.[<a id="chap01fn35text"></a><a href="#chap01fn35">35</a>] Nor did
+they less inherit their mother's iron constitution.  "Bodily health is
+an inheritance from our mother which no one can dispute with us,"
+declared Sophie; "the best we ever had from her, of which Rupert has
+taken a double share."[<a id="chap01fn36text"></a><a href="#chap01fn36">36</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Thus, in spite of poverty, misfortune, and the learning thrust upon
+them, the children grew up gay, witty, as full of tricks as their
+mother's cherished monkeys, and all distinguished for personal beauty,
+unusual talents, strong
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P17"></a>17}</span>
+wills, and a superb disregard of the
+world's opinion.  Charles, called by his brothers and sisters, "Timon",
+on account of his misanthropic views and bitter sayings, was not a whit
+behind Rupert in learning, and far his superior in social
+accomplishments.  He was his mother's favourite son.  "Since he was
+born I ever loved him best&mdash;when he was but a second son,"[<a id="chap01fn37text"></a><a href="#chap01fn37">37</a>] she
+wrote once; to which replied her correspondent: "It is not the first
+time your Majesty has confessed to me your affection to the Prince
+Elector, but now I must approve and admire your judgment, for never was
+there any fairer subject of love."[<a id="chap01fn38text"></a><a href="#chap01fn38">38</a>] Elizabeth, named by the rest "La
+Grecque," was considered, later in life, the most learned lady in all
+Europe; and the merry Louise was an artist whose pictures possess an
+intrinsic value to this day.  Her instructor in the art of painting was
+Honthorst, who resided in the family.  He often sold her pictures for
+her, thus enabling her to contribute something to the support of the
+household.  So it happens that some of the pictures now ascribed to
+Honthorst, are in fact the work of the Princess Louise.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Sophie has left us a description of all her sisters: "Elizabeth had
+black hair, a dazzling complexion, brown sparkling eyes, a well-shaped
+forehead, beautiful cherry lips, and a sharp aquiline nose, which was
+apt to turn red.  She loved study, but all her philosophy could not
+save her from vexation when her nose was red.  At such times she hid
+herself from the world.  I remember that my sister Louise, who was not
+so sensitive, asked her on one such unlucky occasion to come upstairs
+to the Queen, as it was the usual hour for visiting her.  Elizabeth
+said, 'Would you have me go with this nose?'&mdash;Louise retorted, 'What!
+will you wait till you get another?'&mdash;Louise was lively and unaffected.
+Elizabeth was very learned; she
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P18"></a>18}</span>
+knew every language under the sun
+and corresponded regularly with Descartes.  This great learning, by
+making her rather absent-minded, often became the subject of our mirth.
+Louise was not so handsome, but had, in my opinion, a more amiable
+disposition.  She devoted herself to painting, and so strong was her
+talent for it that she could take likenesses from memory.  While
+painting others she neglected herself sadly; one would have said that
+her clothes had been thrown on her."[<a id="chap01fn39text"></a><a href="#chap01fn39">39</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Rupert, nicknamed "Rupert le Diable" for his rough manners and hasty
+temper, was himself no mean artist, but of his especial bent something
+has been said already.  Of the younger children we know less.  Maurice
+is chiefly distinguished as Rupert's inseparable companion and devoted
+follower.  Like Rupert, he seems to have been of gigantic height, for
+we find Charles, at eighteen, boyishly resenting the imputation that
+"my brother Maurice is as high as myself," and sending his mother "the
+measure of my true height, without any heels," to disprove it.[<a id="chap01fn40text"></a><a href="#chap01fn40">40</a>]
+Edward must have been unlike the rest in appearance, for Charles
+describes him as having a round face, and fat cheeks, though he had the
+family brown eyes.[<a id="chap01fn41text"></a><a href="#chap01fn41">41</a>]  He shared the wilfulness of the rest, but never
+especially distinguished himself.  Henriette was fair and gentle, very
+beautiful, but less talented than her sisters.  She devoted herself to
+needlework and the confection of sweetmeats.  Poor, fiery Philip,
+valiant, passionate and undisciplined, came early to a warrior's grave.
+Sophie lived to be the mother of George I of England, and was famous
+for her natural intelligence, learning, and social talents.  Little
+Gustave died at nine years old, after a short life of continual
+suffering.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+As the boys and girls grew up they were withdrawn from Leyden to the
+court at the Hague.  The Queen of
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P19"></a>19}</span>
+Bohemia's household was a
+singularly lively one, abounding in practical jokes and wit of a not
+very refined nature, so that the young princes and princesses had to
+"sharpen their wits in self-defence."[<a id="chap01fn42text"></a><a href="#chap01fn42">42</a>]  It was a fashion with them
+to run about the Hague in disguise, talking to whomever they
+met.[<a id="chap01fn43text"></a><a href="#chap01fn43">43</a>]&mdash;Private theatricals were a favourite form of amusement, and
+the Carnival&mdash;their Protestantism notwithstanding&mdash;was kept with
+hilarious rejoicing.  The Dutch regarded them with kindly tolerance.
+The English Puritans were less phlegmatic; and a deputation, happening
+to come over with "a godly condolence" to Elizabeth, in 1635, retired
+deeply disgusted by the "songs, dances, hallooing and other
+jovialities" of the Princes Charles, Rupert, Maurice and Edward.[<a id="chap01fn44text"></a><a href="#chap01fn44">44</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p><br /><br /></p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap01fn1"></a>
+[<a href="#chap01fn1text">1</a>] Hist. MSS. Commission.  12th Report.  Athole MSS. p. 30.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap01fn2"></a>
+[<a href="#chap01fn2text">2</a>] Calendar of Domestic State Papers.  Wharton to Willingham, 13 Sept.
+1642.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap01fn3"></a>
+[<a href="#chap01fn3text">3</a>] Carte's Original Letters.  Ed. 1739.  Vol. I. p. 59.  O'Neil to
+Trevor, 26 July, 1644.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap01fn4"></a>
+[<a href="#chap01fn4text">4</a>] Hist. MSS. Commission.  8th Report.  Denbigh MSS. p. 5520.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap01fn5"></a>
+[<a href="#chap01fn5text">5</a>] Calendar Clarendon, State Papers, 27 Feb. 1654.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap01fn6"></a>
+[<a href="#chap01fn6text">6</a>] Gardiner's History of England.  1893.  Vol. III. Chap. 29. pp.
+251-299.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap01fn7"></a>
+[<a href="#chap01fn7text">7</a>] Green, Lives of the Princesses of England.  1855.  Vol. V. p. 353.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap01fn8"></a>
+[<a href="#chap01fn8text">8</a>] Benger's Elizabeth Stuart.  Ed. 1825.  Vol. II. p. 255
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap01fn9"></a>
+[<a href="#chap01fn9text">9</a>] Ibid. II. p. 257.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap01fn10"></a>
+[<a href="#chap01fn10text">10</a>] Hist. MSS. Com. Report 3.  Hopkinson MSS. p. 265a.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap01fn11"></a>
+[<a href="#chap01fn11text">11</a>] Green's Princesses, Vol. V. p. 408, note.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap01fn12"></a>
+[<a href="#chap01fn12text">12</a>] Bromley Letters.  Ed. 1787.  p. 21.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap01fn13"></a>
+[<a href="#chap01fn13text">13</a>] Bromley Letters, p. 38.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap01fn14"></a>
+[<a href="#chap01fn14text">14</a>] Ibid. p. 178.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap01fn15"></a>
+[<a href="#chap01fn15text">15</a>] Preussischen Staatsarchiven.  Bd. 4.  Memoiren der Herzogin
+Sophie, pp. 34-35.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap01fn16"></a>
+[<a href="#chap01fn16text">16</a>] Letters and Negotiations of Sir T. Roe, p. 74.  Elizabeth to Roe,
+19 Aug. 1622.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap01fn17"></a>
+[<a href="#chap01fn17text">17</a>] Publication aus den Preussischen Staatsarchiven.  Bd. 4.  Memoiren
+der Herzogin Sophie, pp. 34-35.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap01fn18"></a>
+[<a href="#chap01fn18text">18</a>] Ibid.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap01fn19"></a>
+[<a href="#chap01fn19text">19</a>] Haüsser, Geschichte der Rheinischen Pfalz.  Vol. II. p. 510.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap01fn20"></a>
+[<a href="#chap01fn20text">20</a>] Lansdowne MSS. 817.  Fol. 157-168.  Brit. Mus.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap01fn21"></a>
+[<a href="#chap01fn21text">21</a>] Warburton, Rupert and the Cavaliers, Vol. I. p. 449.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap01fn22"></a>
+[<a href="#chap01fn22text">22</a>] Memoiren der Herzogin Sophie, p. 35.  Publication aus den
+Preussischen Staatsarchiven.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap01fn23"></a>
+[<a href="#chap01fn23text">23</a>] Harleian MSS. 6988.  Fol. 83.  British Museum.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap01fn24"></a>
+[<a href="#chap01fn24text">24</a>] Howell's Familiar Letters.  Edition 1726.  Bk I. p. 177.  25 Feb.
+1625.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap01fn25"></a>
+[<a href="#chap01fn25text">25</a>] Strickland's Elizabeth Stuart.  Queens of Scotland, Vol. VIII. pp.
+134, 161.  Green's Princesses.  V. 468-9.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap01fn26"></a>
+[<a href="#chap01fn26text">26</a>] Warburton, Vol. I. p. 49, <i>note</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap01fn27"></a>
+[<a href="#chap01fn27text">27</a>] Strickland, Elizabeth Stuart, p. 138.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap01fn28"></a>
+[<a href="#chap01fn28text">28</a>] Bromley Letters, p. 20.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap01fn29"></a>
+[<a href="#chap01fn29text">29</a>] Sprüner's Pfalzgraf Ruprecht, p. 17.  Staatsbibliothek zu München.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap01fn30"></a>
+[<a href="#chap01fn30text">30</a>] Green, English Princesses, Vol. V. p. 515.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap01fn31"></a>
+[<a href="#chap01fn31text">31</a>] Bromley Letters, p. 124.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap01fn32"></a>
+[<a href="#chap01fn32text">32</a>] Dict. of National Biography.  Art. Elizabeth of Bohemia.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap01fn33"></a>
+[<a href="#chap01fn33text">33</a>] Letters and Negotiations of Roe, p. 146.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap01fn34"></a>
+[<a href="#chap01fn34text">34</a>] Memoiren der Herzogin Sophie, p. 43.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap01fn35"></a>
+[<a href="#chap01fn35text">35</a>] Sprüner, p. 15.  MSS. der Staatsbibliothek zu München.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap01fn36"></a>
+[<a href="#chap01fn36text">36</a>] Briefwechsel der Herzogin Sophie mit Karl Ludwig von der Pfalz, p.
+309.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap01fn37"></a>
+[<a href="#chap01fn37text">37</a>] Dom. State Papers.  Chas. I.  Vol. 325.  Fol. 47.  Eliz. to Roe, 4
+June, 1636.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap01fn38"></a>
+[<a href="#chap01fn38text">38</a>] Ibid. Roe to Eliz., 20 July, 1636.  Vol. 329. fol. 21.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap01fn39"></a>
+[<a href="#chap01fn39text">39</a>] Memoiren der Herzogin Sophie, pp. 38-39.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap01fn40"></a>
+[<a href="#chap01fn40text">40</a>] Bromley Letters, p. 97.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap01fn41"></a>
+[<a href="#chap01fn41text">41</a>] Forster's Statesmen, Vol. VI. p. 81, <i>note</i>
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap01fn42"></a>
+[<a href="#chap01fn42text">42</a>] Memoiren der Herzogin Sophie, pp. 36-37.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap01fn43"></a>
+[<a href="#chap01fn43text">43</a>] Memoirs of the Princess Palatine.  Blaze de Bury.  p. 112.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap01fn44"></a>
+[<a href="#chap01fn44text">44</a>] Strickland, Elizabeth Stuart, p. 174.
+</p>
+
+<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
+
+<p><a id="chap02"></a></p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P20"></a>20}</span>
+</p>
+
+<h3>
+CHAPTER II
+</h3>
+
+<h4>
+RUPERT'S EARLY CAMPAIGNS.  FIRST VISIT TO ENGLAND.  <br />
+MADEMOISELLE DE ROHAN
+</h4>
+
+<p>
+At the age of thirteen Rupert made his first campaign.  Prince Henry of
+Orange had succeeded his brother Maurice as Stadtholder, and under his
+Generalship, the Protestant states of Holland still carried on the
+struggle against Spain and the Spanish Netherlands, which had raged
+since the days of William the Silent.  The close alliance of Spain with
+the Empire, and of Holland with the Palatines, connected this war with
+the religious wars of Germany; young Rupert was full of eagerness to
+share in it, and the Stadtholder, with whom the boy was a special
+favourite, begged Elizabeth's leave to take him and his elder brother
+on the campaign of 1633.  The Queen consented, saying, "He cannot too
+soon be a soldier in these active times."[<a id="chap02fn1text"></a><a href="#chap02fn1">1</a>]  But hardly was the boy
+gone, than she was seized with fears for his morals, and recalled him
+to the Hague.  Rupert submitted reluctantly, but the remonstrances of
+the Stadtholder, ere long, procured his return to the army.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A brief campaign resulted in the capture of Rhynberg, which triumph
+Prince Henry celebrated with a tournament held at the Hague.  On this
+occasion Rupert greatly distinguished himself, carrying off the palm,
+"with such a graceful air accompanying all his actions, as drew the
+hearts and eyes of all spectators towards him ...  The ladies also
+contended among themselves which should crown him with the greatest and
+most welcome glory."[<a id="chap02fn2text"></a><a href="#chap02fn2">2</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P21"></a>21}</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+After all this excitement, the boy found his life at Leyden irksome,
+and "his thoughts were so wholly taken up with the love of arms, that
+he had no great passion for any other study."  He was therefore allowed
+to return to active service, and on the next campaign he served in the
+Stadtholder's Life Guards.  With eager delight, he "delivered himself
+up to all the common duties and circumstances of a private soldier;"[<a id="chap02fn3text"></a><a href="#chap02fn3">3</a>]
+in which capacity he witnessed the sieges of Louvain, Schenkenseyan,
+and the horrible sack of Tirlemont.  Even thus early he showed
+something of the impatience and impetuosity which was afterwards his
+bane.  The dilatory methods and cautious policy of the Stadtholder
+fretted him; "an active Prince, like ours, was always for charging the
+enemy."  His courage indeed "astonished the eldest soldiers," and they
+exerted themselves to preserve from harm the young comrade who took no
+care of himself.[<a id="chap02fn4text"></a><a href="#chap02fn4">4</a>]  Eventually Rupert returned from his second
+campaign, covered with glory, and not a little spoilt by the petting of
+the Stadtholder, and of his companions in arms.  A visit to England,
+which followed soon after, did not tend to lessen his good opinion of
+himself.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+His eldest brother, Charles Louis, had just attained his eighteenth
+year.  This being the legal age for Princes of the Empire, he assumed
+his father's title of Prince Elector Palatine, and was thereupon
+summoned to England by his uncle, King Charles, who hoped to accomplish
+his restoration to the Palatinate.  Elizabeth suffered the departure of
+her favourite with much misgiving.  "He is young <i>et fort nouveau</i>, so
+as he will no doubt commit many errors," she wrote to Sir Henry Vane.
+"I fear damnably how he will do with your ladies, for he is a very ill
+courtier; therefore I pray you desire them not to laugh too much at
+him, but to be merciful to him."[<a id="chap02fn5text"></a><a href="#chap02fn5">5</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P22"></a>22}</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In October 1635 young Charles landed at Gravesend, and was well
+received by his relatives.  "The King received him in the Queen's
+withdrawing room, using him extraordinarily kindly.  The Queen kissed
+him.  He is a very handsome young prince, modest and very bashful; he
+speaks English," was the report of a friend to Lord Strafford.[<a id="chap02fn6text"></a><a href="#chap02fn6">6</a>]
+Nevertheless the Elector, who had expected to be restored with a high
+hand, was somewhat disappointed in his uncle.  Ambassadors King Charles
+did not spare.  In July 1636 he despatched Lord Arundel on a special
+mission to Vienna.  He endeavoured to league together England, France
+and Holland in the interests of the Palatines.  He negotiated with the
+King of Hungary, and he attempted to secure the King of Poland by
+marrying him to the Elector's eldest sister, Elizabeth.  The marriage
+treaty fell through because the princess refused to profess the Roman
+Catholic faith.  The other negotiations proved equally fruitless; and
+armies, fleets and money it was not in the King's power to furnish.
+"All their comfort to me is 'to have patience'!"[<a id="chap02fn7text"></a><a href="#chap02fn7">7</a>] complained the
+young Elector to his mother.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In other respects he had nothing to complain of; the impression he made
+was excellent, and the King showed him all the kindness in his power.
+The old diplomat, Sir Thomas Roe, who watched over the boy with a
+fatherly eye, wrote enthusiastically to his mother, Elizabeth: "The
+Prince Elector is so sweet, so obliging, so discreet, so sensible of
+his own affairs, and so young as was never seen, nor could be seen in
+the son of any other mother.  And this joy I give you: he gains upon
+his Majesty's affection, by assiduity and diligent attendance, so much
+that it is expressed to him by embracings, kissings, and all signs of
+love."[<a id="chap02fn8text"></a><a href="#chap02fn8">8</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P23"></a>23}</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Thus encouraged, Elizabeth resolved to send her second son to join his
+brother; though with little hope that "Rupert le Diable" would prove an
+equal success with the young Elector.  "For blood's sake I hope he will
+be welcome," she wrote; "though I believe he will not trouble your
+ladies with courting them, nor be thought a very <i>beau garçon</i>, which
+you slander his brother with."  And she entreated Sir Henry Vane "a
+little to give good counsel to Rupert, for he is still a little giddy,
+though not so much as he has been.  Pray tell him when he does ill, for
+he is good-natured enough, but does not always think of what he should
+do."[<a id="chap02fn9text"></a><a href="#chap02fn9">9</a>]  But the mother's judgment erred, for the despised Rupert won
+all hearts at the English Court, so completely as to throw his brother
+into the shade.  Doubtless the jeers of his mother had helped to render
+him shy and awkward at the Hague; now, for the first time, he found
+himself free to develop unrestrained, in a congenial atmosphere.  The
+natural force of his character showed itself at once, and his quick wit
+and vivacity charmed the grave King.  "I have observed him," reported
+Sir Thomas Roe, "full of spirit and action, full of observation and
+judgment; certainly he will <i>réussir un grand homme (sic)</i>; for
+whatsoever he wills he wills vehemently, so that to what he bends he
+will in it be excellent...  His Majesty takes great pleasure in his
+unrestfulness, for he is never idle; in his sports serious, in his
+conversation retired, but sharp and witty when occasion provokes
+him."[<a id="chap02fn10text"></a><a href="#chap02fn10">10</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In his love for the arts King Charles found another point of sympathy
+with his nephew.  The English Court was then the most splendid in
+Europe; Charles's collections of pictures, sculptures, and art
+treasures were the finest of the times.  He was himself so proficient a
+musician that an enemy remarked later, that he might have earned his
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P24"></a>24}</span>
+living by his art.[<a id="chap02fn11text"></a><a href="#chap02fn11">11</a>]  Rubens, Van Dyke and other famous artists,
+sculptors and musicians were familiar figures at the Court.  In a word,
+the society which Charles gathered round him was cultivated and
+intellectual to the highest degree.  To a boy like Rupert, sensitive,
+excitable, and intensely artistic in feeling, there was something
+intoxicating in this feast of the senses and intellect, so suddenly
+offered to him.  Nor was this all.  The Queen and her ladies, so famous
+for their wit and beauty, marked him for their own; and before he had
+been many days in England, the boy found himself the chief pet and
+favourite of his fascinating aunt.  Queen Henrietta, who had a passion
+for proselytising, soon saw in her handsome young nephew a hopeful
+subject for conversion to the Roman Church; and Rupert, on his part,
+was not a little drawn by the artistic aspect of her religion.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The young Elector watched his brother's prosperous course with dismay.
+Rupert, he lamented, was "always with the Queen, and her ladies, and
+her Papists."  Nor did he look more favourably on Rupert's affection
+for Endymion Porter, a poet, and a connoisseur in all the arts, whose
+wife was as ardent a Roman Catholic as was the Queen herself.  "Rupert
+is still in great friendship with Porter," he wrote to his mother.  "I
+bid him take heed he do not meddle with points of religion among them,
+for fear some priest or other, that is too hard for him, may form an
+ill opinion in him.  Mrs. Porter is a professed Roman Catholic.  Which
+way to get my brother away I do not know, except myself go over."[<a id="chap02fn12text"></a><a href="#chap02fn12">12</a>]
+Roe also hinted that Elizabeth would do well to recall her second son.
+"His spirit is too active to be wasted in the soft entanglings of
+pleasure, and your Majesty would do well to recall him gently.  He will
+prove a sword for all his friends if his edge be set right.  There is
+nothing ill in his stay here, yet he may gather a diminution from
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P25"></a>25}</span>
+company unfit for him."[<a id="chap02fn13text"></a><a href="#chap02fn13">13</a>] It was enough.  Elizabeth took alarm, and
+from that time made desperate but vain efforts to recover her giddy
+Rupert, who, said she, "spends his time but idly in England."[<a id="chap02fn14text"></a><a href="#chap02fn14">14</a>]  But
+Rupert was far too happy to return home just then; nor were his uncle
+and aunt willing to part with him.  The Queen loudly protested that she
+would not let him go, and Elizabeth was obliged to resign herself,
+saying, "He will not mend there."[<a id="chap02fn15text"></a><a href="#chap02fn15">15</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It was not fears for her son's Protestantism alone that moved her.  She
+was aware that he and the King were concocting between them, a scheme
+of which she thoroughly disapproved.  This was a wild and utterly
+unfeasible plan for founding a colony in Madagascar, of which Rupert
+was to be leader, organiser, and ruler.  He had always taken a keen
+interest in naval affairs, and now he devoted himself eagerly to the
+study of ship-building.  But his unfortunate mother was frantic at the
+idea.  In her eyes, the boy's only fit vocation was "to be made a
+soldier, to serve his uncle and brother,"[<a id="chap02fn16text"></a><a href="#chap02fn16">16</a>] and she entreated her
+friend Roe to put such "windmills" out of this new Don Quixote's head.
+No son of hers, she declared, fiercely, should "roam the world as a
+knight-errant;"[<a id="chap02fn17text"></a><a href="#chap02fn17">17</a>] not foreseeing, poor woman, that such was precisely
+her children's destined fate.  From Roe at least she had full sympathy:
+"I will only say," he wrote to her, "that it is an excellent course to
+lose the Prince in a most desperate, dangerous, unwholesome, fruitless
+action."[<a id="chap02fn18text"></a><a href="#chap02fn18">18</a>]  But to mockery and exhortation Rupert turned a deaf ear.
+His mother, finding her letters treated with indifference, sent her
+agent, Rusdorf, to represent to the boy his exalted station as a Prince
+of the Empire, the grief he was causing to his grandmother, mother and
+sisters,
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P26"></a>26}</span>
+and the necessity of his remaining in Europe to combat
+his ancestral enemies.  Rupert listened in absolute silence, and
+remained unmoved at the end.  Nor could his brother Charles make the
+least impression on him.  "When I ask him what he means to do I find
+him very shy to tell me his opinion,"[<a id="chap02fn19text"></a><a href="#chap02fn19">19</a>] was the young Elector's
+report.  Rupert probably knew Charles well enough to guess that
+anything he did tell him would be at once repeated to his mother, and
+he was always good at keeping his own counsel.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Both boys had broken loose from their home restraints.  They were now
+"quite out of their mother's governance", and resolved to go their own
+way, heeding neither her nor her agents, present or absent.[<a id="chap02fn20text"></a><a href="#chap02fn20">20</a>]  The
+state of affairs was not improved by the interference of one of
+Elizabeth's ladies, who was also on a visit to England.  Between the
+boys and this Mrs. Crofts there was no love lost.  She told tales of
+their doings to their mother, and carried complaints of their rudeness
+to their mentor, Lord Craven.  The Princes were furious, believing that
+she had been sent to spy upon them, and, at the same time, they
+betrayed evident terror lest her stories should gain credence rather
+than their own.  "I am sure your Majesty maketh no doubt of my civil
+carriage to Mrs. Crofts, because she was your servant, and you
+commanded it," declared Charles, "yet I hear she is not pleased, and
+hath sent her complaints over seas.  I do not know whether they are
+come to your Majesty's ears, but I easily believe it, because she told
+my Lord Craven that I used her like a stranger and would not speak to
+her before her King and Queen.  Yet I may truly say that I have spoken
+more to her, since she came into England, than ever I did in all my
+life before."[<a id="chap02fn21text"></a><a href="#chap02fn21">21</a>]  Rupert also had insulted the lady.  "He told
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P27"></a>27}</span>
+me
+she would not look upon him,"[<a id="chap02fn22text"></a><a href="#chap02fn22">22</a>] wrote his brother indignantly.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+After all this agitation, a visit to Oxford, in the company of the
+King, proved a welcome diversion.  This was a great event in the
+University, and the scholars were admonished "to go nowhere without
+their caps and gowns, and in apparel of such colour and such fashion as
+the statute prescribes.  And particularly they are not to wear long
+hair, nor any boots, nor double stockings, rolled down, or hanging
+loose about their legs, as the manner of some slovens is."[<a id="chap02fn23text"></a><a href="#chap02fn23">23</a>]  On the
+night of the Royal Party's arrival a play was performed by the students
+of Christ Church, which Lord Carnarvon reported the worst he had ever
+seen, except one which he saw at Cambridge.  On the following day
+Rupert, clad in a scarlet gown, was presented for the degree of Master
+of Arts by the Warden of Merton College.  The University bestowed on
+him a pair of gloves; and from Archbishop Laud, then Chancellor of
+Oxford, he received a copy of Cæsar's Commentaries.  Subsequently the
+Royal guests dined with Laud, at St. John's College, and in the evening
+they were condemned to witness a second play at Christ Church, which
+happily proved "most excellent."[<a id="chap02fn24text"></a><a href="#chap02fn24">24</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Elizabeth remained, in the meantime, far from satisfied; and in
+February 1637, King Charles thought it well to ascertain her serious
+intentions with regard to Rupert.  To this end, young George Goring,
+then serving in the Stadtholder's army, was commissioned to sound her.
+Thus he reported to his father:&mdash;"I found she had a belief he would
+lose his time in England, and for that reason had an intention to
+recall him.  I saw it not needful to give her other encouragement from
+His Majesty, than that I heard the King profess that he did believe
+Prince Rupert
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P28"></a>28}</span>
+would soon be capable of any actions of honour, and
+if he were placed in any such employment would acquit himself very
+well; and I persuaded Her Majesty to know what the Prince of Orange
+would think fit for him to do, which she did on their next meeting, and
+His Highness wished very much that there were some employment in the
+way worthy of him.  But this business is silenced since upon a letter
+the Queen has received from the Prince Elector, where he mentions the
+sending of some land forces into France, which he judges a fit command
+for him ...  Only that which His Highness spoke to Dr. Gosse,
+concerning Prince Rupert, would joy me much, being I might hope for a
+liberty of attempting actions worthy of an honest man."[<a id="chap02fn25text"></a><a href="#chap02fn25">25</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Plans for the recovery of the lost Palatinate were now indeed maturing.
+The cause was one very near the hearts of the English Puritans, who
+regarded it as synonymous with the cause of Protestantism, and they
+showed themselves willing to subscribe money in aid of it.  The King
+promised ships, and tried to win the help of France; while young
+English nobles eagerly offered their swords to the exiled Princes.  The
+Elector was so delighted that he could scarcely believe his good
+fortune, and Rupert abandoned his own schemes in order to assist his
+brother.  "The dream of Madagascar, I think, is vanished," wrote Roe.
+"A blunt merchant called to deliver his opinion, said it was a gallant
+design, but one on which he would be loth to venture his younger
+son."[<a id="chap02fn26text"></a><a href="#chap02fn26">26</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+But the dream of Rupert's conversion was not over, and his mother was
+as anxious as ever to recover possession of him.  She appealed now to
+Archbishop Laud who had shown great interest in the boys, often
+inviting them to dine with him.  "The two young Princes have both
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P29"></a>29}</span>
+been very kind and respective of me," he said.  "It was little I was
+able to do for them, but I was always ready to do my best."[<a id="chap02fn27text"></a><a href="#chap02fn27">27</a>]  To him
+therefore Elizabeth stated that she was about to send Maurice with the
+Prince of Orange, "to learn that profession by which I believe he must
+live,"[<a id="chap02fn28text"></a><a href="#chap02fn28">28</a>] and that she desired Rupert to bear his brother company.  "I
+think he will spend this summer better in an army than idly in England.
+For though it be a great honour and happiness to him to wait upon his
+uncle, yet, his youth considered, he will be better employed to see the
+war."[<a id="chap02fn29text"></a><a href="#chap02fn29">29</a>]  Laud replied in approving terms: "If the Prince of Orange be
+going into the field, God be his speed.  The like I heartily wish to
+the young Prince Maurice.  You do exceedingly well to put him into
+action betimes."[<a id="chap02fn30text"></a><a href="#chap02fn30">30</a>] Still he offered no real assistance, and Elizabeth
+fell back on the sympathetic Roe, repeating how she had sent for
+Rupert, and adding&mdash;"You may easily guess why I send for him; his
+brother can tell you else.  I pray you help him away and hinder those
+that would stay him."[<a id="chap02fn31text"></a><a href="#chap02fn31">31</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Her untiring solicitations and Rupert's own martial spirit, combined
+with the fact that the Elector, having completed his negotiations, was
+now ready to return with his brother, prevailed.  The King at last
+consented to let them go, and in June 1637 they embarked at Greenwich,
+arriving safely at the Hague, after a stormy passage in which both
+suffered severely.  The parting in England had been reluctant on both
+sides.  "Both the brothers went away very unwillingly, but Prince
+Rupert expressed it most, for, being a-hunting that morning with the
+King, he wished he might break his neck, and so leave his bones in
+England."[<a id="chap02fn32text"></a><a href="#chap02fn32">32</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P30"></a>30}</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+But, in the opinion of Elizabeth and Roe, that pleasant holiday had
+ended none too soon.  "You have your desire for Prince Rupert," wrote
+the latter.  "I doubt not he returns to you untainted, but I will not
+answer for all designs upon him.  The enemy is a serpent as well as a
+wolf, and, though he should prove impregnable, you do well to preserve
+him from battery."[<a id="chap02fn33text"></a><a href="#chap02fn33">33</a>]  Later the boy confessed that a fortnight more
+in England would have seen him a Roman Catholic.  Elizabeth thereupon
+poured forth bitter indignation on her sister-in-law, but Henrietta
+only retorted, with cheerful defiance, that, had she known Rupert's
+real state of mind, he should not have departed when he did.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+So far as Rupert was concerned, the visit had not been, from the
+mother's point of view, a success.  The only one of her brother's
+schemes for the boy's advantage of which she approved, unhappily
+commended itself very little to Rupert himself; this was no less than
+the time-honoured device of marrying him to an heiress.  The lady
+selected was the daughter of the Huguenot Duc de Rohan, and in
+September 1636 the Elector had written to his mother: "Concerning my
+brother Rupert, M. de Soubise hath made overture that, with your
+Majesty's and your brother's consent, he thinks M. de Rohan would not
+be unwilling to match him with his daughter....  I think it is no
+absurd proposition, for she is great both in means and birth, and of
+the religion."[<a id="chap02fn34text"></a><a href="#chap02fn34">34</a>]  The death of the Duc de Rohan delayed the
+conclusion of the treaty, which dragged on for several years.  In 1638
+King Charles renewed relations with the widowed Duchess, through his
+Ambassador at Paris, Lord Leicester.  "For Prince Robert's service, I
+represented unto her as well as I could, how hopeful a prince he was,
+and she said she had heard much good of him, that he was very handsome,
+and had a great deal of wit
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P31"></a>31}</span>
+and courage,"[<a id="chap02fn35text"></a><a href="#chap02fn35">35</a>] wrote the
+Ambassador.  But Cardinal Richelieu was by no means willing to let such
+a fortune as that of the Rohans, fall to a heretic foreigner, and
+without his consent, and that of Louis XIII, nothing could be done.
+The difficulties in the way were great, and though the Duchess was well
+inclined to Rupert, both on account of his religion and of his Royal
+blood, she was not blind to the fact that neither of these would
+support either himself or his family.  He would, she supposed, settle
+down in France, but great though her daughter's fortune was, it would
+not, she declared, maintain a Royal prince in Paris; and she desired to
+know what King Charles would do for his nephew.  Leicester could only
+reply vaguely that the King would "take care" of his nephew, and of any
+future children.  He was, however, admitted to an interview with the
+young lady, whom he facetiously told, that he "came to make love unto
+her, and that, if it were for myself, I thought she could hardly find
+it in her heart to refuse me, but it being for a handsome young prince,
+countenanced by the recommendation of a great king, I did take upon
+myself to know her mind....  She gave me a smile and a blush, which I
+took for a sufficient reply."[<a id="chap02fn36text"></a><a href="#chap02fn36">36</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Owing to the opposition of the Cardinal, no formal betrothal took
+place, but Marguerite de Rohan evidently regarded her unwilling lover
+with favour, for when he fell into the hands of the Emperor she showed
+herself loyal to him.  Leicester, on receiving the news of Rupert's
+capture, hastened to interview the Duchess, but found her still well
+inclined.  "I cannot find that she is at all changed," he reported.
+"She answered also for her daughter, and related this passage to me.
+Some one had said to Mademoiselle de Rohan: 'Now that Prince Rupert is
+a prisoner, you should do well to abandon the thought of him, and to
+entertain the addresses of your servant, the Duc de Nemours.'
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P32"></a>32}</span>
+To
+which she answered: 'I am not engaged anywhere; but, as I have been
+inclined, so I am still, for it would be a <i>lâcheté</i> to forsake one
+because of his misfortunes, and some generosity to esteem him in the
+same degree as before he fell into it."[<a id="chap02fn37text"></a><a href="#chap02fn37">37</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Her generosity was not felt as it deserved.  Rupert did not want to be
+married; he had already plenty of interests and occupations, and he
+could not be brought to regard the matter from a practical point of
+view.  Eighty thousand pounds a year, united to much other valuable
+property and the expectation of two more estates, could not induce the
+penniless Palatine to sacrifice his liberty.  In 1643 Marguerite would
+await the recalcitrant suitor no longer, and the incident closed with a
+very curious letter, written by King Charles to Maurice.  Evidently the
+King was loth that such a fortune should be lost to the family, after
+all his trouble.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"Nepheu Maurice," he wrote, "though Mars be now most in voag, yet Hymen
+may sometimes be remembyred.  The matter is this: Your mother and I
+have bin somewhat ingaged concerning a marriage between your brother
+Rupert and Mademoiselle de Rohan.  Now her friends press your brother
+for a positive answer, which I find him resolved to give negatively.
+Therefore I thought fit to let you know, if you will, by your
+ingagement, take your brother handsomely off.  And indeed the total
+rejecting of this alliance may do us some prejudice, whether ye look to
+these, or to the German affairs; the performance of it is not expected
+until the times shall be reasonably settled, but I desire you to give
+me an answer, as soon as you can, having now occasion to send to
+France, because delays are sometimes as ill taken as denials.  So
+hoping, and praying God for good news from you,
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"I rest, your loving oncle,<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"C. R."[<a id="chap02fn38text"></a><a href="#chap02fn38">38</a>]<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P33"></a>33}</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+But Maurice was not to be moved by his uncle's eloquence, and his
+answer was as positively negative as that of his brother had been.
+Subsequently the neglected lady wedded Henri Chabot, a poor gentleman
+of no particular distinction, with whom she was, possibly, happier than
+any Palatine would have made her.
+</p>
+
+<p><br /><br /></p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap02fn1"></a>
+[<a href="#chap02fn1text">1</a>] Domestic State Papers.  Elizabeth to Roe.  12/22, April, 1634.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap02fn2"></a>
+[<a href="#chap02fn2text">2</a>] Lansdowne MSS. 817.  Fol. 157-168.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap02fn3"></a>
+[<a href="#chap02fn3text">3</a>] Benett MSS.  Warburton.  Vol. I. p. 450.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap02fn4"></a>
+[<a href="#chap02fn4text">4</a>] Lansdowne MSS. 817.  British Museum.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap02fn5"></a>
+[<a href="#chap02fn5text">5</a>] Dom. State Papers.  Chas. I.  Vol. 300. fol. 1.  18/28 May, 1635.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap02fn6"></a>
+[<a href="#chap02fn6text">6</a>] Letters and Despatches of Thomas Wentworth.  Earl Strafford.  Ed.
+1739.  Vol. I p. 489.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap02fn7"></a>
+[<a href="#chap02fn7text">7</a>] Bromley Letters, p. 73.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap02fn8"></a>
+[<a href="#chap02fn8text">8</a>] Dom. State Papers.  Chas. I. 320. 2; 1 May, 1636.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap02fn9"></a>
+[<a href="#chap02fn9text">9</a>] Dom. State Papers.  Eliz. to Vane, Feb. 2, 1636.  Chas. I.  Vol.
+313. f. 12.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap02fn10"></a>
+[<a href="#chap02fn10text">10</a>] Dom. State Papers.  Roe to Elizabeth, July 20, 1636.  Chas. I.
+Vol. 339. f. 21.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap02fn11"></a>
+[<a href="#chap02fn11text">11</a>] Lilly.  Character of Charles I.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap02fn12"></a>
+[<a href="#chap02fn12text">12</a>] Bromley Letters, p. 86.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap02fn13"></a>
+[<a href="#chap02fn13text">13</a>] Dom. State Papers.  Chas. I. 320. f. 2.  1 May, 1636.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap02fn14"></a>
+[<a href="#chap02fn14text">14</a>] Dom. State Papers.  Chas. I. 318. f. 16.  4 April, 1636.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap02fn15"></a>
+[<a href="#chap02fn15text">15</a>] Ibid.  325. f. 47.  4 June, 1636.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap02fn16"></a>
+[<a href="#chap02fn16text">16</a>] Ibid.  318. f. 16.  April 4, 1636.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap02fn17"></a>
+[<a href="#chap02fn17text">17</a>] Howell's Letters, p. 257, 4 Jan. 1636.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap02fn18"></a>
+[<a href="#chap02fn18text">18</a>] Dom. State Papers.  Roe to Eliz.  Chas. I. 350. 16.  17 March,
+1637.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap02fn19"></a>
+[<a href="#chap02fn19text">19</a>] Bromley Letters, p. 86.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap02fn20"></a>
+[<a href="#chap02fn20text">20</a>] Haüsser, Geschichte der Rheinischen Pfalz.  Vol. II. p. 546.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap02fn21"></a>
+[<a href="#chap02fn21text">21</a>] Bromley Letters, p. 85.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap02fn22"></a>
+[<a href="#chap02fn22text">22</a>] Bromley Letters, p. 88.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap02fn23"></a>
+[<a href="#chap02fn23text">23</a>] Dom. S. P.  Decree of University, Aug. 12, 1636.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap02fn24"></a>
+[<a href="#chap02fn24text">24</a>] Ibid.  5 Sept. 1636.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap02fn25"></a>
+[<a href="#chap02fn25text">25</a>] Dom. State Papers.  Geo. Goring to Lord Goring, 4 Feb. 1637.
+Chas. I. 346. f. 33.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap02fn26"></a>
+[<a href="#chap02fn26text">26</a>] Ibid.  Roe to Elizabeth, May 8, 1637.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap02fn27"></a>
+[<a href="#chap02fn27text">27</a>] Dom. S. P.  Laud to Eliz.  Aug. 7, 1637.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap02fn28"></a>
+[<a href="#chap02fn28text">28</a>] Ibid.  Eliz. to Laud.  May 19, 1637.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap02fn29"></a>
+[<a href="#chap02fn29text">29</a>] Ibid.  June 10, 1637.  Chas. I. 361.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap02fn30"></a>
+[<a href="#chap02fn30text">30</a>] Ibid.  Laud to Eliz.  June 22, 1637.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap02fn31"></a>
+[<a href="#chap02fn31text">31</a>] Ibid.  Eliz. to Roe.  June 7, 1637.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap02fn32"></a>
+[<a href="#chap02fn32text">32</a>] Stafford Papers.  Vol. II. p. 85.  June 24, 1637.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap02fn33"></a>
+[<a href="#chap02fn33text">33</a>] Dom. State Papers.  Roe to Eliz.  June 19, 1637.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap02fn34"></a>
+[<a href="#chap02fn34text">34</a>] Bromley Letters, p. 56.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap02fn35"></a>
+[<a href="#chap02fn35text">35</a>] Collins Sydney Papers, 1746.  Vol. II. p. 549.  8 May, 1638.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap02fn36"></a>
+[<a href="#chap02fn36text">36</a>] Collins Sydney Papers, 1746.  Vol. II. pp. 560-561.  22 July, 1638.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap02fn37"></a>
+[<a href="#chap02fn37text">37</a>] Collins Sydney Papers.  Vol. II. p. 575.  12 Nov. 1638.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap02fn38"></a>
+[<a href="#chap02fn38text">38</a>] Harleian MSS. 6988. fol. 149.
+</p>
+
+<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
+
+<p><a id="chap03"></a></p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P34"></a>34}</span>
+</p>
+
+<h3>
+CHAPTER III
+</h3>
+
+<h4>
+THE SIEGE OF BREDA.  THE ATTEMPT ON THE PALATINATE.  <br />
+RUPERT'S CAPTIVITY
+</h4>
+
+<p>
+Immediately on his return from England in 1637, Rupert joined his
+brother Maurice in the army of the Stadtholder.  Prince Henry was just
+then engaged in the siege of Breda, a town which was oftener lost and
+won than any other in the long wars of the Low Countries.  Many
+Englishmen were fighting there, in the Dutch army: Astley, Goring, the
+Lords Northampton and Grandison, with whom the Palatines were already
+well acquainted, besides others whom they were to meet hereafter in the
+English war, either as friends or foes.  The two young princes acted
+with their usual energy and "let not one day pass in that siege,
+without doing some action at which the whole army was surprised."[<a id="chap03fn1text"></a><a href="#chap03fn1">1</a>]
+Once, by their courage and ready wit, they saved the camp from an
+unexpected attack.  Waking in the night, Rupert fancied that he heard
+unusual sounds within the city walls.  He roused Maurice, and the two
+crept up so close to the Spanish lines that they could actually hear
+what the soldiers said on the other side.  Thus they discovered that
+the enemy was preparing to fall upon them at mid-night, and, hastening
+back to the Stadtholder, they were able to give him timely warning.
+Consequently, when the besieged sallied out, the besiegers were ready
+for them, and forced them to retire with great loss.[<a id="chap03fn2text"></a><a href="#chap03fn2">2</a>]  On another
+occasion Rupert's love of adventure led him into flat insubordination.
+Monk, afterwards Duke of
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P35"></a>35}</span>
+Albemarle, was about to make an attack
+upon the enemy's words, which was considered so dangerous that the
+Stadtholder expressly forbade Rupert to take part in it.  But Rupert no
+sooner heard the Stadtholder give the order to advance, than he dashed
+away, anticipating the aide-de-camp, himself delivered the order to
+Monk, and, slipping into his company as a volunteer, took his share in
+the exploit.  The Prince came off unhurt, but many of his comrades
+fell, and both Goring and Wilmot were severely wounded.  The fight
+over, Rupert and some other officers threw themselves down on a hillock
+to rest; they had been there some time, when, to their surprise, a
+Burgundian, whom they had taken for dead, suddenly started up, crying:
+"Messieurs, est-il point de quartier?"  The English officers burst out
+laughing, and immediately dubbed him "Jack Falstaff", which name he
+bore to his dying day.[<a id="chap03fn3text"></a><a href="#chap03fn3">3</a>]  What the Stadtholder thought of Rupert's
+mutinous conduct is not recorded.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Eventually Breda fell to the Dutch arms, and Maurice was, immediately
+after, sent to school in Paris, with his younger brothers, Edward and
+Philip.  He must have gone sorely against his will, especially as
+Charles and Rupert were proceeding to levy forces for their own attempt
+on the Palatinate.  But Elizabeth was inexorable.  She was resolved not
+to blush for the manners of her younger sons, as she declared she did
+for those of Rupert; and she was, besides, anxious to have Maurice in
+safety, seeing that the two elder boys were about to risk their lives
+in so rash a venture.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Since the death of their King Gustavus the Swedes had continued the war
+in Germany, though without any such brilliant successes as had been
+theirs before.  Still many towns were in their hands, and doubtless the
+young Elector hoped for their coöperation in his own venture.  He had
+been joined by many English volunteers; and by means of English
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P36"></a>36}</span>
+money he was able to raise troops in Hamburg and Westphalia.  As a
+convenient muster-place, he had purchased Meppen on the Weser, from a
+Swedish officer, to whom the place had been given by Gustavus.  But ere
+the Elector's levies were completed, the negligence of the Governor
+suffered the town to fall into the hands of the Imperialists.  Charles
+took this mischance with praiseworthy philosophy: "A misty morning,"
+quoth he, "often makes a cheerfuller day."[<a id="chap03fn4text"></a><a href="#chap03fn4">4</a>]  And thanks to the
+kindness of the Stadtholder, and the connivance of the States, he was
+enabled to continue his levies, quartering his men about Wesel.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In the midst of their labours, both he and Rupert found time to attend
+a tournament at the Hague.  Dressed as Moors, and mounted on white
+horses, they, as usual, outshone all others.  Indeed so pleased were
+they with their own prowess, that they issued a printed challenge for a
+renewal of the courses.  Balls also were in vogue, and the Hague was
+unusually gay; yet Elizabeth retired, early in the season, to her
+country house at Rhenen.  Feeling between mother and sons was still
+somewhat strained.  The Queen found the boys far less submissive to her
+will than they had been before their year of liberty in England, and
+Lord Craven, who acted as mediator, found the post no sinecure.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+But to Lord Craven no task came amiss in the service of the Palatines.
+The history of his life-long devotion to the exiled Queen is well
+known, and it is doubtful whether his unparalleled generosity, or the
+boundless wealth which made such generosity possible, be the most
+astonishing.  His father, a son of the people, had made in trade, the
+enormous fortune which he bequeathed to his children.  The eldest son,
+fired by military ambition, had entered the service of the Palatine
+Frederick, and, at the siege of Kreuznach, had attracted the notice and
+approbation of the great Gustavus.  His wealth and his military fame
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P37"></a>37}</span>
+won him an English peerage, but, after Frederick's death, Lord
+Craven continued to reside at the Hague, filling every imaginable
+office in the impoverished Palatine household, and lavishing
+extravagant sums on the whole family.  "He was a very valuable friend,
+for he possessed a purse better furnished than my own!"[<a id="chap03fn5text"></a><a href="#chap03fn5">5</a>] confessed
+Sophie.  In later years, when the good Prince of Orange was dead, and
+Charles I no longer in a position to aid his sister, Elizabeth was
+almost entirely dependent on this loyal friend; but the English
+Parliament at last confiscated his estates, and so deprived him of the
+power to assist her.  The young Palatines were doubtless attached to
+him, but it must be admitted that they showed themselves less grateful
+than might have been desired.  His follies and his eccentricities
+impressed them more than did his virtues, and "the little mad my lord"
+afforded them much matter for mirth.  Possibly he was, as Sophie said,
+lamentably lacking in common-sense,[<a id="chap03fn6text"></a><a href="#chap03fn6">6</a>] but the family would have fared
+far worse without him.  On the present occasion he had contributed
+£10,000 to the support of the Elector's army, and, at Elizabeth's
+request, undertook the special care of the rash young Rupert, whose
+senior he was by ten years.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+By October 1638 Charles Louis' little army was ready for action.
+Rupert had the command of a regiment of Horse, and Lord Craven led the
+Guards; the other principal officers were the Counts Ferentz and
+Königsmark.  Anything more wild and futile than this expedition it is
+hard to conceive.  There seems to have been no coöperation with the
+Protestant princes of the Empire, nor with the Swedish army.  On the
+contrary, at the very moment of the Elector's attack, there was a
+cessation of hostilities elsewhere.  Banier, the chief of the Swedish
+commanders, lay with his forces in Munster, and he made no movement to
+join with his
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P38"></a>38}</span>
+young ally; all that he did was to send his second
+in command, a Scot, named King, to direct the Elector's operations.  To
+the advice of King, Rupert, at least, attributed the disasters that
+followed; but it would have been a miracle indeed had the two boys,
+with their four thousand men, dashed themselves thus wildly against the
+numberless veteran troops of the Emperor with any better result.  To
+the Lower Palatinate, which was always loyal at heart, Charles Louis
+turned his eyes.  Accordingly he marched from Wesel, eastward, through
+the Bishopric of Munster.  On the march, Rupert, with his usual
+eagerness to fight, succeeded in drawing out upon his van an Imperial
+garrison.  But the vigorous charge with which he received it drove it
+back into the town, whither Rupert nearly succeeded in following it.[<a id="chap03fn7text"></a><a href="#chap03fn7">7</a>]
+On this occasion a soldier fired at him from within ten yards, but, as
+so often happened when the Prince was threatened, the gun missed fire.
+After this adventure the army proceeded steadily towards the river
+Weser, resolving to lay siege to Lemgo, which lies south of Minden in
+Westphalia.  But hardly had the Elector sat down before the town, when
+he heard that the Imperial forces, led by General Hatzfeldt, were
+advancing to cut off his retreat.  To await Hatzfeldt's onslaught was
+madness, and instant retreat to Minden, then held by the Swedes, was
+the only course for the Palatines.  Two routes lay open to them, that
+by Vlotho on the west, or by Rinteln on the east.  Following, the
+advice of General King, they chose the way of Vlotho and thus fell
+"into the very mouth of Hatzfeldt."[<a id="chap03fn8text"></a><a href="#chap03fn8">8</a>]  They were still between Lemgo
+and Vlotho when they encountered eight regiments of Imperialist
+Cuirassiers, a regiment of Irish Dragoons, and a force of eighteen
+thousand foot.  General King at once sent away his baggage, "an act
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P39"></a>39}</span>
+which received a very ill construction,"[<a id="chap03fn9text"></a><a href="#chap03fn9">9</a>] and then counselled
+the Elector to draw up his troops on the top of a neighbouring hill.
+Field-marshal Ferentz complied with the suggestion; but Königsmark who
+commanded the hired Swedes, so much disliked the position, that Rupert
+offered to follow him wherever he pleased.  Thereupon Königsmark drew
+the horse down again, into an enclosed piece of land, courteously
+giving the van to the Elector.  King, in the meantime, went to bring up
+the foot and cannon.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Imperialists fell first upon the Elector and Ferentz, who were both
+beaten back.  Rupert withstood the third shock, and beat back the enemy
+from their ground.  Lord Craven then brought his Guards to Rupert's
+assistance, and a second time they beat back the Imperialists with
+loss.  They were, however, far outnumbered.  Calling up another
+regiment, under Colonel Lippe, and sending eight hundred Horse to
+attack Rupert's rear, the enemy charged him a third time, with complete
+success.  The young Elector, who had hitherto fought bravely, now took
+to flight, with General King, and both narrowly escaped drowning in the
+flooded Weser.  Rupert might also have escaped; cut off from his own
+troops by the very impetuosity of his charge, he rode alone into the
+midst of the enemy, but, by a curious chance, he wore in his hat a
+white favour, which was also the badge of the Austrians, and thus, for
+a time, escaped notice.  While he looked out for some chance of escape,
+he perceived his brother's cornet struggling against a number of
+Imperial troopers.  Rupert flew to the rescue, and thus betrayed
+himself.  The Austrians closed round him; he tried to clear the
+enclosure, but his tired horse refused the jump.  Colonel Lippe caught
+at his bridle, but Rupert, struggling fiercely, made him let go his
+hold.  Lord Craven and Count Ferentz rushed to the rescue of their
+Prince, but all three were
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P40"></a>40}</span>
+speedily overpowered.  Then Lippe struck up
+Rupert's visor, and demanded to know who he was.  "A Colonel!" said the
+boy obstinately.  "Sacrement!  It is a young one!" cried the Austrian.
+A soldier, coming up, recognised the boy and identified him as "the
+Pfalzgraf", and Lippe, in great joy, confided him to the care of a
+trooper.  Rupert immediately tried to bribe the man to let him escape,
+giving him all the money he had, "five pieces", and promising more.
+But the arrival of Hatzfeldt frustrated the design, and the Prince was
+carried off, under a strict guard, to Warrendorf.  On the way thither a
+woman, won by the boy's youth and misfortunes, would have helped him to
+escape, but no opportunity offered itself.  At Warrendorf, Rupert was
+allowed to remain some weeks, until Lord Craven, who, with Ferentz, was
+also a prisoner, had somewhat recovered from his wounds.  The Prince
+was also permitted to despatch Sir Richard Crane to England, with a
+note to Charles I, written in pencil on a page of his pocketbook, for
+pen and ink were denied him.[<a id="chap03fn10text"></a><a href="#chap03fn10">10</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+News of the disaster had been received with dismay in England, where it
+was reported with much exaggeration.  "Prince Rupert," it was said, "is
+taken prisoner, and since dead of his many wounds; he having fought
+very bravely, and, as the gazette says, like a lion."[<a id="chap03fn11text"></a><a href="#chap03fn11">11</a>]  His fate
+remained doubtful for some days, and it was even rumoured that he had
+been seen at Minden, two days after the battle.  But his mother gave
+little credence to such flattering reports; in her opinion the boy's
+death would have been preferable to his capture.  "If he be a prisoner
+I confess it will be no small grief to me," she wrote to her faithful
+Roe, "for I wish him rather dead than in his enemies' hands."[<a id="chap03fn12text"></a><a href="#chap03fn12">12</a>]  And
+when her worst fears had been realised, she wrote again: "I confess
+that in my passion I did
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P41"></a>41}</span>
+rather wish him killed.  I pray God I
+have not more cause to wish it before he be gotten out.  All my fear is
+their going to Vienna; if it were possible to be hindered!...  Mr.
+Crane, one that follows My Lord Craven, is come from Rupert, who
+desired him to assure me that neither good usage nor ill should ever
+make him change his religion or his party.  I know his disposition is
+good, and that he will never disobey me at any time, though to others
+he was stubborn and wilful.  I hope he will continue so, yet I am born
+to so much affliction that I dare not be confident of it.  I am
+comforted that my sons have lost no honour in the action, and that him
+I love best is safe."[<a id="chap03fn13text"></a><a href="#chap03fn13">13</a>] "Him I love best" was of course the Elector
+Charles, and thus, even in the moment of Rupert's peril, his mother
+confessed her preference for his elder brother.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In January 1639 Elizabeth's fears about Vienna seemed justified, for an
+English resident wrote thence to Secretary Windebank: "Prince Rupert is
+daily expected, and will be well treated, being likely to be liberated
+on parole.  Hatzfeldt praises him for his ripeness of judgment, far
+beyond his years."[<a id="chap03fn14text"></a><a href="#chap03fn14">14</a>]  And to Rupert himself Hatzfeldt gave the
+assurance that he should see the Emperor&mdash;"Then the Emperor shall see
+me also!"[<a id="chap03fn15text"></a><a href="#chap03fn15">15</a>] exclaimed the boy, in angry scorn.  But the interview did
+not take place.  In February Rupert was lodged, not at Vienna, but at
+Linz on the Danube, under the care of a certain Graf Kuffstein.  Craven
+and Ferentz soon ransomed themselves.  They had not been permitted to
+accompany the Prince further than Bamberg, though Lord Craven, who paid
+£20,000 for his own liberty, offered to pay more still for permission
+to share Rupert's captivity.  But the Emperor was resolved to isolate
+the boy from all his friends, as a first step towards gaining him over
+to the Imperial politics, and the Roman faith.
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P42"></a>42}</span>
+The Elector
+therefore attempted in vain to send some companion to his brother.  "I
+must tell Your Majesty," he wrote to his mother, "that it will be in
+vain to send any gentleman to my brother, since he cannot go without
+Hatzfeldt's pass, for which I wrote long ago.  But I have received from
+him an answer to all points in my letter, except to that, which is as
+much as a modest denial.  Essex[<a id="chap03fn16text"></a><a href="#chap03fn16">16</a>] should have gone, because there was
+no one else would, neither could I force any to it, since there is no
+small danger in it; for any obstinacy of my brother Rupert, or venture
+to escape, would put him in danger of hanging.  The Administrator of
+Magdeburg was suffered to have but a serving-boy with him.  Therefore
+one may easily imagine that they will much less permit him (<i>i.e.</i>
+Rupert) to have anybody with him that may persuade him to anything
+against their ends."[<a id="chap03fn17text"></a><a href="#chap03fn17">17</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+As Charles surmised, Rupert's confinement was, at first, very vigorous.
+All the liberty that he enjoyed was an occasional walk in the castle
+garden; all his entertainment an occasional dinner with the Governor.
+Graf Kuffstein, himself a convert from Lutheranism, was commissioned by
+the Emperor to urge his desires on the young prisoner.  "And very busy
+he was to get the prince to change his religion."  At first he urged
+him to visit some Jesuits, but this Rupert refused to do unless he
+might also go elsewhere.  Then Graf Kuffstein offered to bring the
+Jesuits to the Prince, but Rupert would only receive their visits on
+condition that other people might visit him also.[<a id="chap03fn18text"></a><a href="#chap03fn18">18</a>]  To the promise
+of liberal rewards if he would but serve in the Imperial army, the boy
+proved equally impervious; and though deprived of all society he found
+interests and occupations for himself.  His artistic talents stood him
+in good stead, and he devoted himself much to drawing and etching.  At
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P43"></a>43}</span>
+this period also he perfected an instrument for drawing in
+perspective, which had been conceived, but never rendered practical, by
+Albert Durer.  This instrument was in use in England after the
+Restoration of 1660.  Military exercises Rupert also used, as far as
+his condition would permit.  He was allowed to practise with "a screwed
+gun," and, after some time, he obtained leave "to ride the great
+horse," and to play at tennis.  Naturally, constant efforts were made
+to procure his release.  In July 1640 Lord Craven wrote to Secretary
+Windebank on the subject: "Mr. Webb has informed me that His Majesty
+has imposed upon you the putting him in mind of pressing on the Spanish
+Ambassador the delivery of Prince Rupert.  I know you will, of
+yourself, be willing enough to perform that charitable action, however,
+the relation I have to that generous prince is such that I should fail
+of my duty if I did not entreat your vigilance in it."[<a id="chap03fn19text"></a><a href="#chap03fn19">19</a>]  King
+Charles sent Ambassadors extraordinary, not only to the Emperor, but
+also to Spain, whose intercession he entreated.  The Cardinal Infant
+promised to plead, at least, for Rupert's better treatment, and King
+Charles next turned to France.  France, then at war with the Empire,
+held prisoner Prince Casimir of Poland who, it seemed to Charles, might
+be a fit exchange for his nephew.  Through Leicester he urged Prince
+Casimir's detention until Rupert's liberty were promised.  But the
+scheme failed; Rupert, it was answered, was "esteemed an active
+prince,"[<a id="chap03fn20text"></a><a href="#chap03fn20">20</a>] and would not be released, so long as danger threatened
+the Empire.  So early had he acquired a warlike reputation.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Owing perhaps to the intercession of the Cardinal Infant of Spain, he
+was at last permitted the attendance of a page and groom, who might be
+Dutch or English, but not German.  "I have sent Kingsmill his pass,"
+wrote the Elector
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P44"></a>44}</span>
+in August 1640, "he will be fit enough to pass my
+brother Rupert's time, and I do not think he will use his counsel in
+anything."[<a id="chap03fn21text"></a><a href="#chap03fn21">21</a>]  Of Kingsmill's arrival at Linz we hear nothing, but two
+other companions now relieved Rupert's solitude.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Susanne Marie von Kuffstein, daughter of Rupert's gaoler, was then a
+lovely girl of about sixteen.  She was, says the writer of the
+Lansdowne MS., "one of the brightest beauties of the age, no less
+excelling in the beauty of her mind than of her body."  On this fair
+lady the young prisoner's good looks, famous courage, and great
+misfortunes made a deep impression.  She exerted herself to soften her
+father's heart, and to persuade him to gentler treatment of the
+captive.  In this she succeeded so well "that the Prince's former
+favours were improved into familiarities, as continual visits,
+invitations and the like."  Thus Rupert was enabled to enjoy Susanne's
+society, and that he did enjoy it there is very little doubt, "for he
+never named her after in his life, without demonstration of the highest
+admiration and expressing a devotion to serve her."[<a id="chap03fn22text"></a><a href="#chap03fn22">22</a>]  It has been
+suggested that the memory of Susanne von Kuffstein was the cause of
+Rupert's rejection of Marguerite de Rohan.  There is, however, little
+ground for crediting him with such constancy.  Maurice, it must be
+remembered, rejected the unfortunate Marguerite with equal decision.
+Moreover, Susanne herself married three times, and Rupert's sentiment
+towards her seems to have been nothing more passionate than a
+chivalrous and grateful admiration.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Besides Susanne the Prince had at Linz another friend,&mdash;his white
+poodle "Boye."  This dog was a present from Lord Arundel, then English
+Ambassador at Vienna; it remained Rupert's inseparable companion for
+many years, and met at last a soldier's death on Marston Moor.  The
+Prince also,
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P45"></a>45}</span>
+for a short time, made a pet of a young hare, which
+he trained to follow him like a dog, but this he afterwards released,
+fearing that it might find captivity as irksome as did he himself.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Thus passed a two years' imprisonment, after which the Emperor deigned
+to offer terms to his captive.  In the first place he required that
+Rupert should embrace the Roman faith.  But the boy was a Palatine,
+and, though he had listened willingly to the persuasions of his aunt,
+Henrietta, the least hint of compulsion rendered him staunchly
+Protestant.  He answered the Emperor, somewhat grandiloquently, "that
+he had not learnt to sacrifice his religion to his interest, and he
+would rather breathe his last in prison, than go out through the gates
+of Apostacy."  The Emperor then consented to waive the question of
+religion, only insisting that Rupert must ask pardon for his crime of
+rebellion against the Holy Roman Empire.  But to do this would have
+been to deny his brother's right to his Electorate, and Rupert only
+retorted coldly that he "disdained" to ask pardon for doing his duty.
+Finally, he was invited to take service under the Emperor, and to fight
+against France, which country had just imprisoned his eldest brother.
+But here also the boy was obdurate.  To fight under the Emperor would
+inevitably involve fighting against the Swedes and the Protestant
+princes.  Rupert therefore replied, "that he received the proposal
+rather as an affront than as a favour, and that he would never take
+arms against the champions of his father's cause."[<a id="chap03fn23text"></a><a href="#chap03fn23">23</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+After such contumacy it may well be believed that the Emperor's
+patience was exhausted.  His brother-in-law the Duke of Bavaria, then
+owner of the Upper Palatinate, and of the ducal title which was
+Rupert's birthright, suggested that the boy's spirit was not yet
+broken, and urged the Emperor to deprive him of his privileges.
+Accordingly, Graf
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P46"></a>46}</span>
+Kuffstein was ordered to cease his civilities,
+and Rupert was placed in a confinement rendered stricter than ever,
+guarded day and night by twelve musketeers.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+For this severity the proximity of a Swedish army was an additional
+reason.  Maurice himself was serving in their ranks, and the Emperor
+feared lest Rupert should hold correspondence with them.  Against these
+Swedes was despatched the Emperor's brother, the Archduke Leopold, who,
+very happily for Rupert, passed, on his way, through Linz.  Being at
+Linz, the Archduke naturally visited the youthful prisoner who had made
+so much sensation, and was forthwith captivated by him.  Leopold, whose
+gentle piety had won him the name of "the Angel", was but a few years
+older than the Palatine; the two had many tastes in common, and in that
+visit was established a friendship between Rupert the Devil and Leopold
+the Angel, which endured to the end of their lives.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Archduke's intercession with the Emperor not only restored to
+Rupert his former privileges, but won him the additional liberty of
+leaving the castle on parole for so long as three days at a time.[<a id="chap03fn24text"></a><a href="#chap03fn24">24</a>]
+As soon as this concession made their civilities possible, the nobles
+of the country showed themselves anxious to alleviate the tedium of
+Rupert's captivity.  They "treated him with all the respects
+imaginable," invited him to their houses, and gave hunting parties in
+his honour.  The house most frequented by Rupert was that of Graf
+Kevenheller, who, oddly enough, had been one of Frederick's bitterest
+foes.  Yet Frederick's son found this Graf's house "a most pleasant
+place," at which he was always "very generously entertained."[<a id="chap03fn25text"></a><a href="#chap03fn25">25</a>]  And
+Rupert, on his part, seems to have made himself exceedingly popular
+with his friendly foes.  He was, as they said, "beloved by all,"[<a id="chap03fn26text"></a><a href="#chap03fn26">26</a>]
+and, wrote an
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P47"></a>47}</span>
+Imperialist soldier, "his behaviour so obligeth the
+cavaliers of this country that they wait upon him and serve him as if
+they were his subjects."[<a id="chap03fn27text"></a><a href="#chap03fn27">27</a>]  As pleasant a captivity as could be had
+was Rupert's now, but yet a captivity; and still, in spite of Susanne
+von Kuffstein, in spite of the Archduke and of "all the cavaliers of
+the country," his thoughts turned wistfully to the Hague, where, for
+him, was home.
+</p>
+
+<p><br /><br /></p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap03fn1"></a>
+[<a href="#chap03fn1text">1</a>] Lansdowne MSS. 817. fol. 157-168.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap03fn2"></a>
+[<a href="#chap03fn2text">2</a>] Benett MSS.  Warburton.  Vol. I. p. 450.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap03fn3"></a>
+[<a href="#chap03fn3text">3</a>] Benett MSS.  Warburton.  Vol. I. p. 451.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap03fn4"></a>
+[<a href="#chap03fn4text">4</a>] Green's Princesses, Vol. V. p. 558.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap03fn5"></a>
+[<a href="#chap03fn5text">5</a>] Memoiren der Herzogin Sophie, pp. 42-43.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap03fn6"></a>
+[<a href="#chap03fn6text">6</a>] Briefwechsel der Herzogin Sophie mit Karl Ludwig von der Pfalz.
+Ed. Bodemann. p. 184.  Preussischen Staats Archiven.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap03fn7"></a>
+[<a href="#chap03fn7text">7</a>] Beoett MSS.  Warburton.  Vol. I. p. 453.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap03fn8"></a>
+[<a href="#chap03fn8text">8</a>] Ibid.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap03fn9"></a>
+[<a href="#chap03fn9text">9</a>] Warburton, I. p. 453.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap03fn10"></a>
+[<a href="#chap03fn10text">10</a>] Benett MSS.  Warburton.  Vol. I. pp. 454-455
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap03fn11"></a>
+[<a href="#chap03fn11text">11</a>] Dom. S. P.  Nicholas to Pennington, Nov. 14, 1638.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap03fn12"></a>
+[<a href="#chap03fn12text">12</a>] D. S. P.  Eliz. to Roe, Oct. 2, 1638.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap03fn13"></a>
+[<a href="#chap03fn13text">13</a>] Dom. State Papers, Eliz. to Roe, Nov. 6, 1638.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap03fn14"></a>
+[<a href="#chap03fn14text">14</a>] Clarendon State Papers, f. 1171.  Taylor to Windebank, Jan. 12,
+1638-9.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap03fn15"></a>
+[<a href="#chap03fn15text">15</a>] Green's Princesses of England.  Vol. V. p. 570.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap03fn16"></a>
+[<a href="#chap03fn16text">16</a>] Probably Colonel Charles Essex, killed 1642, at Edgehill.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap03fn17"></a>
+[<a href="#chap03fn17text">17</a>] Bromley Letters, p. 103.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap03fn18"></a>
+[<a href="#chap03fn18text">18</a>] Benett MSS.  Warburton.  Vol. I. p. 457.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap03fn19"></a>
+[<a href="#chap03fn19text">19</a>] Dom. State Papers, Craven to Windebank, July 6, 1640.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap03fn20"></a>
+[<a href="#chap03fn20text">20</a>] Clarendon State Papers, Sir A. Hopton to Windebank, 18-28 July,
+1640.  fol. 1397.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap03fn21"></a>
+[<a href="#chap03fn21text">21</a>] Bromley Letters, p. 116.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap03fn22"></a>
+[<a href="#chap03fn22text">22</a>] Lansdowne MSS.  817.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap03fn23"></a>
+[<a href="#chap03fn23text">23</a>] Lansdowne MSS.  817.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap03fn24"></a>
+[<a href="#chap03fn24text">24</a>] Benett MSS.  Warburton.  Vol. I. pp. 457-458.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap03fn25"></a>
+[<a href="#chap03fn25text">25</a>] Warburton, p. 458.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap03fn26"></a>
+[<a href="#chap03fn26text">26</a>] Clarendon State Papers, Leslie to Windebank, July 19, 1640.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap03fn27"></a>
+[<a href="#chap03fn27text">27</a>] Dom. S. P.  Leslie to Windebank, July 29-Aug. 8, 1640.
+</p>
+
+<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
+
+<p><a id="chap04"></a></p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P48"></a>48}</span>
+</p>
+
+<h3>
+CHAPTER IV
+</h3>
+
+<h4>
+THE PALATINES IN FRANCE.  RUPERT'S RELEASE
+</h4>
+
+<p>
+Elizabeth had imagined that by sending her younger sons to school in
+Paris, she was keeping them out of harm's way; great was her surprise
+and annoyance when she found their position to be almost as dangerous
+as was that of Rupert.  The cause of this new disaster was the
+imprudent conduct of the elder brother, Charles Louis.  Undaunted by
+his recent defeat, the young Elector sought new means for recovering
+his country, and he now bethought him of Duke Bernhard of Saxe Weimar.
+The alliance of this Duke, a near neighbour of the Palatinate, was very
+important, and in January 1639 Lord Leicester had proposed a marriage
+between him and the Princess Elizabeth.  Further, he had suggested to
+King Charles that Maurice should take a command in Bernhard's army, for
+which, young though the Prince was, he believed him fitted.  "For,"
+said he, "besides that he has a body well-made, strong, and able to
+endure hardships, he hath a mind that will not let it be idle if he can
+have employment.  He is very temperate, of a grave and settled
+disposition, but would very fain be in action, which, with God's
+blessing, and his own endeavours will render him a brave man...  Being
+once entered there, if Duke Bernhard should die, the army, in all
+likelihood would obey Prince Maurice; so keep itself from dissolving,
+and bring great advantage to the affairs of your nephew"[<a id="chap04fn1text"></a><a href="#chap04fn1">1</a>] (<i>i.e.</i> to
+the Elector, Charles Louis).
+</p>
+
+<p>
+But Charles Louis, full of impatience, and putting little faith in the
+negotiations of his uncle, set off in October
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P49"></a>49}</span>
+1639 to join Duke
+Bernhard in Alsace.  Foolishly enough, he visited Paris, by the way,
+"<i>en prince</i>," and then attempted to depart thence incognito.  Now it
+so happened that Cardinal Richelieu had uses of his own for the army of
+Duke Bernhard.  It therefore suited him to detain the Elector in Paris,
+and the Elector's irregular conduct gave him the pretext he required.
+Declaring that so serious a breach of etiquette was capable of very
+sinister construction, he arrested Charles Louis, and placed his three
+brothers under restraint.  Lord Leicester complained loudly of this
+treatment of the Elector, and though Maurice at once sent a servant to
+his brother, the man was only allowed to speak to Charles in French,
+and in the presence of his guards.  The distracted mother flew to the
+Prince of Orange, who explained to her that Richelieu feared her son's
+attachment to England, which, however, Richelieu himself denied.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+No sooner was the Weimarian army safely committed to the charge of a
+French general than Charles Louis was permitted to take up his
+residence with the English Ambassador.  After this, though still a
+prisoner, he spent a very pleasant time in Paris, at an enormous
+expense to the King, his uncle.  Maurice was allowed to return home in
+an English ship, but Edward and Philip were detained as hostages.
+Elizabeth spared no pains to recover them, and, as usual, made the
+Prince of Orange her excuse, "I send for Ned out of France, to be this
+summer in the army," she wrote to Roe; "and, finding Philip too young
+to learn any great matters yet, I send for him also, to return next
+winter;&mdash;<i>which I assure you he shall not do</i>."[<a id="chap04fn2text"></a><a href="#chap04fn2">2</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+But it was not until April 1640 that her boys were restored to her, and
+the Elector did not recover his full liberty until the following July.
+In the autumn of the same year he went to England, to attend the
+marriage of his cousin Mary with the little William of Orange, on
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P50"></a>50}</span>
+which occasion he quarrelled with the bridegroom for precedence.  But
+his chief object in this visit was to obtain money either from King or
+Parliament.  Elizabeth urged him to do something for Maurice, but he
+evidently regarded his third brother with much indifference.  "As for
+my brother Maurice," he wrote, "your Majesty will be pleased to do with
+him as you think fit.  It will be hard to get the money of his pension
+paid him."[<a id="chap04fn3text"></a><a href="#chap04fn3">3</a>]  His next letter was a little more encouraging.  "The
+King says he will seek to get money for Maurice, and then he may go to
+what army he pleases.  I want it very much myself, and it is very hard
+to come by in these times."[<a id="chap04fn4text"></a><a href="#chap04fn4">4</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The army which Maurice chose was that of the Swedes, under Banier;
+perhaps because it was then quartered near to the captive Rupert.  Ere
+his departure, he wrote to King Charles:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"Sir,&mdash;Being ready to tacke a journy towards Generall Banier, I may not
+neglect to aquaint you therewithal, et to recomend myselfe et my
+actions to Yor Roial favour, whiche I chal strive to deserve in getting
+more capacity for your service.  Yt is the greatest ambition of Yor
+Majestie's
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"Most obedient nephew et humble servant,<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"MAURICE."[<a id="chap04fn5text"></a><a href="#chap04fn5">5</a>]<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The letter, which is written in a clear, school-boy hand, betrays less
+confusion of tongues, the curious use of "et" notwithstanding, than do
+most epistles of the Palatines.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Maurice remained with the Swedes some months.  In January 1641 his
+mother informed Roe that he was at Amberg in Bavaria.  In the next
+month she was able to report of him at greater length.  "I have had
+letters from Maurice, from Cham in the High Palatinate.  He tells me
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P51"></a>51}</span>
+that Banier has intercepted a letter of the Duke of Bavaria, to
+the Commander of Amberg.  He writes that he understands that there is
+in Banier's army a young Palatine; and he should take good heed no
+bailiffs, or other officers, go to see him or hold any correspondence
+with him...  Maurice is still very well used by Banier, who now makes
+more of Princes than heretofore, since he has married the Marquis of
+Baden's daughter."[<a id="chap04fn6text"></a><a href="#chap04fn6">6</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In June 1641 Maurice returned to Holland where he found life going on
+much as usual.  Hunting and acting continued to be the principal
+Palatine amusements.  "I did hunt a hare, last week, with my hounds; it
+took seven hours, the dogs never being at fault," wrote Elizabeth
+triumphantly; "I went out with forty horse at least, and there were but
+five at the death...  Maurice, Prince Ravenville, the Archduke, and
+many another knight, were entreated by their horses to return on foot.
+I could not but tell you this adventure, for it is very famous
+here."[<a id="chap04fn7text"></a><a href="#chap04fn7">7</a>] In another letter she tells how her daughters acted the play
+of "Medea and Jason", and how Louise, who played a man, looked "so like
+poor Rupert as you would then have justly called her by his name."[<a id="chap04fn8text"></a><a href="#chap04fn8">8</a>]
+It is not unlikely that Louise impersonated Jason in her brother's
+clothes, and so enhanced the likeness.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The family had, by this time, almost despaired of "poor Rupert's"
+release; but it was nearer than they thought.  King Charles, after
+labouring for three years in vain, had at last succeeded in rousing the
+sympathy of France, and, when he despatched Sir Thomas Roe, in 1641, to
+plead Rupert's cause at Vienna, it was with a reasonable hope of
+success.  "I hope, by the solicitation of Sir Thomas Roe, we shall see
+our sweet Prince Rupert here.  He
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P52"></a>52}</span>
+hath been so long a
+prisoner!"[<a id="chap04fn9text"></a><a href="#chap04fn9">9</a>] wrote one of Elizabeth's ladies.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Emperor had long had a secret kindness for the gallant boy who had
+dared to defy him, and, in the Archduke Rupert had a warm friend and
+advocate.  But in the old Duke of Bavaria, who held, as before said, so
+much of the Palatine property, he had a bitter foe.  His release became
+the subject of fierce family discussion.  The Emperor hesitated, but,
+moved by the intercession of France, and by his affection for his
+brother, decided at last to show mercy.  Thereupon, his sister, the
+Duchess of Bavaria, fell on her knees before him, and passionately
+entreated him to detain Rupert a prisoner.  Again the Emperor wavered,
+but the Empress, siding with the Archduke, carried the day in Rupert's
+favour.  The boy was offered his liberty on the single condition of
+never again drawing sword against the Imperial forces.  The peremptory
+commands of King Charles procured Rupert's submission to this
+condition, which he would fain have disputed.  But when his promise was
+required in writing it was more than he could endure.  "If it is to be
+a lawyer's business let them look well to the wording!" said he
+scornfully.  The Emperor took the hint, and declared himself satisfied
+with a simple promise, Rupert giving his hand upon it, according to the
+custom of the country.[<a id="chap04fn10text"></a><a href="#chap04fn10">10</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Though France had been the principal factor in Rupert's release, Sir
+Thomas Roe had all the credit of it; and to Roe's guidance Elizabeth
+exhorted her son to submit himself.  Rupert obeyed her meekly.  He
+seems indeed to have been in an unusually submissive frame of mind,
+judging by the letters which he addressed at this time to Roe.  The
+first of these bears the date, "Linz, 21 Aug. 1641."
+</p>
+
+<p><br /></p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P53"></a>53}</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"My Lord!
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"A little journe a had towards the Count of Kevenheller was the cause
+that thus long you were without an answer.  But now I could not let
+another occasion pass without giving you very great thanks for your
+pains, and the affection you show in my business, and to tell you that
+I leve all the conditions to your disposing, since I know your
+Lordshippe is my frend, and am assured that you would do nothing
+against my honor.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"And so I rest
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"Your Lordshippe's most affectioned frend,<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"RUPERT."[<a id="chap04fn11text"></a><a href="#chap04fn11">11</a>]<br />
+</p>
+
+<p><br /></p>
+
+<p>
+The next letter, written a month later, is very curiously humble,
+coming from the fiery Rupert.
+</p>
+
+<p><br /></p>
+
+<p>
+"My Lord!
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"According your demand I doe send you this answer with all possible
+speed.  As for the present your Lordshippe speks of I am in greate
+doubt what to give, this being a place where nothing worth presenting
+is to be had; besides I doe not knowe what present he would accept.
+Therefore I must heere in desire your Lordshippes consel, desiring you
+to let Spina take what you shalle thinke fitt, both for the Count, and
+for the Emperor's &mdash;, who deserves it, having had a greate dele of
+paines with my diet, and other thinges.  Sir, I must give you a greate
+dele of thankes for the reale frendshipp you shewed in remembering me
+of my faults, whiche I confesse, and strive, and shalle the more
+heereafter, to mend.  But I doubt not, according to the manner of some
+peple heere, they have added and said more than the thinge itselfe is.
+I beseech you not to hearken to them, but assure yourselfe that it has
+been only from an evill costum, which I hope in short time to mend.
+Desiring you to continue
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P54"></a>54}</span>
+this your frendshippe in leting me knowe
+my faults, that I mai have to mend them,
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"I rest,
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"Your Lordshippe's most affecionat frend,<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;"RUPERT."[<a id="chap04fn12text"></a><a href="#chap04fn12">12</a>]<br />
+</p>
+
+<p><br /></p>
+
+<p>
+The third, and last letter is dated "October" and docketed "of my
+release."
+</p>
+
+<p><br /></p>
+
+<p>
+"My Lord!
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"Sence you have happiely broght this businesse almost to and end, I
+mene to followe your Lordshippe's consel in alle.  At your coming, alle
+shalle be redie for our journay to Viena.  The moyns (moyens, <i>i.e.</i>
+money) I have when alle debts are paiet woul not bee moer than a 1,000
+ducats.  Thefore I beseech your Lordshippe to hasten our journe from
+Viena as much as possible.  If you think fit, I mene to take my waie to
+Inspruck and throgh France, whiche is sertainely the best and saifest
+wai of alle.  I woul desire a sudain answer of your Lordshippe that I
+mai send for bils of exchange to bee delivered at Geneva and Paris.
+Thys is alle I have at this time to troble Yor Lordshippe withalle, and
+so I rest,
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"Your most affectioned to doe you service,<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"RUPERT."[<a id="chap04fn13text"></a><a href="#chap04fn13">13</a>]<br />
+</p>
+
+<p><br /></p>
+
+<p>
+It may here be noticed that Rupert, throughout his whole life, was
+singularly scrupulous about the payment of his debts.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+When all negotiations were completed, the Emperor organised "an
+extraordinary hunting" in Lower Austria, at which Rupert was directed
+to appear, as if by chance.  He had the good luck to kill the boar with
+his spear, an exploit very highly accounted in the Empire.  The
+Emperor,
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P55"></a>55}</span>
+thereupon, extended his hand to the successful hunter;
+Rupert kissed it, and, that being the final sign of release, was
+thenceforth free.  For a week he was detained as a guest at Vienna,
+while every effort was made to gain his adherence to the Emperor.  He
+seems to have been as popular at Vienna as at Linz.  "There were," says
+the Lansdowne MS., "few persons of quality by whom he was not visited
+and treated...  The ladyes also vied in their civilities, and laboured
+to detain him in Germany by their charms."  But Rupert refused to be
+beguiled, charmed they never so wisely.  As for the Emperor, he
+lavished so much kindness on his quondam prisoner, "that the modesty of
+the Prince could not endure it without some confusion.  Yet his
+deportment was composed, and his answers to the civilities of the
+Emperor were so full of judgment and gratitude that they esteemed him
+no less for his prudence than for his bravery."[<a id="chap04fn14text"></a><a href="#chap04fn14">14</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+At last he was suffered to depart.  Fain would the Emperor have sent
+him to the Archduke at Brunswick, believing that the influence of the
+Angel might yet win him.  But Rupert preferred to visit Prague, his own
+birthplace, and the scene of his father's brief kingship.  With a
+kindly caution not to venture into the power of the Duke of Bavaria,
+the Emperor bade him farewell.  From Prague Rupert went to Saxony,
+where he astonished the reigning Elector not a little by his refusal to
+drink.  A banquet had been arranged in his honour, but the Prince,
+"always temperate", excused himself from drinking with the rest.
+"'What shall we do with him then,' says the Elector, 'if he cannot
+drink?'&mdash;and so invited him to the entertainment of a hunting."[<a id="chap04fn15text"></a><a href="#chap04fn15">15</a>]
+After this Rupert travelled night and day, in his eagerness to be the
+first to bring news of his release to his family.  He just managed to
+anticipate Roe's letter, which arrived at the Hague on the same night
+with himself.  Boswell, then English Ambassador in Holland, wrote
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P56"></a>56}</span>
+an account of the event to Roe.  "Prince Rupert arrived here in perfect
+health, but lean and weary, having come that day from Swoll, and from
+Hamburg since the Friday noon.  Myself, at eight o'clock in the
+evening, coming out of the court gate, had the good luck to receive him
+first of any, out of his waggon; no other creature in the court
+expecting his coming so soon.  Whereby himself carried the news of his
+being come to the Queen, newly set at supper.  You may imagine what joy
+there was!"[<a id="chap04fn16text"></a><a href="#chap04fn16">16</a>]  And to Roe wrote the Queen also: "The same night,
+being the 20th of this month (December), that Rupert came hither I
+received your letter, where you tell me of his going from Vienna.  He
+is very well satisfied with the Emperor's usage of him.  I find him not
+altered, only leaner, and grown.  All the people, from the highest to
+the lowest, made great show of joy at his return.  For me, you may
+easily guess it, and also how much I esteem myself obliged to you."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Yet, even after a three years' separation, Elizabeth had no notion of
+keeping her son beside her.  "What to do with him I know not!" she
+lamented.  "He cannot in honour, yet go to the war; here he will live
+but idly, in England no better.  For I know the Queen will use all
+possible means to gain him to the prejudice of the Prince Elector, and
+of his religion.  For though he has stood firm against what has been
+practised in his imprisonment, amongst his enemies, yet I fear, by my
+own humour, that fair means from those that are esteemed true may have
+more power than threatenings or flattery from an enemy."[<a id="chap04fn17text"></a><a href="#chap04fn17">17</a>]  Doubtless
+the Queen's anxiety for her son's employment was justified; there was
+no money to maintain him; and, moreover, the Hague was no desirable
+residence for an idle and active-minded young Prince.  There seems to
+have been some idea of sending him to Ireland, where the natives had
+risen against the English Government.  The King approved of the
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P57"></a>57}</span>
+suggestion: "But," wrote the Elector, "the Parliament will employ none
+there but those they may be sure of.  I shall speak with some of them
+about it, either for Rupert, or for brother Maurice.  This last might,
+I think, with honour, have a regiment under Leslie, but to be under any
+other odd or senseless officer, as some are proposed, I shall not
+advise it."[<a id="chap04fn18text"></a><a href="#chap04fn18">18</a>]  Apparently the idea failed to commend itself to the
+English Parliament, which perhaps suspected that the younger brothers
+would be found less time-serving than was the Elector.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In accordance with his mother's wishes, and doubtless with his own,
+Rupert went over to England, early in February 1642, with the avowed
+object of thanking his uncle for his release.  He found King Charles at
+Dover, whither he had accompanied his wife and eldest daughter on their
+way to Holland.  Affairs in England were approaching a crisis, and the
+Queen, under the pretext of taking the Princess Mary to her husband,
+was about to raise money and men for the King, on the Continent.  The
+visit of the warlike Rupert at so critical a juncture roused hostile
+comment, and, since war was not yet considered inevitable, the King
+desired his nephew to return home with the Queen.  Therefore, after a
+visit of three days, he embarked with the Queen and Princess on board
+the Lyon, and sailed straight for Holland.  The arrivals were met, on
+their landing, by Elizabeth, two of her daughters, the Prince of Orange
+and his son; all of whom proceeded in one coach to the Court of Orange.
+Rupert remained at the Hague until August, when war broke out in
+England, and gave him the employment desired for him by his mother.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+At this point, August 1642, closes what we may consider as the first
+period of Rupert's life.  Probably these early years were his best and
+happiest.  Marked though they were by poverty and misfortune, they were
+yet full of
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P58"></a>58}</span>
+interests and adventure, unmarred by the struggles,
+jealousies, disappointments, and family dissensions which were to come.
+Rupert had no lack of friends; he had won the hearts of his very
+enemies.  Not the least among a brilliant group of brothers and
+sisters, he was happy in their companionship and sympathy, the bond of
+which was so soon to be severed; happy also in the kindness and
+affection of the Prince of Orange and of the King and Queen of England.
+He had shown himself gifted with rare abilities, capable of valiant
+action, and of loyal and patient endurance;&mdash;a generous, high-souled
+boy, fired by chivalric fancies, free from all self-seeking, earnest,
+faithful, strong-willed, but also, alas, opinionated, and impatient of
+contradiction.
+</p>
+
+<p><br /><br /></p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap04fn1"></a>
+[<a href="#chap04fn1text">1</a>] Collins Sidney Papers, Vol. II. pp. 584-5, 28 Jan. 1639.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap04fn2"></a>
+[<a href="#chap04fn2text">2</a>] Com. State Papers.  Chas. I.  Vol. 539.  Eliz. to Roe, Jan. 7/17,
+1640.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap04fn3"></a>
+[<a href="#chap04fn3text">3</a>] Bromley Letters, p. 122.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap04fn4"></a>
+[<a href="#chap04fn4text">4</a>] Ibid.  p. 124.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap04fn5"></a>
+[<a href="#chap04fn5text">5</a>] Dom. State Papers.  Maurice to Charles I, Oct. 30, 1640.  Chas. I.
+Vol. 470.  fol. 21.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap04fn6"></a>
+[<a href="#chap04fn6text">6</a>] Dom. State Papers, Chas. I.  Vol. 477.  Feb. 22, 1641.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap04fn7"></a>
+[<a href="#chap04fn7text">7</a>] Ibid.  Chas. I.  Vol. 539.  Jan. 7-17, 1641.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap04fn8"></a>
+[<a href="#chap04fn8text">8</a>] Ibid.  Chas. I.  484.  f. 51.  Oct. 10, 1641.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap04fn9"></a>
+[<a href="#chap04fn9text">9</a>] Fairfax Correspondence.  Ed. Johnson.  1848.  Vol. I.  p. 322.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap04fn10"></a>
+[<a href="#chap04fn10text">10</a>] Benett MSS.  Warburton.  I.  pp. 102, 458.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap04fn11"></a>
+[<a href="#chap04fn11text">11</a>] Dom. State Papers.  Chas. I.  Vol. 483. fol. 39.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap04fn12"></a>
+[<a href="#chap04fn12text">12</a>] Dom. State Papers.  Sept. 19-29.  1641.  Chas. I. 484. f. 36.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap04fn13"></a>
+[<a href="#chap04fn13text">13</a>] Ibid.  Oct. 1641.  Chas. I. 484 f. 61.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap04fn14"></a>
+[<a href="#chap04fn14text">14</a>] Lansdowne MSS.  817.  British Museum.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap04fn15"></a>
+[<a href="#chap04fn15text">15</a>] Warburton.  I. p. 459.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap04fn16"></a>
+[<a href="#chap04fn16text">16</a>] Dom. S. Papers.  Boswell to Roe.  23 Dec. 1641.  Chas. I. 486. f.
+53.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap04fn17"></a>
+[<a href="#chap04fn17text">17</a>] Dom. State Papers.  Chas. I.  486.  f. 51.  Elizabeth to Roe, 23
+Dec. 1641.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap04fn18"></a>
+[<a href="#chap04fn18text">18</a>] Forster's Statesmen, Vol. VI. p. 74.  10 March, 1642.
+</p>
+
+<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
+
+<p><a id="chap05"></a></p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P59"></a>59}</span>
+</p>
+
+<h3>
+CHAPTER V
+</h3>
+
+<h4>
+ARRIVAL IN ENGLAND.  POSITION IN THE ARMY.  <br />
+CAUSES OF FAILURE
+</h4>
+
+<p>
+During his last brief visit to England Rupert had promised to serve his
+uncle whensoever he should have need of him; and in August 1642, he
+received, through Queen Henrietta, his Commission, as General of the
+Horse.  Immediately upon this he set out to join the King in England.
+He embarked in the "Lyon," the ship which had brought the Queen to
+Holland; but, after the Prince had come on board, the Commander, who
+was of Puritan sympathies, received a warning against bringing him
+over.  Captain Fox's anxiety to get rid of his passenger was favoured
+by the weather.  A storm blew them back to the Texel, and there Fox
+persuaded the Prince to go ashore, promising to meet him at Goree so
+soon as the wind should serve.  Rupert thereupon returned to the Hague,
+and Fox, after quietly setting the Prince's people and luggage on
+shore, sailed away, and was no more seen in Holland.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Enraged and disappointed, Rupert appealed to the Stadtholder, who lent
+him another ship, commanded by Captain Colster.  This time Maurice
+insisted on accompanying his brother, and the two Princes, having
+provided themselves with an engineer, a "fire worker," and a large
+store of arms, muskets, and powder, set sail for Scarborough.  Near
+Flamborough Head they were spied by some Parliamentary cruisers, and a
+ship called the "London" came out to hail them.  Colster hoisted the
+Dunkirk colours, but the other Captain, still unsatisfied, desired to
+search the small vessel in which the arms were stored.  Rupert, who had
+been extremely, and even dangerously, ill throughout the voyage,
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P60"></a>60}</span>
+struggled on deck "in a mariner's cap" and ordered out the guns, saying
+he would not be searched.  On this the "London" shot to leeward, and
+two other ships came out to her aid.  But Rupert succeeded in running
+into Tynemouth, and, anchoring outside the bar, landed by means of
+boats.  His little vessel also escaped, and landed her stores safely at
+Scarborough in the night.[<a id="chap05fn1text"></a><a href="#chap05fn1">1</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+When they reached Tynemouth it was already late, but Rupert's eagerness
+would brook no delay.  "The zeale he had speedily to serve His Majesty
+made him think diligence itself were lazy."[<a id="chap05fn2text"></a><a href="#chap05fn2">2</a>]  Accompanied by Maurice,
+an Irish officer, Daniel O'Neil, and several others, he started at once
+for Nottingham.  But the stars, in their courses, fought against him.
+As ill luck would have it, Rupert's horse slipped and fell, pitching
+him on to his shoulder.  The shoulder was discovered to be out of
+joint, but, "by a great providence," it happened that a bone-setter
+lived only half a mile away.  This man, being sent for in haste, set
+Rupert's shoulder in the road, and, "in conscience, took but one-half
+of what the Prince offered him for his pains."  Within three hours the
+indefatigable Rupert insisted on continuing his journey.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Arrived at Nottingham, he retired to bed, but he was not destined long
+to enjoy his well-earned rest.  A curious dilemma now brought him into
+contact with the two men who were to prove, respectively, his warmest
+friend and his bitterest foe, in the Royal Army,&mdash;namely, Captain Will
+Legge, and George, Lord Digby.  The King, who was at Coventry, had sent
+to Digby, demanding a petard.  Odd though it may appear, a petard was
+to Digby a thing unknown&mdash;"a word which he could not understand."  He
+therefore sought out the weary Prince to demand an explanation.
+Rupert, at once, got out of bed to search the arsenal; but no such
+thing as a petard was to be found.  Then,
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P61"></a>61}</span>
+Captain Legge, coming to
+the rescue, contrived to make one out of two mortars, and sent it off
+to the King.[<a id="chap05fn3text"></a><a href="#chap05fn3">3</a>] Rupert, following the petard, found his uncle at
+Leicester Abbey, and there formally took over charge of the cavalry,
+which then consisted of only eight hundred horse.  On the next day,
+August 22nd, they all returned to Nottingham, where the solemn setting
+up of the Royal Standard took place.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+War was now irrevocably declared, and Rupert found his generalship no
+sinecure.  The King, in these early days, relied implicitly on his
+nephew's advice, and, though Commander of the Cavalry only in name,
+Rupert had in reality the whole conduct of the war upon his hands.  The
+real Commander-in-Chief was old Lord Lindsey, but Rupert's position was
+one of complete independence.  He was, indeed, instructed to consult
+the Council of War, but was also directed "to advise privately, as you
+shall think fit, and to govern your resolution accordingly."[<a id="chap05fn4text"></a><a href="#chap05fn4">4</a>]
+Further, he requested that he might receive his orders only from the
+King himself.  And this request King Charles unwisely conceded, thus
+freeing Rupert from all control of the Commander-in-Chief, dividing the
+army into two independent parties, and establishing a fruitful source
+of discord between the cavalry and infantry.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Yet Rupert was in many respects well-fitted for his post.
+Distinguished by his dauntless courage and resolute nature, he was
+possessed also of a knowledge of war such as was not to be learnt in
+England.  He was really the only professional soldier of high rank in
+the army, and he proved himself both a clever strategist, and a good
+leader of cavalry, though he did unfortunately lack the patience and
+discretion necessary to the making of a successful general.  "That
+brave Prince and hopeful soldier, Rupert," wrote the gallant Sir Philip
+Warwick, "though a
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P62"></a>62}</span>
+young man, had in martial affairs some
+experience, and a good skill, and was of such intrepid courage and
+activity, that,&mdash;clean contrary to former practice, when the King had
+great armies, but no commanders forward to fight,&mdash;[<a id="chap05fn5text"></a><a href="#chap05fn5">5</a>] he ranged and
+disciplined that small body of men;&mdash;of so great virtue is the personal
+courage and example of one great commander.  And indeed to do him
+right, he put that spirit into the King's army that all men seemed
+resolved, and had he been as cautious as he was a forward fighter, he
+had, most probably, been a very fortunate one.  He showed a great and
+exemplary temperance, which fitted him to undergo the fatigues of a
+war, so as he deserved the character of a soldier.  <i>Il était toujours
+soldat</i>!  For he was never negligent by indulgence to his pleasures, or
+apt to lose his advantages."[<a id="chap05fn6text"></a><a href="#chap05fn6">6</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In truth Rupert's cheerfulness and brilliant courage inspired
+confidence in his own troops, and terror in those of the enemy.  "There
+was no more consternation in the King's troops now.  Every one grew
+assured.  The most timorous was afraid to show fear under such a
+general, whose courage was increased by the esteem we had of him."[<a id="chap05fn7text"></a><a href="#chap05fn7">7</a>]
+And throughout the war Rupert was the very life of the Royalist army;
+"adored by the hot-blooded young officers, as by the sturdy troopers,
+who cried, when they entered a fallen city: 'D&mdash;&mdash; us!  The town is
+Prince Rupert's!'"[<a id="chap05fn8text"></a><a href="#chap05fn8">8</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The very first skirmish of the war established his reputation.  The
+terrified Puritans spread abroad reports of the "incredible and
+unresistible courage of Prince Rupert,"[<a id="chap05fn9text"></a><a href="#chap05fn9">9</a>] which grew and multiplied as
+the war proceeded, until Rupert, "exalted with the terror his name gave
+to the enemy,"[<a id="chap05fn10text"></a><a href="#chap05fn10">10</a>] would not believe that any troops could
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P63"></a>63}</span>
+withstand his charge.  "The enemy is possest with so strange and
+senseless a feare as they will not believe any place tenable to which
+Your Highness will march,"[<a id="chap05fn11text"></a><a href="#chap05fn11">11</a>] reported his officers.  Nor was it
+wonderful that the Puritans deemed him something more than human.
+Conspicuous always by his dress and unusual height, ever foremost in
+the charge, utterly "prodigal of his person," he bore a charmed life.
+Twice pistols were fired in his face, without doing him the slightest
+harm.  Once his horse was killed under him, but "he marched off on foot
+leisurely, without so much as mending his pace."[<a id="chap05fn12text"></a><a href="#chap05fn12">12</a>]  While guarding
+the retreat from Brentford he stood alone for hours, exposed to a heavy
+fire, and yet came off unscathed.  "Nephew, I must conjure you not to
+hazard yourself so nedlessely,"[<a id="chap05fn13text"></a><a href="#chap05fn13">13</a>] wrote his anxious uncle; but the
+King's anxiety was uncalled for, Rupert remained uninjured till the end
+of the war, though Maurice was wounded in almost every action in which
+he engaged.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Austrians at Vlotho had called Rupert "shot free", and so he seemed
+now to Puritan and Cavalier.
+</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+"Sir, you're enchanted!  Sir, you're doubly free<br />
+"From the great guns, and squibbing poetry,"[<a id="chap05fn14text"></a><a href="#chap05fn14">14</a>]<br />
+</p>
+
+<p class="noindent">
+declared a Royalist poet.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Rupert, moreover, seemed to be in all places at once.  "This prince,
+like a perpetual motion.... was in a short time, heard of in many
+places at great distances,"[<a id="chap05fn15text"></a><a href="#chap05fn15">15</a>] says the Parliamentary historian, May.
+And again: "The two young princes, and especially Prince Rupert, the
+elder brother, and most furious of the two, within a fortnight after
+his arrival commanded a small party....  Through
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P64"></a>64}</span>
+divers parts of
+Warwickshire, Nottinghamshire, Leicestershire, Worcester and Cheshire
+did this young prince fly with those troops he had."[<a id="chap05fn16text"></a><a href="#chap05fn16">16</a>]  Nowhere did
+the adherents of the Parliament feel safe from his attack, and the
+magical rapidity of his movements enhanced the terror inspired by his
+prowess.  Wrote his admirer, Cleveland:
+</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+"Your name can scare an atheist to his prayers,<br />
+"And cure the chincough better than the bears;<br />
+"Old Sybils charm toothache with you; the nurse<br />
+"Makes you still children; and the pondrous curse<br />
+"The clown salutes with is derived from you;<br />
+"'Now Rupert take thee, Rogue!  How dost thou do?'"[<a id="chap05fn17text"></a><a href="#chap05fn17">17</a>]<br />
+</p>
+
+<p><br /></p>
+
+<p>
+Yet Rupert, in spite of this reputation was neither ruffianly nor
+cruel.  The News Letters called him "a loose wild gentleman",[<a id="chap05fn18text"></a><a href="#chap05fn18">18</a>] and
+many accused him of hanging Roundheads at their own doors, and
+plundering villages wholesale;[<a id="chap05fn19text"></a><a href="#chap05fn19">19</a>] but such rumours were libels.
+"Where are these men that will affirm it?  In what country or town
+stood those houses betrayed by me, or by my sufferance, to that misery
+of rapine?" demanded the Prince, in answer to one of his accusers.  "He
+will answer '<i>they</i>' said it.  But who '<i>they</i>' were he knows not; in
+truth, nor I neither, nor no man else."[<a id="chap05fn20text"></a><a href="#chap05fn20">20</a>]  And said Sir Thomas Roe,
+who was not all inclined to approve the part Rupert had taken: "I
+cannot hear anything, <i>credibly</i> averred, which can be blamed by those
+who know the liberty of wars."[<a id="chap05fn21text"></a><a href="#chap05fn21">21</a>]  But the English did not know "the
+liberty of the wars," and they were naturally inclined to judge the
+young Prince harshly.  Severe Rupert undoubtedly could be, if
+necessary.  When the Puritans began a wholesale massacre of the King's
+Irish soldiers, the Prince promptly retaliated by executing an equal
+number of Puritan
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P65"></a>65}</span>
+prisoners.  But the stern act, coupled with the
+assurance that for the life of every Royalist that of a Roundhead
+should pay, effectually checked the barbarities of the Parliament.  The
+nickname of "Prince Robber"[<a id="chap05fn22text"></a><a href="#chap05fn22">22</a>] was certainly unjustly bestowed; yet
+the Royal Army had to be supported, and the only way to support it was
+by levying contributions on the country.  "The Horse have not been
+paid, but live upon the country,"[<a id="chap05fn23text"></a><a href="#chap05fn23">23</a>] wrote a Cavalier to his wife.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It is possible that Rupert was not over-scrupulous when the persons
+taxed happened to be Puritans, yet he always maintained what he
+considered a proper degree of discipline; and the frequent apologies of
+his officers prove that the Prince did not permit indiscriminate
+plunder.  "Our men are not very governable, nor do I think they will
+be, unless some of them are hanged.  They fall extremely to the old
+kind of plundering, which is neither for their good, nor for His
+Majesty's service,"[<a id="chap05fn24text"></a><a href="#chap05fn24">24</a>] wrote Lord Wentworth.  And, after a high-handed
+capture of some arms at Swanbourne, the same officer again apologised:
+"If your Highness think it too great a cruelty in us I hope you will
+pardon us.  You shall consider that we could not have done
+otherwise."[<a id="chap05fn25text"></a><a href="#chap05fn25">25</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Another Colonel denied strenuously an accusation of oppression which
+had excited Rupert's anger against him.[<a id="chap05fn26text"></a><a href="#chap05fn26">26</a>] That the failure at
+Edgehill was due to the greed of Rupert's men in plundering the baggage
+waggons, was an imputation which the Prince hotly resented.  To his
+announcement that he could, "at least, give a good account of the
+enemy's horse," a bystander retorted: "And of their carts too!"[<a id="chap05fn27text"></a><a href="#chap05fn27">27</a>]
+Whereupon the Prince drew his sword, and
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P66"></a>66}</span>
+there was nearly a duel
+in the King's presence.  The idea that he enriched himself by plunder
+is too absurd to need refutation; yet, were it needed, proof to the
+contrary might be found in a letter written at the end of the war,
+which draws a painful picture of Rupert's extreme poverty.[<a id="chap05fn28text"></a><a href="#chap05fn28">28</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+For the rest, the Prince regarded the enemy with a soldierly chivalry.
+Instances of his courtesy are not wanting, and in all matters of honour
+he was most punctilious.  "The Prince," said one of his officers, "uses
+to make good his word, not only in point of honour, but as a matter of
+religion too."[<a id="chap05fn29text"></a><a href="#chap05fn29">29</a>]  Thus, when his men snatched the colours of an enemy
+promised a safe passage, "some of them felt the edge of his sword," and
+the colours were courteously returned.  To his honourable conduct,
+under similar circumstances at Bristol, the Puritan Governor bore
+generous testimony.[<a id="chap05fn30text"></a><a href="#chap05fn30">30</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+But personal gallantry, promptitude, and ubiquity were far from being
+Rupert's only qualifications for his post.  He understood, as he
+himself phrased it, "what belongs to war."  His tactics were of the
+school of the great Gustavus, and he abolished the absurd custom of
+letting the cavalry halt to fire, before making a charge.  At Edgehill
+he went from rank to rank, bidding the men to charge at the first word,
+and thus he formed an irresistible cavalry which never failed to sweep
+all before it, until it met its match at Marston Moor.  His method was
+thus described by the son of one of his officers: "His way of fighting
+was that he had a select body of horse that always attended him, and,
+in every attack, they received the enemy's shot without returning it,
+but one and all bore with all their force upon their adversaries, till
+they broke their ranks, and charged quite through them.  Then they
+rallied, and, when the enemy were in disorder, fell upon their rear and
+slaughtered them,
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P67"></a>67}</span>
+into scarce any opposition."[<a id="chap05fn31text"></a><a href="#chap05fn31">31</a>]  And says
+Professor Gardiner: "Rupert was as capable of planning a campaign as he
+was of conducting a charge."[<a id="chap05fn32text"></a><a href="#chap05fn32">32</a>]  Until November 1644, at which period,
+it should be noted, Rupert's power was on the wane, the strategical
+superiority was decidedly with the King.  The operations of the
+Royalist army were based on a well-conceived plan, that plan was varied
+and supplemented as occasion required.  This skilful warfare Professor
+Gardiner ascribes to Rupert's genius.  Why then, may we ask, did so
+good a soldier fail so signally?
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The reasons for failure are not far to seek.  In the first place,
+Rupert was too complete a soldier for the task he had undertaken.  His
+common-sense, soldierly point of view quite failed to embrace the
+political and constitutional sides of the question.  He could no more
+comprehend the King's refusal to make any compromise, than he could
+have understood the moderate Royalists' dread of a complete victory for
+their own side.  The boyish challenge purporting to be sent by him to
+Essex, shows, if genuine, how absolutely he failed to grasp the points
+at issue.  "My Lord," it begins, "I hear you are a general of an
+army....  I shall be ready, on His Majesty's behalf, to give you an
+encounter in a pitched field at Dunsmore Heath, 18th October next.  Or,
+if you think it too much labour, or expense, to draw your forces
+thither, I shall be as willing, on my own part, to expect private
+satisfaction at your hands, and that performed by a single duel.  Which
+proffer, if you please to accept, you shall not find me backward in
+performing what I have promised....  Now I have said all, and what more
+you expect of me to be said, shall be delivered in a larger field than
+a small sheet of paper, and that by my sword, and not by my pen.  In
+the interim
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P68"></a>68}</span>
+I am your friend, till I meet you next."[<a id="chap05fn33text"></a><a href="#chap05fn33">33</a>]  The
+stories of his wandering in disguise through the quarters of the
+Parliament may be somewhat apocryphal, but they show, at least, the
+impression he made on his contemporaries.  And there is nothing
+doubtful in the fact that he and Maurice laughed aloud in the face of
+the Parliamentary Commissioner who proclaimed them solemnly, "traitors,
+to die without mercy."[<a id="chap05fn34text"></a><a href="#chap05fn34">34</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Rupert, notwithstanding his twenty-two years and his unusual
+experiences, was a boy still; far too young for the position he held.
+He was over-confident, and rash with the rashness of youth.  Frequently
+his victorious charge was but the prelude to disaster; for the cavalry
+were apt to pursue too eagerly, leaving the foot unsupported on the
+field.  Still, it should be remembered that it must have been next to
+impossible to hold back those gallant, untrained troops; though
+probably Rupert did not try very hard to do it.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In truth the Royalist army was as hard a one to manage as ever fell to
+the lot of a general.  It was an army of volunteers, supported chiefly
+by the private means of nobles and gentlemen, who, while scorning to
+take orders from one another, showed themselves equally averse to
+taking them from a foreign Prince.  It was small, far smaller than that
+of Essex; undisciplined, badly armed, and continually on the verge of
+mutiny for want of pay.  "It is e'en being, for the most part, without
+arms, a general of an army of ordnance without a cure, not a gun too,
+lesse money, much mutiny,"[<a id="chap05fn35text"></a><a href="#chap05fn35">35</a>] wrote a faithful follower of Rupert, at
+one period of the war.  The men were raw recruits; the officers were
+full of complaints and discontents, all showing a remarkable
+willingness to do anything rather than that
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P69"></a>69}</span>
+which they were
+required to do.  "The officers of your troop will obey in no kind of
+thing, and, by their example, never a soldier in that company,"
+lamented Daniel O'Neil, from Abingdon.  "I had rather be your groom in
+Oxford than with a company that shall assume such a liberty as yours
+does here!"[<a id="chap05fn36text"></a><a href="#chap05fn36">36</a>]  From Reading, protested Sir Arthur Aston, "I wish when
+your Highness gave your consent to leave me here behind you, that you
+had rather adjudged me to lose my head."[<a id="chap05fn37text"></a><a href="#chap05fn37">37</a>]  And from Wales came the
+striking declaration, "If your Highness shall be pleased to command me
+to the Turk, or the Jew, or the Gentile, I will go on my bare feet to
+serve you; but from the Welsh good Lord deliver me!"[<a id="chap05fn38text"></a><a href="#chap05fn38">38</a>]  From all
+sides came complaints of mutinies, of "unbecoming language,"
+"affronts," injuries and violence.  "In spite of my three several
+orders to come away, Captain Mynn remains at Newent," declared Colonel
+Vavasour.  The garrison of Donnington not only defied the order to be
+quiet, "it being very late at night," but forcibly released one of
+their number, under arrest, and outraged the town by "robbing, and
+doing all villainy."[<a id="chap05fn39text"></a><a href="#chap05fn39">39</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Nor was it with insubordination alone that Rupert had to deal.  Wrote
+Louis Dyves: "Our men are in extreme necessity, many of them having
+neither clothes to cover their nakedness, nor boots to put on their
+feet, and not money enough amongst them to pay for the shoeing of their
+horses."[<a id="chap05fn40text"></a><a href="#chap05fn40">40</a>]  And declared Sir Ralph Hopton: "It is inconceivable what
+these fellows are always doing with their arms; they appear to be
+expended as fast as their ammunition."[<a id="chap05fn41text"></a><a href="#chap05fn41">41</a>]  Another officer required
+supplies of biscuits: "For your Highness knows what want of victuals is
+among
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P70"></a>70}</span>
+common men."[<a id="chap05fn42text"></a><a href="#chap05fn42">42</a>]  A fourth desired a change of quarters,
+"because the country, hereabouts, is so heavily charged with
+contributions, as our allowance falls short."[<a id="chap05fn43text"></a><a href="#chap05fn43">43</a>]  A fifth modestly
+requested, "to be put into the power of a thousand horse, or foot, and
+then I doubt not, by God's assistance, to give a sufficient account of
+what is committed to my charge."[<a id="chap05fn44text"></a><a href="#chap05fn44">44</a>] Every one of them lacked arms and
+ammunition, and all their wants were poured out to the luckless young
+Prince, who was expected to attend to every detail, and whose own
+supplies were wretchedly insufficient.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Added to all this, there were private quarrels to be appeased.  Wyndham
+declined to serve under Hopton, who had "disobliged" him.[<a id="chap05fn45text"></a><a href="#chap05fn45">45</a>]  Vavasour
+complained of "very high language" used towards him by Sir Robert
+Byron.  At Lichfield disputes between the factions of Lord Loughborough
+and Sir William Bagot raged violently.  "In all places where I come,
+it's my misfortune to meet with extreme trouble," lamented the brave
+old Jacob Astley, to whose lot the pacifying of this quarrel fell; "I
+have met, in this place with exceeding great trouble, the commanders
+and soldiers in the close at Lichfield, having shut out my Lord
+Loughborough."[<a id="chap05fn46text"></a><a href="#chap05fn46">46</a>]  And not even the efforts of old Astley could bring
+about a peace between the contending officers; "our minds being both
+too high to acknowledge a superiority,"[<a id="chap05fn47text"></a><a href="#chap05fn47">47</a>] confessed Loughborough
+candidly.  But even more serious than such quarrels as these were the
+court factions which divided the Royalist army against itself.  From
+the very beginning, the attempts of the King's Council to regulate
+military affairs were bitterly resented by the soldiery.  Courtier
+detested soldier, and soldier despised courtier!  Nor were the military
+and civil factions
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P71"></a>71}</span>
+the only ones existent; there was party within
+party, intrigue within intrigue.  Wrote the shrewd Arthur Trevor, in
+1643: "The contrariety of opinions and ways are equally distant with
+those of the elements, and as destructive, if there were not a special
+providence that keeps men in one mind against a third party, though
+they agree in no one thing among themselves."[<a id="chap05fn48text"></a><a href="#chap05fn48">48</a>]  Equally opposed to
+the military party of Rupert, and to the constitutionalists led by Hyde
+and Falkland, were the followings of the Queen and of Lord Digby.
+Bitter, private jealousies completed the confusion, and the vacillation
+of the King, who lent an ear now to one, now to another, destroyed all
+consistency of action.  With such a state of affairs a young man of
+barely three-and-twenty was called upon to deal!
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Obviously the position was one requiring the greatest tact, patience
+and circumspection, which were, unhappily, the very qualities most
+lacking in the young Prince.  The circumstances of his early career had
+been calculated to inspire him with an exaggerated sense of his own
+importance.  Notwithstanding his position as fourth child among
+thirteen, and the constant snubs of his mother, he had been spoilt by
+the Prince of Orange, and by the English Court.  The admiration he had
+won, during his captivity among his enemies, added to his self-esteem.
+His steadfast refusal to renounce either his faith or his party, in
+spite of flatteries, threats, promises and persuasions, had raised him
+to the proud position of a Protestant martyr.  "All the world knows how
+deeply I have smarted, and what perils I have undergone, for the
+Protestant cause,"[<a id="chap05fn49text"></a><a href="#chap05fn49">49</a>] he declared to the English Parliament.  Thus
+conscious of his own abilities and claims to distinction, and valuing
+to the full his previous experience, he was possessed of a not
+unnatural contempt for the military views of civilians.
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P72"></a>72}</span>
+The
+overbearing manner which he permitted himself to assume towards
+Courtiers and Councillors gave great offence.  "We hear that Prince
+Rupert behaves himself so rudely, whereby he doth himself a great deal
+of dishonour, and the King more disservice,"[<a id="chap05fn50text"></a><a href="#chap05fn50">50</a>] was the report of a
+Royalist to his friends.  "Prince Rupert's pleasure was not to be
+contradicted," and, "Prince Rupert could not want of his will," says
+the contemporary historian, Sir Edward Walker.[<a id="chap05fn51text"></a><a href="#chap05fn51">51</a>] Clarendon complained
+that the Prince "too affectedly" despised what was said of him, and
+"too stoically contemned the affections of men."[<a id="chap05fn52text"></a><a href="#chap05fn52">52</a>]  While the
+faithful Sir Philip Warwick lamented that, "a little sharpness of
+temper and uncommunicableness in society, or council, by seeming, with
+a 'Pish!' to neglect all that another said and he approved not, made
+him less grateful than his friends could have wished.  And this humour
+soured him towards the Councillors of Civil Affairs, who were
+necessarily to intermix with him in Martial Councils."[<a id="chap05fn53text"></a><a href="#chap05fn53">53</a>]  Certainly
+this was not the spirit calculated to recommend him to the English
+nobles, men who served their sovereign at their own cost, and who
+considered themselves at least as good as the son of a dethroned King.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Nor could Rupert atone for official imperiousness by geniality in
+private life.  In happier days, at Heidelberg, Frederick's faithful
+steward had declared that the morose manners of his master rendered him
+"afraid and ashamed" when any one visited the castle.[<a id="chap05fn54text"></a><a href="#chap05fn54">54</a>]  Something of
+his father's disposition Rupert had inherited; and, with all his
+self-confidence, he was very shy.  From the nobility both he and
+Maurice held aloof with a reserve born of pride and an uncertain
+position.  Princes they might be, but they were
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P73"></a>73}</span>
+also exiled and
+penniless, dependent on their swords, or on the bounty of their
+relatives.  "The reservedness of the Prince's nature, and the little
+education he then had in Courts made him unapt to make acquaintance
+with any of the Lords, who were thereby discouraged from applying
+themselves to him," says Clarendon.  "Whilst some officers of the Horse
+were well pleased to observe that strangeness, and fomented it,
+believing that their credit would be the greater with the Prince."[<a id="chap05fn55text"></a><a href="#chap05fn55">55</a>]
+Maurice, of whom Clarendon confessed he had "no more esteem than good
+manners obliged him to,"[<a id="chap05fn56text"></a><a href="#chap05fn56">56</a>] came in for yet stronger censure.  "This
+Prince had never sacrificed to the Graces, nor conversed among men of
+quality, but had most used the company of inferior men, with whom he
+loved to be very familiar.  He was not qualified with parts by nature,
+and less with any acquired; and towards men of the best condition, with
+whom he might very well have justified a familiarity, he maintained&mdash;at
+least&mdash;the full state due to his birth."[<a id="chap05fn57text"></a><a href="#chap05fn57">57</a>] Doubtless Clarendon's
+personal dislike of the Palatines made him a severe critic; but, in the
+main, his censure was true enough.  Their unfortunate shyness threw
+them almost entirely upon their officers, and men of lesser rank, for
+friendship and companionship.  Nor was the position unnatural; for many
+of these men were already well known to them as brother officers in the
+army of the Stadtholder, and familiar guests at their home at the Hague.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Thus condemned by Statesmen, distrusted by the old-fashioned officers,
+and disliked by the nobility, the Princes became the acknowledged
+leaders of the military faction.  They soon had a devoted following; a
+following of which every member was a very gallant soldier, though
+doubtless many of them were also dissolute and reckless.  Even
+Clarendon was forced to confess that Maurice, "living with
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P74"></a>74}</span>
+the
+soldiers sociably and familiarly, and going with them upon all parties
+and actions,"[<a id="chap05fn58text"></a><a href="#chap05fn58">58</a>] had made himself exceedingly popular amongst them.
+Rupert they adored; and the account of him handed down to Sir Edward
+Southcote by his father differs widely from the description of
+Clarendon.  "My father," wrote Sir Edward, "still went with the King's
+army, being very ambitious to get into Prince Rupert's favour, being,
+he was, the greatest hero, as well as the greatest beau, whom all the
+leading men strove to imitate, as well in his dress as in his
+bravery...  The Prince was always very sparkish in his dress, and one
+day, on a very cold morning, he tied a very fine lace handkerchief,
+which he took out of his coat pocket, about his neck.  This appeared so
+becoming that all his mimics got laced pocket-handkerchiefs and made
+the same use of them; which was the origin of wearing lace cravats, and
+continued till of late years."[<a id="chap05fn59text"></a><a href="#chap05fn59">59</a>]  There was in fact a general
+eagerness to serve directly under the hero Prince.  "I must confess, I
+have neither desire nor affection to wait upon any other general,"
+wrote Sir Arthur Aston.[<a id="chap05fn60text"></a><a href="#chap05fn60">60</a>]  "'Tis not advance of title I covet, but
+your commission,"[<a id="chap05fn61text"></a><a href="#chap05fn61">61</a>] protested another officer.  Such letters indeed
+are numberless; and that of Louis Dyves, half-brother to Lord Digby
+himself, may serve as an example of all:&mdash;"Amongst the many discourses
+which I receive daily of the ill-success and unhappy conduct of his
+Majesty's affairs here, since the light and comfort of your presence
+was removed from us, there is none that affects me more than to live in
+a place where I am rendered incapable to do you service.  Which, I take
+God to witness, hath been the chief bent of my harte from the first
+hour I had the honour to serve under your command; and I shall never
+deem myself happy until I be restored again to the same
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P75"></a>75}</span>
+condition.
+If your Highness therefore shall be pleased to command my attendance, I
+will break through all difficulties, and come to you.  And it shall be
+my humble sute unto His Majesty to give me leave to go where I know I
+shall be best able to serve him, which can be nowhere so well as under
+your command.  If I may but understand of your gratious acceptance of
+the fervent desire I have to sacrifice my life at your feet, there
+shall no man with more cheerfulness of harte, be ready to expose it
+more frankly, than your Highness's most humble, most faithful servant,
+Louis Dyves.  There is no man can make a truer character of my harte
+toward you, than the bearer, Mr. Legge."[<a id="chap05fn62text"></a><a href="#chap05fn62">62</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In a strain of jesting familiarity, wrote the young Lord Grandison:
+"and, by this light, you shall be unprinced, if you believe me not the
+most humble of your servants."[<a id="chap05fn63text"></a><a href="#chap05fn63">63</a>] And the gallant George Lisle carried
+his devotion to such a pitch as to sign himself always, "your
+Highness's most faithful affectionate servant, and obedient sonne."[<a id="chap05fn64text"></a><a href="#chap05fn64">64</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+But this cult of the Prince indulged in by the soldiery and some of the
+younger nobility, rather aggravated than healed the prevailing
+dissensions.  It was indeed impossible for a boy of Rupert's age and
+passionate temper to throw oil on the troubled waters.  He loved and
+hated with equal vehemence, and "liked what was proposed as he liked
+the persons who proposed it."[<a id="chap05fn65text"></a><a href="#chap05fn65">65</a>]  Such was his detestation of Digby
+and Culpepper that he never could refrain from contradicting all that
+they said.  Wilmot he treated in like manner, and we read: "Whilst
+Prince Rupert was present...  all that Wilmot said or proposed was
+enough slighted and contradicted," but that during the Prince's long
+absence in the North, he, Wilmot, "became marvellously elated."[<a id="chap05fn66text"></a><a href="#chap05fn66">66</a>]
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P76"></a>76}</span>
+Goring the Prince loved no better, and that general complained
+loudly that he, "denied all his requests out of hand."[<a id="chap05fn67text"></a><a href="#chap05fn67">67</a>]  And Lord
+Percy was also distinguished with a particular hatred.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To the objects of his affection, Rupert was, on the contrary, only too
+compliant; a failing most strongly, and most unfortunately, exhibited
+in his dealings with his brother Maurice.  The younger Prince had none
+of his brother's ability, was ignorant of English manners and customs,
+"showed a great aversion from considering them," and "understood very
+little of the war except to fight very stoutly when there was
+occasion."[<a id="chap05fn68text"></a><a href="#chap05fn68">68</a>]  Yet Rupert "took it greatly to heart"[<a id="chap05fn69text"></a><a href="#chap05fn69">69</a>] that Maurice
+held no higher command than that of lieutenant-general to Lord
+Hertford.  Accordingly, he persuaded the King that Maurice ought to be
+made general in the West, and, the promotion being conceded, Maurice
+did considerable harm to the cause by his blundering and want of
+discipline.  But, says Professor Gardiner, "Maurice was Rupert's
+brother, and not to be called to account!"[<a id="chap05fn70text"></a><a href="#chap05fn70">70</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Yet, his favouritism admitted, it must be confessed that Rupert's
+friends were generally well-chosen.  Chief among them was Colonel
+William Legge, a man so faithful, so unselfish, and so unassuming, that
+he contrived to remain on good terms with all parties.  Best known to
+his contemporaries as "Honest Will", he shines forth, amidst the
+intriguing courtiers of Oxford, a bright example of disinterestedness.
+In spite of his intimacy with Rupert, he contrived to remain for long
+on friendly terms with Lord Digby, though, as he told the latter, "I
+often found this a hard matter to hold between you."[<a id="chap05fn71text"></a><a href="#chap05fn71">71</a>]  To Legge,
+Rupert
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P77"></a>77}</span>
+was wont to pour out the indignation of his soul in hastily
+scribbled letters, and "Will" pacified both the Prince and his enemies,
+as best he could, "conceiving it," he said, "a matter of advantage to
+my master's service to have a good intelligence between persons so
+eminently employed in his affairs."[<a id="chap05fn72text"></a><a href="#chap05fn72">72</a>]  At the same time he never
+hesitated to express his opinion in "plain language", and from him the
+fiery Prince seems to have accepted both counsel and reproof, without
+resentment.  Even Clarendon could find nothing worse to say of Will
+Legge than that he was somewhat diffident of his own judgment.[<a id="chap05fn73text"></a><a href="#chap05fn73">73</a>]  And
+the King charged the Prince of Wales, in his last message, "to be sure
+to take care of Honest Will Legge, for he was the faithfullest servant
+that ever any Prince had." Which charge Charles II fulfilled at the
+Restoration.[<a id="chap05fn74text"></a><a href="#chap05fn74">74</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Next to Legge among Rupert's friends we must count the grave and
+melancholy Duke of Richmond.  As a Stuart he was Rupert's cousin, and
+him the Prince excepted from his general dislike of the English
+nobility.  Like Legge, Richmond was free from all self-seeking,
+honourable, upright, irreproachable, both in public and in private
+life.  His personal devotion to the King, who had brought him up, was
+intense, and, at the end of the tragedy, he volunteered with
+Southampton and Lindsey, to die in the stead of his sovereign.  Like
+the King, he was deeply religious, a faithful son of the Church.  He
+was courteous to all, gentle and reserved, but "of a great and haughty
+spirit."[<a id="chap05fn75text"></a><a href="#chap05fn75">75</a>]  At the beginning of the troubles he had been almost the
+only man of the first rank who had unswervingly opposed the popular
+party; and he valued his fidelity at the rate it was worth.  He gave
+his friendship slowly, and only with the approval, asked and received,
+of the King.[<a id="chap05fn76text"></a><a href="#chap05fn76">76</a>]  But his friendship, once
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P78"></a>78}</span>
+given, was absolute and
+unalterable.  He had in his character a Stuart strain of sensitiveness,
+amounting to morbidness.  Thus, when gently warned by the King against
+too much correspondence with the treacherous Lady Carlisle, he
+considered his own loyalty impugned, and for weeks held aloof from the
+Committee of Secret Affairs.  Hyde, commissioned by the distressed King
+to reason with the Duke, speedily discovered the true source of trouble
+to be Richmond's jealousy of his master's affection for Ashburnham.
+The King retorted by taking exception to Richmond's secretary, and it
+was long ere the hurt feelings of both King and Duke could be soothed.
+Yet, in spite of his own supersensitiveness, Richmond was a peacemaker.
+His letters to Rupert, long, involved and incoherent, are full of
+soothing expressions and assurances that all will go well.  He also was
+struggling, and struggling vainly, to keep the peace between Rupert and
+Digby.  But, though he watched over his cousin's interests with
+affectionate care, he was too honest and simple-minded to cope
+successfully with Oxford intrigues.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Among Rupert's other friends was Sir Charles Lucas, who, said his
+sister, "loved virtue, endeavoured merit, practised justice, and spoke
+truth; was constantly loyal, and truly valiant."[<a id="chap05fn77text"></a><a href="#chap05fn77">77</a>]  Also, in high
+favour with the Prince was Sir Marmaduke Langdale, "a person of great
+courage and prudence",[<a id="chap05fn78text"></a><a href="#chap05fn78">78</a>] a good scholar, and a good soldier; though
+Clarendon found him "a very inconvenient man to live with."[<a id="chap05fn79text"></a><a href="#chap05fn79">79</a>]  Less
+estimable was the hot-blooded Charles Gerrard, who, though as valiant a
+soldier as any of the others, reflected too many of Rupert's own
+faults; was rash, hot-tempered, and addicted to "hating on a sudden,
+without knowing why."[<a id="chap05fn80text"></a><a href="#chap05fn80">80</a>]  And besides these there were others too
+numerous to mention, valued by the Prince for their
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P79"></a>79}</span>
+soldierly
+qualities, or for the frankness of their dispositions.  But in the list
+of Rupert's friends, there is one more who must not be forgotten: one
+who was his inseparable companion for nearly six years, who shared his
+captivity in Austria, followed him to England, ate with him, slept with
+him, accompanied him to Council and to Church, shared all his dangers
+and hardships, and never left his side, till he fell, with many gallant
+Cavaliers, on the field of Marston Moor;&mdash;this was the Prince's white
+dog, Boye.  This dog attained great fame in England, and Rupert's
+fondness for it was the subject of good-natured jesting among the
+Cavaliers, and of bitter invective from the Puritans.  A satirical
+pamphlet, preserved in the Bodleian library, describes the dog's
+habits, and the mutual affection subsisting between him and his master!
+From it we learn that Boye was always present at Council, that he was
+wont to sit on the table by the Prince, and that frequent kisses and
+embraces passed between them.  On the principle of "Love me, love my
+dog," the King also extended his favour to Boye: "For he himself never
+sups or dines, but continually he feeds him.  And with what think you?
+Even with sides of capons, and such Christian-like morsels ... It is
+thought the King will make him Serjeant-Major-General Boye.  But truly
+the King's affection to him is so extraordinary that some at court envy
+him.  I heard a Gentleman-Usher swear that it was a shame the dog
+should sit in the King's chair, as he always does; and a great Lord was
+seriously of opinion that it was not well he should converse so much
+with the King's children, lest he taught them to swear."  Boye repaid
+the King's affection warmly: "Next to his master, he loves the King and
+the King's children, and cares very little for any others."  We are
+told further, in a paragraph evidently aimed at Rupert, that the dog,
+"in exercises of religion, carries himself most popishly and
+cathedrally.  He is very seldom at any conscionable sermons, but as for
+public prayers, he seldom or never misses
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P80"></a>80}</span>
+them....  But, above
+all, as soon as their Church Minstrel begins his arbitrary jig, he is
+as attentive as one of us private Christians are at St.
+Antholin's."[<a id="chap05fn81text"></a><a href="#chap05fn81">81</a>]  Boye is generally supposed to have been a poodle, and
+certainly he is so represented in the caricatures preserved of him.
+But he must have been in truth a remarkable one, for Lady Sussex
+relates in one of her letters, that when Rupert shot five bucks, "his
+dog Boye pulled them down."[<a id="chap05fn82text"></a><a href="#chap05fn82">82</a>]  To this "divill dog" were attributed
+supernatural powers of going invisible, of foretelling events, and of
+magically protecting his master from harm.  "The Roundheads fancied he
+was the Devil, and took it very ill that he should set himself against
+them!" says Sir Edward Southcote.[<a id="chap05fn83text"></a><a href="#chap05fn83">83</a>]  Many of the Puritans did, in
+truth, imagine him to be Rupert's evil spirit, and it was reported that
+the dog fed on human flesh.  Cleveland refers to their general fear of
+Boye in his "Rupertismus":&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+"They fear the giblets of his train, they fear,<br />
+"Even his dog, that four-legged Cavalier,<br />
+"He that devours the scraps that Lunsford makes,<br />
+"Whose pictures feeds upon a child in stakes,<br />
+"'Gainst whom they have these articles in souse,&mdash;<br />
+"First that he barks against the sense o' th' House,<br />
+"Resolved 'delinquent,' to the Tower straight,<br />
+"Either to the Lyons, or the Bishop's gate.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;*
+</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+"Thirdly he smells intelligence, that's better,<br />
+"And cheaper too, than Pym's, by his own letter;<br />
+"Lastly he is a devil without doubt,<br />
+"For when he would lie down he wheels about,<br />
+"Makes circles, and is couchant in a ring,<br />
+"And therefore, score up one, for conjuring!"[<a id="chap05fn84text"></a><a href="#chap05fn84">84</a>]<br />
+</p>
+
+<p><br /></p>
+
+<p>
+With the Cavaliers the dog was of course as popular as with the
+Puritans he was the reverse.  It was reported, by
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P81"></a>81}</span>
+their enemies,
+that the Royalists, after their capture of Birmingham, passed the night
+in "drinking healths upon their knees,&mdash;yea, healths to Prince Rupert's
+dog!"[<a id="chap05fn85text"></a><a href="#chap05fn85">85</a>]  Finally, when poor Boye had fallen on the field of battle,
+the death of Prince Rupert's "witch" was recorded with exultation in
+the Parliamentary journals: "Here also was slain that accursed cur,
+which is here mentioned, by the way, because the Prince's dog has been
+so much spoken of, and was valued by his master more than creatures of
+more worth."[<a id="chap05fn86text"></a><a href="#chap05fn86">86</a>] Having said so much of Rupert's friends, it may be
+well to say a word of his principal enemies.  Chief among these was
+George, Lord Digby, the eldest son of the Earl of Bristol.  He was a
+man of great personal beauty, brilliant talents, and unrivalled powers
+of fascination.  But he was unfortunately afflicted with a "volatile
+and unquiet spirit", and an over-active imagination.  His natural
+charms and great plausibility won him the love and confidence of the
+King; but his unparalleled conceit and his insatiable love of meddling
+made him an object of detestation to the Palatine Prince.[<a id="chap05fn87text"></a><a href="#chap05fn87">87</a>]  As
+Secretary of State, Digby necessarily came into contact with Rupert,
+and the result was disastrous.  No doubt there was much of personal
+jealousy mingled with Rupert's more reasonable objections to Digby; but
+the fact remains that Rupert understood war, and that Digby did not;
+that Rupert's schemes were reasonable and usually practicable, and that
+Digby's were wild and fantastic to a degree.  Rupert resented Digby's
+interference and incompetence; Digby resented Rupert's off-hand manners
+and undisguised contempt of himself.  Both were equally self-confident,
+and equally intolerant of rivalry.  England was not large enough to
+contain the two, and Digby, by his superior powers of intrigue, carried
+the day.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P82"></a>82}</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+With Lord Percy, in whose charge were all the stores of arms and
+ammunition, Rupert was not on much better terms than with Lord Digby.
+Powder, bullets, carts and horses proved fruitful sources of
+dissension.  Rupert accused Percy of delaying his supplies, and Percy
+resented Rupert's staying of his carts.[<a id="chap05fn88text"></a><a href="#chap05fn88">88</a>]  In proof of his own
+blamelessness Percy appealed to the testimony of others.  "My Lord
+Jermyn knows this was the truth, and no kind of fault in me....  Give
+me leave to tell you, sir, I cannot believe them, your real servants,
+that do give you jealousies of those that do not deserve them."[<a id="chap05fn89text"></a><a href="#chap05fn89">89</a>]  At
+other times Percy professed a great deal of devotion to Rupert, but
+always with a touch of sarcasm in his manner.  His letters consequently
+offended the Prince, and Percy treated his indignation lightly: "Though
+you seemed not to be pleased that I should hope for the taking of
+Bristol before it was done, which fault I confess I do not understand,
+I hope you will give me leave to congratulate you now with the rest....
+Your best friends do wish that, when the power is put absolutely into
+your hands, you will so far comply with the King's affairs as to do
+that which may content many and displease fewest."[<a id="chap05fn90text"></a><a href="#chap05fn90">90</a>] Such phrases
+were not calculated to soothe, and the breach widened steadily until,
+in the autumn of 1644, Percy found himself so deeply involved in the
+disgrace of Wilmot that he sought refuge with the Queen in France.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+With Lord Goring and Lord Wilmot, Rupert was likewise at daggers drawn.
+Both these men had been his comrades in the Dutch army, and Goring
+especially had been on intimate terms with the Palatines at the Hague.
+Indeed it seems likely that he had carried on a very flourishing
+flirtation with the Princess Louise; and a beautifully drawn picture
+letter which she addressed to him, is still extant.  Distinguished,
+like Digby, for his personal beauty and
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P83"></a>83}</span>
+fascinating manners,
+Goring was also justly celebrated for his brilliant courage.  Yet it
+was no wonder that Rupert did not share his sister's friendship for
+him, since the man was as false and treacherous as he was brave and
+plausible.  He had promoted and betrayed the Army Plot of 1641; he had
+received the charge of Portsmouth from the Parliament, held it for the
+King, and then surrendered it without a struggle.  Yet no breath of
+suspicion ever sullied his courage, and his personal attractions and
+undoubted ability won him trust and confidence again and again.  Rupert
+admired him for his talents, hated him for his vices, and feared him
+for his "master-wit", which made him a dangerous rival for the King's
+favour.  Goring, on his part, heartily reciprocated the Prince's
+aversion; kept out of his command as far as possible, disobeyed his
+orders as often as he could, and amused himself by writing to his enemy
+in terms of passionate devotion.  "I will hasard eight thousand lives
+rather than leave anything undone that may conduce to his Majesty's
+service or to your Highness's satisfaction; being joyed of nothing so
+much in this world as of the assurance of your favour, and that it will
+not be in the power of the devil to lessen your goodness to me, or to
+alter the quality I have of being your Highness's most humble,
+faithful, and obedient servant."[<a id="chap05fn91text"></a><a href="#chap05fn91">91</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Wilmot, Lieutenant-General of the Horse, was a less fascinating but a
+less unprincipled person than Goring.  That is to say that, while
+Goring would betray any friend, or violate any promise, "out of humour
+or for wit's sake," Wilmot would not do either, except "for some great
+benefit or convenience to himself."[<a id="chap05fn92text"></a><a href="#chap05fn92">92</a>]  He is described by Clarendon
+as "a man of a haughty and ambitious nature, of a pleasant wit, and an
+ill understanding."[<a id="chap05fn93text"></a><a href="#chap05fn93">93</a>]  Like Goring, he drank hard,
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P84"></a>84}</span>
+but not, like
+Goring, to the neglect of his military duties.  With the dissolute wits
+of the army he was exceedingly popular, but Rupert, always so temperate
+himself, had no sympathy with the failings of Wilmot.  As early as
+November 1642 he had conceived "an irreconcilable prejudice"[<a id="chap05fn94text"></a><a href="#chap05fn94">94</a>]
+against his lieutenant-general.  Possibly the seed of this prejudice
+had been sown at Edgehill, where Wilmot refused to make a second
+charge, saying: "We have won the day; let us live to enjoy the fruits
+thereof."[<a id="chap05fn95text"></a><a href="#chap05fn95">95</a>]  And justly or unjustly, the combined hatred of Rupert,
+Digby, and Goring accomplished Wilmot's overthrow in 1644.
+</p>
+
+<p><br /><br /></p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn1"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn1text">1</a>] Warburton.  Vol. I. pp. 460-462.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn2"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn2text">2</a>] Lansdowne MSS.  817.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn3"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn3text">3</a>] Warburton.  I.  p. 462.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn4"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn4text">4</a>] Rupert Transcripts.  Instruction to the Prince.  1642.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn5"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn5text">5</a>] <i>I.e.</i> in the Scottish wars.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn6"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn6text">6</a>] Memoirs of Sir Philip Warwick, pp. 226-228.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn7"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn7text">7</a>] Lansdowne MSS.  817.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn8"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn8text">8</a>] A Looking Glass etc.  Civil War Tract.  Brit. Mus.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn9"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn9text">9</a>] Clarendon's Hist. of the Rebellion.  Ed. 1849.  Bk. VI. p. 46.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn10"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn10text">10</a>] Ibid.  Bk. VI. p. 109.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn11"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn11text">11</a>] Mr. Firth's Transcripts.  Geo. Porter to Rupert, March 24, 1644.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn12"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn12text">12</a>] Warburton.  II.  p. 250.  Journal of Siege of Bristol.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn13"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn13text">13</a>] Pythouse Papers.  Ed. Day.  1879.  p. 46.  16 Nov, 1642.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn14"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn14text">14</a>] Rupertismus.  Cleveland's Poems.  Ed. 1687.  p. 51.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn15"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn15text">15</a>] May.  Hist. of Long Parliament.  Ed. 1854.  p. 249.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn16"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn16text">16</a>] May.  Hist. of Long Parliament.  Ed. 1854.  p. 243-4.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn17"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn17text">17</a>] Rupertismus.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn18"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn18text">18</a>] Webb.  Civil War in Herefordshire.  Vol. I.  p. 129.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn19"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn19text">19</a>] May.  p. 244.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn20"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn20text">20</a>] Prince Rupert: His Reply.  Brit. Mus.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn21"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn21text">21</a>] Webb.  Civil War in Hereford.  I.  p. 149.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn22"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn22text">22</a>] Gardiner's Civil War, I.  p. 15.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn23"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn23text">23</a>] Sydney Papers.  Spencer to Lady Spencer.  II.  p. 667.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn24"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn24text">23</a>] Rupert Correspondence.  Warburton.  II.  p. 191.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn25"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn25text">25</a>] Ibid.  p. 193.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn26"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn26text">26</a>] Rupert Transcripts, Colonel Blagge to the Prince, 2 March, 1643.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn27"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn27text">27</a>] Verney Memoirs, Vol. II.  p. 115.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn28"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn28text">28</a>] Dom.  State Papers.  Nicholas to King, Sept. 18, 1645.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn29"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn29text">29</a>] Warburton.  II.  262.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn30"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn30text">30</a>] Warburton.  II.  267.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn31"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn31text">31</a>] Troubles of our Catholic Forefathers.  Ed. Morris.  1872.  Sir
+Edward Southcote's Narrative, 1st Series, p. 392.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn32"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn32text">32</a>] Gardiner's Civil War, I.  p. 2.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn33"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn33text">33</a>] Civil War Pamphlets.  British Museum.  "Prince Rupert's Message to
+my Lord of Essex."
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn34"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn34text">34</a>] Whitelocke's Memorials, 1732, p. 114.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn35"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn35text">35</a>] Carte's Ormonde, VI.  p. 197, 20 Aug. 1644.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn36"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn36text">36</a>] Warburton, II.  p. 82.  19 Dec. 1642.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn37"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn37text">37</a>] Ibid.  II.  p. 175.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn38"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn38text">38</a>] Ibid.  II.  p. 386.  11 Mar. 1644.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn39"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn39text">39</a>] Transcripts, 30 Jan. 1644.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn40"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn40text">40</a>] Warburton, II.  p. 85.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn41"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn41text">41</a>] Ibid.  II.  p. 291, 17 Sept. 1643.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn42"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn42text">42</a>] Transcripts.  Blagge to Rupert.  1643.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn43"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn43text">43</a>] Rupert Transcripts.  Dyves to the Prince.  Sept. 21, 1642.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn44"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn44text">44</a>] Ibid.  Kirke to Prince.  22 Feb.  1644.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn45"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn45text">45</a>] Add MSS.  18982.  Wyndham to the Prince.  Jan. 6, 1644.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn46"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn46text">46</a>] Transcripts.  Astley to the Prince, Jan. 12, 1645.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn47"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn47text">47</a>] Ibid.  Loughborough to the Prince, July 25, 1645.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn48"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn48text">48</a>] Carte's Ormonde.  Trevor to Ormonde.  Nov. 21, 1643.  Vol. V. pp.
+520-1.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn49"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn49text">49</a>] Prince Rupert: his Declaration.  Pamphlet.  British Museum.  See
+Warb. II. p. 124.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn50"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn50text">50</a>] Hist. MSS. Commission.  5th Report, p. 162.  Ap. I.  Sutherland
+MSS.  Stephen Charlton to Robert Leveson, 1642.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn51"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn51text">51</a>] Walker's Historical Discourses.  Ed. 1705.  p. 126.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn52"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn52text">52</a>] Clarendon Hist.  Bk. VII.  p. 279.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn53"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn53text">53</a>] Warwick Memoirs, p. 228.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn54"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn54text">54</a>] Green's Princesses, V.  p. 267.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn55"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn55text">55</a>] Clarendon's History.  Bk. V.  p. 78.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn56"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn56text">56</a>] Clarendon's Life.  Ed. 1827.  Vol. I.  p. 197, <i>note</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn57"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn57text">57</a>] Clar. Hist.  Bk. VII.  p. 85.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn58"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn58text">58</a>] Clar. Life.  I.  p. 196, <i>note</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn59"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn59text">59</a>] Sir Edward Southcote's Narrative, p. 392.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn60"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn60text">60</a>] Rupert Correspondence.  Aston to the Prince.  Aug. 1643.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn61"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn61text">61</a>] Ibid.  Sandford to Prince.  No date.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn62"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn62text">62</a>] Rupert Correspondence.  Add. MSS. British Museum.  18981.  Louis
+Dyves to the Prince.  Apr. 8, 1644.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn63"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn63text">63</a>] Rupert Transcripts.  Grandison to Prince.  Feb. 7, 1645.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn64"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn64text">64</a>] Ibid.  Lisle to Prince.  Dec. 6-13, 1644.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn65"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn65text">65</a>] Clarendon.  Bk. VIII.  168.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn66"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn66text">66</a>] Ibid.  VIII. 30.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn67"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn67text">67</a>] Rupert Transcripts.  Goring to Prince.  Jan. 22, 1643.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn68"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn68text">68</a>] Clarendon.  Bk. VII.  85, <i>note</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn69"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn69text">69</a>] Ibid.  144.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn70"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn70text">70</a>] Gardiner's Civil War.  Vol. I.  197.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn71"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn71text">71</a>] Wm. Legge to Lord Digby.  Warburton.  III.  p. 129.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn72"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn72text">72</a>] Wm. Legge to Lord Digby.  Warburton.  III.  p. 129.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn73"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn73text">73</a>] Clarendon.  Bk. X.  p. 130.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn74"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn74text">74</a>] Collins Peerage: 'Dartmouth'.  Vol. IV.  p. 107 <i>et passim</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn75"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn75text">75</a>] Clarendon Hist.  Bk. VI.  p. 384.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn76"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn76text">76</a>] Clarendon Life.  I.  p. 222.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn77"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn77text">77</a>] Life of Newcastle, by Duchess of Newcastle.  Ed. Firth.  1886, p.
+280.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn78"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn78text">78</a>] Carte Papers.  Trevor to Ormonde, Sept. 13, 1644.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn79"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn79text">79</a>] Clarendon State Papers.  Hyde to Nicholas.  Febr. 7, 1653.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn80"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn80text">80</a>] Clar. Hist.  Bk. IX.  p.  21.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn81"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn81text">81</a>] Pamphlet.  Bodleian Library, Oxford.  "Observations on Prince
+Rupert's White Dog called Boye."
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn82"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn82text">82</a>] Verney Memoirs.  Vol. II.  p. 160.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn83"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn83text">83</a>] Sir Edward Southcote's Narrative, p. 392.  Pamphlet.  Brit. Mus.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn84"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn84text">84</a>] Cleveland's Poems, p. 51.  Rupertismus.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn85"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn85text">85</a>] Pamphlet.  Brit. Museum.  London, May 1643.  "Prince Rupert's
+Burning Love to England."
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn86"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn86text">86</a>] More true Relation; also Vicars' Jehovah Jireh, p. 277.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn87"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn87text">87</a>] See Clarendon State Papers: A Character of the Lord Digby.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn88"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn88text">88</a>] Rupert Transcripts, July 30, 1643, also Aug. 17, 1643, Percy to
+Rupert.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn89"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn89text">89</a>] Ibid.  Mar. 21, 1642.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn90"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn90text">90</a>] Rupert Transcripts, July 29, 1643.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn91"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn91text">91</a>] Rupert Correspondence.  Goring to the Prince, May 12, 1645.  Add.
+MSS.  Brit. Mus.  18982.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn92"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn92text">92</a>] Clarendon Hist.  Bk. VIII.  169.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn93"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn93text">93</a>] Ibid.  VIII.  30.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn94"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn94text">94</a>] Clar. Hist.  Bk. VI.  126, <i>note</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap05fn95"></a>
+[<a href="#chap05fn95text">95</a>] Ibid.  VI.  p. 79, <i>note</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
+
+<p><a id="chap06"></a></p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P85"></a>85}</span>
+</p>
+
+<h3>
+CHAPTER VI
+</h3>
+
+<h4>
+THE BEGINNING OF THE WAR.  POWICK BRIDGE.  EDGEHILL.  <br />
+THE MARCH TO LONDON
+</h4>
+
+<p>
+The setting up of the Royal Standard was a depressing ceremony.  The
+weather was so bad that the very elements seemed to fight against the
+Royalists; and the standard was blown down the same night, which was
+regarded as a very evil portent.  Moreover, the Royal forces were still
+so lamentably small that Sir Jacob Astley openly expressed a fear that
+the King would be captured in his sleep.[<a id="chap06fn1text"></a><a href="#chap06fn1">1</a>]  The arms and ammunition
+were not yet come from York, and a general sadness pervaded the whole
+company.  In this state of affairs, the King made another futile
+attempt at treating with the Parliament; an attempt so distasteful to
+Rupert and his officers "that they were not without some thought&mdash;or at
+least discourses&mdash;of offering violence to the principal advisers of
+it."[<a id="chap06fn2text"></a><a href="#chap06fn2">2</a>]  The abortive treaty proved, however, to the King's advantage,
+for its failure turned the tide in his favour, and brought recruits to
+his banner.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+During the delay at Nottingham, Rupert was created a Knight of the
+Garter, and, at the same time, he contrived to fall out with Digby.
+Even as early as September 10th, we find Digby protesting against the
+Prince's prejudice towards himself.  Evidently he had indulged in
+remarks upon Rupert's love of "inferior" company, which he now
+endeavoured to explain away.[<a id="chap06fn3text"></a><a href="#chap06fn3">3</a>]  His apology was accepted; and for a
+short time he served under the Prince.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P86"></a>86}</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Already Rupert was scouring the country in search of men, arms and
+money.  On September 6th "that diabolical Cavalier,"[<a id="chap06fn4text"></a><a href="#chap06fn4">4</a>] as a Puritan
+soldier called him, had surrounded Leicester and summoned the Mayor to
+confer with him.  That worthy cautiously declined the interview,
+whereupon he received a peremptory letter, demanding £2,000 to be paid
+on the morrow "by ten of the clock in the forenoon."  He was assured
+that the King's promise would prove a better pledge for repayment than
+the "Public Faith" of the Parliament; and the letter concluded with the
+characteristic assurance that, in case of contumacy, the Prince would
+appear on the morrow, "in such a posture as shall make you to know it
+is wiser to obey than to resist His Majesty's command."[<a id="chap06fn5text"></a><a href="#chap06fn5">5</a>]  Five
+hundred pounds were forthwith paid, but a complaint was despatched to
+the King, who hastened to disavow his nephew's arbitrary proceedings.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+An attack on Caldecot House proved more to the Prince's credit.  This
+house belonged to a Warwickshire Puritan, a Mr Purefoy, then absent
+with the troops of the Parliament.  Early on a Sunday morning Rupert
+appeared before the house, with five hundred men, and summoned it to
+surrender.  The summons was defied, and he ordered an assault.  The
+defenders consisted only of Mrs. Purefoy, her two daughters, her
+son-in-law, Mr. Abbot, three serving-men, and three maids; yet the
+fight was continued for some hours, and with serious loss to the
+Cavaliers.  At last Rupert forced the outer gates, fired the barns, and
+advanced to the very doors.  Then Mrs. Purefoy came out and threw
+herself at the victor's feet.  Rupert asked her what she would have of
+him.  She answered, the lives of her little garrison.  Rupert then
+raised her to her feet, "saluted her kindly," and promised that not one
+of them should be hurt.  But when he had entered the house and
+discovered how small was the garrison, his pity was changed to
+admiration.  He
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P87"></a>87}</span>
+complimented Mr. Abbot on his skill and gallantry,
+and offered him a command in his own troop, which was, however,
+refused.  Finally he drew off his forces, promising that nothing upon
+the place should suffer injury.  "And the Prince faithfully kept his
+promise, and would not suffer one penny-worth of goods in the house to
+be taken."[<a id="chap06fn6text"></a><a href="#chap06fn6">6</a>]  Such is the testimony of a fanatical enemy; nor is it
+the only instance of Rupert's chivalry.  "Sir Edward Terrell was a
+little fearful, Prince Rupert had been hunting at his Park," wrote the
+Puritan Lady Sussex; "but he took him much, with his courtesy to
+him."[<a id="chap06fn7text"></a><a href="#chap06fn7">7</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+On September 13th the King left Nottingham for Derby, and Rupert joined
+his march at Stafford.  There it was that the Prince fired a remarkable
+shot, to prove his skill as a marksman.  Standing in a garden about
+sixty yards distant from the church of St. Mary, he shot clean through
+the tail of the weathercock on the steeple, "with a screwed horseman's
+pistol, and a single bullet."[<a id="chap06fn8text"></a><a href="#chap06fn8">8</a>]  The King declared that the shot was
+but a lucky chance; whereupon Rupert fired a second time, with the same
+result.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+From Stafford, Rupert proceeded by night to Bridgnorth, and from there
+he went, on September 21st, to secure Worcester.  Finding Worcester
+quite indefensible, he resolved to go on to Shrewsbury, but, in the
+meantime, he led his small troop into a field near Powick Bridge to
+rest.  The officers, among whom were Maurice, Digby, Wilmot, Charles
+Lucas, and the Lords Northampton and Crawford, threw themselves down on
+the grass, divested of all armour.  In this position they were
+surprised by a troop of Essex's horse, under Sandys and Fiennes, which
+advanced, fully armed, down a narrow lane.  In the confusion there was
+scarcely time to catch the horses, and none to consult as to methods of
+defence.  Rupert shouted out the order to
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P88"></a>88}</span>
+charge, and vaulted on
+to his horse.  Maurice threw himself next his brother; and the other
+officers, seeing that it would be useless to rejoin their men, followed
+the Princes.  Thus, with the officers in the van and the men straggling
+behind as best they could, the Royalists charged.  The Puritans,
+well-armed and well-commanded though they were, could not stand against
+that sudden fierce assault.  Two of their officers fell, and in a very
+few moments the whole body, nearly a thousand in number, broke and
+fled, the "goodness of their horses" making it impossible to overtake
+them.  The number of the slain was between forty and fifty; six or
+seven colours were captured, and a few Scottish officers taken
+prisoners.  The loss on the King's side was small, and though all the
+officers, Rupert excepted, were wounded, none were killed.  Maurice had
+received so dangerous a wound in the head that he was reported killed,
+but it was not long before he was again "abroad and merry."[<a id="chap06fn9text"></a><a href="#chap06fn9">9</a>]  The
+slight loss suffered by the Cavaliers was the more remarkable since
+they had had neither armour nor pistols, and had fought only with their
+swords.[<a id="chap06fn10text"></a><a href="#chap06fn10">10</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The moral advantage of this skirmish was very great.  It gave increased
+courage to Rupert's troops and it "exceedingly appalled the adversary,"
+to whom the Prince's name was henceforth "very terrible."  To the
+Elector, and to some of the friends of his family, such a reputation
+was less gratifying than it was to Rupert himself.  Dependent upon the
+English Parliament as the Palatines were,&mdash;for King Charles could no
+longer help them, and the Stadtholder was old and failing,&mdash;Rupert's
+zeal in his uncle's cause was a serious disadvantage to them.  "I
+fear," wrote Roe to the Elector, "the freshness of his spirit and his
+zeal to his uncle may have drawn from him some words, if not deeds,
+that have begot a very ill odour; insomuch
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P89"></a>89}</span>
+that nothing is so much
+cried out against as his actions, which do reflect upon your whole
+family and cause, and there may be more need of a bridle to moderate
+him than of spurs.  They will never forgive me the ill-fortune to have
+procured his liberty."[<a id="chap06fn11text"></a><a href="#chap06fn11">11</a>]  To this the Elector replied indignantly:
+"It is impossible either for the Queen&mdash;my mother, or myself to bridle
+my brother's youth and fieryness, at so great a distance, and in the
+employment he has.  It were a great indiscretion in any to expect it,
+and an injustice to blame us for things beyond our help."[<a id="chap06fn12text"></a><a href="#chap06fn12">12</a>] He did
+his best to appease the Parliament by exhibiting his own ingratitude
+towards his uncle.  "The Prince Elector doth write kindly&mdash;others might
+say basely&mdash;to the Roundhead Parliament,"[<a id="chap06fn13text"></a><a href="#chap06fn13">13</a>] reported Sir George
+Radcliffe.  Further, Charles Louis published a manifesto in the names
+of himself and his mother, deprecating Rupert's actions, and
+disclaiming all sympathy with them.  And in 1644 he came himself to
+London, and took the Covenant; in reward for which hypocrisy the
+Parliament lodged him in Whitehall, and granted him a large
+pension.[<a id="chap06fn14text"></a><a href="#chap06fn14">14</a>]  Elizabeth was less time-serving, and her intercepted
+letters to Rupert gave great offence to the Parliament.  She tried to
+pacify the indignation she had roused, writing to the Speaker: "Albeit
+I cannot at present remember what I then particularly writ, yet if
+anything did perchance slip from my pen in the private relation between
+a mother and son, which might give them the least distaste, I entreat
+them to make no worse construction of it than was by me intended."[<a id="chap06fn15text"></a><a href="#chap06fn15">15</a>]
+But she could not disguise her real sentiments, and her pension was
+stopped by the Parliament.  "Our gracious Mistress hath her part, as
+who hath not, in these public sufferings,"
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P90"></a>90}</span>
+wrote one of her
+gentlemen in 1643.  "It is upon a full year that her entertainments
+have been stopped, and I believe that she fareth the worse for the
+impetuousness of Prince Rupert her son, who is quite out of her
+government."[<a id="chap06fn16text"></a><a href="#chap06fn16">16</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Directly after the skirmish of Powick Bridge, Rupert fell back upon
+Ludlow, and it was while quartered there that he was supposed to have
+made his first expedition into Essex's camp.  The stories of his
+disguises are told by Puritans, and are, as before said, very probably
+apocryphal; but they are given here for what they are worth.  The
+Puritan army was encamped on Dunsmore Heath, and Rupert, riding as near
+to it as he dared, overtook a man driving a horse which was laden with
+apples.  The man, on being interrogated, informed the Prince that he
+was going to sell the apples to the soldiers of the Parliament.  "Why
+dost thou not go to the King's army?" asked the Prince; "I hear they
+are generous sparks and will pay double!"  "Oh," said the man, "they
+are Cavaliers, and have a mad Prince amongst them.  Devil a penny could
+I get in the whole army."  Rupert thereupon purchased the whole load
+for ten shillings, changed coats and horses with the man, and himself
+sold the apples to the forces of Essex.  On his return, he gave the man
+a second piece of gold, with the command to "go to the army, and ask
+the commanders how they liked the fruit which Prince Rupert did, in his
+own person, but this morning sell them."[<a id="chap06fn17text"></a><a href="#chap06fn17">17</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+During this time the King had lain at Shrewsbury, whither he now
+summoned all his forces, and on October 12th he began his march towards
+London.  This was in accordance with Rupert's scheme of concentrating
+all forces on the centre of disaffection.  The three brigades of foot
+were commanded respectively by Sir Nicholas Byron, Colonel Wentworth,
+and Colonel Fielding.  Lord Lindsey was
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P91"></a>91}</span>
+Commander-in-Chief, and
+Sir Jacob Astley was his Major-General; Ruthven, though a
+Field-Marshal, preferred to remain entirely with the cavalry.  The
+dragoons were under Sir Arthur Aston, and most of the nobles and richer
+gentry enlisted in Lord Bernard Stuart's regiment of gentlemen,
+nicknamed "The Show Troop."  "Never," says Clarendon, "did less baggage
+attend a royal army, there being not one tent, and very few waggons, in
+the whole train."[<a id="chap06fn18text"></a><a href="#chap06fn18">18</a>]  This being the case, it is singular that the
+place where the King's tent was pitched is still pointed out at
+Edgehill.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Royalists advanced slowly, by way of Birmingham, halting at several
+places on the march.  On October 22nd the King reached Edgecot, and
+Essex arrived the same day at Kineton, ready to bar his way.  Rupert
+advanced to Lord Spencer's house at Wormleighton, where his
+quarter-master had a skirmish with the quarter-master of Essex, who had
+also been sent to take possession of the house.  Rupert's men captured
+twelve of Essex's soldiers, from whom they learnt the unexpected
+proximity of the enemy.  Rupert thereupon made his men take the field,
+and sent the intelligence to the King.  The King responded in a brief
+note: "I have given order as you have desyred; so I dout not but all
+the foot and cannon will bee at Edgehill betymes this morning, where
+you will also find your loving Oncle."[<a id="chap06fn19text"></a><a href="#chap06fn19">19</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Early in the morning of October 23rd, Rupert advanced his forces to the
+summit of Edgehill, where, as he had expected, he was joined by the
+King.  A council of war was then held.  But, alas, dissension was
+already beginning in the army, the mutual jealousy of the officers
+having grown on the march to "a perfect faction"[<a id="chap06fn20text"></a><a href="#chap06fn20">20</a>] between the foot
+and horse.  On this occasion Rupert's bold and rapid tactics were
+strenuously opposed by the cautious old Lindsey.  But the King strongly
+supported his nephew, and thereupon
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P92"></a>92}</span>
+Lindsey resigned his
+generalship, preferring to fight as a mere colonel rather than to
+nominally command a battle over which he had no control.  Then his son,
+Lord Willoughby,&mdash;deeply resenting the slight on his father,&mdash;refused
+to charge with Rupert, and elected to fight on foot at his father's
+side.  Ruthven (afterwards Lord Brentford) was hastily appointed in
+Lindsey's place, and as he had fought under Gustavus, he readily gave
+his support to the Prince who followed the great Swede's tactics.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It was one o'clock before the King's foot could be brought up to the
+rest of the army; and though Essex was in order by eight in the
+morning, he was in no hurry to begin the battle.  His numbers were
+already greater than those of the King, but he hoped still that three
+more regiments might join him.  Not till three o'clock did the fight
+begin, and this was considered so late that some of the Royalists would
+have willingly postponed it till the morrow.  But it was to the King's
+advantage to hasten the attack, since he had no provisions for his
+army, and he hoped also to anticipate the arrival of Essex's
+reinforcements.  The history of the battle is an oft-told tale.  Rupert
+commanded the right wing, and he committed a serious error at the
+outset by permitting the "Show Troop" to charge in the van.  This troop
+had been irritated by the scoffs of blunter soldiers, and it seemed but
+courtesy to accede to its request, yet it was most unwise to do so, for
+it left the King unguarded on the field.  "Just before we began our
+march," says Bulstrode, "the Prince passed from one wing to the other,
+giving positive orders to the horse to march as close as possible,
+keeping their ranks, sword in hand; to receive the enemy's shot without
+firing either carbine or pistol till we broke in among them, and then
+to make use of our firearms as need should require."[<a id="chap06fn21text"></a><a href="#chap06fn21">21</a>]  The charge
+thus made, swept Essex's horse from the field, and Rupert's
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P93"></a>93}</span>
+horse
+followed far in the pursuit.  "Our horse pursued so eagerly that the
+commanders could not stop them in the chase," said the Royalists.[<a id="chap06fn22text"></a><a href="#chap06fn22">22</a>]
+The King's foot, left unsupported on the field, suffered great damage.
+Then it was that Lord Lindsey fell, and his gallant son was captured in
+the attempt to save his father.  Then Sir Edmund Verney died, and the
+standard was taken, but subsequently regained.  Only the enemy's own
+want of skill and experience saved the King himself from capture.  Thus
+the advantage won by the first charge was lost, and when Rupert
+returned he found the King with a very small retinue, and all chance of
+a complete victory gone.  Nor could the cavalry be rallied for a second
+charge.  Where the soldiers were collected together the officers were
+absent, and where the officers were ready the soldiers were scattered.
+Consequently the result of the battle was indecisive, and both sides
+claimed the victory; the advantage really lay with the King, insomuch
+as he held the field, and had opened the way to London.  But the
+Royalist losses had been very great.  Besides Lindsey and Verney, had
+fallen Lord Aubigny, brother of the Duke of Richmond, and many other
+officers.  Moreover, the Cavaliers were in a hostile country, unable to
+obtain either food or shelter, and the night was terribly cold.
+Towards daybreak the King retired to his coach to rest; and the morning
+found the two armies still facing one another.  Thus they remained
+throughout the day, but towards evening Essex drew off to Warwick.  No
+sooner did Essex begin his retreat than Rupert started in pursuit.  At
+Kineton he captured the rear guard of dragoons, with their convoy of
+money, plate and letters.  The taking of the letters proved of no
+slight importance, for among them Rupert discovered a circumstantial
+report of his own proceedings, furnished to Essex by his own secretary.
+There was found also the secretary's demand for an increase
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P94"></a>94}</span>
+of pay
+from the Parliament, which already paid him £50 a week.  The man was of
+course tried, and hanged at Oxford.[<a id="chap06fn23text"></a><a href="#chap06fn23">23</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Rupert was now anxious to push on to London before the enemy could
+rally.  "He proffered, if His Majesty would give him leave, to march
+with three thousand horse to Westminster, and there dissolve the
+Parliament."[<a id="chap06fn24text"></a><a href="#chap06fn24">24</a>] Very likely this plan might have succeeded, for the
+panic in London was great, but the old Earl of Bristol declared that
+Rupert, once let loose on London, would plunder and burn the city.
+This fear so worked on the King that he refused to countenance the
+design.  It is only fair to add that Rupert indignantly repudiated the
+intentions attributed to him.  "I think there is none that take me for
+a coward,&mdash;for sure I fear not the face of any man alive,&mdash;yet I shall
+repute it the greatest victory in the world to see His Majesty enter
+London in peace without shedding one drop of blood."[<a id="chap06fn25text"></a><a href="#chap06fn25">25</a>] The tales
+spread abroad of his "barbarousness and inhumanity" caused him real
+annoyance, and he endeavoured to refute them in a published
+"Declaration."  After retorting on the Parliament various instances of
+Puritan plundering and violence, he continued: "I must here profess,
+that I take that man to be no soldier or gentleman that will strike,
+much less kill, a woman or a child...  And for myself, I appeal to the
+consciences of those lords and gentlemen who are my daily witnesses,
+and to those people wheresoever our army hath been, what they know, or
+have observed in my carriage which might not become the son of a
+king."[<a id="chap06fn26text"></a><a href="#chap06fn26">26</a>]  Doubtless the boast was made in all good faith, but
+doubtless also the views of Rupert and his enemies as to what was
+"becoming" differed widely, especially in regard to plunder.  True the
+Puritans not
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P95"></a>95}</span>
+infrequently plundered Royalists, just as the
+Royalists plundered Puritans; but the Parliament had the less need to
+do it, seeing that all the King's revenue was in its hands.  The
+hapless King could not, in consequence, pay his cavalry, and it was
+Rupert's task to raise supplies from the country.  He was authorised to
+requisition daily provisions from the inhabitants of the places where
+the horse were quartered.  For all such supplies a proper receipt was
+to be given, and the officers were not permitted, "upon pain of our
+high displeasure," to send for greater quantities of provision than
+would actually supply the men and horses.[<a id="chap06fn27text"></a><a href="#chap06fn27">27</a>] To Rupert, used as he was
+to continental warfare, such a state of affairs seemed natural enough.
+"Was I engaged to prohibit them making the best of their prisoners?" he
+retorted in answer to a later charge made against his men.[<a id="chap06fn28text"></a><a href="#chap06fn28">28</a>] And,
+among the State Papers, there is to be found an engagement of a certain
+John van Haesdonck to bring over to Rupert, two hundred expert soldiers
+from Holland who were to be permitted to divide their booty, "according
+to the usual custom beyond seas."[<a id="chap06fn29text"></a><a href="#chap06fn29">29</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+But if Rupert understood "the law of arms" as the peaceful English
+citizens did not, both he and his officers respected its limits, and
+fain would have checked the excesses of their men.  Whitelocke, while
+lamenting the wreck of his own house, honourably acquitted the officers
+in command of any share in it.  "Sir John Byron and his brothers
+commanded those horse, and gave orders that they should commit no
+insolence at my house, nor plunder my goods."  But, in spite of the
+prohibition, hay and corn were recklessly consumed, horses were carried
+off, books wantonly destroyed, the park railings broken down, and the
+deer let out.  "Only a tame young stag they led away and presented to
+Prince Rupert, and my hounds, which were
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P96"></a>96}</span>
+extraordinary good."[<a id="chap06fn30text"></a><a href="#chap06fn30">30</a>]
+What Rupert did with the tame young stag history relates not, but he
+certainly did not countenance such outrages.  They were of course
+attributed to his influence, but he could, and did, retort similar
+instances&mdash;and worse&mdash;upon the soldiers of the Parliament: "I speak not
+how wilfully barbarous their soldiers were to the Countess Rivers, to
+the Lady Lucas in Essex, and likewise to many persons of quality in
+Kent, and other places."[<a id="chap06fn31text"></a><a href="#chap06fn31">31</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Owing to the fear of Rupert's "downright soldierism" such advantage as
+might have been gained from Edgehill was lost.  Instead of pressing on
+for London, the King wasted valuable time in the siege of Banbury.  It
+is to this period that the story of Rupert's visit to Warwick belongs.
+To this town Essex had retreated after the battle, and about it his
+army was still quartered.  "Within about eight miles of the said city,
+Prince Robert was forced by excess of raine to take into a little
+alehouse out of the way, where he met with a fellow that was riding to
+Warwick to sell cabbage nets, but stayed, by chance, to drink.  He
+bought the fellow's nets, gave him double what he asked, borrowed his
+coat, and told him he would ride upon his horse some miles off, to put
+a trick upon some friends of his, and return at evening.  He left his
+own nag and coat behind, and also a crown for them to drink, while
+waiting his return.  When he came to Warwick he sold his nets at divers
+places, heard the news, and discovered many passages in the town.
+Having done this he returned again, and took his own horse.  Then he
+sent them (<i>i.e.</i> the citizens of Warwick) word, by him he bought the
+nets of, that Prince Rupert had sold them cabbage nets, and it should
+not be long ere he would requite their kindness and send them
+cabbages."[<a id="chap06fn32text"></a><a href="#chap06fn32">32</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P97"></a>97}</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+On October 27th Banbury fell, and two days later the King entered
+Oxford, where he was enthusiastically received.  Rupert advanced to
+Abingdon, overran the country, took Aylesbury, cut off Essex's
+communications with London, and seized arms and forage for the King.
+Essex sent Balfour to intercept the Prince; Rupert and Sir Louis Dyves
+met him with a valiant charge across a swollen ford, but they were
+forced back, and proceeded through Maidenhead to Windsor, "with the
+most bloody and mischievous of all the Cavaliers."[<a id="chap06fn33text"></a><a href="#chap06fn33">33</a>]  The taking of
+Windsor Castle would have enabled Rupert to stop the barges on the
+Thames, and cut off the London traffic to the West.  But his summons to
+surrender was refused, and his assault repulsed.  His men declared that
+they would follow him anywhere against men, but not against stone
+walls; and though he cheered them on to a second attack, that also
+failed.  Considering Windsor hopeless, he fell back to Kingston,
+intending to erect there a fort to command the river.  But the trained
+bands of Berkshire and Surrey were ready to receive him.  "About two of
+the clock," says Whitelocke, "on the seventh of November, the Cavaliers
+came on with undaunted courage, their forces in the form of a crescent.
+Prince Rupert, to the right wing, came on with great fury.  In they
+went pell-mell into the heart of our soldiers, but they were surrounded
+and with great difficulty cut their way through, and made their way
+across to Maidenhead, where they held their quarters."[<a id="chap06fn34text"></a><a href="#chap06fn34">34</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+From his quarters at Maidenhead Rupert seized on Colebrook; an exploit
+reported in London under the exciting title, "Horrible news from
+Colebrook."  In the same pamphlets the already terrified citizens were
+cheered by the news: "The Prince hath deeply vowed that he will come to
+London; swearing he cares not a pin for all the Roundheads or their
+infant works; and saying that he will
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P98"></a>98}</span>
+lay their city and
+inhabitants on the ground."[<a id="chap06fn35text"></a><a href="#chap06fn35">35</a>]  On November 4th, the King reached
+Reading with the bulk of his army, and the Parliament, thoroughly
+frightened, requested a safe-conduct, in order to treat.  The King's
+objection to one of their emissaries led to some delay, but danger
+pressed; the Parliament yielded and sent its representatives.  At the
+same time it ordered Essex, who had also reached London, to take the
+field.  The King on his part advanced to Colebrook before he sent his
+answer;&mdash;which was a proposal that Windsor should be given up to him as
+a place for treaty, and avoided all mention of a cessation of arms.  On
+the same night, November 11th, he ordered Rupert to clear the way by an
+attack on Brentford.  At the same time he wrote to the Houses that he
+intended to be in London next evening to hear what they had to say.
+The Prince received the King's orders at Egham.  There he had captured
+two London merchants, and he judged it wise to detain them, lest they
+should be spies.  When they had recovered their liberty next day, they
+gave the following account of their adventures.  They had been taken to
+the Prince, who was "in bed with all his clothes on," from which it was
+inferred that he had vowed never to undress "or shift himself until he
+had reseated King Charles at Whitehall."  The Prince examined the
+prisoners himself, and, attracted by a bunch of ribbons in the hat of
+one of them, "he took the pains to look them over himself, and turned
+and tossed them up and down, and swore there was none of the King's
+favours there.  The gentleman replying that they were the favours of
+his mistress, the Prince smiling, without any word at all, returned him
+his favours and his hat again."  On the next morning they saw the King
+and Prince together on Hounslow Heath.  "Prince Rupert took off his
+scarlet coat, which was very rich, and gave it to his man; and he
+buckled
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P99"></a>99}</span>
+on his arms and put a grey coat over it that he might not
+be discovered.  He talked long with the King, and often in his
+communications with His Majesty, he scratched his head and tore his
+hair, as if in some grave discontent."[<a id="chap06fn36text"></a><a href="#chap06fn36">36</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The discontent was soon allayed by a successful dash upon Brentford.
+The town was taken, though not without hard fighting, and there was
+captured also a good supply of guns and ammunition.  The question as to
+whether this advance, pending negotiation, was or was not a breach of
+faith on the King's part has been much debated.  No cessation of arms
+had been agreed on, but the Parliament, thinking it a mere oversight,
+had sent again in order to arrange it.  At the same time Essex was
+warned to hold all his forces ready for battle, but to abstain from
+acts of hostility.  Essex having advanced towards him, the King would
+have been completely surrounded, had he not seized upon Brentford.
+Therefore, from the military point of view, the advance was altogether
+justifiable; from the political, it was unwise, for it lost Charles the
+hearts of the Londoners.  "Charles's error," says Professor Gardiner,
+"lay in forgetting that he was more than a victorious General."[<a id="chap06fn37text"></a><a href="#chap06fn37">37</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The King's triumph was short-lived.  The citizens and the Parliamentary
+troops rallied to the defence of the capital.  An army, twice as large
+as that of Charles, barred his way on Turnham Green.  Essex advancing
+on Brentford, forced Rupert to retire.  This he did in excellent order,
+entrusting the conduct of the retreat to Sir Jacob Astley.  The Prince
+himself stood his horse in the river beside the bridge that he might
+watch his men pass over.  And there he remained for hours, exposed to a
+heavy fire, and all the while "cheering and encouraging the retiring
+ranks to keep order, and to fire steadily on the advancing foe."[<a id="chap06fn38text"></a><a href="#chap06fn38">38</a>]
+His troops passed that night drawn up on Hounslow Heath;
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P100"></a>100}</span>
+thence
+Rupert conducted them to Abingdon, himself returning, November 22nd, to
+the King at Reading.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+At Reading they were detained some days by the illness of the Prince of
+Wales, but on Tuesday, the 29th, the King took up his winter quarters
+in Oxford.  Rupert continued to hover about Essex's army, and ordered
+Wilmot to take Marlborough.  This duty Wilmot accomplished, but with
+evident reluctance.  "Give me leave to tell your Highness that I think
+myself very unhappy to be employed upon this occasion," he wrote,
+"being a witness that at other times, in the like occasions, troops are
+sent out without any manner of forecast or design, or care to preserve
+or quarter them when they are abroad."[<a id="chap06fn39text"></a><a href="#chap06fn39">39</a>]  It is not remarkable that
+Rupert did not love an officer who addressed him in such a strain.  Sir
+John Byron also wrote with ill-concealed impatience to demand his
+instant removal from Reading, where, he said, the want of accommodation
+was ruining his regiment.  And Daniel O'Neil sent pathetic accounts of
+his struggles with the Prince's own troop, in the absence of their
+leader.  "They say you have given them a power to take what they want,
+where they can find it.  This is so extravagant that I am confident you
+never gave them any such.  That the rest of the troop (not only of your
+own regiment, but that of the Lieutenant-General) may be satisfied,
+declare in what condition you will have your company, and how
+commanded.  And let me, I beseech you, have in writing the orders I
+shall give to that party you sent into Buckinghamshire."[<a id="chap06fn40text"></a><a href="#chap06fn40">40</a>]  Already
+numberless such complaints were pouring in.  Even then the Royalists,
+as Byron said, "abounded in nothing but the want of all things
+necessary;" and Rupert was well-nigh distracted by his efforts to
+supply their needs, quash their mutinies, and soothe their discontents.
+So closed the year 1642.
+</p>
+
+<p><br /><br /></p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap06fn1"></a>
+[<a href="#chap06fn1text">1</a>] Clar. Hist.  Bk. VI.  p. 1.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap06fn2"></a>
+[<a href="#chap06fn2text">2</a>] Ibid.  VI.  21.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap06fn3"></a>
+[<a href="#chap06fn3text">3</a>] Rupert Transcripts.  Digby to Prince, Sept. 10, 1642.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap06fn4"></a>
+[<a href="#chap06fn4text">4</a>] Dom. State Papers.  Wharton to Willingham, 13 Sept. 1642.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap06fn5"></a>
+[<a href="#chap06fn5text">5</a>] Rupert to Mayor of Leicester.  Warburton, I.  p. 393.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap06fn6"></a>
+[<a href="#chap06fn6text">6</a>] Vicars' God in the Mount, pp. 155-157.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap06fn7"></a>
+[<a href="#chap06fn7text">7</a>] Verney Memoirs, Vol. II.  p. 160.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap06fn8"></a>
+[<a href="#chap06fn8text">8</a>] Plot's Hist. of Staffordshire, Ch. 9, p. 336.  Hudibras, ed. 1810.
+I.  p. 156, <i>note</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap06fn9"></a>
+[<a href="#chap06fn9text">9</a>] Warburton, I.  p. 409.  Falkland, 28 Sept. 1642.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap06fn10"></a>
+[<a href="#chap06fn10text">10</a>] Clarendon. Hist.  Bk. VI. 44-46.  Dom. S. P.  13 Sept. 1642
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap06fn11"></a>
+[<a href="#chap06fn11text">11</a>] Webb Civil War in Herefordshire.  Vol. I.  p. 131.  20 Sept. 1642.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap06fn12"></a>
+[<a href="#chap06fn12text">12</a>] Dom. State Papers.  Chas. I.  Vol. 492.  fol. 31.  6 Oct. 1642.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap06fn13"></a>
+[<a href="#chap06fn13text">13</a>] Carte, Original Letters.  Vol. I. p. 47.  8 Mar. 1643.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap06fn14"></a>
+[<a href="#chap06fn14text">14</a>] Whitelocke.  p. 101.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap06fn15"></a>
+[<a href="#chap06fn15text">15</a>] Green.  VI.  11.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap06fn16"></a>
+[<a href="#chap06fn16text">16</a>] Warburton: II.  p. 196.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap06fn17"></a>
+[<a href="#chap06fn17text">17</a>] Pamphlet.  Brit. Museum.  Prince Rupert: his Disguises.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap06fn18"></a>
+[<a href="#chap06fn18text">18</a>] Clarendon.  Bk. VI.  75.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap06fn19"></a>
+[<a href="#chap06fn19text">19</a>] King to Rupert.  Warburton.  II.  p. 12.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap06fn20"></a>
+[<a href="#chap06fn20text">20</a>] Clarendon.  Bk. VI. p. 78.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap06fn21"></a>
+[<a href="#chap06fn21text">21</a>] Bulstrode's Memoirs.  Ed. 1721.  p. 81.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap06fn22"></a>
+[<a href="#chap06fn22text">22</a>] Carte's Original Letters, Vol. I. p. 10.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap06fn23"></a>
+[<a href="#chap06fn23text">23</a>] Warburton, II.  pp. 4, 47.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap06fn24"></a>
+[<a href="#chap06fn24text">24</a>] Ibid.  I.  p. 465.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap06fn25"></a>
+[<a href="#chap06fn25text">25</a>] Prince Rupert: his Declaration.  Pamphlet.  British Museum.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap06fn26"></a>
+[<a href="#chap06fn26text">26</a>] Prince Rupert: his Declaration.  Pamphlet.  Brit. Mus.  Warburton,
+II. 124.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap06fn27"></a>
+[<a href="#chap06fn27text">27</a>] Rupert Papers.  Order of King.  Warb. II. 71.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap06fn28"></a>
+[<a href="#chap06fn28text">28</a>] Prince Rupert: his Reply.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap06fn29"></a>
+[<a href="#chap06fn29text">29</a>] Dom. State Papers, 27 Nov. 1642.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap06fn30"></a>
+[<a href="#chap06fn30text">30</a>] Whitelocke's Memorials, p. 65.  Ed. 1732.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap06fn31"></a>
+[<a href="#chap06fn31text">31</a>] Pamphlet.  Brit. Mus.  Warb. II.  p. 121.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap06fn32"></a>
+[<a href="#chap06fn32text">32</a>] Prince Rupert: his Disguises.  Pamphlet.  British Museum.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap06fn33"></a>
+[<a href="#chap06fn33text">33</a>] Pamphlet.  British Museum.  Warb. II.  p. 50.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap06fn34"></a>
+[<a href="#chap06fn34text">34</a>] Warburton, II.  pp. 50-51.  Whitelocke's Memorials.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap06fn35"></a>
+[<a href="#chap06fn35text">35</a>] Horrible News from Colebrook.  London, Nov. 11, 1642.  Pamphlet.
+Brit. Museum.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap06fn36"></a>
+[<a href="#chap06fn36text">36</a>] Relation of Two London Merchants.  Pamphlet.  British Museum.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap06fn37"></a>
+[<a href="#chap06fn37text">37</a>] Gardiner's Civil War, Vol. I.  p. 60.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap06fn38"></a>
+[<a href="#chap06fn38text">38</a>] Rupert MSS.  Warburton, II.  p. 67.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap06fn39"></a>
+[<a href="#chap06fn39text">39</a>] Rupert Transcripts.  Wilmot to the Prince, Dec. 1st, 1642.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap06fn40"></a>
+[<a href="#chap06fn40text">40</a>] Warburton, II. p. 82.  Rupert Correspondence.  O'Neil to the
+Prince, Dec. 19, 1642.
+</p>
+
+<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
+
+<p><a id="chap07"></a></p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P101"></a>101}</span>
+</p>
+
+<h3>
+CHAPTER VII
+</h3>
+
+<h4>
+THE WAR IN 1643.  THE QUARREL WITH HERTFORD.  <br />
+THE ARRIVAL OF THE QUEEN
+</h4>
+
+<p>
+From Christmas Eve, 1642, till January 6th, 1643, Rupert remained
+quietly at Oxford.  His attempt to concentrate his forces on London had
+failed, and he was now resolved on a new strategy.  The King was to
+hold Essex in check from Oxford; Lord Newcastle, who had raised an army
+in the north, was to push through the midlands towards Essex; and
+Hopton, marching from Cornwall to Kent, was to seize on the banks of
+the Thames below London and so stop the city trade.  Thus the enemy
+would be completely surrounded and overwhelmed.  For his own part,
+Rupert had resolved on the capture of Cirencester.  With this end he
+started from Oxford, January 6th.  His march, which continued all day
+and all night, seems to have been lighted by meteors.  "This night we
+saw the strange fire falling from Heaven, like a bolt, which, with
+several cracks, brake into balls and went out, about steeple height
+from the ground."[<a id="chap07fn1text"></a><a href="#chap07fn1">1</a>] Early on the morning of the 7th, they faced
+Cirencester, but, owing to the late arrival of Lord Hertford, who was
+to act with Rupert, the attack failed.  Rupert therefore retreated, and
+occupied himself in circling round Oxford until the end of the month.
+On February 2nd, he renewed the attempt on Cirencester.  A successful
+feint towards Sudely drew off the attention of the town and enabled him
+to enter it with comparative ease.  But the garrison of Cirencester
+kept up a brave resistance for an hour after the Royalists were in
+possession of the place, which unhappily resulted
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P102"></a>102}</span>
+in much
+bloodshed.  Moreover, the town was sacked by "the undistinguishing
+soldiers,"[<a id="chap07fn2text"></a><a href="#chap07fn2">2</a>] and over a thousand prisoners were carried oft to Oxford.
+The actual facts were bad enough, for Rupert's men were not yet
+disciplined and had broken loose, but the report of the Parliament was
+embellished with the usual exaggerations.  "The enemy entered the town
+and, being much enraged with their losses, put all to the sword they
+met with; men, women and children; and in a barbarous manner murdered
+three ministers, very godly and religious men."[<a id="chap07fn3text"></a><a href="#chap07fn3">3</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This success cooled the King's desire for agreement with the
+Parliament, which had just sent Commissioners to Oxford to treat.  "The
+welcome news of your Highness taking of Cirencester by assault, with
+admirable dexterity and courage, came this morning very seasonably and
+opportunely, as His Majesty was ready to give an answer to the
+Parliamentary Committee, and will, I believe, work better effects with
+them and with those that sent them than the gracious reception they had
+here from His Majesty,"[<a id="chap07fn4text"></a><a href="#chap07fn4">4</a>] wrote the Secretary Nicholas to the Prince.
+After reconnoitring Warwick and Gloucester, Rupert returned to Oxford,
+where he composed the elaborate defence of his conduct already quoted,
+entitled "Prince Rupert, his Declaration."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+By February 22nd he had resumed his wanderings.  Only a study of his
+journal can give any idea of his restless activity, and therefore a few
+entries from March 1643, are here quoted.
+</p>
+
+<p class="noindent">
+March  4.  Satterday, to Cirencester.
+</p>
+
+<p class="noindent">
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; " &nbsp;&nbsp;   5.  To Malmesbury in Wiltshire.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p class="noindent">
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; " &nbsp;&nbsp;   6.  Mundaye, to Chipping Sodburye in Glostershire.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p class="noindent">
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; " &nbsp;&nbsp;   7.  Tuesday night, on Durdan Down by Bristol.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P103"></a>103}</span>
+</p>
+
+<p class="noindent">
+March  8.  Wednesday morning, advancing towards Bristol,<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;we heard how Mr. Bourcher and Mr. Yeoman's<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;plot was discovered, and we instantly faced<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;about to Chipping Sodbury.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p class="noindent">
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; " &nbsp;&nbsp;   9.  Thursday, to Malmesbury.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p class="noindent">
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; " &nbsp;&nbsp;   10.  Friday, home to Oxford.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p class="noindent">
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; " &nbsp;&nbsp;   18.  Satterday, to Abingdon.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p class="noindent">
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; " &nbsp;&nbsp;   19.  Sunday, to Tetsworth.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p class="noindent">
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; " &nbsp;&nbsp;   20.  Monday, to Denton in Buckinghamshire.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p class="noindent">
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; " &nbsp;&nbsp;   21.  Tuesday, the little Skirmish before Aylesbury.<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;That night to Oxford.[<a id="chap07fn5text"></a><a href="#chap07fn5">5</a>]<br />
+</p>
+
+<p><br /></p>
+
+<p>
+The entry of March 8th alludes to a Royalist plot by which it had been
+intended to surrender Bristol to Rupert.  But the plot was betrayed,
+and the two merchants who had been the prime movers of it were executed.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Meanwhile the King's party was prospering in the North.  Some time
+previously the Queen had despatched Goring to the aid of the Earl of
+Newcastle in Yorkshire; and in March she landed there herself, bringing
+supplies and reinforcements.  In Lancashire and Cheshire Lord Derby was
+struggling valiantly, but he felt himself out-numbered, and earnestly
+implored Rupert to come to his assistance.  The Countess of Derby,
+Charlotte de La Tremouille, who had been brought up at the Hague in
+intimate relations with the Palatines, added her entreaties to those of
+her husband: "Je ne sais ce que je dis, mais ayez pitié de mon mari,
+mes enfans, et moi."[<a id="chap07fn6text"></a><a href="#chap07fn6">6</a>]  Moved by this urgent appeal, Rupert resolved
+to go northward, and Digby volunteered to accompany him.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In the beginning of April they set forth, with twelve hundred horse and
+about six hundred foot.  Marching through Stratford-on-Avon, they came
+to Birmingham, a place famous for its active disloyalty; it had seized
+upon Royal plate, intercepted Royal messengers, and now boldly refused
+to
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P104"></a>104}</span>
+admit Rupert within its walls.  The Prince resolved on an
+assault, and, on Easter Monday, he took and entered the town.  The
+conduct of the Cavaliers here was as much debated as it had been at
+Cirencester.  "The Cavaliers rode through the streets like so many
+furies or bedlams; Lord Denbigh in the front, singing as he rode," says
+the Puritan account.  "They shot at every door and window where they
+could espy any looking out.  They hacked, hewed, or pistolled all they
+met with; blaspheming, cursing, and damning themselves most
+hideously...  Nor did their rage cease here; but when, on the next day,
+they were to march forth out of the town, they used every possible
+diligence to set fire in all the streets, and, lest any should save any
+of the goods they had left, they stood with drawn swords about all the
+houses, endeavouring to kill anyone that appeared to quench the
+flames."[<a id="chap07fn7text"></a><a href="#chap07fn7">7</a>] The Royalist version was very different.  After relating
+the excessive provocation suffered by the soldiers, it admits that, in
+order to force his entrance, the Prince did fire some houses, but that
+as soon as the entrance was effected, he ordered the fire to be
+extinguished.  And on the next day, when he was about to leave the
+town, "fearing the exasperation of his men, he gave express orders that
+none should attempt to fire the town; and, after his departure, hearing
+that some soldiers had fired it in divers places, he sent immediately
+to let the inhabitants know that it was not done by his command, and he
+desired it might be quenched."[<a id="chap07fn8text"></a><a href="#chap07fn8">8</a>]  This last account, being found in a
+private letter, is probably more worthy of credit than the Puritan
+pamphlet written to excite the populace.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+On April 8th, Rupert summoned Lichfield to surrender, but that town,
+well garrisoned and well commanded, answered him with defiance.  Rupert
+perceived that the siege would
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P105"></a>105}</span>
+be a matter of some time, and he
+acted with great prudence.  Withdrawing his cavalry from its perilous
+position before the town, he managed to obtain fifty miners from the
+neighbouring collieries.  Then he asked his men and officers to
+volunteer, as foot-soldiers, to the aid of the miners; with which
+request they "cheerfully and gallantly" complied.  On this occasion
+George Digby especially distinguished himself, working in the trenches
+"up to his waist in mud" until he was disabled by a shot in the thigh.
+But this was the last time that he served under Rupert, for very soon
+afterwards he quarrelled with the Prince, threw up his commission in a
+rage, and fought thenceforth as a volunteer.[<a id="chap07fn9text"></a><a href="#chap07fn9">9</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In ten days the moat was dry, two bridges made, and the miners engaged
+on the walls.  Harassed by continual appeals for his presence
+elsewhere, Rupert made an effort to hasten matters by storming the
+town.  But the attempt failed, and the garrison hanged one of their
+prisoners over the wall, bidding the Prince in derision, to shoot him
+down.  Rupert thereupon swore deeply that not one man should have
+quarter, but on the following day he repented of his resolve, and sent
+to offer it.  His overtures were rejected; and he resumed his
+operations.  That same evening his mine was sprung&mdash;the first ever
+sprung in England&mdash;and the besiegers rushed into the city.  But so
+fierce was the opposition of the garrison at the barricades, that
+Rupert recalled his storming party, and fired on the breach, until the
+enemy at last hoisted the white flag.  Colonel Hastings was then sent
+into the city with powers to treat, but he was detained all night, and
+the Prince, fearing treachery, ordered the attack to be renewed at
+daybreak.  Fortunately, with the light, came Hastings; the garrison had
+surrendered, and was permitted to march out, "colours flying, trumpets
+sounding, and matches lighted;"[<a id="chap07fn10text"></a><a href="#chap07fn10">10</a>] an honour scarcely
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P106"></a>106}</span>
+deserved
+after the horrible manner in which it had desecrated the Lichfield
+Cathedral.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+No sooner was the city taken than Rupert unwillingly turned back to
+Oxford.  During the siege he had received letters from the King, urging
+him to hasten northward, but ere its completion the state of affairs
+was changed.  Reading was in dire peril, and its Governor, Sir Arthur
+Aston, protested desperately to the Prince: "I am grown weary of my
+life, with perpetual trouble and vexation."  In his garrison he seemed
+to have no confidence: "I am so extremely dejected with this business
+that I do wish, with all my heart, I had some German soldiers to
+command, or that I could infuse some German courage into them.  For
+your English soldiers are so poor and base that I could never have a
+greater affliction light upon me than to be put into command of
+them."[<a id="chap07fn11text"></a><a href="#chap07fn11">11</a>]  The report of the Secretary Nicholas was not more
+comforting: "I assure your Highness it is the opinion of many here
+that, if Prince Rupert come not speedily, Reading will be lost!"[<a id="chap07fn12text"></a><a href="#chap07fn12">12</a>]
+And finally, a peremptory command from the King for his instant return
+left the Prince no room for hesitation.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+But with all his haste Rupert came too late.  Aston had been
+incapacitated by a severe wound, and the command had fallen to his
+subordinate, Colonel Fielding.  Ignorant of the King's long delayed
+advance to his relief, Fielding made a truce with Essex, in order to
+treat; consequently, when the King and Rupert arrived and fell upon
+Essex, Fielding could not, in honour, sally to their assistance.  The
+relief party perforce retired, and Rupert sent to demand of Essex the
+name of a gentleman who had very valiantly attacked him in the
+retreat.[<a id="chap07fn13text"></a><a href="#chap07fn13">13</a>]  After this failure, there was nothing left but to
+surrender, and Fielding accepted Essex's permission to march out with
+the honours
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P107"></a>107}</span>
+of war.  But Essex was unable to prevent a breach of
+the articles by his soldiers, who attacked and insulted the Royalist
+garrison.  This faithless conduct was bitterly remembered by the
+Royalists, and subsequently repaid in kind at Bristol and Newark.  As
+for the unfortunate Fielding, he was tried by court-martial, and
+condemned to death for his untimely surrender of his charge.  But
+Rupert, who fully understood his difficult position, was resolved that
+he should not suffer, and urged the young Prince of Wales to plead with
+the King for his life.[<a id="chap07fn14text"></a><a href="#chap07fn14">14</a>]  The little Prince's intercession prevailed,
+and Fielding was spared.  Throughout the rest of the war he served as a
+volunteer, but, though he displayed great gallantry, his reputation
+never recovered the unfortunate miscarriage at Reading.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The vicinity of Essex's army detained Rupert for some time at Oxford.
+From that centre he and his picked troops carried on an active guerilla
+warfare, scouring the country on all sides.  "They took many prisoners
+who thought themselves secure, and put them to ransom.  And this they
+did by night marches, through unfrequented ways, often very near
+London."  At the same time Rupert had to attend to a voluminous
+correspondence with his officers in all parts of the country.  The
+generals, Crafurd, Newcastle, Maurice, and others demanded his orders.
+Lord Northampton appealed to him for relief from the exorbitant demands
+made on his tenantry by Colonel Croker.[<a id="chap07fn15text"></a><a href="#chap07fn15">15</a>]  From all sides came the
+usual complaints about quarters, and supplies of provisions or
+ammunition.  Sir William Vavasour had a more unusual grievance.  He
+commanded in Wales, under Lord Herbert, but Lord Herbert, being a Roman
+Catholic, could not openly exert his powers for fear of prejudicing the
+King's affairs; and Digby presumed to send orders to Vavasour.  "How to
+behave myself in this I know not," wrote the distracted Colonel to the
+Prince.  "Nor do I
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P108"></a>108}</span>
+understand in what condition I myself am.  My
+Lord Herbert is General, and yet all despatches are directed to me;
+which is not very pleasing to his Excellency."[<a id="chap07fn16text"></a><a href="#chap07fn16">16</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+That Digby's intrigues were already beginning to disturb the King's
+councils is apparent from a sympathetic letter addressed by Nicholas to
+Rupert.  Evidently the Prince had expressed some indignation at the
+vexatious interference of incapable persons.  "The King is much
+troubled to see your Highness discontented," says Nicholas, "And I
+could wish that some busybodies would not meddle, as they do, with
+other men's offices; and that the King would leave every officer
+respectively to look after his own proper charge; and that His Majesty
+would content himself to overlook all men, and see that each did his
+duty in his proper place; which would give abundant satisfaction, and
+quiet those that are jealous to see some men meddle who have nothing to
+do with affairs."[<a id="chap07fn17text"></a><a href="#chap07fn17">17</a>]  But in spite of this plain speaking, the
+divisions which were to prove so fatal to the cause, were as yet but in
+embryo.  Rupert was still the hero of the hour, still all powerful with
+his uncle, when he was near him.  His next exploit was to raise his
+reputation yet higher.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In the middle of June, Rupert accomplished his famous march to
+Chalgrove Field.  Intending to beat up Essex's quarters and to capture
+a convoy of money, he left Oxford on a Saturday afternoon with a force
+of some two thousand in all, horse and foot.  Tetsworth was reached at
+1 a.m. and, though all the roads were lined by the enemy, who
+continually fired upon the Royalists, Rupert marched through,
+forbidding any retaliation.  By 3 a.m. he was at Postcombe, where he
+surprised several houses, and took some prisoners.  Two hours later he
+reached Chinnor, and had surrounded and entered it before the
+Parliamentary
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P109"></a>109}</span>
+soldiers were even aware of his presence.  There,
+many of the enemy were killed and a hundred and twenty taken prisoners.
+But, unfortunately for Rupert, the noise of the conflict reached the
+very convoy he was come to seek, and it was saved by a detour from its
+intended route.  Finding that he had missed the object of his
+expedition, Rupert began a leisurely retreat, hoping to draw the enemy
+after him.  In this hope he was not disappointed.  A body of Essex's
+troops hastily followed him, and between seven and eight a.m. he was
+attacked by his pursuers.  At nine o'clock on Sunday morning he halted
+in a cornfield at Chalgrove.  First securing his passage over the
+Thames by sending a party to hold the bridge, he lined the lane leading
+to it with dragoons, and then attempted by a slow retreat to draw the
+enemy into it.  They followed eagerly; but the Prince suddenly realised
+that only a single hedge parted him from his foes, and thereupon halted
+abruptly.  "For," said he, "the rebels, being so neere us, may bring
+our reere into confusion before we can recover to our ambush."  Seeing
+him halt, the enemy began to fire, and the impetuous Prince could
+contain himself no longer.  "'Yea,' said he, 'their insolency is not to
+be endured.' This said, His Highness, facing all about, set spurs to
+his horse, and first of all, in the very face of the dragooners, leapt
+the hedge that parted him from the rebels...  Every man, as he could,
+jumbled over after him; and as about fifteen were gotten over, the
+Prince drew them up into a front."  It was enough.  The enemy, among
+whom was Hampden, were both better officered and better disciplined
+than heretofore, but they could not stand before the charge of the
+terrible Prince.  The skirmish was sharp but short; Hampden fell, and,
+after a valiant if brief resistance, his comrades fled.  Rupert's
+friend, Legge, had been, "as usual", taken prisoner, but was rescued in
+the confusion of the Puritans' flight.  The Cavaliers, after nearly
+fourteen hours in the saddle, were too weary for pursuit.  Rupert
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P110"></a>110}</span>
+quickly rallied them, held the field half-an-hour, and then marched
+towards home.  In less than twenty-four hours he had made a circuit of
+nearly fifty miles, through the heart of the enemy's country; had taken
+many prisoners, colours, and horses, surprised two outposts, won a
+battle, and lost about a dozen of his men.  And it is added: "The
+modesty of all when they returned to Oxford was equal to their daring
+in the field."[<a id="chap07fn18text"></a><a href="#chap07fn18">18</a>]  Two of his prisoners Rupert had left at Chalgrove,
+with a surgeon to attend their wounds; but they showed themselves so
+ungrateful for this consideration as to break their parole.  Essex
+received Rupert's complaint of their dishonourable conduct in a
+soldierly spirit, and returned two Royalist prisoners in exchange.[<a id="chap07fn19text"></a><a href="#chap07fn19">19</a>]
+Essex was indeed always a courteous foe.  Some time after this incident
+Rupert's falconer and hawk fell into his hands, and were by him
+generously restored to the Prince.  Rupert happened to be absent from
+Oxford at that period, but the Puritan general's courtesy was
+gratefully acknowledged by Colonel Legge.[<a id="chap07fn20text"></a><a href="#chap07fn20">20</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Rupert's next duty was to bring the Queen to Oxford, a matter of no
+slight importance; for not only was her personal safety at stake, but
+also that of her money, arms, and troops.  Essex, as well as the
+Prince, set out to meet Her Majesty, and it was Rupert's object to keep
+his own troops always between Essex and the Queen.  On July 1st he
+quartered at Buckingham, and early in the next morning some of his men
+were attacked by those of Essex, at Whitebridge.  Rupert was in the act
+of shaving when the noise of the skirmish came to his ears.
+Half-dressed and half-shaved, as he was, he dashed out without a
+moment's delay, charged and scattered his foes, and then quietly
+returned to resume his toilet.  Throughout this march he
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P111"></a>111}</span>
+kept
+Essex on perpetual duty, harassing him by day and night, until, after
+some dexterous manoeuvring, he left him unexpectedly on Brickhill, and
+himself joined the Queen at Stratford-on-Avon.  That night, says
+tradition, Queen and Prince were the guests of Shakespeare's
+grand-daughter.  If this was really the case, Rupert doubtless regarded
+his hostess with deep interest; for all the Palatines could quote
+Shakespeare.  On July 13th the King came to meet his wife at Edgehill,
+and King, Queen and Prince slept at Wroxton Abbey.  On the following
+day they entered Oxford in safety.  The Queen's arrival considerably
+changed the condition of the University.  The colleges were populated
+no more by scholars, but by ladies and courtiers; Oxford was no longer
+a mere garrison, it was also a court.  Chief among the noble ladies who
+attended the Queen, was the beautiful young Duchess of Richmond, only
+daughter of the King's dead friend, "Steenie," Duke of Buckingham.  She
+it was whom her father had once destined to be Rupert's sister-in-law,
+as the bride of his brother Henry.  But ere the bride was ten years
+old, both her father and her intended bridegroom had died untimely
+deaths, and the fair Mary Villiers was therefore brought up in the
+Royal family as the adopted daughter of the King.  For her father's
+sake, and for her own, she had always been a petted favourite of her
+royal guardian, who called her "The Butterfly", a name derived from an
+incident which occurred when the lady was eleven years old.  Once,
+dressed in her widow's weeds&mdash;she had been a widow at eleven&mdash;she had
+climbed a tree in the King's private garden, and had been nearly shot
+as a strange bird.  But the courtier sent to shoot her perceived his
+error in time, and, at her own request, sent her in a hamper to the
+King, with a message that he had captured a beautiful butterfly alive;
+and the name clung to her ever after.[<a id="chap07fn21text"></a><a href="#chap07fn21">21</a>]  The King's affection for her
+and for the Duke of
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P112"></a>112}</span>
+Richmond made it seem good to him to unite
+them in marriage, and the arrangement appears to have pleased all
+parties.  Mary had disliked her boy-husband, Lord Herbert;[<a id="chap07fn22text"></a><a href="#chap07fn22">22</a>] but the
+Duke she seems to have regarded with favour.  Possibly his quiet and
+melancholy disposition supplied the necessary complement to her own
+merry and vivacious temperament.  In 1636 the Queen had refused to have
+her in the Bedchamber, on the plea that her charms eclipsed all others;
+and now, in 1643, Mary Villiers was, at the age of twenty, in the prime
+of her beauty.  Rumour said that she had won the heart of "the mad
+Prince," while the equally lively Mrs. Kirke had subjugated that of
+Maurice.  A libellous Puritan tract represents Mrs. Kirke as extolling
+Maurice's "deserts and abilities," though she was forced to acknowledge
+that he "did not seem to be a courtier."  But the Duchess assured her
+companions "that none was to be compared to Prince Rupert."[<a id="chap07fn23text"></a><a href="#chap07fn23">23</a>]  Nor
+was it only Puritans who commented on Rupert's admiration for the
+Duchess.  The Irish Cavalier, Daniel O'Neil, "said things" in Ireland
+to Lord Taafe, after which he lost both the Prince's favour and his
+troop of Horse.[<a id="chap07fn24text"></a><a href="#chap07fn24">24</a>]  Rupert hotly resented the imputations cast upon
+him, and, had they been other than slanders, it is impossible to
+conceive that he and the Duke could have maintained their close and
+faithful friendship.  The Duke, with his "haughty spirit", was not a
+man to dissemble, and his letters to Rupert are all full of solicitude
+for his welfare, and of sympathy and consolation for his troubles.
+Even in his hour of failure and ruin the Duke stood loyally by his
+side, though, in so doing, he was putting himself in opposition to his
+adored sovereign.  Still it is certain that Rupert both felt and
+evinced a very strong admiration for the Duchess.  "There will be a
+widow, and
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P113"></a>113}</span>
+whose she shall be but Prince Rupert's, I know not,"
+wrote a Cavalier, when the Duke's death was rumoured in 1655.[<a id="chap07fn25text"></a><a href="#chap07fn25">25</a>] But
+the Duchess took for her third husband, not Rupert, but "Northern Tom
+Howard," whom she said she married for love, and to please herself; her
+two former marriages having been made to please the Court.[<a id="chap07fn26text"></a><a href="#chap07fn26">26</a>]  Most
+likely she had never really cared for the Prince, and had merely amused
+herself with a flirtation.  She was, no doubt, proud of so
+distinguished a conquest, but she never disguised her friendship for
+her supposed lover, and she sent him messages by all sorts of people,
+in the most open way.  "I had an express command to present the Duchess
+of Richmond's service to you,"[<a id="chap07fn27text"></a><a href="#chap07fn27">27</a>] wrote Rupert's enemy, Percy, in July
+1643.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The society of the Duchess could not detain the active Prince at
+Oxford, and within four days of his arrival there, he set out for a
+second attempt upon Bristol.  The Royalist arms were prevailing in the
+West.  A few days previously Nicholas had reported to the Prince the
+victory of Lansdowne, with the comforting assurance that "Prince
+Maurice, thanks be to God, is very well and hath received no hurt,
+albeit he ran great hazards in his own person."[<a id="chap07fn28text"></a><a href="#chap07fn28">28</a>]  Two days later
+Maurice arrived in Oxford, to obtain supplies of horses and ammunition
+for Ralph Hopton, who lay seriously wounded at Devizes.  Thither
+Maurice returned with all speed, and, immediately on his arrival, took
+place the battle of Roundway Down.  This was a brilliant victory for
+the Royalists, and the news was received in Oxford with much rejoicing;
+albeit for Rupert the joy was tempered with disgust at the credit which
+thereby redounded to Lord Wilmot.[<a id="chap07fn29text"></a><a href="#chap07fn29">29</a>]  These successes increased the
+Prince's desire to capture Bristol, then the second city in the
+Kingdom, and
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P114"></a>114}</span>
+the key of all South Wales.  Maurice and Hertford
+were now at liberty to assist him, and, on July 18th, he began his
+march with fourteen regiments of foot, "all very weak," and several
+troops of horse.  Waller was the General of the Parliament now opposed
+to him, but Waller's troops had been in a broken condition ever since
+the victories of Hopton and Wilmot, and he retreated before Rupert's
+advance.  On the 20th, Thursday, Maurice came to meet his brother at
+Chipping Sodbury, and joined his march.  On Sunday they were within two
+miles of Bristol, and the two Princes took a view of the city from
+Clifton Church, which stood upon a hill within musket-shot of the
+porch.  While they stood in the church-yard the enemy fired cannon on
+them, but without effect; seeing that their shot would be harmless,
+Rupert quartered some musketeers and dragoons upon the place.  That
+night Maurice retired over the river to his own troops; and the same
+evening the enemy made a sally, but were repulsed.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+On Monday morning Rupert marched all his forces to the edge of the
+Down, in order to display them to the garrison of Bristol; and Lord
+Hertford, who commanded the Western army, made a similar show upon the
+other side.  About 11 a.m. Rupert sent to the Governor&mdash;Nathaniel
+Fiennes, a son of Lord Say&mdash;a formal summons to surrender.  The summons
+was of course refused, and immediately the attack began.  Long after
+dark Rupert continued to fire on the city.  "It was a beautiful piece
+of danger to see so many fires incessantly in the dark from the pieces
+on both sides, for a whole hour together....  And in those military
+masquerades was Monday night passed."[<a id="chap07fn30text"></a><a href="#chap07fn30">30</a>] Tuesday was spent in
+skirmishing, while Rupert went over the river to consult with Lord
+Hertford and Maurice.  The result of this consultation was a general
+assault of both armies next morning.  "The word for the soldiers was to
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P115"></a>115}</span>
+be 'Oxford', and the sign between the two armies to know each
+other, to be green colours, either bows or such like; and that every
+officer and soldier be without any band or handkerchief about his
+neck."[<a id="chap07fn31text"></a><a href="#chap07fn31">31</a>]  The zeal of Maurice's Cornish soldiers nearly proved
+disastrous, for on Wednesday morning, "out of a military ambition",
+they anticipated the order to attack.[<a id="chap07fn32text"></a><a href="#chap07fn32">32</a>]  As soon as he heard the
+firing Rupert hastened to draw up his own men, but the scaling ladders
+were not ready.  In consequence of this, the young Lord Grandison, to
+whom had been entrusted the capture of the fort, had made no
+impression, after a valiant assault which lasted an hour and a half,
+and during which he lost twenty men.  For a short time he was forced to
+desist, but, speedily returning to the attack, he discovered a ladder
+of the enemy by which he was able to mount; only to find that he could
+not get over the palisades.  In his third assault Grandison was fatally
+wounded, and his men, utterly discouraged, left the attack.  At this
+point Rupert sent word that Wentworth had entered the suburbs, upon
+which Grandison retired to have his wounds dressed, and ordered his men
+to join Bellasys on the left.  Instead of obeying this order they began
+to retreat; but were met by Rupert himself who led them back to the
+enemy's works.  It was then that Rupert's horse was shot under him and
+he strolled off on foot, with a coolness which immensely encouraged the
+men.  Having, after a while, obtained a new horse, "he rode up and down
+from place to place, whereever most need was of his presence, here
+directing and encouraging some, and there leading up others.  Generally
+it is confessed by the commanders that, had not the Prince been there,
+the assault, through mere despair, had been in danger to be given over
+in many places."[<a id="chap07fn33text"></a><a href="#chap07fn33">33</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+On the other side Maurice was equally active.  He had
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P116"></a>116}</span>
+directed
+his men to take faggots to fill the ditches, and ladders to scale the
+forts, but in their haste to begin the attack, they had forgotten both.
+The scaling party had therefore failed and retired.  During the retreat
+"Prince Maurice went from regiment to regiment, encouraging the
+soldiers, desiring the officers to keep their companies by their
+colours; telling them that he believed his brother had already made his
+entrance on the other side."[<a id="chap07fn34text"></a><a href="#chap07fn34">34</a>]  Retreats seem to have succeeded under
+Maurice, for we are told by one contemporary that he earned from his
+foes the name of "the good-come-off."[<a id="chap07fn35text"></a><a href="#chap07fn35">35</a>]  In a short time his
+assurance was justified; Rupert sent word that the suburbs were
+entered, and demanded a thousand Cornish men to aid his troops.
+Maurice sent over two hundred, but presently came across the river
+himself with five hundred more.  By that time the fight was nearly
+over, and Fiennes sent to demand a parley.  The demand was a welcome
+one, for the Cavaliers' losses had been very heavy, especially in
+officers.  Among the fallen were Grandison, Slanning, Trevanion and
+many more of famous and honourable name.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+At five o'clock on the evening of July 26th, terms were agreed on
+between Fiennes and the Princes; Lord Hertford not being consulted in
+the matter.  Fiennes was to march out at nine o'clock next morning with
+all the honours of war, and to be protected by a convoy of Rupert's
+men.  Contrary to all expectation and custom, he marched out next
+morning at seven o'clock, two hours before the time arranged.  The
+convoy promised by Rupert was not ready, and the Royalist soldiers,
+remembering Puritan perfidy at Reading, attacked and plundered the
+retiring garrison.  The fault was none of Rupert's, but for all that he
+keenly felt the breach of faith.  "The Prince who uses to make good his
+word, not only in point of honour, but as a matter of religion too, was
+so passionately offended at this disorder
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P117"></a>117}</span>
+that some of them felt
+how sharp his sword was," wrote one of his officers.[<a id="chap07fn36text"></a><a href="#chap07fn36">36</a>]  The Puritans
+would fain have used the incident to blacken the Prince's character;
+but Fiennes himself generously acquitted his conqueror of all blame.
+"I must do this right to the Princes," he said; "contrary to what I
+find in a printed pamphlet, they were so far from sitting on their
+horses, triumphing and rejoicing at these disorders, that they did ride
+among the plunderers with their swords, hacking and slashing them; and
+that Prince Rupert did excuse it to me in a very fair way, and with
+expressions as if he were much troubled at it."[<a id="chap07fn37text"></a><a href="#chap07fn37">37</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The unfortunate Fiennes was very severely censured for the loss of the
+city, which, it was maintained, was so strongly fortified that it
+should have been impregnable.  The truth was that the garrison had been
+totally insufficient for the defence; but Fiennes remained under a
+cloud until later events justified him in the eyes of the Parliament.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Among the Royalists at Oxford the joy over this important success was
+marred by the dissensions of the victorious generals.  The Princes had
+never been on cordial terms with Lord Hertford, the General of all the
+Western forces.  Hertford was a constitutional Royalist, who served the
+King from a strict sense of duty, and from no love of war.  He was of a
+grave, studious and peace-loving nature, and Maurice's appointment as
+his lieutenant-general had not brought satisfaction to either.  Maurice
+had begun by despising Hertford for a "civilian".  And Hertford had
+resented both the Prince's tendency to assume to himself "more than
+became a Lieutenant-General," and his interference in civil affairs
+which he did not understand.  The arrival of Rupert on the scene did
+not make for peace.  Maurice complained bitterly to Rupert, and the
+elder brother violently espoused the cause of the younger.  The spark
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P118"></a>118}</span>
+thus lighted flamed forth over the Governorship of Bristol.[<a id="chap07fn38text"></a><a href="#chap07fn38">38</a>]
+Hertford, as said above, commanded all the Western Counties, and he
+considered, with some justice, that Rupert ought to have consulted him,
+before concluding the terms of surrender with Fiennes.  In revenge for
+the slight put upon him, he appointed Sir Ralph Hopton Governor of
+Bristol, without a word on the subject to the Prince.  Rupert, who
+considered the city won by his prowess as was in truth the case, was
+wildly indignant.  He would not oppose another officer to the gallant
+Hopton, but he demanded the Governorship of the King for himself.  The
+King, ignorant of Hertford's action, readily granted his nephew's
+request.  Rupert then offered the post to Hopton as his lieutenant.
+Hopton, anxious for peace, willingly accepted the arrangement, and
+Hertford resented Hopton's compliance with the Prince as an injury to
+himself.  The affair became a party question.  The courtiers, "towards
+whom the Prince did not live with any condescension," sided with
+Hertford.[<a id="chap07fn39text"></a><a href="#chap07fn39">39</a>]  The King really believed his nephew's claims to be just;
+and the army vehemently supported its beloved Prince.  Finally, the
+King was forced to come to Bristol in order to allay the storm which he
+had so unwittingly raised.  On the flattering pretext of requiring
+Hertford's counsel and company in his own army, he detached him from
+that of the West; and on Rupert's suggestion he made Maurice a full
+general.  The contending officers were silenced; but the breaches in
+the army were widened, and feeling embittered.[<a id="chap07fn40text"></a><a href="#chap07fn40">40</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The tactics to be next followed were hotly disputed.  The Court faction
+was anxious to unite the two armies, but,&mdash;for other reasons than the
+important one that Maurice, in that case, could have been only a
+colonel,&mdash;Rupert prevailed
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P119"></a>119}</span>
+against this counsel.  Maurice was
+therefore ordered to march with foot and cannon after Lord Carnarvon,
+who was besieging Dorchester.  It was said by the Court that, had
+Maurice marched more slowly, Carnarvon would have succeeded better.
+For Maurice "was thought to incline so wholly to the soldier, that he
+neglected any consideration of the country."[<a id="chap07fn41text"></a><a href="#chap07fn41">41</a>]  Fear of him roused
+the people of the country to active opposition.  The licence of his
+soldiers&mdash;though admitted even by Clarendon to have been "reported
+greater than it was"&mdash;alienated the county, and Carnarvon took the
+Prince's conduct "so ill" that he threw up his commission and returned
+to Oxford.[<a id="chap07fn42text"></a><a href="#chap07fn42">42</a>]  Maurice thus left to labour alone, took Exeter and
+Weymouth, over the governorship of which he had a second quarrel with
+Hertford, who, though absent, was still nominally Lord Lieutenant of
+the western counties; on this occasion the King favoured Hertford, who
+triumphed accordingly.  In October Maurice took Dartmouth, but effected
+little else of importance.  Handicapped by a long and dangerous attack
+of influenza&mdash;"the new disease,"[<a id="chap07fn43text"></a><a href="#chap07fn43">43</a>] it was called then&mdash;he besieged
+Lyme and Plymouth for months without success, and lost a good deal of
+reputation in the process.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In accordance with Rupert's scheme of campaign, the King should now
+have pushed on with the main army to London.  But to render this plan
+successful it was necessary that Newcastle should sweep down from the
+North, and Maurice or Hopton, come to meet him from the West; the
+strength of local feeling prevented any such resolute and united
+action.  Newcastle's northern troops would not leave their own counties
+exposed to hostile garrisons and hostile armies, in order to assist the
+King in a distant part of the country.  In the same way the men of
+Cornwall and Devon refused to quit their own territory, and for the
+King
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P120"></a>120}</span>
+to push on alone to London was absolutely useless.  He was
+therefore forced to fall back on the old plan of conquering the country
+piecemeal, town by town, village by village; and accordingly, August
+10th, he laid siege to Gloucester.  Massey, then governor of
+Gloucester, had once served under Legge, and now sent word to him that
+he would surrender the city to the King, but not to Rupert.  This
+message was the chief cause of the siege that followed; but Massey,
+either from inability or change of purpose, did not keep his
+engagement.  Rupert held aloof from the siege altogether.  No doubt he
+was disappointed at the rejection of his own more sweeping measures,
+and when he found that he would not even be allowed to assault the
+town, he declined to command at all.  He could not, however, resist
+lingering about the trenches in a private capacity, and while so doing,
+had several very narrow escapes from shots and stones.[<a id="chap07fn44text"></a><a href="#chap07fn44">44</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+After a fruitless siege the King was forced to retire before Essex, who
+advanced with a large force to the relief of Gloucester.  On his way
+Essex surprised and took Cirencester; the King then moved after him,
+but&mdash;owing to his neglect of Rupert's warning, as the Prince's
+partisans asserted; or to Rupert's neglect of Byron's warning, as that
+officer declared&mdash;he was out-manoeuvred.  Some confusion there
+certainly was.  Rupert had mustered his troops on Broadway Down, but,
+though he waited till nightfall, he received no news from the King; and
+at last he set out in person to seek him.  In the window of a
+farm-house he perceived a light, and, advancing cautiously, he looked
+in.  There sat the King quietly playing at piquet with Lord Percy,
+while Lord Forth looked on.  The Prince burst in upon them, crying
+indignantly that his men had been in the saddle for hours, and that
+Essex must be overtaken before he could join with Waller.  Percy and
+Forth offered objections, but Rupert carried the day, and dashed off as
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P121"></a>121}</span>
+impetuously as he had come, taking with him George Lisle and a
+regiment of musketeers.  Marching night and day, "with indefatigable
+pains," he overtook and defeated Essex on Aldbourn Chase.[<a id="chap07fn45text"></a><a href="#chap07fn45">45</a>]  Essex
+retreated to Hungerford; but though defeated he was by no means
+crushed.  He was still strong enough to fight, and, as his provisions
+were running short, his only hope lay in immediate victory.  This
+Rupert knew, and for once in his life he preferred discretion to
+valour, and counselled passive resistance.  If the King would be
+content to hold the roads between Essex and London, hunger and mutiny
+would speedily ruin the army of the Parliament.  On September 20th, a
+part of the royal army occupied the road through the Kennet valley;
+Rupert with most of the cavalry held the road over Newbury Wash.  But
+the lanes to the right were insufficiently secured, and Essex, spurred
+on by dire necessity, succeeded in gaining the slopes above the Kennet
+valley.  Thus he commanded the whole position; and the first battle of
+Newbury proved the first great disaster for the Cavaliers.  The
+surprised Royalists, seeing their enemies above them, charged up the
+hill to retrieve the ground, and the conflict raged long, with great
+loss.  On the left, where Rupert lay, impatience proved nearly as fatal
+as neglect had done on the right.  Instead of waiting to attack Essex's
+main army as it filed through the lanes, the Prince dashed off to the
+open ground of Enborne Heath, where Essex's reserves were strongly
+guarded by enclosures.  There he charged and scattered some
+Parliamentary horse, but on the London trained bands he could make no
+impression, until the approach of some Royalist infantry caused them to
+retreat in good order.  Whitelocke relates a personal encounter which
+took place between Rupert and Sir Philip Stapleton in this battle.
+This officer of the Parliament, "desiring to cope singly with the
+Prince, rode up, all alone, to the troop of horse,
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P122"></a>122}</span>
+at the head of
+which Rupert was standing with Digby and some other officers.  Sir
+Philip looked carefully from one to the other until his eyes rested
+upon Rupert, whom he knew; then he deliberately fired in the Prince's
+face.  The shot took no effect, and Sir Philip, turning his horse, rode
+quietly back to his own men, followed by a volley of shots from the
+indignant Royalists.[<a id="chap07fn46text"></a><a href="#chap07fn46">46</a>]  For hours the fight continued; a series of
+isolated struggles took place in various fields, and when night fell
+the King's ammunition failed, and he retreated to Newbury, leaving
+Essex's way to London open.  The advantage therefore was to the
+Parliament, though Essex could not claim a great victory.  Also the
+King's loss had been immense, and among the fallen were Falkland,
+Sunderland, and the gallant Carnarvon.  What could be done to retrieve
+the Royalist fortunes Rupert did.  Rallying such men as were not
+utterly exhausted, he followed Essex closely, through the
+night,&mdash;surprised him, with some effect, and threw his rear into
+confusion.  But, on September the 22nd, Essex entered Reading; and on
+the next day, Rupert returned with the King to Oxford.[<a id="chap07fn47text"></a><a href="#chap07fn47">47</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Rupert's star was paling, and his successes were well-nigh at an end.
+The King had hoped much from the Queen's coming and had begged her to
+reconcile Rupert with Percy, Wilmot and others.  But Henrietta, once so
+kind to her nephew, now bitterly opposed him.  She believed&mdash;or
+professed to believe&mdash;that he had formed a deliberate plan to destroy
+her influence with her husband.  Perhaps the idea was not altogether
+without foundation; undoubtedly Rupert's common-sense showed him the
+folly of much of the Queen's conduct; and he was not the man to
+tolerate the interference of a woman in matters military.  During the
+siege of Bristol, Henrietta had taken offence at what she considered
+Rupert's neglect of herself.  "I hope your successes in arms will not
+make you forget your
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P123"></a>123}</span>
+civility to ladies," Percy had written to
+the Prince.  "This I say from a discourse the Queen made to me this
+night, wherein she told me she had not received one letter from you
+since you went, though you had writ many."[<a id="chap07fn48text"></a><a href="#chap07fn48">48</a>]  Percy's interference
+was not calculated to improve the state of affairs; and the siege of
+Gloucester excited Henrietta's jealousy yet more.  She was eager for
+the advance on London, and she could not be made to understand that it
+was impossible, in existing circumstances.  Rupert, as we have seen,
+was anxious for the very same thing, but he saw its impracticability
+and yielded to necessity.  Because he so yielded, the Queen chose to
+consider him as the instigator of the siege of Gloucester, and she
+angrily declared that the King preferred his nephew's advice to that of
+his wife.  Had he done so, it would but have shown his common-sense;
+but he hastened to Oxford to appease her indignation and soothe her
+jealousy as best he could.  Then occurred the first open breach between
+Henrietta and Rupert.  At this very juncture, three Puritan peers,
+Bedford, Clare, and Holland, had quitted the Parliament, and sought to
+be reconciled with the King.  Henrietta received them with contempt.
+Rupert had more sense; he perceived the wisdom of conciliation, and
+brought the three peers to kiss his uncle's hand.  The Queen's anger at
+this was loud and long; and henceforth the struggle of Prince versus
+Queen raged openly in Oxford.[<a id="chap07fn49text"></a><a href="#chap07fn49">49</a>]  The King was torn in two between
+them; he adored his wife, and he believed in his nephew.  When actually
+at his uncle's side Rupert could usually gain a hearing, but once away,
+he had no security that the plan agreed upon but a few hours before
+would not be supplanted by some wild scheme emanating from the Queen,
+or from Digby.[<a id="chap07fn50text"></a><a href="#chap07fn50">50</a>]  At the Court the Queen's views were in the
+ascendant.  Percy, Wilmot and Ashburnham
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P124"></a>124}</span>
+threw in their lot with
+the Prince's enemies, and, as the two last had control of all supplies
+of ammunition and money respectively, Rupert experienced great
+difficulty in obtaining the barest necessities for his forces.  Wilmot
+and Goring were able to raise a faction hostile to the Prince, within
+the army itself, and it was at this period that Arthur Trevor compared
+the "contrariety of opinions" to the contending elements.  "The army is
+much divided," he wrote to Lord Ormonde, "and the Prince at true
+distance with many of the officers of horse; which hath much danger in
+it, out of this, that I find many gallant men willing to get
+governments and to sit down, or to get employments at large, and so be
+out of the way.  In short, my lord, there must be a better
+understanding among our great horsemen, or else they may shortly shut
+the stable door."[<a id="chap07fn51text"></a><a href="#chap07fn51">51</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Rupert did not spare his indignation.  He quarrelled freely with Percy,
+by letter.  He left Digby's epistles unanswered,[<a id="chap07fn52text"></a><a href="#chap07fn52">52</a>] and he slighted
+Wilmot.  He accused the King of treating without his knowledge; which,
+said his distracted uncle, was a "damnable ley."[<a id="chap07fn53text"></a><a href="#chap07fn53">53</a>]  The truth was
+that the French Ambassador had proposed to ascertain what terms the
+Parliament might be likely to offer, and the King had consented to his
+so doing.  Richmond hastened to explain matters to the Prince.  "I
+should have told you before," he concluded, "but I forgot it; and but
+little knowledge is lost by it.  It was ever my opinion that nothing
+would come of it, and so it remains still for anything I can hear, and
+I converse sometimes with good company."[<a id="chap07fn54text"></a><a href="#chap07fn54">54</a>]  But Rupert was not easily
+appeased; the supposed treaty was but one grievance among many, and ere
+long a letter from Digby had raised a new storm.  The patient Duke as
+usual
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P125"></a>125}</span>
+received his fiery cousin's complaints, and again took up
+his pen to pacify him.  "Upon the receipt of your letter," he wrote,
+"perceiving that, from a hint taken of a letter from Lord Digby, you
+were in doubt that, in Oxford, there might be wrong judgments made of
+you and of your business, I made it my diligence to clear with the
+King, who answers the same for the Queen....  Considering the jealousy
+might have grown from some doubtful expressions in the letter you
+mention, I spoke with the party, (<i>i.e.</i> Digby) who seemed much grieved
+at it, and assured me he writ only the advice of such intelligence as
+was brought hither, and for information to make use of as you best
+could upon the place.  Yesterday one brought me your commission to
+peruse....  I looked it well over, and I think it is well drawn."[<a id="chap07fn55text"></a><a href="#chap07fn55">55</a>]
+The last sentence shows that Richmond did not confine his services to
+mediating between the Prince and his enemies, but watched over his
+cousin's more material interests with anxious care.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+During all this time Rupert was not very far distant from Oxford.  He
+had taken Bedford, and recaptured Cirencester, and would have held
+Newport Pagnell, thus cutting London off from the north; but during his
+absence in Bedfordshire, orders from Oxford drew off Louis Dyves whom
+he had left in charge at Newport Pagnell, and the place was seized by
+Essex.  In the same way Vavasour's scheme for blockading Gloucester was
+ruined.  "Sir, I am now in a good way, if no alteration come from
+Court,"[<a id="chap07fn56text"></a><a href="#chap07fn56">56</a>] he wrote early in December.  But the vexatious "alteration"
+came, and his plan failed.  Hastings lamented that his lack of arms
+made "the service I ought to do the King very difficult;"[<a id="chap07fn57text"></a><a href="#chap07fn57">57</a>] and
+everywhere despondency prevailed.  "The truth is," wrote Ralph Hopton
+from Alresford, "the duty of this service here would be insupportable,
+were it
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P126"></a>126}</span>
+not in this cause, where there is so great a necessity of
+prevailing through all difficulties, or of suffering them to prevail,
+which cannot be thought of in good English."[<a id="chap07fn58text"></a><a href="#chap07fn58">58</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Throughout the winter the usual mass of petitions, complaints,
+accusations, and remonstrances poured in upon the Prince.  Among them,
+"Ye humble Remonstrance of Captain John Ball" deserves notice as a
+curiosity.  This gentleman stated that he had, out of pure loyalty and
+with exceeding difficulty, raised 34 horses, 48 men, 12 carabines, 12
+cases of pistols, 6 muskets, and 20 new saddles for the King's service.
+This done, he had gone to Oxford to obtain the King's commission to
+serve under Sir Henry Bard.  During his absence, Sir Charles Blount, by
+order of Sir Jacob Astley then in command at Reading, had broken into
+his stables at Pangbourne and carried off both horses and
+equipments.[<a id="chap07fn59text"></a><a href="#chap07fn59">59</a>]  To this accusation old Sir Jacob responded with his
+wonted quaint directness: "As conserninge one yt calls himselfe Capne
+Balle, yt hath complayned unto yr Highnes yt I hav tacken awaie his
+horsses from him; this is the trewth.  He hath livede near this towne
+ever since I came heather, and had gotten, not above, 12 men togeather,
+and himselfe.  He had so plundered and oppressed the pepell, payinge
+contributions as the Marquess of Winchester and my Lord Hopton
+complayned extreamly of him.  He went under my name, wtch he used
+falcesly, as givinge out he did it by my warrant.  Off this he gott
+faierly, and so promised to give no more cause of complaynt.  Now, ever
+since, he hath continewed his ould coures (courses), in soe extreame a
+waie, as he, and his wife, and his sone, and 10 or 12 horsses he hath,
+to geather spoyles the peepell, plunders them, and tackes violently
+their goodes from them."[<a id="chap07fn60text"></a><a href="#chap07fn60">60</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+As a climax to all Rupert's other anxieties came the
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P127"></a>127}</span>
+severe
+illness of Maurice, who was engaged at the siege of Plymouth.  All the
+autumn he had been suffering from a low fever, which was in fact the
+modern influenza.  So serious was his condition that his mother, in
+Holland, declined an invitation to the Court of Orange, on the grounds
+that she expected hourly to hear of Maurice's death.[<a id="chap07fn61text"></a><a href="#chap07fn61">61</a>] More than once
+reports that he was actually dead gained credence, and the doctors who
+sent frequent bulletins to Rupert, would not answer for their patient's
+recovery, "by reason that the disease is very dangerous, and
+fraudulent."  But by October 17th they were able to send a hopeful
+report.  Maurice had slept better, the delirium had left him, and he
+had recognised Dr. Harvey&mdash;the discoverer of the circulation of the
+blood.  When given the King's message of sympathy he had shown "an
+humble, thankful sense thereof."  And on receiving Rupert's messages,
+"he seemed very glad to hear of and from your Highness."[<a id="chap07fn62text"></a><a href="#chap07fn62">62</a>] A relapse
+was feared, but Maurice recovered steadily, though very slowly.  In
+November he was anxious to join his forces before Plymouth, but had to
+give up the attempt, and the siege suffered from his absence.  "Your
+brother resolved to have removed hence nearer towards Plymouth, upon
+Monday, but upon tryal finds himself too weak for the journey," wrote
+Sir Richard Cave, an old friend of the Palatines, to Rupert.  "I dare
+boldly say that, had he been with the army, the army and the town had
+been at a nearer distance before now.  Your brother presents his
+respects to your Highness, but says he is not able yet to write letters
+with his own hand."[<a id="chap07fn63text"></a><a href="#chap07fn63">63</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p><br /><br /></p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap07fn1"></a>
+[<a href="#chap07fn1text">1</a>] Clar. State Papers, f. 2254.  Prince Rupert's Journal in England.
+Jan. 6, 1643.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap07fn2"></a>
+[<a href="#chap07fn2text">2</a>] Clarendon. Hist.  Bk. VI. 238.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap07fn3"></a>
+[<a href="#chap07fn3text">3</a>] Pamphlet.  British Museum.  Relation of the taking of Cirencester,
+Feb. 1642-3.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap07fn4"></a>
+[<a href="#chap07fn4text">4</a>] Rupert Correspondence.  Nicholas to the Prince, Feb. 3, 1643.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap07fn5"></a>
+[<a href="#chap07fn5text">5</a>] Clar. State Papers.  Rupert's Journal.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap07fn6"></a>
+[<a href="#chap07fn6text">6</a>] Rupert Transcripts, April 1, 1643, also Warburton, II.  p. 149.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap07fn7"></a>
+[<a href="#chap07fn7text">7</a>] Pamphlet.  British Museum.  Prince Rupert's Burning Love to England
+discovered in Birmingham's flames.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap07fn8"></a>
+[<a href="#chap07fn8text">8</a>] Letter from Walsall to Oxford.  Warb. II.  p. 154, <i>note</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap07fn9"></a>
+[<a href="#chap07fn9text">9</a>] Clar. State Papers.  A character of Lord Digby.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap07fn10"></a>
+[<a href="#chap07fn10text">10</a>] Warburton, II.  p. 169.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap07fn11"></a>
+[<a href="#chap07fn11text">11</a>] Rupert Transcripts.  Aston to Rupert, 22 Jan. 1643; Pythouse
+Papers, p. 12.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap07fn12"></a>
+[<a href="#chap07fn12text">12</a>] Ibid.  Nicholas to Rupert, 21 April, 1643.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap07fn13"></a>
+[<a href="#chap07fn13text">13</a>] Warburton, II.  p. 179.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap07fn14"></a>
+[<a href="#chap07fn14text">14</a>] Gardiner's Civil War, I.  p. 130.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap07fn15"></a>
+[<a href="#chap07fn15text">15</a>] Rupert Correspondence.  See Warburton, II.  187.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap07fn16"></a>
+[<a href="#chap07fn16text">16</a>] Pythouse Papers, p. 15.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap07fn17"></a>
+[<a href="#chap07fn17text">17</a>] Rupert Correspondence.  18980.  Nicholas to Prince, May 11, 1643.
+Warb. II.  p. 189.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap07fn18"></a>
+[<a href="#chap07fn18text">18</a>] His Highness's late Beating up of the Rebels' Quarters.  Pamphlet.
+Bodleian Library.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap07fn19"></a>
+[<a href="#chap07fn19text">19</a>] Warburton, II.  212.  Essex to Rupert, June 22, 1643.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap07fn20"></a>
+[<a href="#chap07fn20text">20</a>] Ibid.  II.  p. 390, <i>note</i>.  Ellis Original Letters, Vol. IV.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap07fn21"></a>
+[<a href="#chap07fn21text">21</a>] Marie de la Mothe, Countess d'Aulnoy.  Memoirs of the Court of
+England, ed. 1707, pp. 397-400.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap07fn22"></a>
+[<a href="#chap07fn22text">22</a>] Stafford Papers, ed. 1739, Vol. I.  p. 359.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap07fn23"></a>
+[<a href="#chap07fn23text">23</a>] Somers Tracts, V.  pp. 473-7.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap07fn24"></a>
+[<a href="#chap07fn24text">24</a>] Carte's Ormonde, VI.  p. 277.  O'Neil to Ormonde, 12 April, 1645.
+Clarendon, Bk. VIII.  p. 369.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap07fn25"></a>
+[<a href="#chap07fn25text">25</a>] Nicholas Papers.  Camden Soc.  1 Jan. 1655.  Vol. II.  p. 158.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap07fn26"></a>
+[<a href="#chap07fn26text">26</a>] Hatton Papers.  Camden Society.  New series, I.  p. 42.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap07fn27"></a>
+[<a href="#chap07fn27text">27</a>] Pythouse Papers, p. 57.  Percy to Rupert, July 1643.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap07fn28"></a>
+[<a href="#chap07fn28text">28</a>] Rupert Correspondence.  Warburton, II.  p. 226.  Nicholas to the
+Prince, July 8, 1643.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap07fn29"></a>
+[<a href="#chap07fn29text">29</a>] Clarendon Hist.  Bk. VII.  p. 121
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap07fn30"></a>
+[<a href="#chap07fn30text">30</a>] Journal of the Siege of Bristol.  Warburton, II.  p. 244.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap07fn31"></a>
+[<a href="#chap07fn31text">31</a>] Journal of the Siege of Bristol.  Warb. II.  p. 246.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap07fn32"></a>
+[<a href="#chap07fn32text">32</a>] Ibid.  p. 247.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap07fn33"></a>
+[<a href="#chap07fn33text">33</a>] Ibid.  pp. 250-255.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap07fn34"></a>
+[<a href="#chap07fn34text">34</a>] Journal of the Siege of Bristol.  Warb.  II.  p. 258.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap07fn35"></a>
+[<a href="#chap07fn35text">35</a>] Lloyd's Lives and Memoirs, ed. 1677, p. 656.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap07fn36"></a>
+[<a href="#chap07fn36text">36</a>] Journal of Siege.  Warburton, II.  262.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap07fn37"></a>
+[<a href="#chap07fn37text">37</a>] A Relation made to the House of Commons by Colonel Nat. Fiennes,
+Aug. 5, 1643; see Warburton, II.  p. 267, also Clarendon, Bk. VII.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap07fn38"></a>
+[<a href="#chap07fn38text">38</a>] Clarendon Hist.  1849.  Vol. III.  pp. 121-126.  Bk. VII.  pp. 85,
+98, 144-148; also Life, pp. 196-7, <i>note</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap07fn39"></a>
+[<a href="#chap07fn39text">39</a>] Clarendon Life.  Vol. I.  p. 195,
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap07fn40"></a>
+[<a href="#chap07fn40text">40</a>] Ibid.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap07fn41"></a>
+[<a href="#chap07fn41text">41</a>] Clar. Hist.  Bk. VII.  pp. 98, 192.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap07fn42"></a>
+[<a href="#chap07fn42text">42</a>] Clarendon History.  Bk. VII.  p. 192.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap07fn43"></a>
+[<a href="#chap07fn43text">43</a>] Verney Memoirs.  Vol. II.  p. 171.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap07fn44"></a>
+[<a href="#chap07fn44text">44</a>] Journal of the Siege of Gloucester.  Warburton II.  p. 282.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap07fn45"></a>
+[<a href="#chap07fn45text">45</a>] Clarendon Hist.  Bk. VII.  207.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap07fn46"></a>
+[<a href="#chap07fn46text">46</a>] Whitelocke's Memorials, p. 74.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap07fn47"></a>
+[<a href="#chap07fn47text">47</a>] Gardiner's Civil War, Vol. I.  pp. 209-217.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap07fn48"></a>
+[<a href="#chap07fn48text">48</a>] Percy to Rupert, July 29, 1643; Pythouse Papers, p. 55.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap07fn49"></a>
+[<a href="#chap07fn49text">49</a>] Rupert's Diary.  Warburton, II.  p. 272.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap07fn50"></a>
+[<a href="#chap07fn50text">50</a>] See Gardiner's Civil War, I.  p. 345.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap07fn51"></a>
+[<a href="#chap07fn51text">51</a>] Carte's Ormonde, Vol. V.  pp. 520-1, 21 Nov. 1643.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap07fn52"></a>
+[<a href="#chap07fn52text">52</a>] Rupert Transcripts.  Jermyn to Rupert, 26 Mar. 1644.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap07fn53"></a>
+[<a href="#chap07fn53text">53</a>] Ibid.  King to Rupert, 12 Nov. 1643.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap07fn54"></a>
+[<a href="#chap07fn54text">54</a>] Transcripts.  Richmond to Rupert, 12 Oct. 1643.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap07fn55"></a>
+[<a href="#chap07fn55text">55</a>] Rupert Transcripts.  Richmond to Rupert, Nov. 9, 1643.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap07fn56"></a>
+[<a href="#chap07fn56text">56</a>] Ibid.  Vasavour to Rupert, Dec. 4, 1643.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap07fn57"></a>
+[<a href="#chap07fn57text">57</a>] Pythouse Papers.  Hastings to Nicholas, pp. 13-14.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap07fn58"></a>
+[<a href="#chap07fn58text">58</a>] Hopton to Rupert, Dec. 12, 1643.  Warb. II.  p. 333.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap07fn59"></a>
+[<a href="#chap07fn59text">59</a>] Add. MSS.  18981.  Jan. 4, 1644.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap07fn60"></a>
+[<a href="#chap07fn60text">60</a>] Transcripts.  Astley to Rupert, Jan. 11, 1644; Warburton.  II.  p.
+358.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap07fn61"></a>
+[<a href="#chap07fn61text">61</a>] Green, Vol. VI.  p. 137.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap07fn62"></a>
+[<a href="#chap07fn62text">62</a>] Dr. Harvey and others to Rupert, Oct. 17, 1643; Warburton.  II.
+p. 307.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap07fn63"></a>
+[<a href="#chap07fn63text">63</a>] Rupert Transcripts.  Cave to Rupert, Nov. 4, 1643.
+</p>
+
+<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
+
+<p><a id="chap08"></a></p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P128"></a>128}</span>
+</p>
+
+<h3>
+CHAPTER VIII
+</h3>
+
+<h4>
+THE PRESIDENCY OF WALES.  THE RELIEF OF NEWARK.  <br />
+QUARRELS AT COURT.  NORTHERN MARCH.  <br />
+MARSTON MOOR
+</h4>
+
+<p>
+Throughout the year 1643 the advantage in arms had lain decidedly with
+the King, and the Parliament now sought new strength in an alliance
+with the Scots.  Such an alliance involved a strict adherence to
+Presbyterianism, which was naturally very distasteful to the
+Independents, who were growing steadily in strength and numbers.
+Therefore, though the entrance of the Scots into England in January
+1644, brought a valuable accession of military force, it
+proportionately weakened the Puritan Party by increasing its internal
+dissensions.  For a brief period the Independents sought alliance with
+those members of the Parliament and of the City, known as the Peace
+Party, and the result of this drawing together was a resolve to appeal
+privately to the King for some terms of agreement.  The emissary
+employed in this secret negotiation was a certain Ogle, who had long
+been held a prisoner, but was now purposely suffered to escape.  As an
+earnest of good faith, he was to assure the King that Colonel Mozley,
+brother of the Governor of Aylesbury, would admit the Royalists into
+that town.  But Ogle was himself betrayed.  Mozley had communicated all
+to the Presbyterian leaders of the Parliament.  The whole plot was
+carefully watched, and plans laid to entrap Rupert himself.  It was
+said that Essex boasted that he would have the Prince in London, alive
+or dead.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+On the night of January 21st, Rupert set out to take possession of the
+offered town.  The snow fell thick, but it did the Prince good service,
+for it prevented Essex falling
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P129"></a>129}</span>
+upon him, as had been intended.
+Fortunately, also, Rupert was prudent, and declined to approach very
+near Aylesbury, until Mozley should appear on the scene in person.
+This he failed to do.  Then the Prince wished to assault the town on
+the side where he was not expected, but the brook which ran before it
+was so swelled by the snow and sudden thaw, as to be impassable.
+Nothing remained but a speedy retreat, in which, owing to wind, snow
+and swollen streams, some four hundred men perished.  In his fury
+Rupert would have hanged Ogle for a traitor, but the unfortunate man
+was rescued by the intercession of Digby.  Probably the Secretary was
+moved as much by detestation of Rupert as by compassion for Ogle.
+There was soon a new <i>causa belli</i> between them.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In February Rupert was made a peer of the realm, as Duke of Cumberland
+and Earl of Holderness, in order that he might sit in the Royalist
+Parliament now called to Oxford.  In the same month, it was proposed to
+make him President of Wales and the Marches, which appointment carried
+with it, not only military, but also fiscal and judicial powers, the
+right to levy taxes and to appoint Commissioners for the administration
+of the country.  Digby had no mind to see his rival thus promoted, and
+he made the appointment the subject of a court intrigue.  First he
+suggested that Ormonde would make a far better President than the
+Prince.  But Ormonde could not possibly be spared from his Government
+of Ireland, and therefore Digby had to invent new delays and
+difficulties.  "The business of the Presidency is at a standstill,"
+wrote Rupert's faithful agent in Oxford, Arthur Trevor, "upon some
+doubts that my Lord Digby makes, which cannot be cleared to him without
+a sight of the patent which must be obtained from Ludlow."[<a id="chap08fn1text"></a><a href="#chap08fn1">1</a>] The
+Prince seems to have been rather apathetic in the matter, for, in a few
+days, Trevor wrote again: "I am at
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P130"></a>130}</span>
+a stand in your business, not
+receiving your commands...  Persuasion avails little at Court, where
+always the orator convinces sooner than the argument.  Let me beseech
+your Highness you will be so kind as to bestow what time you can spare
+from the public upon your private interests; which always thrive best
+when they are acted within the eye of the owner."[<a id="chap08fn2text"></a><a href="#chap08fn2">2</a>]  From Byron, then
+at Chester, came an anxious letter, demonstrating the great importance
+of Wales as a recruiting ground, and as the place whence communication
+with Ireland was easiest.  The state of the Marches was exceedingly
+critical, and Byron pathetically begged Rupert not to refuse them the
+aid of his presence.  "I have heard that means is used underhand to
+persuade your Highness not to accept the President's place of Wales;
+the end of which is apparent, for if your Highness refuse it, it will
+lessen the military part of your command, be a great prejudice to the
+country, and withal lose an opportunity of settling such a part of the
+country, converging upon Ireland, that is most likely to reduce the
+rest."[<a id="chap08fn3text"></a><a href="#chap08fn3">3</a>]  To the other despairing commanders in those districts the
+prospect of Rupert's coming was as welcome as to Byron, and, urged by
+their letters, Rupert resolved not to be turned from the work.
+Fortunately for himself he had staunch allies in Richmond, Nicholas,
+and above all, the Queen's favourite, Harry Jermyn.  The last named was
+indeed all-powerful just then.  "I find," wrote Trevor, alluding to the
+ciphers in which he corresponded, "not Prince Rupert, nor all the
+numbers in arithmetic have any efficacy without Lord Jermyn."[<a id="chap08fn4text"></a><a href="#chap08fn4">4</a>]  And
+Jermyn, strange to say, usually showed himself a good friend to Rupert.
+"My Lord Jermyn is, from the root of his heart, your very great
+servant," declared Trevor.  Apparently, also, Jermyn had reconciled the
+Queen to her nephew, for, at the same
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P131"></a>131}</span>
+time, Trevor informed
+Ormonde that he would speedily receive a request from the Queen "to be
+as kind as possibly your Lordship can unto Prince Rupert, especially in
+a present furnishment of some arms and powder."[<a id="chap08fn5text"></a><a href="#chap08fn5">5</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The appointment to Wales having been carried by his allies, Rupert was
+brought into very close connection with Ormonde.  To Ireland the King
+looked for supplies of arms, ammunition, and of soldiers, as a
+counterpoise to the invasion of the Scots.  The transport of these
+stores and troops was now regarded as part of Rupert's business in his
+new Government.  He was willing enough to attend to the matter, for he
+was "mightily in love" with his Irish soldiers;[<a id="chap08fn6text"></a><a href="#chap08fn6">6</a>] and, thanks to
+Ormonde's good sense and unswerving loyalty, a good understanding was
+preserved between himself and the Prince.  Efforts to poison Ormonde's
+mind against Rupert were not wanting on the part of Digby.  He did his
+best to make the Irish Lord Lieutenant think himself slighted by
+Rupert's preferment.  "But let me withal assure you that I knew not of
+it till it was done," he wrote, "I being not so happy as to have any
+part in His Highness's Counsels."[<a id="chap08fn7text"></a><a href="#chap08fn7">7</a>]  To which the incorruptible
+Ormonde replied only, that he held himself in no way injured, and
+regarded the appointment as very fittingly bestowed on the Prince.  Nor
+did Digby's new ally, Daniel O'Neil, meet with any better success.  The
+Irish soldier of fortune had now quarrelled with Rupert, and thrown in
+his lot with that of the Secretary.  Early in 1644 he was despatched to
+Ireland by Digby, in order to arrange various matters and,
+incidentally, to do Rupert as much harm as he could.  But though
+introduced to Ormonde as Digby's "special, dear and intimate
+friend,"[<a id="chap08fn8text"></a><a href="#chap08fn8">8</a>] he gained little credence.  "I easily believe that Daniel
+O'Neil was willing I
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P132"></a>132}</span>
+should be Lord Lieutenant; and perhaps he
+will unwish it again,"[<a id="chap08fn9text"></a><a href="#chap08fn9">9</a>] said Ormonde calmly.  No doubt Rupert owed
+much to the good sense and diligence of Trevor, who was himself a
+staunch adherent of Ormonde, and honoured by him with the title of "my
+friend."  He seems to have been a clever man, of ready wit and
+unfailing energy, and he needed it all in his service of the Prince.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Rupert's new appointment involved the keeping up of an establishment at
+Shrewsbury, which he seldom occupied, but which added greatly to his
+expenses, and his personal labours were also multiplied.  He had
+reached Shrewsbury on February 19th, having spent a week at Worcester
+and four days at Bridgnorth by the way.  On March 4th he was "marching
+all night" to Drayton; on the 5th he was skirmishing with Fairfax; on
+the 6th he was "home" again; but only to resume his wanderings four
+days later.[<a id="chap08fn10text"></a><a href="#chap08fn10">10</a>]  He made it his business to visit every garrison under
+his charge, and his rapid movements were observed with pride by the
+Cavaliers.  "In the morning in Leicestershire, in the afternoon in
+Lancashire, and the same day at supper time at Shrewsbury; without
+question he hath a flying army," reported the News-letters with
+cheerful exaggeration.[<a id="chap08fn11text"></a><a href="#chap08fn11">11</a>] Certainly the Prince never spared himself,
+and he expected that others should show an equal energy and attention
+to business.  Good officers, with other qualifications than mere social
+rank, he would have; and he allowed no private considerations to
+interfere with the public necessities.  His vigorous decision did
+indeed bear hard on individual cases, as when he offered an unfortunate
+Herefordshire gentleman three alternatives,&mdash;to man and defend his
+house himself, to have it occupied by a governor and garrison of the
+Prince's own choosing, or to blow it up.  But, if war is
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P133"></a>133}</span>
+to be
+effective, such hardships are inevitable; and by Rupert's zealous
+activity garrisons were wrested from the enemy, and those of the King
+established, all over the district, in their stead.  Of course the
+complaints which were daily delivered to the Prince were multiplied by
+his promotion; but, amidst all his labours, he seems to have found a
+little leisure, for he begged of Ormonde "a cast of goshawks," for his
+amusement in his winter quarters.[<a id="chap08fn12text"></a><a href="#chap08fn12">12</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In the meantime his agent at Oxford enjoyed no easy task.  For
+everything that Rupert wanted Trevor had to contend vehemently with
+Percy and Ashburnham, and, had he not been clever enough to win the
+alliance of Jermyn, his success would have been small indeed.  Jermyn
+exerted himself nobly.  He collected evidence of Rupert's strength and
+necessities to lay before the Oxford Parliament.  He supplied a
+consignment of muskets, pistols, and powder at his own expense;[<a id="chap08fn13text"></a><a href="#chap08fn13">13</a>] he
+even combated the obstinacy of the King, though not always with
+success, as on one occasion he was forced to despatch supplies to
+Worcester, "where the King sayeth they are to go, and would have it so,
+in spite of everything that could be said to the contrary; though I did
+conceive it was your Highness's desire that they should be sent to
+Shrewsbury."[<a id="chap08fn14text"></a><a href="#chap08fn14">14</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Yet even Jermyn was occasionally disheartened by the Prince's
+insatiable wants.  "His Majesty," wrote Trevor in February, "was very
+well pleased at your letter, and so was my Lord Jermyn, until he found
+your wants of arms, and ammunition.  At which, after a deep sigh, he
+told me; 'This is of more trouble to me than it would be pain to me at
+parting of my flesh and bones.'"  This despondency is partially
+accounted for by the next sentence; "The petards I cannot now send Your
+Highness, by reason of a strong quarrel that is fallen out between M.
+La Roche
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P134"></a>134}</span>
+and Lord Percy, whose warrant and orders he absolutely
+denies to obey.  Where it will end I know not.  It begins in fire."[<a id="chap08fn15text"></a><a href="#chap08fn15">15</a>]
+This state of affairs must have lasted for weeks.  Not until April did
+Trevor wring two petards from Lord Percy, "and now I have got them, I
+do not, for my life, know how to send them to your quarters," he
+declared.  And La Roche seems to have been, even then, in the same
+impracticable frame of mind: "Your Highness's letters to M. La Roche I
+did deliver; and when he had sworn and stared very sufficiently, and
+concluded every point with, 'Noe money! noe money!'&mdash;he carried me to
+his little house by Magdalen, and when he had swaggered there a pretty
+time, and knocked one strange thing against another, he told me he
+would send me letters, wherewith I was well satisfied, not having money
+for him, without which I see he hath no more motion than a stone.  He
+talks much of Captain Faussett, but whether good, bad, or indifferent,
+I swear I do not know!"[<a id="chap08fn16text"></a><a href="#chap08fn16">16</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Such were the contentions that delayed and handicapped the Royalist
+forces; but Arthur Trevor was not to be discouraged.  "Until I have all
+the affairs, both of peace and war, settled as they may be most to your
+desires, I will not miss His Majesty an interview every morning in the
+garden,"[<a id="chap08fn17text"></a><a href="#chap08fn17">17</a>] he protested; and, on a later occasion, he declared: "I am
+not so ill a courtier, in a request of money, as to sit down with one
+denial."[<a id="chap08fn18text"></a><a href="#chap08fn18">18</a>]  His difficulties were increased by the carelessness of
+Rupert himself, and he wrote to the Prince reproachfully: "I find a
+bill of exchange signed by Your Highness, and denied by the party you
+charged it on, and grown to be the discourse of the town before ever I
+heard a syllable of it.  Truly the giving out that bill without giving
+me advice of it, that I might have
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P135"></a>135}</span>
+got the money ready, or an
+excuse for time, hath not done Your Highness right here."[<a id="chap08fn19text"></a><a href="#chap08fn19">19</a>]  Two days
+later he wrote again: "The liveries for your servants are now come.  I
+only wait for your orders how I shall carry myself towards the
+merchants, who are very solicitous for ready pay.  The sum will be
+about £200.  If Your Highness will not have His Majesty moved in it,
+Lord Jermyn and I will try all the town, but we will do the worth."[<a id="chap08fn20text"></a><a href="#chap08fn20">20</a>]
+Rupert's answer is not forthcoming, but he was evidently as anxious as
+usual to pay this, or other debts, for he commissioned Trevor to
+represent to the King the "injustice" that the delay of money was doing
+towards men to whom he was indebted, and whom he would willingly
+satisfy.[<a id="chap08fn21text"></a><a href="#chap08fn21">21</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The needs of the North were becoming very pressing.  Newcastle
+constantly represented the smallness of his forces, and the danger
+threatening from the Scots.  Sir Charles Lucas also forwarded a
+melancholy account of the northern army, and Lord Derby implored Rupert
+to go to the rescue of his Countess who was valiantly defending Lathom
+House: "Sir, I have received many advertisements from my wife, of her
+great distress and imminent danger," he wrote, "unless she be relieved
+by your Highness, on whom she doth rely more than on any other
+whatsoever...  I would have waited on your Highness this time, but that
+I hourly receive little letters from her who haply, a few days hence,
+may never write me more."[<a id="chap08fn22text"></a><a href="#chap08fn22">22</a>]  But greatest of all was the danger of
+Newark, besieged by Meldrum, Hubbard and Lord Willoughby.  Already the
+brave little garrison was almost starved into surrender, and willingly
+would the men have sacrificed their lives in one desperate sally, but
+for the women and children who would thus have been left to the mercy
+of the foe.  Rupert resolved to go first to the
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P136"></a>136}</span>
+relief of Newark.
+But even Arthur Trevor could not obtain the supplies necessary for the
+exploit: "I can promise nothing towards your advantage in those
+supporters of war, money and arms..." he said.  "Money, I am out of
+hopes of, unless some notable success open the purse strings ... March,
+and then I will make my last attempt for that business, and if I fail I
+will raise my siege, burn my hut, and march away to your Highness."[<a id="chap08fn23text"></a><a href="#chap08fn23">23</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Newark was in the last straits.  To the reiterated summons of the
+Puritan forces, the valiant garrison replied only that they could
+starve, and they could die, but one thing they could not do, and that
+was open their gates to rebels.  Rupert would delay no longer, and, in
+accordance with Trevor's advice, he set forth, on March 13th, with a
+small force, borrowed from the garrisons he passed on the march.  Essex
+at once despatched a force of cavalry in pursuit, of which Ashburnham
+advertised the Prince in the following concise note: "The strength that
+followeth your Highness is nine hundred dragoons, and one regiment of
+horse, which I hope they will all be damned."[<a id="chap08fn24text"></a><a href="#chap08fn24">24</a>]  By March 20th Rupert
+was at Bingham, twelve miles from Newark.  The besiegers, who numbered
+some 2,500 horse and 5,000 foot, heard the news of his approach with
+light-hearted incredulity, being unable to believe that he could have
+the temerity to attack them; and in an intercepted letter the Prince
+found mention of "an incredible rumour" of his advance.[<a id="chap08fn25text"></a><a href="#chap08fn25">25</a>]  When
+within six miles of Newark he contrived to let the garrison know of his
+vicinity.  Fearing that his cipher had fallen into the hands of the
+enemy, he dared not write, but sent only an ambiguous message, the
+meaning of which he did not even explain to the messenger: "Let the old
+drum be beaten, early on the morrow morning."  Happily the Governor,
+Sir John Henderson, was quick to grasp the meaning&mdash;namely,
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P137"></a>137}</span>
+that he
+was to sally out on Meldrum at day-break.[<a id="chap08fn26text"></a><a href="#chap08fn26">26</a>]  By two o'clock in the
+morning, Rupert was in the saddle, and ere it was light, he charged
+down upon the besieging army.  Surprised and confused, the besiegers
+broke their ranks, and at the same moment the garrison sallied.  The
+fight was hot, and once at least Rupert was in imminent danger.  He
+found himself assaulted by "three sturdy Roundheads" all at once; one
+he slew with his own sword; Mortaigne, a French follower of the Prince,
+shot another, and the third, who had laid hold of Rupert's collar, had
+his hand cut off by O'Neil.  The Prince was thus "disengaged, with only
+a shot in his gauntlet."[<a id="chap08fn27text"></a><a href="#chap08fn27">27</a>]  The engagement lasted nearly all day, but
+at dusk, Charles Gerard, who had been wounded and captured, came
+limping forth from the enemy's trenches, with offers of treaty.  Rupert
+agreed to terms, and, on the following morning, Meldrum and his
+colleagues were permitted to raise the siege and march off with the
+honours of war.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+These terms Rupert was accused of having broken.  His men were eager to
+avenge a Puritan outrage at Lincoln, as formerly at Bristol they had
+remembered Reading.  Therefore when Meldrum's forces marched off with
+"more than was conditioned," in the shape of arms and pikes, the
+Royalists seized the excuse to fall upon them, and, in their turn,
+snatched away colours, and "more than the articles warranted."  Rupert,
+as before, dashed amongst his men with his drawn sword, and he did not
+neglect to return the stolen colours, with apologies.  The occurrence
+is described by Mrs. Hutchinson, but more fairly by Rushworth, who
+adds, after relating how the Puritans were despoiled of their pikes and
+colours: "the King's party excused it, by alleging that they (the
+Puritans) attempted to carry out more than was conditioned, and that
+some of theirs had been so used at Lincoln, and especially that it was
+against the Prince's mind, who slashed
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P138"></a>138}</span>
+some of his soldiers for
+it, and sent back all the colours they had taken."[<a id="chap08fn28text"></a><a href="#chap08fn28">28</a>]  When the enemy
+had fairly retired, Rupert made his entry into Newark, where he was
+received with delirious joy.  Davenant, the Cavalier poet, who himself
+served in the northern army, celebrated the whole story in a long poem,
+and thus he describes the Prince's entrance:
+</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+"As he entered the old gates, one cry of triumph rose,<br />
+To bless and welcome him who had saved them from their foes;<br />
+The women kiss his charger, and the little children sing:<br />
+'Prince Rupert's brought us bread to eat, from God and from the King.'"[<a id="chap08fn29text"></a><a href="#chap08fn29">29</a>]<br />
+</p>
+
+<p class="noindent">
+Considering the small force with which it had been effected, Rupert's
+exploit was indeed wonderful, and congratulations poured in from all
+quarters.  "Nephew," wrote the King, "I assure you that this, as all
+your victories, gives me as much contentment in that I owe you the
+thanks, as for the importance of it; which in this particular, believe
+me, is no less than the saving of all the North."[<a id="chap08fn30text"></a><a href="#chap08fn30">30</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"Our sense of it here is as much beyond expression as the action
+itself,"[<a id="chap08fn31text"></a><a href="#chap08fn31">31</a>] declared Digby.  Trevor offered all the appreciation
+possible "On this side idolatry," an expression of which he was rather
+fond; and even the quiet Richmond was roused to enthusiasm: "Give me
+leave to dilate now upon my particular joyes," he wrote, "and to retire
+them so farre from the present jubilee all men are in at your last
+great victory, to beginne with that which before this jubilee was one
+to me; I mean the honor and contentment I lately received from you,
+which, if valew can make precious and an intent affection do anything
+to show an acknowledgment, will not be lost.  Your command to pray for
+you, at a time was then to come, shall be, as before, my
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P139"></a>139}</span>
+general
+rule."[<a id="chap08fn32text"></a><a href="#chap08fn32">32</a>]  Lord Newcastle added to his extravagant congratulations an
+entreaty that Rupert would push on to his aid; "without which that
+great game of your uncle's will be endangered, if not lost..., Could
+Your Highness march this way, it would, I hope, put a final end to all
+our troubles."[<a id="chap08fn33text"></a><a href="#chap08fn33">33</a>]  But Rupert, with the best will in the world, lacked
+the power to do as Newcastle desired.  With an army at his back, he
+might indeed have pushed on northwards, conquered the eastern counties,
+and driven back the Scots; but he had no army at his disposal!
+Brilliant though his recent achievement had seemed, it was but
+ephemeral in reality.  Newark relieved, the men who had relieved it
+returned to the garrisons whence they came, and from which they could
+ill be spared.  All that Rupert had gained was the preservation of a
+loyal town, and the surrender of a few scattered outposts which he had
+not men to garrison.  Reluctantly he turned back to Wales, where he
+hoped he might yet raise a force to save the North.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+During the weeks of recruiting which followed the relief of Newark, the
+usual disputes and jealousies agitated the Court.  Jermyn, who was
+still Rupert's friend, expected shortly to quit Oxford with the Queen,
+and would fain have reconciled the Prince to Digby before his
+departure.  "He has written several times to you since you went away,
+and you have not made him one answer," he protested.  And he proceeded
+to explain, at great length, how advantageous a correspondence with
+Digby would be, and how exaggerated were the Prince's notions of the
+Secretary's hatred to him.[<a id="chap08fn34text"></a><a href="#chap08fn34">34</a>] But such representations made no
+impression upon Rupert; the question really at stake was whether he or
+Digby should rule the King's counsels, and no compromise was possible
+between them.  Another suggestion of Jermyn's met with more favour;
+there was a vacancy in the King's
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P140"></a>140}</span>
+Bedchamber, and only Rupert's
+nomination was needed to secure the appointment for his friend Will
+Legge.  "The chief cause I write is to mention that to you which he
+(Legge) least looks after, viz., that which pertains to his own
+interests,"[<a id="chap08fn35text"></a><a href="#chap08fn35">35</a>] said Jermyn.  Rupert obtained the post for his friend,
+and wrote to "give him joy" of it.[<a id="chap08fn36text"></a><a href="#chap08fn36">36</a>]  At the same time the place of
+Master of the Horse was offered to himself; hitherto it had been held
+by the Marquess of Hamilton, who was now deprived of it on account of
+his disloyalty.  "If the King offers Rupert the Master of the Horse's
+place, he will receive it as a favour," wrote Rupert, in reply to a
+question on the subject.  "But he desires it may not be done so it may
+look as if Rupert had a hand in the ruin of my Lord Marquis.  Let every
+one carry his own burden."[<a id="chap08fn37text"></a><a href="#chap08fn37">37</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ere long, a hasty recall to Oxford roused all the Prince's indignation.
+True, the order was revoked next day, but Rupert was none the less
+furious.  How was he to effect anything of importance if his plans were
+to be interrupted and frustrated at Digby's whim?  He would not endure,
+he wrote to Richmond, the discussion of all his proceedings by a mere
+civilian Council.  The Duke strove to pacify him in a long and, as
+usual, incoherent letter.  "You may perceive that no Oxford motion, if
+rightly represented, could move any cause of jealousy of a desseigne
+here either to forestall your judgement or prelimett yr command.  I
+have bine present at most of the consultations; (till yesterday some
+occasions made me absent, and of that daies' worke my Lord Biron will
+give the best account); and in all I could ever discerne the proceeding
+hath bine to propound only by way of question alle thinges of moment,
+which were to be attended, or acted, by you."  The recent recall to
+Oxford Richmond owned an exception to this rule, but as regarded other
+matters, he concluded;
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P141"></a>141}</span>
+"I think I could not have mist myselfe so
+much if other had been to be seen, or where the King's service, and my
+ancient respect for Rupert, (which time works no such earthy effects
+upon as to decay), call for my observation, that my senses could be
+deceived, or I not attentive.  The most that was treated was when Will
+Legge was here, and in his presence, who certainly is a safe man to
+consult with in your interests.  And the furthest discourse was but
+discourse!"[<a id="chap08fn38text"></a><a href="#chap08fn38">38</a>]  The King also wrote on the same day, promising that,
+whenever possible, his nephew should be <i>consulted</i> rather than
+<i>commanded</i>; and asserting with gentle dignity, "Indeed I have this
+advantage of you, that I have not yet mistaken you in anything as you
+have me."[<a id="chap08fn39text"></a><a href="#chap08fn39">39</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Whatever effect these soothing epistles might have had was nullified by
+a second letter from Digby, in which he assumed a tone of authority
+such as Rupert would not brook.  "Lord Digby, with whom Prince Rupert
+hath no present kindness, writ yesterday about the relief of Lathom
+House," wrote Trevor to Ormonde.  "The paper, which was not an order,
+but would fain have disputed itself into authority, was so ill-received
+that I am afraid my work of reconciliation is at an end."[<a id="chap08fn40text"></a><a href="#chap08fn40">40</a>]  Rupert
+was indeed in an angry frame of mind.  He despatched a furious,
+incoherent letter to Legge, full of ironical and rather unintelligible
+complaints against his uncle, and dark threats of his own resignation.
+"If the King will follow the <i>wise</i> counsel, and not hear the soldier
+and Rupert, Rupert must leave off all."  And he wound up with a short
+account of a successful skirmish, adding spitefully: "If Goring had
+done this you would have had a handsome story."[<a id="chap08fn41text"></a><a href="#chap08fn41">41</a>]  None of the plans
+then in favour at Oxford met with his approval.  The Queen was bent on
+going to Exeter, in spite of her nephew's assurance
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P142"></a>142}</span>
+that the
+place was most unsafe, as indeed it proved; and the King was extremely
+anxious to send the Prince of Wales to Bristol, as nominal head of the
+army in the West.  But Rupert had not much faith in Maurice's army, and
+he thought that the young Prince would be far better under his own
+care.  He had at that time a paramount influence over little Charles,
+and he had, besides, a staunch ally in one of his young cousin's
+gentlemen, a certain Elliot, whom the King considered to have "too much
+credit"[<a id="chap08fn42text"></a><a href="#chap08fn42">42</a>] with his son.  Between them, Prince Charles was inspired
+with such an aversion to his father's plan that he boldly declared he
+would have none of it, and added ingenuously, that his Cousin Rupert
+had "left him his lesson" before his departure from Oxford.[<a id="chap08fn43text"></a><a href="#chap08fn43">43</a>]  His
+submission to Rupert's will is evidenced by the letters of Elliot to
+the Prince: "He has commanded me to tell you that he is so far from
+believing that any man can love him better than you do, that he shall,
+by his good will, enterprise nothing wherein he has not your Highness's
+approbation.  For the intention of carrying him to that army, (in the
+West,) he has yet heard nothing of it, and, if he shall, he will
+without fail oppose it; and I may say truely that if he has a great
+kindness for any man it is for your Highness."[<a id="chap08fn44text"></a><a href="#chap08fn44">44</a>]  For the moment
+Rupert triumphed.  Richmond, who opposed the plan for the West as
+strongly as the Prince could have wished, assured him that it was "but
+a dream,"[<a id="chap08fn45text"></a><a href="#chap08fn45">45</a>] and for a while it fell into abeyance.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In the beginning of May, Rupert's new levies were ready for action, but
+when the moment for the northern march had come, the Prince was, to his
+intense disgust, once more summoned to Oxford.  So earnestly did he
+deprecate
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P143"></a>143}</span>
+the recall, that the King declared he would be content
+with 2,000 foot and one regiment of horse, provided that Rupert would
+join him at Oxford in the beginning of June.  But the one demand was as
+fatal as the other.  Rupert's heart was set on the relief of Lord
+Newcastle, and he could not bear that his hard won army should be thus
+ruthlessly torn from him.  A personal interview with the King was his
+only chance, and, with characteristic rashness, he marched off to
+Oxford with the most slender of escorts, to plead his cause with his
+uncle.  Eloquently he explained to the King the simplicity of his
+plans.  All that Charles himself had to do was to keep the surrounding
+towns well garrisoned, to manoeuvre round Oxford with a body of horse,
+and, in the meantime, to leave Maurice free in the West, and Rupert
+free for the North.  On May 5th the Prince left Oxford, having every
+reason to believe that his advice would be followed.  But, on the very
+next day, Digby had persuaded the King to abandon the plan as too
+extensive; Rupert wrote to expostulate, but received only thanks for
+his "freedom," with the comment, "I am not of your opinion in all the
+particulars."[<a id="chap08fn46text"></a><a href="#chap08fn46">46</a>]  And when misfortune had ensued, it was but slight
+consolation that the King acknowledged his error, "I believe that if
+you had been with me I had not been put to those straits I am in now.
+I confess the best had been to have followed your advice."[<a id="chap08fn47text"></a><a href="#chap08fn47">47</a>]
+Richmond also lamented Rupert's absence.  "We want money, men, conduct,
+provisions, time, and good counsel," he asserted; "our hope rests
+chiefly in your good success."[<a id="chap08fn48text"></a><a href="#chap08fn48">48</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Rupert was by that time far away in the North.  On May 8th he had
+returned to Shrewsbury, and on the 16th he began his long projected
+march to York.  From Chester he drew out all the men who could be
+spared, leaving "honest Will Legge" in their place.  At Knutsford he
+had
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P144"></a>144}</span>
+a successful encounter with some Parliamentary troops; and on
+the 25th he seized upon Stockport, which so alarmed the forces
+besieging Lathom House, that they raised the siege, and marched off to
+Bolton.  So strong was the Puritanism of Bolton that it has been called
+the "Geneva of England," and Rupert at once resolved to take the town.
+His first assault was repulsed, and the besieged, in their triumph,
+hanged one of his Irish troopers over the walls.  The insult gave the
+Prince new stimulus; throwing himself from his horse he called up his
+retreating men, and renewed the attack with such vigour that the town
+was quickly stormed, and he entered it with Lord Derby at his side.
+The angry troopers sacked the place; and Rupert sent the twenty-two
+standards he had taken to Lady Derby, as a graceful acknowledgment of
+her long and valiant defence of Lathom.  Recruits now flocked to his
+standard, and his march became a triumphal progress; so great was the
+enthusiasm of the loyal town of Wigan, that rushes, flowers and boughs
+were strewn in the streets before him.  On June 11th he won another
+triumph, in the capture of Liverpool, which suffered a like fate with
+Bolton.  But he was disappointed of the stores he had expected to find
+there, which were all carried off by sea before the town fell.  From
+Liverpool the Prince wrote a curious letter to the Bishop of Chester,
+asking for a collection to be made in all the churches of the diocese
+for the benefit of the sick and wounded soldiers.  And he also
+expressed a desire that the clergy should exhort the people to prepare
+for their own defence and to maintain their loyalty, in language "most
+intelligent to the congregation."[<a id="chap08fn49text"></a><a href="#chap08fn49">49</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It was now high time to set out for York, which Newcastle felt that he
+could hold only six days more.  Richmond wrote to urge as much haste as
+possible.  "If York should be lost," he said, "it would prove the
+greatest blow
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P145"></a>145}</span>
+which could come from those parts, Rupert being
+safe; but what is fit to be done you will best know and judge."[<a id="chap08fn50text"></a><a href="#chap08fn50">50</a>] But
+Rupert was not just then in a state of mind to judge calmly of
+anything.  His enemies at Court, envious of his recent success, were
+preparing new calumnies against him, and profiting by his absence to
+excite the King's distrust.  Some did not hesitate to hint at the
+Prince's over-greatness and possible designs on the Crown itself; and
+all urged the King to recall him, rather than suffer him to risk his
+army in a great battle.  Trevor thus reported the affair to Ormonde:
+"Prince Rupert, by letters from Court, understands that the King grows
+daily more and more jealous of him, and of his army; so that it is the
+commonest discourse at the openest places, of the Lord Digby, Lord
+Percy, Sir John Culpepper, and Wilmot, that it is indifferent whether
+the Parliament or Prince Rupert doth prevail.  Which doth so highly
+jesuite (<i>sic</i>) Prince Rupert that he was resolved once to send the
+King his commission and get to France.  This fury interrupted the march
+ten days.  But at length, time and a friend, the best coolers of the
+blood, spent the humour of travel in him, though not that of
+revenge....  This quarrel hath a strong reserve, and I am fearful that
+a little ill-success will send my new master home into Holland.  I
+perceive the tide's strong against him, and that nothing will bring him
+to port but that wind which is called <i>contra gentes</i>."[<a id="chap08fn51text"></a><a href="#chap08fn51">51</a>]  And, about
+the same time, Ormonde was informed by another correspondent, that
+"Prince Rupert professeth against Lord Digby, Percy, Wilmot and some
+others.  Some think that he will remove them from the King.  The fear
+of this may do harm; perhaps had done already."[<a id="chap08fn52text"></a><a href="#chap08fn52">52</a>]  The ten days'
+delay was spent chiefly at Lathom House, and by June 22nd, Rupert had
+sufficiently recovered his temper to set out for York.  Some days
+previously Goring had
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P146"></a>146}</span>
+written that he was ready to join the
+Prince with 8,000 horse, and only awaited the appointment of a
+meeting-place.  The King, at the same time, demanded Goring's instant
+return to himself, but Rupert took no notice of the order, being
+convinced, and rightly as it happened, that Goring's services were more
+necessary to himself.  He joined Goring on the borders of Lancashire
+and Yorkshire.  On the 26th he halted at Skipton, to "fix his
+armes,"[<a id="chap08fn53text"></a><a href="#chap08fn53">53</a>] and to send a message to York.  On the 29th he quartered at
+Denton, the house of the Puritan General, Lord Fairfax.  Two of the
+Fairfaxes had fallen years ago, in the fight for the Palatinate, and
+Rupert, having noticed their portraits, preserved the house uninjured
+for their sakes.  "Such force hath gratitude in noble minds,"[<a id="chap08fn54text"></a><a href="#chap08fn54">54</a>]
+comments the Fairfax who tells the story.  Lord Fairfax and his son
+were both engaged at the siege of York, together with Lord Manchester,
+and the Scotch General, Leven; but there was no good intelligence
+between the Parliamentary commanders, and they dared not await the
+onslaught of the Prince.  "Their Goliah himself is advancing, with men
+not to be numbered,"[<a id="chap08fn55text"></a><a href="#chap08fn55">55</a>] was the report among the Puritans; and when
+Rupert reached Knaresborough on June 30th, only twelve miles distant
+from York, the Generals of the Parliament raised the siege and marched
+off to Marston Moor.  They hoped to bar Rupert's passage to the city,
+but by skilful manoeuvring he crossed the Ouse, and halted outside
+York.  "Prince Rupert had done a glorious piece of work," wrote a
+soldier of the Parliament.  "From nothing he had gathered, without
+money, a powerful army, and, in spite of all our three generals, had
+made us leave York."[<a id="chap08fn56text"></a><a href="#chap08fn56">56</a>]  So far all was well, and well for Rupert had
+he left things thus!  But, alas, he was about to make his first great
+mistake, and to take a decided step on his downward career.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P147"></a>147}</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The blame of the disastrous battle of Marston Moor has always been laid
+upon Rupert, but his friends were wont to ascribe it rather to Lord
+Digby, who, they believed, had inspired the King's "fatal" letter of
+June 14th; a letter which Rupert carried about him to his dying day,
+though he never produced it in refutation of any of the charges against
+him.  "Had not the Lord Digby, this year, given a fatal direction to
+that excellent Prince Rupert to fight the Scottish army, surely that
+great Prince and soldier had never so precipitately fought them,"[<a id="chap08fn57text"></a><a href="#chap08fn57">57</a>]
+declared Sir Philip Warwick, who was himself present at the battle.
+The King began his letter with apologies for sending such "peremptory
+commands," but went on to explain: "If York be lost I shall esteem my
+crown little less....  But if York be relieved, <i>and you beat the
+rebels' army of both Kingdoms, which are before it, then, but otherwise
+not</i>, I may possibly make a shift, upon the defensive, to spin out time
+until you come to assist me."[<a id="chap08fn58text"></a><a href="#chap08fn58">58</a>]  The order was plain, and though
+Rupert did sometimes ignore less congenial commands, he could scarcely
+disobey such an order as this, unless he had private information that
+his uncle's situation was less desperate than he had represented it.
+Culpepper, at least, never doubted what would be the Prince's action:
+"Before God you are undone!" he cried, when told that the letter was
+sent&mdash;"For upon this peremptory order he will fight, whatever comes
+on't!"[<a id="chap08fn59text"></a><a href="#chap08fn59">59</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+And Culpepper was right.  Rupert greeted Newcastle with the words, "My
+Lord, I hope we shall have a glorious day!"  And when Newcastle advised
+him to wait patiently, until the internal dissensions of the enemy
+broke up their camp, he retorted, "Nothing venture, nothing have!" and
+declared that he had "a positive and absolute command to fight the
+enemy."[<a id="chap08fn60text"></a><a href="#chap08fn60">60</a>]  He showed plainly that he had no
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P148"></a>148}</span>
+intention of
+listening to the Marquess, at whose cost the whole northern army had
+been raised and maintained.  The older man was silenced, vexed at his
+subordination to the young Prince whom he had so eagerly called to his
+aid, and hurt and offended by Rupert's abrupt manners.  But, as
+Professor Gardiner has pointed out, Newcastle's achievements were not
+such as could inspire great respect in the soldier prince.[<a id="chap08fn61text"></a><a href="#chap08fn61">61</a>]  He was
+but a dilettante in war as in the gentler arts, and his reasoning was
+not, on the face of it, very convincing.  His manoeuvres might fail;
+and Rupert, who had not yet met Cromwell's horse, had no reason to
+suppose that his charge would be less effective now than in time past.
+As for the Parliamentary forces, their only hope lay in battle, and
+they gladly perceived the Prince's intention to fight.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Throughout the day the two armies faced one another; but Rupert dared
+not attack without Newcastle, and there was considerable delay in
+drawing out his forces.  Trevor reported that, "The Prince and the
+Marquess of Newcastle were playing the Orators to the soldiers in York,
+being in a raging mutiny for their pay, to draw them forth to join the
+Prince's foot; which was at last effected, but with much
+unwillingness."[<a id="chap08fn62text"></a><a href="#chap08fn62">62</a>]  But it was the interest of Rupert's partisans to
+undervalue the assistance lent by the Marquess; and Trevor himself did
+not arrive on the scene till the battle was over.  By other accounts it
+does not seem that the Prince entered the city at all.  Though he had
+not yet met with Cromwell, he had heard of him, and he is said to have
+asked a prisoner, "Is Cromwell there?  And will they fight?"  The
+answer was in the affirmative, and Rupert despatched the prisoner back
+to his own army, with the message that they should have "fighting
+enough!"  To which Cromwell retorted: "If it please God, so shall
+he!"[<a id="chap08fn63text"></a><a href="#chap08fn63">63</a>]
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P149"></a>149}</span>
+The evening was wild and stormy.  As it grew dusk,
+Rupert ordered prayers to be read to his men, a proceeding much
+resented by the Puritans, who regarded religion as their own particular
+monopoly.  Earlier in the war, they had complained that the Prince
+"pretended piety in his tongue";[<a id="chap08fn64text"></a><a href="#chap08fn64">64</a>] and now they declared wrathfully:
+"Rupert, that bloody plunderer, would forsooth to seem religious!"[<a id="chap08fn65text"></a><a href="#chap08fn65">65</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Prince had drawn up his army for immediate attack.  In the centre
+was placed his foot, flanked on the right by Goring's horse; on the
+left wing, which was opposed to the Scots, Rupert placed his own
+cavalry.  Behind the Prince's army was disposed that of Newcastle, both
+horse and foot.  But by the time that the line of battle was ready,
+evening had come, and Rupert judged it too late to fight.  Here lay his
+fatal error, for he had drawn up his forces to the very edge of a wide
+ditch which stretched between himself and the foe; instant attack alone
+could retrieve the position.  Yet Rupert seems to have been unconscious
+of his mistake, for he showed his sketch of the plan of battle gaily to
+Lord Eythin (the General King, who had been with him at Vlotho), asking
+how he liked it.  "By God, Sir, it is very fine on paper, but there is
+no such thing in the field!" was Eythin's prompt reply.  Then Rupert
+saw what he had done, and meekly offered to draw back his men.  "No,
+Sir," retorted Eythin, "it is too late."[<a id="chap08fn66text"></a><a href="#chap08fn66">66</a>]  Seeing that nothing could
+be done, the Prince sat down on the ground to take his supper, and
+Newcastle retired to his coach to smoke.  In another moment the enemy
+fired, and the battle had begun.  Rupert flew to the head of his horse,
+but Cromwell's horse charged over the ditch, and Rupert's one chance,
+that of assuming the offensive, was gone.  For a few moments he drove
+Cromwell back, but Leslie's Scots
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P150"></a>150}</span>
+came up, and Rupert's once
+invincible cavalry fled before "Ironside", as he himself named Cromwell
+on that day.  In the Royalist centre the Scots did deadly work.
+Newcastle's Whitecoats fell almost to a man, dying with their own blood
+the white tunics which they had vowed to dye in the blood of the enemy.
+On the right, Goring routed the Yorkshire troops of the Fairfaxes, who
+fled, reporting a Royalist victory; but that success could not redeem
+the day.  Rupert's army was scattered, Newcastle's brave troopers were
+cut to pieces, York fallen, the whole north lost, and&mdash;worst of
+all&mdash;Rupert's prestige destroyed.  Arthur Trevor, arriving at the end
+of the battle, found all in confusion, "not a man of them being able to
+give me the least hope where the Prince was to be found."[<a id="chap08fn67text"></a><a href="#chap08fn67">67</a>]  Rupert
+had, in fact, finding himself all alone, leapt his horse over a high
+fence into a bean-field, and, sheltered by the growing beans, he made
+his way to York, "escaping narrowly, by the goodness of his horse."[<a id="chap08fn68text"></a><a href="#chap08fn68">68</a>]
+Dead upon that fatal field he left his much loved dog.  In the hurry
+and excitement of the charge he had forgotten to tie it up with the
+baggage waggons, and it followed him into the battle.  "Among the dead
+men and horses which lay upon the ground, we found Prince Rupert's dog
+killed," says Vicars.[<a id="chap08fn69text"></a><a href="#chap08fn69">69</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It was reported by the Puritans that Rupert declared himself unable to
+account for the disaster, except by the supposition that "the devil did
+help his servants;" a speech characterised as "most atheistical and
+heathenish."[<a id="chap08fn70text"></a><a href="#chap08fn70">70</a>]  The Prince blamed Newcastle, and Newcastle blamed the
+Prince; but the manner in which each took his defeat is so
+characteristic as to deserve quotation.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"Sayes Generall King, 'What will you do?'
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"Sayes ye Prince, 'I will rally my men.'
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P151"></a>151}</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"Sayes Generall King, 'Nowe you, what will you, Lord Newcastle, do?'
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"Sayes Lord Newcastle, 'I will go into Holland.'
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"The Prince would have him endeavour to recruit his forces.  'No,'
+sayes he, 'I will not endure the laughter of the Court.'"[<a id="chap08fn71text"></a><a href="#chap08fn71">71</a>]
+Newcastle's decision was the subject of much discussion at Court.  "I
+am sure the reckoning is much inflamed by my Lord Newcastle's
+going,"[<a id="chap08fn72text"></a><a href="#chap08fn72">72</a>] declared O'Neil, who on this occasion sided with the
+Prince.  Rupert had done his best to detain both Eythin and the
+Marquess, but when he found his efforts vain, he let them depart,
+promising to report that Newcastle had behaved "like an honest man, a
+gentleman, and a loyal subject."[<a id="chap08fn73text"></a><a href="#chap08fn73">73</a>]  Eythin he found it harder to
+forgive; and some months later that General wrote to represent the
+"multiteud of grieffs" he endured through the Prince's bad opinion of
+him.  "I would rather suffer anything in the world, than live
+innocently in Your Highness's malgrace,"[<a id="chap08fn74text"></a><a href="#chap08fn74">74</a>] he declared.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Rupert's own conduct was soldierly enough.  Bitterly though he felt the
+position, he was of stronger mould than the fantastic Marquess.
+Clarendon blames him severely for leaving York, but Clarendon was no
+soldier, and he did not understand that the attempt to hold the city,
+with no hope of relief, would have been sheer madness.  What Rupert
+could do, he did: gathering together the shattered remnants of his
+army, he marched away into Shropshire, "according to the method he had
+before laid for his retreat; taking with him all the northern horse
+which the Earl of Newcastle left to His Highness, and brought them into
+his quarters in Wales, and there endeavoured to recruit what he
+could."[<a id="chap08fn75text"></a><a href="#chap08fn75">75</a>] On the second day of his retreat he halted at Richmond,
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P152"></a>152}</span>
+where he remained three days, "staying for the scattered troops."
+On July 7th he resumed his march, and passing by Lathom House, whence
+Lord Derby had departed, he came on the 25th to Chester.  On the Welsh
+Marches he wandered until the end of August, foraging, recruiting,
+skirmishing, while the Parliament exulted in his overthrow.  "As for
+Rupert which shed so much innocent blood at Bolton and at Liverpool, if
+you ask me where he is, we seriously protest that we know not where to
+find him."[<a id="chap08fn76text"></a><a href="#chap08fn76">76</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Rupert did not need the jeers of his enemies to convince him of his
+failure.  He was beaten and he knew it!  His projects were crossed, his
+labours unavailing, and in his heart he knew that the cause was lost.
+The disaster had cut him to the heart, yet, in his pride, he would not
+speak a word of self-justification.  He had obeyed orders, the result
+was unfortunate, and no excuse or vindication would he offer.  Perhaps
+he thought he acted generously in not shifting the responsibility to
+the King, but Clarendon blames his reticence.  "Prince Rupert, only to
+his friends and after the murder of the King," he says, "produced a
+letter in the King's own hand ... which he understood to amount to no
+less than a peremptory order to fight, upon any disadvantage
+whatsoever; and he added that the disadvantage was so great that it was
+no wonder he lost the day."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Deeply had the iron entered into Rupert's soul!  Other misfortunes were
+yet to come; he was to know a yet more fatal defeat, poverty, hardships
+such as he had never yet encountered, the misjudgment of friends, the
+loss of those dearest to him; but nothing could be to him as the shock
+of Marston Moor had been.  Nothing could affect him as that first great
+failure which dashed him from the height of triumph to the depths of
+despair.  He seems to have been, for a time, strangely unlike himself.
+The strain under which he had laboured suddenly relaxed, apathy
+succeeded
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P153"></a>153}</span>
+to over-wrought excitement, carelessness to vigilance,
+self-indulgence to rigid self-restraint, and the Royalists looked on in
+terrified dismay!  "Prince Rupert is so much given to his ease and
+pleasures that every man is disheartened that sees it,"[<a id="chap08fn77text"></a><a href="#chap08fn77">77</a>] lamented
+Arthur Trevor.  Strangely do the words contrast with the "toujours
+soldat" of Sir Philip Warwick, and with the general praises of the
+Prince's "exemplary temperance," but Trevor would assuredly not have
+spoken undeserved evil of his master.  Despair had seized on Rupert's
+soul, and he sought to drown the bitterness of memory in sensual
+indulgences.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The mood passed with the autumn, and, ere the winter had come, Rupert
+was a man again, ready as ever to do and dare.  But the scar remained;
+all his life long he carried the King's letter on his person, and all
+his life long Marston Moor was a bitter memory to him!
+</p>
+
+<p><br /><br /></p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap08fn1"></a>
+[<a href="#chap08fn1text">1</a>] Rupert Correspondence.  18981 Add. MSS.  British Museum.  Trevor to
+Rupert, Feb. 16, 1644.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap08fn2"></a>
+[<a href="#chap08fn2text">2</a>] Rupert Correspondence.  Add. MSS.  Brit. Mus.  18981.  Trevor to
+Rupert, Mar. 30, 1644.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap08fn3"></a>
+[<a href="#chap08fn3text">3</a>] Ibid.  Byron to Rupert, April 1644.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap08fn4"></a>
+[<a href="#chap08fn4text">4</a>] Carte's Ormonde.  Trevor to Ormonde, Feb. 19, 1644.  Vol. VI.  pp.
+37-38.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap08fn5"></a>
+[<a href="#chap08fn5text">5</a>] Carte's Ormonde.  Trevor to Ormonde, Feb. 19, 1644.  VI.  p. 37.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap08fn6"></a>
+[<a href="#chap08fn6text">6</a>] Ibid.  VI.  87, Apr. 13, 1644.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap08fn7"></a>
+[<a href="#chap08fn7text">7</a>] Ibid.  VI.  41, Digby to Ormonde, Feb. 20, 1644.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap08fn8"></a>
+[<a href="#chap08fn8text">8</a>] Carte's Ormonde.  Digby to Ormonde.  Vol. VI.  p. 21, Jan. 20, 1644.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap08fn9"></a>
+[<a href="#chap08fn9text">9</a>] Carte's Ormonde, VI.  p. 60, Ormonde to Radcliffe, Mar. 11, 1644.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap08fn10"></a>
+[<a href="#chap08fn10text">10</a>] Rupert's Journal in England.  Clarendon State Papers, 2254.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap08fn11"></a>
+[<a href="#chap08fn11text">11</a>] Mercurius Britanicus, May-June, 1644; Webb, Hist. of Civil War in
+Herefordshire, II.  p. 54.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap08fn12"></a>
+[<a href="#chap08fn12text">12</a>] Carte Papers, Bodleian Library, 8, 217-222.  Rupert to Ormonde,
+April 1644.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap08fn13"></a>
+[<a href="#chap08fn13text">13</a>] Add. MSS.  Brit. Mus.  18981.  Trevor to Rupert, Feb. 16, 1644.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap08fn14"></a>
+[<a href="#chap08fn14text">14</a>] Ibid.  18981.  Jermyn to Rupert, Mar. 24, 1644.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap08fn15"></a>
+[<a href="#chap08fn15text">15</a>] Add. MSS.  18981.  Trevor to Rupert, Feb. 1644.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap08fn16"></a>
+[<a href="#chap08fn16text">16</a>] Rupert Transcripts.  Trevor to Rupert, Ap. 22, 1644.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap08fn17"></a>
+[<a href="#chap08fn17text">17</a>] Trevor to Rupert, Feb. 1644.  Add. MSS.  18981.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap08fn18"></a>
+[<a href="#chap08fn18text">18</a>] Warburton.  II.  p. 377.  Trevor to Rupert, Feb. 22, 1644.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap08fn19"></a>
+[<a href="#chap08fn19text">19</a>] Warburton.  II.  p. 377.  Trevor to Rupert, Feb. 22, 1644.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap08fn20"></a>
+[<a href="#chap08fn20text">20</a>] Ibid.  Trevor to Rupert, Feb. 24, 1644.  Warb.  II.  379.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap08fn21"></a>
+[<a href="#chap08fn21text">21</a>] Add.  MSS.  Trevor to Rupert, Mar. 11, 1644.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap08fn22"></a>
+[<a href="#chap08fn22text">22</a>] Warburton.  II.  p. 383.  Derby to Rupert, Mar. 7, 1644.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap08fn23"></a>
+[<a href="#chap08fn23text">23</a>] Warburton.  II.  p. 388.  Trevor to Rupert, Mar. 24, 1644.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap08fn24"></a>
+[<a href="#chap08fn24text">24</a>] Ibid.  p. 392.  Ashburnham to Rupert.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap08fn25"></a>
+[<a href="#chap08fn25text">25</a>] Baker's Chronicle, p. 571.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap08fn26"></a>
+[<a href="#chap08fn26text">26</a>] Warburton.  II.  393-4.  Dickison's Antiquities of Newark.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap08fn27"></a>
+[<a href="#chap08fn27text">27</a>] Webb.  I.  p. 385.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap08fn28"></a>
+[<a href="#chap08fn28text">28</a>] Hutchinson Memoirs, ed. Firth.  1885.  I.  p. 325: Rushworth. ed.
+1692.  pt. 3. II. 308.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap08fn29"></a>
+[<a href="#chap08fn29text">29</a>] Davenant's Poems.  Siege of Newark.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap08fn30"></a>
+[<a href="#chap08fn30text">30</a>] Warb.  II.  398.  King to Rupert, March 25, 1644.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap08fn31"></a>
+[<a href="#chap08fn31text">31</a>] Ibid.  p. 399.  Digby to Rupert, Mar. 26, 1644.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap08fn32"></a>
+[<a href="#chap08fn32text">32</a>] Rupert Transcripts.  Richmond to Rupert, Mar. 25, 1644.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap08fn33"></a>
+[<a href="#chap08fn33text">33</a>] Warburton.  II.  p. 400.  Newcastle to Rupert, Mar. 29, 1644.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap08fn34"></a>
+[<a href="#chap08fn34text">34</a>] Rupert Transcripts.  Jermyn to Rupert, Mar. 26, 1644.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap08fn35"></a>
+[<a href="#chap08fn35text">35</a>] Warburton.  II.  p. 405.  Jermyn to Rupert, Ap. 13, 1644.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap08fn36"></a>
+[<a href="#chap08fn36text">36</a>] Ibid.  p. 407.  Rupert to Legge.  No date.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap08fn37"></a>
+[<a href="#chap08fn37text">37</a>] Ibid.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap08fn38"></a>
+[<a href="#chap08fn38text">38</a>] Rupert Transcripts.  Richmond to Rupert, Ap. 21, 1644.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap08fn39"></a>
+[<a href="#chap08fn39text">39</a>] Ibid, and Warburton.  II.  403, <i>note</i>.  King to Rupert, 1st and
+21st Ap. 1644.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap08fn40"></a>
+[<a href="#chap08fn40text">40</a>] Carte's Ormonde.  VI.  p. 87.  Trevor to Ormonde, Ap. 13, 1644.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap08fn41"></a>
+[<a href="#chap08fn41text">41</a>] Warburton.  II.  408.  Rupert to Legge, Ap. 23, 1644.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap08fn42"></a>
+[<a href="#chap08fn42text">42</a>] Clarendon Life.  I.  229.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap08fn43"></a>
+[<a href="#chap08fn43text">43</a>] Add. MSS.  18981.  Ellyot to Rupert, May 7, 1644.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap08fn44"></a>
+[<a href="#chap08fn44text">44</a>] Ibid.  18981.  May 22, 1644.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap08fn45"></a>
+[<a href="#chap08fn45text">45</a>] Rupert Correspondence.  Add. MSS.  18981.  Richmond to Rupert, May
+26, 1644.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap08fn46"></a>
+[<a href="#chap08fn46text">46</a>] Rupert Transcripts.  King to Rupert, May 26, 1644.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap08fn47"></a>
+[<a href="#chap08fn47text">47</a>] Ibid.  June 7, 1644; Warburton.  II.  p. 415.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap08fn48"></a>
+[<a href="#chap08fn48text">48</a>] Richmond to Rupert, June 9, 1644; Warb.  II.  p. 415.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap08fn49"></a>
+[<a href="#chap08fn49text">49</a>] Warburton.  II.  p. 432.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap08fn50"></a>
+[<a href="#chap08fn50text">50</a>] Rupert Transcripts.  Richmond to Rupert, June 14, 1644.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap08fn51"></a>
+[<a href="#chap08fn51text">51</a>] Carte's Ormonde.  VI.  p. 151.  Trevor to Ormonde, 29 June 1644.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap08fn52"></a>
+[<a href="#chap08fn52text">52</a>] Ibid.  VI.  p. 167.  Radcliffe to Ormonde, 18 July, 1644.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap08fn53"></a>
+[<a href="#chap08fn53text">53</a>] Clar. State Papers.  Rupert's Journal, Fol. 135.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap08fn54"></a>
+[<a href="#chap08fn54text">54</a>] Fairfax Correspondence, ed.  Johnson.  1848.  I.  p. 1.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap08fn55"></a>
+[<a href="#chap08fn55text">55</a>] Pamphlet.  Brit. Mus.  Warburton.  II.  p. 442.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap08fn56"></a>
+[<a href="#chap08fn56text">56</a>] Webb.  II.  p. 59.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap08fn57"></a>
+[<a href="#chap08fn57text">57</a>] Warwick's Memoirs, p. 274.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap08fn58"></a>
+[<a href="#chap08fn58text">58</a>] Rupert Correspondence.  King to Rupert, June 14, 1644; Warburton.
+II.  p. 438.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap08fn59"></a>
+[<a href="#chap08fn59text">59</a>] Warburton.  II.  p. 438.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap08fn60"></a>
+[<a href="#chap08fn60text">60</a>] Clarendon State Papers.  1805.  Life of Newcastle, ed. Firth, p.
+77, <i>note</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap08fn61"></a>
+[<a href="#chap08fn61text">61</a>] Gardiner's Civil War.  Vol. I.  p. 374.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap08fn62"></a>
+[<a href="#chap08fn62text">62</a>] Carte, Original Letters.  I.  57, 10 July, 1644.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap08fn63"></a>
+[<a href="#chap08fn63text">63</a>] Gardiner, Vol. I.  p. 376.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap08fn64"></a>
+[<a href="#chap08fn64text">64</a>] Pamphlet.  Brit. Mus.  Prince Rupert's Message to My Lord of Essex.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap08fn65"></a>
+[<a href="#chap08fn65text">65</a>] Vicars' Jehovah Jireh.  God's Ark.  p. 281.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap08fn66"></a>
+[<a href="#chap08fn66text">66</a>] Gardiner.  I.  p. 377.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap08fn67"></a>
+[<a href="#chap08fn67text">67</a>] Carte's Letters, I.  p. 56.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap08fn68"></a>
+[<a href="#chap08fn68text">68</a>] Whitelocke, p. 94.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap08fn69"></a>
+[<a href="#chap08fn69text">69</a>] Vicars' God's Ark.  p. 277,
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap08fn70"></a>
+[<a href="#chap08fn70text">70</a>] Ibid.  p. 274.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap08fn71"></a>
+[<a href="#chap08fn71text">71</a>] Warburton, II.  p. 468.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap08fn72"></a>
+[<a href="#chap08fn72text">72</a>] Carte's Letters, I.  59.  O'Neil to Trevor, 26 June, 1644.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap08fn73"></a>
+[<a href="#chap08fn73text">73</a>] Life of Newcastle, ed. Firth, 1886.  p. 81.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap08fn74"></a>
+[<a href="#chap08fn74text">74</a>] Pythouse Papers, p. 21.  General King to Rupert, Jan. 23, 1645.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap08fn75"></a>
+[<a href="#chap08fn75text">75</a>] Rupert's Diary.  Warburton, II.  468
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap08fn76"></a>
+[<a href="#chap08fn76text">76</a>] Webb, II.  71.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap08fn77"></a>
+[<a href="#chap08fn77text">77</a>] Carte's Ormonde, VI.  206.  Trevor to Ormonde, 13 Oct. 1644.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+</p>
+
+<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
+
+<p><a id="chap09"></a></p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P154"></a>154}</span>
+</p>
+
+<h3>
+CHAPTER IX
+</h3>
+
+<h4>
+INTRIGUES IN THE ARMY.  DEPRESSION OF RUPERT.  TREATY <br />
+OF UXBRIDGE.  RUPERT IN THE MARCHES.  STRUGGLE WITH <br />
+DIGBY.  BATTLE OF NASEBY
+</h4>
+
+<p>
+Terrible though the disaster in the North had been, the blow was
+softened to the King by successes in the West.  During August, in
+company with Maurice, he pursued Essex into Cornwall and forced his
+whole army of foot to surrender without a struggle.  But for the
+supineness of Goring, who had just succeeded Wilmot as General of the
+Horse, the Parliamentary cavalry might have been captured in like
+manner.  But when Balfour led his troops through the Royalist lines,
+Goring happened to be carousing in congenial company; he received the
+news of the escape with laughter, and refused to stir until the enemy
+were safely passed away.[<a id="chap09fn1text"></a><a href="#chap09fn1">1</a>]  Goring's new prominence and importance was
+one among the many unfortunate results of Marston Moor.  That battle
+had ruined Rupert's reputation, and it had proportionately raised that
+of Goring, who alone among the Royalist commanders had had success that
+day.  To Goring, therefore, the King turned, and Goring's licence,
+negligence, indifference&mdash;or perhaps treachery&mdash;eventually lost the
+West completely to the Royalists.  Had Rupert been placed in Goring's
+position he must have certainly effected more than did his rival.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+For some time the King had been anxious to remove Wilmot from his
+command.  As early as May he had suggested to Rupert, as "a fancy of my
+own,"[<a id="chap09fn2text"></a><a href="#chap09fn2">2</a>] that Maurice
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P155"></a>155}</span>
+should be declared General of the Horse in
+Wilmot's stead.  But Rupert did not encourage the idea; he knew
+probably that his brother was unfit for so much responsibility.  Wilmot
+therefore remained in command until August 9th.  He was, as has been
+said, a good officer, but he talked so wildly in his cups that his
+loyalty was suspected; and when he was detected in private
+correspondence with Essex, the King decided to arrest him, and to
+promote Goring to his post.  The arrest took place in sight of the
+whole army; but though Wilmot was exceedingly popular with his
+officers, they confined their protest to a little murmuring and a
+"modest petition" to be told the charges against their commander.  The
+King responded by a promise that Wilmot should have a fair trial, and
+his partisans were apparently pacified, though Goring declared to
+Rupert: "This is the most mutinous army that ever I saw, as well horse
+as foot!"[<a id="chap09fn3text"></a><a href="#chap09fn3">3</a>] Digby's account of the affair, also addressed to the
+Prince, was as follows: "We have lately ventured on extreme remedies
+unto the dangers that threaten us amongst ourselves.  Lord Wilmot, upon
+Wednesday that was a s'ennight, was arrested prisoner on the head of
+his army, and Goring declared General of the Horse.... There have been
+since consultations and murmurings among his party, but the issue of
+them was only this enclosed modest petition, which produced the answer
+and declaration of the causes of his commitment; and so the business
+rests.  My Lord Percy also withdrawing himself upon good advice, and my
+Lord Hopton being possessed of his charge, I make no doubt that all the
+ill-humours in our army will be allayed, now that the two poles on
+which they moved are taken away."[<a id="chap09fn4text"></a><a href="#chap09fn4">4</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+But, though neither Wilmot nor Percy were estimable characters, Goring
+was no better, and the result of these drastic measures was only to
+render the state of Court and
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P156"></a>156}</span>
+Army more confused and more
+factious than ever.  Digby's partisans tried to lay the onus of
+Wilmot's fall on Rupert, and Rupert's friends endeavoured to refer it
+to Digby.  Judging from Digby's own letter above quoted, Rupert, who
+was absent from the King's army during the whole of the proceedings,
+does not seem to have had much share in them.  Certainly the Secretary
+gives no hint of his collusion.  "Lord Digby is the great agent to
+incense the King," asserted Arthur Trevor.  "My Lord Wilmot undertakes
+to turn the tables on him, and so the wager is laid head to head.
+Daniel O'Neil goeth his share in that hazard, for certainly the Lord
+Digby hath undone his credit with the King...  And truly I look upon
+Daniel O'Neil as saved only out of want of leisure to dispose of him.
+Prince Rupert and Will Legge are his severe enemies; and so is
+Ashburnham."[<a id="chap09fn5text"></a><a href="#chap09fn5">5</a>] Critical indeed was the position of the unlucky Daniel,
+who had been so lately the "dear and intimate friend" of Digby.  Owing,
+as he explained to Ormonde, to "the unfortunate falling out of my two
+best friends," he had fallen between two stools.  Wilmot he considered
+most to blame, for he had endeavoured to render Digby "odious to the
+army and to all honest people."[<a id="chap09fn6text"></a><a href="#chap09fn6">6</a>]  The army had been on the very point
+of petitioning against the Secretary when he forestalled the move by
+the unexpected arrest of his adversary.  "How guilty he will be, I know
+not," was the conclusion of O'Neil.  "But sure I am that the accusing
+of him was not seasonable, and his commitment less... and two friends I
+have lost!"[<a id="chap09fn7text"></a><a href="#chap09fn7">7</a>]  Wilmot himself seems to have directed his animus
+principally against Rupert.  He was unwilling to stand his trial, and
+was therefore permitted to join the Queen, then in France.  There he
+found the Marquess of Newcastle, whom he hoped to secure as an ally
+against the Prince.  "I understand from one coming from Wilmot," wrote
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P157"></a>157}</span>
+Trevor, "that he and the Marquess of Newcastle are preparing a
+charge against Prince Rupert, and will be at the next advice of
+Parliament at Oxford, where their party will be great,&mdash;the Marquess of
+Hertford, Lord Herbert&mdash;you may guess the rest.  Prince Rupert and
+Daniel O'Neil are inconsistent in this state."[<a id="chap09fn8text"></a><a href="#chap09fn8">8</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The proposed accusation of Rupert was never made, and was probably a
+figment of Wilmot's brain.  Neither Hertford nor Herbert (with whom
+Rupert had clashed as President of Wales) had any love for the Prince,
+but they were both too loyal to increase the King's difficulties by
+factious action.  And indeed in the spring of 1645, we find Hertford,
+Rupert, and Ashburnham in close alliance against Digby and Cottington;
+the three first desiring a treaty with the Parliament, and the other
+two opposing it.  O'Neil was easily convinced that Wilmot owed his fall
+to Rupert, and in October 1644 he wrote to Ormonde: "Prince Rupert,
+whoe is nowe knowen to bee the primum mobile of that mischeef, iss
+strangely unsatisfied with Wilmot's resolutione.  For he thought to
+make use of this occatione to ruine Lord Digby; but, his project
+fayling, he plays the Courtier and iss reconsyled, whiche iss a great
+hapines to the King."[<a id="chap09fn9text"></a><a href="#chap09fn9">9</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The truth was that, were the charges against them true or false, Wilmot
+and Percy did really owe their downfall to the hatred of Rupert and
+Digby.  The Secretary had been the actual agent in the matter, but
+Rupert approved and supported his action.  The two were willing enough
+to unite against their enemies, and they would have been equally
+willing to ruin each other.  But for a time Rupert endeavoured, for his
+uncle's sake, to curb his hatred of the Secretary.  In August the King
+had exhorted his nephew earnestly to make friends with Digby; "whom I
+must desire you (for my service, and because he is a useful servant) to
+countenance so far as to show him a possibility to recover
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P158"></a>158}</span>
+your
+favour, if he shall deserve it...  Not doubting but, for my sake, ye
+will make this, or a greater, experiment...  I must protest to you, on
+the faith of a Christian&mdash;the reason of this protest I refer to Robin
+Legge&mdash;that as concerning your generosity and particular fidelity and
+friendship to me, I have an implicit faith in you."[<a id="chap09fn10text"></a><a href="#chap09fn10">10</a>]  This
+passionate protest was caused by the libels circulated against the
+Prince, some of which had reached the King's ears.  For a while Rupert
+was pacified, and he made overtures of tolerance to Digby, who
+responded fluently that his previous unhappiness as the object of
+Rupert's aversion, would now serve only to increase his joy and
+satisfaction in the Prince's confidence and friendship.[<a id="chap09fn11text"></a><a href="#chap09fn11">11</a>]  "Rupert
+and Digby are friends; but I doubt they trust one another alike!"[<a id="chap09fn12text"></a><a href="#chap09fn12">12</a>]
+was the Prince's own view of the matter, as expressed to Will Legge.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Digby had also formed a close friendship with Goring, "each believing
+that he could deceive the other."  It was to Digby that Goring chiefly
+owed his promotion, though it had been accorded the approval of Rupert,
+who was inclined, just then, to tolerate Goring.  Nor was George Goring
+backward in receiving overtures of peace.  "My Prince," he wrote to
+Rupert familiarly, and he signed himself, "your Highness's all-vowed,
+all-humble, all-obedient Goring." Moreover, having made up his mind
+never to serve under Rupert again, he took care to add, "there is
+nothing on this earth I more passionately desire than to sacrifice my
+life in your service, and near your person."[<a id="chap09fn13text"></a><a href="#chap09fn13">13</a>]  But the truce could
+not last.  Rupert, as Commander-in-Chief and Governor of Bristol, had a
+double power in the West, and Goring was determined to escape from his
+control.  In January 1645, we find him writing with unwonted candour:
+"Your Highness is pleased to think yourself disobliged by me for
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P159"></a>159}</span>
+desiring my orders under the King's hand.  As I remember, Sir, the
+reason I gave His Majesty for it was the having more authority by that
+to guide the Council of this army to obedience; <i>but one reason I kept
+to myself</i>, which was that I found all my requests denied by your hand,
+and therefore desired my orders from another."[<a id="chap09fn14text"></a><a href="#chap09fn14">14</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Prince of Wales had by this time been sent to Bristol as nominal
+General of the Western army, with a selection of the King's Councillors
+to assist him.  The conflicting Borders of Rupert, Prince Charles's
+Council, and the King, gave Goring an excellent excuse for disobeying
+all.  In March, Rupert indignantly desired Legge to ask the King
+whether he had authorised that Council to send orders to Goring, and
+added cautiously, "Let Sir Edward Herbert be by, he can argue better
+than you."[<a id="chap09fn15text"></a><a href="#chap09fn15">15</a>]  A few days later he visited his young cousin at
+Bristol, and advised him to send Goring with his horse into Wiltshire,
+or with his foot to besiege Taunton.  Prince Charles sent orders as
+directed, but Goring, knowing them to emanate from Rupert, retired to
+Bath, and refused to do anything at all.  Rupert now thoroughly
+"abhorred" the notion of Goring's proximity to the Prince of Wales, and
+had him recalled to Oxford.  But there his friendship with Digby, and
+his own natural powers, won him so much influence with the King, that
+Rupert was soon as eager to send him back into the West as Goring was
+to escape from the Prince's vicinity.  Thus their "very contrary
+affections towards each other,"[<a id="chap09fn16text"></a><a href="#chap09fn16">16</a>] worked to one end.  There was a
+second truce.  Rupert told Goring, no doubt with some pleasure, all the
+evil that the Council of the West had said concerning him; and Goring
+returned the compliment, with notes and additions.  Goring was given
+the command of all the West, whither he gladly departed.  "Goring and
+Prince Rupert are now friends," wrote
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P160"></a>160}</span>
+Trevor, "but I doubt the
+building being made of green wood, which is apt to warp and yield!"[<a id="chap09fn17text"></a><a href="#chap09fn17">17</a>]
+As proved ere long to be the case.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+We return now to the autumn of 1644.  Rupert's wanderings had brought
+him, by the end of August, to Bristol, whither he was pursued by
+doleful reports from his officers left in the Marches.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"My most dear Prince," wrote Legge from Chester, "in truth Your
+Highness's departure sent me back here a sad man, and the news I met
+with gave me new cause of trouble....  I despair of any good in
+Lancashire."[<a id="chap09fn18text"></a><a href="#chap09fn18">18</a>]  And in Cheshire itself, Byron and Langdale had just
+suffered a defeat from Massey.  "Upon the spot where Your Highness
+killed the buck, as the horse were drawing out,"[<a id="chap09fn19text"></a><a href="#chap09fn19">19</a>] explained Byron
+with careful exactness.  These new misfortunes increased Rupert's
+melancholy, which was already deep enough.  Something of his state of
+mind may be gathered from a sympathetic and consolatory letter written
+to him at this time by Richmond.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"Though I was very much pleased for myself with the honour and favour I
+had by yours from Bristol, yet I must confess, it takes not all
+unquietness from me.  The melancholy you express must be a discontent,
+for my mind which has so much respect must partake of the trouble of
+yours.  And I should be more restless if I did believe your present sad
+opinion would be long continued, or that there were just cause for it.
+All mistakes, I am confident, will wane, when the King can speak with
+power!  I shall not prejudice that <i>éclairissement</i> by being tedious
+beforehand.  Yet I will say that, though an intention (to that purpose)
+was not the cause of your coming sooner to the King, you could not have
+resolved better by the King's good at this time.  So in your own
+understanding
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P161"></a>161}</span>
+you must consent that even from those actions which
+are the most retired from an appearance (of it) blessings spring.  How
+great this will be when Rupert makes it his care, as formerly our hope,
+measure by joy (<i>sic</i>).  This I conclude doth certainly engage Rupert
+to know how great good he may bring the King, which must also assure
+Rupert of the love, value, and trust the King must have of him.  This
+mutual satisfaction will prove happy to themselves, and to all who
+respect either, as I do both!"[<a id="chap09fn20text"></a><a href="#chap09fn20">20</a>]  The Duke's friendly attempt to
+console the Prince for past misfortunes, restore his self-confidence,
+and reassure him of the King's trust and affection seems to have
+succeeded.  Rupert roused himself, and set out, September 29th, to meet
+the King at Sherborne in Dorset.  Charles was just then returning from
+his successful expedition to Cornwall, and Waller had been despatched
+by the Parliament to intercept him.  Rupert extracted from his uncle a
+promise not to fight until he could rejoin him, and hastened back to
+fortify Bristol.  But the perilous condition of two Royalist garrisons,
+those of Basing House, and Donnington Castle, made delay impossible.
+The King sent peremptory orders to Rupert to join him at Salisbury with
+all the force he could muster.  But, before Rupert could obey, Goring,
+"possessed by a great gaiety,"[<a id="chap09fn21text"></a><a href="#chap09fn21">21</a>] had drawn Charles into the second
+unfortunate battle of Newbury.  Rupert, making all possible haste,
+reached Marshfield near Bristol, the day after the battle, October
+28th.  There he learnt that the King had been defeated at Newbury, and
+was now at Bath.  Maurice, it was feared, was dead or a prisoner.  Upon
+this, Rupert asserted, oddly as it seems, that his brother was quite
+safe; and so it proved, for he was discovered at Donnington Castle.[<a id="chap09fn22text"></a><a href="#chap09fn22">22</a>]
+Both Princes joined the King at Bath, and thence, by Rupert's advice,
+marched to Oxford.  At Newbury they
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P162"></a>162}</span>
+again encountered Waller and
+Cromwell, but refused battle, and Rupert succeeded in drawing off his
+forces without losing one man.  The dexterous retreat was compared by
+one of the young nobles to a country dance.[<a id="chap09fn23text"></a><a href="#chap09fn23">23</a>]  On November 21st
+Rupert made a vain attempt to recover Abingdon, which was now possessed
+for the Parliament; and on the 23rd he entered Oxford with the King.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+During the march, the Prince had finally received that appointment of
+Master of the Horse concerning which he had entertained so many doubts.
+At the same time he was declared Commander-in-Chief in place of the old
+Lord Brentford, who had become very deaf, and who "by the
+long-continued practice of immoderate drinking, dozed in his
+understanding."[<a id="chap09fn24text"></a><a href="#chap09fn24">24</a>]  The change was exceedingly popular with the
+soldiers, but exceedingly distasteful to the courtiers and councillors.
+Brentford had always been willing to permit discussion, only feigning
+unusual deafness when he was strongly averse to the proposals made.
+But Rupert showed himself "rough and passionate,"[<a id="chap09fn25text"></a><a href="#chap09fn25">25</a>] cut short debate
+whenever possible, and endeavoured to carry all with a high hand.  In
+addition to the promotion already conferred on him, he had expected the
+colonelcy of the Life-Guards, and when this was bestowed on Lord
+Bernard Stewart, the Prince felt himself so unreasonably injured "that
+he was resolved to lay down his command upon it."[<a id="chap09fn26text"></a><a href="#chap09fn26">26</a>]  He did in fact
+go the length of demanding a pass to quit the kingdom, but happily the
+persuasions of his friends brought him to a wiser state of mind, and he
+apologised for his folly.  Another fruitless attempt on Abingdon closed
+the military proceedings of the year.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The chief events of the winter months were the Treaty
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P163"></a>163}</span>
+of
+Uxbridge, and the forming of the Parliament's new model army.  The
+negotiation of January 1645 was due to Scottish influence, and though
+many of the Royalists were eager to come to terms, the religious
+question proved, as always, an insuperable obstacle.  Moreover, it was
+quite impossible for Charles to accept the long list of excepted
+persons "who shall expect no pardon," which was headed by the names of
+his own nephews.  The Princes themselves appear to have been infinitely
+amused by the circumstance, for it is recorded by Whitelocke, himself
+one of the Parliamentary Commissioners: "Prince Rupert and Prince
+Maurice being present, when their names were read out as excepted
+persons, they fell into a laughter, at which the King seemed
+displeased, and bid them be quiet."[<a id="chap09fn27text"></a><a href="#chap09fn27">27</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In spite of this incident, Rupert forwarded the treaty by all means in
+his power.  He had been one of the first to meet the Commissioners on
+their arrival.  They had gone, on the same day, to visit Lord Lindsey,
+and ten minutes after their entrance Rupert had put in an appearance,
+privately summoned by their host, as the Commissioners suspected.  He
+had been present at all the discussions of the treaty, occasionally
+speaking to remind the King of some forgotten point, but otherwise
+keeping silence;[<a id="chap09fn28text"></a><a href="#chap09fn28">28</a>] and when the treaty ultimately collapsed, the
+Prince "deeply deplored" its failure.  He understood only too well the
+weakness of the King's resources, and the growing strength of the
+Parliament.  The new model army, from which all incompetent officers
+were excluded, and which was to resemble in strength and discipline,
+Cromwell's own "lovely Company" was rapidly being developed.  And as
+the power of the Parliament waxed, that of the King waned.  Goring,
+brilliant, careless, valiant, and self-indulgent was losing the West by
+his negligence, and alienating it by his oppressions.  Nor were matters
+much better elsewhere.  Maurice had
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P164"></a>164}</span>
+succeeded his brother in the
+care of Wales and the Marches, though without his title of President.
+His advent had been eagerly welcomed by the despondent Byron, but he
+was incompetent to deal with the difficulties that beset him.  From
+Worcester, where he was established, he sent helpless appeals to Rupert
+for advice and assistance.  In January he demanded an enlargement of
+his commission.  "I desire no further latitude than the same from you
+that you had from the King,"[<a id="chap09fn29text"></a><a href="#chap09fn29">29</a>] he told his brother discontentedly.
+He had promised a commission to the gentlemen of Staffordshire, which
+he had not the power to grant them, "though I would not let them know
+as much," he confessed, with youthful vanity.[<a id="chap09fn30text"></a><a href="#chap09fn30">30</a>]  Very shortly a
+serious misfortune befell him in the betrayal of Shrewsbury to the
+Parliament.&mdash;"A disaffected town with only a garrison of burghers, and
+a doting old fool of a Governor,"[<a id="chap09fn31text"></a><a href="#chap09fn31">31</a>] it had been called by Byron,
+whose language was usually forcible.&mdash;And Maurice's difficulties were
+further increased by the wholesale desertion of his men.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The exhaustion of the country was making it harder than ever to find
+food and quarters for the soldiers.  In Dorsetshire the peasants were
+already rising, under the name of "Clubmen," to oppose the
+encroachments of both armies.  And the Royalist officers disputed among
+themselves over the supplies wrung from the impoverished country.  From
+Camden, Colonel Howard simply returned Rupert's order to share his
+district with another regiment, "resolving to keep nothing by me that
+shall hang me," he explained; and he went on to assert that even his
+rival colonel "blushed to see the unreasonableness" of the Prince's
+order.  "What horrid crime have I committed, or what brand of cowardice
+lies upon me and my men that we are not thought worthy of a
+subsistence?  Shall the Queen's seventy horse have
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P165"></a>165}</span>
+Westmester
+hundred, Tewkesbury hundred, and God knows what other hundreds, and yet
+share half with me in Rifsgate, who has, at this very present, a
+hundred horse and five hundred foot, besides a multiplicity of
+officers?  Sir, at my first coming hither, the gentry of these parts
+looked upon me as a man considerable, and had already raised me sixty
+horse towards a hundred, and a hundred foot, and were continuing to
+raise me a greater number.  But at the sight of this order of your
+Highness I resolved to disband them, and to come to Oxford where I'll
+starve in more security.  But finding my Lieutenant-Colonel forced to
+come to your Highness and to tell his sad condition, I find him so well
+prepared with sadness of his own, that I cannot but think he will
+deliver my grievances rarely.  As I shall find myself encouraged by
+your Highness, I will go on and raise more forces.  Ever submitting all
+my proceedings to your Highness's orders&mdash;<i>bar starving, since I am
+resolved to live.</i>"[<a id="chap09fn32text"></a><a href="#chap09fn32">32</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Not more cheering was the report of Sir Jacob Astley, then at
+Cirencester.  "After manie Scolisietationes by letters and mesendgeres,
+sent for better payment of this garrison, and to be provided with men,
+arms and ammonition for ye good orderinge and defence of this place, I
+have received no comfort at all.  So y^t in littel time our
+extreameties must thruste the souldieres eyther to disband, or mutiny,
+or plunder, and then y^e faulte will be laid to my charge.  Gode sende
+y^e Kinge mor monne, and me free from blame and imputation."[<a id="chap09fn33text"></a><a href="#chap09fn33">33</a>]
+Rupert had little comfort to give, and no money at all, but he answered
+the old soldier with the respect and consideration which he always
+showed him.  In earlier days old Astley had been Governor to Rupert and
+Maurice, and to him they probably owed much that was good in them.
+Rupert, in consequence, never treated Astley in the peremptory fashion
+that he used with others.  "For
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P166"></a>166}</span>
+such precise orders as you seem
+to desire, I must deal freely with you, you are not to expect them," he
+wrote to his old Governor; "we being not such fit judges as you upon
+the place...  I should be very loath, by misjudging here, to direct
+that which you should find inconvenient there."[<a id="chap09fn34text"></a><a href="#chap09fn34">34</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Such phrases contrast strongly with the Prince's usual high-handed
+procedure, of which we find the King himself complaining at this very
+time.  "Indeed it surprised me a little this morning," he wrote to his
+nephew, "when Adjutant Skrimshaw told me that you had given him a
+commission to be Governor of Lichfield without ever advising with me,
+or even giving me notice of it;&mdash;for he told me as news, and not by
+your command.  I know this proceeds merely out of a hasty forgetfulness
+and want of a little thinking, for if you had called to mind the late
+dispute between the Lord Loughborough and Bagot, that is dead, you
+would have advised more than you have done, both of the person, and the
+manner of doing it; and then, it may be, you would have thought George
+Lisle fitter for it than him you have chosen.  Upon my word I have
+taken notice of this to none but this bearer, with whom I have spoken
+reasonable freely, by which you may perceive that this is freedom and
+nothing else, that makes me write thus, expecting the same from you to
+your loving Oncle."[<a id="chap09fn35text"></a><a href="#chap09fn35">35</a>]  Whether Rupert did or did not resent the
+reproof does not appear, but the King proved right, and Skrimshaw
+quarrelled with Loughborough no less than Bagot had done.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Perilous as was the condition of the Royalists on all sides, the
+condition of Wales seemed the most desperate, and thither Rupert
+hastened in the March of 1645.  He took his way first to Ludlow, where
+he hoped to raise new forces, and a few days later he joined Maurice at
+Ellesmere.  Thence he wrote despondently to Legge, dwelling on the
+great numbers of the enemy, and exhorting him to see that
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P167"></a>167}</span>
+the
+Oxford army held Monmouthshire in check.  "I am going about a nobler
+business," he added, "therefore pray God for me; and remember me to all
+my friends."[<a id="chap09fn36text"></a><a href="#chap09fn36">36</a>]  But by the 14th he had got an army together, and his
+spirits were marvellously revived.  "We are few, but shrewd fellows as
+ever you saw.  Nothing troubles us but that Prince Charles is in worse
+(condition), and pray God he were here.  I expect nothing but ill from
+the West; let them hear that Rupert says so."  (This was for Goring's
+benefit.)  "As for Charles Lucas' business, assure the King that
+nothing was meant but that it should be conceded by Lord Hopton; but
+his lieutenant, Slingsby, is a rogue.  I have enough against him to
+prove him so, when time shall be.  This enclosed will show you a fine
+business concerning my cousin the Bishop of York.  Pray acquaint His
+Majesty with it, it concerns him.  Martin's man carried a letter to you
+from Stowe, which you did receive, and one for Sir Edward Herbert.
+Pray remember me to him, and to all my friends, and inquire about the
+letter; you'll find knavery in it.  Prince Charles wrote to me about
+Mark Trevor; I denied it (<i>i.e.</i> refused) as well as I could: he goes
+to him.  Cheshire will not prosper.  (Maurice was there.)  Your company
+is here, so is your friend Rupert."[<a id="chap09fn37text"></a><a href="#chap09fn37">37</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The allusion to the Archbishop of York shows that Rupert had already
+detected the intrigues of that warlike and treacherous prelate.  He had
+fortified and defended his castle of Conway, but quarrelled incessantly
+with all the Royalist officers in the district, and eventually he
+admitted the enemy to his castle.  At the date of the above letter he
+was following the example of Digby, and trying to sow dissension
+between Ormonde and Rupert.  Cheshire and Wales, he declared, lay "all
+neglected and in confusion", owing to the private quarrels of Rupert's
+"favourite", Legge, and the Byrons, whom he represented as
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P168"></a>168}</span>
+"thrown out of their governments, abandoned by the King, and left to
+die in prison."[<a id="chap09fn38text"></a><a href="#chap09fn38">38</a>]  The Byrons themselves do not appear to have made
+any such complaints; and a sentence in one of Lord Byron's letters to
+the Prince seems to deprecate the reports spread by the Archbishop.  "I
+heard," he says, "that Your Highness was informed that, in your
+absence, I showed most disrespect to those you most honour.  This is
+very far from the truth, as it ever shall be from the practice of your
+most humble and most obliged servant, Byron."[<a id="chap09fn39text"></a><a href="#chap09fn39">39</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+And in spite of the Archbishop's hostility Rupert's efforts in the
+Marches were attended by success.  On the 19th of April, having been
+rejoined by Maurice, he forced Brereton to raise his siege of Beeston
+Castle, which had endured for seventeen weeks.  A few days later he was
+engaged in suppressing a revolt in Herefordshire, where the peasants
+were rising like the clubmen of Dorset.  Most of them fled before the
+Prince, but two hundred stood their ground, of these Rupert took the
+leaders, and persuaded the rest to lay down their arms; he was anxious,
+if possible, to conciliate the people rather than to suppress them by
+force.[<a id="chap09fn40text"></a><a href="#chap09fn40">40</a>] No sooner was this task accomplished than Astley arrived
+with the news that a Parliamentary force, under Massey, was at Ledbury.
+Without an instant's delay Rupert set out, marched all night, and
+attacked and routed Massey in the morning, April 22nd.  From Ledbury he
+went to Hereford, where he remained some days before returning to
+Oxford.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It was at this time that Rupert performed the stern act of retaliation,
+which so roused the wrath of the Parliament.  The King's importation of
+Irish soldiers had been regarded by the Puritans as a gross aggravation
+of all his other
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P169"></a>169}</span>
+crimes.  They chose to regard all the Irish as
+responsible for the massacre of the Protestants which had occurred in
+Ireland in 1641, and in accordance with this view they gave them no
+quarter.  In March 1645 Essex happened to take thirteen Irish troopers,
+whom he hanged without mercy; and Rupert immediately retaliated by the
+execution of thirteen Roundhead prisoners.  Essex thereupon wrote an
+indignant letter, reproaching the Prince for his barbarous and inhuman
+conduct, to which Rupert responded in a letter "full of haughtiness",
+that since Essex had "barbarously murdered" his men, "in cold blood,
+after quarter given", he would have been unworthy of his command had he
+not let the Puritans know that their own soldiers "must pay the price
+of such acts of inhumanity."[<a id="chap09fn41text"></a><a href="#chap09fn41">41</a>]  The Parliament then took upon itself
+to remonstrate at great length, but received only a concise and decided
+reply from the Prince's secretary:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"I am, by command, to return you this answer.  You gave the first
+example in hanging such prisoners as were taken, and thereupon the same
+number of yours suffered in like manner.  If you continue this course
+you cannot, in reason, but expect the like return.  But, if your
+intention be to give quarter, and to exchange prisoners upon equal
+terms, it will not be denied here."[<a id="chap09fn42text"></a><a href="#chap09fn42">42</a>]  The Prince's resolute attitude
+had the desired effect, and the Puritans were forced to recognise
+Irishmen as human beings.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In contrast with this incident, we find a frantic appeal to the Prince
+for mercy, dated April 28.  A young Royalist officer&mdash;Windebank&mdash;had
+most unjustifiably surrendered Blechingdon House, of which he was
+Governor, and by a court-martial held at Oxford he was doomed to die.
+Poor Windebank was no coward, but he had acted in a moment of panic,
+engendered by the terror of his young wife, and it was on his behalf
+that Sir Henry Bard now pleaded with
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P170"></a>170}</span>
+Rupert.  "The letter
+enclosed was sent to me from Oxford, to be conveyed with all speed
+possible.  Pray God it comes time enough!  It concerns a most
+unfortunate man, Colonel Windebank.  Sir, pity him and reprieve him!
+It was God's judgment on him, and no cowardice of his own.  At the
+battle of Alresford he gave a large testimony of his courage, and if
+with modesty I may bring in the witness, I saw it, and there began our
+acquaintance.  Oh, happy man had he ended then!  Sir, let him but live
+to repair his honour, of which I know he is more sensible than are the
+damned of the pains of hell."[<a id="chap09fn43text"></a><a href="#chap09fn43">43</a>]  Rupert had saved Fielding, and he
+would in all probability have saved Windebank had it been possible.
+But, alas, Bard's letter was intercepted by the Parliament and never
+reached its destination!  And Windebank died on May 3rd, the day before
+Rupert reached Oxford.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The King was about to begin his last campaign, and he therefore
+summoned both his nephews to his side.  The two Princes reached Oxford
+on May 4th, after an extraordinarily rapid march, and three days later,
+the King set out for Woodstock, leaving Will Legge behind him as
+Governor of Oxford.  Danger was on every side.  The Scots dominated the
+North; the West was falling rapidly away, and Cromwell's new army
+threatened that of the King.  At starting, Charles had but 1,100 men,
+but before a month was past, Rupert had doubled their number.  Digby
+and the Court party would fain have joined with Goring in the west, but
+Rupert, "spurred on by the northern horse, who violently pursued their
+desires of being at home,"[<a id="chap09fn44text"></a><a href="#chap09fn44">44</a>] was eager for the North.  For the moment
+his star was in the ascendant, and, to Digby's disgust, the King
+yielded.  "All is governed by Prince Rupert who grows a great
+Courtier," reported Arthur Trevor.  "But whether his power be not
+supported by the present occasion is a question to
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P171"></a>171}</span>
+ask a
+conjuror.  Certainly the Lord Digby loves him not."[<a id="chap09fn45text"></a><a href="#chap09fn45">45</a>] At Evesham,
+which was reached on the 9th, Rupert gave new offence to the Court by
+making Robin Legge, Will's brother, Governor of that town, in defiance
+of the wishes of the Council.  Moving slowly northwards through the
+Midlands, he took Hawkesly House near Bromsgrove; on the following day
+he was at Wolverhampton.  On the 27th both he and the King were the
+guests of the Hastings, at Ashby de la Zouch, and on the 29th Rupert
+"laye in the workes before Leycester."[<a id="chap09fn46text"></a><a href="#chap09fn46">46</a>]  By his skill and energy,
+this town was taken in two days, and the triumph not only revived the
+drooping spirits of the Cavaliers, but won them material advantages in
+the way of arms and ammunition.  It was believed that Derby would have
+surrendered on a summons, but Rupert would not take the chance.  Should
+it refuse his summons, he maintained, "out of punctilio of honour" he
+would be forced to lay siege to it, which he had not means to do.[<a id="chap09fn47text"></a><a href="#chap09fn47">47</a>]
+Willingly would he have pressed on northwards, but Fairfax was
+threatening Oxford, and the civilians, always anxious to keep the army
+in the south, clamoured loudly of the danger of the Duke of York, the
+Council, the Stores, and all the fair ladies of the Court.  The said
+ladies also "earnestly by letter, solicited Prince Rupert to their
+rescue."[<a id="chap09fn48text"></a><a href="#chap09fn48">48</a>]  Reluctantly he faced southwards.  But the danger of
+Oxford was less imminent than had been represented; Fairfax retired
+from before it.  Then the contest of Rupert against Digby, the soldier
+against the civilian was renewed.  "There was a plot to send the King
+to Oxford, but it is undone," the Prince wrote to his "dear Will."
+"The chief of the counsel was the fear that some men had that the
+soldiers would take from them the influence they now possess with the
+King."[<a id="chap09fn49text"></a><a href="#chap09fn49">49</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P172"></a>172}</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It was in accordance with the perversity of Charles's fate that just
+when the Parliamentary army had thrown off civilian shackles, he was
+ceasing to be ruled by the military counsels of his nephew.  Rupert
+again urged a march to the North.  Digby and the Councillors of Oxford,
+ever eager to keep the army in the South, recommended an attack on the
+Eastern counties.  The King remained at Daventry hesitating between the
+two counsels, and in the meantime Fairfax and Cromwell were advancing
+towards him.  Rupert's unaccountable contempt for the New Model Army
+prevented him from taking the proper precautions, and he remained
+absolutely ignorant of Fairfax's movements, until he was quartered
+eight miles from Daventry.  Then the King decided to move towards
+Warwick, and that night he slept at Lubenham, Rupert at Harborough.  On
+the same evening Ireton surprised and captured a party of Rupert's men,
+as they were playing at quoits in Naseby.  A few who escaped, fled to
+warn the King, and the King hastened to Rupert.  With unwonted
+prudence, Rupert advised retreat; reinforcements might be found at
+Leicester and Newark, and there was yet a hope that Goring might march
+to their aid.  He did not know, as Fairfax knew through an intercepted
+despatch, that Goring was unable to leave the West.  But Digby and
+Ashburnham were for fighting, and once again the civilian triumphed.
+On June 14th took place the fatal battle of Naseby.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Very early the royal army was drawn up upon a long hill which runs two
+miles south of Harborough.  Here Astley intended the battle to be
+fought, resolving to keep on the defensive.  But the enemy did not
+appear, and Rupert, growing impatient, sent out his scout master to
+look for them, about eight o'clock in the morning.  The man returned,
+after a perfunctory search, saying that Fairfax was not to be seen.
+Then Rupert, unable to bear inaction any longer, rode out to look for
+him in person, with a small party of horse.  At Naseby he found the
+whole army of the Parliament.
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P173"></a>173}</span>
+It was just then engaged in
+shifting its position, and Rupert jumped to the conclusion that it was
+in full retreat.  Lured on by this idea, he established himself on a
+piece of rising ground to the right, and summoned the rest of the army
+from its well-chosen position to join him there.  This was perhaps the
+chief cause of the defeat that followed.  Rupert and Maurice charged
+together on the right, and swept the field before them, till they
+reached the enemy's cannon and baggage waggons.  Here Rupert was
+mistaken for Fairfax, for both were wearing red cloaks, and some of the
+Puritan reserve rode up, asking, "How goes the day?"  The Prince
+responded by an offer of quarter, which was met by a volley of musket
+shot.  But Rupert could not stay to complete his conquest.  His part of
+the battle had been won, but behind him Cromwell had scattered the
+Royalist left, and was trampling the infantry of the centre in "a
+dismal carnage."[<a id="chap09fn50text"></a><a href="#chap09fn50">50</a>]  The King was turned from the battle too soon, his
+whole army was disheartened and overwhelmed, and Rupert returned too
+late, to find Cromwell in possession of the field.  The Royal army was
+destroyed, and the war almost at an end.  That night the King retreated
+to Ashby, and the next day, Sunday, he reached Lichfield, whence he
+hastened on to Raglan Castle.  Rupert went on westward to the Prince of
+Wales at Barnstaple.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+His departure from the King was due to a new quarrel with Digby, who
+attributed the disaster to the fault of the Prince.  "Let me know what
+is said among you, concerning our last defeat," Rupert wrote to Legge,
+at Oxford; "doubtless the fault of it will be put upon me...  Since
+this business I find Digby hath omitted nothing which might prejudice
+me, and this day hath drawn a letter from the King to Prince Charles,
+in which he crosses all things that befell here in my behalf.  I have
+showed this to the King, and in earnest; and if thereupon he should go
+on
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P174"></a>174}</span>
+and send it, I shall be forced to quit Generalship and march
+towards Prince Charles, where I have received more kindness than
+here."[<a id="chap09fn51text"></a><a href="#chap09fn51">51</a>]  At the same time, Legge received a long account of the
+battle from Digby himself, in which the Secretary, very cleverly,
+charged all the misfortune of the day to the Prince, while pretending
+to acquit him.  "I am sure that Prince Rupert hath so little kindness
+for me, as I daily find he hath, it imports both to me and mine to be
+much the more cautious not to speak anything that may be wrested to his
+prejudice.  I can but lament my misfortune that Prince Rupert is
+neither gainable nor tenable by me, though I have endured it with all
+the industry, and justness unto him in the world, and I lament your
+absence from him.  Yet, at least, if Prince Rupert cannot be better
+inclined to me, that you might prevail with him so far that his heats,
+and misapprehensions of things may not wound his own honour, and
+prejudice the King's service.  I am very unhappy that I cannot speak
+with you, since the discourse that my heart is full of is too long for
+a letter, and not of a nature fit for it.  But I conjure you, if you
+preserve that justice and kindness for me which I will not doubt, if
+you hear anything from Prince Rupert concerning me, suspend your
+judgment.  As for the particular aspersion upon him, which you mention,
+of <i>fighting against advice, he is very much wronged in it</i>, ... and
+for particular time, place and circumstance of our fighting that day,
+His Highness cannot be said to have gone against my Lord Astley, or any
+other advice; <i>for I am confident no man was asked upon the
+occasion</i>,&mdash;I am sure no council was called.  I shall only say this
+freely to you, that I think a principal occasion of our misfortune was
+the want of you with us....  But really, dear Will, I do not write this
+with reflection, for indeed we were all carried on at that time with
+such a spirit and confidence of victory as though he that should have
+said
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P175"></a>175}</span>
+"consider" would have been your foe.  Well, let us look
+forward!  Give your Prince good advice, as to caution, and value of
+counsel, and God will yet make him an instrument of much happiness to
+the King, and Kingdom, and that being, I will adore him as much as you
+love him."[<a id="chap09fn52text"></a><a href="#chap09fn52">52</a>]  But "Honest Will" was quite shrewd enough to read
+between the lines of this elaborate epistle, and he answered with a
+spirit and candour worthy of his character.  "I am extremely afflicted
+to understand from you that Prince Rupert and yourself should be upon
+so unkindly terms, and I protest, I have cordially endeavoured, with
+all my interest in His Highness, to incline him to a friendship with
+your Lordship, conceiving it a matter of advantage to my Master's
+service, to have a good intelligence between persons so eminently
+employed in his affairs, and likewise the great obligation and
+inclination I had to either of you.  But truly, my Lord, I often found
+this a hard matter to hold between you; and your last letter gives me
+cause to think that your Lordship <i>is not altogether free from what he
+accused you of</i>, as the reason of his jealousies.  Which was that you
+both say and do things to his prejudice, <i>contrary to your professions,
+and not in an open and direct line, but obscurely and obliquely</i>; and
+this, under your Lordship's pardon, I find your letter very full of.
+For where your Lordship would excuse him of the particular and general
+aspersions, yet you come with such objections against the conduct of
+that business, as would, to men ignorant of the Prince, make him
+incapable of common-sense in his profession.  For my part, my Lord, I
+am so well acquainted with the Prince's ways, that I am confident all
+his General officers and commanders knew beforehand how, and in what
+manner, he intended to fight; and when, as you say, all mankind were of
+opinion to fight, it was his part to put it into execution.  Were any
+man in the army dissatisfied in his directions,
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P176"></a>176}</span>
+or in the order,
+he ought to have informed the General of it, and to have received
+further satisfaction.  And for the not calling of a Council at that
+instant, truly, the Prince having before laid his business, were there
+need of it, the blame must be as much yours as any man's."  And, after
+a great deal more to the same purpose, Legge concludes with the stout
+declaration, "and assure yourself you are not free from great blame
+towards Prince Rupert.  And no man will give you this free language at
+a cheaper rate than myself, though many discourse of it."[<a id="chap09fn53text"></a><a href="#chap09fn53">53</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p><br /><br />
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap09fn1"></a>
+[<a href="#chap09fn1text">1</a>] Clarendon, Bk. VII.  p. 96, <i>note</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap09fn2"></a>
+[<a href="#chap09fn2text">2</a>] King to Rupert, 26 May, 1644.  Rupert Correspondence.  Add. MSS.
+18981
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap09fn3"></a>
+[<a href="#chap09fn3text">3</a>] Warburton, III.  p. 16.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap09fn4"></a>
+[<a href="#chap09fn4text">4</a>] Add. MSS.  18981.  Digby to Rupert, Aug. 15, 1644.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap09fn5"></a>
+[<a href="#chap09fn5text">5</a>] Carte's Letters, I.  63.  13 Sept. 1644.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap09fn6"></a>
+[<a href="#chap09fn6text">6</a>] Carte's Ormonde, IV.  190.  13 Aug. 1644.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap09fn7"></a>
+[<a href="#chap09fn7text">7</a>] Ibid.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap09fn8"></a>
+[<a href="#chap09fn8text">8</a>] Carte's Ormonde.  VI.  206.  13 Oct. 1644.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap09fn9"></a>
+[<a href="#chap09fn9text">9</a>] Ibid.  Vol. VI.  203.  3 Oct. 1644.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap09fn10"></a>
+[<a href="#chap09fn10text">10</a>] Add. MSS.  18981.  King to Rupert, Aug. 30, 1644.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap09fn11"></a>
+[<a href="#chap09fn11text">11</a>] Ibid.  Sept. 23, 1644.  Digby to Rupert.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap09fn12"></a>
+[<a href="#chap09fn12text">12</a>] Rupert to Legge.  Oct. 16, 1644.  Warburton, III.  p. 27.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap09fn13"></a>
+[<a href="#chap09fn13text">13</a>] Warburton, II. 172, and III. 16.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap09fn14"></a>
+[<a href="#chap09fn14text">14</a>] Warburton, III.  p. 52.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap09fn15"></a>
+[<a href="#chap09fn15text">15</a>] Warburton, III.  p. 73.  Rupert to Legge, Mar. 31, 1645.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap09fn16"></a>
+[<a href="#chap09fn16text">16</a>] Clarendon, Bk. IX.  p. 30.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap09fn17"></a>
+[<a href="#chap09fn17text">17</a>] Carte's Letters, I.  86-87, 25 May, 1645.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap09fn18"></a>
+[<a href="#chap09fn18text">18</a>] Warburton, III.  p. 21.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap09fn19"></a>
+[<a href="#chap09fn19text">19</a>] Ibid.  p. 22.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap09fn20"></a>
+[<a href="#chap09fn20text">20</a>] Rupert Transcripts.  Richmond to Rupert, Sept. 14, 1644.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap09fn21"></a>
+[<a href="#chap09fn21text">21</a>] Clarendon, Bk. VIII.  p. 149.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap09fn22"></a>
+[<a href="#chap09fn22text">22</a>] Warburton, III.  p. 31.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap09fn23"></a>
+[<a href="#chap09fn23text">23</a>] Warburton, III.  p. 32.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap09fn24"></a>
+[<a href="#chap09fn24text">24</a>] Clar. Hist.  Bk. VIII.  p. 29.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap09fn25"></a>
+[<a href="#chap09fn25text">25</a>] Ibid.  p. 108.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap09fn26"></a>
+[<a href="#chap09fn26text">26</a>] Warburton, III.  p. 32, and Rupert's Journal, Nov. 15, 1644,
+Clarendon Papers.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap09fn27"></a>
+[<a href="#chap09fn27text">27</a>] Whitelocke.  ed. 1732.  p. 114.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap09fn28"></a>
+[<a href="#chap09fn28text">28</a>] Ibid.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap09fn29"></a>
+[<a href="#chap09fn29text">29</a>] Maurice to Rupert, Jan. 29, 1645.  Warb. III.  p. 54.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap09fn30"></a>
+[<a href="#chap09fn30text">30</a>] Warburton, III.  p. 54.  Maurice to Rupert, Jan. 29, 1645.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap09fn31"></a>
+[<a href="#chap09fn31text">31</a>] Rupert Transcripts.  Byron to Rupert, 14 Jan. 1644.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap09fn32"></a>
+[<a href="#chap09fn32text">32</a>] Warburton, III.  p. 56-7.  Howard to Rupert, Jan. 30, 1645.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap09fn33"></a>
+[<a href="#chap09fn33text">33</a>] Rupert Transcripts.  Astley to Rupert, Jan. 11, 1645.  Pythouse
+Papers, p. 20.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap09fn34"></a>
+[<a href="#chap09fn34text">34</a>] Domestic State Papers.  Rupert to Astley.  Jan. 13, 1645.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap09fn35"></a>
+[<a href="#chap09fn35text">35</a>] Rupert Transcripts.  King to Rupert, Jan. 1645.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap09fn36"></a>
+[<a href="#chap09fn36text">36</a>] Warburton, III.  p. 68.  Rupert to Legge, Mar. 11, 1645.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap09fn37"></a>
+[<a href="#chap09fn37text">37</a>] Ibid.  p. 69, Mar. 24, 1645.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap09fn38"></a>
+[<a href="#chap09fn38text">38</a>] Carte's Ormonde, VI.  271-272.  Archbishop Williams to Ormonde,
+Mar. 25, 1655.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap09fn39"></a>
+[<a href="#chap09fn39text">39</a>] Add. MSS.  18982.  Byron to Rupert, Jan. 1645.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap09fn40"></a>
+[<a href="#chap09fn40text">40</a>] Webb, Vol. II.  pp. 141, 157, 178.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap09fn41"></a>
+[<a href="#chap09fn41text">41</a>] Webb.  II.  pp. 146-147.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap09fn42"></a>
+[<a href="#chap09fn42text">42</a>] Gilbert's History of the Irish Confederation, Vol. IV.  p. XIV.
+Ralph Goodwin to Houses of Parliament, Mar. 23, 1645.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap09fn43"></a>
+[<a href="#chap09fn43text">43</a>] Dom. State Papers.  Bard to Rupert, Ap. 28, 1645.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap09fn44"></a>
+[<a href="#chap09fn44text">44</a>] Walker's Historical Discourses, ed. 1705, pp. 126, 129.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap09fn45"></a>
+[<a href="#chap09fn45text">45</a>] Carte's Letters, I.  90, May 25, 1645.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap09fn46"></a>
+[<a href="#chap09fn46text">46</a>] Clarendon State Papers, Rupert's Journal, May 29, 1645.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap09fn47"></a>
+[<a href="#chap09fn47text">47</a>] Walker, p. 128.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap09fn48"></a>
+[<a href="#chap09fn48text">48</a>] Walker, p. 128.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap09fn49"></a>
+[<a href="#chap09fn49text">49</a>] Warburton, III.  p. 100.  Rupert to Legge, June 8, 1645.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap09fn50"></a>
+[<a href="#chap09fn50text">50</a>] Sir Edward Southcote.  Troubles of our Catholic Forefathers.
+Series I.  p. 392.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap09fn51"></a>
+[<a href="#chap09fn51text">51</a>] Warburton.  III.  pp. 119-121.  Rupert to Legge, June 18, 1645.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap09fn52"></a>
+[<a href="#chap09fn52text">52</a>] Warburton.  III.  pp. 125-128.  Digby to Legge.  No date.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap09fn53"></a>
+[<a href="#chap09fn53text">53</a>] Warburton, III.  pp. 128-131.  Legge to Digby, June 30, 1645.
+</p>
+
+<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
+
+<p><a id="chap10"></a></p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P177"></a>177}</span>
+</p>
+
+<h3>
+CHAPTER X
+</h3>
+
+<h4>
+RUPERT'S PEACE POLICY.  THE SURRENDER OF BRISTOL.  <br />
+DIGBY'S PLOT AGAINST RUPERT.  THE SCENE AT <br />
+NEWARK.  RECONCILIATION WITH THE KING.  <br />
+THE FALL OF OXFORD
+</h4>
+
+<p>
+After the battle of Naseby, misfortunes crowded thick upon the
+Royalists.  Garrisons surrendered daily to the Parliament; Goring
+suffered a crushing defeat; and the King seemed in no way to raise
+another army.  Rupert retired to his city of Bristol, and summoned
+Maurice to his side.  But the younger Prince was at Worcester, which
+was threatened by the Scots, and could not quit the place with honour.
+"I hope when you have duly considered my engagement herein, you will be
+pleased to excuse me for not observing your orders to be personally
+with you,"[<a id="chap10fn1text"></a><a href="#chap10fn1">1</a>] he wrote humbly to his brother.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+After a three weeks' stay at Raglan, the King himself thought of
+joining his nephew at Bristol.  But the Prince's enemies opposed the
+idea, and Rupert, though enough inclined to it, declared that he would
+not be responsible for what he had not advised.  And the rallying
+loyalty of the Welsh, combined with continued misfortune in the West,
+caused Charles to change his mind.  In Rupert's eyes the King's final
+decision was a matter of indifference; defeat was inevitable, and all
+the Prince's efforts were directed towards peace.  This complete change
+of attitude is an evidence of Rupert's strong common-sense.  In 1642 he
+had been regarded as one of the obstacles which made peace impossible;
+but in 1642 there had been hope, even
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P178"></a>178}</span>
+probability, of victory.
+In 1645 defeat and ruin stared the Royalists in the face, and Rupert
+would not, like the King and Digby, shut his eyes to disagreeable fact.
+On July 28th he wrote to Richmond a plain statement of his views.  "His
+Majesty has now no way left to preserve his posterity, Kingdom, and
+nobility, but by a treaty.  I believe it a more prudent way to retain
+something than to lose all.  If the King resolve to abandon Ireland,
+which now he may with honour, since they desire so unreasonably; and it
+is apparent they will cheat the King, having not 5,000 men in their
+power.  When this has been told him, and that many of his officers and
+soldiers go from him to them (<i>i.e.</i> to the Parliament), I must
+extremely lament the condition of such as stay, being exposed to all
+ruin and slavery.  One comfort will be left,&mdash;we shall all fall
+together.  When this is, remember I have done my duty.  Your faithful
+friend, Rupert."[<a id="chap10fn2text"></a><a href="#chap10fn2">2</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+On the same day he wrote to Legge:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"I have had no answer to ten letters I wrote, but from the Duke of
+Richmond, to whom I wrote plainly and bid him be plain with the King,
+and to desire him to consider some way which might lead to a treaty,
+rather than undo his posterity.  How this pleases I know not, but
+rather than not do my duty and speak my mind freely, I will take his
+unjust displeasure."[<a id="chap10fn3text"></a><a href="#chap10fn3">3</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This advice was in fact exceedingly displeasing to the King.  Richmond,
+who fully concurred in Rupert's opinion, showed the letter to his
+master "with as much care and friendship to Rupert" as possible; and
+the King read it graciously, saying that his nephew had "expressed as
+great generosity as was all his actions;"[<a id="chap10fn4text"></a><a href="#chap10fn4">4</a>] but, for all that, he
+firmly forbade him to write in such a strain again.  "Speaking as a
+mere soldier or statesman," he acknowledged that
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P179"></a>179}</span>
+Rupert might be
+right; but, "as a Christian, I must tell you that God will not suffer
+rebels and traitors to prosper, nor this cause to be overthrown; and
+whatever personal punishment it shall please Him to inflict on me must
+not make me repine, much less give over this quarrel; and there is
+little question that a composition with them at this time is nothing
+less than a submission, which, by the grace of God, I am resolved
+against, whatever it cost me.  For I know my obligation to be, both in
+conscience and honour, neither to abandon God's cause, injure my
+successors, nor forsake my friends.  Indeed I cannot flatter myself
+with expectation of good success more than this, to end my days with
+honour and a good conscience; which obliges me to continue my
+endeavours, as not despairing that God may yet, in good time, avenge
+his own cause....  I earnestly desire you not in any way to hearken
+after treaties, assuring you, low as I am, I will not go less than what
+was offered in my name at Uxbridge.  Therefore, for God's sake, let us
+not flatter ourselves with these conceits; and believe me, the very
+imagination that you are desirous of a treaty will lose me so much the
+sooner."[<a id="chap10fn5text"></a><a href="#chap10fn5">5</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+But noble and earnest as were the King's words, they could not alter
+his nephew's mind.  Rupert had little faith that a miracle would be
+vouchsafed to save the royal cause; and he could never be made to
+understand that the questions at issue were such as admitted of no
+compromise.  Digby of course seized the opportunity of widening the
+breach between King and Prince.  Ever since Marston Moor, he had
+intrigued with increasing success against his rival, and Rupert
+struggled vainly in his meshes.  "I would give anything to be but one
+day in Oxford, when I could discover some that were in that plot of
+Herefordshire and the rest.  But I despair of it!"[<a id="chap10fn6text"></a><a href="#chap10fn6">6</a>] the Prince had
+written in the March of this year.  In June he had sent Langdale to
+Ormonde in
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P180"></a>180}</span>
+Ireland, as a counterfoil to O'Neil, and Digby
+hastened to let the Lord Lieutenant know that Langdale was "a creature
+of Prince Rupert, and sent over not without jealousy that Dan O'Neil
+may be too frank a relater of our military conduct here."[<a id="chap10fn7text"></a><a href="#chap10fn7">7</a>]  And, July
+21st, 1645, it is entered in the Prince's diary: "Ashburnham told the
+Prince that Digby would ruin him."[<a id="chap10fn8text"></a><a href="#chap10fn8">8</a>]  By that time Rupert had become
+convinced that Digby would succeed in his endeavours.  A week later he
+wrote passionately to Legge, from Bristol: "You do well to wonder why
+Rupert is not with the King!  When you know the Lord Digby's intention
+to ruin him you will not then find it strange."[<a id="chap10fn9text"></a><a href="#chap10fn9">9</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Digby's chance was close at hand.  Throughout July and August Rupert
+busied himself at Bristol, circling about the country, pacifying and
+winning over the Clubmen and trying to supply the deficiencies of the
+Bristol stores.  This town was now the most important garrison of the
+King.  It was the key of the Severn.  It alone held Wales and the
+Marches loyal, and its loss would also terribly affect the Royalists in
+the south-west.  Rupert had assured the King that he could hold the
+place four months, and great was the horror and dismay when he
+surrendered it after a three weeks' siege.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The truth was that he had found the town insufficiently supplied,
+greatly undermanned, and full of despondency and disaffection.  He had
+done his best to remedy these evils; he ordered the townspeople to
+victual themselves for six months, imported corn and cattle from Wales,
+and he started manufactories of match and bullets within the town.  All
+the recruits he could gain were "new-levied Welsh and unexperienced
+men," and even of these there were but few.  "After the enemy
+approached, His Highness never could draw upon the line above 1,500,"
+and this to defend a
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P181"></a>181}</span>
+stretch of five miles![<a id="chap10fn10text"></a><a href="#chap10fn10">10</a>]  Moreover, all
+his Colonels assured him that the wall was not tenable against a
+vigorous assault.  The one chance was that, if they repulsed the first
+storm, the enemy might be discouraged, and the approaching winter might
+save the city for yet a little while.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+On September 4th Fairfax sat down before Bristol, and summoned Rupert
+to surrender, in rather peculiar language.  The summons was a private
+exhortation to the Prince himself, and a personal appeal to his sense
+and humanity, "which," says Fairfax, "I confess is a way not common,
+and which I should not have used but in respect to such a person, and
+such a place."[<a id="chap10fn11text"></a><a href="#chap10fn11">11</a>]  He proceeded to explain that the Parliament wished
+no ill to the King, but only his return to its care and Council, and
+entreated Rupert to end the schism by a surrender without bloodshed.
+The Prince only replied by demanding leave to send to ask the King's
+pleasure.  This Fairfax refused to grant, and Rupert entered into a
+treaty, hoping thereby to spin out time until relief could come.  But
+the patience of Fairfax was soon exhausted.  On September 10th he
+assaulted the city, about 2.0 a.m., entered the lines at a spot held by
+some new recruits, and was, by daybreak, in full possession of line and
+fort.  Thus the enemy was already within the city, and Rupert had no
+hope of relief, for, since Naseby, the King had had no army in the
+field.  Moreover, since the siege began, no word had come to the Prince
+from any quarter.  Three courses now lay open to him.  He might, with
+his cavalry, break through Fairfax's army, leaving behind him just
+sufficient men to keep the castle; this plan was rejected as
+exceedingly dangerous and unsatisfactory.  Secondly, he might retreat
+to the castle, which could be held for a long time; but the castle
+would not contain all the cavalry, and thus a large portion of it,
+together with the "nobility, gentry and well affected of the town,"
+would
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P182"></a>182}</span>
+be left to the mercy of the conquering foe.[<a id="chap10fn12text"></a><a href="#chap10fn12">12</a>]  Thirdly
+and lastly, he could surrender on honourable terms; and this was the
+course chosen by the Council of War.  Rightly or wrongly, Rupert
+entered into treaty, and a cessation of arms was agreed on.  But the
+cessation was violated by Fairfax's men, and Rupert thereupon declared
+that he "would stand upon his own defence, and rather die than suffer
+such injuries."[<a id="chap10fn13text"></a><a href="#chap10fn13">13</a>] Fairfax hastened to apologise and make amends;
+Rupert was pacified, and the treaty concluded.  The terms were good and
+honourable; the garrison were to march out with the honours of war, a
+charge of bullet and powder was granted to each of the Prince's guards,
+the sick were to stay uninjured in the city, and no private person was
+to be molested.  It must also be noted that Rupert yielded only at the
+second summons, and after the city had been entered by the enemy.
+Relief was "as improbable to be expected as easy to be desired," and
+though he could certainly have held the castle longer, "the city had
+been thereby exposed to the spoil and fury of the enemy, and so many
+gallant men who had so long and faithfully served His Majesty, (whose
+safeties His Highness conceived himself in honour obliged to preserve
+as dearly as his own) had been left to the slaughter and rage of a
+prevailing enemy."[<a id="chap10fn14text"></a><a href="#chap10fn14">14</a>]  It may be that Rupert mistook his position.
+Perhaps he should have held the castle entrusted to him at all costs,
+and suffered no other considerations to cross his military councils.
+But his unwillingness to desert the townspeople and his beloved
+cavalry, can hardly be counted to his discredit.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+On September 10th the Royalist garrison marched out of Bristol, and was
+escorted by Fairfax himself for two miles over the Downs.  Rupert had
+dressed himself carefully for his part, and there was nothing of the
+broken down Cavalier about his attire.  "The Prince was clad in
+scarlet,
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P183"></a>183}</span>
+very richly laid in silver lace, and mounted upon a very
+gallant black Barbary horse; the General (Thomas Fairfax) and the
+Prince rode together, the General giving the Prince the right hand all
+the way."[<a id="chap10fn15text"></a><a href="#chap10fn15">15</a>]  The courtesy on both sides was perfect; the Puritans
+showed no unseemly triumph over their fallen foe, and the Prince bore
+himself towards his conquerors as a soldier and a gentleman should.
+"All fair respects between the Prince and Sir Thomas Fairfax," reported
+a Puritan witness; "much respect from the Lord General Cromwell.  He
+(the Prince) gave this gallant compliment to Major Harrison, 'that he
+never received such satisfaction in such unhappiness, and that, if ever
+in his power, he will repay it,'"[<a id="chap10fn16text"></a><a href="#chap10fn16">16</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Truly Rupert shone more in evil fortune than in good, and he seems to
+have completely won the hearts of his enemies.  His request for muskets
+for his men was readily granted, on his promise to deliver them up to
+the Parliamentary convoy, at the end of his journey, "which every one
+believes he will perform,"[<a id="chap10fn17text"></a><a href="#chap10fn17">17</a>] said an adherent of the Parliament.  And
+the Puritan Colonel Butler, who convoyed him from Bristol to Oxford,
+wrote of him to Waller, with enthusiasm.  "I had the honour to wait
+upon His Highness Prince Rupert, with a convoy from Bristol to this
+place, and seriously, I am glad I had the happiness to see him.  I am
+confident we have been much mistaken in our intelligence concerning
+him.  I find him a man much inclined to a happy peace, and he will
+certainly employ his interest with His Majesty for the accomplishing of
+it.  I make it my request to you that you use some means that no
+pamphlet is printed that may derogate from his worth for the delivery
+of Bristow.  <i>On my word he could not have held it, unless it had been
+better manned</i>."[<a id="chap10fn18text"></a><a href="#chap10fn18">18</a>]  Changed
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P184"></a>184}</span>
+indeed was the Puritan attitude
+towards the mad Prince, and more than one officer of the Parliament was
+eager to justify his conduct.  "I have heard the Prince much condemned
+for the loss of that city, but certainly they were much to blame,"
+wrote another.  "First let them consider that the town was entered by
+plain force, with the loss of much blood.  And then the Prince had
+nothing to keep but the great fort and castle.  Perchance he might hold
+out for some weeks, but then, of necessity, he must have lost all his
+horse, which was in all, 800; and he had no expectation of any relief
+at all.  Let all this be considered, and no man can blame him."[<a id="chap10fn19text"></a><a href="#chap10fn19">19</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+But the advocacy of the Parliament was not likely to allay Royalist
+indignation; nay, it was but another proof of Rupert's collusion with
+the enemy!  The Queen spoke "largely" of her nephew, giving out in
+Paris that he had sold Bristol for money;[<a id="chap10fn20text"></a><a href="#chap10fn20">20</a>] and the story gained
+colour from the fact that the Elector really did receive a large sum
+from the Parliament at this time.  The loss of Shrewsbury was brought
+up against Maurice, and it was rumoured that the younger Princes were
+in league with the Elector; though they had never once written to him,
+since he had chosen to identify himself with the Parliament.  Here was
+Digby's opportunity; and the King, overwhelmed by the unexpected
+catastrophe, listened to his representations.  On his arrival at
+Oxford, Rupert received, from the hands of Secretary Nicholas, his
+discharge from the army, a passport to leave the country, and a letter
+from the King, desiring him "to seek subsistence somewhere beyond
+seas."[<a id="chap10fn21text"></a><a href="#chap10fn21">21</a>] Further, Nicholas was directed to deprive Legge of the
+Governorship of Oxford, and to place him under arrest.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+With deep reluctance Nicholas obeyed orders; and both Legge and Rupert
+behaved themselves with quiet dignity.
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P185"></a>185}</span>
+"According to your
+commands, I went immediately to the Lord Treasurer," wrote Nicholas to
+the King.  "We thought fit to send for Colonel Legge thither, who
+willingly submitted himself prisoner to your commands.  This being
+despatched, I went to Colonel Legge's house, where Prince Rupert dined,
+and desiring to speak with him privately in the withdrawing room, I
+presented to him first his discharge, and then after that your letter;
+to which he humbly submitted himself, telling me that he was very
+innocent of anything that might deserve so heavy a punishment....  Your
+Majesty will herewith receive a letter from Prince Rupert, who will, I
+believe, stay here, until he hears again from you, for that he cannot
+without leave from the rebels go to embark himself, and without Your
+Majesty's license, I hear, he will not demand a pass from the
+rebels."[<a id="chap10fn22text"></a><a href="#chap10fn22">22</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Rupert's letter consisted of a grave and calm protest, and a demand for
+a personal interview with his uncle.  "I only say that if Your Majesty
+had vouchsafed to hear me inform you, before you had made a final
+judgment,&mdash;I will presume to present this much,&mdash;you would not have
+censured me, as it seems you do."  His first duty was, he admitted, to
+give an explanation to the King, but, since the opportunity was denied
+him&mdash;"In the next place I owe myself that justice as to publish to the
+world what I think will clear my erring in all this business now in
+question from any foul deed, or neglect, and vindicate me from desert
+of any prevailing malice, though I suffer it.  Your commands that I
+should dispose myself beyond seas be pleased to consider of, whether it
+be in my power, though you have sent me a pass, as times now are, to go
+by it."[<a id="chap10fn23text"></a><a href="#chap10fn23">23</a>]  In accordance with this statement he published a detailed
+account of the state of Bristol, and all that had passed there, and
+continued at Oxford, awaiting the King's pleasure.  "I must not omit to
+acquaint Your Majesty," wrote the faithful
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P186"></a>186}</span>
+Nicholas, "that I hear
+Prince Rupert hath not £50 in all the world, and is reduced to so great
+an extremity as he hath not wherewith to feed himself or his servants.
+I hear that Colonel Legge is in no more plentiful condition."[<a id="chap10fn24text"></a><a href="#chap10fn24">24</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The loss of Rupert's military experience was soon felt in the Royalist
+ranks; and would have been felt more severely had there been any
+serious undertaking on hand, or any army to execute it.  As it was,
+when the first moment of panic was past and men could consider the
+question calmly, he appeared to have been hardly dealt with.  To
+seriously suspect him of treachery was absurd; he was, in effect, the
+victim of Digby's malice; and the arrest of Legge, for no other crime
+than that of being the Prince's friend, favoured this view.  Digby of
+course pretended that he could furnish proofs of Legge's contemplated
+treacheries, "as soon as I can come at my papers, which were left with
+Stanier, and all my other necessaries, at Worcester," and insisted
+that, so long as Rupert were in England, it would be unsafe to set his
+friend at liberty.[<a id="chap10fn25text"></a><a href="#chap10fn25">25</a>] Equally, of course, no one&mdash;except the
+King&mdash;believed him; for Legge's loyalty and integrity were above
+suspicion.  He was, says Clarendon, considered "above all
+temptations,"[<a id="chap10fn26text"></a><a href="#chap10fn26">26</a>] and the indignation felt at this injustice greatly
+favoured the Prince's cause.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Digby had no mind to face "the fury of the storm"[<a id="chap10fn27text"></a><a href="#chap10fn27">27</a>] which he had
+raised.  Before Rupert could reach Oxford the Secretary had hurried the
+King away to Newark, a place which would be very difficult of access
+for the Prince.  Personally, Charles had inclined to Worcester, but
+Digby would not hear of it.  Not only was Worcester within easy
+distance from Oxford, but Maurice was Governor there; and Maurice had,
+as Digby knew, "a very tender sense
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P187"></a>187}</span>
+of the severity his brother
+had undergone, and was ready to revenge it."[<a id="chap10fn28text"></a><a href="#chap10fn28">28</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The younger Prince was only just recovering from a second severe
+illness.  As before, his recovery had been despaired of, and his death
+freely reported by friends and foes.  "Maurice is very sick at
+Worcester of the plague; some say he is dead, and the malignants are
+very sorrowful at the news,"[<a id="chap10fn29text"></a><a href="#chap10fn29">29</a>] said a Puritan pamphlet.  While he was
+still too ill to take any active share in the dispute, the King had
+written to him, telling of Rupert's dismissal, but adding kindly: "I
+know you to be so free from his present misfortune that it noways
+staggers me in that good opinion I have ever had of you; and so long as
+you be not weary of your employment under me, I will give you all the
+encouragement and contentment in my power."[<a id="chap10fn30text"></a><a href="#chap10fn30">30</a>]  But Maurice was far
+too devoted a brother to be soothed by such words.  Ill though he was,
+he made a copy of the King's letter in his own hand to send to Rupert,
+and by all possible means he showed "sensibility" of the injury done to
+his brother.  Worcester was full of his partisans, and Digby knew
+better than to venture into his power.  At Newark, the Secretary felt
+himself safe, and there he continued to inflame the King against his
+nephew.  The task was not difficult.  The King was shaken and
+despairing, and Digby had calumnies ready to his hand.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"It hath been the constant endeavours of the English nation&mdash;who are
+naturally prone to hate strangers&mdash;to seek, with false calumnies and
+scandalous accusations, to blast and blemish my integrity to my uncle
+and to his Royal family," declared Rupert himself, a few years later.
+"Neither hath the abuse laid on me by my uncle's pretended friends been
+sufficient, but the gross lies and forgeries of that rebel nest at
+Westminster have branded me with the worst
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P188"></a>188}</span>
+of crimes that
+possible any man might be charged with....  The command which His
+Majesty had been graciously pleased to confer on me&mdash;as I shall answer
+at the day of judgment&mdash;I did improve to the best of my power, without
+any treachery, deceit, or dissimulation.  And for my unfortunateness, I
+hope it was excusable, it being not only incident where I had command,
+but in all other places where my uncle had any power of soldiers; yet,
+notwithstanding, I was the butt at which envy shot its arrows, and all
+my uncle's losses were laid to my charge."[<a id="chap10fn31text"></a><a href="#chap10fn31">31</a>]  This was not an unfair
+statement of the case.  It is the way of all nations and parties to
+blame some one for their misfortunes, and the foreign prince made a
+convenient scapegoat for the Royalists.  The libels originated in the
+"rebel nest" were taken up and cherished by the foes of Rupert's own
+household.  As early as February 1644, there had appeared a pamphlet
+which stated plainly that Rupert was aiming at the English Crown.  He
+was not, it was suggested, "so far from the Crown, but, if once the
+course of law, and the power of the Parliament be extinguished, he may
+bid as fair for it, by the sword, as the King; having possessed himself
+of so much power already under colour of serving the King; and having,
+by his German manner of plundering, and active disposition in military
+affairs, won the hearts of so many soldiers of fortune, and men of
+prey.  He is already their chieftain and their Prince, and he is like
+enough to be their King....  This whole war is managed by his skill,
+labour and industry; insomuch as, if the King command one thing and he
+another, the Prince must be preferred before the King.  Witness
+Banbury, which was secured from plundering under the King's own hand;
+but that was slighted, and the town plundered by Prince Rupert
+vilifying the King's authority, and making it a fault of his
+unexpertness, saying, 'His Uncle knew not what belonged
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P189"></a>189}</span>
+to war.'
+... Neither shall Prince Rupert want abettors in his cursed design; for
+many of our debauched and low-fortuned young nobility and gentry,
+suiting so naturally with this new conqueror, will make no bones to
+shoulder out the old King."[<a id="chap10fn32text"></a><a href="#chap10fn32">32</a>]  Eagerly did Rupert's Royalist foes
+catch at the libel.  We have already seen that, before Marston Moor,
+Digby, Percy and Wilmot ventured to assert openly that the victory of
+Prince or Parliament was a matter of indifference.  And even after that
+battle had broken his power, Sir George Radcliffe wrote to Ormonde of
+"the great fear some have of Prince Rupert, his success and
+greatness."[<a id="chap10fn33text"></a><a href="#chap10fn33">33</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The formation of Rupert's peace-party in 1645 put the finishing touch
+to Digby's hatred of him, and also afforded means of exciting the
+King's distrust.  The sanguine and unpractical Secretary, ignorant of
+military details, did not know that the King was beaten and could never
+draw another army into the field.  He had a thousand schemes for
+gaining over the Scots, for obtaining help from Ireland or France, and
+he would not, and could not, believe that the game was lost.
+Consequently he resented the suggestion of compromise even more hotly
+than did the King.  "Alas! my Lord!" he wrote to Jermyn in August, "I
+do not know four persons living, besides myself and you, that have not
+already given clear demonstration that they will purchase their own,
+and as they flatter themselves, the Kingdom's quiet, at any price to
+the King, the Church, and the faithfullest of his party...  The next
+news that you will hear, after we have been one month at Oxford, will
+be that I, and those few others who may be thought by our Counsels to
+fortify the King in firmness to his principles, shall be forced or torn
+from him.  You will find Prince Rupert,
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P190"></a>190}</span>
+Byron, Gerard, Will
+Legge, and Ormonde[<a id="chap10fn34text"></a><a href="#chap10fn34">34</a>] are the prime instruments to impose the
+necessity upon the King of submitting to what they, and most of the
+King's party at Oxford, shall think fit."[<a id="chap10fn35text"></a><a href="#chap10fn35">35</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+But though he thus posed as a martyr, Digby had no intention of letting
+his rivals prevail.  Ormonde he tried to gain over, of course without
+success, by the suggestion that he might supplant Rupert as
+Commander-in-Chief; and he had already laid a deliberate and ingenious
+plot for ruining the reputations of Rupert and Legge.  By means of his
+agent, Walsingham, he obtained incriminating letters which represented
+both the Prince and his friend as deeply involved in intrigue with the
+Parliament.  The letters, which are anonymous, were apparently the work
+of some spy in the opposing camp, who was willing to supply any
+information desired,&mdash;for a consideration.  The Secretary was scarcely
+so insane as to believe in the accusations which they contained, but it
+suited his purpose to feign belief.  Certainly it seems strange that
+Digby, who was undoubtedly a gentleman, and by no means devoid of
+honour and generosity, could have stooped to such baseness; but he had
+a versatile mind, and he probably persuaded himself that Rupert's peace
+policy was as dangerous to the King's interests as actual treachery
+could be, and that any means were therefore justifiable to overthrow
+its authors.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+As early as August 8th, Walsingham forwarded to his patron an anonymous
+letter which stated the absolute necessity of deposing Rupert from the
+chief command.  "I have not been silent heretofore concerning Prince
+Rupert and his assistant, Will Legge....  Many did suppose, and those
+none of the weakest men, that upon the late defeat (Naseby), his
+Majesty would seriously take to heart the many great
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P191"></a>191}</span>
+and
+irregular errors hitherto admitted."[<a id="chap10fn36text"></a><a href="#chap10fn36">36</a>]  Four days later, Walsingham
+himself wrote from Oxford, hinting at a design to betray Bristol, and
+proposing that Digby should get Legge supplanted at Oxford by Glemham.
+"Legge is pleased daily to show his teeth plainer to you and yours....
+Prince Rupert salutes him daily from Bristol with epistles beginning
+'Brother Governor', which are communicated to the Junto you know of,...
+Prince Rupert is now in general obloquy with all sorts of people,
+except Will Legge, and some few others of that stamp.  Now every one
+desires his absence and discarding.  His Majesty has had experience
+both of his wilfulness and ignorance, <i>if of no worse</i>.  Now is the
+time to take the bridle out of Phaeton's hands, and permit him not a
+third time to burn the world...  Something extraordinary is on hand is
+evident from the daily letters which pass between here and Bristol.
+'Tis sure time to provide for the safety of Oxford; for I am certain
+many things are done which will not bear examination, both within and
+without the line."[<a id="chap10fn37text"></a><a href="#chap10fn37">37</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+On the sixteenth, Walsingham wrote by Lady Digby's command, that Lord
+Portland had joined the "Cumberlanders," as Rupert's party was now
+called, and must be banished at all costs.  The "Cumberlanders" were
+endeavouring also to win Ashburnham, but some thought him "a slippery
+piece, and dangerous to build upon."  To this was added a hint that the
+Prince was leaguing with the Irish rebels,&mdash;the last thing he was
+likely to do as he had just urged the King to abandon them; but
+Walsingham added cautiously that he held "only the skirts" of the
+story, and could say nothing certain.[<a id="chap10fn38text"></a><a href="#chap10fn38">38</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+On September 10th Bristol fell.  That the very thing should happen at
+which they had so darkly hinted, was luck beyond what the conspirators
+had hoped; and Walsingham's
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P192"></a>192}</span>
+anonymous friend wrote to reproach
+him for "making no better use of my frequent informations concerning
+Prince Rupert and his creature, Legge."  Further, he stated that Oxford
+was also sold to the Parliament and would speedily share the fate of
+Bristol.  "I have seen the transactions for the bargain already, and
+there is no prevention but by an immediate repair of His Majesty
+thither, changing the Governor, and putting the city into the hands of
+some worthy man.  The same I say for Newark (?); for, believe me, we
+esteem ourselves masters of both already.  But whilst His Majesty is
+solicitous for this, I would not, by any means, have him neglect his
+personal safety, upon which he will needs have an extraordinary
+watchful eye; for I hear a whisper as if something ill were intended
+him, and to your master for his sake."[<a id="chap10fn39text"></a><a href="#chap10fn39">39</a>]  This extraordinary document
+apparently constitutes the "proofs" against Legge of which Digby wrote
+to Nicholas.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The arrival of Rupert at Oxford, on September 16th, gave some
+uneasiness to the conspirators.  "Prince Rupert is hourly expected with
+his train, which will so curb the endeavours of all honest men that it
+will be mere madness to attempt anything,"[<a id="chap10fn40text"></a><a href="#chap10fn40">40</a>] wrote Walsingham!  But
+two days later he had gained courage from the Prince's quiet acceptance
+of his disgrace, to declare that now was the time to restore prosperity
+to the Kingdom, "by weeding out those unhappy men that poison all our
+happiness."  Also, he related an incident intended to give colour to
+the reports of Rupert's ambition.  "As even now I came through the
+garden of Christchurch, a gentleman met me, and took me into the inner
+garden, and told me that he would show me our new ruler.  Fancy!  When
+I came there, I found Prince Rupert and Legge, with the Lord&mdash;walking
+gravely between them, on the further side.  I seemed to take no notice
+of the gentleman's meaning, but came away, resenting
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P193"></a>193}</span>
+to see the
+nobility and gentry stand there bare at a distance, as if His Majesty
+had been present."[<a id="chap10fn41text"></a><a href="#chap10fn41">41</a>]  A second letter, bearing the same date, and
+sent at Lady Digby's desire, states that Rupert had declared that to
+treat was "the only thing His Majesty hath now to do."  But this desire
+for peace Walsingham represented as a mere pose to mask the Prince's
+real aims.  "Observe but this popular and perilous design!...  Assure
+yourself, my Lord, that though this be Prince Rupert's aim here
+pretended 'tis but the medium to his real one; yet it is so plausible
+that you would bless yourself to see how it is here cherished by all
+that are either malcontent, timorous, or suspected...  Surely there is
+no way left for His Majesty to recover, prosper, and give life to his
+discouraged party, but by expressing his high dislike and distrust to
+Prince Rupert."[<a id="chap10fn42text"></a><a href="#chap10fn42">42</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+But notwithstanding Walsingham's hints, Rupert's desire for a treaty
+was perfectly sincere and disinterested.  Personally he had less to
+gain by it than most of the Cavaliers, and certainly he had nothing to
+save, for he had no stake in the country.  And the perfect integrity of
+his party is sufficiently guaranteed by the very fact that it counted
+Richmond, Legge, and Philip Warwick among its members.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+By October Rupert's patience was exhausted.  He could not quit the
+country without the leave of the Parliament, he had no money to support
+himself, or his servants, and Legge was still a prisoner on his
+account.  He resolved, at all hazards, to see the King.  Fain would he
+have had Richmond accompany him, but the Duke, though still his
+faithful friend, would not leave Oxford.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"The Duke of Richmond goes not hence upon many considerations, though
+Prince Rupert much desired it.  They are very good friends, and both
+much for peace, though not for particular ones,"[<a id="chap10fn43text"></a><a href="#chap10fn43">43</a>] reported a
+Cavalier from Oxford.
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P194"></a>194}</span>
+On October 8th Maurice met Rupert at
+Banbury, and together they set out for Newark.  The journey was
+attended with much danger, for Newark was surrounded by a large army of
+the Parliament, and the Parliament had warned its officers to intercept
+the Princes.  But Rupert in prosperity had always been faithful to his
+friends, and he now found that they would not forsake him in adversity.
+A troop of officers volunteered to escort him, and Maurice brought an
+addition of strength, making about 120 in all.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The enemy had posted about 1,500 horse at various places, to intercept
+the Princes' march, but all were skilfully evaded.  Near the end of
+their journey, however, the Princes found themselves stopped at Belvoir
+Bridge, by Rossetter with three hundred horse.  There was no choice but
+to charge through them.  Two attempts failed, and Rupert turned to his
+men, saying cheerfully: "We have beaten them twice, we must beat them
+once more, and then over the pass, and away."[<a id="chap10fn44text"></a><a href="#chap10fn44">44</a>]  The third charge,
+carried them through the enemy, as he promised, and then they divided
+into two parties.  The larger troop went on, with the baggage, to
+Belvoir; but the Princes, with about twenty more, proceeded by a short
+cut, which Rupert remembered passing ten years before when a boy,
+"shooting of conies."  Here they were hotly pursued by a body of horse,
+and the enemy, thinking the Prince trapped, offered him quarter.  His
+only answer was to direct his friends to follow him closely, and,
+breaking through the hostile ranks, they came safely to Belvoir
+Castle.[<a id="chap10fn45text"></a><a href="#chap10fn45">45</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Digby had not awaited the Prince's arrival, but had fled north, on the
+pretext of leading a force to join Montrose; and it was thought, on all
+sides, that he had done wisely.  The King no sooner heard of his
+nephews' arrival at Belvoir than he sent to forbid their nearer
+approach.  "Least of all I cannot forget what opinion you were of when
+I was at Cardiff," he wrote to Rupert, "and therefore must remember
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P195"></a>195}</span>
+you of the letter I wrote to you from thence, in the Duke of
+Richmond's cipher, warning you that if you be not resolved to carry
+yourself according to my resolution, therein mentioned, you are no fit
+company for me."[<a id="chap10fn46text"></a><a href="#chap10fn46">46</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In defiance of this prohibition, Rupert came on next day to Newark.
+Within the town there existed a considerable party in his favour,
+headed by the Governor, Sir Richard Willys.  Two days earlier Willys
+had received the King at the city gates, but he now rode out a couple
+of miles, with a large escort of horse, to meet the Prince.  The
+accounts of the scene that followed are many, but all agree in the main
+points.  Rupert walked straight into the presence of the King, and,
+without any apology or ceremony, abruptly informed him "that he was
+come to render an account of the loss of Bristol."[<a id="chap10fn47text"></a><a href="#chap10fn47">47</a>]  The King made
+no reply,&mdash;he probably did not know what to say,&mdash;and immediately went
+to supper.  His nephews followed, and stood by him during the meal;
+but, though he asked a few questions of Maurice, he still would not
+speak to Rupert.  After an embarrassing hour the King retired to his
+bed-chamber, and the Princes went to the house of Willys.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+On the next morning Rupert was permitted to lay his defence before a
+court-martial, which acquitted him of any lack of "courage or
+fidelity," though not of indiscretion.[<a id="chap10fn48text"></a><a href="#chap10fn48">48</a>] The verdict, though
+qualified, was in effect a triumph for Rupert, and completely
+vindicated his honour.  As to the relief which the King fancied he had
+intended to send to Bristol, Sir Edward Walker, no friend to Rupert,
+admits that "it was a very plausible design on paper,... and I fear it
+would have been a longer time than we fancied to ourselves, before we
+made both ends to meet."[<a id="chap10fn49text"></a><a href="#chap10fn49">49</a>]  Here the matter should have ended, and
+had it done so, the whole
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P196"></a>196}</span>
+affair would have been little to
+Rupert's discredit.  Unfortunately his passionate temper now put him
+completely in the wrong.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The King had resolved to quit Newark, and, remembering Willys's
+frequent quarrels with the Commissioners of the County, and also his
+recent display of partisanship, he judged it unwise to leave him
+behind.  For this reason he ordered him to change posts with Bellasys,
+who, since the death of Lord Bernard Stuart, had commanded the King's
+guards.  This was promotion for Willys, but a very unwelcome promotion,
+for which he perfectly understood the King's motives.  Moreover,
+Bellasys was Digby's friend, and the whole military party rose in
+protest against this new evidence of Digby's power.  It was agreed that
+Willys should demand the grounds for his removal, and a trial by
+court-martial.  The stormy scene which resulted has been rather
+confusedly described by Walker, Clarendon and others, but the best
+account is to be found in the diary of Symonds, though he unhappily
+repented of having written it, and tore a part of it out of his book.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The King had just returned from church, and sat down to dinner, when
+Rupert, Maurice, Gerard, Willys and some other officers entered the
+room.  Rupert "came in discontentedly, with his hands at his sides, and
+approached very near the King."  Charles thereupon ordered the dinner
+to be taken away, and, rising, walked to a corner of the room.  Rupert,
+Gerard and Willys followed him.  Willys spoke first, asking,
+respectfully enough, to be told the names of his accusers.  Rupert
+broke in impatiently: "By God!  This is done in malice to me, because
+Sir Richard hath always been my faithful friend!"  Gerard then launched
+into a protest on his own account, and Rupert again interrupted,
+saying: "The cause of all this is Digby!"&mdash;"I am but a child!  Digby
+can do what he will with me," retorted the King bitterly.&mdash;A long and
+violent altercation followed.  Rupert referred to Bristol, and the King
+sighed, "O nephew!"
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P197"></a>197}</span>
+and then stopped short.  Whereupon Rupert
+cried, for the third time: "Digby is the man that hath caused all this
+distraction between us!"  But the King could endure no more: "They are
+all rogues and rascals that say so!" he answered sharply, "and in
+effect traitors that seek to dishonour my best subjects!"  There was no
+more to be said; Gerard bowed and went out.  Rupert "showed no
+reverence, but went out proudly, his hands at his sides."[<a id="chap10fn50text"></a><a href="#chap10fn50">50</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+That evening the Princes and their party sent in a petition to the
+effect that: "Many of us trusted in high commands in Your Majesty's
+service, have not only our commissions taken away without any cause or
+reason expressed, whereby our honours are blemished to the world, our
+fortunes ruined, and we rendered incapable of command from any foreign
+prince,&mdash;but many others, as we have cause to fear, are designed to
+suffer in like manner."[<a id="chap10fn51text"></a><a href="#chap10fn51">51</a>]  They repeated their demand for trials by
+court-martial, and desired that, if this were refused, they might have
+passes to go over seas.  The King answered that he would not make a
+court-martial the judge of his actions, and sent the passes.  Next
+morning about ten o'clock, the two princes and Lord Gerard came
+privately to the bed-chamber to take their leave.  Gerard "expressed
+some sense of folly,"[<a id="chap10fn52text"></a><a href="#chap10fn52">52</a>] but the Princes offered no apology, and, with
+about two hundred officers, they rode off to Belvoir, "the King looking
+out of a window, and weeping to see them go."[<a id="chap10fn53text"></a><a href="#chap10fn53">53</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+As an instance of the way in which stories are exaggerated, Pepys's
+account of the affair, written some twenty years after, is instructive:
+"The great officers of the King's army mutinied and came, in that
+manner, with swords drawn, into the market-place of the town where the
+King was.  Whereupon the King says, 'I must horse,' and
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P198"></a>198}</span>
+there
+himself personally; when every one expected they should be opposed, the
+King came, and cried to the head of the mutineers, which was Prince
+Rupert,&mdash;'Nephew, I command you to be gone!'  So the Prince, in all his
+fury and discontent, withdrew; and his company scattered."[<a id="chap10fn54text"></a><a href="#chap10fn54">54</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This was the climax of the long-continued strife between the military
+and civilian parties; the civilians had triumphed, and the princes now
+resolved to leave the country.  In great indignation, a large number of
+officers prepared to follow them.  "This is an excellent reward for
+Rupert and Maurice!" declared Gerard wrathfully.[<a id="chap10fn55text"></a><a href="#chap10fn55">55</a>]  Rupert himself
+wrote to Legge: "Dear Will, I hope Goodwin has told you what reasons I
+had to quit His Majesty's service.  I have sent Osborne to London for a
+pass to go beyond seas; when I have an answer you shall know more.
+Pray tell Sir Charles Lucas that I would have written to him before
+this, and to George Lisle, but I was kept close here....  If I can but
+get permission, I shall hope to see you and the rest of my friends once
+more; and in particular to bid farewell to my Lord Portland.  I forgot
+to tell you that Lord Digby is beaten back again to Shipton.  Alas,
+poor man!"[<a id="chap10fn56text"></a><a href="#chap10fn56">56</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Osborne, whom Rupert had sent to London to obtain from the Parliament a
+pass and safe convoy to a sea-port, found his mission greatly
+facilitated by Digby's new defeat, and the consequent capture of his
+papers.  It was characteristic of the Secretary, that, though his
+love-letters were carefully preserved in cipher, all those of political
+importance were written in plain language.  Among these papers was
+found a copy of the King's answer to Rupert's advice to treat, and the
+Parliament was moved thereby in Rupert's favour.  A pass was granted,
+but on condition of a promise given never again to bear arms against
+the
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P199"></a>199}</span>
+Parliament.  This promise the Princes would not give; and, as
+they could not possibly leave the country without the Parliament's good
+will, they fought their way back to Woodstock.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A few weeks later Charles returned to Oxford, and at once released
+Legge from his confinement.  Rupert was still at Woodstock, and his
+faithful friend lost no time in attempting to mediate between him and
+the King.  "My most dear Prince," he wrote, November 21st, "the liberty
+I have got is but of little contentment when divided from you..., I
+have not hitherto lost a day without moving His Majesty to recall you;
+and truly, this very day, he protested to me he would count it a great
+happiness to have you with him, so he received the satisfaction he is
+bound in honour to have.  What that is you will receive from the Duke
+of Richmond.  The King says, as he is your Uncle, he is in the nature
+of a parent to you, and swears that if Prince Charles had done as you
+did he would never see him again, without the same he desires from
+you....  you must thank the Duchess of Richmond, for she furnished a
+present to procure this messenger&mdash;I being not so happy as to have any
+money myself."[<a id="chap10fn57text"></a><a href="#chap10fn57">57</a>]  And four days later, he wrote again: "I am of
+opinion you should write to your Uncle&mdash;you ought to do it&mdash;; and if
+you offered your service to him yet, and submitted yourself to his
+disposing and advice, many of your friends think it could not be a
+dishonour, but rather the contrary, seeing he is a King, your Uncle,
+and, in effect, a parent to you."[<a id="chap10fn58text"></a><a href="#chap10fn58">58</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+But Rupert sulked, like Achilles in his tent, and his other friends
+took up the protest.  "This night I was with the King, who expresses
+great kindness to you, but beleevs y^r partinge was so much the
+contrary as Y^r Highnes cannot but think it finill," wrote an anonymous
+correspondent, "Now truly, Sir, His Majesty conceiving it soe, in my
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P200"></a>200}</span>
+opinion, 'tis ffitt you should make sume hansume applycation, for
+this reason; because my Lord Duke and others here, are much your
+servants, and all that are so wish your return to courte, though it be
+but to part frindlye.  But I think it necessary you should prepare the
+way first by letters to the Kinge.  Sir, I have no designes in this but
+your service, and if you understand me rightlye, that will prevayle so
+far as you will consider what I saye before you resolve the contrarye.
+I knowe there be sum that are your enemies, but they are such as may
+barcke, but I am confident are not able to fight against you appeare.
+Therefore, Sir, I beseech you, do not contrybute to the satisfaction of
+your foes, and the ruyne of your friends, by neglecting anything in
+your power to make peace with fortune.  If after all your attempts to
+be rightlye understood you shall fayle of that, yet you cannot waynt
+honor for the action.  'Tis your Uncle you shall submit to, and a King,
+not in the condition he meryt!  What others may saye I knowe not, but
+really, soe may I speak my opinion as a person that valews you above
+all the world besydes.  I am confident you know how faithfully my harte
+is to your Highness!"[<a id="chap10fn59text"></a><a href="#chap10fn59">59</a>]  Also from Lord Dorset came a pathetic
+appeal: "If my prayers can prevail, you shall not have the heart to
+leave us all in our saddest times.  If my advice were worthy of
+following, surely you should not abandon your Uncle in the disastrous
+condition these evil storms have placed him in."[<a id="chap10fn60text"></a><a href="#chap10fn60">60</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+These exhortations and entreaties at length prevailed; the Prince
+suffered his natural generosity to overcome his pride, and was induced
+to write the required apology: "I humbly acknowledge that great error,
+which I find your Majesty justly sensible of, which happened upon
+occasion at Newark."[<a id="chap10fn61text"></a><a href="#chap10fn61">61</a>]  Several letters passed, and Charles then sent
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P201"></a>201}</span>
+his nephew, "by Colonel Legge, a paper to confess a fault."
+Rupert returned a blank sheet with his signature subscribed, to signify
+his perfect submission to his Uncle's will: "the King, with tears in
+his eyes, took that so well that all was at peace....  The Prince went
+to Oxford, and the King embraced him, and repented much the ill-usage
+of his nephew."  To this account of the reconciliation, is appended the
+marginal note, "ask the Duchess of Richmond," but the information that
+she was able to supply was never filled in.[<a id="chap10fn62text"></a><a href="#chap10fn62">62</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Rupert was now restored to the favour and the counsels of his Uncle,
+but not to military command.  The war was practically over, and though
+the King would have had his nephew raise a new life-guard, the Oxford
+Council quashed the design.  Then Charles confided to Rupert his
+intention of taking refuge with the Scottish army.  The Prince
+distrusted the Scots, and strongly combated the idea; but, finding that
+he could not move the King's resolution, he obtained from him a signed
+statement that he acted against his nephew's advice.  For one mistake,
+at least, the Prince would not be held responsible.  April 27th, 1646,
+the King left Oxford secretly, rejecting Rupert's companionship on the
+grounds that his "tallness" would betray him.[<a id="chap10fn63text"></a><a href="#chap10fn63">63</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Oxford was now almost the last town holding out; on the first of May,
+Fairfax sat down before it, and the end was not long in coming.  A
+little skirmishing took place, but the Royalists had no real hope of
+success.  On one occasion Rupert, Maurice and Gerard went out against
+the Scots, with "about twenty horse, in stockings and shoes."  In mere
+bravado, they charged three troops of the enemy, and Maurice's page,
+Robert Holmes, of whom we shall hear more hereafter, was wounded.
+Rupert also was hurt, for the first time in the war; "a lieutenant of
+the enemy shot the Prince in the shoulder, and shook his hand, so
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P202"></a>202}</span>
+that his pistol fell out of his hand; but it shot his enemy's
+horse."[<a id="chap10fn64text"></a><a href="#chap10fn64">64</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Rupert had previously demanded of the governor, Sir Thomas Glemham,
+whether he would defend the town, but Glemham replied that he must obey
+the Council, and Rupert therefore interfered no more in the matter.  On
+May 18th a treaty was opened with Fairfax, but broken off on a
+disagreement about terms.  But by June 1st, all the water had been
+drawn off from the city, and surrender was inevitable.  The treaty was
+renewed, and Rupert prudently came to the Council to demand a
+particular clause for the safety of himself and his brother.  This
+occasioned a quarrel with Lord Southampton, who retorted that "the
+Prince was in good company," and was understood by Rupert to imply
+disrespect to his person.  He sent Gerard to expostulate with
+Southampton, who offered no apology, but, saying that his words had
+been unfaithfully reported, repeated them accurately.  Rupert was not
+satisfied, and sent Gerard again, with a message that he expected to
+meet Southampton "with his sword in his hand," and at as early a date
+as possible, lest the duel should be prevented.  The Earl cheerfully
+appointed the next morning, and selected pistols as his weapons,
+acknowledging that he was no match for the Prince with the sword.  But
+fortunately the suspicion of the Council had been roused; the gates
+were shut, the would-be combatants arrested, and a reconciliation
+effected.  "And the Prince ever after had a good respect for the
+Earl."[<a id="chap10fn65text"></a><a href="#chap10fn65">65</a>] There was no surer way of winning Rupert's esteem than by
+accepting a challenge from him.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+After this episode, the special clause by which the Princes were to
+have the benefit of all the other articles, and free leave to quit the
+country, was inserted in the treaty, and accepted by Fairfax.  Indeed
+the Parliament showed the Princes a greater leniency than might have
+been expected.  They
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P203"></a>203}</span>
+were permitted to take with them all their
+servants, and to remain in England for six months longer, provided they
+did not approach within twenty miles of London.  But on their quitting
+Oxford, June 22nd, Fairfax gave them leave on his own authority to go
+to Oatlands, which was within the proscribed distance of the capital.
+The reason for their move thither, was their desire to see the Elector,
+who was then in London; but it greatly excited the wrath of the
+Parliament.  Notwithstanding the express permission of Fairfax, it was
+declared that the Princes had broken the articles, and they were
+ordered to leave the country immediately, on pain of being treated as
+prisoners.  In a letter curiously signed "Rupert and Maurice," they
+answered, meekly enough, that they had acted in all good faith,
+believing the general's pass sufficient, and that in coming to Oatlands
+they had regarded the convenience of the house more than the distance
+from London, "of which we had no doubt at all."[<a id="chap10fn66text"></a><a href="#chap10fn66">66</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+But the Parliament refused to be pacified, and insisted that the
+Princes must depart within ten days.  A long correspondence ensued,
+relating chiefly to passes for various servants, "whom we would not
+willingly leave behind."  The list forwarded to the Parliament by
+Rupert, included a chaplain, some seven or eight gentlemen, footmen,
+grooms, a tailor, a gunsmith, a farrier, a secretary, "my brother's
+secretary's brother," and "a laundress and her maid."[<a id="chap10fn67text"></a><a href="#chap10fn67">67</a>]  On July 4th
+the brothers reached Dover, whence Rupert took ship for Calais, and
+Maurice for the Hague.  Rupert's "family," as his train was called,
+followed more slowly, and rejoined him on July 23rd, at St. Germains.
+"Blessed be God, for his and our deliverance from the Parliament,"[<a id="chap10fn68text"></a><a href="#chap10fn68">68</a>]
+piously concludes the journal of his secretary.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+So ended Rupert's part in the Civil War; a part played, on the whole,
+creditably, and yet not without serious faults
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P204"></a>204}</span>
+both of temper and
+judgment.  In the earlier days of the war, while possessed of the
+King's confidence, the Prince had been almost uniformly successful.
+Later, when he had to struggle against plots and counter-plots, a
+vacillating King, false friends, and open enemies, he failed.  That
+Digby had laid a deliberate scheme for his overthrow is evident; yet he
+had made Digby his enemy by his own faults of temper, and his own
+indiscretions had placed the necessary weapons in the Secretary's
+hands.  That he was unjustly treated with regard to Bristol there can
+be no doubt, but he ruined his own cause by his hopeless loss of
+temper.  Nothing could justify the mutinous scene at Newark, and Rupert
+afterwards confessed himself ashamed of it.  That the King's affairs
+would have prospered better had Digby's influence been less and
+Rupert's more, seems probable.  Faults and limitations, Rupert had, but
+he understood war as Digby did not.  His fidelity was irreproachable,
+and could never have been seriously doubted.  But he knew when the
+cause was lost, though the sanguine secretary failed to perceive it,
+and his advice to make peace was reasonable enough.  It was unfortunate
+that the position was such as made that reasonable advice impossible to
+follow.
+</p>
+
+<p><br /><br /></p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap10fn1"></a>
+[<a href="#chap10fn1text">1</a>] Warburton.  III.  p. 133.  Maurice to Rupert, July 7, 1645.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap10fn2"></a>
+[<a href="#chap10fn2text">2</a>] Warburton.  III.  p. 149.  Rupert to Richmond, July 28, 1645.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap10fn3"></a>
+[<a href="#chap10fn3text">3</a>] Ibid.  p. 151.  Rupert to Legge, July 28, 1645.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap10fn4"></a>
+[<a href="#chap10fn4text">4</a>] Add. MSS.  Richmond to Rupert, Aug. 3, 1645.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap10fn5"></a>
+[<a href="#chap10fn5text">5</a>] Rushworth, VI.  132.  King to Rupert, Aug. 3.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap10fn6"></a>
+[<a href="#chap10fn6text">6</a>] Warburton, III.  73.  Rupert to Legge, Mar. 31, 1645.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap10fn7"></a>
+[<a href="#chap10fn7text">7</a>] Carte's Ormonde, VI.  303.  Digby to Ormonde, June 26, 1645
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap10fn8"></a>
+[<a href="#chap10fn8text">8</a>] Warburton, III.  p. 145.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap10fn9"></a>
+[<a href="#chap10fn9text">9</a>] Ibid.  p. 156.  Rupert to Legge, July 29, 1645.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap10fn10"></a>
+[<a href="#chap10fn10text">10</a>] A Narrative of the Siege of Bristol.  Warburton, III.  pp. 166-180.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap10fn11"></a>
+[<a href="#chap10fn11text">11</a>] Warburton, III.  pp. 172-174.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap10fn12"></a>
+[<a href="#chap10fn12text">12</a>] Narrative of Siege of Bristol.  Warburton, III.  pp. 168-169.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap10fn13"></a>
+[<a href="#chap10fn13text">13</a>] Ibid.  p. 178.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap10fn14"></a>
+[<a href="#chap10fn14text">14</a>] Narrative of Siege of Bristol.  Warburton, III.  p. 180.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap10fn15"></a>
+[<a href="#chap10fn15text">15</a>] Narrative of Siege of Bristol.  Warburton, III.  p. 181.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap10fn16"></a>
+[<a href="#chap10fn16text">16</a>] Pamphlet, Sept. 10, 1645.  Warburton, p. 183.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap10fn17"></a>
+[<a href="#chap10fn17text">17</a>] Ibid.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap10fn18"></a>
+[<a href="#chap10fn18text">18</a>] Nicholas Papers, I.  p. 65.  Camden Society.  New Series.  Butler
+to Waller, Sept. 15, 1645.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap10fn19"></a>
+[<a href="#chap10fn19text">19</a>] Carte's Original Letters, I.  p. 134.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap10fn20"></a>
+[<a href="#chap10fn20text">20</a>] Domestic State Papers.  Honeywood, Oct. 7-13, 1645.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap10fn21"></a>
+[<a href="#chap10fn21text">21</a>] Warburton, II.  p. 185.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap10fn22"></a>
+[<a href="#chap10fn22text">22</a>] Domestic State Papers.  Nicholas to King, Sept. 18, 1645.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap10fn23"></a>
+[<a href="#chap10fn23text">23</a>] Ibid.  Rupert to King, Sept 18, 1645.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap10fn24"></a>
+[<a href="#chap10fn24text">24</a>] Dom. State Papers.  Nicholas to King, Sept. 18, 1645.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap10fn25"></a>
+[<a href="#chap10fn25text">25</a>] Ibid.  Digby to Nicholas, Sept. 26, 1645.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap10fn26"></a>
+[<a href="#chap10fn26text">26</a>] Clarendon, Bk. IX.  91.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap10fn27"></a>
+[<a href="#chap10fn27text">27</a>] Walker, p. 142.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap10fn28"></a>
+[<a href="#chap10fn28text">28</a>] Clarendon, Bk. IX.  121.  Walker, 142.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap10fn29"></a>
+[<a href="#chap10fn29text">29</a>] Warburton, III.  p. 183.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap10fn30"></a>
+[<a href="#chap10fn30text">30</a>] Ibid.  p. 188.  King to Maurice, Sept 20, 1645.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap10fn31"></a>
+[<a href="#chap10fn31text">31</a>] Pamphlet.  Brit. Mus.  "Prince Rupert: his Declaration", March 9,
+1649.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap10fn32"></a>
+[<a href="#chap10fn32text">32</a>] Pamphlet.  Brit. Mus.  "A Looking-glass wherein His Majesty may
+see his Nephew's Love."
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap10fn33"></a>
+[<a href="#chap10fn33text">33</a>] Carte's Ormonde, VI.  167, 18 July, 1644.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap10fn34"></a>
+[<a href="#chap10fn34text">34</a>] The names are so printed in the Calendar of State Papers.  But in
+the original MS. they are so blotted that only "Rupert" and "Legge" are
+really distinct.  Professor Gardiner adds Culpepper.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap10fn35"></a>
+[<a href="#chap10fn35text">35</a>] State Papers.  Digby to Jermyn, Aug. 27, 1645.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap10fn36"></a>
+[<a href="#chap10fn36text">36</a>] State Papers.  Anon. to Walsingham, Aug. 8, 1645.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap10fn37"></a>
+[<a href="#chap10fn37text">37</a>] Dom. State Papers.  Walsingham to Digby, Aug. 12, 1645.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap10fn38"></a>
+[<a href="#chap10fn38text">38</a>] Ibid.  Aug. 16, 1645.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap10fn39"></a>
+[<a href="#chap10fn39text">39</a>] Dom. State Papers.  A to Walsingham, Sept. 14, 1645.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap10fn40"></a>
+[<a href="#chap10fn40text">40</a>] Ibid.  Walsingham to Digby, Sept. 14, 1645.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap10fn41"></a>
+[<a href="#chap10fn41text">41</a>] Dom. State Papers, Sept. 16, 1645.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap10fn42"></a>
+[<a href="#chap10fn42text">42</a>] Ibid.  Sept. 16, 1645.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap10fn43"></a>
+[<a href="#chap10fn43text">43</a>] Ibid.  Oct. 11, 1645.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap10fn44"></a>
+[<a href="#chap10fn44text">44</a>] Warburton, III.  p. 194.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap10fn45"></a>
+[<a href="#chap10fn45text">45</a>] Ibid.  pp. 194-5.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap10fn46"></a>
+[<a href="#chap10fn46text">46</a>] Add. MSS.  31022.  King to Rupert, Oct. 15, 1645.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap10fn47"></a>
+[<a href="#chap10fn47text">47</a>] Walker, pp. 136-137.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap10fn48"></a>
+[<a href="#chap10fn48text">48</a>] Warburton, III.  201-203.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap10fn49"></a>
+[<a href="#chap10fn49text">49</a>] Walker, 137.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap10fn50"></a>
+[<a href="#chap10fn50text">50</a>] Symonds Diary.  Camden Society, 268-270, also Walker, 145-148.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap10fn51"></a>
+[<a href="#chap10fn51text">51</a>] Evelyn's Diary, ed. 1852.  IV.  165-166.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap10fn52"></a>
+[<a href="#chap10fn52text">52</a>] Walker, p. 148.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap10fn53"></a>
+[<a href="#chap10fn53text">53</a>] Pamphlet.  Merc.  Brit.  Warburton, III.  206, <i>note</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap10fn54"></a>
+[<a href="#chap10fn54text">54</a>] Pepys Diary, 4 Feb. 1665.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap10fn55"></a>
+[<a href="#chap10fn55text">55</a>] State Papers.  Gerard to Skipworth, Nov. 2, 1645.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap10fn56"></a>
+[<a href="#chap10fn56text">56</a>] Dom. State Papers.  Anon. to Legge, Nov. 3, 1645.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap10fn57"></a>
+[<a href="#chap10fn57text">57</a>] Warburton, III.  p. 211.  Legge to Rupert, Nov. 21, 1645.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap10fn58"></a>
+[<a href="#chap10fn58text">58</a>] Ibid.  p. 212.  Legge to Rupert, Nov. 25, 1645.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap10fn59"></a>
+[<a href="#chap10fn59text">59</a>] Pythouse Papers, p. 27.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap10fn60"></a>
+[<a href="#chap10fn60text">60</a>] Warburton, III.  213.  Dorset to Rupert, Dec. 25, 1645.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap10fn61"></a>
+[<a href="#chap10fn61text">61</a>] Ibid., p. 222.  Rupert to King.  No date.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap10fn62"></a>
+[<a href="#chap10fn62text">62</a>] Warburton, III.  p. 195-196.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap10fn63"></a>
+[<a href="#chap10fn63text">63</a>] Ibid.  p. 196.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap10fn64"></a>
+[<a href="#chap10fn64text">64</a>] Warburton, III.  p. 197.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap10fn65"></a>
+[<a href="#chap10fn65text">65</a>] Clarendon's Life, ed. 1827, vol. III.  p. 235.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap10fn66"></a>
+[<a href="#chap10fn66text">66</a>] Cary's Memorials of Civil War, ed. 1842, vol. I.  pp. 114-115.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap10fn67"></a>
+[<a href="#chap10fn67text">67</a>] Warburton, III.  pp. 234-235, <i>note</i>.  Cary, I.  121-122.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap10fn68"></a>
+[<a href="#chap10fn68text">68</a>] Prince Rupert's Journal.  Clar. State Papers.
+</p>
+
+<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
+
+<p><a id="chap11"></a></p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P205"></a>205}</span>
+</p>
+
+<h3>
+CHAPTER XI
+</h3>
+
+<h4>
+THE ELECTOR'S ALLIANCE WITH THE PARLIAMENT.  <br />
+EDWARD'S MARRIAGE.  ASSASSINATION OF <br />
+D'EPINAY BY PHILIP
+</h4>
+
+<p>
+Before their departure from England, Rupert and Maurice had received a
+visit from their brother, the Elector.  The Thirty Years' War was
+drawing to a close, and the Peace of Munster which was to restore
+Charles Louis to the Palatinate, was already under consideration.  But
+the Elector could not make terms with the Emperor without the consent
+of his brothers, and therefore June 30th, 1646, he wrote to the
+Parliament:
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"Having received information from Munster and Osnaburgh, that in
+whatsoever shall be agreed at the general treaty concerning my
+interests, the consent of all my brothers will be required, I am
+desirous to confer with my brothers Rupert and Maurice, afore their
+departure out of this kingdom, about this, and other domestic affairs
+which do concern us.  Whereby I do not at all intend to retard my said
+brothers' journey; but shall endeavour to efface any such impressions
+as the enemies of these kingdoms, and of our family beyond seas,
+(making use of their present distresses,) may fix upon them, to their
+own and our family prejudice."[<a id="chap11fn1text"></a><a href="#chap11fn1">1</a>]  The desired interview was permitted
+by the Parliament, and on July 1st the Elector met his brothers at
+Guildford.  What reception he had we do not know, but it cannot, in the
+nature of things, have been very cordial.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+With all their faults, which were many, Rupert and Maurice were
+incapable of the meanness to which Charles
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P206"></a>206}</span>
+Louis had descended,
+and for which he did not conceal the mercenary motive.  During the
+King's prosperity he had lived much in England; and from the King he
+had received nothing but kindness and affection, though the Queen
+apparently gave him cause of complaint.  In 1642 he had accompanied the
+King to York, but, finding war inevitable, he had quitted the Court at
+a moment's notice, and returned to Holland, just when Rupert and
+Maurice were hastening to their uncle's assistance.  The Parliament
+"expressed a good sense" of this desertion, pretending to believe that
+Charles Louis had discovered secret designs of the King to which he
+could not reconcile his conscience.[<a id="chap11fn2text"></a><a href="#chap11fn2">2</a>] And for some time the Elector
+watched events from a distance, taking care to detach himself from all
+connection with his brothers by declarations, and messages to the
+Parliament.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+By 1644, it appeared to him that the Parliament was likely to have the
+better in arms, as it certainly had in money, and in the August of that
+year he suddenly arrived in London.  In a very long, and very pious
+document he stated his reasons for his conduct.  The Puritans, as "the
+children of truth and innocency who are not changed with the smiles or
+frowns of this inconstant world," were, he declared, his "best friends,
+and, under God, greatest confidants," and he wound up with a direct
+attack on Rupert.  "Neither can His Highness forbear, with unspeakable
+grief, to observe that the public actions of some of the nearest of his
+blood have been such as have admitted too much cause of sorrow and
+jealousy, even from such persons, upon whose affections, in respect of
+their love and zeal to the reformed religion, His Highness doth set the
+greatest price.  But, as His Highness is not able to regulate what is
+out of his power, so is he confident that the justice of the
+Parliament, and of all honest men, will not impute
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P207"></a>207}</span>
+to him such
+actions as are his afflictions, and not his faults."[<a id="chap11fn3text"></a><a href="#chap11fn3">3</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Princes were scarce with the Puritans, and Charles Louis was well
+received, lodged in Whitehall, and granted a large pension.[<a id="chap11fn4text"></a><a href="#chap11fn4">4</a>]  In
+recognition of this he took the Covenant, and begged leave to sit in
+the Assembly of Divines, then debating on religious "reforms".  His
+request was readily granted, and it is to be hoped that he suffered
+some weariness from the long-winded debates to which he thus condemned
+himself.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The King regarded his conduct with quiet indifference, only remarking
+that he was sorry, for his nephew's sake, that he thought fit to act in
+such a manner.  It has been suggested that he willingly connived at
+this hypocrisy as the only means by which the Elector could obtain
+money, but Charles Louis' own letters to his mother disprove that view.
+In 1647, when the King was a prisoner, he often received the visits of
+his eldest nephew, and the Elector thus described their mutual attitude
+to Elizabeth: "His Majesty, upon occasion, doth still blame the way I
+have been in all this time, and I do defend it <i>as the only shelter I
+have</i>, when my public business, and my person, have received so many
+neglects at Court.  Madame, I would not have renewed the sore of his
+ill-usage of me since the Queen hath had power with him, but that he
+urged me to it, saying that I should rather have lived on bread and
+water, than have complied with the Parliament, which he said I did
+'<i>only to have one chicken more in my dish</i>'; and that he would have
+thought it a design more worthy of his nephew if I had gone about to
+have taken the crown from his head.  These and such-like expressions
+would have moved a saint.  Neither do I know of anyone, but Our
+Saviour, that would have ruined himself for those that hate one."[<a id="chap11fn5text"></a><a href="#chap11fn5">5</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P208"></a>208}</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The King seems to have entertained no suspicions of actual treachery on
+the part of his nephew, but it is by no means unlikely that Charles
+Louis really did cherish some vague design of "taking the crown from
+his head".  If the King were deposed, and his children rejected as the
+children of a Roman Catholic Queen, then the Elector, after his mother,
+was the Protestant heir to the throne.  Probably the aspersions cast
+upon Rupert would have better fitted his elder brother, and the French
+Ambassador did not hesitate to assert plainly in 1644: "Some entertain
+a design for conveying the crown to the Prince Palatine".[<a id="chap11fn6text"></a><a href="#chap11fn6">6</a>]  But,
+whatever his degree of guilt, the political conduct of Charles Louis
+could be regarded only with contempt by Rupert and Maurice, though
+concerning their "domestic affairs" they seem to have been of one mind
+with him.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+During the years of turmoil in England the Palatines on the Continent
+had not been inactive.  Edward and Philip, clinging together as did
+Rupert and Maurice, had resided chiefly in Paris, where they seem to
+have led a very gay life, if Sir Kenelm Digby is to be credited.  "All
+my conversation is in the other world, and with what passes in the
+Elysian fields," wrote that romantic personage to Lord Conway;
+"gaieties of Paris, gallantries of Prince Edward, his late duel with
+Sir James Leviston, who extremely forgot his duty.  In a word, it was
+impossible for a young man, and a noble prince, to do more bravely than
+His Highness did."[<a id="chap11fn7text"></a><a href="#chap11fn7">7</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A month later, Edward, inspired probably by Queen Henrietta, wrote to
+Rupert to suggest that he also should come over to fight for his
+uncle's cause.  "I have a letter from my brother in France who desires
+my order to come to me; if it be His Majesty's desire I should send
+word presently," Rupert wrote to Legge in April 1645; and he
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P209"></a>209}</span>
+added a postscript curiously indicative of the haste and want of
+thought with which he must have written.  "Since I wrote I remember the
+King was contented, and therefore I will send an express for my
+brother."[<a id="chap11fn8text"></a><a href="#chap11fn8">8</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The express was sent: "This day arrived a gentleman from Prince Rupert
+to fetch his brother Edward into England," wrote Jermyn to Digby.[<a id="chap11fn9text"></a><a href="#chap11fn9">9</a>]
+But ere the messenger could arrive Edward had eloped with a fair
+heiress, for whose sake he joined the Roman Church.  Jermyn hastened to
+inform Rupert of the event.  "Your Highness is to know a romance story
+which concerns you here in the person of Prince Edward, who is last
+week married privately to the Princess Anne, the Duke of Nevers'
+daughter.  This Queen,[<a id="chap11fn10text"></a><a href="#chap11fn10">10</a>] the thing being done without her consent,
+hath been very much offended at it, and, notwithstanding all the
+endeavours of your brother's friends, he hath received an order to
+retire himself into Holland, which he hath done,...  But there will
+come no further disadvantage to him than a little separation from his
+wife.  She is very rich, £6,000 or £7,000 a year is the least that can
+fall to her, maybe more; and she is a very beautiful young lady."[<a id="chap11fn11text"></a><a href="#chap11fn11">11</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Edward's bride, Anne de Gonzague, was in fact a very distinguished
+personage,&mdash;famous already for her startling adventures, and destined
+to become more famous as a political <i>intrigante</i>.[<a id="chap11fn12text"></a><a href="#chap11fn12">12</a>]  The displeasure
+of the Queen Regent was speedily softened by the intercession of Queen
+Henrietta, and still more by Edward's conversion, which went far to
+palliate his fault.  On his own family it had precisely the opposite
+effect.  His mother was furious; and the Elector, moved by fear of the
+English Parliament's disapproval, wrote indignantly that Edward could
+not be really "persuaded
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P210"></a>210}</span>
+of those fopperies to which he
+pretends."[<a id="chap11fn13text"></a><a href="#chap11fn13">13</a>]  He also ordered Philip to quit Paris, where "only
+atheists and hypocrites" were to be found, and he exhorted his mother
+to remove a Roman Catholic gentleman from attendance on the boy, and to
+lay her curse upon him should he ever change his religion.[<a id="chap11fn14text"></a><a href="#chap11fn14">14</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Philip had no sooner returned to the Hague than he distinguished
+himself in a way which won him the affectionate admiration of all his
+brothers, and the lasting displeasure of his mother.  Elizabeth's
+favourite admirer, at that period, happened to be the Marquis d'Epinay,
+a French refugee, remarkable for his fascinating manners and
+disreputable character.  The young Palatines detested him, but the man,
+notwithstanding, became intimate at the Court, and was soon acquainted
+with the Queen's most private affairs.  The intimacy produced scandal
+without, and dissension within the household.  D'Epinay boasted of his
+conquest, and Philip, a boy of eighteen, could not endure his insolence.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+On the evening of June 20, 1646, D'Epinay, and several of his
+countrymen encountered Philip alone.  They greeted him by name,
+insulting both him and his mother, but eventually fled before the
+fierce onslaught of the youngest Palatine.  The affair could not end
+thus.  On the following morning, as he drove through the Place d'Armes,
+Philip caught sight of his enemy.  Without a moment's thought he sprang
+from his curricle, and rushed upon D'Epinay.  D'Epinay was armed, and
+received Philip on the point of his sword, wounding him in the side.
+Philip had no sword, but he was a Palatine, and he plunged his
+hunting-knife deep into the Frenchman's heart.  D'Epinay fell dead, and
+Philip, flinging his knife from him, regained his curricle and drove
+off to the Spanish border.[<a id="chap11fn15text"></a><a href="#chap11fn15">15</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Then arose a mighty storm.  The Queen, passionately
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P211"></a>211}</span>
+bewailing her
+misfortune in having such a son, vowed that she would never look on
+Philip's face again.  But Philip's brothers and sisters rose up in his
+defence.  The Princess Elizabeth boldly averred that "Philip needed no
+apology,"[<a id="chap11fn16text"></a><a href="#chap11fn16">16</a>] and, finding her position in her mother's house
+untenable, retreated to her Aunt at Brandenburg.  And both Rupert and
+the Elector warmly espoused Philip's cause.  "Permit me, madame," wrote
+Charles Louis, "to solicit your pardon for my brother Philip,&mdash;a pardon
+I would sooner have asked, had it ever entered my mind that he could
+possibly need any intercession to obtain it.  The consideration of his
+youth, of the affront he received, and of the shame which would, all
+his life, have attached to him had he not revenged it, should
+suffice."[<a id="chap11fn17text"></a><a href="#chap11fn17">17</a>]  Rupert wrote, in the same strain, from Oatlands, and his
+letter was accompanied by a second from the Elector, in which he
+declared that the very asking pardon for Philip would "more justly
+deserve forgiving than my brother's action."[<a id="chap11fn18text"></a><a href="#chap11fn18">18</a>]  The Queen ultimately
+accorded a nominal pardon to the unfortunate Philip, for in July 1648,
+he was again at the Hague, under the protection of Rupert and Maurice,
+whom he accompanied to a dinner at which Mary, Princess of Orange,
+entertained her two brothers and three cousins.[<a id="chap11fn19text"></a><a href="#chap11fn19">19</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+He had, in the meantime entered the Venetian service, rather to the
+annoyance of the Elector, who wrote: "I could wish my brother Rupert or
+Maurice would undertake the Venetian business, my brother Philip being
+very young for such a task."[<a id="chap11fn20text"></a><a href="#chap11fn20">20</a>]  But neither of the other two brothers
+had any intention of deserting the Stuart cause, and the Elector
+obtained leave from the Parliament for Philip to raise a thousand men
+in England.  For this purpose, Philip
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P212"></a>212}</span>
+visited his eldest brother
+in London, but stayed only a few weeks.[<a id="chap11fn21text"></a><a href="#chap11fn21">21</a>]  Returning to Holland, he
+completed his levies in the states, with some assistance from
+Maurice;[<a id="chap11fn22text"></a><a href="#chap11fn22">22</a>] and in the autumn of 1648 he departed to Italy, whence he
+wrote to Rupert that the Venetians were "unworthy pantaloons."[<a id="chap11fn23text"></a><a href="#chap11fn23">23</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Rupert was, meanwhile, watching over the Stuarts in France, and Maurice
+remained quietly at the Hague with his mother and sisters.  We find him
+with no more exciting occupation than the paying of visits of
+compliment on behalf of his mother; or walking meekly behind her and
+his sisters, when they met distinguished visitors in the garden of the
+Prince of Orange.  Perhaps his health had suffered from his two severe
+illnesses in England, and he needed the long rest.  But, whatever the
+reason, at the Hague he stayed, until May 1648, when he was summoned by
+Rupert to join the Royalist fleet.
+</p>
+
+<p><br /><br /></p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap11fn1"></a>
+[<a href="#chap11fn1text">1</a>] Cary's Memorials.  Vol. I.  p. 120.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap11fn2"></a>
+[<a href="#chap11fn2text">2</a>] Clarendon. Hist.  Bk. VII.  p. 414
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap11fn3"></a>
+[<a href="#chap11fn3text">3</a>] Rupert Transcripts.  Declaration of the Prince Elector.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap11fn4"></a>
+[<a href="#chap11fn4text">4</a>] Whitelocke, 85, 101.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap11fn5"></a>
+[<a href="#chap11fn5text">5</a>] Forster's Eminent Statesmen.  1847.  Vol. VI.  pp. 80-81
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap11fn6"></a>
+[<a href="#chap11fn6text">6</a>] Von Raumer's History of England in 17th Century.  III.  p. 330.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap11fn7"></a>
+[<a href="#chap11fn7text">7</a>] Cal. Dom. State Papers,  13/23 Feb. 1645.  Chas. I.  DVI.  f. 43.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap11fn8"></a>
+[<a href="#chap11fn8text">8</a>] Warburton, III.  p. 75.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap11fn9"></a>
+[<a href="#chap11fn9text">9</a>] Cal. Dom. State Papers.  Jermyn to Digby, 12 May, 1645.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap11fn10"></a>
+[<a href="#chap11fn10text">10</a>] Anne of Austria, Queen Regent of France.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap11fn11"></a>
+[<a href="#chap11fn11text">11</a>] Warburton, III.  p. 82.  5 May, 1645.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap11fn12"></a>
+[<a href="#chap11fn12text">12</a>] Memoirs of Anne de Gonzague.  Ed. Sénac de Meilhan.  Memoirs of
+Cardinal De Retz, and of Mademoiselle de Montpensier.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap11fn13"></a>
+[<a href="#chap11fn13text">13</a>] Bromley Letters, p. 127, 28 Nov. 1645.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap11fn14"></a>
+[<a href="#chap11fn14text">14</a>] Bromley, pp. 129-131.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap11fn15"></a>
+[<a href="#chap11fn15text">15</a>] Soeltl's Elizabeth Stuart, 1840.  Bk. IV.  Chap. 7, pp. 402-403.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap11fn16"></a>
+[<a href="#chap11fn16text">16</a>] Strickland's Elizabeth Stuart, p. 209.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap11fn17"></a>
+[<a href="#chap11fn17text">17</a>] Ibid.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap11fn18"></a>
+[<a href="#chap11fn18text">18</a>] Bromley Letters, p. 134.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap11fn19"></a>
+[<a href="#chap11fn19text">19</a>] Queen's Princesses, VI.  p. 149.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap11fn20"></a>
+[<a href="#chap11fn20text">20</a>] Bromley Letters, p. 136.  Elector to Elizabeth, Jan. 9, 1646-7.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap11fn21"></a>
+[<a href="#chap11fn21text">21</a>] Whitelocke, p. 306.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap11fn22"></a>
+[<a href="#chap11fn22text">22</a>] State Papers, 20 April, 1647.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap11fn23"></a>
+[<a href="#chap11fn23text">23</a>] Rupert Transcripts, Sept. 30, 1648.
+</p>
+
+<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
+
+<p><a id="chap12"></a></p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P213"></a>213}</span>
+</p>
+
+<h3>
+CHAPTER XII
+</h3>
+
+<h4>
+COMMAND IN THE FRENCH ARMY.  COURTSHIP OF MADEMOISELLE.  <br />
+DUELS WITH DIGBY AND PERCY
+</h4>
+
+<p>
+Sometime before the end of the war the Queen of England had fled to
+France, and had set up her court at that home of Royal exiles,&mdash;St.
+Germains!  There she had been joined by her son, the Prince of Wales,
+and by many English Cavaliers; and thither went Rupert in July 1646.
+"If thou see Prince Rupert," wrote King Charles anxiously to his wife,
+"tell him that I have recommend him unto thee.  For, albeit his
+passions may sometimes make him mistake, yet I am confident of his
+honest constancy and courage, having at the last behaved himself very
+well."[<a id="chap12fn1text"></a><a href="#chap12fn1">1</a>]  Henrietta, convinced by her husband's words, or forgetful of
+the reproaches she had so recently heaped upon her nephew, received
+Rupert graciously, and to the Prince of Wales he was of course very
+welcome.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Nor was his reception at the French court less cordial.  The Queen
+Regent, impressed by his romantic history and famous courage, showered
+marks of her favour upon him; and Mazarin, the true ruler of France, at
+once offered him a command in the French army, "upon whatever
+conditions of preferment or advantage he could desire."[<a id="chap12fn2text"></a><a href="#chap12fn2">2</a>]  Rupert
+hesitated to accept the flattering offer, without his Uncle's sanction.
+"Prince Rupert had several assurances by the mouth of the Duke of
+Orleans, Cardinal Mazarin and others, of the charge of the foreign
+forces mentioned in my last," says a letter in the Portland MSS., "but
+I am informed
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P214"></a>214}</span>
+he defers to accept the commission of it, until he
+hears his Uncle, the King of Great Britain, doth approve it; which
+deference is well taken here."[<a id="chap12fn3text"></a><a href="#chap12fn3">3</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Apparently Charles expressed approval of the arrangement, for Rupert
+finally entered the French service, reserving to himself the right of
+quitting it whenever his Uncle should need him.  He was immediately
+given the rank of Field-Marshal, with a regiment of foot, a troop of
+horse, and a commission to command all the English in France.  The
+Cavaliers, exiled and destitute, eagerly embraced the opportunity of
+serving under their Prince, and Rupert had no difficulty in raising a
+large corps, more especially as the conditions of service were
+exceptionally good.  Among those who applied for a commission was the
+ever plausible Goring, but he found himself promptly refused, and
+thereupon took service under Spain.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The summer of 1647 found Rupert fighting his old enemies the Spaniards,
+in Northern France, and on the borders of Flanders.  The campaign was a
+desultory one, in which little was effected, owing partly to the
+jealousies of the French officers, who were little more in concord than
+those of the English army had been.  The two Marshals, Rantzau and
+Gassion, detested each other, and Gassion, at least, was exceedingly
+jealous of Rupert's reputation.  His conduct throughout the campaign
+was, if not treacherous, extremely eccentric and he seems to have
+deserved the name of "that madman" bestowed on him by Rantzau.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+They marched first to the relief of Armentières, and, on their arrival
+near the town, Gassion invited Rupert to come and "view the enemy"
+accordingly they set out alone, and advanced some way down the river,
+concealing themselves behind the sheltering hedges.  Then Gassion,
+directing the Prince to stay behind until he called him, proceeded
+alone to a little house on the river bank.  In the meantime some
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P215"></a>215}</span>
+Spanish soldiers came down in a boat, and landed by the house.  Rupert
+saw them clearly, but dared not warn his comrade lest they should hear
+him sooner than could Gassion.  Luckily the French Marshal was equal to
+the emergency.  He was wearing a Spanish coat, and when he came face to
+face with the Spanish soldiers, he had the presence of mind to address
+them in their own language, and as though he were one of their
+officers.  This so surprised them that they stood still, staring; and
+Gassion, with more prudence than dignity, took to his heels.  In spite
+of the enemy's fire, he regained the hedge, and Rupert, coming to meet
+him, pulled him over the ditch.  "Mort Dieu!" gasped the Marshal.  "Ça
+m'arrive toujours!"  To which Rupert retorted in the dry manner which
+he seems to have usually assumed towards Gassion, "Je n'en doute point,
+si vous faites souvent comme ça."  Both got safely away, but the battle
+intended to relieve Armentières never took place.[<a id="chap12fn4text"></a><a href="#chap12fn4">4</a>]  The Spaniards
+numbered three times as many as the French: and when Gassion began to
+draw out his troops next day, Rantzau flew to exhort Rupert to stop
+such madness.  The Prince thereupon urged Gassion to give up the idea
+of battle; the army was withdrawn to Arras, and Armentières fell to the
+Spaniards.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+On the retreat to Arras, Rupert was attacked by Piccolomini, in great
+force.  Again and again Rupert repulsed his charge, retreating slowly
+all the time.  Gassion, actuated by jealousy, sent an order to the
+Prince to remain where he was; but Rupert, retorting fiercely that it
+was the other Marshal's day of command, continued his retreat.  After
+that he despatched a formal complaint of Gassion's conduct to the Queen
+Regent, who rebuked Gassion with the curious question&mdash;"Was he a
+general or a Croat?"[<a id="chap12fn5text"></a><a href="#chap12fn5">5</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Spaniards marched next to La Bassée, and Gassion there invited
+Rupert to take another survey of their forces,
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P216"></a>216}</span>
+asking, "Are you
+well mounted, Sir?  Shall we go see the army?"  Rupert assented, and
+they started&mdash;not this time alone, but with three or four others in
+their company.  They had not gone far when they fell into an ambush of
+foot soldiers, and perceived that a troop of Spanish horse was
+following to cut off their retreat.  Seeing this, they wheeled round,
+and two of Rupert's gentlemen, Mortaigne and Robert Holmes, beat back a
+troop of Spaniards who were crossing the rivulet between them and the
+French.  Both were hurt, Mortaigne in the hand and Holmes in the leg.
+Mortaigne retired, but Holmes lay upon the ground, exposed to the
+sweeping fire of the enemy.  Rupert was retreating with the French,
+but, seeing Holmes in this predicament, he turned and went calmly back
+through the Spanish fire, with Mortaigne following him.  With great
+danger and difficulty he lifted Holmes on to his own horse, and brought
+him safely off, "not a man of the French volunteers coming to his
+assistance.[<a id="chap12fn6text"></a><a href="#chap12fn6">6</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In this inglorious campaign there seems to have been little save
+retreats to record.  An attempt to relieve Landrécies failed as that at
+Armentières had done, chiefly through the mistake, or treachery of a
+guide.  Rupert was told off to secure the retreat with three German
+regiments and one of Croats.  Continually skirmishing with the Spanish
+horse, he had got through the first pass, when Gassion returned to him,
+in great distress, saying that the cannon was stuck fast in the mud,
+and would have to be abandoned.  Rupert replied that, if he might have
+the Picardy guards and a regiment of Swiss, he would not only make good
+the retreat, but would also bring off the cannon.  Gassion willingly
+sent back the required troops, and Rupert made good his promise,
+without losing a single man.  This done, "he thought to have lain down
+and refreshed himself," but an order came to march on to La Bassée, and
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P217"></a>217}</span>
+he at once set out with the horse, leaving the foot to follow.
+At La Bassée he won the only success that fell to the French in the
+campaign.  Reaching the town that night, he found that a relief of some
+four hundred men, under Goring, had just been despatched thither by the
+Spaniards; the opportunity was more than welcome.  All Goring's men
+were captured by Rupert's guards, and most of them, being English,
+transferred their services to the Prince.[<a id="chap12fn7text"></a><a href="#chap12fn7">7</a>]  That same night Rupert
+began his line round the town, and in less than three weeks it was his.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Gassion was furiously jealous.  During the whole course of the siege,
+he had refused to lend any aid whatever, and when the town was taken in
+spite of him, his jealousy led him to play the Prince a very
+treacherous trick.  He invited him one morning to "take the air," and
+Rupert, for the third time, agreed to accompany him.  They went out
+attended by a guard of eighty horse; but a peasant warned the Spaniards
+of their whereabouts, and an ambush was laid to intercept their return.
+As they came back, Rupert noticed a dog sitting with its back towards
+him, and staring into the wood.  The circumstance roused his
+suspicions; he took off his cloak, threw it to his page, and pressing
+after Gassion who was some yards ahead, cried: "Have a care, sir!
+There is a party in that wood!"  As he spoke the hidden enemy fired a
+smart volley.  Setting spurs to their horses, the French party broke
+through it, losing only Rupert's page, who was taken, but courteously
+released next day.  No sooner were they through the fire than Gassion
+faced about, saying: "Il faut rompre le col a ces coquins-là.&mdash;Pied à
+terre!"  He took his foot from his stirrup; and Rupert, naturally
+understanding that they were to attack the ambush, dismounted.  A few
+officers followed his example, and thereupon Gassion marched off with
+their horses, leaving them to face the difficulty as best
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P218"></a>218}</span>
+they
+could.  A sharp skirmish followed, in which Rupert received a shot in
+the head, but he contrived to retreat after Gassion, who was calmly
+waiting at some distance.  The French General then expressed polite
+regret for the accident: "Monsieur," he said, "je suis bien fâché que
+vous êtes blessé!"  To which Rupert replied, with crushing brevity: "Et
+moi aussi!"[<a id="chap12fn8text"></a><a href="#chap12fn8">8</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This little skirmish ended an uneventful campaign, and Rupert returned
+to St. Germains, "where he passed his next winter with as much
+satisfaction as the tenderness he felt for his royal uncle's affairs
+would permit."[<a id="chap12fn9text"></a><a href="#chap12fn9">9</a>]  King Charles was then a prisoner at Hampton Court,
+whence he wrote a very affectionate letter to his nephew, sympathising
+with him for his recent wound, and assuring him that, "next my
+children, I say <i>next</i>, I shall have most care of you, and shall take
+the first opportunity either to employ you, or to have your
+company."[<a id="chap12fn10text"></a><a href="#chap12fn10">10</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Rupert was in the meanwhile, exerting himself in the service of the
+Prince of Wales.  It was the ambition of Henrietta to unite her eldest
+son to her niece, the daughter of the Duke of Orleans, known as La
+Grande Mademoiselle.  This lady, as heiress of the Montpensiers, had
+inherited an enormous fortune, which Henrietta desired to acquire for
+her son's benefit.  But young Charles did not care for his pompous
+cousin, and, in order to avoid the trouble of love-making, declared
+that he could not speak French.  Though Rupert himself had obstinately
+declined to mend his fortunes by marriage, he seems to have been very
+anxious to overcome his cousin's contumacy.  He became his interpreter,
+in which <i>rôle</i> he was obliged not merely to translate, but to invent
+pretty speeches for the refractory Charles.  The task was a difficult
+one, for Mademoiselle was not stupid, and observed that when her
+supposed lover
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P219"></a>219}</span>
+wished to discuss dogs and horses with the young
+King of France he could speak French well enough.[<a id="chap12fn11text"></a><a href="#chap12fn11">11</a>]  Moreover,
+neither Rupert nor Henrietta could make Prince Charles dance with his
+cousin if he did not choose to do so.  Mademoiselle pointed out his
+neglect of her to Rupert, "who," says she, "immediately made me all the
+excuses imaginable."[<a id="chap12fn12text"></a><a href="#chap12fn12">12</a>]  But neither Rupert's excuses, nor Henrietta's
+protestations could bring the affair to the desired conclusion.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+An occupation more natural and congenial to Rupert than making love on
+behalf of an unwilling lover, was the settling of old scores, for which
+he now found leisure and opportunity.  It was not to be expected that
+he should meet Digby peaceably, and when the Secretary arrived in
+France in September 1647, a duel was universally expected.  "My Lord
+Digby, at his coming from Rouen towards Paris, received news of Prince
+Rupert being, two nights before, come from the army to St. Germains,"
+wrote O'Neil to Ormonde.  "His Highness and his dependants being the
+only persons from whom his Lordship could suspect any resentment, his
+Lordship prepared himself by the best forethought he could for any
+accident that night happen to him in that way."[<a id="chap12fn13text"></a><a href="#chap12fn13">13</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Queen was resolved to prevent any such "accident," and to keep a
+close watch over her nephew, to that end, but Rupert's prompt action
+took her by surprise.  On the morning after his arrival, while he was
+yet in bed, Digby received the Prince's challenge.  "About nine of the
+clock," says O'Neil, "I came to the Lord Digby's chamber, being sent
+for hastily by him.  Who told me that Prince Rupert had, a little
+before, sent him word, by M. de la Chapelle, that he expected him, with
+his sword in his hand, at the
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P220"></a>220}</span>
+Cross of Poissy, a large league off
+in the forest, with three in his company."  Digby sent back word that
+he was "highly sensible of the honour," and would come as soon as he
+could get on his clothes, but feared that there would be an hour's
+delay, since he had no horse, and was lame "in regard of a weakness in
+his hurt leg."  Rupert received this message "with much nobleness and
+civility," and at once placed his own horse at Digby's service.  By
+that time rumours of the impending fray were afloat, and Jermyn was
+sent by the Queen to remonstrate with Digby.  But the only result of
+Jermyn's intervention was to produce a quarrel between himself and
+Digby, which determined him to attend the duel on Rupert's side.  The
+delay, however, had given the Queen time to act, and just as Digby set
+foot in the stirrup, he was arrested by her Guards.  The Prince of
+Wales then rode into the forest, where he arrested Rupert and his
+seconds, Gerard, Chapelle and Guatier.  That evening, the Queen held an
+inquiry into the cause of quarrel, which Rupert declared to be certain
+private speeches made by Digby, and not his actions as Secretary of
+State.  The matter was therefore delivered to the arbitration of
+Culpepper, Gerard, Wentworth and Cornwallis; and "His Highness was so
+generous in not demanding or expecting from the Lord Digby anything
+that might misbecome him, that the business was concluded that night,
+in presence of the Queen and the Prince of Wales, much to the
+satisfaction of all parties.  Since which reconciliation," adds O'Neil,
+"Prince Rupert has carried himself so nobly to the Lord Digby, and the
+Lord Digby is so possessed with His Highness's generous proceedings
+towards him, that I think, in my conscience, there is no man, at
+present more heartily affected to His Highness's person and
+service."[<a id="chap12fn14text"></a><a href="#chap12fn14">14</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Thus happily and unexpectedly ended the long feud.  Rupert's resentment
+was hot and passionate, but he could
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P221"></a>221}</span>
+always forego it graciously,
+provided that advances were made from the other side.  Nor were Digby's
+protestations of friendship insincere; in proof of which he promptly
+fought with and wounded Wilmot, because that gentleman had maligned the
+Prince.[<a id="chap12fn15text"></a><a href="#chap12fn15">15</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Digby and Wilmot being thus disposed of, there remained Percy with whom
+the Prince had yet to deal.  Of this duel Rupert was resolved not to be
+cheated, and he therefore dispensed with formality.  Seizing his
+opportunity on a hunting expedition, he rode up to Percy, and laying a
+hand on his bridle, abruptly demanded "satisfaction."  Percy retorted
+angrily that he was quite ready to give it, and that the Prince's hold
+on his bridle was unnecessary.  Both then sprang from their horses and
+drew their swords.  Rupert "being as skilful with his weapon as
+valiant," ran Percy through the side, at the second pass; they closed,
+and both fell to the ground, Percy's hand being wounded in the fall.
+Upon this, one of Prince Charles's gentlemen came in and separated
+them, and so the affair ended, with advantage to Rupert.  Report said,
+afterwards, that the Prince had had the longer sword, but as in French
+duelling law there was no rule about length of weapon, that fact could
+not be held to affect the case in any way.[<a id="chap12fn16text"></a><a href="#chap12fn16">16</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This was the last of Rupert's adventures in France.  Within a few weeks
+an event occurred which recalled him to Holland, and gave him, once
+more, the opportunity of serving his uncle, King Charles.
+</p>
+
+<p><br /><br /></p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap12fn1"></a>
+[<a href="#chap12fn1text">1</a>] Letters of Charles I.  p. 58.  Camden Society.  1st Series.  King
+to Queen, 5 Aug. 1646.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap12fn2"></a>
+[<a href="#chap12fn2text">2</a>] Warburton, III.  p. 236.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap12fn3"></a>
+[<a href="#chap12fn3text">3</a>] Hist. MSS. Com.  Rept 13.  Portland MSS III.  p. 150.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap12fn4"></a>
+[<a href="#chap12fn4text">4</a>] Benett MSS.  Warburton, III.  pp. 238-9.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap12fn5"></a>
+[<a href="#chap12fn5text">5</a>] Ibid.  p. 240.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap12fn6"></a>
+[<a href="#chap12fn6text">6</a>] Benett MSS.  Warburton, III.  p. 241.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap12fn7"></a>
+[<a href="#chap12fn7text">7</a>] Benett MSS.  Warburton, III.  p. 243.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap12fn8"></a>
+[<a href="#chap12fn8text">8</a>] Benett MSS.  Warburton, III.  pp. 244-247.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap12fn9"></a>
+[<a href="#chap12fn9text">9</a>] Warburton.  III.  p.  246.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap12fn10"></a>
+[<a href="#chap12fn10text">10</a>] Ibid.  III.  p. 248.  King to Rupert, Sept. 27, 1647.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap12fn11"></a>
+[<a href="#chap12fn11text">11</a>] Mémoires de Mademoiselle de Montpensier.  Michaud's Collections.
+Vol. IV.  p. 57.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap12fn12"></a>
+[<a href="#chap12fn12text">12</a>] Ibid.  pp. 35, 37.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap12fn13"></a>
+[<a href="#chap12fn13text">13</a>] Carte's Letters, I.  152-156, 9 Oct. 1647.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap12fn14"></a>
+[<a href="#chap12fn14text">14</a>] Carte Letters, I.  152-156.  9 Oct. 1647.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap12fn15"></a>
+[<a href="#chap12fn15text">15</a>] Carte Letters.  I.  152-156.  9 Oct. 1647.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap12fn16"></a>
+[<a href="#chap12fn16text">16</a>] Hamilton Papers, p. 178.  Camden Soc.  New Series.
+</p>
+
+<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
+
+<p><a id="chap13"></a></p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P222"></a>222}</span>
+</p>
+
+<h3>
+CHAPTER XIII
+</h3>
+
+<h4>
+RUPERT'S CARE OF THE FLEET.  NEGOTIATIONS WITH <br />
+THE SCOTS.  RUPERT'S VOYAGE TO IRELAND.  THE <br />
+EXECUTION OF THE KING.  LETTERS OF <br />
+SOPHIE TO RUPERT AND MAURICE
+</h4>
+
+<p>
+By May 1648 a Royalist reaction was setting in in England.  The King
+had been two years a prisoner, and the people, already weary of the
+Army and the Parliament, began to think with favour of their
+unfortunate sovereign.  Royalist risings took place in Kent and some of
+the Eastern Counties, and a large portion of the fleet, encouraged by
+this, revolted from the Parliament and came over to Holland.  Thither
+Rupert and the younger Charles hastened to meet it.  The French, eager
+to detain Rupert in their service, again and again offered him "any
+conditions" to remain with them, but he adhered firmly to the Stuart
+fortunes.[<a id="chap13fn1text"></a><a href="#chap13fn1">1</a>] And well was it for young Charles that he did so; for, as
+even his enemies acknowledged, no other man could, or would have
+competed successfully with the terrible difficulties which they had now
+to encounter.  Fortunately, his experience in England had not been
+wasted.  He was learning to cultivate patience, tolerance and
+self-control, and never were such qualities more needed.  A letter,
+dated August 9, 1648, bears witness to the change in the Prince's
+manners.&mdash;"Let me assure you, Sir, that Prince Rupert's carriage was
+such at Calais, and throughout the journey thither, that, I protest, I
+was overjoyed to see it, both for the public, and for the Prince's
+(Charles) happiness in his company...  Certainly, Sir, he appears to me
+to be a
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P223"></a>223}</span>
+strangely changed man in his carriage; and for his
+temperance and his abilities, I think they were never much
+questioned."[<a id="chap13fn2text"></a><a href="#chap13fn2">2</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+His abilities were about to be taxed to the uttermost.  The small fleet
+was in a most unsatisfactory state.  Provisions were scarce, the
+sailors mutinous, and the loyalty of the Commanders&mdash;their recent
+revolt notwithstanding&mdash;exceedingly doubtful.  As usual, counsels were
+divided.  Batten and Jordan, the two officers who had brought over the
+fleet from the Parliament, were for sailing to Scotland; others desired
+to relieve Colchester, which had been seized for the King; Rupert
+wished to make for the Isle of Wight, where the King was confined; the
+sailors desired to hover about the Thames and capture returning
+merchant vessels.  Consequently, all that could be done was to hang
+about the Downs, capturing a few prizes and making occasional assaults
+upon the English coast.  An attack on Deal resulted in the death of
+Captain Beckman, but the sailors were still unwilling to return to
+Holland.  On the approach of the Parliamentary fleet, commanded by Lord
+Warwick, it was resolved to fight, but the engagement was
+prevented,&mdash;once by a sudden storm, and again by the contumacy of
+Batten, who refused to follow Rupert.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Finally, in September it was decided to return to Holland; but Warwick
+followed the Royalist fleet closely, and there ensued a curious race
+for the possession of the Helvoetsluys harbour.  Warwick gained, and
+seemed likely to win the day; but a Captain Allen, who happened to be
+on the shore, came to the aid of the Royalists.  As Warwick's ship drew
+near, Allen signed for the line to draw him in, and, when it was thrown
+to him, contrived to let Warwick slip back, so that Rupert's ship came
+in before him.  After that, Rupert successfully hauled up all the rest
+of his fleet, except the "Convertine," which came in with the next
+tide;
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P224"></a>224}</span>
+nevertheless Warwick followed him into the harbour, and for
+more than a month the hostile fleets remained in this curious position;
+so close that the sailors could shout to one another, and yet unable to
+proceed to hostilities, because they were in a neutral harbour.[<a id="chap13fn3text"></a><a href="#chap13fn3">3</a>]
+Sometimes the sailors met on shore, and then brawls arose amongst them.
+But much worse was the frequent desertion of Rupert's men.  Warwick
+spared no pains to win them over, and once he even sent an officer to
+the Prince, with a request that he might speak to his men.  Rupert's
+reply was characteristic: "The Prince told him, 'Yes, in his hearing;
+but, if he spake anything amiss he would throw him overboard'."
+Needless to add, the man retired without speaking at all.[<a id="chap13fn4text"></a><a href="#chap13fn4">4</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Yet in spite of Rupert's vigilance, bribes and other temptations drew
+some of the ships over to the enemy, until only nine remained.
+Thereupon the Prince manned the "Convertine" with his most loyal men,
+furnished her with cannon, and laid her athwart the rest of his fleet.
+The Dutch remonstrated against this warlike action, but Rupert answered
+that if they promised him protection, he would rely on their word; if
+not, he would himself protect the fleet entrusted to him by the King.
+And the Dutch, who seem to have been very compliant towards the young
+Prince who had grown up amongst them, let him have his way.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Hague was now the head-quarters of the Prince of Wales, and thither
+flocked all his old Councillors, besides many other Cavaliers.  Faction
+raged amongst them as violently as ever.  "It was," says Clarendon, "no
+hard matter to get anything disliked that was resolved in the
+Council."[<a id="chap13fn5text"></a><a href="#chap13fn5">5</a>]  That the administration of affairs was bad was a point on
+which every one agreed, but they concurred in nothing else.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P225"></a>225}</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Rupert had fallen under the influence of Sir Edward Herbert, the
+quarrelsome attorney-general, and Hyde and Cottington found themselves
+eagerly welcomed by these two, who "inveighed bitterly against the
+whole administration of the fleet."  Batten, Rupert held for a coward
+or a traitor; Long, the secretary of the Prince of Wales, for a mere
+swindler, and, despite his "changed carriage", he had not renounced his
+old hatred of Culpepper.  Their mutual animosity "infinitely disturbed
+councils,"[<a id="chap13fn6text"></a><a href="#chap13fn6">6</a>] and was in all respects unfortunate.  Their policy was
+diametrically opposed.  Culpepper was for conciliating the English
+populace, and when the Royalist rising took place in 1648, he was
+averse to permitting the young Duke of Buckingham to share in it,
+unless he would declare for the Covenant, "and such-like popular ways."
+Such views naturally did not find favour with the Prince, who adhered
+to the young Duke's cause.&mdash;"Prince Rupert stuck to itt," wrote Hatton,
+"and we carried it against him;"[<a id="chap13fn7text"></a><a href="#chap13fn7">7</a>] that is, against Culpepper.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The disputes came to a climax over a question of supply.  A cargo of
+sugar, captured at sea, had to be sold for the payment of the fleet,
+and Rupert proposed to employ a certain Sir Robert Walsh in the
+business.  Culpepper protested such vehement distrust of the man in
+question that Rupert took his expressions as reflecting on himself, and
+haughtily demanded: "What exceptions there were to Sir Robert Walsh,
+that he might not be fit for it?"  Culpepper returned, nothing daunted,
+that Walsh was "a shark, and a fellow not fit to be trusted."
+Whereupon, said Rupert: "Sir Robert is my friend, and you must not
+think to meet him but with your sword in your hand, for he is a
+gentleman and a soldier."  Culpepper, grown reckless of his words,
+declared fiercely that he would not fight with Walsh, but with the
+Prince himself, to which Rupert replied, very quietly, "It is well!"
+The Council rose in confusion; but the Prince
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P226"></a>226}</span>
+of Wales, who was
+greatly agitated, ultimately succeeded in soothing his cousin.
+Culpepper proved more implacable, and several days elapsed before he
+could be induced to offer an apology, which Rupert received
+graciously.[<a id="chap13fn8text"></a><a href="#chap13fn8">8</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The fleet was at this time formally given over to Rupert's command.
+For many reasons he accepted the charge reluctantly, and offered to
+serve nominally under the Duke of York.  But of this Prince Charles
+would not hear, and Rupert was therefore invested "with all the command
+at sea that he formerly held on shore."[<a id="chap13fn9text"></a><a href="#chap13fn9">9</a>]  The facility with which the
+exiled Cavaliers took to the sea is strange to modern ideas, but in the
+seventeenth century the line between soldier and sailor was not very
+finely drawn.  In Rupert's own case his education among the amphibious
+Hollanders probably stood him in good stead.  Certainly he seems to
+have thoroughly understood all nautical matters, and on one occasion we
+read: "By the ill-conning of the mates the ship was brought to leeward,
+<i>which caused the Prince to conn her himself</i>."[<a id="chap13fn10text"></a><a href="#chap13fn10">10</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Some of Rupert's friends would fain have dissuaded him from "an
+undertaking of so desperate an appearance,"[<a id="chap13fn11text"></a><a href="#chap13fn11">11</a>] but he was determined
+to do his best, and the Prince of Wales frankly acknowledged that, but
+for his cousin's "industry and address" there would have been no fleet
+at all.[<a id="chap13fn12text"></a><a href="#chap13fn12">12</a>] And Hyde, who, as we know, had never loved the Prince,
+wrote to Sir Richard Fanshaw, that the preservation of the fleet must
+be entirely ascribed to Prince Rupert, "who, seriously, hath expressed
+greater dexterity and temper in it than you can imagine.  I know there
+is, and will be, much prejudice to the service by his being engaged in
+that command, but the truth is there is an unavoidable
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P227"></a>227}</span>
+necessity
+for it."  And, after recounting the bad behaviour of Batten and Jordan,
+who had corrupted the sailors, and refused to put to sea, he adds: "In
+this distress Prince Rupert took the charge, and with unrivalled pains
+and toil, put all things in reasonable order....  And really I believe
+that he will behave himself so well in it that nobody will have cause
+to regret it."[<a id="chap13fn13text"></a><a href="#chap13fn13">13</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+And Rupert did behave himself well.  No toil proved too arduous for
+him, no undertaking too dangerous.  Indeed, the labours involved in his
+task were so great and so many that it seems scarcely credible that
+they could be performed by one man.  He became a merchant; he discussed
+the prices of sugar, indigo, tobacco, and other commodities, and
+personally conducted the sale of his prizes.  He attended to his own
+commissariat; dispensing with the cheating commissioners, as "unuseful
+evils."[<a id="chap13fn14text"></a><a href="#chap13fn14">14</a>]  We find him gravely considering the quality of "pickled
+meat," or lamenting that peas and groats are both too dear to buy.[<a id="chap13fn15text"></a><a href="#chap13fn15">15</a>]
+"Concerning the pork, he tells me he doth not think there can be so
+great a quantity provided suddenly," says a correspondent.  "He hath
+not yet provided any shirts nor apparel for the men."[<a id="chap13fn16text"></a><a href="#chap13fn16">16</a>]  He was his
+own recruiting officer, and went from port to port in Ireland,
+persuading men to join his fleet.  The conduct of each man was his
+personal concern; and, as in the war in England, he was overwhelmed
+with complaints and correspondence by his officers.  One letter may
+serve as an example of the rest.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"According to the service and duty I owe unto your Highness," writes
+Thomas Price, "I am enforced to certify your Highness of the dangerous
+and unbeseeming carriage of Robert Pett, gunner of His Majesty's ship
+the Revenge,
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P228"></a>228}</span>
+who, upon Saturday night last, being the tenth of
+January, about nine o'clock at night, being very much in drink, would
+have taken tobacco over a barrell of powder, (being in his cabin, which
+is in the gun room and a great quantity of loose powder lying round
+about), had he not been prevented by Captain Payton Cartwright, who was
+called by some of the gun room for that purpose.  The gunner, being
+something unruly, he was forced to go up to His Highness Prince Maurice
+to acquaint him with it.  Upon which he was committed to the guard, for
+fear of further danger."[<a id="chap13fn17text"></a><a href="#chap13fn17">17</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Mutiny was unhappily only too frequent; but the Prince's presence
+usually sufficed to quell it.  While the fleet was at Helvoetsluys,
+there arose some discontent in the "Antelope," beginning with "a
+complaint upon victuals."  Rupert went on board, and promptly told the
+men that they were free to leave the service.  To this they made no
+answer, but they were unappeased, and when, two days later, Rupert sent
+for twenty of them to help to rig up his own ship, they refused to
+come.  The Prince then went again to the "Antelope," and "walked the
+deck, to see his commands obeyed."  The sailors crowded about him, and
+one gathered courage to shout defiance.  His example would have
+disastrously inspired the rest, had not Rupert acted with extraordinary
+promptitude.  Seizing the mutineer in his arms, he held him as though
+about to drop him over the ship's side, which remarkable action
+"wrought such a terror upon the rest, that they forthwith returned to
+their duty."[<a id="chap13fn18text"></a><a href="#chap13fn18">18</a>]  Clarendon exaggerates this incident much as Pepys
+does the affair at Newark.  The Prince, he says, "with notable vigour
+and success, suppressed two or three mutinies, in one of which he was
+compelled to throw two or three of the seamen overboard, by the
+strength of his own arms."[<a id="chap13fn19text"></a><a href="#chap13fn19">19</a>]  Since there
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P229"></a>229}</span>
+was frequently no
+money to pay the sailors, mutiny was of course to be expected.
+Nominally the men were paid 25<i>s</i> a month, but, unless prizes were
+taken, they did not get the money.  Usually they acquiesced in the
+condition of affairs with admirable resignation.  In 1648, a deputation
+of five sailors came from Helvoetsluys to Prince Charles at the Hague,
+with a request to be told whether he had or had not any money.  Being
+truthfully answered that he had none, they expressed themselves
+satisfied with a promise of shares in the next prizes, and returned to
+the fleet, having, as Hyde informed Rupert, "behaved themselves very
+civilly."[<a id="chap13fn20text"></a><a href="#chap13fn20">20</a>]  And not only for money to pay his sailors, but for every
+other necessary Prince Charles was dependent on the prizes taken by
+Rupert.  "Being totally destitute of means, we intend to provide for
+the satisfaction of our debts out of the proceeds of the goods in the
+ship lately taken," he wrote in 1650.[<a id="chap13fn21text"></a><a href="#chap13fn21">21</a>]  In short the fleet
+represented all the funds which the poverty-stricken Royalists could
+gather together, and for the next three years the exiled Court was
+supported by the exertions of Rupert.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+While the fleet lay inactive in 1648 the Prince of Wales was engaged in
+negotiations with the Scots.  In Scotland the Royalist reaction was
+stronger than it was in England; the Scottish Presbyterians were wholly
+dissatisfied with Cromwell and the English Puritans, and they now
+sought to make terms with their Sovereign.  But one of their first
+conditions was that neither Rupert nor Maurice should set foot in
+Scotland, and this was exceedingly displeasing to the Prince of Wales.
+The Earl of Lauderdale, who had been sent to the Hague to negotiate the
+affair, reported that Rupert's power over the Prince was absolute, and
+that if he chose to come to Scotland come he would, in spite of the
+negative vote of the whole Council.  Rupert himself proposed to
+accompany Prince Charles in a private capacity,
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P230"></a>230}</span>
+taking no share
+in the affairs of State;[<a id="chap13fn22text"></a><a href="#chap13fn22">22</a>] but the Scots, who knew his influence over
+his cousin, refused to entertain the suggestion.  Prince Charles then,
+with his own hand, struck out the clause of the treaty which disabled
+Rupert from bearing him company; an arbitrary action which seriously
+annoyed Lauderdale.[<a id="chap13fn23text"></a><a href="#chap13fn23">23</a>]  Rupert, however, smoothed the matter over,
+saying that, provided his absence were not made a formal condition, he
+would remain in Holland.  Altogether he "carried himself so
+handsomely"[<a id="chap13fn24text"></a><a href="#chap13fn24">24</a>] as to win over Lauderdale, who finally declared that
+Rupert's coming to Scotland would be, after all, "of great
+advantage."[<a id="chap13fn25text"></a><a href="#chap13fn25">25</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+But Rupert, in spite of his conciliatory behaviour inclined far more to
+the Royalism of Montrose than to that of Lauderdale and Argyle.  The
+Marquess of Montrose, who had sustained the King's cause in Scotland
+with extraordinary heroism and brilliancy, was at that time at Brussels
+and quite ready to risk another venture on the King's behalf.  He was,
+however, so obnoxious to the Presbyterian party that no hope of their
+union could be entertained.  Charles had to choose between the two, and
+Rupert strongly inclined to the heroic Montrose.  The character and
+achievements of the Marquess were well calculated to inspire admiration
+in the Prince.  The two had met once in England, during the August of
+1643, and a strong mutual esteem existed between them.  Therefore,
+while Charles was leaning to Argyle, Rupert was conducting a voluminous
+correspondence with Montrose.  The "noble kindness" of the Marquess,
+said the Prince, made him anxious to serve the King in his company, and
+he would very willingly join in any undertaking that he proposed.[<a id="chap13fn26text"></a><a href="#chap13fn26">26</a>]
+Montrose replied with equal friendliness: "I will ... rather hazard to
+sink by you than
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P231"></a>231}</span>
+save myself aside of others."  But,
+unfortunately, a meeting between them was impossible.  The Marquess
+could not come to the Hague on account of the Presbyterian emissaries
+there assembled, and also because he was continually beset by spies,
+from whom he was anxious to conceal his alliance with the Prince.
+Rupert would fain have visited him at Brussels, but he was bound "by a
+heavy tie" to the fleet, and could only lament that "whilst I am
+separating the sheep from the goats I dare not absent myself without
+hazard."[<a id="chap13fn27text"></a><a href="#chap13fn27">27</a>]  Montrose was anxious to take the fleet to Scotland,
+where, he said, "there be so handsome and probable grounds for a clear
+and gallant design ... that I should be infinitely sorry that you
+should be induced to hazard your own person, or those little rests
+(remains) upon any desperate thrusts; for, while you are safe, we shall
+find twenty fair ways to state ourselves."[<a id="chap13fn28text"></a><a href="#chap13fn28">28</a>] But both that scheme,
+and the negotiations with Lauderdale fell through, and it was finally
+resolved to take the fleet to Ireland, where the Marquess of Ormonde
+stood out for the King with as great a devotion as Montrose had shown
+in Scotland.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In October Rupert received a letter from the King, at the hands of Will
+Legge, who bore also an important message which the King dared not
+write.  He had now laid a plan for escape from the Isle of Wight, and
+he required Rupert to send a ship thither, and to acquaint "no other
+mortal" with the matter, except the Prince of Orange.[<a id="chap13fn29text"></a><a href="#chap13fn29">29</a>] Rupert would
+have gone in person, but was still detained by his care of the fleet.
+However, the Prince of Orange willingly sent one of his own ships,
+which was boarded and searched by a captain of the Parliament.  For
+several days it lingered on the coast, under pretence of waiting for a
+wind, but, as we all know, Charles's
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P232"></a>232}</span>
+attempt at escape was
+frustrated, and the vessel returned without him.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+On November 21st Warwick sailed for England, and Rupert, freed from the
+surveillance of his foe, at once prepared his ships for action.  Money
+of course was lacking, but Rupert sent out two of his ships to take
+prizes, which was successfully done, and the resources were further
+increased by the sale of the Antelope's ordnance; besides which, "the
+Queen of Bohemia pawned her jewels, or the work had never been
+done."[<a id="chap13fn30text"></a><a href="#chap13fn30">30</a>]  Lord Craven also added his contribution.  "What I have in
+my power shall be at your service, unless your brother Edward in the
+meantime disfurnish me," he wrote to Rupert.[<a id="chap13fn31text"></a><a href="#chap13fn31">31</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A difficulty next arose about the use of the standard.  Properly, only
+the Lord High Admiral could carry it, and that title the Prince of
+Wales had no power to confer.  Yet Warwick made use of the standard,
+and it was therefore left to Rupert's discretion to hoist it if needful
+for the encouragement of his men.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Towards the end of January 1649, all was ready, and Rupert sailed for
+Ireland with three flag-ships, four frigates, and one prize; Maurice of
+course accompanying him.  They were temporarily joined by three
+Dutchmen requiring consortship, a circumstance which proved very
+beneficial to the Royalists.  At day-break, January 22, they sighted
+the Parliament fleet off Dover, and Rupert judging valour to be the
+better part of discretion, sailed straight for it.  Terrified by this
+extraordinary boldness, and believing the Dutch ships to be in Rupert's
+pay, Warwick's fleet sought shelter beneath the forts; and the Prince,
+much encouraged by this success, passed unmolested to Kinsale.[<a id="chap13fn32text"></a><a href="#chap13fn32">32</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The usual endeavours to sow ill-will between Rupert and Ormonde had not
+been wanting.  Digby, apparently
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P233"></a>233}</span>
+forgetful of his recent
+professions of friendship for Rupert, addressed the Lord Lieutenant in
+his old strain.  "One thing I think it necessary to advertise you of,
+that Prince Rupert hath set his rest to command this expedition of the
+fleet, and the Council have complied with him in it, insomuch that if
+it arrives safe in Ireland you must expect him with it.  I hope his aim
+is only at the honour of conveying the fleet thither, through so much
+hasard, and then returning to the Prince.  But if he have any further
+design of continuing to command the fleet, or of remaining in that
+kingdom, I fear the consequences of it, knowing what applications have
+been made to him formerly, and how unsettled and weak a people you have
+there, apt to catch at anything that's new."[<a id="chap13fn33text"></a><a href="#chap13fn33">33</a>]  Hyde, on the other
+hand, warned Rupert that there would certainly be attempts to excite
+quarrels between himself and Ormonde, but added, with a confidence he
+did not feel: "Truly, Sir, I do not apprehend any danger this way.  I
+know your Highness will comply in all things with him, as a person,
+besides his great merit, of the clearest and most entire approbation of
+any subject the King hath."[<a id="chap13fn34text"></a><a href="#chap13fn34">34</a>]  In similar terms wrote Jermyn at the
+Queen's behest, to Ormonde, who replied rather crushingly: "I am
+infinitely obliged to Her Majesty for her care to keep me in Prince
+Rupert's good opinion.  I shall be, and have been, industrious to gain
+his favour, and my endeavour has hitherto been successful.  Neither do
+I apprehend any danger of a change; his carriage towards me having been
+full of civility, as well in relation to my employment as to my
+person."[<a id="chap13fn35text"></a><a href="#chap13fn35">35</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+There was in fact the best of intelligence between Rupert and Ormonde,
+and thanks to the Lord Lieutenant's noble and unsuspicious nature,
+nothing could destroy it.  The "applications" to Rupert, mentioned by
+Digby, were made
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P234"></a>234}</span>
+by the Roman Catholic rebels, who disliked
+Ormonde's steady hand and firm adherence to the established religion.
+They represented to Rupert that they were averse, not to the King, but
+to his Lord Lieutenant, and that if only he (Rupert) would consent to
+lead them "they would all join in one to live and die for His Majesty's
+service, under Your Highness's command; that being their greatest
+ambition."[<a id="chap13fn36text"></a><a href="#chap13fn36">36</a>]  Rupert's enemies at the Hague hastened to report these
+intrigues to Ormonde, colouring them, as much as possible, to Rupert's
+discredit.  But Ormonde replied calmly that he had been already
+informed of them by Rupert himself, who had asked his advice as to the
+answers he should send.  That he knew those who desired to divide the
+King's party "assumed encouragements from Prince Rupert, without
+warrant from him."  That he, personally would willingly resign his
+charge to the Prince, if it were for the King's advantage; but that he
+knew it to be "impossible for the Prince to descend to what would look
+like supplanting one that hath endeavoured, with some success, to serve
+him in his charge."[<a id="chap13fn37text"></a><a href="#chap13fn37">37</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+But though Ormonde refused to doubt Rupert's integrity, he did not
+derive from him the assistance he had hoped.  Rupert had written, on
+his arrival at Kinsale, promising to follow Ormonde's advice in all
+things, and to give him all the aid in his power.  But his want of men
+made it impossible for him to block up Dublin harbour, as the Lord
+Lieutenant desired,[<a id="chap13fn38text"></a><a href="#chap13fn38">38</a>] and the necessity of capturing prizes, the sale
+of which supported the fleet, prevented any action of importance.  The
+Parliament complained bitterly that no ship could leave the Bristol
+Channel by day without falling a prey to the Princes,[<a id="chap13fn39text"></a><a href="#chap13fn39">39</a>] and yet
+Rupert seldom had money to send to Ormonde.  "Your Lordship may be
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P235"></a>235}</span>
+assured of all the supplies and assistances our ships can afford
+you," he wrote in answer to one of Ormonde's frequent appeals for
+money.  "But I must entreat your Lordship to consider the great charge
+the fleet is at, and, if we lose this opportunity, we may be hindered
+by a far greater strength than yet appears.  The least squadron we must
+now send out must be of five ships.  Three we can leave behind, fitted
+with all but men, ready to do service here.  I intend, with the first
+opportunity, to go to Waterford....  From thence I shall not fail to
+receive your commands.  Mr. Fanshaw can give you an account how low we
+are in matters of monies."[<a id="chap13fn40text"></a><a href="#chap13fn40">40</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The want of men was even more serious than the want of money.  In the
+summer Rupert hoped to really fight the Parliament fleet, and with that
+view he personally sought recruits in all the neighbouring port towns.
+By great exertions he raised a considerable number, but, when the task
+was accomplished, the Council of War hung back from the risk of a
+battle, and the Prince, rather than incur the charge of "vanity and
+rashness," dismissed his hard-won recruits and retired into harbour.
+Changed indeed was the man who had fought at Marston Moor![<a id="chap13fn41text"></a><a href="#chap13fn41">41</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+But in spite of all difficulties, Rupert contrived to take prizes, to
+support the Royalists at the Hague, and even to send some succour to
+the Scilly islands, which held out for the King.  "I believe we shall
+make a shift to live in spite of all our factions!"[<a id="chap13fn42text"></a><a href="#chap13fn42">42</a>] he wrote
+cheerfully.  And make a shift he did, through "a wearisome summer,
+passed in anxiety and troubles."[<a id="chap13fn43text"></a><a href="#chap13fn43">43</a>]  Cromwell had arrived in June, and
+was rapidly conquering Ireland.  The King's army was defeated near
+Dublin; the towns began to revolt to the Parliament; the faithful
+garrisons were mercilessly massacred
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P236"></a>236}</span>
+by Cromwell; and Rupert only
+escaped the treachery of the Governor of Cork by a press of business
+which prevented him from accepting an invitation to hunt.  "The
+Governor of Cork," says the historian of Rupert's voyages, "resolved to
+make himself famous by an infamous act, to which purpose, knowing His
+Highness loved hunting, he invited him to a chase of deer, close by the
+town; but Heaven abhorring such inhumanity, prevented that design, by
+providing importunate business to impede His Highness' intentions."[<a id="chap13fn44text"></a><a href="#chap13fn44">44</a>]
+But though thwarted in this scheme, the Governor of Cork could and did
+surrender the city to the enemy, after which Kinsale was no longer a
+safe port for the Royalist fleet.  If the ships were to be preserved,
+it was high time to quit the Irish coast.  The Parliament had already
+sent a fleet to block the Prince up in the harbour, but again fortune
+favoured him.  A friendly wind blew the Parliament fleet out to sea,
+and enabled Rupert to slip out past them.  For want of men, he was
+forced to leave three of his ships behind him, and in November 1649, he
+began the world anew with seven sail.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Within a few days of Rupert's first arrival at Kinsale, the execution
+of Charles I had taken place.  For some weeks Rupert remained ignorant
+of this final disaster, but in February a vague rumour reached him, and
+he wrote in great agitation to Ormonde: "I beseech your Lordship to let
+me know whether you have any certain news of the King's
+misfortune."[<a id="chap13fn45text"></a><a href="#chap13fn45">45</a>]  The dreadful rumour was only too soon confirmed.
+From the Hague he received dismal accounts of the general depression
+and confusion&mdash;"all men being full of designs to be counsellors and
+officers;" and he was entreated to write a few lines to cheer and
+encourage his young cousin, now Charles II.[<a id="chap13fn46text"></a><a href="#chap13fn46">46</a>]  Very shortly he
+received
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P237"></a>237}</span>
+his commission as Lord High Admiral, which the new King
+had now power to grant, and he thereupon published a solemn declaration
+of his intention to fight the Parliament to the death.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"The bloody and inhumane murder of my late dread uncle of ever renowned
+memory hath administered to me fresh occasion to be assistant, both in
+Counsel and to the best of my personal power, to my dear cousin, now
+Charles II of England...  I do protest and really speak it, it was ever
+my intention to do him service and employ my best endeavours for
+enthroning him, as bound by consanguinity, but more particularly
+engaged by reason of former favours received from his late royal
+father, my murdered uncle.  Yet I do ingeniously confess it was never
+my desire to be employed in this great and weighty matter of His
+Majesty's Admiral.  I should willingly have been satisfied with an
+inferior place, where I might have had the freedom, in part, to bring
+to condign punishment such great traitors and rebels who had a hand in
+the murder of my late uncle, and do still persist in their perverse way
+of rebellion and cruelty.  And my reasons why I did not wish so great a
+command were these&mdash;namely, I know, and was ascertained, myself had
+been rendered odious to many English who did not rightly understand my
+real intentions, but only believed lies and forged reports of my
+enemies' framing.  And I did likewise consider that my undertaking the
+admiralty might be a means to draw away the affections of His Majesty's
+subjects, by reason such rumours had been upon me.  These, and many
+other reasons which now I will omit, did move me several times to
+refuse what, at length, His Majesty's Council of Lords, knights and
+gentlemen, who are now about him, did, in a manner, thrust upon
+me."[<a id="chap13fn47text"></a><a href="#chap13fn47">47</a>]  Rupert's greatness had been, in truth, thrust upon him, but
+having accepted it, he resolved to use it
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P238"></a>238}</span>
+for avenging his uncle
+to the uttermost.  "Prince Rupert," declared a sailor of the
+Parliament, who had been his prisoner, "is not ashamed openly to
+profess that, provided he may ruin and destroy the English interest,
+especially the estates of the merchants and mariners of London, he
+cares not whether he gets a farthing more while he lives than what will
+maintain himself, his confederates, and his fleet."[<a id="chap13fn48text"></a><a href="#chap13fn48">48</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Such being Rupert's attitude, it is worth while to note that of his
+brothers.  Maurice was of course one with him.  Edward also expressed
+himself as strongly as his two seniors could have wished.  "I should
+die happy if I could steep my hands (quand j'aurai trempé mes mains) in
+the blood of those murderers."[<a id="chap13fn49text"></a><a href="#chap13fn49">49</a>]  That satisfaction was denied him,
+but he did his best by insulting the Ambassadors of the Parliament in
+the streets of the Hague.  This affair produced great excitement in
+England, and the States of Holland were forced to request Edward to
+"keep a better tongue," or else to quit their territory.  He had been
+just about to depart to Heidelberg, but, with true Palatine obstinacy,
+deferred his departure for another week, and went about boasting his
+status as a "freeborn Prince of the Empire."[<a id="chap13fn50text"></a><a href="#chap13fn50">50</a>]  The States, with
+their wonted prudence, let him alone until after he was safely
+departed, when they endeavoured to appease the English Parliament by a
+show of indignation.  "The States here," wrote Nicholas, "have lately
+caused a summons publicly to be made, by ringing of a bell, requiring
+Prince Edward&mdash;who they know went hence to Germany three months
+since&mdash;to appear in the State House, by a day prefixed, to answer the
+affront he did to St. John and his colleagues; which is said to be
+only, as they passed him, to have called them a pack of rogues and
+rebels."[<a id="chap13fn51text"></a><a href="#chap13fn51">51</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P239"></a>239}</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The conduct of Charles Louis contrasted strongly with that of the rest
+of his family.  He, far more than Edward, had cause for gratitude to
+his Uncle, and yet he could write coldly of the King's trial:&mdash;"Others,
+(<i>i.e.</i>  himself), who are but remotely concerned in the effects
+thereof, cannot be blamed if they do not intermeddle.  Neither is it in
+their power to mend anything, for it hath been seen in all Governments
+that strength will still prevail, whether it be right or wrong."[<a id="chap13fn52text"></a><a href="#chap13fn52">52</a>]
+Nevertheless he quitted England after the King's execution, chiefly, it
+is to be feared, because he had become convinced that he himself would
+not be elected to the vacant throne.  Having renounced the cause of the
+Parliament, he was anxious to be reconciled to his brothers, and
+Sophie, evidently at his instigation, wrote to inform Rupert and
+Maurice of the Elector's changed views.  Both her letters are dated
+April 13th, 1649, and that to Rupert is written in French.
+</p>
+
+<p><br /></p>
+
+<p>
+"Dearest Brother,
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"It is only through printed reports that we hear any news of Rupert le
+Diable, for no one has received any letters from you.  My brother the
+Elector is now here, and cares no more for those cursed people in
+England, for he has paid his duty to the King, which he might easily
+have avoided, as business called him to Cleves.  Here also are the
+Scottish Commissioners, who every day bring some new proposal to the
+King, full of impertinency.  They would not that the King should keep
+any honest man about him, for which they are in great favour with the
+Princess of Orange, who declares herself much for the Presbyterians,
+and says that Percy is the honestest man the King has about him.  But I
+believe you care not much to know of intrigues here, for which cause I
+shall not trouble you further; besides, you have other business to do
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P240"></a>240}</span>
+than read my letters.  Only I entreat you to take notice, that I
+remain
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"Your most aff. sister and servant, "Sophie."[<a id="chap13fn53text"></a><a href="#chap13fn53">53</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p><br /></p>
+
+<p>
+To Maurice, Sophie wrote in German, and in a more familiar style.
+Probably she was better acquainted with him than with Rupert, for he
+had encouraged and laughed at her childish tricks, during the years
+that he spent "in idleness" at the Hague.
+</p>
+
+<p><br /></p>
+
+<p>
+"Highborn Prince and Dear Brother,
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"I must write to you by all occasions, for I always have something to
+tell you.  This time it shall be that the Prince Elector is here, and
+that he is now altogether against the Knaves, as we are.  The peace is
+made in France.  My brother Edward says he has taken no employment yet.
+Prince Ratzevil is deadly sick, they say that the Marquis Gonzaga hath
+poisoned him; he is in Poland yet.  The States have forbidden all their
+Ministers to pray for any Kings in the Church, but the French will not
+desist.  I am so vexed with you for not writing to me that I do not
+know how to express it.  I hope you have not forgotten me, seeing that
+I am
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"Your faithful sister and humble servant, "Sophie."[<a id="chap13fn54text"></a><a href="#chap13fn54">54</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p><br /></p>
+
+<p>
+To this letter the Elector added a short postscript.
+</p>
+
+<p><br /></p>
+
+<p>
+"My service to you, brother Rupert and brother Maurice; more I cannot
+say, being newly arrived, and visitations do hinder me.  Carl Ludwig."
+</p>
+
+<p><br /></p>
+
+<p>
+What effect this judiciously-worded composition might have had it is
+impossible to say.  Both letters fell into the hands of the Parliament
+and never reached their proper destination.  It was many years before
+Rupert and the Elector met again.
+</p>
+
+<p><br /><br /></p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap13fn1"></a>
+[<a href="#chap13fn1text">1</a>] Benett MSS.  Warburton, III.  p. 250.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap13fn2"></a>
+[<a href="#chap13fn2text">2</a>] Nicholas Papers, I.  95.  Camden Soc.  New Series.  Hatton to
+Nicholas, Aug. 9, 1648.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap13fn3"></a>
+[<a href="#chap13fn3text">3</a>] Warburton, III.  pp. 250-254.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap13fn4"></a>
+[<a href="#chap13fn4text">4</a>] Ibid.  p. 253.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap13fn5"></a>
+[<a href="#chap13fn5text">5</a>] Clarendon, Bk. XI.  p. 63.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap13fn6"></a>
+[<a href="#chap13fn6text">6</a>] Clarendon, Bk. XI.  p. 127.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap13fn7"></a>
+[<a href="#chap13fn7text">7</a>] Nicholas Papers, I.  p. 96.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap13fn8"></a>
+[<a href="#chap13fn8text">8</a>] Clarendon, Bk. XI, pp. 128-130; Carte Letters, I.  p. 192.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap13fn9"></a>
+[<a href="#chap13fn9text">9</a>] Warburton, III.  p. 257.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap13fn10"></a>
+[<a href="#chap13fn10text">10</a>] Ibid.  p. 386.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap13fn11"></a>
+[<a href="#chap13fn11text">11</a>] Ibid.  255.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap13fn12"></a>
+[<a href="#chap13fn12text">12</a>] Transcripts.  Charles II to Rupert, 20 Jan. 1649.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap13fn13"></a>
+[<a href="#chap13fn13text">13</a>] Clar. St. Papers.  Hyde to Fanshaw, 21 Jan. 1649.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap13fn14"></a>
+[<a href="#chap13fn14text">14</a>] Warburton, III.  p. 295.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap13fn15"></a>
+[<a href="#chap13fn15text">15</a>] Rupert Transcripts.  Hyde to Rupert, Dec. 11, 1648.  Hermes to
+Rupert, Jan. 12, 1649.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap13fn16"></a>
+[<a href="#chap13fn16text">16</a>] Ibid.  Ball to Rupert, 15 Dec. 1648.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap13fn17"></a>
+[<a href="#chap13fn17text">17</a>] Rupert Transcripts.  Price to Rupert, 15 Jan. 1651.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap13fn18"></a>
+[<a href="#chap13fn18text">18</a>] Warburton, III.  pp. 262-264.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap13fn19"></a>
+[<a href="#chap13fn19text">19</a>] Clarendon, Bk. XI.  p. 152.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap13fn20"></a>
+[<a href="#chap13fn20text">20</a>] Rupert Transcripts.  Hyde to Rupert, Jan. 1649.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap13fn21"></a>
+[<a href="#chap13fn21text">21</a>] Warburton.  III.  p. 308.  Charles II to Rupert, Jan. 27, 1650.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap13fn22"></a>
+[<a href="#chap13fn22text">22</a>] Hamilton Papers, p. 219.  Camd. Soc.  June 24, 1648.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap13fn23"></a>
+[<a href="#chap13fn23text">23</a>] Ibid.  p. 245.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap13fn24"></a>
+[<a href="#chap13fn24text">24</a>] Hamilton Papers, p. 246, Camden Soc.  Lauderdale to Lanerick, Aug.
+1648.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap13fn25"></a>
+[<a href="#chap13fn25text">25</a>] Ibid.  p. 249, Aug. 20, 1648.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap13fn26"></a>
+[<a href="#chap13fn26text">26</a>] Warburton, III.  pp. 254, 262, 267-270.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap13fn27"></a>
+[<a href="#chap13fn27text">27</a>] Hist. MSS. Com.  Rpt. II.  Montrose MSS.  p. 173.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap13fn28"></a>
+[<a href="#chap13fn28text">28</a>] Warburton, III.  p. 269.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap13fn29"></a>
+[<a href="#chap13fn29text">29</a>] Ibid.  p. 272.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap13fn30"></a>
+[<a href="#chap13fn30text">30</a>] Warburton, III.  p. 273.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap13fn31"></a>
+[<a href="#chap13fn31text">31</a>] Rupert Transcripts.  Craven to Rupert, 29 Jan. 1649.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap13fn32"></a>
+[<a href="#chap13fn32text">32</a>] Warburton, III.  p. 282.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap13fn33"></a>
+[<a href="#chap13fn33text">33</a>] Carte's Ormonde, VI.  587.  27 Nov. 1648.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap13fn34"></a>
+[<a href="#chap13fn34text">34</a>] Warburton, III.  p. 277, Hyde to Rupert, Jan. 27, 1649.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap13fn35"></a>
+[<a href="#chap13fn35text">35</a>] Carte Letters, II.  p. 406.  29 Sept. 1648.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap13fn36"></a>
+[<a href="#chap13fn36text">36</a>] Rupert Transcripts.  Talbot to Rupert, Nov. 7, 1648.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap13fn37"></a>
+[<a href="#chap13fn37text">37</a>] Carte Letters, II.  427-430.  25 Jan. 1650.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap13fn38"></a>
+[<a href="#chap13fn38text">38</a>] Ibid.  II.  381.  29 May, 1649.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap13fn39"></a>
+[<a href="#chap13fn39text">39</a>] Clowes Royal Navy, II.  p. 120.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap13fn40"></a>
+[<a href="#chap13fn40text">40</a>] Carte Letters, II.  375.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap13fn41"></a>
+[<a href="#chap13fn41text">41</a>] Warburton, III.  pp. 293-294.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap13fn42"></a>
+[<a href="#chap13fn42text">42</a>] Ibid.  p. 290.  Rupert to Grenvile, Apr. 28, 1649.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap13fn43"></a>
+[<a href="#chap13fn43text">43</a>] Ibid.  p. 297.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap13fn44"></a>
+[<a href="#chap13fn44text">44</a>] Warburton, pp. 297-8.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap13fn45"></a>
+[<a href="#chap13fn45text">45</a>] Carte Papers.  Irish Confederation, VII.  256.  Rupert to Ormonde,
+Feb. 12, 1649.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap13fn46"></a>
+[<a href="#chap13fn46text">46</a>] Warburton.  III.  pp. 284-5.  Hyde to Rupert, Feb. 28, 1649.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap13fn47"></a>
+[<a href="#chap13fn47text">47</a>] Prince Rupert: his Declaration.  Pamphlet.  British Museum.  Mar.
+9, 1649.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap13fn48"></a>
+[<a href="#chap13fn48text">48</a>] Dom. State Papers.  Com. 24 fol. 60.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap13fn49"></a>
+[<a href="#chap13fn49text">49</a>] Bromley Letters, p. 295.  Edward to Elizabeth.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap13fn50"></a>
+[<a href="#chap13fn50text">50</a>] Perfect Passages, April 11, 1651.  Whitelocke, p. 49.  Green, VI.
+17-28.  Mercurius Politicus, Apr. 3-10, 1651.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap13fn51"></a>
+[<a href="#chap13fn51text">51</a>] Carte Letters, II.  p. 2.  14 May 1661.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap13fn52"></a>
+[<a href="#chap13fn52text">52</a>] Forster's Statesmen, VI.  p. 82.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap13fn53"></a>
+[<a href="#chap13fn53text">53</a>] Domestic State Papers.  Commonwealth, I.  fol. 53.  Sophie to
+Rupert, Apr. 13, 1649.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap13fn54"></a>
+[<a href="#chap13fn54text">54</a>] Domestic State Papers.  Commonwealth, I.  fol. 54, Sophie to
+Maurice.  Apr. 13, 1649.
+</p>
+
+<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
+
+<p><a id="chap14"></a></p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P241"></a>241}</span>
+</p>
+
+<h3>
+CHAPTER XIV
+</h3>
+
+<h4>
+THE FLEET IN THE TAGUS.  AT TOULON.  THE VOYAGE TO <br />
+THE AZORES.  THE WRECK OF THE "CONSTANT REFORMATION."  <br />
+ON THE AFRICAN COAST.  LOSS OF MAURICE <br />
+IN THE "DEFIANCE."  THE RETURN TO FRANCE
+</h4>
+
+<p>
+On quitting Ireland in November 1649, the Royalist fleet sailed
+straight for the Spanish coast.  Hyde was then at Madrid, as the
+Ambassador of Charles II, and he pressed the Spaniards to grant the
+Prince free ports.  This they would not do, but they allowed him to
+clean and victual his vessels upon their shores, until the arrival of
+the Parliament fleet changed their attitude.[<a id="chap14fn1text"></a><a href="#chap14fn1">1</a>]  The Parliament had
+despatched their Admiral Blake in pursuit of the Royalists, and Blake's
+ships were better manned, better fitted up, and more numerous than
+those of Rupert.  In fear of Blake, the Spaniards ordered Rupert to
+leave their coasts, and he took refuge in the Tagus.  There he found a
+generous reception.  The King of Portugal, "a young man of great hope
+and courage," sent an embassy to invite the two Princes to Lisbon, and
+they were conducted, with much state, to Court.  Further, the King
+promised them all the protection in his power, gave them supplies and
+provisions, the free use of his ports, and purchased their prizes.
+"The King of Portugal gives Rupert all kind of assistance, and is
+extreme kind and civil to him and Maurice.  I pray you tell your Lord
+this," wrote the Queen of Bohemia to her "dear cousin," the Duchess of
+Richmond.[<a id="chap14fn2text"></a><a href="#chap14fn2">2</a>] For a brief period the adventurous Princes enjoyed a
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P242"></a>242}</span>
+prosperous tranquillity, but it was not to last.  Good though were the
+intentions of the young King, his Ministers feared the English
+Parliament as much as did the Spaniards.  Consequently, when Blake
+arrived at the mouth of the Tagus and demanded the surrender of the
+Princes and their fleet, dissension arose in the Court of Lisbon.  The
+young King was so indignant that he would fain have gone on board
+Rupert's vessel to fight with Blake in person.  This rash design was
+prevented by the Queen Mother, and the King, yielding to his Ministers,
+demanded three days' start for the Princes if they should put to sea.
+This condition Blake would not grant, and the King therefore refused to
+close his ports to the Royalists.  The Count de Miro, who headed the
+faction hostile to the Princes, then tried to embarrass Rupert by all
+means in his power.  He ordered the Portuguese merchants to pay for the
+prizes purchased in goods and not in money, he tried to prevent Maurice
+from gaining an audience with the King, and he actually succeeded in
+preventing him from making an attack on Blake.  "Hearing that Prince
+Maurice intends to sail from our ports, with letters of marque against
+Parliament ships, I beg it may not be done," was the concise and
+explicit note received by Rupert.[<a id="chap14fn3text"></a><a href="#chap14fn3">3</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Prince meanwhile gained allies against De Miro by an appeal to the
+priests, who responded readily, preaching everywhere "how shameful a
+thing it was for a Christian King to treat with rebels."  He also won
+the hearts of the populace, by hunting daily amongst them with all
+confidence, and by his "liberality and complaisance to all sorts of
+people."  His exceeding popularity with priests and people intimidated
+the hostile court faction, so that De Miro dared no longer urge
+compliance with the demands of Blake.[<a id="chap14fn4text"></a><a href="#chap14fn4">4</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+For some time Rupert remained in the Tagus, with Blake
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P243"></a>243}</span>
+awaiting
+him outside.  Occasionally, as in Holland, the sailors met on shore,
+and with more fatal results.  An ambush laid by Blake for the capture
+of Rupert while hunting, resulted in the defeat of the
+Parliamentarians, with the loss of nine of their men.  In revenge,
+Rupert attempted to blow up one of Blake's ships, sending one of his
+sailors, disguised as a Portuguese, with an infernal machine to the
+Vice-Admiral.  But the man unwarily exclaimed in English, and so was
+discovered and his design prevented.  These actions were very
+differently represented by Royalists and Parliamentarians, and both
+parties "complained to the King of Portugal."[<a id="chap14fn5text"></a><a href="#chap14fn5">5</a>]  Blake stigmatised
+Rupert as "that pyrate"; and Rupert declared the Parliamentarians to be
+only "tumultuous, factious, seditious soldiers and other disorderly and
+refractory persons," and Blake a "sea-robber."[<a id="chap14fn6text"></a><a href="#chap14fn6">6</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+After this the King forbade any more Parliament ships to enter his
+harbour, and Blake in revenge attacked the Portuguese fleet returning
+from Madeira.  The King, thus justly incensed, ordered his own fleet to
+sail with Rupert, against Blake.  But the Portuguese Admiral was in the
+pay of De Miro, and "was so careful of his person" as to give Rupert no
+assistance.  On Rupert's complaint he was deprived of his command, but
+his successor proved no more efficient.[<a id="chap14fn7text"></a><a href="#chap14fn7">7</a>] The attack, therefore
+failed, but Rupert was able to write cheerfully to Charles II that his
+"entertainment" was still "all civility," and that every facility had
+been afforded for the disposal of the goods taken in his prizes, which
+realised about £40,000.  A part of this sum he sent to Charles, with
+the rest he fitted up his prizes as men of war, and victualled his
+ships for four months.[<a id="chap14fn8text"></a><a href="#chap14fn8">8</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+He was now ready to force his passage through Blake's
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P244"></a>244}</span>
+fleet, or
+"perish in the attempt."  But meanwhile Blake had captured the
+Portuguese fleet coming from Brazil, and the poor King, not knowing
+whom to trust, came in person to Rupert to beg him to rescue it.  The
+Prince willingly agreed, but Blake was not anxious to fight just then,
+and the mists and contrary winds prevented the Royalists from coming up
+with him.  The King thanked Rupert for his efforts, but the continued
+misfortunes which the presence of the Royalists was bringing on
+Portugal forced them to leave Lisbon.  From that time, September 1650,
+the Princes were, in truth, little more than pirates.  The small number
+of their ships prevented them from ever engaging the fleet of the
+Parliament, and they could only carry on a depredatory warfare,
+injuring English trade, and at the same time supporting the exiled
+court, by the constant capture of merchantmen.  Any English vessel that
+refused to own Rupert as Lord High Admiral of England was a fair prize,
+and from the time that Spain allied herself with the English
+Commonwealth, Spanish vessels also were fair game in the Princes' eyes.
+And thus, says one of the Royalist captains, "our misfortunes being no
+novelty to us, we plough the sea for a subsistence, and being destitute
+of a port, we take the Mediterranean sea for our harbour; poverty and
+despair being our companions, and revenge our guide."[<a id="chap14fn9text"></a><a href="#chap14fn9">9</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+On leaving Lisbon, Rupert returned at first to the coast of Spain.  Off
+Estepona he crippled, but could not take, an English vessel.  At Malaga
+he found some more English ships, but was peremptorily forbidden to
+attack them by the Spanish Governor.  To this order he only replied
+that he would not shoot, but that, since one of the vessels in question
+was commanded by a regicide, he could not possibly forego this
+opportunity of revenge.  In accordance with this declaration, he sent a
+fire-ship by night, which successfully burnt the ship of the regicide,
+Captain Morley.
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P245"></a>245}</span>
+The anger of the Spaniards forced him to put to
+sea at once, and he next came to Montril, where he attacked and
+destroyed three English ships, in spite of the efforts made from the
+Spanish forts to defend them.[<a id="chap14fn10text"></a><a href="#chap14fn10">10</a>]  Between Cape de Gatte and Cape
+Palos, he took several prizes, and from there he stood for Tunis.  But
+most of his captains disobeyed orders, and entered Cartagena, where
+they hoped to find booty.  There the Spaniards allowed Blake to attack
+them, and, to escape capture, they ran their ships ashore and burnt
+them.  Rupert and Maurice, unaware of the disaster, left letters for
+their missing captains, under a stone, on the coast of Tunis, and
+sailed for Toulon.  But a sudden storm separated the Princes, and
+Maurice arrived at Toulon alone with his prizes; not knowing what was
+become of his brother, and fearing the worst.[<a id="chap14fn11text"></a><a href="#chap14fn11">11</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The condition of Toulon was somewhat disturbed, for the wars of the
+Fronde were then raging in France, and the town, at that moment, was
+for the Prince of Condé against the court.  Maurice was therefore
+warned by the French Admiral commanding in the port, to be very careful
+of himself and of his ships.  But happily both the magistrates of the
+town and the officers of the forts showed themselves well-disposed to
+the Prince.  They hastened to visit him, offered all the aid they could
+give him, and pressed him daily to come on shore.  Maurice, "through
+grief for that sad separation from his brother,"[<a id="chap14fn12text"></a><a href="#chap14fn12">12</a>] declined their
+invitations, and refused, for several days, to leave his ship.  At last
+the twofold necessity of disposing of his prize goods, and of
+purchasing a new mast, determined him to land; but before the appointed
+day arrived, he was relieved from anxiety by the appearance of Rupert
+himself in the port.  The meeting was rapturous.  "I need not express
+the joy of their embraces, after so long and tedious
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P246"></a>246}</span>
+absence,
+with the uncertainty of either's safety," says a witness of it,
+"wanting expressions to decipher the affectionate passion of two such
+brothers, who, after so long time of hardship, now found themselves
+locked in each others arms, in a place of safety."[<a id="chap14fn13text"></a><a href="#chap14fn13">13</a>]  The brothers,
+thus reunited, went on shore together, where they were received with
+great enthusiasm, and were "magnificently treated"[<a id="chap14fn14text"></a><a href="#chap14fn14">14</a>] at the house of
+the French Admiral.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Soon after this the captains who had lost their ships at Cartagena
+arrived to explain themselves, and each by accusing the others
+endeavoured to excuse himself.  Being in a foreign port, Rupert would
+not hold a court-martial, but finally the flight of one captain seemed
+to declare his guilt, and clear the rest, though they did not escape
+without a severe reprimand for disobeying orders.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The delay at Toulon lasted for a considerable time, and in the interval
+Rupert received a summons to Paris from the Queen Regent and Queen
+Henrietta, who offered him important employment in France, if he would
+leave the command of his fleet to Maurice.  But Rupert did not believe
+his brother capable of managing the fleet alone, and he was resolved
+not to abandon the desperate undertaking to which he was pledged.[<a id="chap14fn15text"></a><a href="#chap14fn15">15</a>]
+The fleet was then reduced to three sail, the "Constant Reformation,"
+(Admiral,) and the "Swallow," (Vice-Admiral,) and Maurice's prize; and
+Rupert strained his slender resources to the utmost in order to
+purchase a new ship, which he named the "Honest Seaman."  About the
+same time he was joined by a Captain Craven with a vessel of his own,
+which made up the number to five sail.  At last, after much delay and
+trouble, the prize goods were advantageously disposed of, the ships
+were supplied from the Royal Stores of France, and the Princes were
+ready to seek new adventures.  The Channel and the
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P247"></a>247}</span>
+coast of Spain
+were now so well guarded by the Parliament ships as to be unsafe for
+the Princes' little fleet.  Rupert saw that he must now seek distant
+seas, and after putting his enemies off his track by inquiring of
+suspected spies the best advice for sailing to the Archipelago, he
+slipped quietly away to the coast of Barbary.  "I infinitely pity the
+poor Prince, who wanted all manner of counsel and a confident friend to
+reveal his mind unto,"[<a id="chap14fn16text"></a><a href="#chap14fn16">16</a>] wrote Hatton to Nicholas.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The first prize taken in the Straits was a Genoese vessel, bound for a
+Spanish port, which was taken, partly in reprisal for the stealing of
+one of Rupert's caravels by the Genoese, and partly because the sailors
+clamoured for her capture.  A Spanish galleon was next taken, and her
+crew put on shore, after which Rupert made for Madeira.  This island
+was possessed by the Portuguese, and the Princes were received with all
+kindness.  The Governor, with all his officers, came on board the
+Admiral, and the Princes afterwards paid a return visit to the fort,
+when they were courteously received, and "accompanied to the sight of
+all that was worthy seeing on the island."[<a id="chap14fn17text"></a><a href="#chap14fn17">17</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Rupert's secret intention was to make for the West Indies, but no
+sooner did his mind become known, than the plan was vehemently opposed
+by most of his officers.  The true cause of their opposition was the
+belief that the idea had originated with Fearnes, the captain of the
+Admiral, who seems to have been very unpopular with the rest of the
+fleet.  So high did the dissension run that Rupert felt himself
+compelled to call a council, the members of which, with two exceptions,
+voted to make for the Azores, alleging that the Admiral, which had
+lately sprung a leak, was unfit for the long voyage to the West Indies.
+Moved by his new-born anxiety to avoid the charges of "self-will and
+rashness," Rupert yielded to the voices of the majority,
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P248"></a>248}</span>
+against
+his better judgment.  To the Azores they went, and, as the Prince
+expected, disaster followed.[<a id="chap14fn18text"></a><a href="#chap14fn18">18</a>]  No prizes were taken, there was found
+no convenient harbour where the Admiral's leak might be stopped, and so
+bad was the weather that, for long, the ships could not approach the
+shores to get provisions.  When, at last, they made the island of St.
+Michael&mdash;also a Portuguese possession&mdash;they were as well received as
+they had been at Madeira, and here also the Governor conducted the
+Princes "to all the monasteries and place of note."[<a id="chap14fn19text"></a><a href="#chap14fn19">19</a>]  Next Rupert
+stood for Terceira, but the Governor of that island belonged to the
+faction which had opposed the Royalists at Lisbon, and showed himself
+unfriendly.  Still, he permitted Rupert to purchase wine and meat, and,
+the bargain arranged, the fleet returned to St. Michael.  On the way
+the Admiral sprang a new leak, which could not be found, nor was there
+any harbour where she could be safely unloaded that it might be
+discovered.  Rupert again proposed the voyage to the West Indies, but
+the suggestion nearly produced a mutiny, which the Prince only quashed
+by promptly breaking up the meetings of the disaffected.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+While affairs were in this state, and the supply of provisions yet
+uncompleted, stormy weather drove the ships out to sea.  The leak in
+the Admiral increased rapidly, and her boat, which was too large to be
+hoisted in, was washed away from her.  On the same day, the
+Vice-Admiral, attempting to hoist in her own boat, sunk it at her side.
+The storm raged without abatement for three days, at the end of which
+the Admiral's condition was hopeless.  By continually firing her guns
+she had contrived to keep the other ships near her, and by constant
+pumping the disaster had been deferred.  But on the third morning,
+September 30th, 1651, at 3 a.m., the ship sprang a plank, and though a
+hundred and twenty pieces of raw beef were trodden down
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P249"></a>249}</span>
+between
+the timbers, and planks nailed over them, it was without avail.  The
+sails were blown away, and by ten o'clock of the same morning, the
+water was rushing in so fast that the men could not stand in the hold
+to bale.  In this desperate condition, the whole crew behaved with real
+heroism.  Having thrown the guns overboard, in the vain endeavour to
+lighten the ship, they resigned all hope, and resolved to die together.
+The storm was so violent that none of the other ships dared to approach
+the Admiral, lest they should perish with her.  Once the "Honest
+Seaman" ran across her bowsprit, in the hope that some of the crew
+might save themselves on her, but none made the attempt.  Rupert then
+signalled Maurice to come under his stern, that he might speak his last
+words to him.  Approaching as near as possible, the two Princes tried
+to shout to one another, "but the hideous noise of the seas and winds
+over-noised their voices."[<a id="chap14fn20text"></a><a href="#chap14fn20">20</a>]  Maurice, frantic with distress,
+declared that he would save his brother or perish; but his captain and
+officers, less ready to sacrifice their lives, "in mutinous words"
+refused to lay their ship alongside the Admiral.  Seeing his orders
+given in vain, Maurice next tried to send out a little boat which he
+had on board, but, though his men feigned to obey him, they delayed, as
+long as possible, getting the boat ready.  "The Captain of the
+Vice-Admiral cannot be excused," says an indignant letter, "for when he
+saw the ship perishing he made no action at all for their boat to help
+to save the men, but walked upon the deck, saying: 'Gentlemen, it is a
+great mischance, but who can help it?'  And the master never brought
+the ship near the perishing ship, notwithstanding Prince Maurice's
+commands, and his earnestness to have it done."[<a id="chap14fn21text"></a><a href="#chap14fn21">21</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+At last it occurred to the crew of the Admiral that their Prince, at
+least, might be saved in their one small boat, and they "beseeched His
+Highness" to make use of it.
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P250"></a>250}</span>
+But of this Rupert would not hear.
+He thanked the men for their affection to him, and declined to leave
+them, saying that they had long shared his fortunes, and he would now
+share theirs.  Then they represented to him that, supposing he could
+get on board another ship,&mdash;a very remote chance in such a sea,&mdash;he
+might, by his authority, cause something to be done to save the rest of
+them.  Seeing that he still hesitated, they wasted no more time in
+parley, but promptly overpowered him, and placed him forcibly in the
+boat, "desiring him, at parting, to remember they died his true
+servants."[<a id="chap14fn22text"></a><a href="#chap14fn22">22</a>]  By a miraculous chance, as it seemed then, the little
+boat reached the "Honest Seaman" in safety, and, having put the Prince
+on board her, returned at once to rescue some others.  Only Captain
+Fearnes accepted the offered rescue.  M. Mortaigne, whom Rupert
+especially entreated to come to him, preferred to die with the rest,
+and after this second journey, the little skiff sank.  Rupert, now as
+frantic as Maurice had been before, ordered the "Honest Seaman" to run
+towards the Admiral, and enter the men on her bowsprit.  The Captain
+obeyed to his best ability, but could not accomplish his aim, because
+the Admiral, having lost her last sail, and being heavy with water,
+could not stir.  The gallant crew signalled their farewells to their
+Prince, and were then invited by their Chaplain, who had remained with
+them, to receive the Holy Communion.  For some hours longer the ship
+remained above water, but at nine o'clock at night she sank with all on
+board, the crew burning two fire-pikes as a last farewell to their
+Admiral.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Rupert, for once in his life, was utterly crushed by the weight of
+misfortune.  He was taken next day into his brother's ship, and there
+he remained for some time, "overladen with the grief of so inestimable
+a loss", and leaving everything to the care and management of Maurice.
+The
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P251"></a>251}</span>
+loss of the treasure on board the Admiral had been enormous,
+amounting to almost the whole of the year's gains; but, wrote Rupert to
+Herbert, "it was not the greatest loss to me!"[<a id="chap14fn23text"></a><a href="#chap14fn23">23</a>]  Of the Prince's own
+enforced rescue we have three separate accounts.  "The Prince was
+unwilling to leave us, and resolved to die with us," reported the
+Captain.[<a id="chap14fn24text"></a><a href="#chap14fn24">24</a>]  And says another writer: "His Highness would certainly
+have perished with them, if some of his officers, more careful of his
+preservation than himself, had not forced him into a small boat and
+carried him on board the 'Honest Seaman.'"[<a id="chap14fn25text"></a><a href="#chap14fn25">25</a>]  It is also noted in the
+common-place book of one Symonds, a manuscript now preserved in the
+British Museum: "It is very remarkable of Prince Rupert that, his ship
+having sprung a plank in the midst of the sea.... he seemed not ready
+to enter the boat for safety, nor did intend it.  They all, about
+sixty, besought him to save himself, and to take some of them with him
+in the boat to row him; telling him that he was destined and appointed
+for greater matters."[<a id="chap14fn26text"></a><a href="#chap14fn26">26</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Misfortunes, as usual, did not come singly.  Making for Fayal, with
+Maurice still in command, the "Swallow" and the "Honest Seaman" fell in
+with the other three ships, from which they had been separated, but
+only in time to witness the wreck of the "Loyal Subject."  This time
+the Portuguese were far less friendly than before.  Apparently they
+feared lest the English should appropriate a Spanish vessel which had
+just surrendered at Pico, and when Maurice sent to offer his
+assistance, they fired upon his envoys.  Maurice's officer insisted
+upon landing and was promptly arrested, without a hearing.  The "Honest
+Seaman" and the "Revenge" thereupon fired on the Portuguese, but
+without effect, and the whole fleet stood away to Fayal, where they
+found
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P252"></a>252}</span>
+that the officers whom they had left on shore to secure
+supplies, had also been arrested.  The necessity for action roused
+Rupert from his melancholy.  He guessed that the changed attitude of
+the Governors must be due to a peace made between Portugal and the
+English Commonwealth, and saw that he must act with decision.  He
+therefore sent to the Governor of Fayal, saying that Prince Rupert was
+in his harbour, on board the "Swallow," and that unless his men were at
+once released, and things placed on the former friendly footing, he
+would free his men by force, and would also write to the King of
+Portugal "a particular of the affronts he had received."  Evidently
+Rupert was a much more awe-inspiring person than Maurice, for the
+Governor, terrified by the unexpected discovery of his presence, at
+once released his prisoners, and permitted the Princes to take in their
+stores unmolested.[<a id="chap14fn27text"></a><a href="#chap14fn27">27</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Rupert was determined now to go to the West Indies, and, in order to
+prevent factious opposition, he sent his secretary on board each ship
+in turn to require the opinion of each officer, in writing, as to what
+it would be best to do.  By this device all collusion was prevented,
+and consequently the majority decided with the Prince, for the West
+Indies.  The only two dissentients were the Captain and Master of the
+Vice-Admiral, who had behaved so badly at the wreck of the Admiral.
+These two were for going to the mouth of the Channel to take prizes.
+But their advice was generally scouted, as it was evident to all that
+the ships could not live in the northern seas.  The dissentient Captain
+thereupon quitted the fleet, "pretending a quarrel he had with Captain
+Fearnes,"[<a id="chap14fn28text"></a><a href="#chap14fn28">28</a>] and Rupert willingly let him go.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Distrusting the Portuguese in the Azores, the Princes sailed towards
+the Canary Islands, hoping to meet with prizes from which they might
+obtain new rigging and other
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P253"></a>253}</span>
+necessities, for all the ships were
+in a terribly damaged condition.  Stress of weather forced them to put
+in at Cape Blanco, in Arguin, on the coast of Africa, where, finding a
+good harbour, they resolved to refit.  A Dutch vessel, which had also
+taken refuge there, supplied them with pilots, and with planks and
+other necessaries for the repair of their ships.  Having obtained these
+things, they set up tents on land, in which they stored their cargoes,
+while they brought the ships aground.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The repairs involved a considerable delay, and Rupert wished to employ
+the time in procuring new provisions.  Fish was to be found in great
+abundance, but no cattle could be purchased on account of the timidity
+of the natives, who fled at the approach of Europeans.  This timidity
+was exceedingly annoying to Rupert, and on January 1st, 1651, he
+marched inland with a hundred men, being resolved to get speech with
+the natives.  A fog favoured him, so that he came upon an encampment
+before the people were aware of his neighbourhood.  Nevertheless no
+sooner did they see him than they took to flight, leaving behind them
+their tents, and their flocks of sheep and goats.  In a final attempt
+to detain them Rupert shot a camel, but the act naturally did not
+reassure them, and the rider mounted another and fled, "but for haste
+left a man-child behind, which by fortune was guided to His Highness,
+as a New Year's gift.  The poor infant, embracing his legs very fast,
+took him for his own parent."[<a id="chap14fn29text"></a><a href="#chap14fn29">29</a>]  Child and flocks being carefully
+secured, Rupert marched on after the natives, dividing his men into
+small companies, that they might appear the less alarming.  This plan
+succeeded so far that at length two natives came back with a flag of
+truce, desiring to treat for the recovery of the child and the sheep.
+To this the Prince readily consented; whereupon the men promised to
+come to him in two days' time, and he returned to his fleet.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P254"></a>254}</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+According to promise, the African envoys appeared on the shore, Jan.
+3rd, and desired a hostage.  Rupert, doubtful of their good faith,
+refused to order any man to risk his life; but one volunteered, and was
+allowed to go.  Then the Africans, making no offers of trading with the
+Prince, demanded the child's surrender, "expressing great sorrow for
+the loss thereof."  This increased Rupert's suspicions, and he ordered
+his men to keep well within their own lines.  One sailor, disobeying,
+went out upon the cliff, and was immediately killed by the natives,
+who, having thus broken truce, killed their hostage also, and fled.
+Rupert pursued in great fury, but without being able to overtake them.
+A second expedition, led by Robert Holmes, had no better result, and
+the child remained in Rupert's possession.[<a id="chap14fn30text"></a><a href="#chap14fn30">30</a>]  In 1653, "an African
+lad of five "is mentioned by one of Cromwell's spies, as "part of the
+prey the Prince brought over seas;"[<a id="chap14fn31text"></a><a href="#chap14fn31">31</a>] and reference is made to "the
+little nigger"[<a id="chap14fn32text"></a><a href="#chap14fn32">32</a>] in several of Robert Holmes's letters to Rupert.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Dutch vessel from which the Prince had obtained his planks, now
+sent him supplies of water from the Island of Arguin, and seeing her
+thus well-disposed, he chartered her to carry his prize cargo of ginger
+and sugar to France.  He also took the opportunity of sending a brief
+account of his adventures and misfortunes to the King, and to Sir
+Edward Herbert.  The copy of his letter to Charles II is headed: "What
+our ship's company desired me to say to the King," and is as follows.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"Sire,&mdash;By several ways I have given your Majesty a general account of
+our good and bad fortunes, since we left Toulon, but fearing some, if
+not all, may have had worse fortune than I am confident this will, I
+have made a more particular relation to Sir Edward Herbert of both, to
+which I could
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P255"></a>255}</span>
+add more particulars to shew your Majesty how I
+have been hindered in a design to do your Majesty eminent service, but,
+Sire, I shall leave this until I have the happiness to be nearer your
+Majesty.  In the meantime I have sent an order on Mr. Carteret, with
+some goods, to pay the debts of your Majesty I made at Toulon, and some
+others, which belong to me, my brother, and the seamen, the proceed of
+which I have ordered to be put into Sir Edward Herbert's hands for
+yourself, or your brother's necessities; be pleased to command what you
+will of it.  In such a case, I dare say, there will be none among us
+will grumble at it.  All I humbly beg is that Sir Edward Herbert may
+receive your Majesty's commands by word of mouth, or under your own
+hand, and that your Majesty be pleased to look upon us, as having
+undergone some hazards equal with others.  Had it pleased God to
+preserve the 'Constant Reformation' (the Admiral), I had loaded this
+vessel with better goods."[<a id="chap14fn33text"></a><a href="#chap14fn33">33</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To Herbert the Prince wrote at greater length, giving an account of the
+wreck of the Admiral, and of the factious opposition he had encountered
+among his officers.  He explained also that the shares of each man in
+the prizes taken had been adjudged by the chaplain, Dr. Hart, and he
+concluded: "If His Majesty or the Duke of York be in necessity
+themselves, pray dispose of all to what they have need of, for their
+own use; I mean <i>after the debts I made at Toulon for the fleet are
+satisfied</i>.  I wrote word so to His Majesty."[<a id="chap14fn34text"></a><a href="#chap14fn34">34</a>]  Some eight years
+later, at the Restoration, those debts which weighed so heavily on
+Rupert's conscience were still unpaid, and the fact is worth
+remembering in connection with the quarrel that the Prince had with the
+King on his return to France.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P256"></a>256}</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The cargo being despatched and the ships repaired, the Princes made for
+the Cape Verd Islands, where they took in water and "one thousand dried
+goats."[<a id="chap14fn35text"></a><a href="#chap14fn35">35</a>]  From there they went to Santiago, which they found
+inhabited chiefly by negroes.  There was, however, a Portuguese
+Governor, Don Jorge de Mesquita de Castello Baranquo, who overwhelmed
+them with attentions, and presents of fruit.  Rupert returned his
+civilities with such presents as his cargo afforded, and wrote to the
+King of Portugal gratefully acknowledging the kindness of Don Jorge.
+The letter bears date March 2nd, 1652.[<a id="chap14fn36text"></a><a href="#chap14fn36">36</a>]  When the Princes had been
+some days in the harbour, Don Jorge informed them that certain English
+vessels, bound for Guinea, were at anchor in the River Gambia, and
+offered pilots to take the Royalists up the river.  This offer Rupert
+eagerly accepted, but the pilots proved inefficient, and mistook the
+channel, forcing the "Swallow," now the Admiral, to anchor in very
+shallow water.  Rupert went out in his boat to sound for the channel,
+and while thus occupied, came upon a ship belonging to the Duke of
+Courland, on the Baltic.  The Courlanders at once told the Prince the
+whereabouts of the English vessels, and offered to pilot him up to
+them.  With their help, the Admiral weighed anchor, found the channel,
+and captured an English ship, the "John."  On board this ship was a
+negro interpreter, known as Captain Jacus, and the son of the Governor
+of Portodale.  To these two Rupert showed much kindness, freely giving
+them their liberty, an action for which he soon reaped an ample reward.
+That night Rupert's fleet anchored by the Courlander, which continued
+professions of friendship and offers of aid, for which the Prince
+returned grateful thanks.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+On the following morning, Rupert took a Spaniard, but failed to get
+into the tributary of the Gambia, where lay an English ship.  With the
+next tide Maurice succeeded in
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P257"></a>257}</span>
+getting in, and as soon as it was
+light, began the attack.  The Englishman quickly surrendered, on a
+promise of quarter, and freedom for the Captain.  Then, too late, the
+crew remembered that no terms had been made for the merchant whom they
+had on board.  A dispute arose as to the fairness of the agreement
+already made, and Maurice, in true sporting spirit, offered to free the
+captured ship, and fight it out over again;[<a id="chap14fn37text"></a><a href="#chap14fn37">37</a>] but the English crew,
+declining the quixotic offer, accepted his former terms, and Maurice
+boarded them, still in exuberant spirits.  "See what friends you have
+of these Portugals!" he cried in youthful triumph.  "But for them we
+should never have come hither and taken you."[<a id="chap14fn38text"></a><a href="#chap14fn38">38</a>]  Altogether three
+English ships, the "Friendship," the "John," and the "Marmaduke," had
+been captured in the river, besides the Spaniard.  Rupert distributed
+the crews of the prizes among his own ships, and Maurice, re-naming the
+largest of the prizes, the "Defiance," made her the Vice-Admiral.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The natives of the country, thinking to please Rupert, and anxious,
+possibly, to gratify old grudges, murdered several sailors of the
+Parliament who had landed.  But Rupert, "abhorring to countenance
+infidels in the shedding of Christian blood," took care to intimate his
+deep displeasure.[<a id="chap14fn39text"></a><a href="#chap14fn39">39</a>] Thereupon the brother and son of the native King
+came to visit him.  He received them with all due courtesy, offering
+them chairs to sit upon, which, however, they gravely declined, saying
+that only their King was worthy of such an honour.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+But notwithstanding the friendly disposition of the natives Rupert
+could not prolong his stay in the river.  The time of the
+tornadoes&mdash;May to July&mdash;was drawing near, and preparation was
+necessary.  The Princes therefore broke up
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P258"></a>258}</span>
+their Spanish prize,
+as unfit for service, bequeathed her guns to the Courlanders, and
+sailed for the Cape de Verd Islands.  By the way some of their ships
+were missed, and they anchored on the coast to await them.  During the
+delay, the natives stole away one of Maurice's sailors, and Maurice,
+finding fair words unavailing, sent a force, under Holmes, to recover
+him.  The two boats, in which Holmes and his men were embarked, were
+overturned in the surf, and lost at their landing, but happily, the
+liberated negro, Jacus, came to their help with a party of his friends.
+Then Maurice sent a third boat to bring his men back, but with orders
+not to land unless Jacus advised it.  Holmes and his force were safely
+re-embarked, when the captain of the boat, mistaking Maurice's orders,
+declared that they were to take Jacus back with them.  On hearing this,
+Holmes went once more on shore, to speak to Jacus, and, during the
+delay involved, the hostile negroes began to attack the crew.  The
+sailors shot a negro, and captured one of their canoes, which so
+incensed the rest that they seized upon Holmes and another man who had
+accompanied him.  The men in Maurice's boat saw themselves outnumbered,
+and returned in all haste to their ship, with the bad news.  Both
+Princes were "extremely moved," and, swearing that they would rescue
+their comrades or perish in the attempt, they went ashore to treat with
+the natives.  The negroes declared, through Jacus, that they would
+release Holmes if their canoe were returned, and the men in her set at
+liberty.  Rupert at once signalled to the Vice-Admiral to free the
+canoe, but no sooner was it done than Jacus came running down to the
+shore, with the news that his countrymen intended treachery, and would
+not release their prisoners.  It proved too late to re-take the canoe,
+but the Prince fired on the natives, who were gathering round him, and
+signalled all his ships to send men to his aid.  The natives fought
+with much courage; and Rupert himself was wounded by a poisoned arrow,
+which he instantly cut out with his knife.
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P259"></a>259}</span>
+While he engaged the
+attention of the hostile negroes, Jacus and his friends contrived to
+free Holmes and his comrade, and to embark them safely in Maurice's
+pinnace.  This done, the Princes retreated to their fleet; but they did
+not show themselves ungrateful to Jacus, "whose fidelity," says one of
+the crew, "may teach us that heathens are not void of moral honesty."
+On the day following, Rupert sent his thanks, and an offer to take
+Jacus with him and "to reward him for his faith and pains."  But Jacus,
+wishing the Princes all good luck, declined their offer; he was, he
+said, not in the least afraid to remain with his own tribe.[<a id="chap14fn40text"></a><a href="#chap14fn40">40</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The missing ships being come up, the Princes continued their voyage
+towards the Cape Verd Islands, taking a large English prize on the way.
+Two smaller English vessels were captured by the "Revenge" at Mayo, and
+Maurice took a Dane, but was promptly ordered to release her, by his
+brother.  Then most of the ships went with Maurice to St. Iago, taking
+a present of 900 hides out of the spoil, to the Governor; the Admiral
+and the "Revenge" went on to Sal.  The "Revenge," as it happened, was
+largely manned by the sailors taken in the prizes.  These men, being
+naturally disaffected to the Princes, overpowered their officers in the
+night, and stole away to England.  They reached home in safety, and
+were able to give a very edifying account of Rupert and his crews to
+the Parliament: "For their delight is in cursing and swearing, and
+plundering and sinking, and despoiling all English ships they can lay
+their talons on."  Still the report of the Royalists' condition must
+have been very encouraging to their enemies.  "The 'Swallow' and the
+'Honest Seaman' were so leaky that they had to pump day and night, and
+consequently cannot keep long at sea.  They had not above three weeks'
+bread, and nothing but water, at the time when they took the three
+ships in the River
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P260"></a>260}</span>
+Gambia," said the escaped prisoners.[<a id="chap14fn41text"></a><a href="#chap14fn41">41</a>]
+Rupert, on missing the "Revenge," guessed what had happened, but he
+touched at Mayo to ask if she had been sighted.  His presence there so
+terrified a Spanish crew that they landed all their cargo, which was at
+once seized by the Portuguese.  Rupert then returned to Santiago, where
+he took in water and provisions, bestowed the hulk of a prize on "the
+Religious people of the Charity," made "a handsome present to the
+Governor, in acknowledgment of his civilities," and took a final leave
+of the Island.[<a id="chap14fn42text"></a><a href="#chap14fn42">42</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Princes were now fairly on their way to the West Indies; but, near
+Barbadoes, the Admiral sprang a leak, and had to put into Santa Lucia,
+in the Caribbees, the men "being almost spent with extreme labour."[<a id="chap14fn43text"></a><a href="#chap14fn43">43</a>]
+Four days later, the leak being stopped, they proceeded towards St.
+Martinique, meeting on the way some Dutch men-of-war, with the officers
+of which they exchanged visits and civilities.  The French Governor of
+St. Martinique proved very hospitable, and, moreover, sent the Princes
+a timely warning that all the English possessions in the West Indies
+had surrendered to the Parliament.  Having returned grateful thanks for
+this information, the Royalists proceeded to San Dominique, where the
+natives brought them fruit, in exchange for glass beads.  On the day
+before Whit Sunday they reached Montserrat, where they seized two small
+ships, but one, proving to be the property of Royalists, was released.
+At Nevis they found a large number of English vessels, which, like a
+flock of frightened animals, "began to shift for themselves," some
+endeavouring to escape, and others running ashore.[<a id="chap14fn44text"></a><a href="#chap14fn44">44</a>]  A brief
+engagement took place, in which Rupert's secretary was shot down at his
+side,
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P261"></a>261}</span>
+but no prizes could be taken, because the enemy's vessels
+were so fast aground that they could not be brought off.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+After a brief visit to La Bastare, the Princes went to the Virgin
+Islands, intending to unload and careen the Admiral, and on the way
+thither, they added to their numbers by purchasing from a Dutch
+man-of-war a prize she had taken.  They had hoped to find cassava roots
+in the islands, but these proved scarce, and consequently they suffered
+greatly from want of food.  Rupert was even forced to reduce his men's
+rations, but, seeing that their Princes shared equally with them in all
+hardships, the sailors bore the privation with cheerful courage.  The
+scarcity of food caused them to leave the Virgins as soon as the leaky
+ships were repatched, and, having burnt three small prizes as
+unseaworthy, they sailed southwards.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Now came the crowning misfortune of the unhappy Prince who had been so
+long "kept waking with new troubles."[<a id="chap14fn45text"></a><a href="#chap14fn45">45</a>]  Not far from Anguilla the
+fleet was caught in a most terrible hurricane.  So strong was the wind
+that the men could not stand at their work; so thick the weather that
+no one could see more than a few yards before him.  For two days the
+ships ran before the wind, the Admiral escaping wreckage on the rocks
+of Angadas by a miracle.  On the third day the hurricane abated, and
+the Admiral found herself alone at the uninhabited island of St. Ann,
+in the Virgins; the "Honest Seaman" had been cast ashore at Porto Rico,
+and the Vice-Admiral had totally disappeared.  "In this fatal wreck,"
+says Pyne, "besides a great many brave gentlemen and others, the sea,
+to glut itself, swallowed Prince Maurice, whose fame the mouth of
+detraction cannot blast; his very enemies bewailing his loss.  Many had
+more power, few more merit.  He was snatched from us in obscurity, lest
+beholding his loss would have prevented others from endeavouring their
+own safety;
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P262"></a>262}</span>
+so much he lived beloved and died bewailed."[<a id="chap14fn46text"></a><a href="#chap14fn46">46</a>]
+Rupert's grief was beyond words.  He had lost the only member of his
+family to whom he was bound by close ties of affection, the most
+faithful and devoted of his followers, his favourite companion, his
+best-loved friend.  From the very first he accepted the situation as
+hopeless, and he bore his sorrow in grim silence, not suffering it to
+crush him as his grief for the loss of the "Constant Reformation" had
+done.  There was no Maurice now to fall back upon, and the needs of the
+ship could not be neglected.  Alas, one ship, the "Swallow," was all
+that remained of the gallant little fleet, and Rupert, finding himself
+thus alone, resolved to return to France.  First he paid a farewell
+visit to Guadeloupe, where he was kindly received, and supplied with
+wine.  There also he took an English prize, naively likened by the
+writer of his log to "Manna from Heaven."[<a id="chap14fn47text"></a><a href="#chap14fn47">47</a>] But well might the crew
+rejoice at the capture, seeing that their rations were now reduced to
+three ounces per diem.  Touching at the Azores, they were surprised to
+be received with bullets, and not suffered to approach within speaking
+distance of the land.  Rupert therefore sailed straight for Brittany,
+stopping at Cape Finisterre for fresh provisions.  His health was
+completely broken down, and the food on board both scarce and nasty,
+and we read: "His Highness had not been very well since he came from
+the West Indies, and fresh provisions being a rarity, a present of two
+hens and a few eggs was very acceptable."[<a id="chap14fn48text"></a><a href="#chap14fn48">48</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+But the Prince was nearing the end of his hardships, if not of his
+troubles.  Early one morning in the March of 1653, he came into the
+Loire and anchored at St. Lazar.  The next day, in attempting to get
+higher up the river, he ran his ship aground.  The crew were anxious to
+leave her to her fate, but Rupert had not come through so many
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P263"></a>263}</span>
+difficulties only to succumb to the last, and by his "industry and
+care" he brought her safely off.  Having secured his prizes, he sent
+the "Swallow" back to the mouth of the river to refit.  "Here, however,
+like a grateful servant, having brought her princely master through so
+many dangers, she consumed herself, scorning, after being quitted by
+him, that any inferior person should command her."[<a id="chap14fn49text"></a><a href="#chap14fn49">49</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Thus closed the most singular episode in a much chequered career.  The
+morality of Rupert's proceedings during his three years' wanderings on
+the high seas has been much debated.  In theory he was a loyal Admiral
+holding his own against a rebel fleet, but in fact, it must be owned,
+he was little more than a pirate, or at best, a privateer.  He was
+never able to meet the fleet of the Parliament in battle, and could
+only wage war by crippling the trade of the hostile party.  Moreover,
+though his desire to injure the trade of the enemy was both earnest and
+sincere, he was still more anxious to gain merchandise, by the sale of
+which he could support his destitute sovereign and his fleet.  Yet he
+kept within the limits he had set himself, and made prizes only of
+ships belonging to adherents of the Commonwealth or to its Spanish
+allies.  The capture of a Genoese vessel has been admitted, but that
+was in the nature of a reprisal, and it has been seen how a Danish and
+a Royalist ship taken by mistake were set free.  That the Prince
+endured hardship, difficulties and dangers out of a loyal devotion to
+his cousin, is shown by the readiness with which he renounced his
+private share of the spoil in Charles's favour, when he sent home the
+cargo of 1652.  The devotion evidently felt for him by his crew speaks
+well for his character as a commander, and all his recorded dealings
+with the natives of Africa and the various islands, show a humane and
+enlightened spirit in which there is nothing of the buccanneer.  Indeed
+the various logs which bear record of his voyages
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P264"></a>264}</span>
+are marked by a
+tone of great decorum.  In them the chaplain figures frequently, and on
+one occasion it is noted, "The second day being Sunday, we rode still,
+and did the duties of the day in the best manner that we could; the
+same at evening."[<a id="chap14fn50text"></a><a href="#chap14fn50">50</a>]  And even granting that the decorous tone of the
+logs is forced and exaggerated of set purpose, the fact remains that no
+specific charge of cruelty was ever brought against the Prince by his
+enemies or any one else.  This, when it is remembered how lawless were
+the high seas in those days, is no slight praise.  But, whatever may be
+thought of the ethics of the case, it will be universally acknowledged
+that to keep the seas as Rupert kept them for three years, with no
+previous experience in nautical affairs, with never more than seven,
+and usually only three ships at his command, with those ships
+hopelessly leaky and rotten, and continually beset by every possible
+form of danger and disaster, was a feat deserving of wonder and
+admiration.
+</p>
+
+<p><br /><br /></p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap14fn1"></a>
+[<a href="#chap14fn1text">1</a>] Clarendon State Papers.  Hyde to Rupert, Oct. 19, 1650.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap14fn2"></a>
+[<a href="#chap14fn2text">2</a>] Cary's Memorials, Vol. II.  p. 164.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap14fn3"></a>
+[<a href="#chap14fn3text">3</a>] Warburton, III.  p. 306, <i>note</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap14fn4"></a>
+[<a href="#chap14fn4text">4</a>] Ibid.  p. 303.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap14fn5"></a>
+[<a href="#chap14fn5text">5</a>] Warburton, III.  pp. 304-305.  Whitelocke, 458.  Thurloe's State
+Papers, I. 145-146.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap14fn6"></a>
+[<a href="#chap14fn6text">6</a>] Thurloe, I.  141.  Dom. State Papers.  Commonweath, IX.  fol. 38.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap14fn7"></a>
+[<a href="#chap14fn7text">7</a>] Warburton.  III.  pp. 306, 310.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap14fn8"></a>
+[<a href="#chap14fn8text">8</a>] Ibid pp. 310-312.  Add. MSS.  18982 f. 210.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap14fn9"></a>
+[<a href="#chap14fn9text">9</a>] Warburton, III.  p. 313.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap14fn10"></a>
+[<a href="#chap14fn10text">10</a>] Hist. MSS. Com.  Rept 14.  Portland MSS.  Vol. I.  p. 548.  26
+Dec. 1650.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap14fn11"></a>
+[<a href="#chap14fn11text">11</a>] Warburton, III.  p. 318.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap14fn12"></a>
+[<a href="#chap14fn12text">12</a>] Ibid.  320.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap14fn13"></a>
+[<a href="#chap14fn13text">13</a>] Warburton, III.  320.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap14fn14"></a>
+[<a href="#chap14fn14text">14</a>] Ibid.  p. 321.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap14fn15"></a>
+[<a href="#chap14fn15text">15</a>] Letters, II.  p. 3.  14 May, 1651.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap14fn16"></a>
+[<a href="#chap14fn16text">16</a>] Nicholas Papers, I.  249.  May 1651.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap14fn17"></a>
+[<a href="#chap14fn17text">17</a>] Warburton, III.  p. 325.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap14fn18"></a>
+[<a href="#chap14fn18text">18</a>] Warburton, III.  p. 327.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap14fn19"></a>
+[<a href="#chap14fn19text">19</a>] Ibid.  p. 329.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap14fn20"></a>
+[<a href="#chap14fn20text">20</a>] Warburton, III.  p. 334.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap14fn21"></a>
+[<a href="#chap14fn21text">21</a>] Ibid.  pp. 533-535.  Pitts to &mdash;.  No date.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap14fn22"></a>
+[<a href="#chap14fn22text">22</a>] Warburton, III.  p. 335.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap14fn23"></a>
+[<a href="#chap14fn23text">23</a>] Warburton, III.  p. 349.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap14fn24"></a>
+[<a href="#chap14fn24text">24</a>] Rupert Transcripts.  Captain Fearnes' Relation.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap14fn25"></a>
+[<a href="#chap14fn25text">25</a>] Warburton, III.  p. 540.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap14fn26"></a>
+[<a href="#chap14fn26text">26</a>] Harleian MSS.  991.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap14fn27"></a>
+[<a href="#chap14fn27text">27</a>] Warburton, III.  p. 340.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap14fn28"></a>
+[<a href="#chap14fn28text">28</a>] Ibid.  p. 537, Pitts to &mdash;.  No date.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap14fn29"></a>
+[<a href="#chap14fn29text">29</a>] Warburton, III.  p. 345.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap14fn30"></a>
+[<a href="#chap14fn30text">30</a>] Warburton, III.  pp. 346-7.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap14fn31"></a>
+[<a href="#chap14fn31text">31</a>] Thurloe State Papers, II.  405.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap14fn32"></a>
+[<a href="#chap14fn32text">32</a>] Rupert Transcripts.  Holmes to Rupert, May 3 and 19, 1653.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap14fn33"></a>
+[<a href="#chap14fn33text">33</a>] Warburton, III.  p. 348.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap14fn34"></a>
+[<a href="#chap14fn34text">34</a>] Ibid.  p. 349.  This letter is supposed by Warburton to be written
+to Hyde, but it is without address; and the three references of Rupert
+to Herbert in the letter to the King seem to imply that the
+accompanying letter was intended for Herbert, and not Hyde.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap14fn35"></a>
+[<a href="#chap14fn35text">35</a>] Warburton, III.  p. 541, Feb. 1st 1652.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap14fn36"></a>
+[<a href="#chap14fn36text">36</a>] Ibid.  p. 366.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap14fn37"></a>
+[<a href="#chap14fn37text">37</a>] Warburton.  III.  p. 359.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap14fn38"></a>
+[<a href="#chap14fn38text">38</a>] Domestic State Papers.  Commonwealth, 41.  fol. 34.  8 Oct. 1653.
+Report of Walker.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap14fn39"></a>
+[<a href="#chap14fn39text">39</a>] Warburton, III.  p. 360.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap14fn40"></a>
+[<a href="#chap14fn40text">40</a>] Warburton, III.  pp. 363-367.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap14fn41"></a>
+[<a href="#chap14fn41text">41</a>] Domestic State Papers.  Commonwealth.  Vol. XXIV.  f. 60.  June
+(?), 1652.  Coxon's Report.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap14fn42"></a>
+[<a href="#chap14fn42text">42</a>] Warburton, III.  p. 370.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap14fn43"></a>
+[<a href="#chap14fn43text">43</a>] Ibid.  p. 371.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap14fn44"></a>
+[<a href="#chap14fn44text">44</a>] Ibid.  p. 376.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap14fn45"></a>
+[<a href="#chap14fn45text">45</a>] Warburton, III.  p. 337.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap14fn46"></a>
+[<a href="#chap14fn46text">46</a>] Warburton, III.  p. 382.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap14fn47"></a>
+[<a href="#chap14fn47text">47</a>] Ibid.  p. 384.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap14fn48"></a>
+[<a href="#chap14fn48text">48</a>] Ibid.  p. 546.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap14fn49"></a>
+[<a href="#chap14fn49text">49</a>] Warburton, III.  p. 388.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap14fn50"></a>
+[<a href="#chap14fn50text">50</a>] Rupert Transcripts.  Journal, Feb. 26, 1651.
+</p>
+
+<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
+
+<p><a id="chap15"></a></p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P265"></a>265}</span>
+</p>
+
+<h3>
+CHAPTER XV
+</h3>
+
+<h4>
+RUPERT AT PARIS.  ILLNESS.  QUARREL WITH CHARLES II.  <br />
+FACTIONS AT ST. GERMAINS.  RUPERT GOES TO GERMANY.  <br />
+RECONCILED WITH CHARLES
+</h4>
+
+<p>
+Rupert's return was eagerly hailed by all parties in the exiled Court
+of England.  Wrote the King:
+</p>
+
+<p><br /></p>
+
+<p>
+"My Dearest Cousin,
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"I am so surprised with joy in the assurance of your safe arrival in
+these parts that I cannot tell you how great it is; nor can I consider
+any misfortunes or accidents which have happened, now I know that your
+person is in safety.  If I could receive the like comfort in a
+reasonable hope of your brother's, I need not tell you how important it
+would be to my affairs.  While my affection makes me impatient to see
+you I know the same desire will incline you, (after you have done what
+can only be done by your presence there,) to make what haste to me your
+health can endure, of which I must conjure you to have such a care as
+it shall be in no danger."[<a id="chap15fn1text"></a><a href="#chap15fn1">1</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p><br /></p>
+
+<p>
+Hyde expressed himself with almost equal warmth.  "For God's sake, Sir,
+in the first place look to your health, and then to the safety of what
+you have there, and lose no minute of coming away.  I do not doubt you
+will find the welcome that will please you with the King, the Queen,
+and the Duke of York."[<a id="chap15fn2text"></a><a href="#chap15fn2">2</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+And Jermyn added the assurance of his own "infinite joy," and the
+Queen's constant friendship, concluding with
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P266"></a>266}</span>
+the appropriate
+prayer: "God of Heaven keep you in all your dangers, and give you at
+length some quiet, and the fruits of them."[<a id="chap15fn3text"></a><a href="#chap15fn3">3</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The King gave proof of his affection by the zeal with which he prepared
+for his cousin's reception in Paris; an honour apparently disputed with
+him by Rupert's brother Edward.  "The King is very active in preparing
+a lodging for you," writes one of the Prince's friends.  "If I be not
+deceived he would have liked well to have it left to him, of which the
+Prince, your brother, as I understand, gives you some account.  I will
+send you more by the next, knowing no more as yet, but that the King
+hath it in his love for you to have you near him, which certainly is
+fitter than to have thought of another lodging, without his
+knowledge."[<a id="chap15fn4text"></a><a href="#chap15fn4">4</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+But, alas! the Rupert who returned was not the Rupert who had sailed
+away three years before!  He had, as Hyde expressed it, "endured
+strange hardness,"[<a id="chap15fn5text"></a><a href="#chap15fn5">5</a>] and the "hardness" had left its mark upon him.
+He came back from his long voyage a changed and broken-hearted man.
+"His Highness's fire was pretty much decayed, and his judgment
+ripened," says Campbell; but the change went deeper than that.  The
+Prince had failed in his undertaking; he had lost the greater part of
+his hard-won treasure, his ships, his men, above all his best-loved
+brother&mdash;and these losses had carried with them a part of his old self.
+The high spirits and buoyant hopefulness of earlier days were gone for
+ever.  Gone too was something of the youthful generosity; Rupert was
+embittered now, harder, colder, more sardonic; a man, said Colbert,
+"with a natural inclination to believe evil!"[<a id="chap15fn6text"></a><a href="#chap15fn6">6</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+His health too, that best inheritance from his mother, had been ruined
+by bad climates and insufficient food.  On
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P267"></a>267}</span>
+his arrival at Nantes
+he fell dangerously ill, nor was he ever again wholly free from
+suffering.  His illness created no small consternation among the
+Royalists, and much sympathy was poured out upon him.  "Think of your
+health," urged one friend, "and if you dare venture on your old
+apothecary you may, from whom you will receive some drugs, well meant,
+if not well prepared."[<a id="chap15fn7text"></a><a href="#chap15fn7">7</a>]  This tempting offer was probably declined.
+The Palatines had ideas of their own upon the subject of medicine, a
+profound distrust of doctors, and a very reasonable aversion to the
+then universal practice of bleeding.  "Pray God she fall not into the
+Frenchified physician's hands, and so let blood and die!"[<a id="chap15fn8text"></a><a href="#chap15fn8">8</a>] Rupert
+wrote of a fair friend, at a later date, On the present occasion he
+recovered from his illness, with or without the aid of physicians, and
+in April hastened to join his cousin, King Charles.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+At Paris he met with as warm a reception as he could have desired.  Not
+only the English exiles, but the French Court also hastened to do him
+honour.  The Queen Regent and Mazarin had always been his good friends,
+and now his strange adventures had fired the imagination of the young
+King Louis, who "complimented him in an extraordinary manner."[<a id="chap15fn9text"></a><a href="#chap15fn9">9</a>]
+Indeed Rupert, with his romantic history, his striking personality,
+gigantic stature, and supposed magical powers,[<a id="chap15fn10text"></a><a href="#chap15fn10">10</a>] not to mention his
+accredited wealth, his monkeys and "blackamours," made a considerable
+sensation in the excitable world of Paris.  Many were the anonymous
+letters addressed to him by fair hands; but for some time his bad
+health and his sorrowful heart made him indifferent to the adulation
+bestowed on him.  "Prince Rupert goes little abroad in France, and is
+very sad that
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P268"></a>268}</span>
+he can hear nothing of his brother Maurice,"[<a id="chap15fn11text"></a><a href="#chap15fn11">11</a>]
+was the report made by Cromwell's spies.  And wrote Hyde, April 25,
+1653: "Prince Rupert is not yet well enough to venture to go abroad,
+and therefore hath not visited the French Court, but I hope he will
+within a day or two.  Of Prince Maurice we hear not one word."[<a id="chap15fn12text"></a><a href="#chap15fn12">12</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+But as his health improved, Rupert relaxed his austerity and joined his
+Stuart cousins in their amusements.  He was often to be seen in the
+hall of the Palais Royal, playing at billiards with the King and the
+Duke of York,[<a id="chap15fn13text"></a><a href="#chap15fn13">13</a>] and sometimes he swam with them in the Seine.  On one
+such occasion he was very nearly drowned; he was seized with cramp, and
+had already gone under water, when one of his train rescued him by the
+hair of his head.  "The River Seine had like to have made an end of
+your black Prince Rupert," wrote one of the Puritan spies who watched
+all his actions, "for, some days since, he would needs cool himself in
+the river, where he was in danger of drowning, but, by the help of one
+of his blackmores, escaped."[<a id="chap15fn14text"></a><a href="#chap15fn14">14</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The same spy related another adventure which, if true, illustrates the
+singularly lawless state of Paris, and also suggests that Rupert was
+not quite indifferent to the overtures of the ladies who courted him.
+As he returned from hunting, one Sunday, accompanied only by Holmes, he
+was overtaken by two gentlemen, riding in great haste towards Paris.
+No sooner had they passed the Prince, than, wheeling suddenly round,
+they both fired at him.  Both missed, and Rupert promptly returning the
+shots, wounded one and killed the other.  A third gentleman then coming
+up, was about to fire on the Prince, but seeing him prepared, changed
+his mind and called out that he was the husband of the Marechal de
+Plessy Praslin's daughter.  Rupert retorted that he did
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P269"></a>269}</span>
+not
+believe him, but, since he said so, would let him alone.  So the matter
+passed," concludes the narrator of the story coolly, "and the gentleman
+killed, the worse for him!"[<a id="chap15fn15text"></a><a href="#chap15fn15">15</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In the midst of these adventures Rupert did not neglect business.  He
+had to dispose of the guns and other fittings of his ship, which it was
+impossible to render sea-worthy again; and he also had a considerable
+quantity of goods to sell, the nature of which we learn from the
+letters of Holmes, who had gone back to Nantes in May 1653.  From
+Nantes, Holmes sent samples of sugar, copper, tobacco, various kinds of
+woods, and elephants' teeth to the Prince at Paris.  He also sent, at
+Rupert's express desire, "the little nigger," and promised to search
+among the ballast for two elephants' teeth which Rupert particularly
+required.[<a id="chap15fn16text"></a><a href="#chap15fn16">16</a>] His search was very successful, and May 24 he reported,
+"I met, in tumbling over the ballast, 21 elephants' teeth, 36 sticks of
+wood, a chest of white sugar, and a small chest of copper bars."[<a id="chap15fn17text"></a><a href="#chap15fn17">17</a>]
+It was time that some steps were taken for the disposing of these
+commodities.  The officers of the ships were "much destitute of money."
+Fearnes refused to give Holmes any proper account of the stores, and
+the sailors were mutinying for pay.  Holmes encountered them with drawn
+swords in their hands, but pacified them with "gentle mildness";[<a id="chap15fn18text"></a><a href="#chap15fn18">18</a>]
+and Rupert came himself to Nantes to attend the sale of his treasures.
+In this matter, Mazarin lent all assistance in his power, and Cromwell
+who claimed the Prince's goods as stolen from English merchants
+remonstrated with the French court in vain.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"What should His Excellency the Lord General Cromwell expect from the
+Cardinal but a parcel of fair promises?" protested an agent of the
+Commonwealth.  "I assure you the King and the Cardinal are resolved not
+to
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P270"></a>270}</span>
+deliver Prince Rupert's merchandizes.  The merchants, having
+given a good deal of money to some ministers here, thinking to corrupt
+them,&mdash;a thing very easy to be done, in any other occasion but
+this,&mdash;find now that it is but so much money cast into the sea.  Prince
+Rupert was somewhat affrighted, by reason of the bribes, but there is
+given him by the Queen, Cardinal, and Council such assurances as his
+mind is at rest.  I protest they laugh at you, and think your demands
+so insolent as nothing more."[<a id="chap15fn19text"></a><a href="#chap15fn19">19</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In fact, while the English merchants lavished money, and Cromwell
+protests, Rupert was quietly selling the disputed goods at Nantes, and
+also the "Swallow" and her guns.  He had no sooner accomplished this
+than he hastened back to Paris, in obedience to an urgent letter
+received from Charles.
+</p>
+
+<p><br /></p>
+
+<p>
+"Dearest Cousin,
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"According to your desire I sent the warrant to sell the 'Swallow' and
+her guns.  I have little to say to you, only to put you in mind to make
+all the haste you can hither, when you can do it without harm to your
+business.  For, besides the great desire I have of your company, I do
+believe there is something now to be done which I cannot do without
+your presence and assistance.  I have no more to say until I see you,
+but to assure you that I am entirely, dearest Cousin,
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"Your most affectionate Cousin,<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"Charles R."[<a id="chap15fn20text"></a><a href="#chap15fn20">20</a>]<br />
+</p>
+
+<p><br /></p>
+
+<p>
+After this very cordial letter it is rather surprising to find a
+violent quarrel between the two cousins immediately following Rupert's
+return to Paris.  The truth was that Charles had expected to gain much
+wealth on the return of the fleet, which would, he hoped, enable him to
+leave
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P271"></a>271}</span>
+France, of which he was as weary as France was of him.  But
+before Rupert's first coming to Paris he had sent such an account as
+ought to have convinced Charles that he had little to expect.  That he
+had gained treasure of great value the Prince confessed, but most of it
+had been lost with Maurice, or in the wreck of the "Constant
+Reformation." What remained would scarcely suffice to pay off the
+sailors and discharge the old debt at Toulon.  Moreover, the ships were
+so worm-eaten that there was no possibility of again sending them to
+sea.[<a id="chap15fn21text"></a><a href="#chap15fn21">21</a>]  Bitter as was this disappointment to the King, he still hoped
+to gain something by the sale of the guns, and when he found that
+Rupert laid claim to half the money thus obtained, it was more than he
+could endure.  Hyde, who had never loved Rupert, easily persuaded the
+King that his cousin was dealing unfairly, and induced him to demand an
+exact account.  The Prince, hotly resenting Hyde's insinuations,
+refused to offer any explanation more explicit than that already made.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+When it is remembered how devotedly Rupert had exposed his person and
+all that he had in Charles's service, how his mother's jewels had
+helped to fit out the fleet, and how freely he had surrendered his
+private share in the prizes to the King, it is scarcely credible that
+he could have put forward an unjust, or even a selfish claim.  Campbell
+corroborates the Prince's own statement that the sale of the goods did
+not realise enough to pay off all the sailors; and there still remained
+the debts at Toulon, which Charles had been begged to pay two years
+before.  Nor were they paid now, in 1662, one Guibert Hessin petitioned
+Charles II for 29,480 livres tournois, being the debt for victualling
+the fleet at Toulon in 1650, of which Rupert had ordered payment in
+1654.[<a id="chap15fn22text"></a><a href="#chap15fn22">22</a>]  It is therefore fairly evident that Rupert did not claim the
+money for
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P272"></a>272}</span>
+his own use, but in order to satisfy the just claims of
+others.  The payment of his debts was a point on which he was
+particularly sensitive, but the practice may well have failed to
+commend itself to Charles.  An important witness on Rupert's side is
+Hatton, who, a little before the quarrel, had written to Nicholas: "I
+am sure they now owe Prince Rupert £1,700, ... and that will, at the
+day of reckoning, breed ill-blood."[<a id="chap15fn23text"></a><a href="#chap15fn23">23</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The day of reckoning came in February 1654, and all happened as Hatton
+had predicted.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"You talk of money the King should have upon the prizes at Nantes!"
+wrote Hyde indignantly.  "Alas, he hath not only not had one penny from
+thence, but Prince Rupert pretends that the King owes him more money
+than ever I was worth."[<a id="chap15fn24text"></a><a href="#chap15fn24">24</a>]  The quarrel raged for a month before
+Rupert would give any explanation of his claims.  At last, in March, he
+condescended to give the King "a little short paper, not containing
+twenty lines," which he charged his cousin not to show to Hyde.  But
+Charles of course suffered Hyde to see it, charging him, in his turn,
+to conceal his knowledge of it from Rupert.[<a id="chap15fn25text"></a><a href="#chap15fn25">25</a>]  The result was a worse
+quarrel than ever.  Seeing that the King was not going to acknowledge
+his claim, Rupert prompted his creditors to arrest the guns.  Charles
+remonstrated,&mdash;"kindly expostulated," Hyde phrased it,&mdash;whereupon
+Rupert lost his temper, and protested that "justice would have
+justice," speaking, said Hyde, "with isolence enough."[<a id="chap15fn26text"></a><a href="#chap15fn26">26</a>]  The affair
+was "exceedingly taken notice of,"[<a id="chap15fn27text"></a><a href="#chap15fn27">27</a>] and it was rumoured that Rupert
+would leave his cousin's service.  Mazarin, who realised that the
+sooner Charles got some money, the sooner he would leave France,
+enabled him to
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P273"></a>273}</span>
+rescue the guns from the creditors' clutches; but
+Queen Henrietta gave all her support to her nephew.  "It is not
+possible to believe how much, in so gross a thing, the Queen and Lord
+Jermyn side with Prince Rupert," complained Hyde.[<a id="chap15fn28text"></a><a href="#chap15fn28">28</a>]  Probably
+Henrietta and her favourite cared little whether the creditors were
+paid or not; but more than a mere question of debts was at stake,  the
+exiled Court was as factious as ever.  In the King's Council,
+Henrietta, the Duke of York, the Duke of Buckingham and Lord Jermyn
+opposed themselves violently to the policy of Ormonde, Rochester
+(Wilmot), Percy, Inchiquin, Taafe, and Hyde.  Hyde's party was then in
+the ascendant, and the Queen was anxious to secure Rupert's adherence
+to her own party.  He was not without a considerable following of his
+own, and there was a definite design to represent him "as head of the
+Swordsmen, making it good by little insignificant particulars."[<a id="chap15fn29text"></a><a href="#chap15fn29">29</a>]
+The most influential of his friends was the Attorney-General, Herbert,
+recently made Lord Keeper, to whom Henrietta had hastened to pay court
+as soon as she heard of Rupert's arrival at Nantes.  Herbert, though
+distinguished neither for tact nor for wisdom, possessed great
+influence with the Prince.  "The Lord Keeper is so extreme vain and
+foolish in his government of Prince Rupert that he does more towards
+the ruin of that Prince than all his enemies could do,"[<a id="chap15fn30text"></a><a href="#chap15fn30">30</a>] declared
+Hyde.  And though Charles declared that he could cure his cousin of his
+infatuation, he failed to do so.  Lord Gerard, a man of fertile brain,
+who "could never lack projects,"[<a id="chap15fn31text"></a><a href="#chap15fn31">31</a>] was not much wiser than Herbert.
+Between them, they concocted a thousand schemes "to make Prince Rupert
+General in England, Scotland, and Ireland, and Admiral of two or
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P274"></a>274}</span>
+three fleets together," not to mention other projects, all contrived
+for the benefit of the unlucky Prince, who, Hyde might justly say,
+would "have cause to curse the day he ever knew either of them."[<a id="chap15fn32text"></a><a href="#chap15fn32">32</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Queen, on her part, was doing her best to destroy Hyde's power with
+the King, that being the chief obstacle to the exercise of her own
+influence.  The Chancellor had no lack of enemies, but the charges
+brought against him were so absurd that he could afford to laugh at
+them.  "I hope you think it strange to hear that I have been in
+England, and have had private conference with Cromwell; and that you
+are not sorry that my enemies can frame no wiser calumny against
+me,"[<a id="chap15fn33text"></a><a href="#chap15fn33">33</a>] he wrote to a friend.  The inventor of this extraordinary
+story was the King's secretary, Long, who was backed up by the Queen
+and her partisans.  They expected the support of Rupert, but he, much
+as he detested the Chancellor, was too honest to lend himself to any
+such plot.  "They are much disappointed to find Prince Rupert not of
+their party," declared Hyde triumphantly.  "He indeed carries himself
+with great discretion."[<a id="chap15fn34text"></a><a href="#chap15fn34">34</a>]  Nor did the Prince content himself with
+discretion, he even actively defended Hyde's character.  A dispute on
+the subject had arisen between Ormonde and Herbert, the latter having
+remarked that "it was strange the King should make such a difference
+between Mr. Chancellor and Mr. Long, whereas he held Mr. Long as good a
+gentleman as Mr. Chancellor."  Rupert, who was standing by, retorted
+sharply that the King "made not the difference from their blood, but
+from the honesty of the Chancellor and the dishonesty of Long."
+Herbert vehemently protested that he believed Long as honest as Hyde;
+to which replied Ormonde, "Ay, but the King thought not so, and perhaps
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P275"></a>275}</span>
+there were times when his Lordship thought not so."  And a very
+pretty quarrel ensued.[<a id="chap15fn35text"></a><a href="#chap15fn35">35</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In the meantime Sir Marmaduke Langdale, a man of more sense than Gerard
+or Herbert, seriously proposed that Rupert should take a new expedition
+to Scotland.  To this plan, the Queen lent a willing ear.  The Scots,
+though still resolved that only those "eminent for righteousness"
+should enter Scotland with the King, were willing to include Rupert,
+Ormonde, Nicholas, Gerard and Craven under that head.[<a id="chap15fn36text"></a><a href="#chap15fn36">36</a>] The scheme
+therefore seemed feasible, but Rupert and Henrietta were of one mind in
+wishing that James of York, rather than the King, might be the nominal
+leader of the enterprise.  The wish was natural enough, for the life
+led by Charles in Paris was not calculated to commend him to his
+serious-minded cousin.  James, on the contrary, seemed full of promise,
+practical, conscientious, and energetic.[<a id="chap15fn37text"></a><a href="#chap15fn37">37</a>] Negotiations with the
+Scots were seriously opened, but they were not all agreed concerning
+Rupert; and a letter shown to James by his secretary, Bennet, created
+considerable stir in the Palais Royal.  This letter stated that the
+Scots still cherished a strong aversion to Rupert, and earnestly hoped
+that he would not appear in their country.  James hastened with the
+letter to his cousin, who, "would needs know" the name of the writer.
+This, Bennet refused to divulge, until the writer himself arrived on
+the scene, in the person of Daniel O'Neil, who, seeing the excitement
+he had caused, "told plainly he wrote it, and said further that most of
+the friends of the English and Scots were of that opinion."[<a id="chap15fn38text"></a><a href="#chap15fn38">38</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Eventually the whole scheme fell through, as a hundred others had done,
+but not before Charles's anger and jealousy had been excited against
+James.  The result of the negotiations was therefore to produce a
+coldness between the
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P276"></a>276}</span>
+Stuart brothers, a further breach between
+Charles and Rupert, and a definite quarrel between the King and the
+Queen mother.  Henrietta reproached her son violently with his conduct
+towards Rupert, Herbert and Berkeley; and Charles retorted angrily,
+that, after their behaviour to him, they should "never more have his
+trust nor his company."[<a id="chap15fn39text"></a><a href="#chap15fn39">39</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Upon this, Rupert resigned his office of Master of the Horse&mdash;a mere
+empty title&mdash;and departed for Germany, notwithstanding Henrietta's
+entreaties that he would remain.[<a id="chap15fn40text"></a><a href="#chap15fn40">40</a>] He had hardly declared his
+intention of going, when the good-natured Charles half-repented of his
+share in the quarrel; and a reconciliation was accomplished, so far as
+the debt was concerned.[<a id="chap15fn41text"></a><a href="#chap15fn41">41</a>]  But Rupert adhered to his resolution of
+visiting Germany, saying that he had affairs of his own to look after,
+to obtain some appanage from his brother, and to demand the money due
+to him from the Emperor, under the treaty of Munster.  Charles
+therefore wrote an apologetic letter to his aunt, the Queen of Bohemia,
+explaining that his cousin had not quitted his service, and that,
+though he did not deny having "taken some things unkindly" from Rupert,
+he trusted that they might soon meet again, "with more kindness and a
+better understanding," for, in spite of all that had passed, he
+continued to "love him very much, and always be confident of his
+friendship."[<a id="chap15fn42text"></a><a href="#chap15fn42">42</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Rupert went first to his brother at Heidelberg, with "a great train and
+brave," consisting of twenty-six persons,&mdash;three negroes and "the
+little nigger" included.[<a id="chap15fn43text"></a><a href="#chap15fn43">43</a>]  At Heidelberg he remained for about a
+month, but his real destination was Vienna, whither he went to demand
+the money
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P277"></a>277}</span>
+owed him by the Emperor.  He arrived there in
+September, and was received with great cordiality.  He had been a
+<i>persona grata</i> to the Austrians ever since he had won their hearts as
+their prisoner; and Cromwell's spies commented, in great disgust, on
+the honour shown him, and the alacrity with which dues were promised to
+him.  "His Imperial Majesty hath commanded an assignation to Prince
+Rupert Palatine of 30,000 rix dollars, of a certain sum due since the
+Treaty of Munster.  Prince Rupert has also obtained money for Charles
+Stuart, and more is promised," they reported.[<a id="chap15fn44text"></a><a href="#chap15fn44">44</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It is here seen that not Rupert's private affairs alone had taken him
+to Vienna, nor was his separation from Charles of long duration.
+France had now concluded a treaty with Cromwell, so that the exiled
+King was forced to quit that country.  The money obtained through
+Rupert enabled him to leave France with ease, and he proceeded to
+Cologne.  A rumour arose that he intended to throw himself upon the
+hospitality of the Emperor, and perhaps Rupert's visit to Vienna had
+been partly designed to ascertain the possibility of this move.  But
+the idea did not commend itself to the Austrian Court, and the Elector
+Charles Louis wrote hastily to Rupert, October 1654: "I have ventured
+to send M. Bunckley to the King of Great Britain, to warn him that he
+would be unwelcome at Vienna.  Doubtless you will be able to confirm
+this, concerning which I have received an express messenger from his
+Imperial Majesty."[<a id="chap15fn45text"></a><a href="#chap15fn45">45</a>]  Probably Rupert did confirm his brother's
+message, for Charles stayed at Cologne, awaiting his cousin's "much
+longed for" return.  Rupert rejoined him there in January 1655, but did
+not stay long.  Hyde was still all powerful, and Rupert was never a man
+who cared to take the second place.  "I need not tell you," wrote one
+of the ubiquitous spies, "by whom Prince Rupert was turned from Court;
+yet perhaps you
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P278"></a>278}</span>
+have not known that Hyde offered Charles Stuart
+that 50,000 men should be in arms in England, before a year went about,
+if he would quit the Queen's Court, and the Prince's party.  By the
+last letters it doth seem as if Prince Rupert had an intention to see
+Cologne before Modena, and, if he can break Hyde's neck here, it may
+alter his design, and make him stay with the King, which he hath most
+mind of."[<a id="chap15fn46text"></a><a href="#chap15fn46">46</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The last sentence alludes to an engagement entered into by Rupert to
+raise men for the Duke of Modena.  In May 1655 he was busy with his
+levies, and he had offered commands in his force to Craven, Gerard, and
+the once Puritan Massey.[<a id="chap15fn47text"></a><a href="#chap15fn47">47</a>]  The French Court patronised the Duke of
+Modena, and Mazarin promised Rupert the command of 2,000 men chosen
+from the best troops of France, 1,000 Swiss, and three other regiments.
+The arrears of pay due to the Prince for his services to France in
+1648, were less readily conceded.  Fortunately Rupert had a friend at
+court in the person of Edward's wife, Anne de Gonzague.  This lady,
+being a very powerful person in France, obtained a promise of speedy
+payment, the more readily since Rupert declared that without the money
+he could not equip himself for the enterprise, and without himself his
+levies should not go.[<a id="chap15fn48text"></a><a href="#chap15fn48">48</a>]  Yet, in the very next month, he quietly
+renounced the whole scheme, sent his troops to Modena, and returned to
+Heidelberg.  The reason for this sudden change of plan was the anxiety
+of Charles, who, fearing to lose his cousin altogether, had "abruptly
+begged him to quit all employments," and serve himself only.  Rupert,
+loyal as ever, answered with equal abruptness that he would serve his
+cousin "with all his interest, either in men, money, arms, or friends,"
+provided that he could effect "a handsome conjuncture," <i>i.e.</i> an
+honourable arrangement,
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P279"></a>279}</span>
+with Modena.[<a id="chap15fn49text"></a><a href="#chap15fn49">49</a>]  This done, he joined
+the King at Frankfort, whence we find Ormonde writing to Hyde: "When
+to-morrow we have been to a Lutheran service, and on Monday have seen
+the fair, I know not how we shall contrive divertissements for a longer
+time, unless Prince Rupert, who is coming, find them."[<a id="chap15fn50text"></a><a href="#chap15fn50">50</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Whether Rupert found them or not is unrecorded, but he certainly made
+friends with the King, in whose company he remained until October.
+Charles had still some hopes of the Scots, and it was rumoured that
+Rupert endeavoured to win the Presbyterians by stating&mdash;with perfect
+truth&mdash;that he had been bred a Calvinist.[<a id="chap15fn51text"></a><a href="#chap15fn51">51</a>]  It was said also that he
+had countenanced the plot of 1654 for Cromwell's assassination, and had
+even introduced the author of it to the King.  Whether the accusation
+be true or false it is hard to say.[<a id="chap15fn52text"></a><a href="#chap15fn52">52</a>]  The only allusion to the plot
+found in the Prince's own correspondence is in a letter written from
+Heidelberg, which narrates the fate of the conspirators; "the Diurnal
+says Jack Gerard is beheaded, and another hanged, and that the Portugal
+ambassador's brother was beheaded at the same time, and another English
+gentleman hanged about that business, but says little of any design.  I
+have not yet received one line, so I cannot give your Highness any
+further account."[<a id="chap15fn53text"></a><a href="#chap15fn53">53</a>]  This letter may, or may not imply a previous
+acquaintance with the design.  It certainly assumes that Rupert knew
+all about it, but the affair was then public property.  Still there is
+nothing absolutely impossible in the Prince's complicity.  Cromwell was
+regarded by the Royalists at that
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P280"></a>280}</span>
+time, as a being almost beyond
+the pale of humanity.  He was "the beast whom all the Kings of the
+earth do worship;"[<a id="chap15fn54text"></a><a href="#chap15fn54">54</a>] and, though Rupert's known words and actions fit
+ill with assassination plots, it may be that the crime of murder looked
+less black to him when the intended victim happened to be the English
+Lord Protector.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In October 1655, the Prince was suddenly called away to Vienna, where
+he seems to have acted as Charles II's informal ambassador.  The
+rumours as to his intended actions were many and various.  At one time
+he was expected to command the Dutch fleet against the fleet of the
+Commonwealth, some said that he would take service with the Swedes,
+others that he would adhere to the Emperor.[<a id="chap15fn55text"></a><a href="#chap15fn55">55</a>]  But his real intention
+was, as we know, to serve his cousin, and Cromwell, evidently convinced
+of this, deputed the traitor Bampfylde to watch the Prince's movements.
+Concerning this same Bampfylde there is a rather amusing correspondence
+extant.  Jermyn, on whom he had successfully imposed, recommended him
+to Rupert's patronage, as a man "suffering and persecuted" for his
+loyalty.[<a id="chap15fn56text"></a><a href="#chap15fn56">56</a>]  Rupert referred the matter to the King, who expressed
+himself "astonished" at Jermyn's letter, saying that he had already
+warned him of Bampfylde's treachery.[<a id="chap15fn57text"></a><a href="#chap15fn57">57</a>] Bampfylde, in his turn, wrote
+to Cromwell, begging to be sent into Germany; "for I know the Duke of
+Brandenburg, the Prince Elector and Prince Rupert, and could give you
+no ill information.  I would conceal my correspondence with you, and
+only pretend that I wished to see Germany and to seek employment in the
+wars there."[<a id="chap15fn58text"></a><a href="#chap15fn58">58</a>]  And when Cromwell had granted his desire, the spy
+found that he had walked into the clutches of Rupert, who was fully
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P281"></a>281}</span>
+aware of his intended treachery.  "I have obeyed to the utmost
+your commands about Colonel Bampfylde," wrote the Prince to the King.
+"You will receive particulars from your factor, Sir William Curtius,
+and from the Elector of Mayence.  No impartial merchants being present,
+we could do no more, and could not have done so much, had not Bampfylde
+consented to a submission in this Imperial town.  I will obey any
+further commands you may send me, in these parts."[<a id="chap15fn59text"></a><a href="#chap15fn59">59</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Rupert's loyalty was, in spite of everything, inextinguishable, and the
+tone which he now assumed towards his young cousin was singularly
+deferential.  "Wyndham writes to my servant, Valentine Pyne, conjuring
+him to come with all possible speed to the King," he wrote, in 1658, to
+Nicholas.  "I owe my person, and any of mine to his service; but
+represent to him that it would be a great obligation if Pyne could stay
+with me, till there be some great business in hand.  Meantime he can
+study things in these parts, fit to use for some good design."[<a id="chap15fn60text"></a><a href="#chap15fn60">60</a>]
+Even his advice was couched in an apologetic form.  Thus he advised
+against attempting a Spanish alliance in 1656: "Sir, I received your
+Majesty's of the 16th of December, but at my arrival at this place.
+With great greefe I understand the continuation of the news that was
+whispered at Vienna, before my departure, of the Spaniards tampering
+for a peace with Cromwell.  Yet I am so confident that they will come
+off it, that I wish the King of England would not be too hasty in
+offering himself to Spain.  If the business between them and England
+break, they will be sure to take the King of England by the hand; if
+not, all will be vain.  I humbly beseech Your Majesty to pardon this
+boldness, which proceeds from a very faithful heart to serve Your
+Majesty."[<a id="chap15fn61text"></a><a href="#chap15fn61">61</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P282"></a>282}</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This humble submission is indeed a contrast to the "insolence"
+described by Hyde.  Possibly the increased deference corresponds to a
+decrease of friendship.  What Rupert could do for Charles's service he
+would do; but, though they were reconciled and, to all appearance, on
+excellent terms, it is probable that the intimate friendship which had
+existed between them, previous to their quarrel in 1653-4, was never
+fully restored.  Rupert was no longer the elder cousin, but the
+faithful servant, and he evidently meant to mark his change of
+position.  In the early years of the Civil Wars, he had exercised a
+paramount influence over Charles, but his three years' absence had lost
+that for ever.  With James he retained his influence longer.  We find
+him expressing "astonishment" at the contents of a letter written by
+the younger of his royal cousins, and James meekly replying that he
+does not remember what he said, but is sure he did not mean it.  "Je
+parlai à son Altesse (James) de l'étonnement qu'avait la votre de ce
+qu'elle avait reconnu en sa dernière lettre; qu'il me dit ne se point
+ressouvenir ni avoir fait à dessein; au contraire, qu'il fera toujours
+son possible pour la service et contentement de Votre Altesse, à
+laquelle il me dit vouloir en écrire pour s'en excuser."[<a id="chap15fn62text"></a><a href="#chap15fn62">62</a>]  In the
+differences between the Stuart brothers Rupert seems to have
+sympathised with James.  "My godson (James) I am sure will take very
+well what you have answered for him," wrote his mother to the Prince;
+"I am extremely glad you did it."[<a id="chap15fn63text"></a><a href="#chap15fn63">63</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p><br /><br /></p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap15fn1"></a>
+[<a href="#chap15fn1text">1</a>] Warburton, III.  p. 418.  Charles II to Rupert, Mar. 22, 1653.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap15fn2"></a>
+[<a href="#chap15fn2text">2</a>] Ibid.  p. 419.  Hyde to Rupert.  No date.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap15fn3"></a>
+[<a href="#chap15fn3text">3</a>] Warburton, III.  p. 390.  Jermyn to R., Feb. 6, 1653.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap15fn4"></a>
+[<a href="#chap15fn4text">4</a>] Rupert Transcripts.  &mdash; to Rupert, 1653.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap15fn5"></a>
+[<a href="#chap15fn5text">5</a>] Clar. State Papers, 1089.  Hyde to Nicholas, Apr. 18, 1653.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap15fn6"></a>
+[<a href="#chap15fn6text">6</a>] Cartwright.  Madame: A Life of Henrietta of Orleans, p. 359.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap15fn7"></a>
+[<a href="#chap15fn7text">7</a>] Warburton, III.  p. 420.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap15fn8"></a>
+[<a href="#chap15fn8text">8</a>] Ibid.  p. 454.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap15fn9"></a>
+[<a href="#chap15fn9text">9</a>] Memoir of Prince Rupert, ed. 1683, p. 35.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap15fn10"></a>
+[<a href="#chap15fn10text">10</a>] Evelyn, IV.  282.  He was supposed to have cured Jermyn of a
+fever, with a charm.  "His Highness, it seems, has learnt some magic in
+the remote islands."
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap15fn11"></a>
+[<a href="#chap15fn11text">11</a>] Whitelocke, p. 556.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap15fn12"></a>
+[<a href="#chap15fn12text">12</a>] Clar. State Papers.  Hyde to Nicholas, 25 Apr. 1653.  Printed Vol.
+II, p. 163.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap15fn13"></a>
+[<a href="#chap15fn13text">13</a>] Cartwright.  Madame: Duchess of Orleans, p. 50.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap15fn14"></a>
+[<a href="#chap15fn14text">14</a>] Evelyn, IV.  282, <i>note</i>.  Thurloe, I.  306.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap15fn15"></a>
+[<a href="#chap15fn15text">15</a>] Thurloe State Papers, II.  186.  1 April, 1654.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap15fn16"></a>
+[<a href="#chap15fn16text">16</a>] Rupert Transcripts.  Holmes to Rupert, May 3, May 17, 1654.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap15fn17"></a>
+[<a href="#chap15fn17text">17</a>] Ibid.  May 24, 1654.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap15fn18"></a>
+[<a href="#chap15fn18text">18</a>] Ibid.  May 17, June 24, 1654.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap15fn19"></a>
+[<a href="#chap15fn19text">19</a>] Thurloe State Papers, I.  p. 344.  19 July, 1653.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap15fn20"></a>
+[<a href="#chap15fn20text">20</a>] Rupert Transcripts.  Charles II to Rupert.  Nov. 1654.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap15fn21"></a>
+[<a href="#chap15fn21text">21</a>] Clarendon, Bk. XIV.  p. 71.  Campbell's British Admirals.  1785.
+Vol. II.  p. 243.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap15fn22"></a>
+[<a href="#chap15fn22text">22</a>] Domestic State Papers.  March 1662.  Petition of Guibert Hessin.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap15fn23"></a>
+[<a href="#chap15fn23text">23</a>] Nicholas Papers.  Camd. Soc.  New Series.  Vol. II.  p. 33.  9/19
+Dec. 1653.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap15fn24"></a>
+[<a href="#chap15fn24text">24</a>] Clarendon State Papers, Hyde to Nicholas, Feb. 27, 1654.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap15fn25"></a>
+[<a href="#chap15fn25text">25</a>] Ibid.  March 13, 1654.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap15fn26"></a>
+[<a href="#chap15fn26text">26</a>] Ibid.  April 10, 1654.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap15fn27"></a>
+[<a href="#chap15fn27text">27</a>] Ibid.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap15fn28"></a>
+[<a href="#chap15fn28text">28</a>] Clarendon State Papers, Hyde to Nicholas, April 10, 1654.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap15fn29"></a>
+[<a href="#chap15fn29text">29</a>] Nicholas Papers.  Camden Society.  Vol. II.  p. 91, 25 Sept. 1654.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap15fn30"></a>
+[<a href="#chap15fn30text">30</a>] Clarendon State Papers, Hyde to Nicholas, June 13, 1653.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap15fn31"></a>
+[<a href="#chap15fn31text">31</a>] Ibid.  Apr. 24, 1654.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap15fn32"></a>
+[<a href="#chap15fn32text">32</a>] Clarendon State Papers, Hyde to Nicholas, Jan. 2, 1654.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap15fn33"></a>
+[<a href="#chap15fn33text">33</a>] Evelyn, IV.  298, 27 Dec. 1653.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap15fn34"></a>
+[<a href="#chap15fn34text">34</a>] Clarendon State Papers, Hyde to Nicholas, 16 Jan. 1654.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap15fn35"></a>
+[<a href="#chap15fn35text">35</a>] Nicholas Papers, Vol. II.  p. 50, 16 Jan. 1654.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap15fn36"></a>
+[<a href="#chap15fn36text">36</a>] Clarendon State Papers.  News from London, May 27, 1653.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap15fn37"></a>
+[<a href="#chap15fn37text">37</a>] Thurloe State Papers, Vol. II.  p. 179.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap15fn38"></a>
+[<a href="#chap15fn38text">38</a>] Thurloe, II.  140-141, 14 May, 1654.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap15fn39"></a>
+[<a href="#chap15fn39text">39</a>] Thurloe, II.  312.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap15fn40"></a>
+[<a href="#chap15fn40text">40</a>] Clar. State Papers, 1 May, 1654.  Printed, III.  p. 236.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap15fn41"></a>
+[<a href="#chap15fn41text">41</a>] Thurloe, II.  p. 327.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap15fn42"></a>
+[<a href="#chap15fn42text">42</a>] Clarendon State Papers.  Charles II to Elizabeth of Bohemia, May
+29, 1654.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap15fn43"></a>
+[<a href="#chap15fn43text">43</a>] Thurloe, II.  327, 9 June, 1654.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap15fn44"></a>
+[<a href="#chap15fn44text">44</a>] Thurloe, II.  580, 567, 644, 1 Sept., 8 Sept., 13 Oct. 1654.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap15fn45"></a>
+[<a href="#chap15fn45text">45</a>] Bromley Letters, p. 315, Elector to Rupert; also Thurloe, II.  p.
+644.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap15fn46"></a>
+[<a href="#chap15fn46text">46</a>] Thurloe, III.  459, 1 June, 1655.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap15fn47"></a>
+[<a href="#chap15fn47text">47</a>] Thurloe, III.  414, 591, 8 May, 8 July, 1655.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap15fn48"></a>
+[<a href="#chap15fn48text">48</a>] Bromley Letters, pp. 196-202.  De Choqueux to Rupert, June 23,
+1655.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap15fn49"></a>
+[<a href="#chap15fn49text">49</a>] Thurloe, III.  659.  28 June, 1655.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap15fn50"></a>
+[<a href="#chap15fn50text">50</a>] Clar. State Papers.  Ormonde to Hyde, Sept. 25, 1655.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap15fn51"></a>
+[<a href="#chap15fn51text">51</a>] Dom. State Papers.  Commonwealth.  Vol. XCIX.  fol. 33.  10-20
+July, 1655.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap15fn52"></a>
+[<a href="#chap15fn52text">52</a>] Dom. State Papers.  Gerard's Trial.  Common.  Vol. 72<i>a</i>.
+Clarendon State Papers.  Aug. 1654.  Henshaw's Vindication.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap15fn53"></a>
+[<a href="#chap15fn53text">53</a>] Rupert Correspondence.  Job Holder to Rupert, July 25, 1654.  Add.
+MSS.  18982.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap15fn54"></a>
+[<a href="#chap15fn54text">54</a>] Elizabeth of Bohemia, 4 Jan., 1655.  Evelyn IV.  p. 222.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap15fn55"></a>
+[<a href="#chap15fn55text">55</a>] Thurloe, II.  327.  III.  683.  IV.  697.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap15fn56"></a>
+[<a href="#chap15fn56text">56</a>] Domestic State Papers, Jermyn to Rupert, Aug. 30 1657.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap15fn57"></a>
+[<a href="#chap15fn57text">57</a>] Ibid.  Nicholas to Rupert, May 16, 1658.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap15fn58"></a>
+[<a href="#chap15fn58text">58</a>] Ibid.  Bampfylde, June 24, 1657.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap15fn59"></a>
+[<a href="#chap15fn59text">59</a>] Clar. State Papers.  Rupert to Charles, Nov. 21, 1657.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap15fn60"></a>
+[<a href="#chap15fn60text">60</a>] Dom. State Papers.  Common.  179 fol.  13, 20 Jan. 1658.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap15fn61"></a>
+[<a href="#chap15fn61text">61</a>] Thurloe, I.  694, 6 Feb. 1656.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap15fn62"></a>
+[<a href="#chap15fn62text">62</a>] Bromley Letters, p. 201.  De Choqueux to Rupert, June 23, 1655.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap15fn63"></a>
+[<a href="#chap15fn63text">63</a>] Ibid.  p. 294, Elizabeth of Bohemia to Rupert.
+</p>
+
+<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
+
+<p><a id="chap16"></a></p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P283"></a>283}</span>
+</p>
+
+<h3>
+CHAPTER XVI
+</h3>
+
+<h4>
+RESTORATION OF CHARLES LOUIS TO THE PALATINATE.  <br />
+FLIGHT OF THE PRINCESS LOUISE FROM THE HAGUE.  <br />
+RUPERT'S DEMAND FOR AN APPANAGE.  QUARREL <br />
+WITH THE ELECTOR
+</h4>
+
+<p>
+The Peace of Munster, concluded October 24th, 1648, between Austria,
+France and Sweden, had terminated the long exile of the Palatines.  By
+it Charles Louis was recognised as Elector Palatine, ranking henceforth
+as last among the Electors, instead of first, as his ancestors had
+done; and he was also restored to the Lower Palatinate, though still
+excluded from the upper.  He immediately took up his residence at
+Heidelberg, and his mother expected, not unreasonably, that his
+restoration would, at least, ameliorate her sufferings.  But Charles
+Louis entered upon a country exhausted by war, and grievously in need
+of cherishing care.  He had, of course, no money to spare, and he was
+far too selfish to forego any of his schemes, or to sacrifice himself
+for the sake of his unhappy mother.  He went so far as to invite his
+two sisters, Elizabeth and Sophie, to Heidelberg, thereby relieving his
+mother of the burden of their support, but the coming of the Queen
+herself he carefully discouraged.  Worse still, he refused to send her
+even a portion of her jointure.  "The next week I shall have no food to
+eat, having no money nor credit for any; and this week, if there be
+none found, I shall neither have meat, nor bread, nor candles," she
+complained to Lord Craven.[<a id="chap16fn1text"></a><a href="#chap16fn1">1</a>]  That faithful friend was quite unable to
+assist her, having been himself ruined by his services rendered
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P284"></a>284}</span>
+to the Stuarts; and how the hapless Queen existed it is hard to say,
+until, in 1657, the States generously granted her a pension of 10,000
+livres per month.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Nor were her poverty and the callous indifference of of her favourite
+son her only troubles.  Her third daughter, the fair Henriette, had
+died, after a three months' marriage with the Prince of Transylvania,
+and the eldest and youngest having departed to Heidelberg, she was left
+alone with the artist, Louise.  Next to the Elector, Louise had been
+her mother's favourite child, and great was the shock to Elizabeth when
+this last remaining daughter suddenly professed herself a Roman
+Catholic, and fled secretly to France.  For several days no one knew
+what had become of her; and the mother, sufficiently distracted by her
+daughter's abrupt desertion, found her grief enhanced by the
+circulation of scandalous rumours.  The escapade was well calculated to
+produce them, for the Princess had fled from the Hague alone, and on
+foot, at seven o'clock on a December morning.  Not till the day
+following, was the letter which she had pinned to her toilet table
+discovered; and its contents were not very consolatory to Elizabeth.
+From it she learnt that Louise, being convinced that the Roman was the
+one true Church, had acted thus strangely because she dared not attend
+the Anglican Celebration of the Holy Communion on Christmas Day.[<a id="chap16fn2text"></a><a href="#chap16fn2">2</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Rupert, who seems to have been much moved by his mother's distress,
+wrote to the States of Holland, begging their care and consideration
+for the Queen, and demanding "the satisfaction that is due to us in
+regard of the slanders that so greatly augment the injury;" and he
+added a passionate protest of gratitude for all that the States had
+done for his family.[<a id="chap16fn3text"></a><a href="#chap16fn3">3</a>]  They complied with his request by depriving
+the Princess of Hohenzollern, the supposed perverter of Louise, of all
+her privileges at Bergen.  But
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P285"></a>285}</span>
+though the Princess of
+Hohenzollern bore the blame, the responsibility probably belonged as
+much to Louise's brother Edward as to any one else.  "Ned is so
+wilful!" complained his mother, in reference to his conduct in this
+affair.[<a id="chap16fn4text"></a><a href="#chap16fn4">4</a>]  He came to meet his sister at Antwerp, where she had taken
+refuge in a Carmelite convent, and conducted her thence to Paris.  She
+was, of course, kindly received by the French Court, and the joy of
+Henrietta Maria over the repenting heretic was very great.  The English
+Queen wrote to Elizabeth that she would care for Louise as her own
+daughter, and begged forgiveness for her.  "But," said Elizabeth to
+Rupert, "I excused it, as handsomely as I could, and entreated her only
+to think what she would do, if she had had the same misfortune."[<a id="chap16fn5text"></a><a href="#chap16fn5">5</a>]  It
+was not long before Henrietta had a somewhat similar misfortune, in her
+failure to convert her youngest son, Henry of Gloucester.  The boy took
+refuge in Holland, and Elizabeth had a pleasing revenge in receiving
+her young nephew.  King Charles and his sister, Mary of Orange, both
+visited Louise, and reproached her for her "unhandsome" flight from her
+mother; but she only answered that, though sorry for Elizabeth's
+displeasure, she was "very well satisfied" with her change of faith.[<a id="chap16fn6text"></a><a href="#chap16fn6">6</a>]
+Subsequently she entered a convent and became abbess of Maubuisson,
+where she lived long enough to see the second exile of the Stuarts, of
+whom she was ever a warm partisan.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Elizabeth, thus left alone in her poverty, seems to have turned to
+Rupert with more affection than she had ever before shown him.  She
+wrote him long letters, full of Hague gossip, of complaints of the
+Elector, and professions of affection for himself.  "I love you ever,
+my dear Rupert," or, "I pray God bless you, whatever you resolve to
+do."[<a id="chap16fn7text"></a><a href="#chap16fn7">7</a>]
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P286"></a>286}</span>
+Occasionally she relapsed into her old jesting manner.
+Thus, she told him of a present of oranges forwarded to him from Spain:
+"My Lord Fraser sent you a letter from Portugal from Robert Cortez.  He
+sends you two cases of Portugal oranges, two for the King, and two for
+me....  I believe my Lord Craven will tell you how much ado he has had
+to save your part from me.  I made him believe I would take your cases
+for my niece and the Prince of Orange.  I did it to vex him."[<a id="chap16fn8text"></a><a href="#chap16fn8">8</a>]  She
+was still of her "humour to be merry," though she had more cause than
+ever for sadness.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Philip had fallen in 1650 at the siege of Rhetel, fighting for France
+against Spain, but no allusion to his death from the hand of his mother
+or brothers has been preserved.  Edward, who lived nominally in France,
+but was generally to be found at the Hague and at Heidelberg, was on
+friendly terms with Rupert, though he could not be to him as Maurice
+had been.  From time to time disquieting rumours of Maurice's
+reappearance were afloat, and in 1654 the story was very
+circumstantial.  "Here is news of Prince Maurice, who was believed to
+be drowned and perished, that he is a slave in Africa.  For, being
+constrained at that time that he parted from Prince Rupert to run as
+far as Hispaniola in the West Indies, he was coming back thence in a
+barque laden with a great quantity of silver, and was taken by a pirate
+of Algiers.  The Queen, his mother, hath spoken to the Ambassador of
+France, to the end that he may write on his behalf, to the Great
+Turk."[<a id="chap16fn9text"></a><a href="#chap16fn9">9</a>] Rupert, personally, was convinced that his brother had
+perished in the hurricane, but he would lose no chance of recovering
+him, however slight, and he urged the Elector to investigate the matter
+with all speed.  "Concerning my brother Maurice," wrote Charles Louis
+to his mother, "my brother Rupert, who is now here, thinks the way by
+the
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P287"></a>287}</span>
+Emperor's agent at Constantinople too far about for his
+liberty, if the news be true, and that from Marseilles we may best know
+the certainty, as also the way of his releasement."[<a id="chap16fn10text"></a><a href="#chap16fn10">10</a>]  But the news
+was not true, and Rupert's inquiries left him more hopeless than ever.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Prince deprived at once of his chief companion and of his
+occupation, now bethought him of marrying and settling down.  But in
+order to do this, it was necessary to have some visible means of
+subsistence, and therefore, in June 1654, he required a grant of land,
+as a younger brother's portion, from the Elector.  He was, at that
+time, the guest of his brother at Heidelberg.  The brothers had not met
+for eight years, and had parted last in England, when their relations,
+all things considered, cannot have been very cordial.  Now they
+appeared to have buried the past, and were perfectly friendly.  Even
+Rupert's modest claim to some few miles of land was not abruptly
+rejected by the Elector, and it was confidently reported in England,
+that Prince Rupert would "settle on his plantation, his brother having
+given him lands to the quantity of twenty English miles in
+compass."[<a id="chap16fn11text"></a><a href="#chap16fn11">11</a>]  But this grant was never finally completed.  During
+Rupert's absence in Vienna the affair seemed to be progressing
+favourably, and his agent, Job Holder, wrote to him from Heidelberg:
+"This day Valentine Pyne made an end of measuring the Cloysture and
+Langessel.  The circumference which is given to the Elector, is ten
+English miles,&mdash;reckoning 1,000 paces to the mile,&mdash;and go paces.  This
+morning I waited upon Mr. Leslie from Langessel to Heidelberg, who gave
+H. H. the Elector an account of what was done, and desired H. H. to
+confirm those lands upon your Highness, with the full freedom and
+prerogatives thereof.  But His Highness defers it until the draught
+thereof be finished; it will be, I believe, next Tuesday before a
+further account can be had from
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P288"></a>288}</span>
+hence.  Mr. Leslie says there is
+a necessity of having the house speedily repaired; after two months
+winter comes on, which will be unseasonable for the purpose.  In the
+meantime he intends to go on with the Paddock, in observance of Your
+Highness's commands, and to make it as large as the highways will
+permit.  Her Highness, the Princess Elizabeth, commanded me to write
+that my Lady Herbert was coming to the Hague with 30 English
+gentlemen."[<a id="chap16fn12text"></a><a href="#chap16fn12">12</a>] But a couple of months later the Elector declared
+himself dissatisfied with the management of Leslie, and desired Rupert
+to have no more to do with him.[<a id="chap16fn13text"></a><a href="#chap16fn13">13</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The business remained unfinished, but the Elector's letters to his
+brother were still in a most friendly and affectionate strain;
+addressed always to his "très-cher Frère," and signed "très-cher frère,
+votre très affectionné, et fidèle frère et serviteur," they are full of
+good-will, and wishes for "une prompte et bonne expédition" in Rupert's
+affairs.  Occasionally they assume the old tone of jesting familiarity;
+in one letter Charles laments that the poems&mdash;"nos poësies"&mdash;forwarded
+to his brother have miscarried; and in another, remarks, in the true
+polyglot style of the Palatines, "Le Duc de Simmeren nous a vu à Hort,
+en passant pour être au baptême d'un fils de Madame la Landgrave de
+Cassel, où je suis prié aussi; but I do not love to go
+a-gossipping."[<a id="chap16fn14text"></a><a href="#chap16fn14">14</a>]  In August he anticipated a petty war with the
+Bishop of Speyer, but he hastily declined Rupert's prompt offer of
+assistance.  "I am deeply obliged for the offer you make me, but I
+should be desolated to think that you neglected your own more pressing
+business for a dispute of so little consequence."[<a id="chap16fn15text"></a><a href="#chap16fn15">15</a>]  In truth, the
+less his brother interfered in Palatine politics, the better pleased
+was the Elector.  Rupert, he once wrote to his sister Sophie,
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P289"></a>289}</span>
+might suit very well with those who cared "to propagate the gospel by
+the sword," but he, for his part, loved "peace and concord."[<a id="chap16fn16text"></a><a href="#chap16fn16">16</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+His concord with Rupert was not of long duration, and this time the
+causa belli was a woman.  The Elector had married, in 1650, Charlotte
+of Hesse Cassel, but the marriage was not a happy one.  The Electress
+was of a violent temper, jealous and unreasonable to the last degree,
+and Charles Louis, wearying of his attempts to win her affections,
+permitted his wandering fancy to dwell on a certain Louise Von
+Degenfeldt, a girl not only beautiful, but clever enough to write her
+love-letters in Latin.  Most unfortunately, the Baroness Louise also
+fascinated&mdash;quite unconsciously&mdash;the Elector's brother Rupert.  At the
+same time the Electress conceived a violent admiration for her gallant
+brother-in-law, and the situation was, as may well be imagined,
+somewhat critical.  The explosion was caused by a letter which Rupert
+wrote to Louise, complaining bitterly of her coldness towards him.  The
+letter, which was without superscription, fell into the hands of the
+Electress, who, believing it intended for herself, received it with
+delight.  It was her chief desire, just then, to appear to Rupert the
+most fascinating person in her court, and, encouraged by his letter,
+she assured him publicly that he had no cause to complain of lack of
+affection on her part.  Rupert, who had evidently not learnt to command
+his countenance, was overcome with confusion, and blushed so furiously
+as to show the Electress her mistake.  Thenceforth the Electress abused
+and persecuted Louise for having endeavoured to win the Prince's love,
+of which crime, at least, she was perfectly innocent.[<a id="chap16fn17text"></a><a href="#chap16fn17">17</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The affair came to the Elector's ears, and jealousy sprang up between
+the brothers.  The Elector's manner changed;
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P290"></a>290}</span>
+he refused the
+promised appanage, he treated Rupert with marked coldness, and finally
+retired to Alzei, where there was little accommodation for his court.
+Rupert followed him thither, and was denied a sufficiency of rooms for
+himself and his servants; then, as usual, he lost his temper.[<a id="chap16fn18text"></a><a href="#chap16fn18">18</a>] There
+was a quarrel, and the younger brother departed in a rage, taking with
+him all his movables&mdash;which cannot have been many.[<a id="chap16fn19text"></a><a href="#chap16fn19">19</a>]  He went first
+to Heidelberg, but the Elector, either wishful to insult him, or really
+fearful of his violence, wrote, ordering that he should be refused
+admittance to the city.  To his surprise and indignation, Rupert found
+the gates closed against him.  He demanded to see the order by which
+this thing was done.  The order was shown him, written in the Elector's
+own hand.  It was too much!  Then and there Rupert raised his hat from
+his head, and swore, with tears in his eyes, that he would never more
+set foot in the Palatinate.[<a id="chap16fn20text"></a><a href="#chap16fn20">20</a>]  Twenty years later, when it seemed to
+the Elector that his race was about to die out, he would have given
+much to recall his ill-used brother.  But all the entreaties which he
+lavished on Rupert, produced but one answer: "Ich habe auf Euer Liebden
+Veranlassung ein feierliches Gelübde zu Gott gethan, die Pfalz nie
+wieder zu betreten; und will, bei dem wenn auch bedauerlich beschwornen
+Vorsatze beharren."  "Your Belovedness,"&mdash;a curious Palatine substitute
+for Your Highness,&mdash;"has caused me to take a solemn oath to God that I
+will never more set foot in the Palatinate; and my sworn, if
+regretable, oath I will keep."[<a id="chap16fn21text"></a><a href="#chap16fn21">21</a>]  Rupert, like his father before him,
+was "a Prince religious of his word."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+After his quarrel with his brother, Rupert wandered back to Vienna, and
+is said to have served in the wars in Pomerania and Hungary.  In 1657
+it was stated in England
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P291"></a>291}</span>
+that "Prince Rupert hath command of
+8,000 men, under the King of Hungary, who will owe his empirate to his
+sword."[<a id="chap16fn22text"></a><a href="#chap16fn22">22</a>]  And a German authority describes him as leading in the
+capture of the Swedish entrenchments at Warnemünde, 1660.[<a id="chap16fn23text"></a><a href="#chap16fn23">23</a>]  But the
+truth of these reports is very doubtful, and he seems to have resided
+between 1657 and 1660 chiefly with his friend the Elector of Mainz.  At
+Mainz he lived in tranquillity, but in great poverty.  "He looks
+exceedingly poverty-stricken," wrote Sophie of another Cavalier, "and I
+fear that Rupert will soon do the same, judging by his ménage."[<a id="chap16fn24text"></a><a href="#chap16fn24">24</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+But to Rupert poverty was no new thing, and he now enjoyed, for the
+first time since his captivity in Austria, leisure to devote himself to
+art, philosophy and science.  In these years he first studied the art
+of engraving, in which he was afterwards so famous.  He is popularly
+supposed to have invented the process of engraving by Mezzotint, the
+idea of which he is said to have conceived from watching a soldier
+clean a rusty gun.  But the process was, as a matter of fact,
+communicated to him by a German soldier, Ludwig von Siegen.  In 1642
+von Siegen had completed his invention, and had sent a portrait,
+produced by his new process, to the Landgrave of Hesse, with the
+announcement that he had discovered "a new and singular invention of a
+kind never hitherto beheld."  In 1658 he met Rupert in Vienna, and,
+finding in him a kindred spirit, disclosed his secret.  They agreed
+only to reveal the process to an appreciative few, and it is probable
+that, but for Rupert's interest in it, the invention would have died
+with the inventor.[<a id="chap16fn25text"></a><a href="#chap16fn25">25</a>]  To the Prince belongs the credit of introducing
+it into England.  "This afternoon Prince Rupert shewed me, with his own
+hands, the new
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P292"></a>292}</span>
+way of engraving," says Evelyn in his diary, March
+16, 1661.[<a id="chap16fn26text"></a><a href="#chap16fn26">26</a>]  And in his "Sculptura" he says, after describing the
+process, "Nor may I without ingratitude conceal that illustrious name
+which did communicate it to me, nor the obligation which the curious
+have to that heroic person who was pleased to impart it to the
+world."[<a id="chap16fn27text"></a><a href="#chap16fn27">27</a>]  Rupert himself worked hard at his engravings, assisted by
+the artist, Le Vaillant; and Evelyn refers with enthusiasm to "what
+Prince Rupert's own hands have contributed to the dignity of that art,
+performing things in graving comparable to the greatest masters, such a
+spirit and address appears in all he touches, especially in the
+Mezzotinto."[<a id="chap16fn28text"></a><a href="#chap16fn28">28</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+While at Mainz, Rupert developed other inventions, among them the
+curious glass bubbles known as "Rupert's Drops," which will withstand
+the hardest blows, but crumble into atoms if the taper end is broken
+off.  He also prepared to write his biography.  This he intended as a
+vindication against all the calumnies which had been associated with
+his name.  But long before the vindication was compiled the need for it
+had vanished.  The Restoration of 1660 changed Rupert's fortunes as it
+changed those of his Stuart cousins.  He found himself "in great
+esteem"[<a id="chap16fn29text"></a><a href="#chap16fn29">29</a>] with the whole English nation, and he therefore abandoned
+the idea of writing his history.  All that remains of the projected
+biography are a few fragments relating to his childhood and early
+career.
+</p>
+
+<p><br /><br /></p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap16fn1"></a>
+[<a href="#chap16fn1text">1</a>] Strickland's Elizabeth Stuart, p. 218; also Green's Princesses, VI.
+38-41.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap16fn2"></a>
+[<a href="#chap16fn2text">2</a>] Green's Princesses, Vol. VI.  55-58.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap16fn3"></a>
+[<a href="#chap16fn3text">3</a>] Thurloe, VI.  p. 803, 24 Feb. 1658.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap16fn4"></a>
+[<a href="#chap16fn4text">4</a>] Bromley Letters, pp. 285-288.  Elizabeth to Rupert, March 4, 1658.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap16fn5"></a>
+[<a href="#chap16fn5text">5</a>] Ibid.  p. 289.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap16fn6"></a>
+[<a href="#chap16fn6text">6</a>] Bromley, pp. 287-288.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap16fn7"></a>
+[<a href="#chap16fn7text">7</a>] Bromley Letters, pp. 189, 295, Elizabeth to Rupert.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap16fn8"></a>
+[<a href="#chap16fn8text">8</a>] Bromley Letters, p. 286, March 4, 1658.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap16fn9"></a>
+[<a href="#chap16fn9text">9</a>] Thurloe, II.  362, 19 June, 1654.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap16fn10"></a>
+[<a href="#chap16fn10text">10</a>] Bromley, p. 167.  Elector to Elizabeth, June 27, 1654.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap16fn11"></a>
+[<a href="#chap16fn11text">11</a>] Thurloe, II.  514, 12 Aug. 1654.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap16fn12"></a>
+[<a href="#chap16fn12text">12</a>] Add. MSS.  18982.  Job Holder to Rupert, Aug. 1, 1654.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap16fn13"></a>
+[<a href="#chap16fn13text">13</a>] Ibid.  Oct. 14, 1654.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap16fn14"></a>
+[<a href="#chap16fn14text">14</a>] Bromley Letters, pp. 170, 173, 315, 25 Aug., 25 Sept., Oct. 1654.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap16fn15"></a>
+[<a href="#chap16fn15text">15</a>] Bromley Letters, p. 171, 25 Sept. 1654.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap16fn16"></a>
+[<a href="#chap16fn16text">16</a>] Briefwechsel der Herzogin Sophie mit ihrem Brüder Karl Ludwig, p.
+309.  5 Jan. 1678.  Publication aus der Preussischen Staats Archiven.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap16fn17"></a>
+[<a href="#chap16fn17text">17</a>] Memorien der Herzogin Sophie, p. 57.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap16fn18"></a>
+[<a href="#chap16fn18text">18</a>] Halisser's Reinische Pfalz, II.  p. 643.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap16fn19"></a>
+[<a href="#chap16fn19text">19</a>] Thurloe, V.  p. 541.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap16fn20"></a>
+[<a href="#chap16fn20text">20</a>] Reiger's Ausgelöschte Simmerischen Linie, ed. 1735.  p. 182.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap16fn21"></a>
+[<a href="#chap16fn21text">21</a>] Sprüner's Pfalzgraf Ruprecht, p. 134.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap16fn22"></a>
+[<a href="#chap16fn22text">22</a>] Hist. MSS. Com.  Rept. V.  App. I.  p. 152, Sutherland MSS.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap16fn23"></a>
+[<a href="#chap16fn23text">23</a>] Allgemeine Deutsche Biographic, XXIX, 745.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap16fn24"></a>
+[<a href="#chap16fn24text">24</a>] Briefwechsel der Herzogin Sophie, p. 4, 21 Oct  1658.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap16fn25"></a>
+[<a href="#chap16fn25text">25</a>] Challoner Smith.  Mezzotint Engraving, Part IV.  Div II.  pp.
+xxvi-xxx.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap16fn26"></a>
+[<a href="#chap16fn26text">26</a>] Evelyn's Diary, I.  p. 346.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap16fn27"></a>
+[<a href="#chap16fn27text">27</a>] Evelyn's Sculptura, 1662, Chap. VII.  p. 145.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap16fn28"></a>
+[<a href="#chap16fn28text">28</a>] Sculptura, p. 147.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap16fn29"></a>
+[<a href="#chap16fn29text">29</a>] Campbell's Admirals, 1785, Vol. II.  p. 245.
+</p>
+
+<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
+
+<p><a id="chap17"></a></p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P293"></a>293}</span>
+</p>
+
+<h3>
+CHAPTER XVII
+</h3>
+
+<h4>
+RUPERT'S RETURN TO ENGLAND, 1660.  VISIT TO VIENNA.  <br />
+LETTERS TO LEGGE
+</h4>
+
+<p>
+Charles II, so often accused of ingratitude, did not prove forgetful of
+the cousin who had endured so much in his service.  No sooner had the
+Restoration established him in his kingdom, than he summoned Rupert to
+share in his prosperity, as he had formerly shared his ill-fortune.
+The summons found Rupert with the Emperor, and suffering from an attack
+of the fever, which had clung about him ever since his return from the
+West Indies.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"Your friend Rupert has not been well since he came into his quarters,"
+wrote the Queen, his mother, to Sir Marmaduke Langdale.  "He had like
+to have a fever, but he writes to me that it left him, onlie he was a
+little weak.  As soon as he can he will be in England, where I wish
+myself, for this place is verie dull now, there is verie little
+company."[<a id="chap17fn1text"></a><a href="#chap17fn1">1</a>]  Her position at the Hague was, in truth, a sad and lonely
+one, but she was still able to write in her old merry style, rejoicing
+greatly in a mistake made by Sir Marmaduke, who had inadvertently sent
+to her a letter intended for his stewards, and to the stewards a letter
+intended for the Queen.  "If I had you here, I would jeer you to some
+tune for it!" she said; and so, no doubt, she would have done.  But in
+her next letter she confessed that she had herself "committed the like
+mistake manie times," and added more news of Rupert, who had gone away
+for change of air.[<a id="chap17fn2text"></a><a href="#chap17fn2">2</a>]  In a third letter she expressed
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P294"></a>294}</span>
+satisfaction at the King's affection for Rupert, who was then at
+Brandenburg with his sister Elizabeth.[<a id="chap17fn3text"></a><a href="#chap17fn3">3</a>]  Before coming to England,
+the Prince also visited his youngest sister at Osnabrück, and it was
+late in September when he arrived in London.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+His coming had been for some time anxiously expected, though he was
+evidently regarded as still in the Emperor's service.  "For
+ambassadors," it was said, "we look for Don Luis de Haro's brother from
+Spain, with 300 followers; Prince Rupert, with a great train from the
+Emperor; and the Duc d'Epernon from France, with no less State."[<a id="chap17fn4text"></a><a href="#chap17fn4">4</a>]
+Rupert came, however, in a strictly private capacity; and September
+29th, 1660, Pepys recorded in his diary: "Prince Rupert is come to
+Court, welcome to nobody!"[<a id="chap17fn5text"></a><a href="#chap17fn5">5</a>]  How the Prince had, thus early, incurred
+the diarist's enmity is puzzling; later, the causes of it are perfectly
+understandable.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+But though unwelcome to Pepys, Rupert was very welcome to many people,
+and not least so to the Royal family, who received him as one of
+themselves.  In November the Royal party was augmented by the arrival
+of Queen Henrietta; her youngest daughter, Henrietta Anne; and the
+Palatine, Edward, from France.  The young Princess Henrietta was
+already betrothed to the French King's brother, Philippe of Orleans;
+and Rupert, who had a just contempt for the character of the intended
+bridegroom, vehemently opposed the conclusion of the match.  He could,
+he declared, arrange the marriage of his young cousin with the Emperor,
+who would be at once a greater match and a better husband.[<a id="chap17fn6text"></a><a href="#chap17fn6">6</a>]  But both
+the Queen mother and Charles were anxious for the French alliance, and
+the marriage took place notwithstanding Rupert's opposition.  When,
+after ten years of unhappiness, the poor young Duchess died a tragic
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P295"></a>295}</span>
+death, Rupert was in a position to say "I told you so," and he
+always maintained that her husband had poisoned her.  "There are three
+persons at court say it is true," wrote the French Minister, Colbert:
+"Prince Rupert, because he has a natural inclination to believe evil;
+the Duke of Buckingham, because he courts popularity; and Sir John
+Trevor, because he is Dutch at heart, and consequently hates the
+French."[<a id="chap17fn7text"></a><a href="#chap17fn7">7</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+On New Year's Day, 1661, Anne Hyde, the clandestine bride of James of
+York, was formally received at court.  Rupert and Edward dined with the
+rest of the Royal family, in public; and on this occasion there was a
+most unseemly contest between the Roman chaplain of the Queen mother,
+and the Anglican chaplain of Charles II, for the honour of saying
+grace.  In struggling through the crowd assembled to see the King dine,
+the Anglican priest fell down, and the Roman gained the table first and
+said grace.  His victory was greeted by the disorderly courtiers with
+shouts of laughter.  "The King's chaplain and the Queen's priest ran a
+race to say grace," they declared, "and the chaplain was floored, and
+the priest won."[<a id="chap17fn8text"></a><a href="#chap17fn8">8</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Rupert, soon after his arrival in England, had resigned his title of
+President of Wales and the Marches, granted him by Charles I, on the
+grounds that he would hold only of the reigning King.[<a id="chap17fn9text"></a><a href="#chap17fn9">9</a>]  He had,
+however, found himself so cordially received, and so generally popular,
+that he resolved to accept Charles's invitation to remain permanently
+in England.  "Prince Rupert," says a letter in the Sutherland MSS.,
+dated March 1661, "is the only favourite of the King, insomuch that he
+has given him £30,000 or £40,000 per annum, out of his own revenue, for
+his present maintenance; and is resolved to make him Lieutenant
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P296"></a>296}</span>
+General of all Wales, and President of the Marches.  Meantime he is
+preparing to go to Germany to take leave of that court and to resign
+his military charge there, and so return to England.  I am told that
+the King went into the Palatinate with an intent to have procured some
+money of the Palsgrave, which was refused.  Prince Rupert, being then
+there, seeing the unworthiness of his brother in this particular, made
+use of all the friends he had, and procured his Majesty a considerable
+sum of money, which was an act of so much love and civility as his
+Majesty was very sensible of then, and now he will requite him for
+it."[<a id="chap17fn10text"></a><a href="#chap17fn10">10</a>]  But Charles's intentions towards Rupert, though doubtless
+good, were far less magnificent than here represented.  The claims on
+his justice and bounty were far too numerous, and his means far too
+small, to permit of his rewarding anyone so lavishly.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Rupert was still in high favour at the Austrian court, and the
+"temptations to belong to other nations" were real ones; but he
+preferred England and the Stuarts to any of the allurements held out to
+him by France or Germany, and therefore resolved to "remain an
+Englishman."  In accordance with this decision, he set forth for Vienna
+in April 1661, partly to wind up his affairs there and to take leave of
+the Emperor, and partly to transact business on behalf of Charles II.
+His absence from England lasted nine months, and his doings and
+movements during that period are chronicled in letters addressed to his
+"Dear Will."  The old friendship of the Prince and the honest Colonel
+had not cooled, though tried by time and long years of separation; and,
+on his departure, Rupert appointed Legge his "sufficient and lawful
+attorney, to act, manage, perform and do all, and all manner of things"
+in his behalf.[<a id="chap17fn11text"></a><a href="#chap17fn11">11</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The greater part of his letters to Legge are printed in
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P297"></a>297}</span>
+Warburton, but with some omissions and inaccuracies.  They are also to
+be found, in their original spelling, in the Report of the Historical
+MSS. Commission on Lord Dartmouth's Manuscripts; but they are, in their
+frank, familiar, somewhat sardonic style, so characteristic of the
+Prince as to merit quotation here.[<a id="chap17fn12text"></a><a href="#chap17fn12">12</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The first letters are dated from the Hague, whither he had gone to
+visit his solitary mother.  "I found the poor woman very much
+dejected," he informed his friend.  And after mentioning disquieting
+rumours of war, he concluded, with evident triumph:&mdash;
+</p>
+
+<p><br /></p>
+
+<p>
+"I almost forgott to tell you a nother story which be plesed to
+acquainted (sic) the Duke of Albemarle with.  You have doubtlesse scene
+a lame Polish Prince, some time at Whitehall with passe ports a beggin.
+This noble soule is tacken and in prisoned at Alikmare; hath bin butt
+twice burnt in the bake befor this misfortune befell him.  The Duke I
+am sure will remember him, and what my jugement was of the fellow.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"I am your most faithful friend for ever,<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"Rupert."<br />
+</p>
+
+<p><br /></p>
+
+<p>
+Europe was at that time swarming with impostors, who impersonated all
+imaginable persons of distinction.  Only a few months earlier a "Serene
+Prince" had been visiting the Elector, who wrote of him much as Rupert
+might have done.  "His Highness was graciously pleased to accept from
+me three ducats for his journey, besides the defraying.  I doubt not
+but he and the counterfeit Ormonde and Ossory will come to one and the
+same end one day."[<a id="chap17fn13text"></a><a href="#chap17fn13">13</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In the beginning of May Rupert had reached Cleves, where he found the
+little Prince of Orange.  Rumours of war met him on all sides; both
+Swedes and Turks were arming against the Emperor, and the Dutch
+declared loudly
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P298"></a>298}</span>
+that they would defend their herring fisheries
+against England, with the sword.  "I told some that butter and cheese
+would do better," wrote the Prince; little thinking what stout
+antagonists he was to find those despised Hollanders at sea.  He was
+anxious to recommend to Charles' service an engineer, "the ablest man
+in his profession that ever I saw...  If the fortification of
+Portchmouth go on, I wish his advice may be taken, for noen fortifies
+so well, and cheap, and fast as he.  He has a way of working which noen
+has so good.  Pray neglect not this man, and tell Sir Robert Murray of
+him, with my remembrances; also that I met with camphor wood, which
+smells of it, also with a distilled pure raine water which dissolved
+gold."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+After a short visit to his friend, the Elector of Mainz, who, he said,
+"assured me to be assisting in all things," Rupert reached Vienna.
+There he was very cordially received by the Emperor, though the Spanish
+Ambassador, for political reasons, saw fit to ignore his arrival.  The
+Austrians were still loth to let him leave them; and on June 22, he
+wrote to Legge: "A friend of mine, att my coming, assured me that there
+were but twoe difficulties whiche hindred my advancement to the
+Generallship of the Horse.  The one was my being no Roman, the other
+that the Marquess of Baden and Generall Feldzeugmeister de Sanch might
+take ill if I was advanced before them.  And he thought both these
+small impediments might easily be overcome, but especially the first,
+on whiche, he assured me, most ded depend."  He had not yet forgotten
+his role of Protestant martyr!  To this letter he added, as usual, a
+hurried and incoherent postcript.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"I almost forgott to tell you how that Comte Lesley's cousin, (I
+forgott his name, but I remember that his sister was married to St.
+Michel,) this man ded me the favor to send over a booke to Comte
+Lesley, entitled 'The Iron Age,' in whiche it speekes most base
+languiage of me and my actions in England.  It is dedicated to Jake
+Russell,
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P299"></a>299}</span>
+but I am confident if honest Jake had reade the booke,
+he would have broke the translator's head....  One Harris translated
+it; pray inquire after the booke, and juge if it were not a Scotch
+tricke to sende it...  Moutray is the name I forgott."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+By July the Spanish Ambassador had deigned to visit the Prince, and to
+reveal the true cause of his long delay&mdash;namely, the rumours of Charles
+II's approaching marriage with the Infanta of Portugal, which was
+likely to produce a war with Spain.  For this same reason, joined with
+their resentment at Rupert's refusal of the Generalship of the horse,
+the Austrian Ministers also treated him with coldness, though the
+personal kindness of the Imperial family was never abated.  "In the
+meantime be pleased to knowe that Rupert is but coldly used by the
+Ministers here," wrote the Prince; "they would have him demand the
+Generallship before there is an appearance of subsistence,&mdash;nay, before
+what is oweing in arreare, by the Peace of Munster, be made sure unto
+him; to whiche Rupert doth no waies incline, especialy since he had the
+intimation given him that his religion was an obstacle to his
+advancement in the warr.  The Emperor, Emperatrice and Archduc are
+extreamly kind to Rupert; but noen of the Counsellors have done him the
+honor of a visit.  The reason is, I believe, the marriage aforesaid...
+For God's sake, if there be any likelihood of a breach with Spaine,
+lett us knowe it by times; it concerns us, Ile assure you."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In August matters were much in the same condition, and Rupert was still
+struggling for the arrears of the debt due to him.  "Monys is comodity
+in greate request in this court, and scarce enough!" he confessed.
+Notwithstanding his refusal to enter the Austrian service, he
+identified himself with the Empire sufficiently to write of "our
+commander," when referring to the war then waged by the Emperor against
+the Turks.  In the next month the Elector had played him "a brotherly
+trick," and the letter which
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P300"></a>300}</span>
+he wrote to Will was as full of
+fury, as any he had indited during the Civil War.
+</p>
+
+<p><br /></p>
+
+<p>
+"Dear Will,
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"I am not able to writt you of any subject but of one, which, I
+confesse, doth troble me in the highest degre, and dothe concerne our
+master as well as myself.  The stori is this.  The Elector Pallatin
+hath bin plesed to writt to a Prive Consellor of this Court, in these
+terms&mdash;what the King of England's ambassador doth negotiate with the
+Porte Elector Pallatin knowes not, nor what is intended by him against
+the house of Austria, but Prince Rupert, whoe is intimate with Kinge of
+England and his Prive Consellor, can tell, if he plese.&mdash;All this is a
+brotherly tricke you'l saye; but I thancke Gode they heere doe little
+beleeve what he saies...  By Heven I am in suche a humour that I dare
+not writt to any; therefore excuse me to alle, for not writting this
+post...  Faire well, deare Will!"
+</p>
+
+<p><br /></p>
+
+<p>
+Five days later Rupert had recovered himself, and could write in his
+ordinary sarcastic fashion: "By the last I writt you the kinde usage of
+my brother the Elector to me, as alsoe the good office he ded the Kinge
+in this Court.  I thanke Gode he hath not realised his barbaros
+intentions!"  But the letter was broken off abruptly, because the
+Emperor was waiting for Rupert's hounds to hunt a stag.  By the next
+post the Prince had to lament the loss of one of these hounds, and his
+keen regret shows plainly that his love for dogs was as strong as ever.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"I am glad that Holmes hath given the King satisfaction....  Pray give
+him thankes for remembering his ould master.  Pray remember my service
+to the General (Monk); tell him I am glad to heere of his recouvrey, it
+was before I knew he had been sicke.  If my Lord Lindsay be at court,
+the same to him, with the doleful news that poore Rayall att this
+instant is dying, after having ben the cause of the
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P301"></a>301}</span>
+death of many
+a stagge.  By Heven, I would rather loose the best horse in my stable."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Rupert was now preparing to return to England, and was very busy
+purchasing wines for the use of the English Court.  A considerable
+quantity, presented to him by the Elector of Mainz, he had already
+forwarded to Legge, to dispose of as he pleased.  By November 22 he had
+reached Cassel, whence he wrote to Legge, "I am making all the haste I
+can to you."  But at Cassel he found his eldest sister, and he remained
+with her some weeks, not returning to England until the beginning of
+1662.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+His mother, in the meantime, had obtained her much desired summons to
+England, and had taken up her abode in a house placed at her disposal
+by the ever faithful Craven.  For a brief period she enjoyed rest and
+peace, rejoicing in the return to her native land, and in the affection
+of her Stuart nephews, who, she said, showed her more kindness than any
+of her own sons had ever done.  Eighteen months after her arrival in
+England, she died, in the arms of the King.  Her pictures she
+bequeathed to Lord Craven, and her papers and jewels to Rupert, thereby
+establishing a new cause of contest between her two eldest sons.[<a id="chap17fn14text"></a><a href="#chap17fn14">14</a>]
+For the Elector denied his mother's right to leave the jewels&mdash;which
+were, he declared, heirlooms&mdash;to a younger son.  Rupert held
+tenaciously to his possessions, and the dispute raged long and bitterly.
+</p>
+
+<p><br /><br /></p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap17fn1"></a>
+[<a href="#chap17fn1text">1</a>] Strickland's Elizabeth Stuart, p. 268.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap17fn2"></a>
+[<a href="#chap17fn2text">2</a>] Ibid.  p. 268.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap17fn3"></a>
+[<a href="#chap17fn3text">3</a>] Strickland's Elizabeth Stuart, p. 269.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap17fn4"></a>
+[<a href="#chap17fn4text">4</a>] Hist. MSS. Com.  Rept. V.  App. I.  p. 173.  Sutherland MSS., 4
+Aug. 1660.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap17fn5"></a>
+[<a href="#chap17fn5text">5</a>] Pepys Diary, Sept. 29th, 1660.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap17fn6"></a>
+[<a href="#chap17fn6text">6</a>] Cartwright.  Madame: A Life of Henrietta of Orleans, pp. 70-71.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap17fn7"></a>
+[<a href="#chap17fn7text">7</a>] Cartwright's Madame, p. 359.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap17fn8"></a>
+[<a href="#chap17fn8text">8</a>] Strickland's Henrietta Maria, Queens of England, VIII.  p. 232.
+From MSS. of Père Cyprian Gamache.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap17fn9"></a>
+[<a href="#chap17fn9text">9</a>] Hist. MSS. Com.  Rept. V.  App. I.  p. 200.  Sutherland MSS.  3
+Nov. 1660.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap17fn10"></a>
+[<a href="#chap17fn10text">10</a>] Hist. MSS. Com.  Rept. V.  App I.  p. 170.  2 Mar. 1661.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap17fn11"></a>
+[<a href="#chap17fn11text">11</a>] Collins Peerage, Dartmouth, Vol. IV.  p. 107, <i>passim</i>
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap17fn12"></a>
+[<a href="#chap17fn12text">12</a>] See Hist. MSS. Com.  Rept. on Dartmouth MSS.  Vol. I.  pp. 1-9.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap17fn13"></a>
+[<a href="#chap17fn13text">13</a>] Bromley Letters, p. 209, Aug. 11-21, 1660.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap17fn14"></a>
+[<a href="#chap17fn14text">14</a>] Will of Elizabeth of Bohemia.  Wills from Doctors Commons, p. 109.
+Camden Society.
+</p>
+
+<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
+
+<p><a id="chap18"></a></p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P302"></a>302}</span>
+</p>
+
+<h3>
+CHAPTER XVIII
+</h3>
+
+<h4>
+RUPERT AND THE FLEET.  PROPOSED VOYAGE TO GUINEA.  <br />
+ILLNESS OF RUPERT.  THE FIRST DUTCH WAR.  THE <br />
+NAVAL COMMISSIONERS AND THE PRINCE.  SECOND<br />
+DUTCH WAR.  ANTI-FRENCH POLITICS
+</h4>
+
+<p>
+Rupert received a warm welcome on his return to England, and was at
+once sworn a member of the Privy Council.  It was but natural that he
+should turn his attention to naval affairs.  The growth of the sea
+power of England had received an impetus during the years of the
+Commonwealth, due indirectly to Rupert himself; for had not the
+Commonwealth been forced to protect itself against the pirate Princes,
+it would probably have cared less for its navy.[<a id="chap18fn1text"></a><a href="#chap18fn1">1</a>]  Charles II, like a
+true Stuart, cared for his fleet also, and took a keen interest in
+ship-building and other matters connected with the navy.  In October
+1662, he appointed Rupert to the Committee for the Government of
+Tangiers, together with the Duke of York, Albemarle, Sandwich,
+Coventry, and Pepys of famous memory.  If Pepys may be credited, the
+Prince did not take the business at all seriously: "The Duke of York
+and Mr. Coventry, for aught I see, being the only two that do anything
+like men.  Prince Rupert do nothing but laugh a little, with an oath
+now and then."[<a id="chap18fn2text"></a><a href="#chap18fn2">2</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+But if Rupert was indifferent about Tangiers he was keenly interested
+in the African question.  The quarrels of the English and Dutch traders
+on the African coast had produced much ill-feeling between the two
+nations, and, in August
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P303"></a>303}</span>
+1664, Rupert offered to lead a fleet to
+Guinea, to oppose the aggressions of the Dutch Admiral, De Ruyter.  A
+fleet of twelve ships was accordingly fitted out.  On September 3,
+wrote Pepys: "Prince Rupert, I hear this day, is going to command this
+fleet going to Guinea against the Dutch.  I doubt few will be pleased
+with his going, he being accounted an unhappy man;"[<a id="chap18fn3text"></a><a href="#chap18fn3">3</a>]&mdash;a view which
+contrasts strangely with the terror which Rupert's mere name had roused
+in earlier days.  Two days later Pepys had encountered Rupert himself:
+"And, among other things, says he:  'D&mdash; me!  I can answer but for one
+ship, and in that I will do my part, for it is not as in an army where
+a man can command everything.'"[<a id="chap18fn4text"></a><a href="#chap18fn4">4</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A royal company had been formed for the promotion of the enterprise,
+and a capital was raised of £30,000, in which the Duke of York held
+many shares.[<a id="chap18fn5text"></a><a href="#chap18fn5">5</a>]  Eighty pounds was laid out on "two trumpets, a
+kettle-drum, and a drummer to attend Prince Rupert to sea;"[<a id="chap18fn6text"></a><a href="#chap18fn6">6</a>] and,
+after a farewell supper at Kirke House, Rupert went down the river at
+three o'clock on an October morning, accompanied by the King, Duke of
+York, and many Courtiers.  With the next tide he embarked, but the
+weather was very rough, and for some days he was wind-bound at
+Portsmouth.  His crews numbered two hundred and fifty in all, besides
+fifty-four supernumaries in his train.[<a id="chap18fn7text"></a><a href="#chap18fn7">7</a>]  As was invariably the case
+at this period, the fleet was badly and insufficiently provisioned; but
+the delay at Portsmouth enabled Rupert to have this rectified, and
+thus, for the first time, he came into collision with Pepys, the
+victualler of the navy.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+For some weeks the Prince hovered about the Channel, waiting for an
+expected Dutch fleet; but the Dutch
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P304"></a>304}</span>
+out-witted him.  By promising
+to keep within harbour, they persuaded the King to recall Rupert, and,
+in the meantime, privately ordered their Mediterranean fleet to sail
+for New Guinea.  Thus nothing was done by the English, and the only
+warfare waged by Rupert was with his chaplain, of whom he wrote bitter
+complaints to Lord Arlington, the then Secretary of State.
+</p>
+
+<p><br /></p>
+
+<p>
+"Sir,
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"I beseech you, at the delivery of this inclosed leter, to acquaint the
+King and the Duke of York that, after I had closed their leters, the
+spirit of mutiny entered our parson againe, so that there was no rest
+for him, until I commanded him to his cabin, and withal to make readdy
+for prayers this next morning, which he had neglected yesterday.  Att
+this instant I receave this inclosed, by whiche you may see his humor.
+After this stile he talked, till ten last night, abusing the captain
+most horribly.  In consideration of my Lord of Canterburie, whoe
+recommended him, I strained my patience very much; but if this felow
+shoulde continue longer on bord, you may easily imagine the troble he
+woulde put us to.  If I had any time I would writt to my Lord
+Archbishop, giving him the whoele relation of what passed.  I am now
+sending all our captains present to indevor the hastening down to the
+Downes.  If nothing hinder, I hope, God willing, to sayle to-morrow.
+Minne is not yet abord, but I expect him the next tide.  I will be sure
+give you notice what our motions will be from time to time, and rest
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"Your affectionat frend to serve you,<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"Rupert.<br />
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"Oct. 8, Lee Rd.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"Pray to doe me the favor as to acquaint my Lord Archbishop of
+Canterburie with this, and my respects to him."[<a id="chap18fn8text"></a><a href="#chap18fn8">8</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p><br /></p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P305"></a>305}</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+His next letter, of October 11, shows that the Prince had been relieved
+of his militant chaplain.  "Our ship, by wanting Levit, is very quiet.
+God send us another (chaplain) of a better temper.  Hitherto we have
+not trobled Him much with prayers."[<a id="chap18fn9text"></a><a href="#chap18fn9">9</a>]  But the matter did not end
+there, and October 30, Rupert wrote again: "Our late parson, I heere,
+plaies the devil in alle companies he comes; raising most damned
+reports of us alle, and more particularly of me."  This letter is
+devoid of all complimentary phrases, and ends simply, "Yours, Rupert."
+An apologetic postscript explains these omissions.  "His Majesty has
+given me direction to write to him thus, without ceremony, and it will
+be easier for us all to follow.  I have therefore begonne, and desire
+you to do the like."[<a id="chap18fn10text"></a><a href="#chap18fn10">10</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The fleet never reached its destination.  A war was imminent nearer
+home, and Charles was probably unwilling to send so many ships out of
+the Channel; but the reasons for their abrupt recall were a subject of
+much discussion.  "This morning I am told that the goods on board
+Prince Rupert's ship, for Guinea, are unlading at Portsmouth, which
+makes me believe that he is resolved to stay and pull the crow with
+them at home," says a letter among the Hatton papers.  "But the matter
+be so secretly carried that this morning there was not the least
+intimation given what to depend on, even to them that are commonly
+knowing enough in affairs of that kind."[<a id="chap18fn11text"></a><a href="#chap18fn11">11</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+An additional reason for the collapse of the expedition was the severe
+illness of Rupert.  The old wound in the head, which he had received
+through Gassion's treachery, had never properly healed, and now an
+accidental injury to it had very serious results.  The Duke of York,
+much concerned by the accident, immediately sent a surgeon to
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P306"></a>306}</span>
+the
+fleet, and wrote with friendly solicitude to his cousin: "As soon as
+Will Legge showed me your letter of the accident in your head, I
+immediately sent Choqueux to you, in so much haste as I had not time to
+write by him.  But now, I conjure you, if you have any kindness for me,
+have a care of your health, and do not neglect yourself.  I am very
+glad to hear your ship sails so well.  I was yesterday to see the new
+ship at Woolwich launched, and I think, when you see her, (which I hope
+you will do very quickly, under Sir John Lawson,) you will say she is
+the finest ship that has yet been built."[<a id="chap18fn12text"></a><a href="#chap18fn12">12</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The surgeon operated upon the Prince, who wrote November 6, to the
+King: "I could not go from shipp to shipp to hasten the work, since
+Choqueux will not let me stir, to which I consented the rather, since
+he promises to have me quite well and whoele in a few days."[<a id="chap18fn13text"></a><a href="#chap18fn13">13</a>]  But
+the promise was not made good, and a very dangerous illness ensued.
+"Prince Rupert, by a chance, has bruised his head, and cannot get
+cured," says one of the Hatton correspondents in December.  "He is gone
+up to London to endeavour it there...  He is mightily worn away, and in
+their opinion that are about him is not long-lived.  He would fain go
+to Guinea, and is endeavouring to be despatched there; he believes the
+warmth of that clime would do him good."[<a id="chap18fn14text"></a><a href="#chap18fn14">14</a>]  Life, apparently, still
+held attractions for Rupert.  According to Pepys, he was "much
+chagrined" at the idea of dying, but recovered his spirits wonderfully
+when assured of convalescence.  "Since we told him that we believe he
+would overcome his disease, he is as merry, and swears, and laughs, and
+curses, and do all the things of a man in health as ever he did in his
+life."[<a id="chap18fn15text"></a><a href="#chap18fn15">15</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The illness lasted a long time; but though he was
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P307"></a>307}</span>
+exceedingly
+weak, Rupert did not fail to take his part in the first Dutch war.  The
+formal declaration of war was made in February 1665, to the great joy
+of the English nation, whose commercial heart had been stirred by
+colonial jealousies.  "What matters this or that reason?" cried the
+honest Duke of Albemarle (General Monk).  "What we want is more of the
+trade which the Dutch now have!"[<a id="chap18fn16text"></a><a href="#chap18fn16">16</a>]  France, for equally selfish
+reasons, threw in her lot with the Dutch, but delayed coming to their
+assistance; and the first engagement did not take place till June 13,
+1665.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The English fleet was divided into three squadrons, Red, White and
+Blue.  In the Red commanded the Duke of York, as Lord High Admiral;
+Rupert was Admiral of the White, and his rival, Lord Sandwich, led the
+Blue.  On the twenty-first of April they sailed to the Texel, hoping to
+blockade the Zuyder Zee, meet De Ruyter on his return from Africa, and
+cut off the home-coming vessels.  The English commanders, Rupert
+excepted, believed that the Dutch would at once come out and fight.
+But Rupert proved right, the Dutch made no sign, and within a
+fortnight, want of provisions drove the English back to Harwich.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In the meantime the Dutch sent forth a fleet of 103 men-of-war, 7
+yachts, 11 fire-ships, and 12 galiots.  This was divided into seven
+squadrons, and placed under the joint command of Evertsen and Opdam.
+By May 13th they were at sea, and immediately captured some English
+merchantmen coming from Hamburg.  There was an outcry of indignation in
+England, and the fleet hurried to sea.  On June 3rd the rival fleets
+met in Southwold Bay.  The English, who had 109 men-of-war and 28
+fire-ships and ketches, were numerically superior to their enemy.
+Opdam was, besides, hopelessly hampered by imperative commands from the
+States to fight at once, and by a want
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P308"></a>308}</span>
+of military pride and
+esprit de corps throughout his fleet.  The action began with Rupert in
+the van, York in the centre, and Sandwich in the rear.  Rupert
+"received the charge" of the Dutch fleet, not firing until close to it,
+and then shooting through and through it.[<a id="chap18fn17text"></a><a href="#chap18fn17">17</a>]  Having thus met, the two
+fleets passed each other, and then turned to renew the encounter.
+Sandwich, getting mixed up with the Dutch, cut their fleet in two and a
+general <i>mêlée</i> ensued.  In the Dutch centre the Junior Admiral was
+killed, and his crew, in a panic, carried their ship out of action.
+Twelve or thirteen other vessels imitated this ungallant conduct, and
+when,&mdash;after a desperate encounter with the Royal Charles,&mdash;Opdam's
+ship blew up, the fate of the battle was decided.  Evertsen and Tromp,
+each believing the other killed, both took command and issued contrary
+orders.  Three or four of their vessels ran foul of one another, and
+were burnt by an English fire-ship; by 7 p.m. the whole Dutch fleet had
+begun a disorderly retreat.[<a id="chap18fn18text"></a><a href="#chap18fn18">18</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Dutch losses had been very heavy, those of the English
+comparatively slight; but the English fire-ships were expended, and the
+wind blew hard for the coast of Holland, which made a too vigorous
+pursuit of the flying foe dangerous.  Nevertheless, the Duke of York
+ordered the chase to be continued, and retired to rest.  Sir William
+Penn, who was on board the "Royal Charles" as first Captain of the
+fleet, also went to sleep, leaving the ship in the charge of Captain
+Harman.  During the night one of the Duke's gentlemen, Brouncker, came
+and urged Harman to slacken sail, in consideration of the danger to
+which the Duke was exposed.  This, Harman refused to do; but when
+Brouncker returned later, with an order purporting to come from James
+himself, he reluctantly yielded.  Next morning the enemy was out of
+sight, and James expressed both
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P309"></a>309}</span>
+surprise and displeasure at the
+discovery, denying that he had ever ordered the chase to be given up.
+The affair was hotly discussed, and Bishop Burnet plainly implies that
+the Duke had used this cowardly device to save both his person and his
+reputation.[<a id="chap18fn19text"></a><a href="#chap18fn19">19</a>]  But James was no coward, and it is exceedingly
+unlikely that he would have stooped to such a trick.  Rupert and
+Albemarle, who hated Penn, would fain have blamed him as "a cowardly
+rogue who brought all the roguish fanatic captains into the fleet."[<a id="chap18fn20text"></a><a href="#chap18fn20">20</a>]
+But Penn declared that he had been in bed at the time, and knew nothing
+about the matter.  The statement elicited from Brouncker, in a
+Parliamentary inquiry, that he had acted on his own responsibility, out
+of anxiety for the Duke's safety, was probably the real truth.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Rupert, though in an extremely weak state of health, had shown his
+usual courage and energy in the action.  The official reports did not
+give satisfaction to his admirers.  "Not a word is said of Prince
+Rupert, though the seamen say that none excelled him in valour and
+success," they complained.[<a id="chap18fn21text"></a><a href="#chap18fn21">21</a>]  The Prince himself wrote cheerfully to
+Arlington, though, as his letter confesses, he was again on the
+sick-list.  "My greatest joy is to have ben so happie as to have bin a
+small instrument in this last encounter, to chastise so high an
+insolency as that of the Dutch.  I hope, with his Majesty's good
+liking, to continue so, till they be brought to their duty; which work
+will be very easy if we linger not out the time, for which this place
+is not unfitt and will give a thousand excuses for delays.  What this
+day will be resolved on in the Council I know not, being laid by the
+leg, by a small mistake of the Surgeon, of which I shall not trouble
+you.  This
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P310"></a>310}</span>
+is writt abed, as you may see by the ill caracter,
+which I desire you not to take ill."[<a id="chap18fn22text"></a><a href="#chap18fn22">22</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Though the Dutch had been defeated with great loss, the war was by no
+means over, and it was necessary to put to sea again, as soon as
+refitting had been accomplished.  This time the Duke of York was
+forced, much against his will, to stay at home.  Charles at the
+instigation of the Queen mother, forbade his brother again to risk his
+life, and offered the joint command of the fleet to Rupert and
+Sandwich.  Rupert was supposed to have a personal aversion to Sandwich,
+which may or may not have been well grounded.[<a id="chap18fn23text"></a><a href="#chap18fn23">23</a>]  Sandwich's character
+has been variously represented, and, whether justly or not, his honesty
+was certainly suspected.  His own creature, Pepys, a little later
+confided to his diary his concern for his lord in "that cursed business
+of the prizes," and his vehement disapproval of the whole affair.[<a id="chap18fn24text"></a><a href="#chap18fn24">24</a>]
+On the other hand, both Evelyn and Clarendon esteemed Sandwich highly.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+But be the reason what it may, Rupert was averse to sharing the command
+with him, and hesitated to accept it.  A conference with the King at
+Hampton Court at last won him over; he submitted "very cheerfully," and
+forthwith made ready to sail.[<a id="chap18fn25text"></a><a href="#chap18fn25">25</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Unfortunately Coventry, who disliked Rupert "for no other reason than
+for not esteeming him at the same rate he valued himself," says
+Clarendon, succeeded in persuading the King that the result of such a
+union must be disastrous.  When all was ready, and Rupert's "family" on
+board, the King affectionately informed his cousin that he could not
+dispense with his society that summer.  Rupert, "though wonderfully
+surprised, perplexed, and even broken-hearted," offered no resistance.
+He quietly
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P311"></a>311}</span>
+disembarked his retinue, and returned, "with very much
+trouble," to Court.[<a id="chap18fn26text"></a><a href="#chap18fn26">26</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Some consolation he may have found in the fact that Sandwich did
+nothing all the summer, and, on his return, fell under a cloud on
+charges of peculation.  Rupert seems to have treated him with great
+kindness, giving him his countenance and support,[<a id="chap18fn27text"></a><a href="#chap18fn27">27</a>] but the
+sympathies of the Parliament were evidenced by a proposal to vote to
+Rupert a gift of £10,000, and to Sandwich half-a-crown.[<a id="chap18fn28text"></a><a href="#chap18fn28">28</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+His rival being thus disposed of, the command of the fleet was offered
+in 1666 to Rupert, in conjunction with the Duke of Albemarle.  To this
+new colleague Rupert had no objections, and there was, happily, "great
+unanimity and consent between them."  True, Rupert would fain have
+sailed in a separate ship, but, it being represented that this might
+cause confusion in orders, he yielded to the argument.  Albemarle left
+much to Rupert's management, "declaring modestly, upon all occasions,
+that he was no seaman;" and this was doubtless very pleasing to the
+Prince, who loved to rule.  As both Admirals were "men of great
+dexterity and indefatigable industry," the outlook was exceedingly
+favourable.[<a id="chap18fn29text"></a><a href="#chap18fn29">29</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The sailors welcomed Rupert gladly; and, on February 13, "several
+sea-captains who had served under Prince Rupert, invited him to dinner,
+and spoke cheerfully of going against the Dutch again together."[<a id="chap18fn30text"></a><a href="#chap18fn30">30</a>]
+On May 25 they sailed from the Nore, with 58 ships and 9 fire-ships.
+Rupert was in excellent spirits and, reported his secretary, went "most
+cheerfully" on the expedition.[<a id="chap18fn31text"></a><a href="#chap18fn31">31</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Unfortunately the King and his Council committed at the outset a
+strategic blunder for which neither of the Admirals
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P312"></a>312}</span>
+was
+responsible.  It was rumoured that a French fleet was coming from Belle
+Isle, under the Duke of Beaufort, and Rupert was ordered to sail with
+24 ships to intercept it before it could join with the Dutch.  The
+sailors grumbled loudly at this separation.  "Nothing was to be heard
+among the seamen but complaints about the dividing of the fleet, and
+the sending away Prince Rupert."[<a id="chap18fn32text"></a><a href="#chap18fn32">32</a>]  But orders had to be obeyed, and
+Rupert sailed away, leaving Albemarle with only 56 ships to meet De
+Ruyter's 85.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In the Prince's absence, Albemarle fell in with the Dutch in the Downs,
+and the famous four days' battle began, June 1st.  The wind was with
+Albemarle, but he had only 35 ships well in hand, the rest straggling
+behind.  With great ingenuity he made his attack so that only a portion
+of the Dutch fleet could engage with him, and the fight was continued,
+with immense gallantry and varying fortune, from 9 a.m till 10 p.m.  On
+the second day the English returned in good order, but, though the
+Dutch were crowded and confused, Albemarle was too weak to press his
+advantage.  Each side lost about three ships.  On the third day
+Albemarle held off, hoping for Rupert's arrival.  This did not take
+place till late in the afternoon, and the blame of this long delay was
+due to home authorities.  As soon as firing was heard in the Downs,
+Coventry had signed an order for Rupert's recall, and sent it to
+Arlington, expecting that he would at once despatch it.  But Arlington
+happened to be in bed, and his servants dared not wake him; "a
+tenderness not accostumed to be in the family of a secretary," says
+Clarendon, with just severity.[<a id="chap18fn33text"></a><a href="#chap18fn33">33</a>]  Consequently Rupert never received
+the order until he himself had heard the noise of battle, and turned
+back to Albemarle's aid, on his own responsibility.  A contrary wind
+delayed him yet longer, and it was 3 p.m on Sunday, June 3, before he
+reached the scene of action, where he was received by
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P313"></a>313}</span>
+the sailors
+with shouts of joy.  In the confusion of joining the fleets, the "Royal
+Prince" ran aground, and was burnt by the Dutch; a misfortune "which
+touched every heart, for she was the best ship ever built, and like a
+castle at sea."[<a id="chap18fn34text"></a><a href="#chap18fn34">34</a>]  The fight was not resumed until the next morning.
+All order had been lost, and both sides were in confusion.  There was
+two hours' furious firing, and the Dutch centre passed right through
+the English centre, where the fight was very hot.  Finally the
+exhausted Dutch suffered the English to draw away, and Albemarle,
+rallying his scattered fleet, beat an honourable retreat.[<a id="chap18fn35text"></a><a href="#chap18fn35">35</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Rupert's arrival had not turned defeat into victory, but it had saved
+Albemarle from imminent disaster.  The losses of the English had been
+extremely heavy, but those of the Dutch had been also severe, and all
+the moral prestige belonged to the English, who had sustained the fight
+against great odds, with extraordinary gallantry.  The credit was due,
+in a great measure, to the skill and valour of the admirals, but not a
+little, also, to the good discipline and seamanship of the men and
+officers.  Dryden who celebrated the event in a long poem, while giving
+the admirals their due, did not forget the rest.
+</p>
+
+<p class="poem">
+"Thousands there were, in darker fame shall dwell,<br />
+"Whose deeds some nobler poem shall adorn,<br />
+"But, though to me unknown, they sure fought well,<br />
+"Whom Rupert led, and who were British born."[<a id="chap18fn36text"></a><a href="#chap18fn36">36</a>]<br />
+</p>
+
+<p><br /></p>
+
+<p>
+As before, Rupert's admirers thought that "the good prince" had not
+received his due in the official reports of the action.  His secretary,
+James Hayes, wrote to Arlington's secretary to expostulate.  "Give me
+leave to suggest that,
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P314"></a>314}</span>
+since in the Dutch gazette those lying
+words speak dishonourably of the Prince, it will offer an occasion of a
+word or two in yours, more to his merit; in whom I did indeed discover
+so extraordinary courage, conduct and presence of mind in the midst of
+all the showers of cannon bullet, that higher I think cannot be
+imagined of any man that ever fought.  I observed him with astonishment
+all that day."[<a id="chap18fn37text"></a><a href="#chap18fn37">37</a>]  This letter produced the following note, added to
+the official gazette: "The writer of this letter could not think fit to
+mingle in his relations any expressions of His Royal Highness's
+personal behaviour, because it was prepared for his own sight.  But it
+is most certain that never any Prince, or it may be truly said, any
+private person, was, in an action of war, exposed to more danger from
+the beginning to the end of it.  His conduct and presence of mind
+equalling his fearless courage, and carrying him to change his ship
+three times, setting up his Royal standard in each of them, to animate
+his own men and brave the enemy."[<a id="chap18fn38text"></a><a href="#chap18fn38">38</a>]  For this tribute Hayes returned
+grateful thanks.  "You have done right to a brave Prince, whose worth
+will endure praise, though I find his ears are too modest to hear his
+own."[<a id="chap18fn39text"></a><a href="#chap18fn39">39</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Rupert was far more engaged with his smouldering wrath against the
+Commissioners of the Navy, than in considering what the gazette did, or
+did not say of himself.  A month earlier he had written to the King
+that "unless some course" were taken with the victualler&mdash;viz.
+Pepys&mdash;the whole fleet would be ruined.[<a id="chap18fn40text"></a><a href="#chap18fn40">40</a>]  Now, when the fleet came
+in to refit, the first thing he did on meeting the King, was to
+reiterate his complaints.  "Which," wrote Pepys, "I am troubled at, and
+do fear may in violence break out upon this office some time or other,
+and we shall
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P315"></a>315}</span>
+not be able to carry on the business."[<a id="chap18fn41text"></a><a href="#chap18fn41">41</a>]  But
+Rupert's time on shore was short, and the storm was deferred.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+By July 22 the fleet was again at sea.  Severely as it had suffered,
+the refitting had been conducted with remarkable celerity, and the King
+and the Duke of York themselves showed such an active interest in the
+preparations, that Rupert swore that they were the best officers in the
+navy.  The fleet went out "in very good heart," Rupert's ship boasting
+"a dancing-master and two men who feign themselves mad and make very
+good sport to a bag-pipe."[<a id="chap18fn42text"></a><a href="#chap18fn42">42</a>] Unluckily, the very day after putting to
+sea, came a violent thunderstorm, which damaged the ships so severely
+that the Prince declared himself more afraid of the weather than of the
+enemy.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+On July 25 they fell in with the Dutch fleet, commanded by Tromp and De
+Ruyter, off the North Foreland.  The Dutch line was uneven, the van and
+centre crowded; the English line presented a remarkable regularity.
+The fight began at 10 a.m., and Tromp immediately engaged the English
+rear, carried it away with him, out of sight, and was eventually
+shattered by it.  This independent action on the part of his
+subordinate, greatly embarrassed De Ruyter.  His van was speedily
+over-matched, and at 4 p.m. his centre gave way.  At night the English
+renewed the attack in a desultory fashion, and Rupert appears to have
+run some danger, for he afterwards promoted a gunner who had saved his
+life at the risk of his own.[<a id="chap18fn43text"></a><a href="#chap18fn43">43</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+On the day following, the Prince added insult to injury by sending his
+little yacht "Fan-Fan," which had been built the week before, to attack
+De Ruyter.  Rowing under the great ship, the little vessel plied her
+valiantly with her two small guns.  This game continued for an hour, to
+the intense amusement of the English, and the indignation of
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P316"></a>316}</span>
+the
+Dutch, who could not bring their guns to bear on the yacht, by reason
+of her nearness to them.  At last they contrived to hit her, and she
+was forced to retreat to the protection of her own fleet.[<a id="chap18fn44text"></a><a href="#chap18fn44">44</a>]  De
+Ruyter then effected a masterly retreat, his enemies fearing to follow
+on account of his proximity to his own shores.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The English had won a brilliant victory with very little loss&mdash;only one
+ship and two or three fire-ships at most.  Of the Dutch fleet at least
+twenty ships had perished, and it was quite unable to renew the fight.
+The coast of Holland was now exposed to a triumphant enemy, and a
+renegade Dutchman, Laurens van Heemskerk, offered to guide the English
+to the islands of Vlieland and Ter Schelling, where lay many merchant
+vessels and all kinds of stores.  The enterprise was entrusted to
+Robert Holmes, with orders to destroy all that he found, and to carry
+away no booty.  In the harbour he discovered 170 merchant-men and two
+men-of-war, and he did his work so thoroughly that the affair was
+called in England, "Sir Robert Holmes, his Bonfire.[<a id="chap18fn45text"></a><a href="#chap18fn45">45</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Van Heemskerk afterwards fell into great poverty in England, and was
+evicted from his house for non-payment of rent; upon which he
+petitioned the King for some reward for his services, stating that, but
+for the great goodness of Prince Rupert, his wife and children must
+inevitably have starved.[<a id="chap18fn46text"></a><a href="#chap18fn46">46</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+During August the fleet lingered about Sole Bay, hoping that wrath for
+the burning of their harbour would bring the Dutch out again.  But
+Rupert laid Albemarle a bet of "five pieces" that they would not come,
+and won his money.[<a id="chap18fn47text"></a><a href="#chap18fn47">47</a>]  The sailors, inspired by their late success,
+were anxious for further action, and would fain have attacked
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P317"></a>317}</span>
+the
+East India fleet at Bergen; but want of provisions held the commanders
+back.  Rupert wrote furiously to the King that his men were all sick
+for want of food; the beer was bad, each barrel was short of the proper
+quantity, and all his remonstrances only produced from Pepys accounts
+of things already sent.[<a id="chap18fn48text"></a><a href="#chap18fn48">48</a>]  Fearing the weather, he came into the
+Downs, and there took a French vessel.  The French Vice-Admiral on
+board at once demanded to be taken to Rupert, whom he knew.  The Prince
+treated him "as a gallant person ought to be," and restored to him all
+his personal possessions.[<a id="chap18fn49text"></a><a href="#chap18fn49">49</a>]  On board the same vessel was found the
+engineer, La Roche, with whom Arthur Trevor had battled in earlier days
+at Oxford.  Rupert had, however, pardoned, or forgotten, his contumacy,
+and released him in consideration of the services he had formerly
+rendered in England.[<a id="chap18fn50text"></a><a href="#chap18fn50">50</a>]  Finally, on October 2nd, the fleet anchored
+in the Thames, and immediately afterwards burst the storm which Pepys
+had long expected.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It is indisputable, even on Pepys' own showing, that peculation,
+bribery, and corruption were the causes of the neglect from which the
+fleet had suffered.  The Naval Commissioners, in order to make their
+own profit, cheated and starved the sailors; they falsified the
+quantities of food that they sent, and what they delivered was bad.
+Rupert had just cause for his wrath, and he did not hesitate to express
+it.  Five days after the return of the fleet, Pepys and his colleagues
+were called upon to answer for their conduct.  They endeavoured very
+ingeniously to defend themselves by transferring the blame to the
+Prince.  Thus Pepys describes the interview.  "Anon we were called into
+the green room, where were the King, Duke of York, Prince Rupert, Lord
+Chancellor, Lord Treasurer, Duke of Albemarle,
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P318"></a>318}</span>
+and Sirs G.
+Carteret, W. Coventry, Morrice.  Nobody beginning, I did, and made, as
+I thought, a good speech, laying open the ill state of the Navy, by the
+greatness of the debt, greatness of the work to do against next year,
+the time and materials it would take, and our own incapacity through a
+total want of money.  I had no sooner done, but Prince Rupert rose up
+in a great heat, and told the King that, whatever the gentleman said,
+he had brought home his fleet in as good a condition as ever any fleet
+was brought home; that twenty boats would be as many as the fleet would
+want, and that all the anchors and cables left in the storm might be
+taken up again...  I therefore did only answer that I was sorry for His
+Highness's offence, but what I said was the report I had received.  He
+muttered and repeated what he had said, and, after a long silence, no
+one, not so much as the Duke of Albemarle, seconding the Prince, we
+withdrew.  I was not a little troubled at this passage, and the more,
+when speaking with Jack Fenn about it, he told me that the Prince will
+now be asking who this Pepys is, and will find him to be a creature of
+My lord Sandwich, and that this was therefore done only to disparage
+him."[<a id="chap18fn51text"></a><a href="#chap18fn51">51</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In consequence of this dispute, Batten was sent down to view the fleet.
+He had been Rupert's enemy of old, and he now made a very unfavourable
+report, which he intended to present to the Duke of York.  To this end
+he obtained an audience, but great was his dismay when he found Rupert
+in the company of his cousin.  "It was pretty to see," says Pepys, with
+malicious glee, "how, when he found the Prince there, he did not speak
+out one word, though the meeting was of his asking, and for nothing
+else.  And when I asked him, he told me that he knew the Prince too
+well to anger him, and that he was afraid to do it."[<a id="chap18fn52text"></a><a href="#chap18fn52">52</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P319"></a>319}</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+But the King showed himself apathetic in this matter; it was doubtless
+true that the Commissioners lacked funds, and the charges against them
+were not, just then, further pressed.  Probably the plague and the
+great fire of London threw all other affairs temporarily into the
+shade.  The Prince was with the fleet when informed of the great fire,
+and is said to have merely remarked that, "Now Shipton's prophecy was
+out,"[<a id="chap18fn53text"></a><a href="#chap18fn53">53</a>]&mdash;the burning of London having been one of the events foretold
+by the reputed prophetess, Mother Shipton.  Evidently Rupert had ceased
+to be surprised, whatever might happen.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In January 1667 he was again very ill.  The old wound in his head broke
+out afresh, and his life was despaired of; but in February he consented
+to an operation, which gave him some relief and enabled him to sleep.
+A second operation brought him fairly to convalescence, and after this
+he "diverted himself in his workhouse," where, amongst other curious
+things, he made instruments with which the surgeons were able to dress
+his wound quickly and easily.[<a id="chap18fn54text"></a><a href="#chap18fn54">54</a>] Owing partly to this illness and
+partly to the King's poverty and home policy, the fleet was neglected
+throughout the whole year&mdash;only two small squadrons were fitted out;
+and in May, the Dutch took an ample revenge by entering the Medway, and
+burning the country near Felixstowe.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Rupert had, before this, urged the fortification of Harwich and
+Sheerness; and the King, now roused from his nonchalance, sent him to
+superintend the fortification of these and other places, which would
+secure the Medway from invasion,&mdash;and the Prince also had command of
+all the troops quartered in these places.[<a id="chap18fn55text"></a><a href="#chap18fn55">55</a>]  With his usual care for
+his subordinates, he demanded the deferred pay of his captains, and
+attended a Council meeting in order to press the
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P320"></a>320}</span>
+matter.[<a id="chap18fn56text"></a><a href="#chap18fn56">56</a>]  The
+empty condition of the treasury occasioned a quarrel with Arlington,
+and the report ran that Rupert had, in Council, dealt Arlington a box
+on the ear, which had knocked off his hat and wig.[<a id="chap18fn57text"></a><a href="#chap18fn57">57</a>]  This was an
+exaggeration, but Rupert was always on bad terms with the cabal of
+which Arlington was a member.  The known integrity of the Prince made
+him very popular with the nation at large, and he was requested by
+Parliament to draw up a report on the causes of the late naval
+disasters.  Few things could have pleased him better than such an
+opportunity of airing his grievances.  He drew up a long narrative,
+beginning with the separation of the fleet in June 1666, and going on
+to the "horrible neglects" of the overseers, workmen, and above all,
+the victuallers of the navy.  "The next miscarriage I shall mention was
+the intolerable neglect in supplying provisions during the whole summer
+expedition, notwithstanding the extraordinary and frequent importunity
+of our letters...  I remember also we did then complain that great
+quantities of wood-bound casks were staved, and much of the provisions
+proved defective; also that the gauge of the beer barrels was 20
+gallons in a butt short of what it ought to be, and the bills of credit
+came with the pursers of the fleet, instead of provisions.  This want
+of provisions did manifestly tend to the extraordinary prejudice of his
+Majesty's service in that whole summer, but most especially after the
+victory obtained in July fight, when we had carried the fleet on the
+enemy's coast, and lay there, before the Vlie Island, in the way of all
+their merchant ships.  We were enforced, merely for want of provisions,
+to quit out to Sole Bay."[<a id="chap18fn58text"></a><a href="#chap18fn58">58</a>]  The Parliament, upon receipt of this
+report, appointed a committee to inquire into the neglect mentioned,
+and voted thanks to Rupert and Albemarle for their conduct of the war.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P321"></a>321}</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The manning of the fleet caused nearly as much discussion as did the
+victualling, and about this period Rupert and James of York were by no
+means of one mind concerning it.  Rupert dismissed James's men as
+cowards, and James rejected Rupert's "stout men" as drunkards.  "If
+they will turn out every man that will be drunk, they must turn out all
+the commanders in the fleet," cried the exasperated Prince.  "What is
+the matter if a man be drunk, so, when he comes to fight, he do his
+work?"[<a id="chap18fn59text"></a><a href="#chap18fn59">59</a>] But the dispute ran high; James declared he "knew not how"
+Colonel Legge's son had been made a captain after a single voyage, and,
+though he liked Colonel Legge well, he insisted that the boy must serve
+a longer apprenticeship.  "I will ask the King to let me be that I
+am&mdash;Admiral!" he declared wrathfully, when Rupert combated his
+decisions.[<a id="chap18fn60text"></a><a href="#chap18fn60">60</a>] The King listened to all these disputes with his usual
+lazy good nature.  "If you intend to man the fleet without being
+cheated by the captains and pursers, you may go to bed and never have
+it manned at all," he said.[<a id="chap18fn61text"></a><a href="#chap18fn61">61</a>]  But James had his way in so far that
+Sir William Penn was appointed to command the summer fleet, in spite of
+Rupert's aversion to him.  "I do pity Sir William Penn," quoth Pepys,
+naively.[<a id="chap18fn62text"></a><a href="#chap18fn62">62</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Owing to the representations of Rupert "and other mad, silly people,"
+as Pepys phrased it,[<a id="chap18fn63text"></a><a href="#chap18fn63">63</a>] no large fleet was fitted out in 1668; and, so
+far as the navy was concerned, no events occurred until 1672, when the
+second Dutch war broke out.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+This war was as unpopular as the first had been popular.  In the
+interval between them Charles II had made the secret Treaty of Dover
+with Louis XIV, and he now
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P322"></a>322}</span>
+entered into this war solely to assist
+Louis' ambition.  Therefore instead of the English opposing the Dutch
+and French, as formerly, the French and English were now allied against
+the Dutch.  Rupert and Ormonde vigorously opposed the declaration of
+war, and perhaps it was on account of his dislike to the whole business
+that the Prince remained at home, while the Duke of York took command
+of the fleet.  Nevertheless Rupert was put in command of all naval
+affairs on shore, and he resolved that the fleet should not suffer as
+it had before done, for the want of all necessary supplies.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+His first act in his new capacity was to summon Pepys, and his
+colleagues to give an exact list of the fleet, the station and
+condition of each ship, and an account, "particular, not general," of
+all their stores, great and small.[<a id="chap18fn64text"></a><a href="#chap18fn64">64</a>] He diligently superintended the
+fortification of the coast, inspected the regiments there stationed,
+and kept a watchful eye on the necessities of the fleet.  But, in spite
+of this efficient assistance on shore, James accomplished nothing of
+moment, and the battle of Southwold Bay, fought May 28, left the
+honours to the Dutch, though both sides claimed the victory.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Before the next campaign, the Test Act had been passed, by which Roman
+Catholics were prevented from holding any office under the Crown.  This
+forced the Duke of York to resign his command of the fleet, and Rupert
+was appointed to take his place.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Rupert's position was a difficult one.  He detested the secret policy
+of Charles, and consequently the French, who were his allies.  With the
+Cabal, as the home Ministry was then called, he was also at enmity.
+The Ministers, therefore, in order to make him as inefficient as
+possible, manned the fleet with adherents of the Duke of York, who were
+told&mdash;though falsely&mdash;that detracting from the Prince
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P323"></a>323}</span>
+would
+please the Duke.  Therefore "they crossed him in all that they could,
+and complained of all that he did."  In short, Rupert had to contend
+with intrigues at home, limitation of his proper powers, want of men,
+ammunition and provisions, the deceit of the Naval Commissioners,
+insubordination among his officers, and defection of his allies.[<a id="chap18fn65text"></a><a href="#chap18fn65">65</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+As his second in command, he begged to have Holmes, with whom his
+connection had been so long and intimate.  Thanks to the favour of both
+Rupert and the Duke of York, Holmes had risen high in the navy, and was
+now an Admiral, and Governor of Sandown Castle, in the Isle of Wight.
+His promotion seems to have excited some jealousy, and Marvell
+described him bitterly, as "First an Irish livery boy, then a
+highwayman, (a pirate would be nearer the mark,) now Bashaw of the Isle
+of Wight, the cursed beginner of the two Dutch wars."[<a id="chap18fn66text"></a><a href="#chap18fn66">66</a>]  The last
+sentence alludes to Holmes's exploits in Africa in 1664, and his attack
+on the Smyrna fleet in 1672, which were the immediate causes of the
+wars of 1665 and 1672 respectively.  But in both cases Holmes only
+obeyed orders for which he was not responsible.  Pepys hinted darkly,
+concerning him, that "a cat will be a cat still,"[<a id="chap18fn67text"></a><a href="#chap18fn67">67</a>] but then Pepys
+had private reasons for disliking him.  He was a good soldier, and an
+experienced sailor, and the Cabal Ministry had no better reason for
+refusing to let him go with Rupert than the fact that he was the
+Prince's friend.  Instead of Holmes they forced Rupert to take Sir
+Edward Spragge, with whom he was not, then, on good terms.[<a id="chap18fn68text"></a><a href="#chap18fn68">68</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The long delay in setting out the fleet tempted the Dutch to repeat
+their descent upon the Medway, and this
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P324"></a>324}</span>
+they would undoubtedly
+have done, but for the personal energy of the Prince.  Collecting
+together a few ships, he "made a demonstration", and sailed through the
+Channel, to the great surprise of the Dutch, who immediately
+retired.[<a id="chap18fn69text"></a><a href="#chap18fn69">69</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+By May 20th the English fleet was ready to sail, and it was at once
+joined by the French, under Admiral D'Estrées.  About a week later they
+fell in with the Dutch off Schoneveldt.  Rupert sent a few vessels
+forward to draw out the enemy from their harbour, but De Ruyter came
+upon them so unexpectedly that they crowded back in confusion, each
+falling to the squadron nearest to her.  The place was narrow, the wind
+for the Dutch, and some of the officers advised retreat.  "But," said
+the English proudly," our Admiral never knew what it was to go
+back,"[<a id="chap18fn70text"></a><a href="#chap18fn70">70</a>] and Rupert insisted on fighting then and there.  When De
+Ruyter attacked, the line of the allies was not ready, and the result
+was an indecisive battle, attended with great loss of life.[<a id="chap18fn71text"></a><a href="#chap18fn71">71</a>]  In his
+official report, the Prince acknowledged that all had done their
+best:&mdash;"All the officers and seamen generally behaved themselves very
+well, of which I shall send the particulars when I am better informed;
+in my squadron, more especially Captain Legge, Sir John Holmes, Captain
+Welwang, Sir Roger Strickland and Sir William Reeves.  Sir Edward
+Spragge also, on his side, maintained the fight with so much courage
+and resolution, and their whole body gave way to such a degree, that,
+had it not been for fear of the shoals, we had driven them into their
+harbours.  The case being thus, I judged it fit to stand off a little,
+and anchor where now I ride.  I hope his Majesty will be satisfied,
+that, considering the place we engaged in, and the shoals, there was as
+much done as could be expected; and thus I leave it to His Majesty's
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P325"></a>325}</span>
+favourable construction, to whom I wish many happy years to come,
+this being his birthday."[<a id="chap18fn72text"></a><a href="#chap18fn72">72</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Dutch were at home, and it was easy for them to refit, but the
+situation of the allies was more critical.  Rupert made what
+preparations he could, and sat up the whole night of June 3rd,
+expecting an attack.  But the carelessness of Spragge nullified this
+vigilance.  Early on the morning of July 4th, Spragge came on board the
+Admiral.  Rupert "said little", but told him to prepare for battle.
+Nevertheless he delayed his departure so long that De Ruyter came out
+before he had reached his own ship, and the whole of the Blue Squadron
+had to await his return.[<a id="chap18fn73text"></a><a href="#chap18fn73">73</a>]  The Red and White Squadrons weighed
+anchor very quickly; Rupert, in his impatience cut his cable, and some
+others followed his example.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+But this second battle was as indecisive as the first.  D'Estrées
+permitted the Dutch Admiral Banckert to hold him in check, and gave no
+effective aid.  Rupert engaged with De Ruyter and "performed wonders,"
+though his ship took in so much water that he was unable to use his
+lower tier of guns.  Spragge opposed himself to Tromp.  The loss of men
+was about equal on both sides, and no ships were lost at all.  The
+allies pursued the Dutch from 10 p.m. to 6 a.m.; but they had gained no
+serious advantage, and were obliged to turn home to refit.[<a id="chap18fn74text"></a><a href="#chap18fn74">74</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Rupert came home in an exceedingly bad temper.  "There goes a story
+about town that the Prince, at his first coming, when the Commissioners
+of the Navy came to wait upon him, fell into such a passion against
+them that he had like to have made use of his cane upon some of them.
+Certain it is that he is very angry with them for not having taken care
+to supply the fleet with
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P326"></a>326}</span>
+necessaries,"[<a id="chap18fn75text"></a><a href="#chap18fn75">75</a>] says one letter.
+Another, dated June 13, shows that the King too came in for a share of
+his cousin's indignation: "The Prince, they say, storms exceedingly at
+the want of provision they had, and declares he shall never thrive at
+sea till some are hanged at land.  The King said merrily, the day
+before he went to see him, that he must expect a chiding, but he had
+sweetened him by letter all he could."[<a id="chap18fn76text"></a><a href="#chap18fn76">76</a>] Rupert, however, refused
+absolutely to return to the fleet, unless he were given a new
+Commission, freed from all vexatious restrictions.  This was
+accordingly done, and July 9th, he was made General on sea and land,
+with power to make truce and grant articles; and he held the post of
+First Lord of the Admiralty from this date till May 1679.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It was now proposed to throw a land force into Holland, and the command
+of the army was given to Schomberg, a German soldier of fortune.
+Unluckily, while the ships were refitting at Portsmouth, Schomberg
+irrevocably offended his chief, by ordering the "Greyhound" frigate to
+carry a flag on her main-top.  This order he gave that she might be the
+more easily distinguishable, but she had in reality no right to carry
+any such colours, and Rupert, when he beheld her coming through the
+fleet, was transfixed with amazement.  His peremptory orders for the
+hauling down of the flag being disregarded, he fired on it; whereupon
+it was taken down, and the Captain came on board the Admiral to explain
+that he had acted by Schomberg's direction.  Rupert arrested him for
+insolent language, but soon pardoned and released him.  Schomberg he
+would not forgive, and in revenge, as that General declared, he ordered
+him and his forces to Yarmouth, where they lay idle all the summer.
+The feud raged for some
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P327"></a>327}</span>
+time, and Schomberg sent on a challenge
+to Rupert, but the duel was prevented by the King.[<a id="chap18fn77text"></a><a href="#chap18fn77">77</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+A quarrel was also reported to have occurred between Rupert and the
+Duke of York, in which swords had been drawn, the Duke calling the
+Prince "Coward," and the Prince retorting with the epithet of
+"Traitor."[<a id="chap18fn78text"></a><a href="#chap18fn78">78</a>]  Another rumour, probably better grounded, was that
+D'Estrées would not sail with Rupert, and had refused to furl his
+flag[<a id="chap18fn79text"></a><a href="#chap18fn79">79</a>] when the Prince came on board him.  This was mere gossip, but
+it had a foundation, for the two Admirals were on very bad terms&mdash;a
+fact which increased Rupert's popularity at home, for the French were
+detested of the people, and the Prince was now "the only hero in their
+thoughts."[<a id="chap18fn80text"></a><a href="#chap18fn80">80</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+At the beginning of August the allies put to sea, and on the 11th they
+met the Dutch off the Texel.  The French were in the van, Rupert
+commanded the centre, Spragge the rear.  The three squadrons engaged,
+as before, with Banckert, De Ruyter, and Tromp respectively.  Rupert
+drew off, trying to lead De Ruyter from the coast.  Spragge
+deliberately waited for Tromp, whom he had promised the King to take
+dead or alive, and, in the fierce personal contest that followed, lost
+his own life.  D'Estrées simply allowed Banckert to run right through
+his squadron, and held off from the fight.  Banckert was thus left free
+to join De Ruyter against Rupert, who, completely deserted by his van
+and rear, had to contend against fearful odds.[<a id="chap18fn81text"></a><a href="#chap18fn81">81</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"Does your Highness see the French yonder?" asked Captain Howard,
+standing at his side.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"Ay&mdash;Zounds, do I!" cried Rupert passionately.[<a id="chap18fn82text"></a><a href="#chap18fn82">82</a>]  The Dutch also
+noted D'Estrées' treacherous conduct.  "The
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P328"></a>328}</span>
+French have hired the
+English to fight for them, and have come to see them earn their
+wages,"[<a id="chap18fn83text"></a><a href="#chap18fn83">83</a>] was the saying passed amongst them.  But one gallant
+Frenchman, at least, blushed for his countrymen.  The Vice-Admiral, De
+Martel, putting himself into Rupert's squadron, fought valiantly at his
+side; on which, it was said, in bitter jest, that D'Estrées threatened
+to hang him "for venturing the King's ship."[<a id="chap18fn84text"></a><a href="#chap18fn84">84</a>]  Finally Rupert
+extricated himself and ran down to the rear, De Ruyter withdrawing
+about 7 p.m.  The result of the battle was a victory for the Dutch, who
+thus opened their blockaded ports, and saved their coast from a second
+assault.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Possibly the French doubted the good faith of the English, and
+therefore acted thus strangely; but, be the motive for their conduct
+what it may, feeling ran high against them.  Rupert, with difficulty
+prevented his own sailors from insulting D'Estrées when he came on
+board his ship,[<a id="chap18fn85text"></a><a href="#chap18fn85">85</a>] and in England men spoke only of the French
+traitors.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Rupert's return was eagerly desired, and it was reported that he came
+back "very angry and raging and to do some extraordinary thing."  He
+was in the zenith of his popularity, and was received "with the
+greatest dearness possible," both by King and people.[<a id="chap18fn86text"></a><a href="#chap18fn86">86</a>]  But it was
+no part of the King's policy to quarrel with the French, and he tried
+to smooth over the affair, saying that it was not foul play, but "a
+great miscarriage."[<a id="chap18fn87text"></a><a href="#chap18fn87">87</a>]  Rupert, however, would not hold his tongue,
+and wherever he went, he fiercely blamed D'Estrées, even stating
+plainly to the French Ambassador, his opinion of his countryman's
+conduct.[<a id="chap18fn88text"></a><a href="#chap18fn88">88</a>] At the same time he was so scrupulously exact in his
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P329"></a>329}</span>
+assertions that he would not publish his narrative of the battle, until
+he could find out what had been the exact way of the wind when he was
+off Camperdown.[<a id="chap18fn89text"></a><a href="#chap18fn89">89</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+D'Estrées retorted with the declaration that Rupert, owing to his
+aversion to the war, had not pushed the first battle so far as he could
+have done.[<a id="chap18fn90text"></a><a href="#chap18fn90">90</a>]  But, said a contemporary, "it is as impossible to make
+any Englishman suspect the Prince's courage, as to persuade him that
+the French have any, at sea."[<a id="chap18fn91text"></a><a href="#chap18fn91">91</a>]  De Martel boldly seconded Rupert,
+and wrote to his own government: "If Count D'Estrées would have fallen
+with a fair wind upon De Ruyter and Banckert at their first engaging,
+when in numbers they much exceeded the Prince, they must, of necessity
+have been enclosed between His Highness and Count D'Estrées; and so the
+enemy would have been entirely defeated."[<a id="chap18fn92text"></a><a href="#chap18fn92">92</a>]  For this unwelcome
+candour he was sent to the Bastille, upon which Rupert swore furiously
+that Charles ought to defend him, by force of arms if necessary.[<a id="chap18fn93text"></a><a href="#chap18fn93">93</a>]
+And the more the Prince raged and stormed, so much the more was he
+adored by the people, who admired him "to such a degree," said a
+cynical observer, "that it would be impossible for him to do anything
+amiss, so long as he opposes the French, or as they think he does."[<a id="chap18fn94text"></a><a href="#chap18fn94">94</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Ever since the Restoration he had been exceedingly popular, and as
+early as 1666 there had been rumours of an abortive plot to place him
+on the throne.  The statement of the witness who revealed it, is as
+follows: "William Hopkins doth depose that he heard Edward Dolphin of
+Camphill, near Birmingham, say these words, or to that purpose, viz.:
+'The Papists should be uppermost for a time...'
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P330"></a>330}</span>
+and said he could
+tell me more, for he cared not if he were hanged so he could serve the
+country.  Then, speaking low, he said, (as I suppose,) 'The King and
+the Duke of York are Papists, and the King hath been at Mass
+underground within this week or fortnight, and I can prove it.'  And
+when I contradicted him, he said the King's wife was a Papist, and that
+a royal G. should rule over us.  And when I demanded if he meant not
+George Monck, he replied it was Prince Rupert he meant.  Then I said he
+was no G., so he answered G. stood for a German, and Prince Rupert was
+a German Prince, and declared he meant Prince Rupert should be above
+the King, and said all should be willing to it, and venture lives and
+fortunes to vindicate the cause of the said Prince Rupert."[<a id="chap18fn95text"></a><a href="#chap18fn95">95</a>]  The
+whole plot probably existed only in the ravings of a lunatic, but
+insignificant though it is in itself, it is an indication of the
+country's feeling.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+That Rupert would have listened for a moment to any disloyal scheme is,
+of course, incredible.  Indeed the only time, after the Restoration,
+that he played any part in politics was in this year of 1673, when he
+was forced into the position of popular leader, and carried away by his
+wrath against the French.  Feeling against "Popery" was, just then,
+keen, the nation having been stirred by the Duke of York's open
+adhesion to the Roman Church, and his marriage with a Roman bride,
+believed by the ignorant, to be the Pope's own granddaughter.  "What
+will the Prince say?" was the popular cry, on all occasions;[<a id="chap18fn96text"></a><a href="#chap18fn96">96</a>] and
+the position contrasts oddly with the attitude of the populace towards
+Rupert in the Civil War.  Then he was "atheistical, popish, heathenish,
+tyrannical, bloodthirsty;" now the country turned to him as a true
+patriot, the staunch upholder of the Anglican Church, the defender of
+the rights of Parliament.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Shaftesbury, the prime mover of all the agitation against
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P331"></a>331}</span>
+James,
+hastened to ally himself with the Prince, and together they formed an
+anti-French party, which stirred up the Commons against the French
+alliance.  "Prince Rupert and he are observed to converse much
+together, and are very great, and indeed I see His Highness's coach
+often at the door.  They are looked to be the great Parliament men and
+for the interests of old England."[<a id="chap18fn97text"></a><a href="#chap18fn97">97</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The result of all this was, naturally, a coolness between Rupert and
+the King, but it was not of long duration.  The Prince was really too
+loyal to suffer his connection with the country party to carry him to
+any great lengths, and it soon ceased altogether.[<a id="chap18fn98text"></a><a href="#chap18fn98">98</a>]  In the
+iniquitous Popish Plot he had no share, nor would he countenance the
+attempts to exclude James from the succession in favour of Monmouth.
+True he lent Monmouth his house at Rhenen, when that unsuccessful
+schemer had been forced to retire abroad, but the loan was entirely a
+private matter, and quite apart from politics.[<a id="chap18fn99text"></a><a href="#chap18fn99">99</a>]  Rupert had no
+liking for intrigues, and he held himself equally aloof from those of
+Shaftesbury, and those of the Cabal.  To the members of the Cabal he
+was always hostile, which, says Campbell, was no wonder, seeing that
+they were "persons of the utmost art," and the Prince was "one of the
+plainest men that could be."[<a id="chap18fn100text"></a><a href="#chap18fn100">100</a>]  Yet, in spite of his objections to
+the King's ministers, Rupert always retained the King's friendship,
+steering his way amongst factions and intrigues so tactfully, and yet
+so honestly, that he was beloved and respected by all parties.[<a id="chap18fn101text"></a><a href="#chap18fn101">101</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p><br /><br /></p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn1"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn1text">1</a>] Campbell's Admirals, II.  p. 242.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn2"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn2text">2</a>] Pepys Diary, 4 June, 1664.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn3"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn3text">3</a>] Pepys Diary, Sept. 3, 1664.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn4"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn4text">4</a>] Ibid.  Sept. 5, 1664.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn5"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn5text">5</a>] D. S. P.  Sept. 13, 1664.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn6"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn6text">6</a>] Dom. State Papers, Sept. 23, 1664.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn7"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn7text">7</a>] Ibid.  Oct. 8, 15, 24, 1664.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn8"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn8text">8</a>] Domestic State Papers.  Oct. 8 1664.  Chas. II.  103.  f. 27.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn9"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn9text">9</a>] Dom. State Papers.  Chas II.  103.  f. 40.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn10"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn10text">10</a>] Ibid.  Oct. 11, 1664.  Chas. II.  Vol. 103.  f. 153.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn11"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn11text">11</a>] Hatton Correspondence, Vol. I.  p. 37.  Camd. Soc.  New series.
+Lyttleton to Hatton, Oct. 19, 1664.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn12"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn12text">12</a>] Bromley Letters, 283-284.  27 Oct. 1664.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn13"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn13text">13</a>] Domestic State Papers.  Rupert to King, Nov. 6, 1664.  Chas. II.
+104. 42.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn14"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn14text">14</a>] Hatton Correspondence, Vol. I.  p. 44.  10 Dec. 1664.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn15"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn15text">15</a>] Pepys.  15 Jan. 1665.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn16"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn16text">16</a>] Mahan's Sea Power, p. 107.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn17"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn17text">17</a>] Dom. State Papers.  Hickes to Winson, June 10, 1665.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn18"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn18text">18</a>] See Clowes' Royal Navy, II.  pp. 256-266.  Campbell, II.  93-98.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn19"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn19text">19</a>] Burnet Hist. of his own Times, ed. 1838.  p. 148 and <i>note</i>.
+Campbell, II.  pp. 99-100.  Clowes, II.  265.  Pepys Diary, 20 Oct.
+1666.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn20"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn20text">20</a>] Pepys, 6 Nov. 1665.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn21"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn21text">21</a>] Dom. State Papers, June 10, 1665.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn22"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn22text">22</a>] Dom. State Papers, Chas. II.  124, 46.  Rupert to Arlington, June
+13, 1665.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn23"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn23text">23</a>] Ibid.  2 July, 1665.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn24"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn24text">24</a>] Pepys.  11 Oct., 31 Sept 1665, 12 Jan. 1666, 23 Oct. 1667.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn25"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn25text">25</a>] Clarendon Life, II.  402.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn26"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn26text">26</a>] Clarendon Life, II.  403.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn27"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn27text">27</a>] Pepys.  25 Oct. 1665.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn28"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn28text">28</a>] Ibid.  6 Nov. 1665.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn29"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn29text">29</a>] Clarendon's Life, III.  69.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn30"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn30text">30</a>] Dom. State Papers, Feb. 16, 1666.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn31"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn31text">31</a>] Ibid.  May 27, 1666.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn32"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn32text">32</a>] Dom. State Papers, Clifford to Arlington, June 6, 1666.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn33"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn33text">33</a>] Clarendon's Life, III.  72.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn34"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn34text">34</a>] Dom. State Papers, Clifford to Arlington, June 6, 1666.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn35"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn35text">35</a>] Campbell.  Vol. II.  107-111.  Mahan's Influence of Sea Power on
+History, 118-126.  Clowes' Royal Navy, II.  267-278.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn36"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn36text">36</a>] Dryden, Annus Mirabilis.  1666.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn37"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn37text">37</a>] Dom. State Papers.  Chas. II.  159.  f. 3.  Hayes, 15 June, 1666.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn38"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn38text">38</a>] Ibid.  Vol.  159.  3 (1).
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn39"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn39text">39</a>] Ibid.  159.  55.  Hayes, June 21, 1666.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn40"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn40text">40</a>] Ibid.  Chas.  II.  156.  100.  22 May, 1666.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn41"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn41text">41</a>] Pepys.  June 20, 1666.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn42"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn42text">42</a>] Dom. State Papers, Clifford to Arlington, July 5, 1666.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn43"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn43text">43</a>] Ibid.  Geo. Hillson, Gunner of Ruby, to Pepys, Nov. 30, 1666.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn44"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn44text">44</a>] Dom. State Papers.  Clifford to Arlington, July 27, 1666.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn45"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn45text">45</a>] Dom. State Papers.  Rupert to King, Aug. 11, 1666.  Clowes, II.
+278-285.  Mahan, 131.  Campbell, 112-117.  Clarendon Life, III.  79.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn46"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn46text">46</a>] D. S. P.  1670.  Chas.  II.  281 a 173.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn47"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn47text">47</a>] Ibid.  Clifford to Arlington, Aug. 16, 1666.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn48"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn48text">48</a>] Dom. State Papers, Rupert to King, Aug. 27, Sept 24, 1666.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn49"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn49text">49</a>] Clarendon's Life, III.  83.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn50"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn50text">50</a>] Dom. State Papers, 19 Sept  1666, 19 and 20 Oct. 1666.  Chas.  II.
+175.  f. 111, 112.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn51"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn51text">51</a>] Pepys, Oct. 7, 1666.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn52"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn52text">52</a>] Ibid.  Oct. 10, 1666.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn53"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn53text">53</a>] Pepys, 20 Oct. 1666.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn54"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn54text">54</a>] Dom. State Papers, Feb. 21, 1667.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn55"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn55text">55</a>] Ibid.  June 13, July 6, Nov. 23, 1667.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn56"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn56text">56</a>] Dom. State Papers, July 25, 1668.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn57"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn57text">57</a>] Ibid.  Sept. 12, 1668.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn58"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn58text">58</a>] Prince Rupert's Narrative, see Warb.  III.  p. 480.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn59"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn59text">59</a>] Pepys, Jan. 2, 1668.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn60"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn60text">60</a>] Pepys, Jan. 28, 1668.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn61"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn61text">61</a>] Ibid.  Mar. 18, 1668.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn62"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn62text">62</a>] Ibid.  Mar. 20, 1668.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn63"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn63text">63</a>] Ibid.  May 28, 1668.  Campbell, II.  121-122.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn64"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn64text">64</a>] Dom. State Papers, May 4, 1672.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn65"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn65text">65</a>] Campbell, II.  246.  Letters to Williamson, I.  p. 195.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn66"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn66text">66</a>] Andrew Marvell.  Seasonable Argument, 1677.  Letters to
+Williamson.  II. 63, <i>note</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn67"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn67text">67</a>] Pepys, 24 Jan. 1666.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn68"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn68text">68</a>] Campbell, II.  149.  Clowes, Vol. II.  309-310.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn69"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn69text">69</a>] Campbell, II.  149.  Clowes, II.  310.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn70"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn70text">70</a>] Hatton Correspondence, I.  p. 105.  May 20, 1673.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn71"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn71text">71</a>] Clowes, II.  311-315.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn72"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn72text">72</a>] Campbell, II.  246.  Memoir of Prince Rupert, p. 58.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn73"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn73text">73</a>] Hist. MSS. Commission, Rept. 15.  Vol. III.  pp. 9-13.  Journal of
+Sir Edward Spragge, May 1673.  Dartmouth MSS.  Vol. III.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn74"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn74text">74</a>] Campbell, II.  151-153.  Clowes, II.  314-315.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn75"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn75text">75</a>] Camden. Society.  New Series.  Letters to Sir Joseph Williamson,
+Vol. I.  p. 48.  May 6, 1673.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn76"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn76text">76</a>] Ibid.  I.  39, June 13, 1673.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn77"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn77text">77</a>] Letters to Williamson, Vol. I.  pp. 121, 124, 145, July 21, Aug.
+4, Aug. 6, 1673.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn78"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn78text">78</a>] Hist. MSS. Com.  Rept. 12.  Fleming MSS.  p. 102, 22 July, 1673.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn79"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn79text">79</a>] Hatton Correspondence, Vol. I.  p. 106.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn80"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn80text">80</a>] Letters to Williamson, I.  p. 63.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn81"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn81text">81</a>] Campbell, II.  157-159.  Clowes, II.  316-317.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn82"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn82text">82</a>] Letters to Williamson, Vol. I.  p. 174.  Aug. 18, 1673.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn83"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn83text">83</a>] Campbell, II.  159.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn84"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn84text">84</a>] Letters to Williamson, Vol. II.  p. 9.  Sept. 5, 1673.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn85"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn85text">85</a>] Ibid.  Vol. I.  p. 185.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn86"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn86text">86</a>] Ibid.  I.  pp. 183, 191.  Aug. 25, 1673.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn87"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn87text">87</a>] Ibid.  II.  p. 1.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn88"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn88text">88</a>] Ibid.  I.  p. 191.  Aug. 29, 1673.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn89"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn89text">89</a>] Letters to Williamson, II.  13.  Sept. 5, 1673.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn90"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn90text">90</a>] Clowes, II.  520-322.  Campbell, II.  152.  Hist. MSS. Com.  Rpt.
+12.  Fleming MSS.  p. 103.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn91"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn91text">91</a>] Hatton Correspondence, Vol. I.  p. 114.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn92"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn92text">92</a>] Ibid.  Vol. II.  p. 1, <i>note</i>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn93"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn93text">93</a>] Ibid.  II.  20, Sept. 19, 1673.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn94"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn94text">94</a>] Ibid.  I.  p. 194, Aug. 29, 1673.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn95"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn95text">95</a>] Dom. State Papers.  Chas. II.  172.  13.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn96"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn96text">96</a>] Letters to Williamson, Vol. I.  p. 143, Aug. 4, 1673.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn97"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn97text">97</a>] Letters to Williamson, Vol. II.  p. 21, Sept. 19, 1673.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn98"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn98text">98</a>] Campbell, II.  p. 47.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn99"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn99text">99</a>] Hist. MSS. Com.  Rept. 12.  Fleming MSS.  p. 162.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn100"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn100text">100</a>] Campbell, II.  p. 246.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap18fn101"></a>
+[<a href="#chap18fn101text">101</a>] Ibid.  II.  245.  Memoir of Prince Rupert, Preface.
+</p>
+
+<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
+
+<p><a id="chap19"></a></p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P332"></a>332}</span>
+</p>
+
+<h3>
+CHAPTER XIX
+</h3>
+
+<h4>
+RUPERT'S POSITION AT COURT.  HIS CARE FOR DISTRESSED <br />
+CAVALIERS.  HIS INVENTIONS.  LIFE AT WINDSOR.  DEATH
+</h4>
+
+<p>
+Of Rupert's later life in England, apart from his naval career, there
+is not much to tell.  In the dissolute court of the Restoration there
+was no place for Rupert of the Rhine.  He represented the older
+Cavaliers.  He had stood side by side and fought on many a field with
+the fathers of the men who adorned the Court of Charles II; but with
+the sons, the children of the exiles, he could have no sympathy.  Much
+has been said and written contrasting those fathers and sons, the men
+who died for Charles I, and the men who lived with Charles II.  But no
+contrast is stronger than that of the two Kings themselves,&mdash;of the
+grave, dignified, blundering, narrow, but ever earnest martyr-king,
+with the dissolute, easy-going, but always shrewd, merry monarch.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Cavaliers of the Civil War were, as we have seen, by no means free
+from faults and follies; but the real difference between them and their
+successors lay less in individual character than in ideal.  In the
+first half of the seventeenth century religious feeling had been strong
+in all classes, and the tone of morality high.  Devotion to duty was
+strongly inculcated, and men believed it their duty to sacrifice
+themselves for their King, or for their opinions as the case might be.
+That most of the Cavaliers were willing to offer their sacrifices in
+their own way only, and that many were desirous of gaining rewards for
+their services may be granted; but the fact remains that they did
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P333"></a>333}</span>
+sacrifice themselves, and clung loyally to their Sovereign when all
+hope of reward was passed.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In 1660 the ideal of life was changed, or rather all ideal had
+perished, and the Courtiers imitated their master in his attempt to
+lounge through life with as much pleasure and as little inconvenience
+to themselves as possible.  The relaxation of all moral restraint was
+due, in a great measure, to the inevitable reaction from Puritan
+rigidity and hypocrisy; but it was due still more to the years of
+exile, during which the Royalists had been "strangely tossed about on
+the fickle waves of fortune."[<a id="chap19fn1text"></a><a href="#chap19fn1">1</a>]  The Civil War had been a check on all
+education; it had released boys from school and students from college
+to throw them, at an early age, into the perils and temptations of a
+camp.  At the same time, it had deprived them of the care and guidance
+of parents and guardians.  Later, these boys, grown men before their
+time, had led a precarious existence on the Continent, living how and
+where they could, and snatching consolation for sorrow and privation in
+such illicit pleasures as came in their way.  This life had ruined
+Charles II, and it is not wonderful that it ruined other men.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Rupert had been young too in those days,&mdash;he was only eight years
+Charles's senior, but the precarious life had not affected him in the
+same way.  He had never drifted; it was not in his nature to drift, and
+his own strength and earnestness had kept him ever hard at work, with
+some definite end before him.  Yet it cannot be denied that his
+character had suffered.  The edge of it was, as it were, blunted.  His
+ideals had perished in the stress of toil and anxiety.  His chivalry
+had given place to common-sense.  His hopefulness was gone, and his
+youthful eagerness had been replaced by a coldly sardonic view of life.
+"Blessed are those who expect nothing" was Rupert's motto now.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In all things he had grown coarser, and yet his standard
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P334"></a>334}</span>
+of life
+remained, for those times, high.  He had imbibed in his youth, says an
+admiring contemporary, "such beautiful ideas of virtue that he hath
+ever since esteemed it, notwithstanding the contempt the world hath put
+upon it; nor could he abhor the debaucheries of the age as he doth, had
+not his prejudice against it been of long duration.  Such virtue is not
+formed in a day, and it is to his education that he owes the glory of a
+life so noble and so Christian."[<a id="chap19fn2text"></a><a href="#chap19fn2">2</a>]  Rupert had in truth too much
+self-respect, it may be too much religion, to sink to the depths to
+which Charles's court was sunk, and he held himself aloof with lofty
+disdain.  "Mon cousin", as the mocking courtiers called him, in
+imitation of the King, was at once the object of their fear and of
+their merriment.  So great was their terror of him that, mock though
+they might behind his back, not one of them dared, as they owned, make
+him the object of open satire, from which the King and the Duke of York
+did not escape.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The royal brothers themselves stood in some awe of their cousin.
+Sandwich told Pepys that he had heard James laugh at Rupert in his
+absence,[<a id="chap19fn3text"></a><a href="#chap19fn3">3</a>] but in his cousin's presence James usually behaved to him
+with due respect.  As for the King, he confessed, in 1664, that he
+dared not send for Sandwich to Court, lest his coming should offend
+Rupert.[<a id="chap19fn4text"></a><a href="#chap19fn4">4</a>]  Occasionally there were quarrels and coolnesses between the
+cousins, for Rupert was still sometimes irritable; yet he always
+retained the friendship of both Charles and James.  His position was
+somewhat anomalous, especially after the popular party had raised the
+no-Popery cry and looked to him as their natural head.  Yet he steered
+through that difficult course with satisfaction to all parties, and
+infinite credit to himself.  He showed, says one of his admirers,
+"temperance and moderation in committing
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P335"></a>335}</span>
+nothing towards the
+present differences amongst us, nor adding any fuel to those unhappy
+heats, which he, supposing too high already, endeavoured rather to
+quench than to increase."[<a id="chap19fn5text"></a><a href="#chap19fn5">5</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+He was not infrequently to be found in the King's company,
+notwithstanding his aversion to the court.  In 1663, he accompanied
+Charles on a progress through the western counties.  On the King's
+marriage he went with him to meet the bride at Dover; and, on this
+occasion, he scandalised the Portuguese by his rudeness.  The
+Portuguese Ambassador took precedence of the Prince, whereupon Rupert
+took him by the shoulders and quietly put him out of the way.  The
+King, much shocked, remonstrated with his cousin, and induced him to
+yield place.[<a id="chap19fn6text"></a><a href="#chap19fn6">6</a>]  In March 1669 Rupert was driving with the King on the
+occasion when the royal coach was upset in Holborn, and, as Pepys said,
+"the King all dirty, but no hurt."[<a id="chap19fn7text"></a><a href="#chap19fn7">7</a>]  Rupert was also of the party
+that received Henrietta of Orleans on her one brief visit to England in
+1670; he is frequently mentioned as dining with the Royal family; and
+when the Prince of Tuscany visited England incognito, the Queen Mother
+decided that, according to etiquette, his first visit was due to
+Rupert.[<a id="chap19fn8text"></a><a href="#chap19fn8">8</a>]  Pepys tells how he went to see a tennis-match between
+Rupert and Captain Cook on one side, and May and Chichely on the other.
+The King was present as a spectator, and, says the diarist, "It seems
+they are the best players at tennis in this nation."[<a id="chap19fn9text"></a><a href="#chap19fn9">9</a>]  A trivial, yet
+characteristic anecdote is told by Coke.  He was walking in the Mall
+with the King, when they were overtaken by Prince Rupert.  "The King
+told the Prince how he had shot a duck, and which dog fetched it, and
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P336"></a>336}</span>
+so they walked on, till the King came to St. James's House, and
+there the King said to the Prince: 'Let's go and see Cambridge and
+Kendal!'&mdash;the Duke of York's two sons, who then lay a dying."[<a id="chap19fn10text"></a><a href="#chap19fn10">10</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+One of Rupert's principal cares was the relief of the distressed
+Cavaliers, who looked to him as their supporter and representative.
+Charles II has often been blamed for not relieving the wants of so many
+of those who had suffered for his father.  Probably he was callous to
+suffering which he did not directly witness, but it must be confessed
+that his position was a hard one.  He could dispose of very little
+money, and he was much bound to the Presbyterians who had restored him
+to the throne.  His pledges to them prevented him from upsetting much
+of the existing arrangements, and consequently hampered him in the
+relief of the Royalists.  Such of these as were in want turned to
+Rupert, sure of a hearing and of such aid as he could give, whether it
+were in money, or in intercession with the King.  The State papers are
+full of their petitions, which generally refer to Rupert as their
+guarantor; indeed his certificate seems to have been regarded as the
+necessary hall-mark of their authenticity.  In 1660 he came to the
+defence of 142 creditors of the late King;[<a id="chap19fn11text"></a><a href="#chap19fn11">11</a>] and we find him pleading
+for a certain Cary Heydon, and other people, at the commission for
+indigent officers.[<a id="chap19fn12text"></a><a href="#chap19fn12">12</a>] One very striking instance of his justice and
+good memory occurred just before his death.  A certain member of
+Parliament, named Speke, had been accused of conspiring for Monmouth
+against the Duke of York, and was summoned before the Council Chamber.
+He defended himself ably, and quoted his former services to Charles I.
+Rupert suddenly stood up, told the King that it was all true, "and
+added one circumstance which Mr. Speke had thought it not
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P337"></a>337}</span>
+handsome to mention," namely, that when he, Rupert, had been in great
+want of money for the King's service, Speke had sent him "1,000
+pieces"; and had been so far from asking repayment, that the Prince had
+neither seen nor heard of him from that day to this.  The accusation
+was promptly dismissed; and on the next day Rupert invited Speke to
+dinner, when he "entertained him in the most obliging manner."[<a id="chap19fn13text"></a><a href="#chap19fn13">13</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In December 1662 Rupert became one of the first Fellows of the Royal
+Society, of which the King was also a member,[<a id="chap19fn14text"></a><a href="#chap19fn14">14</a>] and their common
+interest in science formed an additional bond of union between the
+cousins.  Rupert had both a forge and a laboratory in which he himself
+worked with great zeal.  The King, with his favourite Buckingham, was
+wont to lounge in and sit on a stool, watching his energetic cousin,
+with keen interest.  Sometimes the Prince would weary of their chatter,
+and he had a short and effectual way of ridding himself of them.  He
+would coolly throw something on to the fire which exhaled such fearful
+fumes that the King and courtiers would rush out half-choked, vowing in
+mock fury that they would never again enter the "alchemist's hell."[<a id="chap19fn15text"></a><a href="#chap19fn15">15</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Rupert's inventions were many, and were connected chiefly with the
+improvement of weapons and materials of war.  He made an improved lock
+for fire-arms; increased the power of gunpowder ten times; invented a
+kind of revolver; a method of making hail-shot; a means of melting
+black-lead like a metal; a substance composed of copper and zinc, and
+called "Prince's metal" to this day; and a screw which facilitated the
+taking of observations with a quadrant at sea.  In 1671 he took out a
+patent "for converting edge-tools forged in soft iron, after forged;
+and for converting iron wire, and softening all cast or melted iron, so
+that
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P338"></a>338}</span>
+it can be wrought and filed like forged iron."[<a id="chap19fn16text"></a><a href="#chap19fn16">16</a>]  He also
+had a patent for tincturing copper upon iron,[<a id="chap19fn17text"></a><a href="#chap19fn17">17</a>] and he built a house
+at Windsor for the carrying on of his works.  Besides his scientific
+works and studies, he had on hand innumerable projects, adventurous and
+commercial.  He was deeply interested in African trade, and was a
+patentee of the Royal African Company, formed for its promotion.  In
+1668 he had conceived a scheme for discovering the north-west passage.
+The idea had been suggested to him by a Canadian, and he forthwith
+demanded of the King a small ship, the "Eagle," which he despatched on
+the quest.[<a id="chap19fn18text"></a><a href="#chap19fn18">18</a>]  As a result of this, he became first President of the
+Hudson Bay Company, to which the King granted in 1670 the sole right to
+trade in those seas.[<a id="chap19fn19text"></a><a href="#chap19fn19">19</a>]  In the same year he was appointed to the
+Council of trade and plantations.  During the Dutch wars he fitted out
+four privateers, the "Eagle," the "Hawk," the "Sparrow Hawk," and the
+"Panther."[<a id="chap19fn20text"></a><a href="#chap19fn20">20</a>]  In 1668 he petitioned, in conjunction with Henry
+Howard, for the sole right to coin farthings, for which he had invented
+a new model.[<a id="chap19fn21text"></a><a href="#chap19fn21">21</a>]  This petition was regarded with great favour by the
+nation at large, for "every pitiful shopkeeper" coined at his own
+pleasure, and the abuses of the system were many.  The farthings of
+Prince Rupert were "much talked of and desired;"[<a id="chap19fn22text"></a><a href="#chap19fn22">22</a>] and, in
+consequence of his petition, he was empowered, with Craven and others,
+to examine into the abuses of the Mint.[<a id="chap19fn23text"></a><a href="#chap19fn23">23</a>]  Later he started a
+project, in partnership with Shaftesbury, for working supposed
+silver-mines in Somersetshire.[<a id="chap19fn24text"></a><a href="#chap19fn24">24</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P339"></a>339}</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In September 1668 the Prince was made Constable of Windsor, in November
+he was granted the keepership of the Park, and in 1670 he became Lord
+Lieutenant of Berkshire.  From that time he lived much at Windsor, but
+we find him still occasionally employed in the public service.  At the
+request of the Mayor and Aldermen of London he laid the first stone of
+a new pillar of the Exchange.[<a id="chap19fn25text"></a><a href="#chap19fn25">25</a>]   In 1669 he was on the Committee for
+Foreign Affairs; and in 1670 he was authorised to conclude a commercial
+treaty with the French Minister, Colbert.[<a id="chap19fn26text"></a><a href="#chap19fn26">26</a>]  In 1671 he was one of
+the commission appointed to consider the settlement of Ireland; and in
+1679 various "odd letters and superscriptions" taken on a suspected
+Frenchman, were handed over for the Prince to decipher.[<a id="chap19fn27text"></a><a href="#chap19fn27">27</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+But after the last naval action of 1673 Rupert retired more and more
+from public life.  The peacefulness of Windsor suited him far better
+than the turmoil of the court, and he devoted himself to the repairing
+and embellishing of the castle, in which he took an "extraordinary
+delight."[<a id="chap19fn28text"></a><a href="#chap19fn28">28</a>] Evelyn, who visited Windsor in 1670, describes the castle
+as exceedingly "ragged and ruinous," but Rupert had already begun to
+repair the Round Tower, and Evelyn was lost in admiration of the
+Prince's ingenious adornment of his rooms.  The hall and staircase he
+had decorated entirely with trophies of war,&mdash;pikes, muskets, pistols,
+bandeliers, holsters, drums, pieces of armour, all new and bright were
+arranged about the walls in festoons, giving a very curious effect.
+From this martial hall Evelyn passed into Rupert's bedroom, and was
+immensely struck with the sudden contrast; for there the walls were
+hung with beautiful tapestry, and with "curious and effeminate
+pictures," all suggestion of war being carefully avoided.  Thus
+successfully had Rupert
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P340"></a>340}</span>
+represented the two sides,&mdash;martial and
+artistic,&mdash;of his nature.[<a id="chap19fn29text"></a><a href="#chap19fn29">29</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+At this time he devoted himself more closely than ever to his
+scientific and mechanical studies, "not disdaining the most sooty and
+unpleasant labour of the meanest mechanic."[<a id="chap19fn30text"></a><a href="#chap19fn30">30</a>]  In such harmless and
+intelligent pursuits did he find his pleasures.  He was not a person of
+extravagant tastes, which was fortunate, seeing that his means were not
+large, and that his purse was always open to the needy, so that he had
+no great margin for personal expenditure.  From his trading ventures he
+doubtless derived some profits; and in 1660 he had been assigned a
+pension of £4,000 per annum.  For his naval services he received no
+wages, but occasional sums of money offered as the King's "free
+gift."[<a id="chap19fn31text"></a><a href="#chap19fn31">31</a>]  As Constable of Windsor he had perquisites, and when he
+chose to live at Whitehall, an allowance of food was given him, at the
+rate of six dishes per meal.[<a id="chap19fn32text"></a><a href="#chap19fn32">32</a>] But, after his appointment to Windsor,
+he was seldom seen at Whitehall, except when it was necessary to attend
+some State funeral, at which functions he was generally required to
+play the part of chief mourner.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Sometimes his solitude was disturbed by visitors.  In 1670 he
+entertained the young Prince of Orange, who had come to marry his
+cousin, Mary of York.[<a id="chap19fn33text"></a><a href="#chap19fn33">33</a>]  In May 1671 the Installation of the Garter
+was held at Windsor, when the King of Sweden, represented by Lord
+Carlisle, and introduced by Rupert and James of York, received the
+insignia of the Garter.[<a id="chap19fn34text"></a><a href="#chap19fn34">34</a>]  At intervals the King paid private visits
+to his cousin; and in February 1677 he came down with the intention of
+spending a week at the castle, but his intention was changed by the
+wild conduct of his retinue.
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P341"></a>341}</span>
+"On Wednesday night," says a letter
+in the Rutland MSS., "some of the Courtiers fell to their cups and
+drank away all reason.  At last they began to despise art too, and
+broke into Prince Rupert's laboratory, and dashed his stills, and other
+chemical instruments to pieces.  His Majesty went to bed about twelve
+o'clock, but about two or three, one of Henry Killigrew's men was
+stabbed in the company in the next chamber to the King....  The Duke
+ran speedily to His Majesty's bed, drew the curtain, and said: 'Sir,
+will you lie in bed till you have your throat cut?' Whereupon His
+Majesty got up, at three o'clock in the night, and came immediately
+away to Whitehall."[<a id="chap19fn35text"></a><a href="#chap19fn35">35</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To such visitors the Prince must infinitely have preferred his
+solitude.  He was a lonely man; the last, in a sense, of his
+generation.  Between him and the Courtiers of Charles a great gulf lay.
+Will Legge was dead, and most of his other friends had likewise passed
+before him.  Lord Craven was left, and Ormonde absent in Ireland, but
+they were the last of the old régime.  For companionship Rupert fell
+back on his own "gentlemen," the people of Berkshire, and his dogs.
+His "family" was devoted to him, but it seems to have been somewhat
+troublesome on occasion.  Thus, soon after the Restoration, certain
+members of it caused the Lord Chamberlain to search Albemarle's cellars
+for gunpowder, a proceeding which naturally excited Albemarle's wrath.
+Rupert was so exceedingly annoyed at the occurrence, that he not only
+dismissed the servant in fault, but "offered to fight any one who set
+the design on foot."[<a id="chap19fn36text"></a><a href="#chap19fn36">36</a>]  Later, we find a petition from a Frenchman,
+complaining of an assault made upon him "by several scoundrels of the
+Prince's stables."[<a id="chap19fn37text"></a><a href="#chap19fn37">37</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Rupert's love for dogs had not abated with advancing years.  In 1667 he
+lost a favourite greyhound, for which
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P342"></a>342}</span>
+he advertised as
+follows:&mdash;"Lost, a light, fallow-coloured greyhound bitch.  She was
+lost on Friday last, about twelve of the clock, and whosoever brings
+her to Prince Rupert's lodgings at the Stone Gallery, Whitehall, they
+shall be well rewarded for their pains."[<a id="chap19fn38text"></a><a href="#chap19fn38">38</a>]  But at Windsor it was a
+"faithful great black dog" which was his inseparable companion, and
+which accompanied him on the solitary evening rambles which won them
+both the reputation of wizards.  The fact that he was so regarded by
+the country people troubled Rupert not at all, and he referred to it
+with grim amusement in writing to his sister Elizabeth.[<a id="chap19fn39text"></a><a href="#chap19fn39">39</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"And thus," says one of his gentlemen, "our noble and generous Prince
+spent the remainder of his years in a sweet and sedate repose, free
+from the confused noise and clamour of war, wherewith he had, in his
+younger years, been strangely tossed, like a ship, upon the boisterous
+waves of fickle and inconstant fortune."
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The end came in 1682.  For many years Rupert had been quite an
+invalid&mdash;"fort maladif", as the Danish Ambassador told the Princess
+Sophie; not only the old wound in his head, but also an injury to his
+leg caused the Prince acute and constant suffering during the last
+years of his life.  He was at his town house in Spring Gardens,
+November 1682, when he was seized with a fever, of which he died in a
+few days.  It was said that his horror of being bled led him to conceal
+the true cause of his suffering until it was too late to remedy it.
+"Yesterday Prince Rupert died," says a letter, dated November 30th.
+"He was not ill above four or five days; an old hurt in his leg, which
+has been some time healed up, broke out again, and put him into an
+intermitting fever.  But he had a pleurisy withal upon him, which he
+concealed, because he would not be let blood until it was too late.  He
+died in great pain."[<a id="chap19fn40text"></a><a href="#chap19fn40">40</a>]
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P343"></a>343}</span>
+Rupert made his will, November 27th,
+appointing Lord Craven his executor, and guardian of his daughter,
+Ruperta; and not forgetting any of those who had served him faithfully.
+Two days later he died.[<a id="chap19fn41text"></a><a href="#chap19fn41">41</a>]  His funeral was conducted with all due
+state, Lord Craven acting chief mourner; and the King ordered a waxen
+effigy of the Prince to be placed, as was then the fashion, beside his
+grave.  He lies in the chapel of Henry VII, in Westminster Abbey, but
+his effigy is not one of those that survive to the present day; and the
+verger who points out to us the tombs of George of Denmark and other
+insignificant people, passes by that of Rupert of the Rhine without
+remark.
+</p>
+
+<p><br /><br /></p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap19fn1"></a>
+[<a href="#chap19fn1text">1</a>] Memoir of Prince Rupert, p. 75.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap19fn2"></a>
+[<a href="#chap19fn2text">2</a>] Lansdowne MSS.  817.  fols. 157-168.  British Museum.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap19fn3"></a>
+[<a href="#chap19fn3text">3</a>] Pepys, 23 June, 1665.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap19fn4"></a>
+[<a href="#chap19fn4text">4</a>] Ibid.  14 July, 1664.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap19fn5"></a>
+[<a href="#chap19fn5text">5</a>] Memoir of Prince Rupert, Preface.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap19fn6"></a>
+[<a href="#chap19fn6text">6</a>] Strickland.  Queens of England, VIII.  pp. 303-304.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap19fn7"></a>
+[<a href="#chap19fn7text">7</a>] Pepys, 8 Mar. 1669.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap19fn8"></a>
+[<a href="#chap19fn8text">8</a>] D. S. P.  Feb. 1669.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap19fn9"></a>
+[<a href="#chap19fn9text">9</a>] Pepys, 2 Sept. 1667.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap19fn10"></a>
+[<a href="#chap19fn10text">10</a>] Knight's London, Vol. II.  p. 374.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap19fn11"></a>
+[<a href="#chap19fn11text">11</a>] Dom. State Papers, Nov. 1660.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap19fn12"></a>
+[<a href="#chap19fn12text">12</a>] Ibid.  Nov. 1668.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap19fn13"></a>
+[<a href="#chap19fn13text">13</a>] Warburton, III.  pp. 508-510.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap19fn14"></a>
+[<a href="#chap19fn14text">14</a>] Campbell, II.  244.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap19fn15"></a>
+[<a href="#chap19fn15text">15</a>] Treskow.  Prinz Ruprecht, 210-211.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap19fn16"></a>
+[<a href="#chap19fn16text">16</a>] Dom. State Papers, Apr. 22, 1671.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap19fn17"></a>
+[<a href="#chap19fn17text">17</a>] Ibid.  Nov. 17, 1671.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap19fn18"></a>
+[<a href="#chap19fn18text">18</a>] Ibid.  Feb. 7, 1668.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap19fn19"></a>
+[<a href="#chap19fn19text">19</a>] Campbell, II.  249.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap19fn20"></a>
+[<a href="#chap19fn20text">20</a>] Dom. St. Papers, 3 June, 1667; 3 May, 1672.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap19fn21"></a>
+[<a href="#chap19fn21text">21</a>] D. S. P.  11 Mar. 1668.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap19fn22"></a>
+[<a href="#chap19fn22text">22</a>] D. S. P.  11, 21 Nov. 1669.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap19fn23"></a>
+[<a href="#chap19fn23text">23</a>] D. S. P.  28 Aug. 1668.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap19fn24"></a>
+[<a href="#chap19fn24text">24</a>] Hist. MSS. Com.  Rept. 9.  App. III.  p. 6a.  Sackville MSS.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap19fn25"></a>
+[<a href="#chap19fn25text">25</a>] Hist. MSS. Com.  Rept 12.  Fleming MSS.  p. 54.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap19fn26"></a>
+[<a href="#chap19fn26text">26</a>] D. S. P.  27 Oct. 1670.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap19fn27"></a>
+[<a href="#chap19fn27text">27</a>] Hist. MSS. Com.  Rept. 7.  496a.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap19fn28"></a>
+[<a href="#chap19fn28text">28</a>] Memoir of Prince Rupert.  1683.  p. 75.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap19fn29"></a>
+[<a href="#chap19fn29text">29</a>] Evelyn's Diary, 28 Aug. 1670.  Vol. II.  p. 51.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap19fn30"></a>
+[<a href="#chap19fn30text">30</a>] Memoir.  1683.  p. 73.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap19fn31"></a>
+[<a href="#chap19fn31text">31</a>] D. S. P.  1668.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap19fn32"></a>
+[<a href="#chap19fn32text">32</a>] Ibid.  Aug. 25, 1663,
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap19fn33"></a>
+[<a href="#chap19fn33text">33</a>] Hatton Correspondence, I.  p. 59.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap19fn34"></a>
+[<a href="#chap19fn34text">34</a>] D. S. P.  May 29, 1671
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap19fn35"></a>
+[<a href="#chap19fn35text">35</a>] Hist. MSS. Com.  Rept. 12.  Rutland MSS.  Vol. II.  p. 38.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap19fn36"></a>
+[<a href="#chap19fn36text">36</a>] Dom. State Papers.  Jan 11, 1661.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap19fn37"></a>
+[<a href="#chap19fn37text">37</a>] Ibid.  Feb. 2, 1665.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap19fn38"></a>
+[<a href="#chap19fn38text">38</a>] Dom. State Papers, 1667.  Chas.  II.  187 f. 207.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap19fn39"></a>
+[<a href="#chap19fn39text">39</a>] Strickland, Elizabeth Stuart.  Queens of Scotland.  Vol. VIII.  p.
+280.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap19fn40"></a>
+[<a href="#chap19fn40text">40</a>] Hatton Correspondence.  II.  p. 20, Nov. 30, 1682.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap19fn41"></a>
+[<a href="#chap19fn41text">41</a>] Wills from Doctor's Commons.  Camden Society, p. 142.
+</p>
+
+<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
+
+<p><a id="chap20"></a></p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P344"></a>344}</span>
+</p>
+
+<h3>
+CHAPTER XX
+</h3>
+
+<h4>
+THE PALATINES ON THE CONTINENT.  RUPERT'S DISPUTES <br />
+WITH THE ELECTOR.  THE ELECTOR'S ANXIETY FOR <br />
+RUPERT'S RETURN.  WANT OF AN HEIR TO THE<br />
+PALATINATE.  FRANCISCA BARD.  RUPERT'S <br />
+CHILDREN
+</h4>
+
+<p>
+The oath which Rupert had sworn in 1658, he faithfully kept; never
+again, in spite of changed circumstances, and the earnest entreaties of
+his family, did he set foot in the Palatinate.  Yet he was not quite
+forgotten by his relatives.  The lively and voluminous correspondence
+of Sophie and the Elector, from which we learn much of all family
+affairs, contains many allusions to "mon frère Rupert," in whose
+sayings and doings the brother and sister took a keen interest.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Sophie had been married, October 17th, 1658, to Ernest Augustus of
+Brunswick, one of the Dukes of Hanover, and titular bishop of
+Osnabrück.  In her new home she was visited by Rupert, Sept. 1660, and
+she wrote of the visit to Charles Louis, as most satisfactory.  "My
+brother Rupert made a great friendship with my Dukes," she said; "they
+agree so very well in their amusements!"[<a id="chap20fn1text"></a><a href="#chap20fn1">1</a>]  Since Sophie's Dukes were
+devoted to music and to hunting, it may easily be understood that
+Rupert's tastes accorded well with theirs.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Sophie wrote "Dukes" advisedly, for she had practically married, not
+only Ernest Augustus, but his elder brother, George William.  These two
+were even more inseparable
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P345"></a>345}</span>
+than Rupert and Maurice had been, and
+their mutual affection caused considerable annoyance to the unfortunate
+Sophie.  She had been first betrothed to the elder of the two, but
+George William being seized with a panic that marriage would bore him
+horribly, had persuaded his devoted brother Ernest to take the lady off
+his hands.  Sophie acquiesced placidly in the arrangement; she desired
+chiefly to secure a good establishment, and if she had any preference,
+it was for the younger brother.  But she was not allowed to keep her
+husband to herself.  Neither brother could bear the other out of his
+sight; and when constant intercourse with his sister-in-law had roused
+George William's regret for his hasty rejection of her, the position of
+Sophie became exceedingly difficult.  Worse still, her husband was
+possessed with so ardent an admiration for his brother as to fancy that
+everyone else must adore him as he did; and this idea kept him in a
+terror of losing his wife's affections.  As he would endure separation
+from neither wife nor brother there was no remedy, and for months the
+hapless Sophie was led in to dinner by George William, without ever
+daring to raise her eyes to his face.  Luckily for her the strain
+became too much at last, even for Ernest Augustus, and he consented to
+take an eighteen months' tour in Italy with his brother, leaving his
+wife to visit her own relations in peace.[<a id="chap20fn2text"></a><a href="#chap20fn2">2</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The eldest sister, the learned Elizabeth, had devoted herself, like
+Louise, to a religious life; and became first Coadjutrice, and
+afterwards Abbess of the Lutheran Convent of Hervorden.  In this
+capacity she governed a territory of many miles in circumference, and
+containing a population of seven thousand.  She was recognized as a
+member of the Empire, had a right to send a representative to the Diet,
+and was required to furnish one horseman and six foot soldiers to the
+Imperial army.  Every Saturday she
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P346"></a>346}</span>
+might be seen gravely knitting
+in the courtyard of her castle, while she adjudged the causes brought
+for her decision.  For some reason or other she and her religious views
+were a subject of great mirth to her brothers and sisters.  Rupert
+visited her more than once in 1660 and 1661, but, said Sophie, "Il se
+raille beaucoup de La Signora Grecque."[<a id="chap20fn3text"></a><a href="#chap20fn3">3</a>] And Sophie herself usually
+alluded to her eldest sister with mild amusement, Charles Louis with
+evident irritation.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Louise seems really to have been the happiest of all the family, and to
+have lived with true contentment in her convent of Maubuisson.  Sophie,
+who had the joy of visiting her there in 1679, wrote to the
+Elector:&mdash;"She has not changed.  I find her very happy, for she lives
+in a beautiful place; her garden is large and very pleasant, which is
+one of the things I love best in the world."[<a id="chap20fn4text"></a><a href="#chap20fn4">4</a>]  In her next letter she
+remarked that Louise was very regular in her observance of convent
+rules, "which makes her pass for a saint;" and she added, with a little
+sigh of envy for the peace she witnessed, "I could easily accommodate
+myself to a life like that."[<a id="chap20fn5text"></a><a href="#chap20fn5">5</a>]  But the reply of Charles Louis was
+satirical and unsympathetic.  "I know not if I dare ask you to make my
+very devoted 'baisemains' to my sister the Abbess of Maubuisson,
+provided that the offering of my profane lips, which still smack
+somewhat of the world, does not offend her abstracted thoughts, and
+that she can still spare some for her carnal brother, who is now only
+skin and bones.  At least, I am always grateful that she asks of me
+nothing mundane."[<a id="chap20fn6text"></a><a href="#chap20fn6">6</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Louise lived to a cheerful and healthful old age, retaining to the last
+her interest in art.  Her own chapel and many neighbouring churches
+were beautified by the
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P347"></a>347}</span>
+productions of her brush; and in 1699,
+when she had reached the age of seventy-seven, she was painting a copy
+of Pousin's Golden Calf, as a gift for Sophie.  Her life was simple but
+peaceful: she ate no meat, slept on a bed "as hard as a stone," sat
+only on a straw stool, and rose always at mid-night to attend
+chapel.[<a id="chap20fn7text"></a><a href="#chap20fn7">7</a>]  Yet she was never ill, nor did she ever lose her high
+spirits.  "She is better tempered, more lively, sees, hears and walks
+better than I do," wrote her niece Elizabeth Charlotte, the daughter of
+Charles Louis, when Louise was eighty.  "She is still able to read the
+smallest print without spectacles, has all her teeth complete, and is
+quite full of fun (popierlich), like my father when he was in a good
+humour."[<a id="chap20fn8text"></a><a href="#chap20fn8">8</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Elizabeth Charlotte had been married to Philip of Orleans, the quondam
+husband of her fair cousin, Henrietta Stuart, and Louise was her chief
+consolation in an exceedingly unhappy life.  "One cannot believe how
+pleasant and playful the Princess of Maubuisson was," she said, "I
+always visited her with pleasure; no moment could seem tedious in her
+company.  I was in greater favour with her than her other nieces,
+(Edward's daughters,) because I could converse with her about
+everything she had gone through in her life, which the others could
+not.  She often talked to me in German, which she spoke very well.  She
+told me her comical tales.  I asked her how she had been able to
+habituate herself to a stupid cloister life.  She laughed, and said: 'I
+never speak to the nuns, except to communicate my orders.'  She said
+she had always liked a country life, and fancied she lived like a
+country girl.  I said: 'But to get up in the night and to go to
+church!'  She answered, laughing, that I knew well what painters were;
+they like to see dark places and the shadows caused by lights, and this
+gave her every day fresh taste for painting.
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P348"></a>348}</span>
+She could turn
+everything in this way, that it should not seem dull."[<a id="chap20fn9text"></a><a href="#chap20fn9">9</a>]  But in spite
+of her flippant speeches, Louise was respected by all who knew her,
+adored in her own convent, and died in the odour of sanctity, attesting
+to the end her staunch adherence to the Jacobite cause.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Edward, with whom Rupert had more intercourse than with the other
+members of his family, died young, three years after the Restoration,
+and thus Rupert was left alone in England.  Occasionally he wrote to
+his sisters, but not very often.  "If you knew how much joy your
+letters give me I am sure you would have the good nature to let me
+receive them oftener than you do,"[<a id="chap20fn10text"></a><a href="#chap20fn10">10</a>] declared Elizabeth.  And Sophie
+complained likewise: "It is so long since I have heard from Rupert that
+I do not know if he is still alive."[<a id="chap20fn11text"></a><a href="#chap20fn11">11</a>]  With Elizabeth, Rupert had a
+common ground in the contests they both waged with "Timon" the Elector:
+"Timon is so finely vexed at the 6,000 rix dollars he has to pay me,
+out of a clear debt, that he will not send me my annuity,"[<a id="chap20fn12text"></a><a href="#chap20fn12">12</a>] declared
+Elizabeth in 1665.  Rupert's own quarrels with "Timon" were more
+bitter.  The unsettled dispute about the appanage had been aggravated
+by the struggle over their mother's will.  The Queen had threatened, in
+her wrath, to bequeath her unsatisfied claims on the Elector to his
+brothers.  This she had not done, but she had made Rupert her residuary
+legatee, leaving to him most of her jewels.  The Elector, as we have
+seen, denied his mother's right to do this.  Rupert refused to give up
+his legacy, and for years the sordid dispute dragged on.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In 1661 the Elector offered a sum of money in lieu of all Rupert's
+claims upon him; but the offer was rejected with scorn.  The Elector
+professed himself much injured;
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P349"></a>349}</span>
+and Sophie, who sided entirely
+with her eldest brother, wrote consolingly: "Rupert does not do you
+much harm by rejecting your money."[<a id="chap20fn13text"></a><a href="#chap20fn13">13</a>]  Next Charles Louis tried to
+put his brother off by assigning to him a debt which he pretended due
+to him from France; but neither would this satisfy Rupert.  "Give me
+leave to tell you," he wrote to Arlington in 1664, "that the debt my
+brother pretends from France is a mere chimera.  It was monys promised
+to Prince John Casimir to goe bake with his army out of France, whiche,
+you will finde, is not intended to be payed yett.  As I assured His
+Majesty, I remitt the whoele business to him to dispose, and have given
+my Lord Craven order to satisfy His Majesty and yourself in all which
+shall be desired, in order to it.  Soe you may easily believe I shall
+imbrace most willingly the offers you made unto me, assuring you that I
+shall repay the favor by possible meanes I can."[<a id="chap20fn14text"></a><a href="#chap20fn14">14</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+But the mediation of Charles II did not bring matters to a peaceful
+end, and Rupert seems to have sought accommodation through Sophie.  "It
+seems to me that Rupert never remembers my existence, except when he
+thinks of being reconciled with you," declared that lady to the
+Elector.[<a id="chap20fn15text"></a><a href="#chap20fn15">15</a>]  Nevertheless she did her best to produce the
+reconciliation.  "I am very glad that you are anxious to do all you can
+to content Rupert," she wrote to her eldest brother; "I do not doubt he
+will be reasonable on his side, and that he will consider your present
+position, since he expresses a desire to be friends with you."[<a id="chap20fn16text"></a><a href="#chap20fn16">16</a>]  And
+in the next year, 1668, she was still hopeful.  "I hope Rupert will be
+contented with what you offer him, for he seems to be in a very good
+temper."[<a id="chap20fn17text"></a><a href="#chap20fn17">17</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P350"></a>350}</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+But, in spite of Rupert's good temper, the affair was not concluded,
+and in 1669, even the indolent Charles II was roused to pen an
+expostulatory letter to Charles Louis, with his own hand.
+</p>
+
+<p><br /></p>
+
+<p>
+"Most dear Cosin,
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"It is well known to you that I have always expressed myself very much
+concerned for the differences that have been between you and my Cosin,
+Prince Rupert; and that I have not been wanting, in my indeavor to
+bring them to a good conclusion, and how unsuccessful I have been
+therein.  But, being still desirous thereof, I cannot but continue my
+interposition, and, upon a due consideration of both sides, (and very
+tenderly the state of your own affairs,) I have thought fit to offer
+yet one more expedient towards the accommodating of the matter, which
+is this:&mdash;that my Cousin Rupert shall disclaim and discharge you from
+all arrears of appanage due unto him by a former agreement, which,
+according to your owne computation,&mdash;as I am informed,&mdash;by this time,
+amounted above the sum of £6,000 sterl.  He shall alsoe lay downe all
+his pretensions as executor to the late Queene, my Aunt, contenting
+himself only with the moveables in his possession, which belong to the
+Palatinate house, and £300 sterl. by the year,&mdash;if he have no lawful
+issue&mdash;ad duram vitae; the first payment to be made forthwith, and the
+subsequent allowances at Easter Fair at Frankfort.  The one halfe of
+whiche sum, if contented, to be obliggeded to lay out in comodities and
+wines of the growth of your country.  And that you may have a more
+particular accompt of this last proposition, and the reasons inducing
+to it, I have thought fit to send unto you the bearer, James Hayes,
+Esq., my Cousin Rupert's secretary, as being best acquainted with this
+affair; to whom I desire you to give credence in this matter, and
+conjuring you to give him such a despatch as may finally dethrone this
+unhappy controversy.  Wherein, if ye shall comply with my
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P351"></a>351}</span>
+desire,
+ye shall give me a great satisfaction; but if otherwise, you must
+excuse me, if I use my utmost interest for the obtaining of that to my
+cousin, which I conceive so justly belongs to him.  I am, with all
+truth, most dear cosin,
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"Your most affecionat cousen,<br />
+&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;"Charles R.[<a id="chap20fn18text"></a><a href="#chap20fn18">18</a>]<br />
+</p>
+
+<p class="noindent">
+"March 31, '69."
+</p>
+
+<p><br /></p>
+
+<p>
+This letter does considerable credit to Charles's business capacities;
+but even so modest a settlement as he proposed was refused.  Nor did
+the interference of Louis XIV of France, in July 1670, produce any
+better result.  "As to the letter of the King of France about Rupert, I
+think it is easy to answer with very humble thanks, neither accepting
+nor declining his mediation," advised Sophie.[<a id="chap20fn19text"></a><a href="#chap20fn19">19</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+But Rupert's revenge was not long deferred.  About five years later the
+Elector found cause to repent his ill-usage of his obstinate brother,
+and would have given much to recall him to the home of his fathers.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The scandals rife at the Court of Heidelberg, in 1658, had by no means
+abated after Rupert's withdrawal.  The dissensions of the Elector and
+Electress became a subject of public remark, and the Queen of Bohemia
+had herself written of them to Rupert, adding prudently&mdash;"I do not tell
+you this for truth, for it is written from the Court of Cassel, where,
+I confess, they are very good at telling of stories, and enlarging of
+them."[<a id="chap20fn20text"></a><a href="#chap20fn20">20</a>]  But, unluckily, matters were so bad that no embellishments
+from the Court of Cassel could make them much worse.  The
+scandal&mdash;"accidents fallen out in my domestic affairs," Charles Louis
+phrased it,[<a id="chap20fn21text"></a><a href="#chap20fn21">21</a>]&mdash;had come to such a pitch that the Electress, after
+boxing her husband's ears at a public dinner, and
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P352"></a>352}</span>
+attempting to
+shoot both him and Louise von Degenfeldt, fled from Heidelberg, leaving
+her two young children, Karl and Elizabeth Charlotte,&mdash;or Carellie and
+Liselotte, as their father called them,&mdash;to the mercy of her husband.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Thereupon Charles Louis formally married Louise von Degenfeldt, who was
+thenceforth treated as his wife.  By her he had no less than eight
+children, but as the marriage was not, of course, really legal, none of
+those children could succeed him in the Electorate.  Carellie, his only
+legitimate son, was delicate, and his marriage childless; Elizabeth
+Charlotte had renounced all claim to the Palatinate on her marriage
+with the Duke of Orleans, and in 1674 the extinction of the Simmern
+line seemed imminent.  This danger affected Charles Louis very deeply.
+He had been a bad son, an unkind brother, and an unfaithful husband,
+but he was, for all that, a good ruler and an affectionate father.
+"The Regenerator" he was called in the war-wasted country to which his
+laborious care had brought peace and comparative prosperity; and his
+name was long remembered there with reverent love.  The prospect of
+leaving his cherished country and his beloved children to the mercy of
+a distant and Roman Catholic cousin, caused him acute suffering.  Nor
+did he believe the said children would be much better off in the care
+of their eldest brother and his wife.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"What devours my heart is that, in case of my death, I leave so many
+poor innocents to the mercy of their enemies," he wrote to Sophie;
+"Wilhelmena (the wife of Carellie) shows sufficiently what I may expect
+of her for those who will be under her power after my death; since,
+particularly in company, she shows so much contempt for them.  This
+also has some influence on Carellie, who treats them&mdash;with the
+exception of Carllutz&mdash;like so many strangers, as does Wilhelmena;....
+the poor little ones are always in fear of her severe countenance."[<a id="chap20fn22text"></a><a href="#chap20fn22">22</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P353"></a>353}</span>
+</p>
+
+<p>
+With this depressing prospect before him, Charles Louis turned his
+thoughts to his neglected brother, showing his confidence in Rupert's
+generosity, by his readiness to entrust him with the care of his
+children.  "George William says that the Prince Rupert ought to
+marry,"[<a id="chap20fn23text"></a><a href="#chap20fn23">23</a>] wrote Sophie, quoting her troublesome brother-in-law, in
+Jan. 1674.  Such was the opinion of the now regretful Elector, and he
+pressed his brother to return, promising to grant him all he could
+desire, if he would but come and raise up heirs to the house of
+Simmern.  But Rupert remembered his oath, and answered as we have seen
+in a former chapter.  Then Sophie tried her powers of persuasion, and
+bade Lord Craven tell Rupert how much the Elector would be pleased, if
+he would but yield.  But Lord Craven showed himself, for once, severely
+practical.  If Sophie would name to him some very rich lady willing to
+marry Rupert, he would be delighted to negotiate the matter, he said;
+if not, then he begged to be excused from interference.  "And there I
+am stuck (je suis demeure)," confessed Sophie, "for I do not know how
+he would support her."[<a id="chap20fn24text"></a><a href="#chap20fn24">24</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Nevertheless the family continued their solicitations, to which Rupert
+next retorted that the Elector had better get his cousin, the Elector
+of Brandenburg, and his sister Elizabeth to persuade Charlotte of Hesse
+to agree to a divorce; when, Louise being dead, he could marry again.
+"He must either be very ignorant of our intrigues here, or wishes to
+appear so," wrote the Elector bitterly.[<a id="chap20fn25text"></a><a href="#chap20fn25">25</a>]  He knew that Charlotte
+would never forego her vengeance by setting him free, and that neither
+his cousin nor his sister would interfere in such an affair.  Elizabeth
+was, however, so far pressed into the service, that she, in her turn,
+exhorted Rupert to come over and marry.  To her he only replied, "that
+he was quite comfortable at Windsor, and had no intention
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P354"></a>354}</span>
+of
+moving; that Charles Louis had insulted him and might do what he
+pleased for an heir, he should not have him."[<a id="chap20fn26text"></a><a href="#chap20fn26">26</a>] Such was his final
+word, and consequently the Palatinate passed, on the death of Carellie
+in 1685, to the Neuburg branch of the family.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Charles Louis died in 1680, and Rupert did not cherish the enmity he
+had borne him beyond the grave.  On the contrary, he was anxious to do
+what he could for the benefit of his impecunious nephews and nieces.
+For Carellie he did not care, the young Elector had offended him by his
+neglect,[<a id="chap20fn27text"></a><a href="#chap20fn27">27</a>] but it was not Carellie who needed his protection; it was
+rather against Carellie that he took up the cause of the Raugräfen, as
+Charles Louis' children by Louise were called.  The circumstances of
+the case had left them completely dependent on their eldest brother,
+who bore them no great love.  This was not due to the fact that their
+mother had supplanted his own.  Carellie had never loved his mother; he
+had often told his father that he paid no heed to what Charlotte might
+say, and had himself urged her to consent to a divorce.[<a id="chap20fn28text"></a><a href="#chap20fn28">28</a>]  But he was
+of a peculiar temperament, jealous, fretful, difficult, and his dislike
+of the Raugräfen was really due, partly to the influence of his
+disagreeable wife, and partly to jealousy of the affection which his
+father had always shown to them, especially to Moritzien,&mdash;poor
+Moritzien, gifted with all the Palatine fascination and brilliancy, but
+ruined by a life of uninterrupted indulgence, so that he drank himself
+to death.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Promises of providing for these cadets had been wrung from Carellie by
+his anxious father, but these promises he showed himself in no haste to
+keep, and Sophie appealed, on their behalf to Rupert.  He showed
+himself ready to assist them, and demanded a concise account of the
+whole
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P355"></a>355}</span>
+busiess, in order that he might be qualified to
+interfere.[<a id="chap20fn29text"></a><a href="#chap20fn29">29</a>] "Not that he thinks the Elector will break his sacred
+promise to his father,"[<a id="chap20fn30text"></a><a href="#chap20fn30">30</a>] declared Sophie.  Nevertheless she urged
+the eldest Raugraf, Karl Ludwig, or "Carllutz," who had shortly before
+visited Rupert in England, to write very affectionately to his uncle,
+in gratitude for the interest shown in them.[<a id="chap20fn31text"></a><a href="#chap20fn31">31</a>]  But, unfortunately
+for the Raugräfen, Rupert did not long survive his brother; and only a
+few months later Sophie wrote to one of her nieces: "You have lost a
+great friend in my brother Prince Rupert.  I am very much troubled and
+overwhelmed with the unexpected loss.  I know the Electress Dowager
+will also bewail him."[<a id="chap20fn32text"></a><a href="#chap20fn32">32</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Considering that for more than twenty years Sophie had not seen her
+brother, her grief seems a little excessive, but doubtless she lamented
+him for many reasons.  The memory of old days dwelt with her all the
+more as she advanced in years, and latterly she had drawn nearer to her
+brother.  By his means a marriage had been projected between Sophie's
+eldest son George and the Princess Anne, the second daughter of the
+Duke of York.  During the progress of this negotiation, Sophie sent
+George over to England, on a visit to his uncle.  She had some
+misgivings about his reception, for, as she confessed, George was not
+"assez beau" to resemble a Palatine in any way, though her second son
+Friedrich, or "Gustien," as she called him, was tall and
+handsome,&mdash;"the very image of Rupert" (Rupert tout crâché).[<a id="chap20fn33text"></a><a href="#chap20fn33">33</a>]
+Gustien had, moreover, not only Rupert's handsome face and gigantic
+stature, but also his resolute character.  "If he would have changed
+his religion, he might have succeeded well at the Imperial Court,"
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P356"></a>356}</span>
+wrote his mother; "but he has too much of his uncle Rupert not to
+be firm in his religion."[<a id="chap20fn34text"></a><a href="#chap20fn34">34</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+However, George, if less favoured by nature, was still the eldest son,
+and therefore of necessity the bridegroom elect.  Notwithstanding his
+want of good looks he was very kindly received, both by King Charles
+and Rupert.  The King declared that he would treat him "en cousin," and
+lodged him in Whitehall.  Rupert paid him daily visits when his health
+allowed of it, but he was very ill, and often confined to his bed.  "I
+went to visit Prince Rupert, who received me in bed," wrote George to
+his mother; "he has a malady in his leg, which makes him very often
+keep his bed; it appears that it is so, without any pretext, and that
+he has to take care of himself.  He had not failed one day of coming to
+see me."[<a id="chap20fn35text"></a><a href="#chap20fn35">35</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+But though entertained with "extraordinary magnificence,"[<a id="chap20fn36text"></a><a href="#chap20fn36">36</a>] the
+Hanoverian was not favourably impressed with either England or the
+Princess Anne.  The country was in a ferment over the alleged discovery
+of the Popish Plot, and George regarded the judicial murders then
+perpetrated with astonished disgust.  "They cut off the head of Lord
+Stafford yesterday, and made no more ado than if they had chopped off
+the head of a pullet," he told his mother.[<a id="chap20fn37text"></a><a href="#chap20fn37">37</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+But notwithstanding the averseness of the intended bridegroom, the
+project was not at once renounced; and Rupert's last letter to Sophie,
+written shortly before his death, contained definite proposals on the
+subject.  "En ma dernière, chère soeur, je vous ai informé que cette
+poste je pourrai dire plus de nouvelles assurées de l'affaire en
+question.  Saches done, en peu de mots, on offre 40 mille livres sterl.
+assigné caution marchande, et 10 mille livres sterl. par an, durant la
+vie de M. le Duc, votre mari; et on souhaite
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P357"></a>357}</span>
+que donerez liberté
+a M votre fils de demeurer quelques temps en ce pays là, fin d'aprendre
+la langue, et faire connaître au peuple, ce qu'on trouve nécessaire en
+tout cas.  Voyez ce que j'ai ordre de vous dire, et de demander un
+réponse pour savoir si l'affaire vous agrée; si vous avez pour
+agréable, quelle en face, il sera nécessaire que M. le Duc m'envoie un
+homme d'affaires, avec ses instructions, et ses assurées que sera bien
+... de celui qui est à vous; Rupert.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"Il faut vous dire si 1'affaire se fait ou non vous avez fort grand
+obligation à la Duchesse de Portchmouth;[<a id="chap20fn38text"></a><a href="#chap20fn38">38</a>] elle vous assure de toutes
+ses services en cette affaire."[<a id="chap20fn39text"></a><a href="#chap20fn39">39</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Apparently the offered terms were not acceptable to the Hanoverians,
+for the negotiation closed with Rupert's death.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Rupert died, to all appearance, unmarried, but he left two children, a
+son and a daughter.  More than once he had seriously contemplated
+matrimony.  In 1653 it had been rumoured that he was about to wed his
+cousin Mary, the Princess Royal, widow of the Prince of Orange.[<a id="chap20fn40text"></a><a href="#chap20fn40">40</a>]  In
+1664 he made proposals for a Royal lady of France, but the said lady
+objected that he had been "too long and too deeply attached to a
+certain Duchess."[<a id="chap20fn41text"></a><a href="#chap20fn41">41</a>]  That obstacle was removed in the same year by
+the Duchess of Richmond's clandestine love-match with Thomas Howard;
+but the French lady was long in coming to a decision, and in the
+meantime the young Francesca Bard crossed Rupert's path.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Francesca was the eldest daughter of Sir Henry Bard, one of the wilder
+Cavaliers, who had been raised to the Irish peerage as Viscount
+Bellamont; the same who had pleaded so earnestly with Rupert for
+Windebank's life in 1645.  He had died during the exile, when on a
+mission to
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P358"></a>358}</span>
+Persia; and Francesca, on the death of her only
+brother, assumed the family title, as Lady Bellamont.  Except a title
+her father had nothing to bequeath, and it was probably the urgent
+petitions for the relief of their poverty, addressed by the family to
+the King, that first brought Francesca into contact with Rupert.[<a id="chap20fn42text"></a><a href="#chap20fn42">42</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The Prince loved Francesca Bard, renounced his French alliance, and
+thenceforth turned a deaf ear to all entreaties that he would marry.  A
+son was born to him, and christened "Dudley."  Rupert seems to have
+cared for the boy, and he certainly conducted his education with
+anxious solicitude.  He sent him first to school at Eton, where he
+could himself watch over him from Windsor.  At Eton the boy was
+distinguished for his "gentleness of temper," and "the aimiableness of
+his behaviour," characteristics which he certainly did not inherit from
+his father.  Nevertheless he had Rupert's martial spirit, and like his
+father before him, he early showed an aversion to study, and a passion
+for arms.  Rupert observing this and remembering his own boyhood,
+removed his son from Eton and placed him under the care of Sir Jonas
+Moore at the Tower, in order that he might receive instructions in
+mathematics and other subjects necessary for a military profession.[<a id="chap20fn43text"></a><a href="#chap20fn43">43</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+To Dudley, at his death, the Prince left his house and estate at
+Rhenen, the debts still due to him from the Emperor, from the Elector
+Palatine, and from all persons not natural born subjects of England.
+The English debts, which were considerably less, he destined to be
+divided amongst his servants.[<a id="chap20fn44text"></a><a href="#chap20fn44">44</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"Der armer Dodley,"[<a id="chap20fn45text"></a><a href="#chap20fn45">45</a>] as his Aunt Sophie called him, went to Germany
+to secure his property, and was received
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P359"></a>359}</span>
+with great kindness by
+the Palatines, though there was a difficulty about the house at Rhenen,
+that being entailed property.[<a id="chap20fn46text"></a><a href="#chap20fn46">46</a>]  In 1685 he was back again in
+England, fighting loyally for King James, as his father would have
+approved.  In the battle of Norton St. Philip, where Monmouth fought an
+indecisive battle with Grafton, Churchill and Feversham, we find
+"Captain Rupert, the Prince's son," in command of the musketeers, and
+playing a prominent part.[<a id="chap20fn47text"></a><a href="#chap20fn47">47</a>]  But when the rebellion had been
+suppressed, Dudley returned to Germany, seeking employment in the wars
+waged by the Empire against the Turks.  He had all his father's active
+spirit and dauntless courage, but he had not also his enchanted life.
+In August 1686 young Dudley fell, in a desperate attempt made by some
+English volunteers to scale the walls of Buda.  His death is mentioned
+with deep regret in several contemporary letters and diaries.  Though
+so young&mdash;he was only nineteen&mdash;he had already become famous for his
+valour, and exceedingly popular on account of his lovable character.[<a id="chap20fn48text"></a><a href="#chap20fn48">48</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Many believed him to have been Rupert's lawful son, and there seem to
+have been some grounds for the belief.  He was universally known as
+"Dudley Rupert", and his mother maintained to the end of her days that
+she had been Rupert's wife.  Her claim was practically acknowledged in
+Germany, where morganatic marriages were already in fashion; and even
+in England rumours of it were rife.  "Some say Prince Rupert, in his
+last sickness, owned his marriage," says a letter in the Verney
+Correspondence, "if so, his son is next heir, after him, to the
+Palsgrave.[<a id="chap20fn49text"></a><a href="#chap20fn49">49</a>]  But no public acknowledgment ever took place, and
+Rupert styled the boy in his will, "Dudley
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P360"></a>360}</span>
+Bard."  On the other
+hand, he bequeathed to him property entailed on heirs male, and the
+Emperor actually paid to Francesca, after her son's death, the sum of
+20,000 crowns which he had owed to Rupert.[<a id="chap20fn50text"></a><a href="#chap20fn50">50</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+It seems possible that there was some kind of marriage,[<a id="chap20fn51text"></a><a href="#chap20fn51">51</a>] but that
+such marriages were of rather doubtful legality.  It could not have
+given Dudley royal rank, and hardly even a claim to the Palatinate,[<a id="chap20fn52text"></a><a href="#chap20fn52">52</a>]
+for, had such a claim existed, Rupert would certainly have put his son
+forward when the House of Simmern was crying out for an heir.  His
+niece, Elizabeth Charlotte of Orléans, declared that he had deceived
+Francesca with a false marriage.  But the good Duchess was notoriously
+ignorant of her uncle's affairs, and added to her story several
+impossible circumstances which tend to discredit it, asserting, among
+other things, that Rupert had been lodging at the time, in Henry Bard's
+house, though Bard had been dead nearly ten years.[<a id="chap20fn53text"></a><a href="#chap20fn53">53</a>]  Moreover, such
+treachery is at variance with Rupert's whole character and all his
+known actions, and, though he cannot be said to have treated Francesca
+well, he may at least be acquitted of the baseness suggested by his
+niece.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+During Rupert's life-time no mention is made of Francesca in letters or
+papers, public or private.  Yet, after his death, we find frequent
+reference to her as to a well-known personage.  Two reasons for her
+retirement suggest themselves.  In the first place she was, as she
+herself asserted, too virtuous to care to have any dealings with the
+corrupt Court, and in the second place she was a devout Roman Catholic.
+Considering the prevalent horror of "Popery," the fanatical agitation
+concerning the second marriage of the Duke of
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P361"></a>361}</span>
+York, and Rupert's
+position as the popular hero, it may be that Francesca's religion made
+him unwilling to bring her forward publicly.  But, be the exact facts
+of his connection with her what they may, that bond was probably the
+true reason for his obdurate refusal to hear of any other marriage.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+The later history of Francesca is sufficiently curious.  In consequence
+of her own avoidance of the Court she had no powerful friends in
+England, and on Rupert's death, she sought refuge with his sister
+Sophie.  The kindly Electress received her as a sister, though she
+quite realised the difficulty of proving her right to the name.  "She
+says she was married to my brother," wrote Sophie, "but it will be very
+difficult to prove; and because she has always behaved herself
+honourably, she has no friends at Court."[<a id="chap20fn54text"></a><a href="#chap20fn54">54</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Of Dudley his aunt wrote as "the noble Dudley Rupert," and she actively
+assisted him to make good his claims to the property left him by his
+father.[<a id="chap20fn55text"></a><a href="#chap20fn55">55</a>]  After his death she endeavoured to get his possessions
+transferred to his mother, and wrote on the subject both to James II
+and to Lord Craven.  "It will help her to enter a convent," she said,
+"for the poor woman will be inconsolable."[<a id="chap20fn56text"></a><a href="#chap20fn56">56</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+But the lively Irish woman, devout, though she was, had no taste for
+the cloister, and preferred to remain at Sophie's Court, where she was
+greatly beloved.  "She is an upright, good and virtuous woman; there
+are few like her; we all love her!"[<a id="chap20fn57text"></a><a href="#chap20fn57">57</a>] declared the Electress.  In a
+later letter she refers to the lively wit of Francesca, "who makes us
+all laugh,"[<a id="chap20fn58text"></a><a href="#chap20fn58">58</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Evidently she accompanied Sophie on her visits to other potentates, and
+by William III she was accorded almost royal rank.  In 1700 she went
+with Sophie to visit him at his Palace at Loo, and was there admitted
+to the royal
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P362"></a>362}</span>
+table.  "The King ate in the back stairs, without an
+armchair, with only the two Electresses, the Princess, and the Irish
+Lady (Francesca), the Electoral Prince, and the Prince of Hesse," says
+an Englishman, writing to a friend.  "The rest of the company dined at
+the other tables below."[<a id="chap20fn59text"></a><a href="#chap20fn59">59</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+After the English Revolution of 1688 Francesca became a staunch and
+active Jacobite.[<a id="chap20fn60text"></a><a href="#chap20fn60">60</a>]  She made no secret of her views, and even
+stimulated Sophie's own sympathy for her exiled relatives.  The envoys
+of William III and of Queen Anne inveighed bitterly against "one Madame
+Bellamont, a noted lady, who is in favour with the Electress, has been
+her chief confidante, and to her all the discontented politicians
+address themselves, Papists and Sectaries.  She is of the former
+communion, and I may safely say she is one of the most silly creatures
+that ever was born and bred in it, to say nothing of the scandal her
+person hath so justly deserved."[<a id="chap20fn61text"></a><a href="#chap20fn61">61</a>]  The same writer asserted that
+Francesca was the only person who could speak English at the Electoral
+Court; and frequent references to her are found in the despatches of
+himself and his successor.  "A Lady whom they call ye Lady Bellamont,"
+says one, "whose character ye well know already.  She was Mistress, and
+she pretends married, to Prince Rupert, and as she is a zealous Roman
+Catholic so she seems to be a faithful friend to the Court of St.
+Germains, but is nevertheless used here with much kindness and
+civility."[<a id="chap20fn62text"></a><a href="#chap20fn62">62</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In 1708 Francesca undertook a journey to France on Jacobite business,
+but, opposed though her actions were to Sophie's interests, they could
+not diminish that lady's love for her.  The Electress, declared the
+enraged English envoys, was as much enamoured as her brother had
+been.[<a id="chap20fn63text"></a><a href="#chap20fn63">63</a>]
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P363"></a>363}</span>
+And so she remained until Francesca's death in August
+1708, when she wrote mournfully to one of her nieces: "I have lost my
+good, honourable, charitable Madame Bellamont."[<a id="chap20fn64text"></a><a href="#chap20fn64">64</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Strange enough was the position of the Jacobite lady in the Hanoverian
+Court, but the situation was rendered yet more complicated by the
+presence of Rupert's daughter, Ruperta, as the wife of
+Brigadier-General Emanuel Scrope Howe, William III's "envoy
+extraordinary to the most Serene House of Brunswick Lunenburg."  The
+mother of Ruperta was a far less reputable person than was Francesca
+Bard.  Rupert had, as we have seen, kept himself apart from much of the
+wickedness of Charles II's court, but in the summer of 1668 he was
+unhappily persuaded to accompany his cousin to Tunbridge Wells.  There
+he fell a victim to the charms of the actress, Margaret Hughes.[<a id="chap20fn65text"></a><a href="#chap20fn65">65</a>]
+This woman obtained considerable influence over him, and he purchased
+for her a house at Hammersmith; also he left to her and his daughter,
+in equal shares, all that remained of his personal property, after the
+claims of Dudley and his servants had been satisfied.  This, when all
+had been realised, amounted to about £6,000 each; not an extravagant
+provision, but then Rupert did not die rich.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Occasional mention of Mrs. Hughes is found in contemporary letters.  In
+1670 her brother, who was in Rupert's service, was killed by one of the
+King's servants, in a dispute over the rival charms of Peg Hughes and
+Nell Gwyn.[<a id="chap20fn66text"></a><a href="#chap20fn66">66</a>]  A little later, Sophie informed the Elector that the
+woman was in high favour at Windsor, and would, she feared, get
+possession of the Queen of Bohemia's jewels.  "Ein jeder seiner Weis
+gefelt!" she concluded sarcastically.[<a id="chap20fn67text"></a><a href="#chap20fn67">67</a>] In another letter she wrote
+that the Danish Ambassador thought Mrs. Hughes very modest.  "I was
+going to say
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P364"></a>364}</span>
+the most modest of the Court, but that would be no
+great praise!"[<a id="chap20fn68text"></a><a href="#chap20fn68">68</a>]  She seems, however, to have put slight faith in the
+assurance, for she earnestly desired Ruperta's marriage, on the grounds
+that she could get no good from her mother.[<a id="chap20fn69text"></a><a href="#chap20fn69">69</a>]  It was said that
+Rupert, when dying, had sent his Garter to the King, with the request
+that it, together with the hand of Ruperta, might be bestowed on
+Charles's son, Lord Burford.[<a id="chap20fn70text"></a><a href="#chap20fn70">70</a>]  With this request the King did not
+comply; and about 1696 Ruperta married Emmanuel Howe, son of Mr. John
+Howe of Langar, in Nottinghamshire.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+For some time the marriage was kept a secret, for Howe feared the
+displeasure of the then King, William III.  At last, just before his
+departure to Hanover, he permitted the Duke of Albemarle to break the
+news to the King.  William was pleased to be gracious, and even
+recommended Ruperta to Sophie's notice, saying: "She is very modest,
+and lives like an angel with her husband."[<a id="chap20fn71text"></a><a href="#chap20fn71">71</a>]  The husband in question
+met with Sophie's approval, for she thought him "a fine man, rich, and
+in a good position."[<a id="chap20fn72text"></a><a href="#chap20fn72">72</a>]  With Francesca he had a double cause of
+enmity, both public and private, and he wrote of her as virulently as
+his predecessors had done, declaring that she "has done her endeavours
+continually to cross my transactions here for the Queen's service;"[<a id="chap20fn73text"></a><a href="#chap20fn73">73</a>]
+and again,&mdash;"She is indeed a very simple creature, but as malitious and
+violent as is possible for anything to bee."[<a id="chap20fn74text"></a><a href="#chap20fn74">74</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Nevertheless the large-hearted Electress made her niece almost as
+welcome as she had made her reputed sister-in-law, and the Jacobite
+<i>intrigante</i> and the Orange Ambassadress, both so closely connected
+with Rupert, seem to have
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P365"></a>365}</span>
+contrived to reside in comparative
+peace, under the protection of the mother of the house of Hanover.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+But for the bar sinister the claim of Ruperta to the English throne
+would have preceded that of Sophie's son, George I.  It has sometimes
+been regretted that Rupert left no legitimate child who might have
+reigned in George's stead; but it may be safely conjectured that the
+fact would not have been a subject of regret with Rupert himself.  He
+would have been the last person to wish that any child of his should
+supplant the house of Stuart, which he had so long and so faithfully
+served.  Honest in all his dealings, faithful to his friends, and
+unswervingly loyal to his king he had ever been, and in his old age he
+would not have turned traitor.  Loyalty and strength were the key-notes
+of his character.  Never did he break his given word, with friend and
+foe alike he scrupulously kept faith, and whatsoever he found to do, he
+did it with all his might.  In all things he had the courage of his
+opinions; and the rigid temperance which he practised from his earliest
+youth, in an age and a country where drinking was almost universal,
+shows an unusual independence of character, and an unusual degree of
+self-respect.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+His private life, if judged by the standard of the present day, was far
+from virtuous, but it was virtue itself when compared with the practice
+of those who were his daily associates.  His exceptional powers of mind
+raised him above the ordinary intellectual level; his personal valour
+surpassed all common courage!  But, if his talents and virtues were in
+the superlative degree, so also were his failings.  His consciousness
+of his own powers made him over-confident, impatient of advice,
+intolerant of contradiction.  His jealous pride rendered him incapable
+of filling the second place.  With advancing years these faults were
+somewhat amended,&mdash;for Rupert was too wise not to profit by experience;
+but, as his hot temper and youthful insolence had won him the hatred of
+Charles I's courtiers, so his
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P366"></a>366}</span>
+cold cynicism and haughty disdain
+made him detested of the Court of Charles II.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+In the coarse and witty memoirs of that brilliant Court, Rupert passes
+without notice, or with only an occasional satirical reference.  One
+noble writer, Anthony Hamilton, has, however, left a description of
+him, which, though written in prejudice, is not without its value.
+</p>
+
+<p>
+"He was brave and courageous to rashness, but cross-grained, and
+incorrigibly obstinate.  His genius was fertile in mathematical
+experiments, and he had some knowledge of chemistry.  He was polite to
+extravagance when there was no occasion for it; but haughty and rude
+where it was his interest to conciliate.  He was tall and ungracious.
+He had a hard, stern expression even when he wished to please, and when
+he was out of temper his countenance was truly terrifying"&mdash;("une
+physiognomic vraiment de reprouvé").[<a id="chap20fn75text"></a><a href="#chap20fn75">75</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p>
+Such was the view of a courtier; Rupert's friends and inferiors saw him
+in another light.  Beneath the cynical exterior the Prince had a kind
+heart still; his personal followers loved him; the poor blessed him for
+his charity; the trades-people remembered with wondering gratitude his
+"just and ready payment of their bills;" the sailors looked to him as
+the "seaman's friend;" impecunious scholars and inventors sought, not
+in vain, his aid and countenance; the distressed Cavaliers appealed to
+him in well-founded confidence that they would be heard and helped.[<a id="chap20fn76text"></a><a href="#chap20fn76">76</a>]
+"In respect of his private life," says Campbell, writing while the
+memory of the Prince still dwelt among the living, "he was so just, so
+beneficent, so courteous, that his memory remained dear to all who knew
+him; this I say of my own knowledge, having often heard old people in
+Berkshire speak in raptures of Prince Rupert!"[<a id="chap20fn77text"></a><a href="#chap20fn77">77</a>]
+</p>
+
+<p><br /><br /></p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap20fn1"></a>
+[<a href="#chap20fn1text">1</a>] Briefwechsel der Herzogin Sophie mit Karl Ludwig von der Pfalz.  p.
+38.  Sophie to Karl.  21 Sept. 1660.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap20fn2"></a>
+[<a href="#chap20fn2text">2</a>] Memorien der Herzogin Sophie, pp. 64-67.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap20fn3"></a>
+[<a href="#chap20fn3text">3</a>] Briefwechsel des Herzogin Sophie mit Karl Ludwig.  p. 35.  Sophie
+to Karl, 1660.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap20fn4"></a>
+[<a href="#chap20fn4text">4</a>] Ibid.  pp. 371-3.  24 Aug. 1679.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap20fn5"></a>
+[<a href="#chap20fn5text">5</a>] Ibid.  p. 374.  4 Sept. 1679.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap20fn6"></a>
+[<a href="#chap20fn6text">6</a>] Ibid.  p. 371.  15 Aug. 1679.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap20fn7"></a>
+[<a href="#chap20fn7text">7</a>] Briefe der Prinzessin Elizabeth Charlotte von Orleans an die
+Raugräfinnen.  7 Aug. 1699.  p. 43.  ed. 1843.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap20fn8"></a>
+[<a href="#chap20fn8text">8</a>] Strickland.  Queens of Scotland, VIII.  p. 403.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap20fn9"></a>
+[<a href="#chap20fn9text">9</a>] Green's Princesses, VI.  p. 61.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap20fn10"></a>
+[<a href="#chap20fn10text">10</a>] Bromley Letters, p. 354.  20/30 May, 1665.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap20fn11"></a>
+[<a href="#chap20fn11text">11</a>] Bromley, p. 226.  31 Oct. 1661.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap20fn12"></a>
+[<a href="#chap20fn12text">12</a>] Bromley, p. 254.  20/30 May, 1665.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap20fn13"></a>
+[<a href="#chap20fn13text">13</a>] Briefe der Herzogin Sophie, p. 48.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap20fn14"></a>
+[<a href="#chap20fn14text">14</a>] Dom. State Papers.  Chas. II.  103.  40.  Rupert to Arlington.
+Oct. 11, 1644.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap20fn15"></a>
+[<a href="#chap20fn15text">15</a>] Briefe der Herzogin.  p. 133.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap20fn16"></a>
+[<a href="#chap20fn16text">16</a>] Ibid.  p. 116.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap20fn17"></a>
+[<a href="#chap20fn17text">17</a>] Ibid.  133.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap20fn18"></a>
+[<a href="#chap20fn18text">18</a>] Dom. Entry Book.  Record Office, 31.  fol. 21.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap20fn19"></a>
+[<a href="#chap20fn19text">19</a>] Briefe der Herzogin, 9 July, 1669, p. 141.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap20fn20"></a>
+[<a href="#chap20fn20text">20</a>] Bromley Letters, p. 291.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap20fn21"></a>
+[<a href="#chap20fn21text">21</a>] Ibid.  p. 236.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap20fn22"></a>
+[<a href="#chap20fn22text">22</a>] Briefwechsel der Herzogin mit Karl Ludwig, p. 179.  Karl to
+Sophie, 5 Mar. 1674.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap20fn23"></a>
+[<a href="#chap20fn23text">23</a>] Briefe der Herzogin, p. 175.  24 Jan. 1674.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap20fn24"></a>
+[<a href="#chap20fn24text">24</a>] Ibid.  p. 315.  10 Feb. 1678.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap20fn25"></a>
+[<a href="#chap20fn25text">25</a>] Ibid.  p. 385, 28 Oct. 1679.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap20fn26"></a>
+[<a href="#chap20fn26text">26</a>] Strickland's Elizabeth Stuart.  Queens of Scotland, VIII.  p. 210.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap20fn27"></a>
+[<a href="#chap20fn27text">27</a>] Briefe der Herzogin Sophie an die Raugräfen, etc.  p. 32.  27 Dec.
+1682.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap20fn28"></a>
+[<a href="#chap20fn28text">28</a>] Briefwechsel mit Karl Ludwig, pp. 348. 329.  7 Feb. 1679 and 25
+June, 1678.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap20fn29"></a>
+[<a href="#chap20fn29text">29</a>] Briefe an die Raugräfen, p. 17.  14 Mar. 1680.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap20fn30"></a>
+[<a href="#chap20fn30text">30</a>] Briefe.  p. 11.  20 Dec. 1680.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap20fn31"></a>
+[<a href="#chap20fn31text">31</a>] Ibid.  p. 17.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap20fn32"></a>
+[<a href="#chap20fn32text">32</a>] Briefe an die Raugräfen, p. 32.  27 Dec. 1682.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap20fn33"></a>
+[<a href="#chap20fn33text">33</a>] Strickland.  Queens of Scotland, VIII.  p. 334.  Briefwechsel der
+Herzogin mit Karl Ludwig.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap20fn34"></a>
+[<a href="#chap20fn34text">34</a>] Strickland.  Queens of Scotland, VIII.  p. 345.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap20fn35"></a>
+[<a href="#chap20fn35text">35</a>] Strickland.  Queens of England, X.  p. 313.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap20fn36"></a>
+[<a href="#chap20fn36text">36</a>] Memoir of Rupert, Preface.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap20fn37"></a>
+[<a href="#chap20fn37text">37</a>] Queens of England, X.  p. 313.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap20fn38"></a>
+[<a href="#chap20fn38text">38</a>] Renée de la Querouaille, Duchess of Portsmouth.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap20fn39"></a>
+[<a href="#chap20fn39text">39</a>] Hist. MSS. Com. Rept. 9, 18 Sept. 1682.  Morrison MSS.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap20fn40"></a>
+[<a href="#chap20fn40text">40</a>] Clar. State Papers.  Cal.  Vol. II.  Fol. 1271.  News Letter, 8
+July, 1653.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap20fn41"></a>
+[<a href="#chap20fn41text">41</a>] Bromley Letters, p. 252, 22 Mar. 1664.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap20fn42"></a>
+[<a href="#chap20fn42text">42</a>] Cal. Dom. S. P.  1660, pp. 300, 331.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap20fn43"></a>
+[<a href="#chap20fn43text">43</a>] Wood's Athense Oxouiensis.  ed. 1815.  Vol. II.  Fasti I.  p. 490.
+Campbell II.  250.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap20fn44"></a>
+[<a href="#chap20fn44text">44</a>] Wills from Doctor's Commons, p. 142.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap20fn45"></a>
+[<a href="#chap20fn45text">45</a>] Briefe an die Raugräfen, p. 33.  12 Mar. 1683.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap20fn46"></a>
+[<a href="#chap20fn46text">46</a>] Briefe an die Raugräfen, p. 49.  Campbell, p. 250.  Vol. II.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap20fn47"></a>
+[<a href="#chap20fn47text">47</a>] Hist. MSS. Com.  IX.  3.  p. 36.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap20fn48"></a>
+[<a href="#chap20fn48text">48</a>] Hist. MSS. Com.  Rept. V.  App. I.  p. 187.  Sutherland MSS.  Aug.
+1686.  Autobiography of Sir John Bramston.  p. 236.  Camden Society.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap20fn49"></a>
+[<a href="#chap20fn49text">49</a>] Hist. MSS. Com.  Rept. VII.  p. 479<i>b</i>.  Verney MSS.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap20fn50"></a>
+[<a href="#chap20fn50text">50</a>] Add. MSS.  28898.  fol. 21.  Brit. Mus.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap20fn51"></a>
+[<a href="#chap20fn51text">51</a>] Since going to press the author has been shown a document
+purporting to be the marriage certificate of Prince Rupert and the Lady
+Francesca Bard; it is dated July 30 1664, and signed by Henry Biguell,
+Minister (Vicar of Petersham).
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap20fn52"></a>
+[<a href="#chap20fn52text">52</a>] Cf. Marriage of Geo. Wm. Duke of Hanover with Eleonore D'Olbreuse.
+His children were excluded from succession.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap20fn53"></a>
+[<a href="#chap20fn53text">53</a>] Briefe der Prinzessin Elizabeth Charlotte, ed. Menzel.  1843.  p.
+86.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap20fn54"></a>
+[<a href="#chap20fn54text">54</a>] Briefe der Kurfürstin Sophie an die Raugräfen, p. 84.  12 Mar.
+1680.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap20fn55"></a>
+[<a href="#chap20fn55text">55</a>] Briefe an die Raugräfen, p. 49.  9 Sept. 1686.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap20fn56"></a>
+[<a href="#chap20fn56text">56</a>] Briefe an die Raugräfen, p. 49.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap20fn57"></a>
+[<a href="#chap20fn57text">57</a>] Briefe an die Raugräfen, p. 152.  11 Feb. 1697.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap20fn58"></a>
+[<a href="#chap20fn58text">58</a>] Briefe an die Raugräfen, p. 269.  1 Oct 1704.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap20fn59"></a>
+[<a href="#chap20fn59text">59</a>] Hist. MSS. Com.  Rept. 12.  App. 3.  MSS. of Earl Cowper, II.  p.
+404.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap20fn60"></a>
+[<a href="#chap20fn60text">60</a>] A Jacobite at the Court of Hanover.  Eng. Hist. Review.  F. F.
+Chance.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap20fn61"></a>
+[<a href="#chap20fn61text">61</a>] Regencies.  Record Office.  2.  3.  12 Sept. 1702.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap20fn62"></a>
+[<a href="#chap20fn62text">62</a>] Regencies.  3.  19 Sept. 1704.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap20fn63"></a>
+[<a href="#chap20fn63text">63</a>] Add MSS.  23908.  fol. 82.  Brit. Mus.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap20fn64"></a>
+[<a href="#chap20fn64text">64</a>] Briefe an die Raugräfen, p. 285.  16 Aug. 1708.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap20fn65"></a>
+[<a href="#chap20fn65text">65</a>] Hamilton's Mémoires du Comte de Grammont.  ed. 1876.  pp. 242-243.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap20fn66"></a>
+[<a href="#chap20fn66text">66</a>] Hist. MSS. Com.  Rept. 12.  Rutland MSS.  II.  17.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap20fn67"></a>
+[<a href="#chap20fn67text">67</a>] Briefwechsel mit Karl Ludwig, p. 194.  3 July, 1674.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap20fn68"></a>
+[<a href="#chap20fn68text">68</a>] Briefwechsel mit Karl Ludwig, p. 368.  6 July, 1679.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap20fn69"></a>
+[<a href="#chap20fn69text">69</a>] Briefe an die Raugräfen.  p. 149.  4-14 Dec. 1696.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap20fn70"></a>
+[<a href="#chap20fn70text">70</a>] Hist. MSS. Com.  Rep. 7.  p. 480<i>b</i>.  Verney MSS.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap20fn71"></a>
+[<a href="#chap20fn71text">71</a>] Briefe der Kurfürstin Sophie an die Raugräfen, p. 183, 26 Oct.
+1698.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap20fn72"></a>
+[<a href="#chap20fn72text">72</a>] Ibid.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap20fn73"></a>
+[<a href="#chap20fn73text">73</a>] Regencies.  4 Jan., Feb. 1706.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap20fn74"></a>
+[<a href="#chap20fn74text">74</a>] Ibid.  4, 22 May, 1708.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap20fn75"></a>
+[<a href="#chap20fn75text">75</a>] Hamilton's De Grammont.  ed. 1876.  p. 242.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap20fn76"></a>
+[<a href="#chap20fn76text">76</a>] Hist. Memoir of Prince Rupert, ed. 1683.  Preface.
+</p>
+
+<p class="footnote">
+<a id="chap20fn77"></a>
+[<a href="#chap20fn77text">77</a>] Campbell's Admirals, II.  p. 250.
+</p>
+
+<p><br /><br /><br /></p>
+
+<p><a id="chap21"></a></p>
+
+<p>
+<span class="pagenum">{<a id="P369"></a>369}</span>
+</p>
+
+<h3>
+INDEX
+<br /><br />
+</h3>
+
+<p class="t3b">
+A
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Abbot, Mr., <a href="#P86">86-87</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Abingdon, <a href="#P162">162</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Africa, Natives of, <a href="#P257">257-259</a>; trade with, <a href="#P302">302</a>, <a href="#P307">307</a>, <a href="#P338">338</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Albemarle, Duke of, (<i>see</i> Monk,) <a href="#P297">297</a>, <a href="#P302">302</a>, <a href="#P307">307</a>, <a href="#P309">309</a>, <a href="#P341">341</a>, <a href="#P364">364</a>; as
+Admiral, <a href="#P311">311-313</a>, <a href="#P316">316</a>, <a href="#P318">318</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Aldbourn Chase, Battle of, <a href="#P121">121</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Allen, Captain, <a href="#P223">223</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Ambassador, French, <a href="#P124">124</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Anne of Austria, (Queen Regent of France,) <a href="#P209">209</a>, <a href="#P213">213</a>, <a href="#P215">215</a>, <a href="#P246">246</a>, <a href="#P267">267</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Anne de Gonzague, (Princess Palatine,) <a href="#P209">209</a>, <a href="#P278">278</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Anne Queen, (<i>see</i> York,) <a href="#P362">362</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+"Antelope", The, <a href="#P228">228</a>, <a href="#P232">232</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Archduke, The, (<i>see</i> also Leopold,) <a href="#P51">51</a>, <a href="#P299">299</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Arguin, Fleet at, <a href="#P253">253-4</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Argyle, Duke of, <a href="#P230">230</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Arlington, Lord, (<i>see</i> Bennett,) <a href="#P312">312-313</a>, <a href="#P320">320</a>; letters of Rupert to,
+<a href="#P304">304-5</a>, <a href="#P309">309</a>, <a href="#P349">349</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Armentières, <a href="#P214">214-215</a>, <a href="#P216">216</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Army, New Model, <a href="#P163">163</a>, <a href="#P172">172-3</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Arras, <a href="#P215">215</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Arundel, Lord, <a href="#P22">22</a>, <a href="#P44">44</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Ashburnham, John, <a href="#P78">78</a>, <a href="#P123">123</a>, <a href="#P133">133</a>, <a href="#P136">136</a>, <a href="#P156">156</a>, <a href="#P157">157</a>, <a href="#P172">172</a>, <a href="#P180">180</a>, <a href="#P191">191</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Astley, Sir Jacob, (afterwards Lord,) <a href="#P34">34</a>, <a href="#P70">70</a>, <a href="#P85">85</a>, <a href="#P91">91</a>, <a href="#P99">99</a>, <a href="#P168">168</a>, <a href="#P172">172</a>,
+<a href="#P174">174</a>; letters of, <a href="#P126">126</a>, <a href="#P165">165</a>; letters to, <a href="#P165">165-166</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Aston, Sir Arthur, <a href="#P69">69</a>, <a href="#P74">74</a>, <a href="#P91">91</a>, <a href="#P106">106</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Aubigny, Lord, (George Stuart,) <a href="#P93">93</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Aylesbury, <a href="#P128">128</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Azores, The, <a href="#P247">247-248</a>, <a href="#P251">251-252</a>, <a href="#P262">262</a>.
+</p>
+
+
+
+
+<p class="t3b">
+<br /><br /><br />
+B
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Baden, Margrave of, <a href="#P51">51</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Bagot, Sir William, <a href="#P70">70</a>, <a href="#P166">166</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Balfour, <a href="#P97">97</a>, <a href="#P154">154</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Ball, Captain, <a href="#P126">126</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Bampfylde, Colonel, <a href="#P280">280-281</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Banbury, <a href="#P96">96-97</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Banckert, Admiral, <a href="#P325">325</a>, <a href="#P327">327</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Banner, General, <a href="#P37">37</a>, <a href="#P50">50</a>, <a href="#P51">51</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Bard, Francesca, (Viscountess Bellamont,) <a href="#P357">357-365</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Bard, Dudley, <a href="#P358">358-361</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Bard, Sir Henry, (Viscount Bellamont,) <a href="#P126">126</a>, <a href="#P357">357</a>, <a href="#P360">360</a>; letter of, to
+Rupert, <a href="#P170">170</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Basing House, <a href="#P161">161</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Batten, Captain, <a href="#P223">223</a>, <a href="#P225">225</a>, <a href="#P227">227</a>, <a href="#P318">318</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Bavaria, Duke of, <a href="#P8">8</a>, <a href="#P45">45</a>, <a href="#P51">51</a>, <a href="#P52">52</a>, <a href="#P55">55</a>; Duchess of, <a href="#P52">52</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Beaufort, Duc de, <a href="#P312">312</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Beckman, Captain, <a href="#P223">223</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Bedford, Earl of, <a href="#P123">123</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Bedford, <a href="#P125">125</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Beeston Castle, <a href="#P168">168</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Bellamont; <i>see</i> Bard.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Bellasys, Lord, <a href="#P115">115</a>, <a href="#P196">196</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Bennett, Henry, (<i>see</i> Arlington,) <a href="#P275">275</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Berkeley, Sir John, <a href="#P276">276</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Birmingham, <a href="#P103">103-104</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Blake, Admiral, <a href="#P241">241-245</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Blechingdon House, <a href="#P169">169</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Blount, Sir Charles, <a href="#P126">126</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Bohemia, <a href="#P3">3-5</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Bolton, <a href="#P144">144</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Boswell, Sir W., <a href="#P55">55</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Boye, <a href="#P44">44</a>, <a href="#P79">79-81</a>; death of, <a href="#P81">81</a>, <a href="#P150">150</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Brandenburg, Elector of, <a href="#P5">5-6</a>, <a href="#P280">280</a>, <a href="#P353">353</a>; Catharine, Electress of, <a href="#P5">5-6</a>,
+<a href="#P211">211</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Breda, Siege of, <a href="#P34">34-35</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Brentford, Lord, (<i>see</i> Ruthven,) <a href="#P162">162</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Bristol, <a href="#P113">113</a>, <a href="#P118">118</a>, <a href="#P177">177</a>, <a href="#P180">180</a>; siege of, <a href="#P114">114-117</a>, <a href="#P180">180-182</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Bristol, Earl of, <a href="#P94">94</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Brouncker, Mr., <a href="#P308">308-309</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Brunswick, Christian of, <a href="#P7">7</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Buckingham, George Villiers, first Duke of, <a href="#P12">12</a>; letters of Prince Henry
+to, <a href="#P13">13</a>; death of, <a href="#P13">13</a>; daughter of, <a href="#P12">12</a>, <a href="#P111">111</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Buckingham, Second Duke of, <a href="#P225">225</a>, <a href="#P273">273</a>, <a href="#P295">295</a>, <a href="#P337">337</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Bulstrode, Sir Richard, <a href="#P92">92</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Bunckley, M., <a href="#P277">277</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Burnet, Bishop, <a href="#P309">309</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Burford, Lord, <a href="#P364">364</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Butler, Colonel, <a href="#P183">183</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Byron, Sir John, (afterwards Lord,) <a href="#P95">95</a>, <a href="#P100">100</a>, <a href="#P120">120</a>, <a href="#P130">130</a>, <a href="#P140">140</a>, <a href="#P160">160</a>, <a href="#P164">164</a>,
+<a href="#P167">167-168</a>, <a href="#P190">190</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Byron, Sir Nicholas, <a href="#P90">90</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Byron, Sir Robert, <a href="#P70">70</a>.
+</p>
+
+
+
+
+<p class="t3b">
+<br /><br /><br />
+C
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Cabal, The, <a href="#P320">320</a>, <a href="#P322">322</a>, <a href="#P323">323</a>, <a href="#P331">331</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Caldecot House, Attack on, <a href="#P86">86</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Calvinist Princes, <a href="#P4">4</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Cambridge, Duke of, <a href="#P336">336</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Canterbury, Archbishop of, <a href="#P304">304</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Carleton, Sir Dudley, <a href="#P10">10</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Carlisle, Lord, <a href="#P340">340</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Carlisle, Lady, <a href="#P78">78</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Carnarvon, Lord, <a href="#P27">27</a>, <a href="#P119">119</a>, <a href="#P122">122</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Carteret, Sir George, <a href="#P255">255</a>, <a href="#P318">318</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Cartwright, Captain, <a href="#P228">228</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Casimir, Prince, <a href="#P43">43</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Casimir, Prince John, <a href="#P349">349</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Cavaliers, First defeat of, <a href="#P121">121</a>; character of, <a href="#P332">332-333</a>; distressed,
+<a href="#P336">336-337</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Cave, Sir Richard, <a href="#P127">127</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Chalgrove Field, <a href="#P108">108-110</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Chapelle, M. de La, <a href="#P219">219-220</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Charles I. As Prince, <a href="#P7">7</a>; as King, <a href="#P12">12</a>, <a href="#P13">13</a>, <a href="#P21">21-24</a>, <a href="#P27">27</a>, <a href="#P30">30</a>, <a href="#P31">31</a>, <a href="#P40">40</a>, <a href="#P43">43</a>,
+<a href="#P48">48-52</a>, <a href="#P56">56</a>, <a href="#P57">57</a>, <a href="#P58">58</a>, <a href="#P60">60-61</a>, <a href="#P67">67</a>, <a href="#P71">71</a>, <a href="#P77">77-78</a>, <a href="#P87">87</a>, <a href="#P88">88</a>, <a href="#P91">91-93</a>, <a href="#P119">119-120</a>, <a href="#P133">133</a>,
+<a href="#P141">141</a>, <a href="#P146">146</a>, <a href="#P160">160-161</a>, <a href="#P189">189-190</a>, <a href="#P208">208</a>, <a href="#P214">214</a>, <a href="#P223">223</a>, <a href="#P237">237</a>, <a href="#P295">295</a>, <a href="#P332">332</a>, <a href="#P336">336</a>; letters
+of, <a href="#P32">32</a>, <a href="#P63">63</a>, <a href="#P138">138</a>, <a href="#P141">141</a>, <a href="#P143">143</a>, <a href="#P147">147</a>, <a href="#P152">152-153</a>, <a href="#P157">157</a>, <a href="#P166">166</a>, <a href="#P187">187</a>, <a href="#P194">194</a>, <a href="#P213">213</a>, <a href="#P218">218</a>,
+<a href="#P231">231</a>; letters to, <a href="#P15">15</a>, <a href="#P50">50</a>, <a href="#P185">185-186</a>; attempts to treat with Parliament,
+<a href="#P85">85</a>, <a href="#P99">99</a>, <a href="#P102">102</a>, <a href="#P128">128</a>, <a href="#P163">163</a>; disavows Rupert's action, <a href="#P86">86</a>; fears Rupert's
+violence, <a href="#P94">94</a>; in want of money, <a href="#P95">95</a>; advances on London, <a href="#P98">98-99</a>; recalls
+Rupert to Oxford, <a href="#P106">106</a>; meets Queen at Edgehill, <a href="#P111">111</a>; disturbed councils
+of, <a href="#P108">108</a>; affection for Duke and Duchess of Richmond, <a href="#P111">111-112</a>; goes to
+Bristol, <a href="#P118">118-119</a>; at siege of Gloucester, <a href="#P120">120</a>; defeated at Newbury,
+<a href="#P121">121-122</a>, <a href="#P161">161</a>; vacillates between parties, <a href="#P122">122-123</a>, <a href="#P124">124</a>, <a href="#P143">143</a>, <a href="#P170">170-173</a>;
+desires to send Prince of Wales to West, <a href="#P142">142</a>; attempts to prejudice,
+against Rupert, <a href="#P145">145</a>; successes of, in West, <a href="#P154">154</a>; removes Wilmot,
+<a href="#P154">154-155</a>; desires to reconcile Rupert with Digby, <a href="#P157">157-158</a>; retreats to
+Oxford, <a href="#P161">161-162</a>; last campaign of, <a href="#P170">170-173</a>; defeated at Naseby, <a href="#P173">173</a>;
+retreats to Wales, <a href="#P173">173</a>, <a href="#P177">177</a>; refuses to treat, <a href="#P178">178-179</a>; dismisses
+Rupert, <a href="#P184">184</a>; at Newark, <a href="#P186">186-187</a>; permits Rupert's trial, <a href="#P195">195</a>; offended
+by Rupert's conduct, <a href="#P197">197-198</a>; reconciled with Rupert, <a href="#P199">199-201</a>; goes to
+Scots, <a href="#P201">201</a>; reproaches Charles Louis, <a href="#P206">206-207</a>; reaction in favour of,
+<a href="#P222">222</a>; attempt of, to escape, <a href="#P231">231-232</a>; death of, <a href="#P236">236-239</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Charles II. As Prince, <a href="#P77">77</a>, <a href="#P100">100</a>, <a href="#P107">107</a>, <a href="#P159">159</a>, <a href="#P167">167</a>, <a href="#P173">173</a>, <a href="#P199">199</a>, <a href="#P213">213</a>, <a href="#P220">220</a>,
+<a href="#P221">221</a>, <a href="#P222">222</a>, <a href="#P224">224-226</a>, <a href="#P229">229</a>, <a href="#P232">232</a>, <a href="#P236">236</a>, <a href="#P237">237</a>, devoted to Rupert, <a href="#P142">142</a>, <a href="#P174">174</a>,
+<a href="#P230">230</a>; courtship of Mademoiselle, <a href="#P218">218-219</a>; negotiates with Scots,
+<a href="#P229">229-230</a>; as King, <a href="#P239">239</a>, <a href="#P241">241</a>, <a href="#P255">255</a>, <a href="#P266">266</a>, <a href="#P268">268</a>, <a href="#P275">275</a>, <a href="#P278">278</a>, <a href="#P279">279</a>, <a href="#P285">285</a>, <a href="#P298">298</a>,
+<a href="#P299">299</a>, <a href="#P300">300</a>, <a href="#P301">301</a>, <a href="#P303">303-305</a>, <a href="#P310">310</a>, <a href="#P311">311</a>, <a href="#P315">315-317</a>, <a href="#P319">319</a>, <a href="#P321">321</a>, <a href="#P325">325</a>, <a href="#P332">332</a>, <a href="#P340">340</a>,
+<a href="#P341">341</a>, <a href="#P342">342</a>, <a href="#P356">356</a>; letters to, <a href="#P243">243</a>, <a href="#P254">254-255</a>, <a href="#P281">281</a>, <a href="#P306">306</a>; letters of, <a href="#P265">265</a>,
+<a href="#P270">270</a>, <a href="#P276">276</a>, <a href="#P350">350-351</a>; quarrel with Rupert, <a href="#P270">270-273</a>; quarrel with
+Henrietta, <a href="#P276">276</a>; goes to Cologne, <a href="#P277">277</a>; Rupert acts for, at Vienna, <a href="#P277">277</a>,
+<a href="#P280">280</a>, <a href="#P296">296</a>; begs Rupert to remain with him, <a href="#P278">278</a>; relations with Rupert,
+<a href="#P282">282</a>, <a href="#P294">294-296</a>, <a href="#P331">331</a>, <a href="#P334">334-338</a>; quarrel with James of York, <a href="#P282">282</a>;
+restoration of, <a href="#P293">293</a>; care for Navy, <a href="#P302">302</a>; Rupert complains to, <a href="#P314">314</a>, <a href="#P318">318</a>,
+<a href="#P326">326</a>; excuses the French Fleet, <a href="#P328">328</a>; plot against, <a href="#P329">329-330</a>; mediates
+between Rupert and Elector, <a href="#P349">349</a>; chaplain of, <a href="#P295">295</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Charles Louis, Elector Palatine. Letters of, to Elizabeth of Bohemia,
+<a href="#P9">9</a>, <a href="#P24">24-27</a>, <a href="#P30">30</a>, <a href="#P42">42</a>, <a href="#P43">43</a>, <a href="#P50">50</a>, <a href="#P57">57</a>, <a href="#P207">207</a>, <a href="#P209">209</a>, <a href="#P211">211</a>, <a href="#P239">239</a>, <a href="#P286">286</a>, <a href="#P297">297</a>; to Charles
+I, <a href="#P15">15</a>; to Sir T. Roe, <a href="#P89">89</a>; to Rupert, <a href="#P277">277</a>, <a href="#P288">288</a>; to Sophie, <a href="#P289">289</a>, <a href="#P346">346</a>,
+<a href="#P352">352</a>, <a href="#P353">353</a>. Letters of Princess Sophie to, <a href="#P344">344</a>, <a href="#P346">346</a>, <a href="#P349">349</a>, <a href="#P351">351</a>; of Rupert
+to, <a href="#P290">290</a>; of Charles II to, <a href="#P350">350-351</a>. Early life of, <a href="#P3">3</a>, <a href="#P8">8</a>, <a href="#P10">10</a>, <a href="#P11">11</a>,
+<a href="#P14">14-20</a>; comes of age, visit to England, <a href="#P21">21-24</a>; favourite son of
+Elizabeth, <a href="#P17">17</a>, <a href="#P21">21</a>, <a href="#P41">41</a>; secures aid in England, <a href="#P28">28</a>; attempts to recover
+Palatinate, <a href="#P35">35-39</a>; desires to send servant to Rupert, <a href="#P42">42-43</a>; prisoner
+in Paris, <a href="#P48">48-49</a>; goes to England, <a href="#P50">50</a>; sides with Parliament, <a href="#P88">88-89</a>,
+<a href="#P205">205-208:</a> receives money from Parliament, <a href="#P184">184</a>, <a href="#P207">207</a>; indifference to the
+King's death, <a href="#P239">239</a>; visits Rupert and Maurice, <a href="#P203">203</a>, <a href="#P205">205</a>; indignant with
+Edward, <a href="#P209">209-210</a>; supports Philip, <a href="#P210">210-212</a>; desires reconciliation with
+brothers <a href="#P239">239-240</a>; restoration of, <a href="#P283">283</a>; neglects Elizabeth, <a href="#P283">283-285</a>;
+cordial to Rupert, <a href="#P287">287-288</a>; quarrel with Rupert, <a href="#P290">290</a>, <a href="#P301">301</a>, <a href="#P348">348-351</a>;
+desires Rupert's return, <a href="#P290">290</a>, <a href="#P353">353-354</a>; attempts to injure Rupert,
+<a href="#P299">299-300</a>; unfortunate marriage of, <a href="#P289">289</a>, <a href="#P351">351-352</a>; love for Louise von
+Degenfeldt, <a href="#P289">289</a>, <a href="#P352">352</a>; daughter of, <a href="#P347">347</a>; anxiety of, for children, <a href="#P352">352</a>;
+death of, <a href="#P354">354</a>; children of, <a href="#P354">354-355</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Chester, Bishop of, <a href="#P144">144</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Chicheley, <a href="#P335">335</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Choqueux; <i>see</i> De Choqueux.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Churchill, John, <a href="#P359">359</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Cirencester, <a href="#P101">101-102</a>, <a href="#P120">120</a>, <a href="#P125">125</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Clare, Lord, <a href="#P123">123</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Clarendon, Lord, (<i>see</i> Hyde, Edward,) <a href="#P77">77</a>, <a href="#P78">78</a>, <a href="#P83">83</a>, <a href="#P186">186</a>, <a href="#P310">310</a>, <a href="#P312">312</a>;
+opinion of Rupert, <a href="#P2">2</a>, <a href="#P72">72-73</a>, <a href="#P151">151-152</a>; opinion of Maurice, <a href="#P73">73</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Cleveland, <a href="#P64">64</a>, <a href="#P80">80</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Clubmen, <a href="#P164">164</a>, <a href="#P168">168</a>, <a href="#P180">180</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Coke, <a href="#P335">335</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Colbert, <a href="#P339">339</a>; opinion of Rupert, <a href="#P266">266</a>, <a href="#P295">295</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Colster, Captain, <a href="#P59">59</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Condé, Prince of, <a href="#P245">245</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+"Constant Reformation", <a href="#P246">246</a>, <a href="#P247">247</a>, <a href="#P255">255</a>, <a href="#P271">271</a>; wreck of, <a href="#P248">248-251</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+"Convertine", <a href="#P223">223-224</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Conway, Lord, <a href="#P208">208</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Cook, Captain, <a href="#P335">335</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Cork, Governor of, <a href="#P236">236</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Cornish Soldiers, zeal of, <a href="#P115">115-116</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Cornwallis, Lord, <a href="#P220">220</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Cortez, Robert, <a href="#P286">286</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Cottington, <a href="#P157">157</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Courland, Ship from, <a href="#P256">256</a>, <a href="#P258">258</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Court, Factions at, <a href="#P70">70-71</a>, <a href="#P108">108</a>, <a href="#P118">118</a>, Courtiers of Charles II, <a href="#P332">332-333</a>,
+<a href="#P334">334</a>, <a href="#P341">341</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Coventry, Sir William, <a href="#P302">302</a>, <a href="#P310">310</a>, <a href="#P312">312</a>, <a href="#P318">318</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Crane, Sir Richard, <a href="#P40">40-41</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Crafurd, Lord, <a href="#P107">107</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Craven, Lord, <a href="#P26">26</a>, <a href="#P37">37-41</a>, <a href="#P275">275</a>, <a href="#P278">278</a>, <a href="#P283">283</a>, <a href="#P286">286</a>, <a href="#P301">301</a>, <a href="#P338">338</a>, <a href="#P341">341</a>, <a href="#P343">343</a>, <a href="#P353">353</a>;
+generosity of, <a href="#P36">36-37</a>; letters of, <a href="#P43">43</a>, <a href="#P232">232</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Craven, Captain, <a href="#P246">246</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Crawford, Lord, <a href="#P87">87</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Crofts, Mrs., <a href="#P26">26</a>, <a href="#P27">27</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Croker, Colonel, <a href="#P107">107</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Cromwell, Oliver, <a href="#P1">1</a>, <a href="#P148">148-150</a>, <a href="#P162">162-163</a>, <a href="#P170">170-173</a>, <a href="#P183">183</a>, <a href="#P229">229</a>, <a href="#P235">235-236</a>,
+<a href="#P269">269-270</a>, <a href="#P274">274</a>, <a href="#P277">277</a>, <a href="#P279">279-281</a>; spies of, <a href="#P268">268-269</a>, <a href="#P277">277</a>, <a href="#P280">280</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Culpepper, Sir John, <a href="#P75">75</a>, <a href="#P145">145</a>, <a href="#P147">147</a>, <a href="#P220">220</a>, <a href="#P225">225-226</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Curtius, Sir William, <a href="#P281">281</a>.
+</p>
+
+
+
+
+<p class="t3b">
+<br /><br /><br />
+D
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Dartmouth, <a href="#P119">119</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Davenant, Sir W., <a href="#P138">138</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+De Choqueux, <a href="#P306">306</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+"Defiance", The, <a href="#P257">257</a>, <a href="#P261">261</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Degenfeldt, Louise Von, <a href="#P289">289</a>, <a href="#P352">352-354</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+De Martel, Admiral, <a href="#P328">328-329</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+De Miro, Count, <a href="#P242">242-243</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Denbigh, Lord, <a href="#P104">104</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+D'Epernon, Duc, <a href="#P294">294</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+D'Epinay, Count, <a href="#P210">210</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Derby, Earl of, <a href="#P103">103</a>, <a href="#P135">135</a>, <a href="#P144">144</a>, <a href="#P152">152</a>; Countess of, <a href="#P103">103</a>, <a href="#P135">135</a>, <a href="#P144">144</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+De Rohan, Duc, <a href="#P30">30</a>; Madame, <a href="#P30">30</a>, <a href="#P31">31</a>; Marguerite, <a href="#P30">30-33</a>, <a href="#P44">44</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+De Ruyter, Admiral, <a href="#P303">303</a>, <a href="#P307">307</a>, <a href="#P315">315-316</a>, <a href="#P324">324-325</a>, <a href="#P327">327-328</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+D'Estrées, Admiral, <a href="#P324">324</a>, <a href="#P327">327</a>, <a href="#P328">328-329</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+D'Hona, Baron, <a href="#P5">5</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Digby, George Lord, (afterwards Earl of Bristol,) <a href="#P60">60</a>, <a href="#P71">71</a>, <a href="#P74">74</a>, <a href="#P84">84</a>, <a href="#P87">87</a>,
+<a href="#P103">103</a>, <a href="#P105">105</a>, <a href="#P107">107-108</a>, <a href="#P122">122</a>, <a href="#P124">124</a>, <a href="#P129">129</a>, <a href="#P157">157</a>, <a href="#P158">158</a>, <a href="#P170">170</a>, <a href="#P178">178</a>, <a href="#P186">186-187</a>, <a href="#P194">194</a>,
+<a href="#P196">196-198</a>, <a href="#P204">204</a>, <a href="#P209">209</a>, <a href="#P221">221</a>; Character of, <a href="#P81">81</a>; enmity to Rupert, <a href="#P75">75-77</a>, <a href="#P85">85</a>,
+<a href="#P173">173</a>; challenged by Rupert, <a href="#P219">219</a>; reconciled to Rupert, <a href="#P158">158</a>, <a href="#P220">220</a>;
+intrigues of, <a href="#P123">123</a>, <a href="#P129">129</a>, <a href="#P131">131</a>, <a href="#P140">140-141</a>, <a href="#P145">145</a>, <a href="#P170">170-172</a>, <a href="#P179">179-180</a>, <a href="#P184">184</a>,
+<a href="#P189">189-193</a>; cause of Marston Moor, <a href="#P147">147</a>; cause of Wilmot's fall, <a href="#P156">156-157</a>;
+letters of, <a href="#P138">138</a>, <a href="#P155">155</a>, <a href="#P174">174-175</a>, <a href="#P232">232-233</a>; letter to, <a href="#P175">175-176</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Digby, Lady, <a href="#P191">191</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Digby, Sir Kenelm, <a href="#P208">208</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Dolphin, Edward, <a href="#P329">329-330</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Donnington Castle, <a href="#P161">161</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Dorchester, <a href="#P119">119</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Dorset, Lord, <a href="#P200">200</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Dover, Treaty of, <a href="#P321">321</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Downs, Battle of the, <a href="#P312">312-314</a>
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Durer, Albert, <a href="#P43">43</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Dyves, Sir Louis, <a href="#P69">69</a>, <a href="#P74">74</a>, <a href="#P97">97</a>.
+</p>
+
+
+
+
+<p class="t3b">
+<br /><br /><br />
+E
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Edgehill, Battle of, <a href="#P65">65</a>, <a href="#P66">66</a>, <a href="#P84">84</a>, <a href="#P91">91-93</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Edward, Prince Palatine, <a href="#P15">15</a>, <a href="#P18">18</a>, <a href="#P19">19</a>, <a href="#P35">35</a>, <a href="#P49">49</a>, <a href="#P208">208-209</a>, <a href="#P210">210</a>, <a href="#P232">232</a>,
+<a href="#P238">238-240</a>, <a href="#P266">266</a>, <a href="#P285">285-286</a>, <a href="#P294">294-5</a>, <a href="#P347">347-348</a>; marriage of, <a href="#P209">209</a>; wife of, <a href="#P278">278</a>;
+letter of, <a href="#P238">238</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia, <a href="#P3">3</a>, <a href="#P5">5-17</a>, <a href="#P19">19-21</a>, <a href="#P25">25-29</a>, <a href="#P35">35</a>, <a href="#P36">36</a>,
+<a href="#P40">40-41</a>, <a href="#P48">48</a>, <a href="#P50">50</a>, <a href="#P52">52</a>, <a href="#P56">56-57</a>, <a href="#P89">89-90</a>, <a href="#P127">127</a>, <a href="#P210">210-211</a>, <a href="#P232">232</a>, <a href="#P284">284</a>, <a href="#P293">293</a>, <a href="#P297">297</a>;
+poverty of, <a href="#P13">13</a>, <a href="#P15">15</a>, <a href="#P283">283-284</a>. Letters of to Sir T. Roe, <a href="#P40">40-41</a>, <a href="#P49">49-51</a>,
+<a href="#P56">56</a>; to Rupert, <a href="#P282">282</a>, <a href="#P285">285-286</a>, <a href="#P351">351</a>; to Duchess of Richmond, <a href="#P241">241</a>; to Vane,
+<a href="#P21">21</a>, <a href="#P23">23</a>. Letters of Charles II to, <a href="#P276">276</a>; of Charles Louis to, <a href="#P9">9</a>, <a href="#P24">24-27</a>,
+<a href="#P30">30</a>, <a href="#P42">42-43</a>, <a href="#P50">50</a>, <a href="#P207">207-211</a>, <a href="#P239">239</a>, <a href="#P286">286</a>; of Sir T. Roe to, <a href="#P22">22-25</a>, <a href="#P30">30</a>. Death
+of, <a href="#P301">301</a>; will of, <a href="#P301">301</a>, <a href="#P348">348</a>, <a href="#P350">350</a>; jewels of, <a href="#P363">363</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Elizabeth, Princess Palatine, <a href="#P3">3</a>, <a href="#P8">8</a>, <a href="#P10">10</a>, <a href="#P11">11</a>, <a href="#P17">17-18</a>, <a href="#P22">22</a>, <a href="#P48">48</a>, <a href="#P211">211</a>, <a href="#P283">283</a>,
+<a href="#P288">288</a>, <a href="#P294">294</a>, <a href="#P301">301</a>, <a href="#P342">342</a>, <a href="#P346">346</a>, <a href="#P353">353</a>; Abbess of Hervorden, <a href="#P345">345-346</a>; letter of,
+<a href="#P348">348</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Elliot, Colonel, <a href="#P142">142</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Emperors: Matthias, <a href="#P3">3-4</a>; Ferdinand II, <a href="#P5">5-8</a>; Ferdinand III, <a href="#P41">41-42</a>,
+<a href="#P45">45-46</a>, <a href="#P52">52-56</a>, <a href="#P276">276-277</a>; Leopold I, <a href="#P293">293-294</a>, <a href="#P296">296</a>, <a href="#P298">298-300</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Empire, Religious war in, <a href="#P3">3</a>, <a href="#P4">4</a>, <a href="#P7">7</a>, <a href="#P43">43</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Empress, <a href="#P52">52</a>, <a href="#P299">299</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Ernest Augustus; <i>see</i> Hanover, Dukes of.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Essex, Charles, <a href="#P42">42</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Essex, Earl of, <a href="#P67">67-68</a>, <a href="#P87">87</a>, <a href="#P91">91-93</a>, <a href="#P96">96-99</a>, <a href="#P106">106-108</a>, <a href="#P110">110</a>, <a href="#P111">111</a>, <a href="#P120">120-122</a>,
+<a href="#P125">125</a>, <a href="#P128">128</a>, <a href="#P154">154</a>, <a href="#P169">169</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Evelyn, John, Diary of, <a href="#P292">292</a>, <a href="#P339">339</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Evertsen, Admiral, <a href="#P307">307-308</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Exeter, <a href="#P119">119</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Eythin, Lord, (<i>see</i> King,) <a href="#P149">149</a>.
+</p>
+
+
+
+
+<p class="t3b">
+<br /><br /><br />
+F
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Fairfax--Lord, <a href="#P146">146</a>, <a href="#P150">150</a>; Thomas, <a href="#P171">171-173</a>, <a href="#P181">181-183</a>, <a href="#P201">201-203</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Falkland, Lord, <a href="#P71">71</a>, <a href="#P122">122</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+"Fan-fan", The, <a href="#P315">315</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Fanshaw, Sir Richard, <a href="#P226">226</a>, <a href="#P235">235</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Faussett, Captain, <a href="#P134">134</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Fayal, <a href="#P251">251</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Fearnes, Captain, <a href="#P247">247</a>, <a href="#P250">250</a>, <a href="#P251">251-252</a>, <a href="#P269">269</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Fenn, Jack, <a href="#P318">318</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Ferdinand of Styria, (<i>see</i> Emperors,) <a href="#P3">3-4</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Ferentz, Count, <a href="#P37">37</a>, <a href="#P39">39-41</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Feversham, Colonel, <a href="#P359">359</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Fielding, Colonel, <a href="#P90">90</a>, <a href="#P106">106-107</a>, <a href="#P170">170</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Fiennes, Nathaniel, <a href="#P87">87</a>, <a href="#P114">114</a>, <a href="#P116">116-117</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Fleet, English. Revolts to the King, <a href="#P222">222</a>; unsatisfactory state of,
+<a href="#P223">223-229</a>; on Irish Coast, <a href="#P232">232-236</a>; in Tagus, <a href="#P241">241-244</a>; on Spanish Coast,
+<a href="#P244">244-245</a>; refits at Toulon, <a href="#P245">245-246</a>; sails for Azores, <a href="#P247">247-248</a>; wrecks,
+<a href="#P249">249</a>, <a href="#P250">250</a>, <a href="#P251">251</a>, <a href="#P261">261</a>; dissension in, <a href="#P247">247</a>, <a href="#P252">252</a>; damaged by storms, <a href="#P253">253</a>,
+<a href="#P259">259-260</a>; on African Coast, <a href="#P253">253</a>, <a href="#P256">256-259</a>; voyage to West Indies,
+<a href="#P260">260-261</a>; return to France, <a href="#P261">261-2</a>; expedition for Guinea, <a href="#P303">303-305</a>; in
+first Dutch War, <a href="#P307">307-316</a>; in second Dutch War, <a href="#P322">322-329</a>; neglected by
+victuallers, <a href="#P303">303</a>, <a href="#P314">314-315</a>, <a href="#P317">317</a>, <a href="#P320">320</a>, <a href="#P325">325-6</a>; quarrels concerning, <a href="#P321">321</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Fleet, Dutch, <a href="#P303">303-304</a>, <a href="#P307">307-308</a>, <a href="#P312">312-316</a>, <a href="#P324">324-328</a>; enters Medway, <a href="#P319">319</a>;
+want of union in, <a href="#P308">308</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Fleet, French, <a href="#P325">325</a>, <a href="#P327">327-328</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Forth, Lord, <a href="#P120">120</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Fox, Captain, <a href="#P59">59</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Fraser, Lord, <a href="#P286">286</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Frederick, Elector Palatine, (King of Bohemia,) <a href="#P3">3-8</a>, <a href="#P12">12-14</a>, <a href="#P46">46</a>, <a href="#P72">72</a>;
+letters of, <a href="#P9">9</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Frederick Henry, Prince Palatine, <a href="#P3">3-9</a>, <a href="#P10">10-13</a>; letters of, <a href="#P8">8</a>, <a href="#P9">9</a>, <a href="#P13">13</a>.
+</p>
+
+
+
+
+<p class="t3b">
+<br /><br /><br />
+G
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Gambia, River, <a href="#P256">256-257</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Gassion, Maréchal, <a href="#P214">214-218</a>, <a href="#P305">305</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+George of Denmark, <a href="#P343">343</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+George William; <i>see</i> Hanover, Dukes of.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Gerard Charles, (afterwards Lord,) <a href="#P78">78</a>, <a href="#P137">137</a>, <a href="#P190">190</a>, <a href="#P196">196-198</a>, <a href="#P201">201</a>, <a href="#P202">202</a>,
+<a href="#P220">220</a>, <a href="#P273">273</a>, <a href="#P275">275</a>, <a href="#P278">278</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Gerard, Jack, <a href="#P279">279</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Glemham, Sir T., <a href="#P191">191</a>, <a href="#P202">202</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Gloucester, Siege of, <a href="#P120">120</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Gonzaga, Marquis de, <a href="#P240">240</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Goodwin, Ralph, <a href="#P198">198</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Goring, George, <a href="#P27">27</a>, <a href="#P34">34</a>, <a href="#P35">35</a>, <a href="#P76">76</a>, <a href="#P84">84</a>, <a href="#P103">103</a>, <a href="#P141">141</a>, <a href="#P145">145-6</a>, <a href="#P149">149-150</a>, <a href="#P154">154</a>,
+<a href="#P158">158-159</a>, <a href="#P161">161</a>, <a href="#P170">170</a>, <a href="#P172">172</a>, <a href="#P177">177</a>, <a href="#P214">214</a>, <a href="#P217">217</a>; character of, <a href="#P83">83-84</a>; enmity to
+Rupert, <a href="#P82">82-84</a>, <a href="#P124">124</a>; reconciled to Rupert, <a href="#P158">158-160</a>; letters of, <a href="#P27">27-28</a>,
+<a href="#P155">155</a>, <a href="#P158">158-159</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Grafton, Duke of, <a href="#P359">359</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Grandison, Lord, <a href="#P34">34</a>, <a href="#P75">75</a>, <a href="#P115">115</a>, <a href="#P116">116</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+"Greyhound", The, <a href="#P326">326</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Guatier, M. de, <a href="#P220">220</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Guinea, <a href="#P303">303-304</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Gustave, Prince Palatine, <a href="#P18">18</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden, <a href="#P14">14</a>, <a href="#P15">15</a>, <a href="#P35">35</a>, <a href="#P36">36</a>, <a href="#P66">66</a>, <a href="#P92">92</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Gwyn, Nell, <a href="#P363">363</a>.
+</p>
+
+
+
+
+<p class="t3b">
+<br /><br /><br />
+H
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Haesdonck, Jan von, <a href="#P95">95</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Hague, Court at, <a href="#P224">224-226</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Hamilton, Anthony, opinion of Rupert, <a href="#P366">366</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Hamilton, Marquis of, <a href="#P140">140</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Hampden, John, <a href="#P109">109</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Hanover, Dukes of: Ernest Augustus, <a href="#P344">344-345</a>, <a href="#P357">357</a>; George William,
+<a href="#P344">344-345</a>, <a href="#P353">353</a>; Prince George of, <a href="#P355">355-356</a>, <a href="#P365">365</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Harman, Captain, <a href="#P308">308</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Haro, Don Luis de, <a href="#P294">294</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Harris, <a href="#P299">299</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Harrison, Major, <a href="#P183">183</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Hart, Dr., <a href="#P255">255</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Harvey, Dr., <a href="#P127">127</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Hastings, Colonel, (<i>see</i> Loughborough, Lord,) <a href="#P105">105</a>, <a href="#P125">125</a>, <a href="#P171">171</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Hatton, Sir C., <a href="#P272">272</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Hatzfeldt, Count, <a href="#P38">38-42</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Hayes, James, <a href="#P313">313</a>, <a href="#P314">314</a>, <a href="#P350">350</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Henderson, Sir J., <a href="#P136">136</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Henrietta Maria, Queen of England, <a href="#P24">24</a>, <a href="#P25">25</a>, <a href="#P30">30</a>, <a href="#P56">56-59</a>, <a href="#P71">71</a>, <a href="#P82">82</a>, <a href="#P103">103</a>,
+<a href="#P110">110-111</a>, <a href="#P122">122-124</a>, <a href="#P130">130-131</a>, <a href="#P139">139</a>, <a href="#P141">141</a>, <a href="#P156">156</a>, <a href="#P184">184</a>, <a href="#P208">208</a>, <a href="#P209">209</a>, <a href="#P213">213</a>, <a href="#P233">233</a>, <a href="#P246">246</a>,
+<a href="#P265">265</a>, <a href="#P285">285</a>, <a href="#P294">294</a>, <a href="#P310">310</a>, <a href="#P335">335</a>; desires marriage of Charles II, <a href="#P218">218-219</a>; stops
+Rupert's duel, <a href="#P219">219-220</a>; sides with Rupert, <a href="#P273">273</a>, <a href="#P276">276</a>; party of at St.
+Germains, <a href="#P273">273-276</a>, <a href="#P278">278</a>; chaplain of, <a href="#P295">295</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Henrietta Anne, Duchess of Orléans, <a href="#P294">294</a>, <a href="#P295">295</a>, <a href="#P335">335</a>, <a href="#P347">347</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Henriette, Princess Palatine, <a href="#P18">18</a>, <a href="#P284">284</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Henry, Duke of Gloucester, <a href="#P285">285</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Herbert, Sir Edward, <a href="#P159">159</a>, <a href="#P167">167</a>, <a href="#P225">225</a>, <a href="#P251">251</a>, <a href="#P254">254-5</a>, <a href="#P273">273-6</a>; letter to, <a href="#P255">255</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Herbert, Henry Somerset, Lord, <a href="#P107">107-108</a>, <a href="#P157">157</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Herbert Lord, (son of Lord Pembroke,) <a href="#P112">112</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Hertford, Lord, <a href="#P76">76</a>, <a href="#P101">101</a>, <a href="#P114">114</a>, <a href="#P157">157</a>; quarrel of with Princes, <a href="#P116">116-119</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Hesse Cassel, Charlotte of, Electress Palatine, <a href="#P289">289</a>, <a href="#P351">351-353</a>, <a href="#P354">354</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Hesse Cassel, Landgrave of, <a href="#P4">4</a>, <a href="#P288">288</a>, <a href="#P291">291</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Hessin, Guibert, <a href="#P271">271</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Heydon, Cary, <a href="#P336">336</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Hohenzollern, Princess of, <a href="#P284">284-285</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Holder, Job, Letters of, <a href="#P287">287-288</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Holland, Lord, <a href="#P123">123</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Holland, States of, <a href="#P7">7</a>, <a href="#P15">15</a>, <a href="#P36">36</a>, <a href="#P238">238</a>, <a href="#P240">240</a>, <a href="#P284">284</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Holmes, Sir J., <a href="#P324">324</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Holmes, Robert, <a href="#P201">201</a>, <a href="#P216">216</a>, <a href="#P254">254</a>, <a href="#P258">258</a>, <a href="#P259">259</a>, <a href="#P268">268</a>, <a href="#P269">269</a>, <a href="#P300">300</a>, <a href="#P316">316</a>, <a href="#P323">323</a>;
+character of, <a href="#P323">323</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+"Honest Seaman", The, <a href="#P246">246</a>, <a href="#P249">249</a>, <a href="#P251">251</a>, <a href="#P259">259</a>, <a href="#P261">261</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Honthorst, <a href="#P17">17</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Hopkins, William, <a href="#P329">329</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Hopton, Sir Ralph, (afterwards Lord,) <a href="#P69">69</a>, <a href="#P70">70</a>, <a href="#P101">101</a>, <a href="#P113">113</a>, <a href="#P114">114</a>, <a href="#P118">118</a>, <a href="#P119">119</a>,
+<a href="#P125">125</a>, <a href="#P155">155</a>, <a href="#P167">167</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Howard, Captain, <a href="#P327">327</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Howard, Henry, <a href="#P338">338</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Howard, Colonel, <a href="#P164">164-165</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Howard, Thomas, <a href="#P113">113</a>, <a href="#P357">357</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Howe, Brigadier-General, <a href="#P363">363-4</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Hubbard, Sir J., <a href="#P135">135</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Hughes, Margaret, <a href="#P363">363-364</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Hungary, King of, <a href="#P5">5</a>, <a href="#P291">291</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Hyde, Anne; <i>see</i> York, Duchess of.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Hyde, Sir Edward, (<i>see</i> also Clarendon,) <a href="#P71">71</a>, <a href="#P225">225-6</a>, <a href="#P229">229</a>, <a href="#P233">233</a>, <a href="#P241">241</a>,
+<a href="#P265">265-6</a>, <a href="#P268">268</a>, <a href="#P271">271-4</a>, <a href="#P277">277-9</a>, <a href="#P282">282</a>.
+</p>
+
+
+
+
+<p class="t3b">
+<br /><br /><br />
+I
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Inchiquin, Lord, <a href="#P273">273</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Independents, <a href="#P128">128</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Ireton, Henry, <a href="#P172">172</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Irish Soldiers, <a href="#P131">131</a>, <a href="#P168">168-169</a>.
+</p>
+
+
+
+
+<p class="t3b">
+<br /><br /><br />
+J
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Jacus, Captain, <a href="#P256">256-259</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+James I, King of England, <a href="#P3">3</a>, <a href="#P7">7</a>, <a href="#P8">8</a>, <a href="#P12">12</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+James II; <i>see</i> York, Duke of, <a href="#P361">361</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Jermyn, Lord, <a href="#P130">130</a>, <a href="#P133">133</a>, <a href="#P139">139</a>, <a href="#P140">140</a>, <a href="#P189">189</a>, <a href="#P209">209</a>, <a href="#P220">220</a>, <a href="#P233">233</a>, <a href="#P265">265</a>, <a href="#P273">273</a>, <a href="#P280">280</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Jordan, Captain, <a href="#P223">223</a>, <a href="#P227">227</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Juliana, Electress Palatine, <a href="#P6">6</a>, <a href="#P8">8</a>.
+</p>
+
+
+
+
+<p class="t3b">
+<br /><br /><br />
+K
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Karl, Prince Palatine, <a href="#P352">352</a>, <a href="#P354">354</a>, <a href="#P355">355</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Karl Ludwig, Raugraf, <a href="#P355">355</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Kendal, Duke of, <a href="#P336">336</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Kevenheller, Graf, <a href="#P46">46</a>, <a href="#P52">52</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Killigrew, Henry, <a href="#P341">341</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+King, General, (<i>see</i> also Eythin,) <a href="#P38">38</a>, <a href="#P39">39</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Kingsmill, <a href="#P43">43</a>, <a href="#P44">44</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Kirke, Mrs., <a href="#P112">112</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Königsmark, Graf, <a href="#P37">37</a>, <a href="#P39">39</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Kuffstein, Graf, <a href="#P41">41</a>, <a href="#P42">42</a>, <a href="#P44">44</a>, <a href="#P46">46</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Kuffstein, Susanne Marie von, <a href="#P44">44</a>, <a href="#P47">47</a>.
+</p>
+
+
+
+
+<p class="t3b">
+<br /><br /><br />
+L
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+La Bassée, <a href="#P215">215-217</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Langdale, Sir Marmaduke, <a href="#P78">78</a>, <a href="#P160">160</a>, <a href="#P179">179</a>, <a href="#P180">180</a>, <a href="#P275">275</a>, <a href="#P293">293</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Lansdowne, Battle of, <a href="#P113">113</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+La Roche, M., <a href="#P133">133-4</a>, <a href="#P317">317</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Lathom House, siege of, <a href="#P135">135</a>, <a href="#P141">141</a>, <a href="#P144">144</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Laud, Archbishop, <a href="#P27">27-29</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Lauderdale, Lord, <a href="#P229">229-230</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Lawson, Sir J., <a href="#P306">306</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Legge, Captain, <a href="#P324">324</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Legge, Robin, <a href="#P75">75</a>, <a href="#P158">158</a>, <a href="#P171">171</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Legge, Colonel William, <a href="#P60">60</a>, <a href="#P61">61</a>, <a href="#P109">109</a>, <a href="#P110">110</a>, <a href="#P120">120</a>, <a href="#P140">140</a>, <a href="#P141">141</a>, <a href="#P143">143</a>, <a href="#P156">156</a>, <a href="#P167">167</a>,
+<a href="#P168">168</a>, <a href="#P170">170</a>, <a href="#P171">171</a>, <a href="#P184">184-6</a>, <a href="#P190">190-3</a>, <a href="#P199">199</a>, <a href="#P201">201</a>, <a href="#P231">231</a>, <a href="#P296">296</a>, <a href="#P306">306</a>, <a href="#P341">341</a>; character
+of, <a href="#P76">76-77</a>, <a href="#P186">186</a>; letters to, <a href="#P140">140-1</a>, <a href="#P158">158-9</a>, <a href="#P166">166-7</a>, <a href="#P171">171</a>, <a href="#P173">173</a>, <a href="#P174">174-5</a>, <a href="#P178">178</a>,
+<a href="#P198">198-9</a>, <a href="#P208">208-9</a>, <a href="#P297">297-301</a>; letters of, <a href="#P160">160</a>, <a href="#P175">175-6</a>; son of, <a href="#P321">321</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Leicester, Earl of, <a href="#P30">30</a>, <a href="#P32">32</a>, <a href="#P43">43</a>, <a href="#P48">48</a>, <a href="#P49">49</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Leicester, Mayor of, <a href="#P86">86</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Leipzig, Battle of, <a href="#P14">14</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Leopold, Archduke, <a href="#P46">46</a>, <a href="#P47">47</a>, <a href="#P52">52</a>, <a href="#P55">55</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Leslie, David, <a href="#P149">149</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Leslie, Count, <a href="#P298">298</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Leslie, Mr., <a href="#P288">288</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Le Vaillant, <a href="#P292">292</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Leven, Lord, <a href="#P146">146</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Leviston, Sir J., <a href="#P208">208</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Levit, <a href="#P304">304-5</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Lindsey, Lord, (1) Robert Bertie, <a href="#P61">61</a>, <a href="#P90">90-93</a>, (2) Montagu Bertie, <a href="#P77">77</a>,
+<a href="#P163">163</a>, <a href="#P300">300</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Lippe, Colonel, <a href="#P39">39</a>, <a href="#P40">40</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Lisle, George, <a href="#P75">75</a>, <a href="#P121">121</a>, <a href="#P166">166</a>, <a href="#P198">198</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Liverpool, <a href="#P144">144</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Long, Mr., <a href="#P225">225</a>, <a href="#P274">274</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Loughborough, Lord, (<i>see</i> also Hastings,) <a href="#P70">70</a>, <a href="#P166">166</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Louis XIV, King of France, <a href="#P219">219</a>, <a href="#P267">267</a>, <a href="#P321">321</a>, <a href="#P322">322</a>, <a href="#P351">351</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Louise, Princess Palatine, <a href="#P51">51</a>, <a href="#P82">82</a>, <a href="#P284">284-285</a>, <a href="#P345">345</a>; Abbess of Maubuisson,
+<a href="#P346">346-348</a>; character of, <a href="#P16">16</a>, <a href="#P17">17</a>, <a href="#P346">346-348</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Louise von Degenfeldt, <a href="#P289">289</a>, <a href="#P352">352-4</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+"Loyal Subject", The, <a href="#P251">251</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Lucas, Charles, <a href="#P78">78</a>, <a href="#P87">87</a>, <a href="#P135">135</a>, <a href="#P167">167</a>, <a href="#P198">198</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Lucas, Lady, <a href="#P96">96</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Lutheran Princes, <a href="#P4">4</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Lyme, Siege of, <a href="#P119">119</a>.
+</p>
+
+
+
+
+<p class="t3b">
+<br /><br /><br />
+M
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Madagascar, <a href="#P25">25</a>, <a href="#P28">28</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Madeira, Governor of, <a href="#P247">247</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Magdeburg, Administrator of, <a href="#P42">42</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Mainz, Elector of, <a href="#P291">291</a>, <a href="#P298">298</a>, <a href="#P301">301</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Manchester, Lord, <a href="#P146">146</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Mansfeld, Count, <a href="#P7">7</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Marlborough, <a href="#P100">100</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Marston Moor, Battle of, <a href="#P44">44</a>, <a href="#P66">66</a>, <a href="#P146">146-150</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Martin, <a href="#P167">167</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Marvell, Andrew, <a href="#P323">323</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Mary Stuart, Princess of Orange, <a href="#P49">49</a>, <a href="#P57">57</a>, <a href="#P211">211</a>, <a href="#P239">239</a>, <a href="#P285">285</a>, <a href="#P357">357</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Massey, Colonel, <a href="#P120">120</a>, <a href="#P160">160</a>, <a href="#P168">168</a>, <a href="#P278">278</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Matthias, Emperor, <a href="#P4">4</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Maurice, Prince of Orange; <i>see</i> Orange.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Maurice, Prince Palatine, <a href="#P6">6</a>, <a href="#P8">8</a>, <a href="#P10">10</a>, <a href="#P11">11</a>, <a href="#P15">15</a>, <a href="#P18">18</a>, <a href="#P19">19</a>, <a href="#P29">29</a>, <a href="#P32">32</a>, <a href="#P34">34-35</a>, <a href="#P44">44</a>,
+<a href="#P46">46</a>, <a href="#P48">48</a>, <a href="#P49">49</a>, <a href="#P50">50-1</a>, <a href="#P57">57-60</a>, <a href="#P63">63</a>, <a href="#P68">68</a>, <a href="#P87">87</a>, <a href="#P88">88</a>, <a href="#P107">107</a>, <a href="#P112">112-119</a>, <a href="#P127">127</a>, <a href="#P142">142-3</a>, <a href="#P154">154</a>,
+<a href="#P161">161-6</a>, <a href="#P168">168</a>, <a href="#P170">170</a>, <a href="#P173">173</a>, <a href="#P177">177</a>, <a href="#P184">184-187</a>, <a href="#P194">194</a>, <a href="#P203">203</a>, <a href="#P205">205</a>, <a href="#P208">208</a>, <a href="#P211">211</a>, <a href="#P212">212</a>, <a href="#P228">228</a>,
+<a href="#P229">229</a>, <a href="#P232">232</a>, <a href="#P238">238</a>, <a href="#P241">241-2</a>, <a href="#P245">245-6</a>, <a href="#P249">249-251</a>, <a href="#P256">256-259</a>, <a href="#P268">268</a>, <a href="#P271">271</a>, <a href="#P345">345</a>; wrecked,
+<a href="#P261">261-262</a>; reported return of, <a href="#P286">286-287</a>; letters of, <a href="#P50">50</a>, <a href="#P164">164</a>, <a href="#P177">177</a>; letter
+to, <a href="#P32">32</a>, <a href="#P187">187</a>, <a href="#P240">240</a>; character of, <a href="#P72">72</a>, <a href="#P73">73</a>, <a href="#P76">76</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+May, <a href="#P335">335</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Mayence, Elector of, <a href="#P281">281</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Mazarin, Cardinal, <a href="#P1">1</a>, <a href="#P213">213</a>, <a href="#P267">267</a>, <a href="#P269">269</a>, <a href="#P270">270</a>, <a href="#P272">272</a>, <a href="#P278">278</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Meldrum, Sir J., <a href="#P135">135</a>, <a href="#P137">137</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Mennes, Sir J., <a href="#P304">304</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Merchants, English, <a href="#P269">269-270</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Mezzotint, <a href="#P291">291-292</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Modena, Duke of, <a href="#P278">278-279</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Monk, General, (<i>see</i> also Albemarle, Duke of,) <a href="#P34">34</a>, <a href="#P35">35</a>, <a href="#P300">300</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Monmouth, Duke of, <a href="#P331">331</a>, <a href="#P336">336</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Montpensier, Mademoiselle de, <a href="#P218">218-219</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Montrose, Marquess of, <a href="#P194">194</a>, <a href="#P230">230-231</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Moore, Sir J., <a href="#P358">358</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Morley, Captain, <a href="#P244">244</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Morrice, <a href="#P318">318</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Mortaigne, M., <a href="#P137">137</a>, <a href="#P216">216</a>, <a href="#P250">250</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Moutray, <a href="#P299">299</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Mozley, Colonel, <a href="#P128">128-129</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Munster, Peace of, <a href="#P205">205</a>, <a href="#P276">276</a>, <a href="#P277">277</a>, <a href="#P283">283</a>, <a href="#P299">299</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Murray, Sir R., <a href="#P298">298</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Mynn, Captain, <a href="#P69">69</a>.
+</p>
+
+
+
+
+<p class="t3b">
+<br /><br /><br />
+N
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Naseby, Battle of, <a href="#P172">172-3</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Nassau, Ernest, Count of, <a href="#P6">6</a>,
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Navy, Commissioners of, <a href="#P314">314-315</a>, <a href="#P317">317</a>, <a href="#P323">323</a>, <a href="#P325">325-6</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Nevers, Duke of, <a href="#P209">209</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Newark, Siege of, <a href="#P135">135-138</a>; scene at, <a href="#P195">195-198</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Newbury, Battles of, <a href="#P121">121</a>, <a href="#P161">161</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Newcastle, Marquess of, <a href="#P101">101</a>, <a href="#P103">103</a>, <a href="#P107">107</a>, <a href="#P135">135</a>, <a href="#P139">139</a>, <a href="#P143">143-4</a>, <a href="#P147">147-151</a>,
+<a href="#P156">156-157</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Nicholas, Sir Edward, <a href="#P130">130</a>, <a href="#P184">184</a>, <a href="#P238">238</a>, <a href="#P275">275</a>; letters of, <a href="#P102">102</a>, <a href="#P106">106</a>, <a href="#P108">108</a>,
+<a href="#P113">113</a>, <a href="#P185">185-6</a>; letters to, <a href="#P272">272</a>, <a href="#P281">281</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Northampton, Lord, <a href="#P87">87</a>, <a href="#P107">107</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Norton St. Philip's, Battle of, <a href="#P359">359</a>.
+</p>
+
+
+
+
+<p class="t3b">
+<br /><br /><br />
+O
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Ogle Thomas, <a href="#P128">128-9</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+O'Neil, Daniel, <a href="#P60">60</a>, <a href="#P112">112</a>, <a href="#P137">137</a>, <a href="#P151">151</a>, <a href="#P156">156</a>, <a href="#P157">157</a>; allied with Digby,
+<a href="#P131">131-132</a>, <a href="#P180">180</a>; letters of <a href="#P69">69</a>, <a href="#P100">100</a>, <a href="#P156">156-7</a>, <a href="#P219">219-220</a>, <a href="#P275">275</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Opdam, Admiral, <a href="#P307">307</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Orange. Henry Frederick, Prince of, <a href="#P7">7</a>, <a href="#P14">14</a>, <a href="#P20">20</a>, <a href="#P29">29</a>, <a href="#P34">34-36</a>, <a href="#P49">49</a>, <a href="#P57">57-59</a>,
+<a href="#P71">71</a>; Maurice, Prince of, <a href="#P6">6</a>, <a href="#P9">9</a>, <a href="#P13">13</a>; William, Prince of, <a href="#P49">49</a>, <a href="#P57">57</a>, <a href="#P231">231</a>.
+William, Prince of, (William III,) <a href="#P286">286</a>, <a href="#P297">297</a>, <a href="#P340">340</a>; as King, <a href="#P361">361</a>, <a href="#P364">364</a>;
+envoys of, <a href="#P362">362</a>, <a href="#P364">364</a>. Mary, Princess of; <i>see</i> Mary.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Orléans, Duchess of, Elizabeth Charlotte, <a href="#P247">247-8</a>, <a href="#P352">352</a>, <a href="#P360">360</a>; Henrietta,
+<i>see</i> Henrietta.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Orléans, Duke of, Gaston, <a href="#P213">213</a>; daughter of (<i>see</i> Montpensier) <a href="#P218">218</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Orléans, Philippe, Duke of, <a href="#P294">294-5</a>, <a href="#P347">347</a>, <a href="#P352">352</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Ormonde, Duke of, <a href="#P129">129</a>, <a href="#P131">131</a>, <a href="#P133">133</a>, <a href="#P179">179</a>, <a href="#P190">190</a>, <a href="#P231">231</a>, <a href="#P273">273</a>, <a href="#P274">274</a>, <a href="#P275">275</a>, <a href="#P279">279</a>,
+<a href="#P297">297</a>, <a href="#P341">341</a>; letters of, <a href="#P131">131</a>, <a href="#P132">132</a>, <a href="#P233">233</a>; letters to, <a href="#P71">71</a>, <a href="#P124">124</a>, <a href="#P141">141</a>, <a href="#P145">145</a>,
+<a href="#P156">156-7</a>, <a href="#P167">167-8</a>, <a href="#P180">180</a>, <a href="#P189">189</a>, <a href="#P219">219-220</a>, <a href="#P233">233-236</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Osborne, Colonel, <a href="#P198">198</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Ossory, Earl of, <a href="#P297">297</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Oxford, Court at, <a href="#P111">111</a>, <a href="#P123">123-4</a>, <a href="#P133">133-5</a>, <a href="#P139">139</a>; Parliament at, <a href="#P129">129</a>; siege of,
+<a href="#P171">171</a>, <a href="#P201">201-202</a>.
+</p>
+
+
+
+
+<p class="t3b">
+<br /><br /><br />
+P
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Palatinate, The, <a href="#P8">8</a>, <a href="#P28">28</a>, <a href="#P35">35-40</a>, <a href="#P283">283</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Parliament, English, <a href="#P7">7</a>, <a href="#P57">57</a>, <a href="#P71">71</a>; negotiates with King, <a href="#P98">98</a>, <a href="#P99">99</a>, <a href="#P102">102</a>, <a href="#P163">163</a>;
+allies with Scots, <a href="#P128">128</a>; army of, <a href="#P163">163</a>; remonstrates with Rupert, <a href="#P169">169</a>;
+offers pass to Rupert, <a href="#P198">198-199</a>; obliges Princes to leave England, <a href="#P203">203</a>;
+approves conduct of Elector, <a href="#P206">206-7</a>; sends ships against the Princes,
+<a href="#P241">241-245</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Peace Party, <a href="#P128">128</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Penn, Sir W., <a href="#P308">308-9</a>, <a href="#P321">321</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Pepys, Samuel, Diary of, <a href="#P197">197-8</a>, <a href="#P294">294</a>, <a href="#P302">302</a>, <a href="#P303">303</a>, <a href="#P306">306</a>, <a href="#P310">310</a>, <a href="#P314">314</a>, <a href="#P315">315</a>, <a href="#P321">321</a>,
+<a href="#P323">323</a>; as victualler of fleet, <a href="#P303">303</a>, <a href="#P314">314</a>, <a href="#P317">317-319</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Percy, Henry, Lord, <a href="#P76">76</a>, <a href="#P82">82</a>, <a href="#P113">113</a>, <a href="#P120">120-124</a>, <a href="#P133">133-4</a>, <a href="#P145">145</a>, <a href="#P155">155</a>, <a href="#P157">157</a>, <a href="#P189">189</a>,
+<a href="#P239">239</a>, <a href="#P273">273</a>; letters of, <a href="#P122">122-123</a>; duel with Rupert, <a href="#P221">221</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Pett, Robert, <a href="#P227">227</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Philip, Prince Palatine, <a href="#P15">15</a>, <a href="#P18">18</a>, <a href="#P35">35</a>, <a href="#P49">49</a>, <a href="#P208">208</a>, <a href="#P210">210</a>, <a href="#P286">286</a>; kills d'Epinay,
+<a href="#P210">210-211</a>; enters service of Venice, <a href="#P211">211-212</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Picolomini, <a href="#P215">215</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Plymouth, Siege of, <a href="#P119">119</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Poland, Casimir, Prince of. <a href="#P43">43</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Poland, Ladislas, King of, <a href="#P22">22</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Popish Plot, <a href="#P356">356</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Porter, Endymion, <a href="#P24">24</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Portland, Lord, <a href="#P191">191</a>, <a href="#P198">198</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Portodale, Governor of, <a href="#P256">256</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Portsmouth, Duchess of, <a href="#P357">357</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Portugal, Ambassador of, <a href="#P335">335</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Portugal, Infanta of, <a href="#P299">299</a>; King of, <a href="#P241">241-244</a>, <a href="#P252">252</a>; Queen of, <a href="#P242">242</a>;
+Princes in, <a href="#P241">241-244</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Portuguese in the Azores, <a href="#P247">247</a>, <a href="#P248">248</a>, <a href="#P251">251-252</a>, <a href="#P256">256</a>, <a href="#P262">262</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Powick Bridge, Battle at, <a href="#P87">87-88</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Price, Thomas, <a href="#P227">227</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Purefoy, Mrs., <a href="#P86">86-87</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Puritans: in terror of Rupert, <a href="#P62">62</a>, <a href="#P63">63</a>; hang Irish soldiers, <a href="#P64">64</a>;
+violence of; <a href="#P94">94-95</a>; exultation of, at Marston Moor, <a href="#P150">150-152</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Pyne, Valentine, <a href="#P261">261</a>, <a href="#P281">281</a>, <a href="#P287">287</a>.
+</p>
+
+
+
+
+<p class="t3b">
+<br /><br /><br />
+R
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Radcliffe, Sir George, <a href="#P89">89</a>, <a href="#P189">189</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Rantzau, Maréchal, <a href="#P214">214</a>, <a href="#P215">215</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Ratzeville, Prince, <a href="#P240">240</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Raugräfen, <a href="#P354">354-355</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Ravenville, Prince, <a href="#P51">51</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Reading, <a href="#P106">106-107</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Reeves, Sir W., <a href="#P324">324</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+"Revenge", The, <a href="#P227">227</a>, <a href="#P251">251</a>, <a href="#P259">259-260</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Richelieu, Cardinal, <a href="#P31">31</a>, <a href="#P49">49</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Richmond, Duchess of, <a href="#P111">111-113</a>, <a href="#P199">199</a>, <a href="#P201">201</a>, <a href="#P241">241</a>, <a href="#P357">357</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Richmond, Duke of, <a href="#P93">93</a>, <a href="#P112">112</a>, <a href="#P130">130</a>, <a href="#P193">193</a>, <a href="#P195">195</a>, <a href="#P199">199</a>, <a href="#P200">200</a>; character of,
+<a href="#P77">77-78</a>; letter of, to Rupert, <a href="#P124">124-5</a>, <a href="#P138">138-9</a>, <a href="#P140">140-144</a>, <a href="#P160">160-1</a>, <a href="#P178">178</a>; letter
+of Rupert to, <a href="#P178">178</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Rivers, Lady, <a href="#P96">96</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Roe, Sir Thomas, <a href="#P10">10</a>, <a href="#P16">16</a>, <a href="#P51">51-56</a>; Letters of Elizabeth of Bohemia to,
+<a href="#P40">40-41</a>, <a href="#P49">49-51</a>, <a href="#P56">56</a>; of Rupert to, <a href="#P52">52-54</a>; of Sir W. Boswell to, <a href="#P56">56</a>.
+Letters to Elizabeth of Bohemia, <a href="#P22">22-25</a>, <a href="#P28">28</a>, <a href="#P30">30</a>; to the Elector, <a href="#P64">64</a>, <a href="#P88">88</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Rossetter, Colonel, <a href="#P194">194</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Roundway Down, <a href="#P113">113</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+"Royal Charles", The, <a href="#P308">308</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Royalists. Dissensions in Army of, <a href="#P68">68-70</a>, <a href="#P91">91-92</a>; want of discipline
+among, <a href="#P93">93</a>, <a href="#P100">100</a>; want of supplies among, <a href="#P100">100</a>, <a href="#P164">164-165</a>; factions among,
+<a href="#P124">124</a>, <a href="#P156">156</a>, <a href="#P224">224-225</a>; plot of, to surrender Bristol, <a href="#P103">103</a>; revenge of, for
+breach of faith, <a href="#P107">107</a>, <a href="#P116">116</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+"Royal Prince", The, <a href="#P313">313</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Raugräfen, The, <a href="#P354">354-355</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Rupert, Prince Palatine. Letters to, <a href="#P69">69</a>, <a href="#P70">70</a>, <a href="#P74">74-75</a>, <a href="#P100">100</a>, <a href="#P103">103</a>, <a href="#P106">106-108</a>,
+<a href="#P113">113</a>, <a href="#P122">122-127</a>, <a href="#P129">129</a>, <a href="#P130">130</a>, <a href="#P133">133-145</a>, <a href="#P147">147</a>, <a href="#P151">151</a>, <a href="#P155">155</a>, <a href="#P158">158-161</a>, <a href="#P164">164-6</a>,
+<a href="#P168">168-170</a>, <a href="#P177">177</a>, <a href="#P179">179</a>, <a href="#P194">194-5</a>, <a href="#P199">199</a>, <a href="#P200">200</a>, <a href="#P209">209</a>, <a href="#P218">218</a>, <a href="#P227">227</a>, <a href="#P230">230-1</a>, <a href="#P232">232-236</a>, <a href="#P239">239</a>,
+<a href="#P240">240</a>, <a href="#P265">265-6</a>, <a href="#P269">269</a>, <a href="#P270">270</a>, <a href="#P277">277</a>, <a href="#P279">279</a>, <a href="#P282">282</a>, <a href="#P285">285-288</a>, <a href="#P306">306</a>, <a href="#P348">348</a>; letters of,
+<a href="#P144">144</a>, <a href="#P166">166</a>, <a href="#P169">169</a>, <a href="#P178">178</a>, <a href="#P235">235</a>, <a href="#P251">251</a>, <a href="#P255">255</a>, <a href="#P284">284</a>. Letters of, to Arlington,
+<a href="#P304">304-5</a>, <a href="#P309">309</a>, <a href="#P324">324</a>, <a href="#P349">349</a>; to Charles I, <a href="#P15">15</a>, <a href="#P185">185</a>, <a href="#P200">200</a>; to Charles II, <a href="#P243">243</a>,
+<a href="#P254">254</a>, <a href="#P281">281</a>, <a href="#P306">306</a>; to Legge, <a href="#P140">140</a>, <a href="#P141">141</a>, <a href="#P158">158-9</a>, <a href="#P167">167</a>, <a href="#P171">171</a>, <a href="#P178">178</a>, <a href="#P179">179</a>, <a href="#P180">180</a>, <a href="#P198">198</a>,
+<a href="#P208">208-209</a>, <a href="#P297">297-301</a>; to Montrose, <a href="#P230">230-1</a>; to Ormonde, <a href="#P235">235-236</a>; to Roe,
+<a href="#P52">52-54</a>; to Sophie, <a href="#P356">356-357</a>. Early life of, <a href="#P5">5-21</a>; first visit to
+England, <a href="#P23">23-29</a>; marriage treaty for, <a href="#P30">30-32</a>, 357: at siege of Breda,
+<a href="#P34">34-35</a>; attempt of, on Palatinate <a href="#P35">35-38</a>; a prisoner of the Empire,
+<a href="#P40">40-55</a>; rejects overtures of Emperor, <a href="#P45">45</a>; release of, <a href="#P52">52-55</a>; returns to
+Hague, <a href="#P56">56-57</a>; made General of the Horse, <a href="#P59">59</a>; voyage to England, <a href="#P59">59-60</a>;
+opposes treaty, <a href="#P85">85</a>; raises supplies, <a href="#P86">86</a>. Actions of in 1642, <a href="#P87">87-99</a>; in
+1643, <a href="#P101">101-128</a>. Intercedes for Fielding, <a href="#P107">107</a>; at Chalgrove Field,
+<a href="#P108">108-110</a>; besieges Bristol, <a href="#P114">114-117</a>; quarrels with Hertford, <a href="#P117">117</a>;
+quarrels with Queen, <a href="#P122">122-3</a>; attempt on Aylesbury, <a href="#P128">128-129</a>; created Duke
+of Cumberland, <a href="#P129">129</a>; made President of Wales, <a href="#P129">129</a>, <a href="#P132">132</a>; opposed by
+Digby, <a href="#P129">129-131</a>, <a href="#P143">143</a>, <a href="#P145">145</a>; befriended by Jermyn, <a href="#P130">130-133</a>, <a href="#P139">139</a>; relieves
+Newark, <a href="#P135">135-187</a>; recalled to Oxford, wrath of, <a href="#P140">140-141</a>; marches north,
+<a href="#P143">143</a>; fights at Marston Moor, <a href="#P147">147-153</a>; depression of, <a href="#P160">160-161</a>; made
+Master of Horse, and Commander-in-Chief, <a href="#P162">162</a>; proscribed by Parliament,
+<a href="#P163">163</a>; favours treaty of Uxbridge, <a href="#P163">163</a>; aids Maurice in Marches, <a href="#P166">166-168</a>;
+retaliates for execution of Irish soldiers, <a href="#P168">168-169</a>; last campaign in
+England, <a href="#P170">170-173</a>; forms peace-party, <a href="#P177">177-9</a>, <a href="#P189">189</a>; besieged in Bristol
+and surrenders, <a href="#P180">180-183</a>; justified by Puritans, <a href="#P183">183-184</a>; indignation of
+Royalists against, <a href="#P184">184</a>; cashiered by King, <a href="#P184">184-185</a>; goes to King at
+Newark <a href="#P194">194</a>; acquitted by Court Martial, <a href="#P195">195</a>; violent conduct of,
+<a href="#P196">196-197</a>; returns to Woodstock, <a href="#P198">198-199</a>; reconciled with King, <a href="#P200">200-201</a>;
+at siege of Oxford wounded <a href="#P201">201-202</a>; challenges Southampton, <a href="#P202">202</a>; goes
+to France, <a href="#P203">203</a>, <a href="#P213">213</a>. Position of in Royalist Army, <a href="#P61">61</a>; military talent
+of, <a href="#P61">61</a>, <a href="#P66">66-67</a>; tactics of, <a href="#P66">66</a>, <a href="#P91">91</a>, <a href="#P92">92</a>; skilled strategy of, <a href="#P67">67</a>, <a href="#P90">90</a>,
+<a href="#P101">101</a>, <a href="#P119">119</a>, <a href="#P143">143</a>; activity of, <a href="#P63">63</a>, <a href="#P64">64</a>, <a href="#P102">102-3</a>, <a href="#P107">107</a>, <a href="#P132">132</a>; reputation of,
+<a href="#P62">62-64</a>, <a href="#P88">88-89</a>; popularity of, <a href="#P73">73-75</a>; failings of, <a href="#P67">67</a>, <a href="#P71">71-72</a>, <a href="#P75">75-76</a>;
+difficulties of, <a href="#P68">68</a>, <a href="#P71">71</a>, <a href="#P100">100</a>, <a href="#P125">125-126</a>, <a href="#P164">164-167</a>; struggles of, with
+Court, <a href="#P108">108</a>, <a href="#P118">118</a>, <a href="#P122">122-125</a>, <a href="#P132">132-4</a>, <a href="#P139">139</a>, <a href="#P170">170-2</a>; calumnies against, <a href="#P64">64-66</a>,
+<a href="#P94">94-95</a>, <a href="#P139">139</a>, <a href="#P145">145</a>. Digby's Plot against, <a href="#P179">179-180</a>, <a href="#P184">184</a>, <a href="#P187">187-189</a>, <a href="#P194">194</a>; at
+enmity with Digby, <a href="#P75">75</a>, <a href="#P81">81</a>, <a href="#P85">85</a>; challenges Digby, <a href="#P219">219-220</a>; reconciled
+with Digby, <a href="#P158">158</a>, <a href="#P220">220</a>. Hatred of Wilmot, <a href="#P75">75</a>, <a href="#P82">82</a>, <a href="#P84">84</a>, <a href="#P113">113</a>, <a href="#P155">155-157</a>; of
+Goring <a href="#P76">76</a>, <a href="#P82">82-3</a>, <a href="#P158">158-160</a>; of Percy, <a href="#P76">76</a>, <a href="#P82">82</a>, <a href="#P221">221</a>; of Culpepper, <a href="#P75">75</a>,
+<a href="#P225">225-6</a>. Friends of, <a href="#P76">76-79</a>, <a href="#P112">112</a>; affection of, for Maurice, <a href="#P76">76</a>, <a href="#P117">117</a>;
+visited by Charles Louis, <a href="#P205">205</a>; espouses cause of Philip, <a href="#P211">211</a>; accepts
+command in French army, <a href="#P214">214</a>; campaign in Flanders, <a href="#P214">214-218</a>; courts
+Mademoiselle for Prince Charles, <a href="#P218">218-9</a>; duels of, <a href="#P219">219-221</a>; takes charge
+of fleet, <a href="#P222">222-229</a>; difficulties of, <a href="#P223">223-5</a>, <a href="#P227">227-9</a>, <a href="#P252">252</a>; conciliates
+Scots, <a href="#P229">229-230</a>; friend of Montrose, <a href="#P230">230-231</a>; takes fleet to Ireland,
+<a href="#P231">231-237</a>; hears of King's execution, <a href="#P237">237</a>. Made Lord High Admiral, <a href="#P237">237</a>;
+with fleet in Tagus, <a href="#P241">241-244</a>; on Spanish Coast <a href="#P244">244-5</a>; refits at Toulon,
+<a href="#P245">245-7</a>; voyage of, to Azores, <a href="#P247">247-252</a>; wrecked in "Constant
+Reformation", <a href="#P248">248-251</a>; on coast of Africa, <a href="#P253">253-259</a>; loses the
+"Revenge", <a href="#P259">259-260</a>; in West Indies, <a href="#P260">260-1</a>; caught in hurricane, loses
+Maurice, <a href="#P261">261-2</a>, <a href="#P267">267</a>; returns to France, <a href="#P262">262-263</a>. Broken health of,
+<a href="#P262">262</a>, <a href="#P266">266-268</a>, <a href="#P293">293</a>; reception of in Paris, <a href="#P265">265-269</a>; disposes of prize
+goods, <a href="#P269">269-70</a>; quarrel with Charles II, <a href="#P270">270-273</a>, <a href="#P276">276</a>, <a href="#P282">282</a>; position of,
+at St. Germains, <a href="#P273">273-276</a>; supports James of York, <a href="#P275">275</a>, <a href="#P282">282</a>; proposes to
+go to Scotland, <a href="#P275">275</a>, <a href="#P279">279</a>; acts for Charles II at Vienna, <a href="#P277">277</a>, <a href="#P280">280-281</a>;
+raises forces for Modena, <a href="#P278">278</a>; adheres to Charles II, <a href="#P278">278</a>, <a href="#P281">281-282</a>;
+complicity of, in plot against Cromwell, <a href="#P279">279-280</a>; rumours concerning,
+<a href="#P280">280</a>, <a href="#P290">290-1</a>; inquires into rumour of Maurice's return, <a href="#P286">286-7</a>; demands
+appanage from Elector, <a href="#P287">287-288</a>; in love with Louise von Degenfeldt,
+<a href="#P289">289</a>; quarrels with Elector, vows never to return, <a href="#P290">290</a>, <a href="#P344">344</a>, <a href="#P348">348-350</a>;
+lives at Mainz, <a href="#P291">291-292</a>; visit of, to England, <a href="#P294">294-296</a>; popularity in
+England, <a href="#P295">295-296</a>, <a href="#P311">311</a>, <a href="#P330">330-331</a>; visit of, to Vienna, <a href="#P296">296-301</a>; on
+Committee for Tangiers, <a href="#P302">302</a>; prepares fleet for Guinea, <a href="#P303">303-305</a>;
+illness of, <a href="#P305">305-6</a>, <a href="#P309">309</a>, <a href="#P319">319</a>; actions of, in first Dutch War, <a href="#P307">307</a>,
+<a href="#P310">310-313</a>, <a href="#P315">315-317</a>; command withdrawn from, <a href="#P310">310-311</a>; holds joint command
+with Albemarle, <a href="#P311">311-317</a>; complains of Naval Commissioners, <a href="#P303">303</a>, <a href="#P314">314</a>,
+<a href="#P317">317-318</a>, <a href="#P320">320</a>, <a href="#P325">325-6</a>; fortifies coast, <a href="#P319">319</a>, <a href="#P322">322</a>. Quarrels with
+Arlington, <a href="#P319">319-320</a>; with James of York, <a href="#P321">321</a>, <a href="#P327">327</a>; dislikes second Dutch
+War, <a href="#P322">322</a>; actions of, in second Dutch War, <a href="#P322">322-328</a>; difficulties of in
+second Dutch War, <a href="#P322">322-3</a>; angry with Schomberg and with D'Estrées, <a href="#P326">326</a>;
+rage of, against the French, <a href="#P328">328-331</a>; position of, at Court, <a href="#P332">332</a>,
+<a href="#P334">334-5</a>; politics of, <a href="#P329">329</a>, <a href="#P330">330-1</a>, <a href="#P334">334-5</a>; care of, for distressed
+Cavaliers, <a href="#P336">336-337</a>; inventions and trading ventures of, <a href="#P337">337-338</a>;
+Constable of Windsor, <a href="#P339">339-342</a>; family relations of, <a href="#P284">284</a>, <a href="#P301">301</a>, <a href="#P344">344-355</a>;
+urged to return to Palatinate and marry, <a href="#P353">353-4</a>; negotiates marriage for
+George of Hanover, <a href="#P356">356-7</a>; admiration of, for Duchess of Richmond,
+<a href="#P112">112-113</a>, <a href="#P357">357</a>; connection with Francesca Bard, <a href="#P357">357-363</a>; connection with
+Margaret Hughes, <a href="#P363">363-4</a>; death of, <a href="#P342">342-343</a>, <a href="#P355">355</a>; will of, <a href="#P343">343</a>, <a href="#P359">359</a>, <a href="#P360">360</a>,
+<a href="#P363">363</a>; character of, <a href="#P1">1-2</a>, <a href="#P18">18</a>, <a href="#P21">21</a>, <a href="#P23">23-4</a>, <a href="#P58">58</a>, <a href="#P222">222-3</a>, <a href="#P266">266</a>, <a href="#P333">333-4</a>, <a href="#P365">365-6</a>;
+courage of, <a href="#P62">62</a>, <a href="#P63">63</a>, <a href="#P99">99</a>, <a href="#P115">115</a>, <a href="#P251">251</a>, <a href="#P309">309</a>, <a href="#P313">313-314</a>; temperance of, <a href="#P55">55</a>, <a href="#P62">62</a>,
+<a href="#P84">84</a>; chivalry of, <a href="#P66">66</a>, <a href="#P86">86</a>, <a href="#P87">87</a>, <a href="#P146">146</a>, <a href="#P317">317</a>; confidence and over-bearing
+manners of, <a href="#P62">62</a>, <a href="#P71">71-2</a>, <a href="#P118">118</a>; shyness of, <a href="#P72">72-73</a>; faithful to his word,
+pays debts, <a href="#P116">116</a>, <a href="#P137">137</a>, <a href="#P255">255</a>, <a href="#P272">272</a>; declaration of, <a href="#P94">94</a>, <a href="#P96">96</a>, <a href="#P102">102</a>, <a href="#P187">187-8</a>,
+<a href="#P236">236-7</a>; children of, <a href="#P357">357-365</a>; secretary of, <a href="#P93">93</a>, <a href="#P260">260</a>, <a href="#P313">313-4</a>, <a href="#P350">350</a>;
+chaplain of, <a href="#P304">304-5</a>; dog of, <a href="#P44">44</a>, <a href="#P79">79-81</a>, <a href="#P150">150</a>; falcon of, <a href="#P110">110</a>; servants
+of, <a href="#P203">203</a>, <a href="#P341">341</a>; yacht of, <a href="#P315">315</a>; disguises of, <a href="#P90">90</a>, <a href="#P96">96</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Ruperta, <a href="#P343">343</a>, <a href="#P363">363-5</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Russell, Jack, <a href="#P298">298-9</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Ruthven, (<i>see</i> Brentford,) <a href="#P91">91-92</a>.
+</p>
+
+
+
+
+<p class="t3b">
+<br /><br /><br />
+S
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+St. Germains, Court at, <a href="#P213">213</a>, <a href="#P218">218</a>, <a href="#P267">267</a>, <a href="#P273">273-6</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+St. John, <a href="#P238">238</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+St. Martinique, <a href="#P260">260</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+St. Michael, <a href="#P248">248</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+St. Michel, <a href="#P298">298</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Sandwich, Lord, <a href="#P302">302</a>, <a href="#P307">307</a>, <a href="#P310">310</a>, <a href="#P311">311</a>, <a href="#P318">318</a>, <a href="#P334">334</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Sandys, Colonel, <a href="#P87">87</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Santa Lucia, <a href="#P260">260</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Santiago, <a href="#P256">256</a>, <a href="#P260">260</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Saxony, Elector of, <a href="#P55">55</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Saxe Weimar, Duke of, <a href="#P48">48-49</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Say, Lord, Son of, <a href="#P114">114</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Schomberg, Colonel, <a href="#P326">326-7</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Schoneveldt, Battle of, <a href="#P324">324-5</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Scots: allied with English Parliament, <a href="#P128">128</a>, <a href="#P149">149</a>, <a href="#P150">150</a>, <a href="#P177">177</a>; negotiate
+with Charles II, <a href="#P229">229-230</a>, <a href="#P275">275</a>, <a href="#P279">279</a>; aversion of to Rupert, <a href="#P229">229-230</a>, <a href="#P275">275</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Shaftesbury, Lord, <a href="#P330">330-1</a>, <a href="#P338">338</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Shakespeare, Granddaughter of, <a href="#P111">111</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Shipton, Mother, <a href="#P319">319</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Siegen, Ludwig von, <a href="#P291">291</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Simmern, Duke of, <a href="#P288">288</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Skrimshaw, Adjutant, <a href="#P166">166</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Slanning, Nicholas, <a href="#P116">116</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Slingsby, Lieutenant, <a href="#P167">167</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Sophie, Princess Palatine, Duchess of Hanover, <a href="#P9">9</a>, <a href="#P37">37</a>, <a href="#P283">283</a>, <a href="#P294">294</a>, <a href="#P342">342</a>,
+<a href="#P346">346-7</a>, <a href="#P353">353-355</a>, <a href="#P356">356</a>, <a href="#P358">358</a>, <a href="#P361">361-365</a>; early life of, <a href="#P10">10</a>, <a href="#P11">11</a>, <a href="#P16">16-19</a>;
+marriage of, <a href="#P344">344-5</a>; letters of, <a href="#P239">239-240</a>, <a href="#P291">291</a>, <a href="#P346">346-349</a>, <a href="#P363">363-4</a>; letters
+to, <a href="#P289">289</a>, <a href="#P346">346-354</a>, <a href="#P356">356-7</a>; opinion of her mother, <a href="#P9">9</a>, <a href="#P12">12</a>; describes her
+sisters, <a href="#P17">17-18</a>; children of, <a href="#P355">355</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Southcote, Sir Edward, <a href="#P74">74</a>, <a href="#P80">80</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Southampton, Lord, <a href="#P77">77</a>, <a href="#P202">202</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Southwold Bay, Battles of, <a href="#P307">307-8</a>, <a href="#P322">322</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Spain, <a href="#P241">241</a>, <a href="#P244">244-5</a>, <a href="#P263">263</a>, <a href="#P281">281</a>; Cardinal Infante of, <a href="#P43">43</a>; Ambassador of,
+<a href="#P298">298-299</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Speke, Hugh, <a href="#P336">336-7</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Spencer, Lord, <a href="#P91">91</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Speyer, Bishop of, <a href="#P288">288</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Spragge, Sir Edward, <a href="#P323">323-5</a>, <a href="#P327">327</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Stadtholder; <i>see</i> Orange, Princes of.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Stafford, Lord, <a href="#P356">356</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Stapleton, Sir Philip, <a href="#P121">121-122</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Stockport, <a href="#P144">144</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Strickland, Sir Roger, <a href="#P324">324</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Stuart, Lord Bernard, <a href="#P91">91</a>, <a href="#P162">162</a>, <a href="#P196">196</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Sunderland, Lord, <a href="#P122">122</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Sussex, Lady, <a href="#P80">80</a>, <a href="#P87">87</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+"Swallow", The, <a href="#P246">246</a>, <a href="#P249">249</a>, <a href="#P251">251-2</a>, <a href="#P256">256</a>, <a href="#P259">259-263</a>, <a href="#P271">271-2</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Sweden, King of, (<i>see</i> Gustavus) <a href="#P8">8</a>, <a href="#P340">340</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Symonds, Diary of, <a href="#P196">196</a>; commonplace-book of, <a href="#P251">251</a>.
+</p>
+
+
+
+
+<p class="t3b">
+<br /><br /><br />
+T
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Taafe, Lord, <a href="#P112">112</a>, <a href="#P273">273</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Terrel, Sir Edward, <a href="#P87">87</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Texel, Battle of the, <a href="#P327">327-328</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Tilly, General, <a href="#P8">8</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Toulon, <a href="#P245">245-246</a>, <a href="#P255">255</a>, <a href="#P271">271</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Transylvania, Prince of, <a href="#P284">284</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Trevanion, Colonel, <a href="#P116">116</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Trevor, Arthur, <a href="#P132">132</a>, <a href="#P317">317</a>; letters of, <a href="#P71">71</a>, <a href="#P124">124</a>, <a href="#P129">129</a>, <a href="#P130">130</a>, <a href="#P133">133-136</a>, <a href="#P138">138</a>,
+<a href="#P141">141</a>, <a href="#P145">145</a>, <a href="#P148">148</a>, <a href="#P150">150</a>, <a href="#P153">153</a>, <a href="#P156">156-159</a>, <a href="#P160">160</a>, <a href="#P170">170-171</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Trevor, Sir John, <a href="#P295">295</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Trevor, Mark, <a href="#P167">167</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Tromp, Admiral van, <a href="#P308">308</a>, <a href="#P315">315</a>, <a href="#P325">325</a>, <a href="#P327">327</a>.
+</p>
+
+
+
+
+<p class="t3b">
+<br /><br /><br />
+U
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Uxbridge, Treaty of, <a href="#P163">163</a>, <a href="#P179">179</a>.
+</p>
+
+
+
+
+<p class="t3b">
+<br /><br /><br />
+V
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Vane, Sir Henry, letters to, <a href="#P21">21</a>, <a href="#P23">23</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Van Heemskerk, <a href="#P316">316</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Vavasour, Colonel, <a href="#P69">69</a>, <a href="#P70">70</a>, <a href="#P107">107</a>, <a href="#P108">108</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Verney, Sir Edmund, <a href="#P93">93</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Villiers, Lady Mary (<i>see</i> Richmond, Duchess of,) <a href="#P12">12</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Virgin Islands, <a href="#P261">261</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Vlotho, Battle of, <a href="#P38">38-39</a>.
+</p>
+
+
+
+
+<p class="t3b">
+<br /><br /><br />
+W
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Walker, Sir Edward, <a href="#P72">72</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Waller, Sir William, <a href="#P114">114</a>, <a href="#P120">120</a>, <a href="#P161">161-2</a>, <a href="#P183">183</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Walsh, Sir Robert, <a href="#P225">225-226</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Walsingham, <a href="#P190">190-193</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+War. Thirty Years', <a href="#P7">7</a>; Dutch, <a href="#P307">307-316</a>, <a href="#P321">321-329</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Warwick, Lord, <a href="#P223">223-4</a>, <a href="#P232">232</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Warwick, Sir Philip, <a href="#P61">61</a>, <a href="#P72">72</a>, <a href="#P147">147</a>, <a href="#P193">193</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Webb, Mr., <a href="#P43">43</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Welwang, Captain, <a href="#P324">324</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Wentworth, Lord, <a href="#P65">65</a>, <a href="#P90">90</a>, <a href="#P115">115</a>, <a href="#P220">220</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+West Indies, <a href="#P260">260-261</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Weymouth, <a href="#P119">119</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Whitebridge, Skirmish at, <a href="#P110">110</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Whitelocke, Bulstrode, <a href="#P95">95</a>, <a href="#P97">97</a>, <a href="#P163">163</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Wigan, <a href="#P144">144</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Wilhelmina, Princess Palatine, <a href="#P352">352</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Willoughby, Lord, (<i>see</i> Lindsey,) <a href="#P92">92</a>, <a href="#P93">93</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Willoughby (of Parham), Lord, <a href="#P135">135</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Willys, Sir Richard, <a href="#P195">195-196</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Wilmot, Lord, <a href="#P35">35</a>, <a href="#P87">87</a>, <a href="#P100">100</a>, <a href="#P113">113-4</a>, <a href="#P122">122-4</a>, <a href="#P189">189</a>, <a href="#P221">221</a>, <a href="#P273">273</a>; character of,
+<a href="#P83">83-84</a>; at enmity with Rupert, <a href="#P75">75</a>, <a href="#P82">82</a>, <a href="#P124">124</a>, <a href="#P145">145</a>, <a href="#P154">154-157</a>; arrest and
+dismissal of, <a href="#P154">154-157</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Windebank, Colonel, <a href="#P169">169-170</a>, <a href="#P357">357</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Windebank, Secretary, <a href="#P41">41</a>, <a href="#P43">43</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Windsor, attack on, <a href="#P97">97</a>; castle of, <a href="#P339">339</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+Wyndham, Colonel, <a href="#P70">70</a>, <a href="#P281">281</a>.
+</p>
+
+
+
+
+<p class="t3b">
+<br /><br /><br />
+Y
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+York. Princess Anne of, <a href="#P355">355-356</a>; Archbishop of, <a href="#P167">167-168</a>; Duchess of,
+<a href="#P295">295</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+York, James, Duke of, <a href="#P171">171</a>, <a href="#P226">226</a>, <a href="#P255">255</a>, <a href="#P265">265</a>, <a href="#P268">268</a>, <a href="#P273">273-5</a>, <a href="#P302">302-305</a>, <a href="#P310">310</a>,
+<a href="#P315">315-318</a>, <a href="#P334">334</a>, <a href="#P336">336</a>, <a href="#P340">340-1</a>; quarrels with Charles II, <a href="#P275">275</a>, <a href="#P282">282</a>; supported
+by Rupert, 282: made Lord High Admiral, <a href="#P307">307-9</a>; quarrels with Rupert,
+<a href="#P321">321</a>, <a href="#P327">327</a>; commands fleet, <a href="#P322">322</a>; letter of, <a href="#P306">306</a>; marriage of, <a href="#P295">295</a>, <a href="#P330">330</a>,
+<a href="#P360">360</a>; party of, <a href="#P323">323</a>; sons of, <a href="#P336">336</a>; as King, <a href="#P359">359</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+York, Princess Mary of, <a href="#P340">340</a>.
+</p>
+
+<p class="index">
+York, Siege of, <a href="#P144">144-150</a>.
+</p>
+
+
+
+<p><br /><br /><br /><br /></p>
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+<pre>
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Rupert Prince Palatine, by Eva Scott
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+The Project Gutenberg EBook of Rupert Prince Palatine, by Eva Scott
+
+This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
+almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
+re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
+with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org
+
+
+Title: Rupert Prince Palatine
+
+Author: Eva Scott
+
+Release Date: April 11, 2012 [EBook #39426]
+
+Language: English
+
+Character set encoding: ASCII
+
+*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK RUPERT PRINCE PALATINE ***
+
+
+
+
+Produced by Al Haines
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+[Frontispiece: Le Prince Rupert.  Duc de Baviere et Cumberland.  From
+the portrait by Honthorst in the Louvre Paris.]
+
+
+
+
+
+RUPERT
+
+PRINCE PALATINE
+
+
+BY
+
+EVA SCOTT
+
+
+Late Scholar of Somerville College
+
+Oxford
+
+
+
+
+WESTMINSTER
+
+ARCHIBALD CONSTABLE & Co.
+
+NEW YORK
+
+G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS
+
+1900
+
+
+
+
+SECOND EDITION
+
+
+
+
+{v}
+
+PREFACE
+
+It is curious that in these days of historical research so little has
+been written about Rupert of the Rhine, a man whose personality was
+striking, whose career was full of exciting adventure, and for whose
+biography an immense amount of material is available.
+
+His name is known to most people in connection with the English Civil
+War, many have met with him in the pages of fiction, some imagine him
+to have been the inventor of mezzotint engraving, and a few know that
+he was Admiral of England under Charles II.  But very few indeed could
+tell who he was, and where and how he lived, before and after the Civil
+War.
+
+The present work is an attempt to sketch the character and career of
+this remarkable man; the history of the Civil War, except so far as it
+concerns the Prince, forming no part of its scope.  Nevertheless, the
+study of Prince Rupert's personal career throws valuable side-lights on
+the history of the war, and especially upon the internal dissensions
+which tore the Royalist party to pieces and were a principal cause of
+its ultimate collapse.  From Rupert's adventures and correspondence we
+also learn much concerning the life of the exiled Stuarts during the
+years of the Commonwealth; while his post-Restoration history is
+closely connected with the Naval Affairs of England.
+
+The number of manuscripts and other documents which bear record of
+Rupert's life is enormous.  Chief amongst them are the Domestic State
+Papers, preserved in the Public Record Office; the Clarendon State
+Papers, and the Carte Papers in the Bodleian Library, Oxford; the
+Lansdowne Manuscripts in the British Museum, and the Rupert {vi}
+Correspondence, which originally comprised some thousands of letters
+and other papers collected by the Prince's secretary.  The collection
+has now been broken up and sold; but the Transcripts of Mr. Firth of
+Balliol College, Oxford, were made before the collection was divided,
+and comprise the whole mass of correspondence.  For the loan of these
+Transcripts, and for much valuable advice I am deeply indebted to Mr.
+Firth.  I also wish to acknowledge the kind assistance of Mr. Hassall
+of Christchurch, Oxford.
+
+Some of the Rupert Papers were published by Warburton, fifty years ago,
+in a work now necessarily somewhat out of date.  But there is printed
+entire the log kept in the Prince's own ship, 1650-1653, which is here
+quoted in chapters 13 and 14; also in Warburton are to be found the
+letters addressed by the Prince to Colonel William Legge, 1644-1645.
+
+The Bromley Letters, published 1787, relate chiefly to Rupert's early
+life, and to the years of exile, 1650-1660.  The Carte Papers are
+invaluable for the history of the Civil War, and of Rupert's
+transactions with the fleet, 1648-50; and in the Thurloe and Clarendon
+State Papers much is to be found relating to the wanderings of Rupert
+and the Stuarts on the Continent.
+
+With regard to the Prince's family relations, German authorities are
+fullest and best.  Chief among these are the letters of the Elector
+Charles Louis, and the letters and memoirs of Sophie, Electress of
+Hanover, all published from the Preussischen Staats-Archieven; also the
+letters of the Elector's daughter, the Duchess of Orleans, published
+from the same source.  Besides these, Hauesser's "Geschichte der
+Rheinischen Pfalz", and Reiger's "Ausgeloschte Simmerischen Linie" are
+very useful.
+
+Mention of the Prince is also found in the mass of Civil War Pamphlets
+preserved in the British Museum and the Bodleian Library, and in
+contemporary memoirs, letters and diaries, on the description of which
+there is not space to enter here.
+
+
+
+
+CONTENTS
+
+                                                                 Page
+
+CHAPTER      I.  THE PALATINE FAMILY  . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   1
+
+   "        II.  RUPERT'S EARLY CAMPAIGNS.  FIRST VISIT TO
+                   ENGLAND.  MADEMOISELLE DE ROHAN  . . . . . . .  20
+
+   "       III.  THE SIEGE OF BREDA.  THE ATTEMPT ON THE
+                   PALATINATE.  RUPERT'S CAPTIVITY. . . . . . . .  34
+
+   "        IV.  THE PALATINES IN FRANCE.  RUPERT'S RELEASE . . .  48
+
+   "         V.  ARRIVAL IN ENGLAND.  POSITION IN THE ARMY.
+                   CAUSES OF FAILURE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  59
+
+   "        VI.  THE BEGINNING OF THE WAR.  POWICK BRIDGE.
+                   EDGEHILL.  THE MARCH TO LONDON . . . . . . . .  85
+
+   "       VII.  THE WAR IN 1643.  THE QUARREL WITH HERTFORD.
+                   THE ARRIVAL OF THE QUEEN . . . . . . . . . . . 101
+
+   "      VIII.  THE PRESIDENCY OF WALES.  THE RELIEF OF
+                   NEWARK.  QUARRELS AT COURT.  NORTHERN
+                   MARCH.  MARSTON MOOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
+
+   "        IX.  INTRIGUES IN THE ARMY.  DEPRESSION OF RUPERT.
+                   TREATY OF UXBRIDGE.  RUPERT IN THE MARCHES.
+                    STRUGGLE WITH DIGBY.  BATTLE OF NASEBY  . . . 154
+
+   "         X.  RUPERT'S PEACE POLICY.  THE SURRENDER OF
+                   BRISTOL.  DIGBY'S PLOT AGAINST RUPERT.  THE
+                   SCENE AT NEWARK.  RECONCILIATION WITH
+                   THE KING.  THE FALL OF OXFORD  . . . . . . . . 177
+
+   "        XI.  THE ELECTOR'S ALLIANCE WITH THE PARLIAMENT.
+                   EDWARD'S MARRIAGE.  ASSASSINATION OF
+                   D'EPINAY BY PHILIP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
+
+   "       XII.  CAMPAIGN IN THE FRENCH ARMY.  COURTSHIP
+                   OF MADEMOISELLE.  DUELS WITH DIGBY AND
+                   PERCY  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
+
+   "      XIII.  RUPERT'S CARE OF THE FLEET.  NEGOTIATIONS
+                   WITH SCOTS.  RUPERT'S VOYAGE TO IRELAND.
+                   THE EXECUTION OF THE KING.  LETTERS OF
+                   SOPHIE TO RUPERT AND MAURICE . . . . . . . . . 222
+
+   "       XIV.  THE FLEET IN THE TAGUS.  AT TOULON.  THE
+                   VOYAGE TO THE AZORES.  THE WRECK OF THE
+                   "CONSTANT REFORMATION."  ON THE AFRICAN
+                   COAST.  LOSS OF MAURICE IN THE "DEFIANCE."
+                   THE RETURN TO FRANCE  . . . . . . . . . . . .  241
+
+   "        XV.  RUPERT AT PARIS.  ILLNESS.  QUARREL WITH
+                   CHARLES II.  FACTIONS AT ST. GERMAINS.
+                   RUPERT GOES TO GERMANY.  RECONCILED
+                   WITH CHARLES  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  265
+
+   "       XVI.  RESTORATION OF CHARLES LOUIS TO THE
+                   PALATINATE.  FLIGHT OF THE PRINCESS LOUISE
+                   FROM THE HAGUE.  RUPERT'S DEMAND FOR AN
+                   APPANAGE.  QUARREL WITH THE ELECTOR . . . . .  283
+
+   "      XVII.  RUPERT'S RETURN TO ENGLAND, 1660.  VISIT TO
+                   VIENNA.  LETTERS TO LEGGE . . . . . . . . . .  293
+
+   "     XVIII.  RUPERT AND THE FLEET.  PROPOSED VOYAGE TO
+                   GUINEA.  ILLNESS OF RUPERT.  THE FIRST DUTCH
+                   WAR.  THE NAVAL COMMISSIONERS AND THE
+                   PRINCE.  SECOND DUTCH WAR.  ANTI-FRENCH
+                   POLITICS  . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  302
+
+   "       XIX.  RUPERT'S POSITION AT COURT.  HIS CARE FOR
+                   DISTRESSED CAVALIERS.  HIS INVENTIONS.  LIFE
+                   AT WINDSOR.  DEATH  . . . . . . . . . . . . .  332
+
+   "        XX.  THE PALATINES ON THE CONTINENT.  RUPERT'S
+                   DISPUTES WITH THE ELECTOR.  THE ELECTOR'S
+                   ANXIETY FOR RUPERT'S RETURN.  WANT OF
+                   AN HEIR TO THE PALATINATE.  FRANCISCA
+                   BARD.  RUPERT'S CHILDREN  . . . . . . . . . .  344
+
+                 INDEX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  369
+
+
+
+
+[Illustration: Genealogical chart]
+
+
+
+
+{1}
+
+RUPERT, PRINCE PALATINE
+
+
+
+
+CHAPTER I
+
+THE PALATINE FAMILY
+
+"A man that hath had his hands very deep in the blood of many innocent
+people in England," was Cromwell's concise description of Rupert of the
+Rhine.[1]
+
+"That diabolical Cavalier" and "that ravenous vulture" were the
+flattering titles bestowed upon him by other soldiers of the
+Parliament.[2]  "The Prince that was so gallant and so generous," wrote
+an Irish Royalist.[3]  And said Cardinal Mazarin, "He is one of the
+best and most generous princes that I have ever known."[4]
+
+Rupert was not, in short, a person who could be regarded with
+indifference.  By those with whom he came in contact he was either
+adored or execrated, and it is remarkable that a man who made so strong
+an impression upon his contemporaries should have left so slight a one
+upon posterity.  To most people he is a name and nothing more;--a being
+akin to those iron men who sprang from Jason's dragon teeth, coming
+into life at the outbreak of the English Civil War to disappear with
+equal suddenness at its close.  He is regarded, on the one hand, as a
+blood-thirsty, plundering ruffian, who endeavoured to teach in England
+lessons of cruelty learnt in the Thirty Years' War; {2} on the other,
+as a mere headstrong boy who ruined, by his indiscretion, a cause for
+which he exposed himself with reckless courage.  Neither of these views
+does him justice, and his true character, his real influence on English
+history are lost in a cloud of mist and prejudice.  His character had
+in it elements of greatness, but was so full of contradictions as to
+puzzle even the astute Lord Clarendon, who, after a long study of the
+Prince, was reduced to the exclamation--"The man is a strange
+creature!"[5] And strange Rupert undoubtedly was!  Born with strong
+passions, endowed with physical strength, and gifted with talents
+beyond those of ordinary men, but placed too early in a position of
+great trial and immense responsibility, his history, romantic and
+interesting throughout, is the history of a failure.
+
+In his portraits, of which a great number are in existence, the story
+may be read.  We see him first a sturdy, round-eyed child, looking out
+upon the world with a valiant wonder.  A few years later the face is
+grown thinner and sadder, full of thought and a gentle wistfulness, as
+though he had found the world too hard for his understanding.  At
+sixteen he is still thoughtful, but less wistful,--a gallant, handsome
+boy with a graceful bearing and a bright intelligent face, just touched
+with the melancholy peculiar to the Stuart race.  At five-and-twenty
+his mouth had hardened and his face grown stern, under a burden which
+he was too young to bear.  After that comes a lapse of many years till
+we find him embittered, worn, and sad; a man who has seen his hopes
+destroyed and his well-meant efforts perish.  Lastly, we have the
+Rupert of the Restoration; no longer sick at heart and desperately sad,
+but a Rupert who has out-lived hope and joy, disappointment and sorrow;
+a handsome man, with a keen intellectual face, but old before his time,
+and made hard and cold and contemptuous by suffering and loneliness.
+
+{3}
+
+The first few months of Rupert's existence were the most prosperous of
+his life, but he was not a year old before his troubles began.  His
+father, Frederick V, Elector Palatine of the Rhine, had been married at
+sixteen to the famous Elizabeth Stuart, daughter of James I of England;
+the match was not a brilliant one for the Princess Royal of England,
+but it was exceedingly popular with the English people, who regarded
+Frederick with favour as the leader of the Calvinist Princes of the
+Empire.  Elizabeth was no older than her husband, and seems to have
+been considerably more foolish.  Her extravagancies and Frederick's
+difficult humours were the despair of their patient and faithful
+household steward; yet for some years they dwelt at Heidelberg in
+peaceful prosperity, and there three children were born to them,
+Frederick Henry, Charles Louis, and Elizabeth.
+
+But the Empire, though outwardly at peace, was inwardly seething with
+religious dissension, which broke out into open war on the election of
+Ferdinand of Styria, (the cousin and destined successor of the
+Emperor,) as King of Bohemia.  Ferdinand was a staunch Roman Catholic,
+the friend and pupil of the Jesuits, with a reputation for intolerance
+even greater than he deserved.[6]  As a matter of fact Protestantism
+was abhorrent to him, less as heresy, than as the root of moral and
+political disorder.  The Church of Rome was, in his eyes, the fount of
+order and justice, and he was strongly imbued with the idea, then
+prevalent in the Empire, that to princes belonged the settlement of
+religion in those countries over which they ruled.
+
+But it happened that the Protestants of Bohemia had, at that moment,
+the upper hand.  The turbulent nobles of the country were bent on
+establishing at once their political and religious independence; they
+rose in revolt, threw the Emperor's ministers out of the Council
+Chamber window at Prague, and rejected Ferdinand as king.
+
+{4}
+
+The Lutheran Princes looked on the revolt coldly, feeling no sympathy
+with Bohemia.  They believed as firmly as did Ferdinand himself in the
+right of secular princes to settle theological disputes.  They were
+loyal Imperialists, and hated Calvinism, anarchy and war, far more than
+they hated Roman Catholicism.
+
+With the Calvinist princes of the south, at the head of whom stood the
+Elector Palatine and the Landgrave of Hesse Cassel, the case was
+different.  Fear of their Catholic neighbours, Bavaria and the
+Franconian bishoprics, made them war-like; they sympathised strongly
+with their Bohemian co-religionists, they longed to break the power of
+the Emperor, and were even willing to call in foreign aid to effect
+their purpose.  Schemes for their own personal aggrandisement played an
+equal part with their religious enthusiasm, and their plots and
+intrigues gave Ferdinand a very fair excuse for his unfavourable view
+of Protestantism.
+
+For a time they merely talked, and on the death of Matthias they
+acquiesced in the election of Ferdinand as Emperor: but only a few days
+later Frederick was invited by the Bohemians to come and fill their
+vacant throne.
+
+Frederick was not ambitious; left to himself he might have declined the
+proffered honour, but, urged by his wife and other relations, he
+accepted it, and departed with Elizabeth and their eldest son, to
+Prague, where he was crowned amidst great rejoicings.
+
+Among the Protestant princes, three, and three only, approved of
+Frederick's action; these were Christian of Anhalt, the Margrave of
+Anspach and the Margrave of Baden.  Maurice of Hesse-Cassel, on the
+contrary, though a Calvinist and an enemy of the Imperial House,
+strongly condemned the usurpation as grossly immoral; and in truth the
+only excuse that can be offered for it is Frederick's belief in a
+Divine call to succour his co-religionists.  Unfortunately he was the
+last man to succeed in so difficult an enterprise; yet for a brief
+period all went well, and at Prague, November {5} 28th, 1619, in the
+hour of his parents' triumph, was born the Elector's third son--Rupert.
+
+The Bohemians welcomed the baby with enthusiasm; the ladies of the
+country presented him with a cradle of ivory, embossed with gold, and
+studded with precious stones, and his whole outfit was probably the
+most costly that he ever possessed in his life.  He was christened
+Rupert, after the only one of the Electors Palatine who had attained
+the Imperial crown.  His sponsors were Bethlem Gabor, King of Hungary,
+whose creed approximated more closely to Mahommedanism than to any
+other faith; the Duke of Wuertemberg, and the States of Bohemia,
+Silesia, and Upper and Lower Lusatia.  The baptism was at once the
+occasion of a great feast, and of a political gathering; it aggravated
+the already smouldering wrath of the Imperialists; a revolt in Prague
+followed, and within a year the Austrian army had swept over Bohemia,
+driving forth the luckless King and Queen.
+
+Frederick had no allies, he found no sympathy among his fellow-princes,
+on the selfish nobility and the apathetic peasantry of Bohemia he could
+place no reliance; resistance in the face of the Emperor's forces was
+hopeless;--the Palatines fled.
+
+In the hasty flight the poor baby was forgotten; dropped by a terrified
+nurse, he was left lying upon the floor until the Baron d'Hona,
+chancing to find him, threw him into the last coach as it left the
+courtyard.  The jolting of the coach tossed the child into the boot,
+and there he would have perished had not his screams attracted the
+notice of some of the train, who rescued him, and carried him off to
+Brandenburg after his mother.
+
+Elizabeth had sought shelter in Brandenburg because the Elector of that
+country had married Frederick's sister Catharine.  But George William
+of Brandenburg was a Lutheran, and a prudent personage, who had no wish
+to embroil himself with his Emperor for a cause of which he thoroughly
+{6} disapproved.  He gave his sister-in-law a cold reception, but,
+seeing her dire necessity, lent her his castle of Custrin, where, on
+January 11th, 1621, she gave birth to a fourth son.  Damp, bare and
+comfortless was the castle in which this child first saw the light, and
+mournful was the welcome he had from his mother.  "Call him Maurice,"
+she said, "because he will have to be a soldier!"  So Maurice the boy
+was named, after the warlike Prince of Orange, the most celebrated
+general of that day.[7]
+
+To the Prince of Orange the exiles now turned their thoughts.  Return
+to their happy home in the Palatinate was impossible, for Frederick lay
+under the ban of the Empire, and his hereditary dominions were
+forfeited in consequence of his rebellious conduct; therefore when, six
+weeks after the birth of her child, George William informed Elizabeth
+that he dared no longer shelter her, she entrusted the infant to the
+care of the Electress Catharine, and taking with her the little Rupert,
+began her journey towards Holland.
+
+Maurice, Prince of Orange and Stadtholder of Holland, was the eldest
+son of William the Silent, and brother of Frederick's mother, the
+Electress Juliana.  He had strongly urged his nephew's acceptance of
+the Bohemian crown, and it seemed but natural that he should afford an
+asylum to those whom he had so disastrously advised.  He did not shrink
+from his responsibility, and the welcome which he accorded to his
+hapless nephew and niece was as warm as that of the Elector of
+Brandenburg had been cold.  At Muenster they were met by six companies
+of men at arms, sent to escort them to Emerich, where they met their
+eldest son, Henry, who had been sent to the protection of Count Ernest
+of Nassau at the beginning of the troubles; there also gathered round
+them the remnants of their shattered court, and it was with a shadowy
+show of royalty that they proceeded to the Hague.
+
+{7}
+
+Nothing could have exceeded the kindness of their reception, princes
+and people being equally anxious to show them sympathy.  Prince Henry
+Frederick of Orange, the brother and heir of the Stadtholder, resigned
+his own palace to their use, and the States of Holland presented
+Elizabeth with a mansion that stood next door to the palace.  The
+furniture necessary to make this house habitable, Elizabeth was
+enforced to borrow from the ever generous Prince Henry.  For all the
+necessaries of life the exiles were dependent upon charity, and, but
+for the generosity of the Orange Princes, supplemented by grants of
+money from England and from the States of Holland, they would have
+fared badly indeed.
+
+Thenceforth Elizabeth dwelt at the Hague, while the Thirty Years' War,
+of which her husband's action had lit the spark, raged over Germany.
+Slowly and reluctantly a few of the Protestant Princes took up arms
+against the Emperor.  James I sent armies of Ambassadors both to Spain
+and Austria, and offered settlements to which Frederick would not, or
+could not agree, but he lent little further aid to his distressed
+daughter.  He regarded his son-in-law's action as a political crime,
+which had produced the religious war that he had striven all his life
+to avoid, therefore, though he tacitly permitted English volunteers to
+enlist under Frederick's mercenary, Count Mansfeld, he would not
+countenance the war openly.  Indeed he deprecated it as the chief
+obstacle to the marriage of Prince Charles with the Spanish Infanta, on
+which he had set his heart.  The English Parliament, on the contrary,
+detested the idea of a Spanish alliance, and eagerly advocated a war on
+behalf of the Protestant exiles.
+
+But if her father would not fight on her behalf Elizabeth had friends
+who asked nothing better.  For her sake Duke Christian of Brunswick,
+the lay-Bishop of Halberstadt, threw himself passionately into the war.
+He and Mansfeld having completed between them the alienation of the
+other Princes, {8} by their lawless plunderings, were defeated by the
+Imperialist General, Tilly.  The Emperor settled the Upper Palatinate
+on his brother-in-law, the Duke of Bavaria, and, though the Lower
+Palatinate clung tenaciously to its Elector, Frederick was never able
+to return thither, until, many years later, the intervention of the
+quixotic King of Sweden won him a brief and evanescent success.
+
+Thus in trouble, anxiety and poverty passed the early youth of the
+Palatine children.  In the first years of the exile only Henry and
+Rupert shared their parents' home at the Hague; Charles and Elizabeth
+had been left in the care of their grandmother Juliana, who, when
+Heidelberg became no longer a safe place of residence, carried them off
+to Berlin, where Maurice had been left with his aunt.
+
+Henry was old enough to feel the separation from his brother and
+sister, to whom he was much attached.  "I trust you omit not to pray
+diligently, as I do, day and night, that it may please God to restore
+us to happiness and to each other," he wrote with precocious
+seriousness to Charles, "I have a bow and arrow, with a beautiful
+quiver, tipped with silver, which I would fain send you, but I fear it
+may fall into the enemy's hands."[8]  In another letter he tells
+Charles that "Rupert is here, blythe and well, safe and sound," that he
+is beginning to talk, and that his first words were "Praise the Lord",
+spoken in Bohemian.[9]  In the following year, 1621, Rupert was very
+ill with a severe cold, and Henry wrote to his grandfather, King
+James:--"Sir, we are come from Sewneden to see the King and Queen, and
+my little brother Rupert, who is now a little sick.  But my brother
+Charles is, God be thanked, very well, and my sister Elizabeth, and she
+is a little bigger and stronger than he."[10]  A quaint mixture of
+childishness and precocity is noticeable in all his letters.  "I have
+two {9} horses alive, that can go up my stairs; a black horse and a
+brown horse!" he informed his grandfather on another occasion.[11]
+
+Frederick, an affectionate father to all his children, was especially
+devoted to his eldest son, whom he made his constant companion.  Of
+Rupert also we find occasional mention in his letters.  "The little
+Rupert is very learned to understand so many languages!"[12] he says in
+1622, when the child was not three years old.  In another letter, dated
+some years later, he writes to his wife: "I am very glad that Rupert is
+in your good graces, and that Charles behaves so well.  Certes, they
+are doubly dear to me for it."[13]
+
+But the Queen, so universally beloved and belauded, does not appear to
+have been a very affectionate mother.  A devoted wife she
+unquestionably was, but she did not exert herself to win her children's
+love.  "Any stranger would be deceived in that humour, since towards
+them there is nothing but mildness and complaisance,"[14] wrote her son
+Charles in after years; and, though Charles himself had little right so
+to reproach her, there was doubtless some truth in the saying.  She had
+not been long at the Hague before she obtained from the kindly
+Stadtholder the grant of a house at Leyden, "where," says her youngest
+daughter, Sophie, "her Majesty had her whole family brought up apart
+from herself, greatly preferring the sight of her monkeys and dogs to
+that of her children."[15]
+
+Having thus successfully disposed of her family, Elizabeth was able to
+live at the Hague with considerable satisfaction, surrounded by the
+beloved monkeys and dogs, of which she had about seventeen in all.  Nor
+was she without congenial society.  At the Court of Orange there were
+{10} no ladies, for both the Princes were unmarried; but very speedily
+a court gathered itself about the lively Queen of Bohemia.  English
+ladies flocked to the Hague to show their respect and sympathy for
+their dear Princess.  Nobles and diplomates, more especially Sir Thomas
+Roe and Sir Dudley Carleton, the last of whom was English Ambassador at
+the Hague, vied with one another in evincing their friendship for the
+Queen; and hundreds of adventurous young gentlemen came to offer their
+swords to her husband and their hearts to herself.  "I am never
+destitute of a fool to laugh at, when one goes another comes,"[16]
+wrote Elizabeth, _a propos_ of these eager volunteers, who had dubbed
+her the "Queen of Hearts."
+
+Soon after they were settled at Leyden, Henry and Rupert were joined by
+the sister and brothers hitherto left at Berlin, and their society was
+further augmented by other children, born at the Hague, and despatched
+to Leyden as soon as they were old enough to bear the three days'
+journey thither.  To the youngest sister, Sophie, we owe a detailed
+description of their daily life.  "We had," she wrote, "a court quite
+in the German style; our hours as well as our curtsies were all laid
+down by rule."  Eleven o'clock was the dinner hour, and the meal was
+attended with great ceremony.  "On entering the dining-room I found all
+my brothers drawn up in front, with their gentlemen and governors
+posted behind in the same order, side by side.  I was obliged to make a
+very low curtsey to the Princes, a slighter one to the others, another
+low one on placing myself opposite to them, then another slight one to
+my governess, who on entering the room with her daughters curtsied very
+low to me.  I was obliged to curtsey again on handing my gloves over to
+their custody, then again on placing myself opposite to my brothers,
+{11} again when the gentlemen brought me a large basin in which to wash
+my hands, again after grace was said, and for the ninth, and last time,
+on seating myself at table.  Everything was so arranged that we knew on
+each day of the week what we were to eat, as is the case in convents.
+On Sundays and Wednesdays two divines or two professors were always
+invited to dine with us."[17]
+
+All the children, both boys and girls, were very carefully instructed
+in theology, according to the doctrine of Calvin, and, observed the
+candid Sophie, "knew the Heidelberg Catechism by heart, without
+understanding one word of it."[18]  According to the curriculum
+arranged for them, the boys enjoyed four hours daily of leisure and
+exercise.  They had to attend morning and evening prayers read in
+English; the morning prayer was followed by a Bible reading, and an
+application of the lesson.  They were instructed also in the terrible
+Heidelberg Catechism, in the history of the Reformers, and in religious
+controversy.  On Sundays and feastdays they had to attend church, and
+to give an abstract of the sermon afterwards.  They learnt besides,
+mathematics, history, and jurisprudence, and studied languages to so
+much purpose that they could speak five or six with equal ease.[19]  To
+their English mother they invariably wrote and spoke in English, but
+French was the tongue they used by preference, and amongst themselves;
+a curious French, often interpolated with Dutch and German phrases.
+
+Rupert early evinced his independence of character by revolting against
+the strict course laid out for him.  "He was not ambitious to entertain
+the learned tongues....  He conceived the languages of the times would
+be to him more useful, having to converse afterwards with divers {12}
+nations.  Thus he became so much master of the modern tongues that at
+the thirteenth year of his age he could understand, and be understood
+in all Europe.  His High and Low Dutch were not more naturally spoken
+by him than English, French, Spanish and Italian.  Latin he
+understood."[20] He showed, moreover, a passion for all things
+military.  "His Highness also applying himself to riding, fencing,
+vaulting, the exercise of the pike and musket, and the study of
+geometry and fortification, wherein he had the assistance of the best
+masters, besides the inclination of a military genius, which showed
+itself so early that at eight years of age he handled his arms with the
+readiness and address of an experienced soldier."[21]
+
+Occasionally their mother would summon the children to the Hague, that
+she might show them to her friends; "as one would a stud of
+horses,"[22] said Sophie bitterly.  The life at Leyden was also varied
+by the visits of the Elector Frederick, who was occasionally
+accompanied by Englishmen of distinction.
+
+In 1626 came the great Duke of Buckingham himself.  James I was dead,
+and Charles I reigned in his stead, but the brilliant favourite
+Buckingham ruled over the son as absolutely as he had ruled over the
+father before him.  He was inclined now to take up the cause of the
+Palatines, and, as the price of his assistance, proposed a marriage
+between the eldest prince, Henry, and his own little daughter, the Lady
+Mary Villiers.  Frederick, knowing his great power, listened
+favourably, and Buckingham accordingly visited the children at Leyden,
+where he treated his intended son-in-law with great kindness.  Henry
+remembered the Duke with affection, and addressed some of his quaint
+little letters to him, always expressing gratitude for his {13}
+kindness.  "My Lord," he wrote in 1628, "I could not let pass this
+opportunity to salute you by my Lord Ambassador, for whose departure,
+being somewhat sorrowful, I will comfort myself in this, that he may
+help me in expressing to you how much I am your most affectionate
+friend.--Frederick Henry."[23]  But ere the year was out the Duke had
+fallen under the assassin's knife, and the little Prince did not long
+survive him.
+
+The Stadtholder Maurice had died in 1625, bequeathing to Elizabeth,
+amongst other things, a share in a Dutch Company which had raised a
+fleet intended to intercept Spanish galleons coming, laden with gold,
+from Mexico.  In January 1629 this fleet returned triumphant to the
+Zuyder Zee.  To Amsterdam went Frederick, accompanied by his eldest
+son, now fifteen, to claim Elizabeth's share of the spoil.  "For more
+frugality"[24] the poverty-stricken King and Prince travelled by the
+ordinary packet-boat, They reached Amsterdam in safety, but on the
+return journey, the packet-boat was run down by a heavy Dutch vessel,
+and sank with all on board.  Frederick was rescued by the exertions of
+the skipper, but young Henry perished, and his piteous cry, "Save me,
+Father!" rang in the ears of the unhappy Frederick to his dying day.[25]
+
+Miseries accumulated steadily.  The poverty of the exiles increased as
+rapidly as did their family, and at last they could scarcely get bread
+to eat.  The account of their debts so moved Charles I that he pawned
+his own jewels in order to pay them, after which, the King and Queen
+retired to a villa at Rhenen, near Utrecht, where they hoped to live
+economically.  There Elizabeth was, to a great extent, deprived of the
+society which she loved; but she found consolation in hunting, a sport
+to which she {14} was devoted.  Sometimes she permitted her sons to
+join her, and on one such occasion a comical adventure befell young
+Rupert.  A fox had been run to earth, and "a dog, which the Prince
+loved," followed it.  The dog did not reappear, and Rupert, growing
+anxious, crept down the hole after it.  But, though he managed to catch
+the dog by the leg, he found the hole so narrow that he could extricate
+neither his favourite nor himself.  Happily he was discovered in this
+critical position by his tutor, who, seizing him by the heels, drew out
+Prince, dog, and fox, each holding on to the other.[26]
+
+To Frederick the sojourn at Rhenen was very agreeable.  Failing health
+increased his natural irritability, and he ungratefully detested the
+democratic Hollanders.  "Of all _canaille_, deliver me from the
+_canaille_ of the Hague!"[27] he said.  "It is a misery to live amongst
+such a people."[28]  At last, in 1630, a ray of hope dawned upon him.
+Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden, resolved to assist the Protestants
+of Germany, and, encouraged by France, launched himself into the
+Empire.  In 1631 he gained the battle of Leipzig, and success followed
+success, until the Lower Palatinate was in the Swedish hero's hands.
+Then Frederick, provided, by the Stadtholder, with L5,000, set out to
+join Gustavus, but ere his departure, paid a farewell visit to Leyden.
+There he attended a public examination of the University Students, in
+which Charles and Rupert won much distinction.  The visit was his last.
+By November 1632 his troubles were over, and the weary, anxious,
+disappointed king lay dead at Mainz, in the thirty-sixth year of his
+age.  The immediate cause of his death was a fever contracted in the
+summer campaign; but it was said that his heart had been broken by the
+death of his eldest son, and that all through his illness he declared
+that he heard {15} the boy calling him.  The death of Gustavus Adolphus
+in the same month checked the victorious progress of the Swedish army,
+and, consequently, the hopes of the Palatines.  Frederick had been
+loved by his sons, and his loss was keenly felt by those of them who
+were old enough to understand it.  The misfortune was, however, beyond
+the comprehension of the five-year-old Philip, who evidently had learnt
+to regard military defeat as the only serious disaster.  "But is the
+battle then lost, because the king is dead?" he demanded, gazing in
+astonishment at Rupert's passionate tears.[29]  More than a battle had
+been lost, and forlornly pathetic was the letter indicted by the elder
+boys to their uncle, King Charles:
+
+
+"We commit ourselves and the protection of our rights into your
+gracious arms, humbly beseeching your Majesty so to look upon us as
+upon those who have neither friends, nor fortune, nor greater honour in
+this world, than belongs to your Royal blood.  Unless you please to
+maintain that in us God knoweth what may become of your Majesty's
+nephews.
+
+      "CHARLES.
+
+  "RUPERT.  "MAURICE.
+
+      "EDWARD."[30]
+
+
+Hard, in truth, was the position of Elizabeth, left to struggle as she
+might for her large and impecunious family.  She had lost, besides
+Henry, two children who had died in infancy.  There remained ten, six
+sons and four daughters, the eldest scarcely sixteen, and all wholly
+dependent on the generosity of their friends and relations.  The States
+of Holland at once granted to the Queen the same yearly sum which they
+had allowed to her husband, and while her brother, Charles I,
+prospered, and the Stadtholder {16} Henry still lived, she did not
+suffer the depths of poverty to which she afterwards sank.  Yet money
+was, as her son Charles put it, "very hard to come by";[31] they were
+always in debt, and it is recorded by another son, that their house was
+"greatly vexed by rats and mice, but more by creditors."[32]
+
+Happily for herself, Elizabeth was possessed of two things of which no
+misfortune could deprive her, namely, a buoyant nature and a perfect
+constitution.  "For, though I have cause enough to be sad, I am still
+of my wild humour to be merry in spite of fortune," she once wrote to
+her faithful friend, Sir Thomas Roe.[33]  And her children inherited
+her high spirits.  "I was then of so gay a disposition that everything
+amused me," wrote Sophie; "our family misfortunes had no power to
+depress my spirits, though we were, at times, obliged to make even
+richer repasts than that of Cleopatra, and often had nothing at our
+Court but pearls and diamonds to eat."[34]  And as it was with Sophie
+so it was with the others; despair was unknown to them, and for long it
+was their favourite game to play that they were travelling back to the
+lost Palatinate, and had entered a public-house on the way.[35] Nor did
+they less inherit their mother's iron constitution.  "Bodily health is
+an inheritance from our mother which no one can dispute with us,"
+declared Sophie; "the best we ever had from her, of which Rupert has
+taken a double share."[36]
+
+Thus, in spite of poverty, misfortune, and the learning thrust upon
+them, the children grew up gay, witty, as full of tricks as their
+mother's cherished monkeys, and all distinguished for personal beauty,
+unusual talents, strong {17} wills, and a superb disregard of the
+world's opinion.  Charles, called by his brothers and sisters, "Timon",
+on account of his misanthropic views and bitter sayings, was not a whit
+behind Rupert in learning, and far his superior in social
+accomplishments.  He was his mother's favourite son.  "Since he was
+born I ever loved him best--when he was but a second son,"[37] she
+wrote once; to which replied her correspondent: "It is not the first
+time your Majesty has confessed to me your affection to the Prince
+Elector, but now I must approve and admire your judgment, for never was
+there any fairer subject of love."[38] Elizabeth, named by the rest "La
+Grecque," was considered, later in life, the most learned lady in all
+Europe; and the merry Louise was an artist whose pictures possess an
+intrinsic value to this day.  Her instructor in the art of painting was
+Honthorst, who resided in the family.  He often sold her pictures for
+her, thus enabling her to contribute something to the support of the
+household.  So it happens that some of the pictures now ascribed to
+Honthorst, are in fact the work of the Princess Louise.
+
+Sophie has left us a description of all her sisters: "Elizabeth had
+black hair, a dazzling complexion, brown sparkling eyes, a well-shaped
+forehead, beautiful cherry lips, and a sharp aquiline nose, which was
+apt to turn red.  She loved study, but all her philosophy could not
+save her from vexation when her nose was red.  At such times she hid
+herself from the world.  I remember that my sister Louise, who was not
+so sensitive, asked her on one such unlucky occasion to come upstairs
+to the Queen, as it was the usual hour for visiting her.  Elizabeth
+said, 'Would you have me go with this nose?'--Louise retorted, 'What!
+will you wait till you get another?'--Louise was lively and unaffected.
+Elizabeth was very learned; she {18} knew every language under the sun
+and corresponded regularly with Descartes.  This great learning, by
+making her rather absent-minded, often became the subject of our mirth.
+Louise was not so handsome, but had, in my opinion, a more amiable
+disposition.  She devoted herself to painting, and so strong was her
+talent for it that she could take likenesses from memory.  While
+painting others she neglected herself sadly; one would have said that
+her clothes had been thrown on her."[39]
+
+Rupert, nicknamed "Rupert le Diable" for his rough manners and hasty
+temper, was himself no mean artist, but of his especial bent something
+has been said already.  Of the younger children we know less.  Maurice
+is chiefly distinguished as Rupert's inseparable companion and devoted
+follower.  Like Rupert, he seems to have been of gigantic height, for
+we find Charles, at eighteen, boyishly resenting the imputation that
+"my brother Maurice is as high as myself," and sending his mother "the
+measure of my true height, without any heels," to disprove it.[40]
+Edward must have been unlike the rest in appearance, for Charles
+describes him as having a round face, and fat cheeks, though he had the
+family brown eyes.[41]  He shared the wilfulness of the rest, but never
+especially distinguished himself.  Henriette was fair and gentle, very
+beautiful, but less talented than her sisters.  She devoted herself to
+needlework and the confection of sweetmeats.  Poor, fiery Philip,
+valiant, passionate and undisciplined, came early to a warrior's grave.
+Sophie lived to be the mother of George I of England, and was famous
+for her natural intelligence, learning, and social talents.  Little
+Gustave died at nine years old, after a short life of continual
+suffering.
+
+As the boys and girls grew up they were withdrawn from Leyden to the
+court at the Hague.  The Queen of {19} Bohemia's household was a
+singularly lively one, abounding in practical jokes and wit of a not
+very refined nature, so that the young princes and princesses had to
+"sharpen their wits in self-defence."[42]  It was a fashion with them
+to run about the Hague in disguise, talking to whomever they
+met.[43]--Private theatricals were a favourite form of amusement, and
+the Carnival--their Protestantism notwithstanding--was kept with
+hilarious rejoicing.  The Dutch regarded them with kindly tolerance.
+The English Puritans were less phlegmatic; and a deputation, happening
+to come over with "a godly condolence" to Elizabeth, in 1635, retired
+deeply disgusted by the "songs, dances, hallooing and other
+jovialities" of the Princes Charles, Rupert, Maurice and Edward.[44]
+
+
+
+[1] Hist. MSS. Commission.  12th Report.  Athole MSS. p. 30.
+
+[2] Calendar of Domestic State Papers.  Wharton to Willingham, 13 Sept.
+1642.
+
+[3] Carte's Original Letters.  Ed. 1739.  Vol. I. p. 59.  O'Neil to
+Trevor, 26 July, 1644.
+
+[4] Hist. MSS. Commission.  8th Report.  Denbigh MSS. p. 5520.
+
+[5] Calendar Clarendon, State Papers, 27 Feb. 1654.
+
+[6] Gardiner's History of England.  1893.  Vol. III. Chap. 29. pp.
+251-299.
+
+[7] Green, Lives of the Princesses of England.  1855.  Vol. V. p. 353.
+
+[8] Benger's Elizabeth Stuart.  Ed. 1825.  Vol. II. p. 255
+
+[9] Ibid. II. p. 257.
+
+[10] Hist. MSS. Com. Report 3.  Hopkinson MSS. p. 265a.
+
+[11] Green's Princesses, Vol. V. p. 408, note.
+
+[12] Bromley Letters.  Ed. 1787.  p. 21.
+
+[13] Bromley Letters, p. 38.
+
+[14] Ibid. p. 178.
+
+[15] Preussischen Staatsarchiven.  Bd. 4.  Memoiren der Herzogin
+Sophie, pp. 34-35.
+
+[16] Letters and Negotiations of Sir T. Roe, p. 74.  Elizabeth to Roe,
+19 Aug. 1622.
+
+[17] Publication aus den Preussischen Staatsarchiven.  Bd. 4.  Memoiren
+der Herzogin Sophie, pp. 34-35.
+
+[18] Ibid.
+
+[19] Hauesser, Geschichte der Rheinischen Pfalz.  Vol. II. p. 510.
+
+[20] Lansdowne MSS. 817.  Fol. 157-168.  Brit. Mus.
+
+[21] Warburton, Rupert and the Cavaliers, Vol. I. p. 449.
+
+[22] Memoiren der Herzogin Sophie, p. 35.  Publication aus den
+Preussischen Staatsarchiven.
+
+[23] Harleian MSS. 6988.  Fol. 83.  British Museum.
+
+[24] Howell's Familiar Letters.  Edition 1726.  Bk I. p. 177.  25 Feb.
+1625.
+
+[25] Strickland's Elizabeth Stuart.  Queens of Scotland, Vol. VIII. pp.
+134, 161.  Green's Princesses.  V. 468-9.
+
+[26] Warburton, Vol. I. p. 49, _note_.
+
+[27] Strickland, Elizabeth Stuart, p. 138.
+
+[28] Bromley Letters, p. 20.
+
+[29] Spruener's Pfalzgraf Ruprecht, p. 17.  Staatsbibliothek zu Muenchen.
+
+[30] Green, English Princesses, Vol. V. p. 515.
+
+[31] Bromley Letters, p. 124.
+
+[32] Dict. of National Biography.  Art. Elizabeth of Bohemia.
+
+[33] Letters and Negotiations of Roe, p. 146.
+
+[34] Memoiren der Herzogin Sophie, p. 43.
+
+[35] Spruener, p. 15.  MSS. der Staatsbibliothek zu Muenchen.
+
+[36] Briefwechsel der Herzogin Sophie mit Karl Ludwig von der Pfalz, p.
+309.
+
+[37] Dom. State Papers.  Chas. I.  Vol. 325.  Fol. 47.  Eliz. to Roe, 4
+June, 1636.
+
+[38] Ibid. Roe to Eliz., 20 July, 1636.  Vol. 329. fol. 21.
+
+[39] Memoiren der Herzogin Sophie, pp. 38-39.
+
+[40] Bromley Letters, p. 97.
+
+[41] Forster's Statesmen, Vol. VI. p. 81, _note_
+
+[42] Memoiren der Herzogin Sophie, pp. 36-37.
+
+[43] Memoirs of the Princess Palatine.  Blaze de Bury.  p. 112.
+
+[44] Strickland, Elizabeth Stuart, p. 174.
+
+
+
+
+{20}
+
+CHAPTER II
+
+RUPERT'S EARLY CAMPAIGNS.  FIRST VISIT TO ENGLAND.  MADEMOISELLE DE
+ROHAN
+
+At the age of thirteen Rupert made his first campaign.  Prince Henry of
+Orange had succeeded his brother Maurice as Stadtholder, and under his
+Generalship, the Protestant states of Holland still carried on the
+struggle against Spain and the Spanish Netherlands, which had raged
+since the days of William the Silent.  The close alliance of Spain with
+the Empire, and of Holland with the Palatines, connected this war with
+the religious wars of Germany; young Rupert was full of eagerness to
+share in it, and the Stadtholder, with whom the boy was a special
+favourite, begged Elizabeth's leave to take him and his elder brother
+on the campaign of 1633.  The Queen consented, saying, "He cannot too
+soon be a soldier in these active times."[1]  But hardly was the boy
+gone, than she was seized with fears for his morals, and recalled him
+to the Hague.  Rupert submitted reluctantly, but the remonstrances of
+the Stadtholder, ere long, procured his return to the army.
+
+A brief campaign resulted in the capture of Rhynberg, which triumph
+Prince Henry celebrated with a tournament held at the Hague.  On this
+occasion Rupert greatly distinguished himself, carrying off the palm,
+"with such a graceful air accompanying all his actions, as drew the
+hearts and eyes of all spectators towards him ...  The ladies also
+contended among themselves which should crown him with the greatest and
+most welcome glory."[2]
+
+{21}
+
+After all this excitement, the boy found his life at Leyden irksome,
+and "his thoughts were so wholly taken up with the love of arms, that
+he had no great passion for any other study."  He was therefore allowed
+to return to active service, and on the next campaign he served in the
+Stadtholder's Life Guards.  With eager delight, he "delivered himself
+up to all the common duties and circumstances of a private soldier;"[3]
+in which capacity he witnessed the sieges of Louvain, Schenkenseyan,
+and the horrible sack of Tirlemont.  Even thus early he showed
+something of the impatience and impetuosity which was afterwards his
+bane.  The dilatory methods and cautious policy of the Stadtholder
+fretted him; "an active Prince, like ours, was always for charging the
+enemy."  His courage indeed "astonished the eldest soldiers," and they
+exerted themselves to preserve from harm the young comrade who took no
+care of himself.[4]  Eventually Rupert returned from his second
+campaign, covered with glory, and not a little spoilt by the petting of
+the Stadtholder, and of his companions in arms.  A visit to England,
+which followed soon after, did not tend to lessen his good opinion of
+himself.
+
+His eldest brother, Charles Louis, had just attained his eighteenth
+year.  This being the legal age for Princes of the Empire, he assumed
+his father's title of Prince Elector Palatine, and was thereupon
+summoned to England by his uncle, King Charles, who hoped to accomplish
+his restoration to the Palatinate.  Elizabeth suffered the departure of
+her favourite with much misgiving.  "He is young _et fort nouveau_, so
+as he will no doubt commit many errors," she wrote to Sir Henry Vane.
+"I fear damnably how he will do with your ladies, for he is a very ill
+courtier; therefore I pray you desire them not to laugh too much at
+him, but to be merciful to him."[5]
+
+{22}
+
+In October 1635 young Charles landed at Gravesend, and was well
+received by his relatives.  "The King received him in the Queen's
+withdrawing room, using him extraordinarily kindly.  The Queen kissed
+him.  He is a very handsome young prince, modest and very bashful; he
+speaks English," was the report of a friend to Lord Strafford.[6]
+Nevertheless the Elector, who had expected to be restored with a high
+hand, was somewhat disappointed in his uncle.  Ambassadors King Charles
+did not spare.  In July 1636 he despatched Lord Arundel on a special
+mission to Vienna.  He endeavoured to league together England, France
+and Holland in the interests of the Palatines.  He negotiated with the
+King of Hungary, and he attempted to secure the King of Poland by
+marrying him to the Elector's eldest sister, Elizabeth.  The marriage
+treaty fell through because the princess refused to profess the Roman
+Catholic faith.  The other negotiations proved equally fruitless; and
+armies, fleets and money it was not in the King's power to furnish.
+"All their comfort to me is 'to have patience'!"[7] complained the
+young Elector to his mother.
+
+In other respects he had nothing to complain of; the impression he made
+was excellent, and the King showed him all the kindness in his power.
+The old diplomat, Sir Thomas Roe, who watched over the boy with a
+fatherly eye, wrote enthusiastically to his mother, Elizabeth: "The
+Prince Elector is so sweet, so obliging, so discreet, so sensible of
+his own affairs, and so young as was never seen, nor could be seen in
+the son of any other mother.  And this joy I give you: he gains upon
+his Majesty's affection, by assiduity and diligent attendance, so much
+that it is expressed to him by embracings, kissings, and all signs of
+love."[8]
+
+{23}
+
+Thus encouraged, Elizabeth resolved to send her second son to join his
+brother; though with little hope that "Rupert le Diable" would prove an
+equal success with the young Elector.  "For blood's sake I hope he will
+be welcome," she wrote; "though I believe he will not trouble your
+ladies with courting them, nor be thought a very _beau garcon_, which
+you slander his brother with."  And she entreated Sir Henry Vane "a
+little to give good counsel to Rupert, for he is still a little giddy,
+though not so much as he has been.  Pray tell him when he does ill, for
+he is good-natured enough, but does not always think of what he should
+do."[9]  But the mother's judgment erred, for the despised Rupert won
+all hearts at the English Court, so completely as to throw his brother
+into the shade.  Doubtless the jeers of his mother had helped to render
+him shy and awkward at the Hague; now, for the first time, he found
+himself free to develop unrestrained, in a congenial atmosphere.  The
+natural force of his character showed itself at once, and his quick wit
+and vivacity charmed the grave King.  "I have observed him," reported
+Sir Thomas Roe, "full of spirit and action, full of observation and
+judgment; certainly he will _reussir un grand homme (sic)_; for
+whatsoever he wills he wills vehemently, so that to what he bends he
+will in it be excellent...  His Majesty takes great pleasure in his
+unrestfulness, for he is never idle; in his sports serious, in his
+conversation retired, but sharp and witty when occasion provokes
+him."[10]
+
+In his love for the arts King Charles found another point of sympathy
+with his nephew.  The English Court was then the most splendid in
+Europe; Charles's collections of pictures, sculptures, and art
+treasures were the finest of the times.  He was himself so proficient a
+musician that an enemy remarked later, that he might have earned his
+{24} living by his art.[11]  Rubens, Van Dyke and other famous artists,
+sculptors and musicians were familiar figures at the Court.  In a word,
+the society which Charles gathered round him was cultivated and
+intellectual to the highest degree.  To a boy like Rupert, sensitive,
+excitable, and intensely artistic in feeling, there was something
+intoxicating in this feast of the senses and intellect, so suddenly
+offered to him.  Nor was this all.  The Queen and her ladies, so famous
+for their wit and beauty, marked him for their own; and before he had
+been many days in England, the boy found himself the chief pet and
+favourite of his fascinating aunt.  Queen Henrietta, who had a passion
+for proselytising, soon saw in her handsome young nephew a hopeful
+subject for conversion to the Roman Church; and Rupert, on his part,
+was not a little drawn by the artistic aspect of her religion.
+
+The young Elector watched his brother's prosperous course with dismay.
+Rupert, he lamented, was "always with the Queen, and her ladies, and
+her Papists."  Nor did he look more favourably on Rupert's affection
+for Endymion Porter, a poet, and a connoisseur in all the arts, whose
+wife was as ardent a Roman Catholic as was the Queen herself.  "Rupert
+is still in great friendship with Porter," he wrote to his mother.  "I
+bid him take heed he do not meddle with points of religion among them,
+for fear some priest or other, that is too hard for him, may form an
+ill opinion in him.  Mrs. Porter is a professed Roman Catholic.  Which
+way to get my brother away I do not know, except myself go over."[12]
+Roe also hinted that Elizabeth would do well to recall her second son.
+"His spirit is too active to be wasted in the soft entanglings of
+pleasure, and your Majesty would do well to recall him gently.  He will
+prove a sword for all his friends if his edge be set right.  There is
+nothing ill in his stay here, yet he may gather a diminution from {25}
+company unfit for him."[13] It was enough.  Elizabeth took alarm, and
+from that time made desperate but vain efforts to recover her giddy
+Rupert, who, said she, "spends his time but idly in England."[14]  But
+Rupert was far too happy to return home just then; nor were his uncle
+and aunt willing to part with him.  The Queen loudly protested that she
+would not let him go, and Elizabeth was obliged to resign herself,
+saying, "He will not mend there."[15]
+
+It was not fears for her son's Protestantism alone that moved her.  She
+was aware that he and the King were concocting between them, a scheme
+of which she thoroughly disapproved.  This was a wild and utterly
+unfeasible plan for founding a colony in Madagascar, of which Rupert
+was to be leader, organiser, and ruler.  He had always taken a keen
+interest in naval affairs, and now he devoted himself eagerly to the
+study of ship-building.  But his unfortunate mother was frantic at the
+idea.  In her eyes, the boy's only fit vocation was "to be made a
+soldier, to serve his uncle and brother,"[16] and she entreated her
+friend Roe to put such "windmills" out of this new Don Quixote's head.
+No son of hers, she declared, fiercely, should "roam the world as a
+knight-errant;"[17] not foreseeing, poor woman, that such was precisely
+her children's destined fate.  From Roe at least she had full sympathy:
+"I will only say," he wrote to her, "that it is an excellent course to
+lose the Prince in a most desperate, dangerous, unwholesome, fruitless
+action."[18]  But to mockery and exhortation Rupert turned a deaf ear.
+His mother, finding her letters treated with indifference, sent her
+agent, Rusdorf, to represent to the boy his exalted station as a Prince
+of the Empire, the grief he was causing to his grandmother, mother and
+sisters, {26} and the necessity of his remaining in Europe to combat
+his ancestral enemies.  Rupert listened in absolute silence, and
+remained unmoved at the end.  Nor could his brother Charles make the
+least impression on him.  "When I ask him what he means to do I find
+him very shy to tell me his opinion,"[19] was the young Elector's
+report.  Rupert probably knew Charles well enough to guess that
+anything he did tell him would be at once repeated to his mother, and
+he was always good at keeping his own counsel.
+
+Both boys had broken loose from their home restraints.  They were now
+"quite out of their mother's governance", and resolved to go their own
+way, heeding neither her nor her agents, present or absent.[20]  The
+state of affairs was not improved by the interference of one of
+Elizabeth's ladies, who was also on a visit to England.  Between the
+boys and this Mrs. Crofts there was no love lost.  She told tales of
+their doings to their mother, and carried complaints of their rudeness
+to their mentor, Lord Craven.  The Princes were furious, believing that
+she had been sent to spy upon them, and, at the same time, they
+betrayed evident terror lest her stories should gain credence rather
+than their own.  "I am sure your Majesty maketh no doubt of my civil
+carriage to Mrs. Crofts, because she was your servant, and you
+commanded it," declared Charles, "yet I hear she is not pleased, and
+hath sent her complaints over seas.  I do not know whether they are
+come to your Majesty's ears, but I easily believe it, because she told
+my Lord Craven that I used her like a stranger and would not speak to
+her before her King and Queen.  Yet I may truly say that I have spoken
+more to her, since she came into England, than ever I did in all my
+life before."[21]  Rupert also had insulted the lady.  "He told {27} me
+she would not look upon him,"[22] wrote his brother indignantly.
+
+After all this agitation, a visit to Oxford, in the company of the
+King, proved a welcome diversion.  This was a great event in the
+University, and the scholars were admonished "to go nowhere without
+their caps and gowns, and in apparel of such colour and such fashion as
+the statute prescribes.  And particularly they are not to wear long
+hair, nor any boots, nor double stockings, rolled down, or hanging
+loose about their legs, as the manner of some slovens is."[23]  On the
+night of the Royal Party's arrival a play was performed by the students
+of Christ Church, which Lord Carnarvon reported the worst he had ever
+seen, except one which he saw at Cambridge.  On the following day
+Rupert, clad in a scarlet gown, was presented for the degree of Master
+of Arts by the Warden of Merton College.  The University bestowed on
+him a pair of gloves; and from Archbishop Laud, then Chancellor of
+Oxford, he received a copy of Caesar's Commentaries.  Subsequently the
+Royal guests dined with Laud, at St. John's College, and in the evening
+they were condemned to witness a second play at Christ Church, which
+happily proved "most excellent."[24]
+
+Elizabeth remained, in the meantime, far from satisfied; and in
+February 1637, King Charles thought it well to ascertain her serious
+intentions with regard to Rupert.  To this end, young George Goring,
+then serving in the Stadtholder's army, was commissioned to sound her.
+Thus he reported to his father:--"I found she had a belief he would
+lose his time in England, and for that reason had an intention to
+recall him.  I saw it not needful to give her other encouragement from
+His Majesty, than that I heard the King profess that he did believe
+Prince Rupert {28} would soon be capable of any actions of honour, and
+if he were placed in any such employment would acquit himself very
+well; and I persuaded Her Majesty to know what the Prince of Orange
+would think fit for him to do, which she did on their next meeting, and
+His Highness wished very much that there were some employment in the
+way worthy of him.  But this business is silenced since upon a letter
+the Queen has received from the Prince Elector, where he mentions the
+sending of some land forces into France, which he judges a fit command
+for him ...  Only that which His Highness spoke to Dr. Gosse,
+concerning Prince Rupert, would joy me much, being I might hope for a
+liberty of attempting actions worthy of an honest man."[25]
+
+Plans for the recovery of the lost Palatinate were now indeed maturing.
+The cause was one very near the hearts of the English Puritans, who
+regarded it as synonymous with the cause of Protestantism, and they
+showed themselves willing to subscribe money in aid of it.  The King
+promised ships, and tried to win the help of France; while young
+English nobles eagerly offered their swords to the exiled Princes.  The
+Elector was so delighted that he could scarcely believe his good
+fortune, and Rupert abandoned his own schemes in order to assist his
+brother.  "The dream of Madagascar, I think, is vanished," wrote Roe.
+"A blunt merchant called to deliver his opinion, said it was a gallant
+design, but one on which he would be loth to venture his younger
+son."[26]
+
+But the dream of Rupert's conversion was not over, and his mother was
+as anxious as ever to recover possession of him.  She appealed now to
+Archbishop Laud who had shown great interest in the boys, often
+inviting them to dine with him.  "The two young Princes have both {29}
+been very kind and respective of me," he said.  "It was little I was
+able to do for them, but I was always ready to do my best."[27]  To him
+therefore Elizabeth stated that she was about to send Maurice with the
+Prince of Orange, "to learn that profession by which I believe he must
+live,"[28] and that she desired Rupert to bear his brother company.  "I
+think he will spend this summer better in an army than idly in England.
+For though it be a great honour and happiness to him to wait upon his
+uncle, yet, his youth considered, he will be better employed to see the
+war."[29]  Laud replied in approving terms: "If the Prince of Orange be
+going into the field, God be his speed.  The like I heartily wish to
+the young Prince Maurice.  You do exceedingly well to put him into
+action betimes."[30] Still he offered no real assistance, and Elizabeth
+fell back on the sympathetic Roe, repeating how she had sent for
+Rupert, and adding--"You may easily guess why I send for him; his
+brother can tell you else.  I pray you help him away and hinder those
+that would stay him."[31]
+
+Her untiring solicitations and Rupert's own martial spirit, combined
+with the fact that the Elector, having completed his negotiations, was
+now ready to return with his brother, prevailed.  The King at last
+consented to let them go, and in June 1637 they embarked at Greenwich,
+arriving safely at the Hague, after a stormy passage in which both
+suffered severely.  The parting in England had been reluctant on both
+sides.  "Both the brothers went away very unwillingly, but Prince
+Rupert expressed it most, for, being a-hunting that morning with the
+King, he wished he might break his neck, and so leave his bones in
+England."[32]
+
+{30}
+
+But, in the opinion of Elizabeth and Roe, that pleasant holiday had
+ended none too soon.  "You have your desire for Prince Rupert," wrote
+the latter.  "I doubt not he returns to you untainted, but I will not
+answer for all designs upon him.  The enemy is a serpent as well as a
+wolf, and, though he should prove impregnable, you do well to preserve
+him from battery."[33]  Later the boy confessed that a fortnight more
+in England would have seen him a Roman Catholic.  Elizabeth thereupon
+poured forth bitter indignation on her sister-in-law, but Henrietta
+only retorted, with cheerful defiance, that, had she known Rupert's
+real state of mind, he should not have departed when he did.
+
+So far as Rupert was concerned, the visit had not been, from the
+mother's point of view, a success.  The only one of her brother's
+schemes for the boy's advantage of which she approved, unhappily
+commended itself very little to Rupert himself; this was no less than
+the time-honoured device of marrying him to an heiress.  The lady
+selected was the daughter of the Huguenot Duc de Rohan, and in
+September 1636 the Elector had written to his mother: "Concerning my
+brother Rupert, M. de Soubise hath made overture that, with your
+Majesty's and your brother's consent, he thinks M. de Rohan would not
+be unwilling to match him with his daughter....  I think it is no
+absurd proposition, for she is great both in means and birth, and of
+the religion."[34]  The death of the Duc de Rohan delayed the
+conclusion of the treaty, which dragged on for several years.  In 1638
+King Charles renewed relations with the widowed Duchess, through his
+Ambassador at Paris, Lord Leicester.  "For Prince Robert's service, I
+represented unto her as well as I could, how hopeful a prince he was,
+and she said she had heard much good of him, that he was very handsome,
+and had a great deal of wit {31} and courage,"[35] wrote the
+Ambassador.  But Cardinal Richelieu was by no means willing to let such
+a fortune as that of the Rohans, fall to a heretic foreigner, and
+without his consent, and that of Louis XIII, nothing could be done.
+The difficulties in the way were great, and though the Duchess was well
+inclined to Rupert, both on account of his religion and of his Royal
+blood, she was not blind to the fact that neither of these would
+support either himself or his family.  He would, she supposed, settle
+down in France, but great though her daughter's fortune was, it would
+not, she declared, maintain a Royal prince in Paris; and she desired to
+know what King Charles would do for his nephew.  Leicester could only
+reply vaguely that the King would "take care" of his nephew, and of any
+future children.  He was, however, admitted to an interview with the
+young lady, whom he facetiously told, that he "came to make love unto
+her, and that, if it were for myself, I thought she could hardly find
+it in her heart to refuse me, but it being for a handsome young prince,
+countenanced by the recommendation of a great king, I did take upon
+myself to know her mind....  She gave me a smile and a blush, which I
+took for a sufficient reply."[36]
+
+Owing to the opposition of the Cardinal, no formal betrothal took
+place, but Marguerite de Rohan evidently regarded her unwilling lover
+with favour, for when he fell into the hands of the Emperor she showed
+herself loyal to him.  Leicester, on receiving the news of Rupert's
+capture, hastened to interview the Duchess, but found her still well
+inclined.  "I cannot find that she is at all changed," he reported.
+"She answered also for her daughter, and related this passage to me.
+Some one had said to Mademoiselle de Rohan: 'Now that Prince Rupert is
+a prisoner, you should do well to abandon the thought of him, and to
+entertain the addresses of your servant, the Duc de Nemours.' {32} To
+which she answered: 'I am not engaged anywhere; but, as I have been
+inclined, so I am still, for it would be a _lachete_ to forsake one
+because of his misfortunes, and some generosity to esteem him in the
+same degree as before he fell into it."[37]
+
+Her generosity was not felt as it deserved.  Rupert did not want to be
+married; he had already plenty of interests and occupations, and he
+could not be brought to regard the matter from a practical point of
+view.  Eighty thousand pounds a year, united to much other valuable
+property and the expectation of two more estates, could not induce the
+penniless Palatine to sacrifice his liberty.  In 1643 Marguerite would
+await the recalcitrant suitor no longer, and the incident closed with a
+very curious letter, written by King Charles to Maurice.  Evidently the
+King was loth that such a fortune should be lost to the family, after
+all his trouble.
+
+"Nepheu Maurice," he wrote, "though Mars be now most in voag, yet Hymen
+may sometimes be remembyred.  The matter is this: Your mother and I
+have bin somewhat ingaged concerning a marriage between your brother
+Rupert and Mademoiselle de Rohan.  Now her friends press your brother
+for a positive answer, which I find him resolved to give negatively.
+Therefore I thought fit to let you know, if you will, by your
+ingagement, take your brother handsomely off.  And indeed the total
+rejecting of this alliance may do us some prejudice, whether ye look to
+these, or to the German affairs; the performance of it is not expected
+until the times shall be reasonably settled, but I desire you to give
+me an answer, as soon as you can, having now occasion to send to
+France, because delays are sometimes as ill taken as denials.  So
+hoping, and praying God for good news from you,
+
+  "I rest, your loving oncle,
+      "C. R."[38]
+
+{33}
+
+But Maurice was not to be moved by his uncle's eloquence, and his
+answer was as positively negative as that of his brother had been.
+Subsequently the neglected lady wedded Henri Chabot, a poor gentleman
+of no particular distinction, with whom she was, possibly, happier than
+any Palatine would have made her.
+
+
+
+[1] Domestic State Papers.  Elizabeth to Roe.  12/22, April, 1634.
+
+[2] Lansdowne MSS. 817.  Fol. 157-168.
+
+[3] Benett MSS.  Warburton.  Vol. I. p. 450.
+
+[4] Lansdowne MSS. 817.  British Museum.
+
+[5] Dom. State Papers.  Chas. I.  Vol. 300. fol. 1.  18/28 May, 1635.
+
+[6] Letters and Despatches of Thomas Wentworth.  Earl Strafford.  Ed.
+1739.  Vol. I p. 489.
+
+[7] Bromley Letters, p. 73.
+
+[8] Dom. State Papers.  Chas. I. 320. 2; 1 May, 1636.
+
+[9] Dom. State Papers.  Eliz. to Vane, Feb. 2, 1636.  Chas. I.  Vol.
+313. f. 12.
+
+[10] Dom. State Papers.  Roe to Elizabeth, July 20, 1636.  Chas. I.
+Vol. 339. f. 21.
+
+[11] Lilly.  Character of Charles I.
+
+[12] Bromley Letters, p. 86.
+
+[13] Dom. State Papers.  Chas. I. 320. f. 2.  1 May, 1636.
+
+[14] Dom. State Papers.  Chas. I. 318. f. 16.  4 April, 1636.
+
+[15] Ibid.  325. f. 47.  4 June, 1636.
+
+[16] Ibid.  318. f. 16.  April 4, 1636.
+
+[17] Howell's Letters, p. 257, 4 Jan. 1636.
+
+[18] Dom. State Papers.  Roe to Eliz.  Chas. I. 350. 16.  17 March,
+1637.
+
+[19] Bromley Letters, p. 86.
+
+[20] Hauesser, Geschichte der Rheinischen Pfalz.  Vol. II. p. 546.
+
+[21] Bromley Letters, p. 85.
+
+[22] Bromley Letters, p. 88.
+
+[23] Dom. S. P.  Decree of University, Aug. 12, 1636.
+
+[24] Ibid.  5 Sept. 1636.
+
+[25] Dom. State Papers.  Geo. Goring to Lord Goring, 4 Feb. 1637.
+Chas. I. 346. f. 33.
+
+[26] Ibid.  Roe to Elizabeth, May 8, 1637.
+
+[27] Dom. S. P.  Laud to Eliz.  Aug. 7, 1637.
+
+[28] Ibid.  Eliz. to Laud.  May 19, 1637.
+
+[29] Ibid.  June 10, 1637.  Chas. I. 361.
+
+[30] Ibid.  Laud to Eliz.  June 22, 1637.
+
+[31] Ibid.  Eliz. to Roe.  June 7, 1637.
+
+[32] Stafford Papers.  Vol. II. p. 85.  June 24, 1637.
+
+[33] Dom. State Papers.  Roe to Eliz.  June 19, 1637.
+
+[34] Bromley Letters, p. 56.
+
+[35] Collins Sydney Papers, 1746.  Vol. II. p. 549.  8 May, 1638.
+
+[36] Collins Sydney Papers, 1746.  Vol. II. pp. 560-561.  22 July, 1638.
+
+[37] Collins Sydney Papers.  Vol. II. p. 575.  12 Nov. 1638.
+
+[38] Harleian MSS. 6988. fol. 149.
+
+
+
+
+{34}
+
+CHAPTER III
+
+THE SIEGE OF BREDA.  THE ATTEMPT ON THE PALATINATE.  RUPERT'S CAPTIVITY
+
+Immediately on his return from England in 1637, Rupert joined his
+brother Maurice in the army of the Stadtholder.  Prince Henry was just
+then engaged in the siege of Breda, a town which was oftener lost and
+won than any other in the long wars of the Low Countries.  Many
+Englishmen were fighting there, in the Dutch army: Astley, Goring, the
+Lords Northampton and Grandison, with whom the Palatines were already
+well acquainted, besides others whom they were to meet hereafter in the
+English war, either as friends or foes.  The two young princes acted
+with their usual energy and "let not one day pass in that siege,
+without doing some action at which the whole army was surprised."[1]
+Once, by their courage and ready wit, they saved the camp from an
+unexpected attack.  Waking in the night, Rupert fancied that he heard
+unusual sounds within the city walls.  He roused Maurice, and the two
+crept up so close to the Spanish lines that they could actually hear
+what the soldiers said on the other side.  Thus they discovered that
+the enemy was preparing to fall upon them at mid-night, and, hastening
+back to the Stadtholder, they were able to give him timely warning.
+Consequently, when the besieged sallied out, the besiegers were ready
+for them, and forced them to retire with great loss.[2]  On another
+occasion Rupert's love of adventure led him into flat insubordination.
+Monk, afterwards Duke of {35} Albemarle, was about to make an attack
+upon the enemy's words, which was considered so dangerous that the
+Stadtholder expressly forbade Rupert to take part in it.  But Rupert no
+sooner heard the Stadtholder give the order to advance, than he dashed
+away, anticipating the aide-de-camp, himself delivered the order to
+Monk, and, slipping into his company as a volunteer, took his share in
+the exploit.  The Prince came off unhurt, but many of his comrades
+fell, and both Goring and Wilmot were severely wounded.  The fight
+over, Rupert and some other officers threw themselves down on a hillock
+to rest; they had been there some time, when, to their surprise, a
+Burgundian, whom they had taken for dead, suddenly started up, crying:
+"Messieurs, est-il point de quartier?"  The English officers burst out
+laughing, and immediately dubbed him "Jack Falstaff", which name he
+bore to his dying day.[3]  What the Stadtholder thought of Rupert's
+mutinous conduct is not recorded.
+
+Eventually Breda fell to the Dutch arms, and Maurice was, immediately
+after, sent to school in Paris, with his younger brothers, Edward and
+Philip.  He must have gone sorely against his will, especially as
+Charles and Rupert were proceeding to levy forces for their own attempt
+on the Palatinate.  But Elizabeth was inexorable.  She was resolved not
+to blush for the manners of her younger sons, as she declared she did
+for those of Rupert; and she was, besides, anxious to have Maurice in
+safety, seeing that the two elder boys were about to risk their lives
+in so rash a venture.
+
+Since the death of their King Gustavus the Swedes had continued the war
+in Germany, though without any such brilliant successes as had been
+theirs before.  Still many towns were in their hands, and doubtless the
+young Elector hoped for their cooperation in his own venture.  He had
+been joined by many English volunteers; and by means of English {36}
+money he was able to raise troops in Hamburg and Westphalia.  As a
+convenient muster-place, he had purchased Meppen on the Weser, from a
+Swedish officer, to whom the place had been given by Gustavus.  But ere
+the Elector's levies were completed, the negligence of the Governor
+suffered the town to fall into the hands of the Imperialists.  Charles
+took this mischance with praiseworthy philosophy: "A misty morning,"
+quoth he, "often makes a cheerfuller day."[4]  And thanks to the
+kindness of the Stadtholder, and the connivance of the States, he was
+enabled to continue his levies, quartering his men about Wesel.
+
+In the midst of their labours, both he and Rupert found time to attend
+a tournament at the Hague.  Dressed as Moors, and mounted on white
+horses, they, as usual, outshone all others.  Indeed so pleased were
+they with their own prowess, that they issued a printed challenge for a
+renewal of the courses.  Balls also were in vogue, and the Hague was
+unusually gay; yet Elizabeth retired, early in the season, to her
+country house at Rhenen.  Feeling between mother and sons was still
+somewhat strained.  The Queen found the boys far less submissive to her
+will than they had been before their year of liberty in England, and
+Lord Craven, who acted as mediator, found the post no sinecure.
+
+But to Lord Craven no task came amiss in the service of the Palatines.
+The history of his life-long devotion to the exiled Queen is well
+known, and it is doubtful whether his unparalleled generosity, or the
+boundless wealth which made such generosity possible, be the most
+astonishing.  His father, a son of the people, had made in trade, the
+enormous fortune which he bequeathed to his children.  The eldest son,
+fired by military ambition, had entered the service of the Palatine
+Frederick, and, at the siege of Kreuznach, had attracted the notice and
+approbation of the great Gustavus.  His wealth and his military fame
+{37} won him an English peerage, but, after Frederick's death, Lord
+Craven continued to reside at the Hague, filling every imaginable
+office in the impoverished Palatine household, and lavishing
+extravagant sums on the whole family.  "He was a very valuable friend,
+for he possessed a purse better furnished than my own!"[5] confessed
+Sophie.  In later years, when the good Prince of Orange was dead, and
+Charles I no longer in a position to aid his sister, Elizabeth was
+almost entirely dependent on this loyal friend; but the English
+Parliament at last confiscated his estates, and so deprived him of the
+power to assist her.  The young Palatines were doubtless attached to
+him, but it must be admitted that they showed themselves less grateful
+than might have been desired.  His follies and his eccentricities
+impressed them more than did his virtues, and "the little mad my lord"
+afforded them much matter for mirth.  Possibly he was, as Sophie said,
+lamentably lacking in common-sense,[6] but the family would have fared
+far worse without him.  On the present occasion he had contributed
+L10,000 to the support of the Elector's army, and, at Elizabeth's
+request, undertook the special care of the rash young Rupert, whose
+senior he was by ten years.
+
+By October 1638 Charles Louis' little army was ready for action.
+Rupert had the command of a regiment of Horse, and Lord Craven led the
+Guards; the other principal officers were the Counts Ferentz and
+Koenigsmark.  Anything more wild and futile than this expedition it is
+hard to conceive.  There seems to have been no cooperation with the
+Protestant princes of the Empire, nor with the Swedish army.  On the
+contrary, at the very moment of the Elector's attack, there was a
+cessation of hostilities elsewhere.  Banier, the chief of the Swedish
+commanders, lay with his forces in Munster, and he made no movement to
+join with his {38} young ally; all that he did was to send his second
+in command, a Scot, named King, to direct the Elector's operations.  To
+the advice of King, Rupert, at least, attributed the disasters that
+followed; but it would have been a miracle indeed had the two boys,
+with their four thousand men, dashed themselves thus wildly against the
+numberless veteran troops of the Emperor with any better result.  To
+the Lower Palatinate, which was always loyal at heart, Charles Louis
+turned his eyes.  Accordingly he marched from Wesel, eastward, through
+the Bishopric of Munster.  On the march, Rupert, with his usual
+eagerness to fight, succeeded in drawing out upon his van an Imperial
+garrison.  But the vigorous charge with which he received it drove it
+back into the town, whither Rupert nearly succeeded in following it.[7]
+On this occasion a soldier fired at him from within ten yards, but, as
+so often happened when the Prince was threatened, the gun missed fire.
+After this adventure the army proceeded steadily towards the river
+Weser, resolving to lay siege to Lemgo, which lies south of Minden in
+Westphalia.  But hardly had the Elector sat down before the town, when
+he heard that the Imperial forces, led by General Hatzfeldt, were
+advancing to cut off his retreat.  To await Hatzfeldt's onslaught was
+madness, and instant retreat to Minden, then held by the Swedes, was
+the only course for the Palatines.  Two routes lay open to them, that
+by Vlotho on the west, or by Rinteln on the east.  Following, the
+advice of General King, they chose the way of Vlotho and thus fell
+"into the very mouth of Hatzfeldt."[8]  They were still between Lemgo
+and Vlotho when they encountered eight regiments of Imperialist
+Cuirassiers, a regiment of Irish Dragoons, and a force of eighteen
+thousand foot.  General King at once sent away his baggage, "an act
+{39} which received a very ill construction,"[9] and then counselled
+the Elector to draw up his troops on the top of a neighbouring hill.
+Field-marshal Ferentz complied with the suggestion; but Koenigsmark who
+commanded the hired Swedes, so much disliked the position, that Rupert
+offered to follow him wherever he pleased.  Thereupon Koenigsmark drew
+the horse down again, into an enclosed piece of land, courteously
+giving the van to the Elector.  King, in the meantime, went to bring up
+the foot and cannon.
+
+The Imperialists fell first upon the Elector and Ferentz, who were both
+beaten back.  Rupert withstood the third shock, and beat back the enemy
+from their ground.  Lord Craven then brought his Guards to Rupert's
+assistance, and a second time they beat back the Imperialists with
+loss.  They were, however, far outnumbered.  Calling up another
+regiment, under Colonel Lippe, and sending eight hundred Horse to
+attack Rupert's rear, the enemy charged him a third time, with complete
+success.  The young Elector, who had hitherto fought bravely, now took
+to flight, with General King, and both narrowly escaped drowning in the
+flooded Weser.  Rupert might also have escaped; cut off from his own
+troops by the very impetuosity of his charge, he rode alone into the
+midst of the enemy, but, by a curious chance, he wore in his hat a
+white favour, which was also the badge of the Austrians, and thus, for
+a time, escaped notice.  While he looked out for some chance of escape,
+he perceived his brother's cornet struggling against a number of
+Imperial troopers.  Rupert flew to the rescue, and thus betrayed
+himself.  The Austrians closed round him; he tried to clear the
+enclosure, but his tired horse refused the jump.  Colonel Lippe caught
+at his bridle, but Rupert, struggling fiercely, made him let go his
+hold.  Lord Craven and Count Ferentz rushed to the rescue of their
+Prince, but all three were {40} speedily overpowered.  Then Lippe
+struck up Rupert's visor, and demanded to know who he was.  "A
+Colonel!" said the boy obstinately.  "Sacrement!  It is a young one!"
+cried the Austrian.  A soldier, coming up, recognised the boy and
+identified him as "the Pfalzgraf", and Lippe, in great joy, confided
+him to the care of a trooper.  Rupert immediately tried to bribe the
+man to let him escape, giving him all the money he had, "five pieces",
+and promising more.  But the arrival of Hatzfeldt frustrated the
+design, and the Prince was carried off, under a strict guard, to
+Warrendorf.  On the way thither a woman, won by the boy's youth and
+misfortunes, would have helped him to escape, but no opportunity
+offered itself.  At Warrendorf, Rupert was allowed to remain some
+weeks, until Lord Craven, who, with Ferentz, was also a prisoner, had
+somewhat recovered from his wounds.  The Prince was also permitted to
+despatch Sir Richard Crane to England, with a note to Charles I,
+written in pencil on a page of his pocketbook, for pen and ink were
+denied him.[10]
+
+News of the disaster had been received with dismay in England, where it
+was reported with much exaggeration.  "Prince Rupert," it was said, "is
+taken prisoner, and since dead of his many wounds; he having fought
+very bravely, and, as the gazette says, like a lion."[11]  His fate
+remained doubtful for some days, and it was even rumoured that he had
+been seen at Minden, two days after the battle.  But his mother gave
+little credence to such flattering reports; in her opinion the boy's
+death would have been preferable to his capture.  "If he be a prisoner
+I confess it will be no small grief to me," she wrote to her faithful
+Roe, "for I wish him rather dead than in his enemies' hands."[12]  And
+when her worst fears had been realised, she wrote again: "I confess
+that in my passion I did {41} rather wish him killed.  I pray God I
+have not more cause to wish it before he be gotten out.  All my fear is
+their going to Vienna; if it were possible to be hindered!...  Mr.
+Crane, one that follows My Lord Craven, is come from Rupert, who
+desired him to assure me that neither good usage nor ill should ever
+make him change his religion or his party.  I know his disposition is
+good, and that he will never disobey me at any time, though to others
+he was stubborn and wilful.  I hope he will continue so, yet I am born
+to so much affliction that I dare not be confident of it.  I am
+comforted that my sons have lost no honour in the action, and that him
+I love best is safe."[13] "Him I love best" was of course the Elector
+Charles, and thus, even in the moment of Rupert's peril, his mother
+confessed her preference for his elder brother.
+
+In January 1639 Elizabeth's fears about Vienna seemed justified, for an
+English resident wrote thence to Secretary Windebank: "Prince Rupert is
+daily expected, and will be well treated, being likely to be liberated
+on parole.  Hatzfeldt praises him for his ripeness of judgment, far
+beyond his years."[14]  And to Rupert himself Hatzfeldt gave the
+assurance that he should see the Emperor--"Then the Emperor shall see
+me also!"[15] exclaimed the boy, in angry scorn.  But the interview did
+not take place.  In February Rupert was lodged, not at Vienna, but at
+Linz on the Danube, under the care of a certain Graf Kuffstein.  Craven
+and Ferentz soon ransomed themselves.  They had not been permitted to
+accompany the Prince further than Bamberg, though Lord Craven, who paid
+L20,000 for his own liberty, offered to pay more still for permission
+to share Rupert's captivity.  But the Emperor was resolved to isolate
+the boy from all his friends, as a first step towards gaining him over
+to the Imperial politics, and the Roman faith.  {42} The Elector
+therefore attempted in vain to send some companion to his brother.  "I
+must tell Your Majesty," he wrote to his mother, "that it will be in
+vain to send any gentleman to my brother, since he cannot go without
+Hatzfeldt's pass, for which I wrote long ago.  But I have received from
+him an answer to all points in my letter, except to that, which is as
+much as a modest denial.  Essex[16] should have gone, because there was
+no one else would, neither could I force any to it, since there is no
+small danger in it; for any obstinacy of my brother Rupert, or venture
+to escape, would put him in danger of hanging.  The Administrator of
+Magdeburg was suffered to have but a serving-boy with him.  Therefore
+one may easily imagine that they will much less permit him (_i.e._
+Rupert) to have anybody with him that may persuade him to anything
+against their ends."[17]
+
+As Charles surmised, Rupert's confinement was, at first, very vigorous.
+All the liberty that he enjoyed was an occasional walk in the castle
+garden; all his entertainment an occasional dinner with the Governor.
+Graf Kuffstein, himself a convert from Lutheranism, was commissioned by
+the Emperor to urge his desires on the young prisoner.  "And very busy
+he was to get the prince to change his religion."  At first he urged
+him to visit some Jesuits, but this Rupert refused to do unless he
+might also go elsewhere.  Then Graf Kuffstein offered to bring the
+Jesuits to the Prince, but Rupert would only receive their visits on
+condition that other people might visit him also.[18]  To the promise
+of liberal rewards if he would but serve in the Imperial army, the boy
+proved equally impervious; and though deprived of all society he found
+interests and occupations for himself.  His artistic talents stood him
+in good stead, and he devoted himself much to drawing and etching.  At
+{43} this period also he perfected an instrument for drawing in
+perspective, which had been conceived, but never rendered practical, by
+Albert Durer.  This instrument was in use in England after the
+Restoration of 1660.  Military exercises Rupert also used, as far as
+his condition would permit.  He was allowed to practise with "a screwed
+gun," and, after some time, he obtained leave "to ride the great
+horse," and to play at tennis.  Naturally, constant efforts were made
+to procure his release.  In July 1640 Lord Craven wrote to Secretary
+Windebank on the subject: "Mr. Webb has informed me that His Majesty
+has imposed upon you the putting him in mind of pressing on the Spanish
+Ambassador the delivery of Prince Rupert.  I know you will, of
+yourself, be willing enough to perform that charitable action, however,
+the relation I have to that generous prince is such that I should fail
+of my duty if I did not entreat your vigilance in it."[19]  King
+Charles sent Ambassadors extraordinary, not only to the Emperor, but
+also to Spain, whose intercession he entreated.  The Cardinal Infant
+promised to plead, at least, for Rupert's better treatment, and King
+Charles next turned to France.  France, then at war with the Empire,
+held prisoner Prince Casimir of Poland who, it seemed to Charles, might
+be a fit exchange for his nephew.  Through Leicester he urged Prince
+Casimir's detention until Rupert's liberty were promised.  But the
+scheme failed; Rupert, it was answered, was "esteemed an active
+prince,"[20] and would not be released, so long as danger threatened
+the Empire.  So early had he acquired a warlike reputation.
+
+Owing perhaps to the intercession of the Cardinal Infant of Spain, he
+was at last permitted the attendance of a page and groom, who might be
+Dutch or English, but not German.  "I have sent Kingsmill his pass,"
+wrote the Elector {44} in August 1640, "he will be fit enough to pass
+my brother Rupert's time, and I do not think he will use his counsel in
+anything."[21]  Of Kingsmill's arrival at Linz we hear nothing, but two
+other companions now relieved Rupert's solitude.
+
+Susanne Marie von Kuffstein, daughter of Rupert's gaoler, was then a
+lovely girl of about sixteen.  She was, says the writer of the
+Lansdowne MS., "one of the brightest beauties of the age, no less
+excelling in the beauty of her mind than of her body."  On this fair
+lady the young prisoner's good looks, famous courage, and great
+misfortunes made a deep impression.  She exerted herself to soften her
+father's heart, and to persuade him to gentler treatment of the
+captive.  In this she succeeded so well "that the Prince's former
+favours were improved into familiarities, as continual visits,
+invitations and the like."  Thus Rupert was enabled to enjoy Susanne's
+society, and that he did enjoy it there is very little doubt, "for he
+never named her after in his life, without demonstration of the highest
+admiration and expressing a devotion to serve her."[22]  It has been
+suggested that the memory of Susanne von Kuffstein was the cause of
+Rupert's rejection of Marguerite de Rohan.  There is, however, little
+ground for crediting him with such constancy.  Maurice, it must be
+remembered, rejected the unfortunate Marguerite with equal decision.
+Moreover, Susanne herself married three times, and Rupert's sentiment
+towards her seems to have been nothing more passionate than a
+chivalrous and grateful admiration.
+
+Besides Susanne the Prince had at Linz another friend,--his white
+poodle "Boye."  This dog was a present from Lord Arundel, then English
+Ambassador at Vienna; it remained Rupert's inseparable companion for
+many years, and met at last a soldier's death on Marston Moor.  The
+Prince also, {45} for a short time, made a pet of a young hare, which
+he trained to follow him like a dog, but this he afterwards released,
+fearing that it might find captivity as irksome as did he himself.
+
+Thus passed a two years' imprisonment, after which the Emperor deigned
+to offer terms to his captive.  In the first place he required that
+Rupert should embrace the Roman faith.  But the boy was a Palatine,
+and, though he had listened willingly to the persuasions of his aunt,
+Henrietta, the least hint of compulsion rendered him staunchly
+Protestant.  He answered the Emperor, somewhat grandiloquently, "that
+he had not learnt to sacrifice his religion to his interest, and he
+would rather breathe his last in prison, than go out through the gates
+of Apostacy."  The Emperor then consented to waive the question of
+religion, only insisting that Rupert must ask pardon for his crime of
+rebellion against the Holy Roman Empire.  But to do this would have
+been to deny his brother's right to his Electorate, and Rupert only
+retorted coldly that he "disdained" to ask pardon for doing his duty.
+Finally, he was invited to take service under the Emperor, and to fight
+against France, which country had just imprisoned his eldest brother.
+But here also the boy was obdurate.  To fight under the Emperor would
+inevitably involve fighting against the Swedes and the Protestant
+princes.  Rupert therefore replied, "that he received the proposal
+rather as an affront than as a favour, and that he would never take
+arms against the champions of his father's cause."[23]
+
+After such contumacy it may well be believed that the Emperor's
+patience was exhausted.  His brother-in-law the Duke of Bavaria, then
+owner of the Upper Palatinate, and of the ducal title which was
+Rupert's birthright, suggested that the boy's spirit was not yet
+broken, and urged the Emperor to deprive him of his privileges.
+Accordingly, Graf {46} Kuffstein was ordered to cease his civilities,
+and Rupert was placed in a confinement rendered stricter than ever,
+guarded day and night by twelve musketeers.
+
+For this severity the proximity of a Swedish army was an additional
+reason.  Maurice himself was serving in their ranks, and the Emperor
+feared lest Rupert should hold correspondence with them.  Against these
+Swedes was despatched the Emperor's brother, the Archduke Leopold, who,
+very happily for Rupert, passed, on his way, through Linz.  Being at
+Linz, the Archduke naturally visited the youthful prisoner who had made
+so much sensation, and was forthwith captivated by him.  Leopold, whose
+gentle piety had won him the name of "the Angel", was but a few years
+older than the Palatine; the two had many tastes in common, and in that
+visit was established a friendship between Rupert the Devil and Leopold
+the Angel, which endured to the end of their lives.
+
+The Archduke's intercession with the Emperor not only restored to
+Rupert his former privileges, but won him the additional liberty of
+leaving the castle on parole for so long as three days at a time.[24]
+As soon as this concession made their civilities possible, the nobles
+of the country showed themselves anxious to alleviate the tedium of
+Rupert's captivity.  They "treated him with all the respects
+imaginable," invited him to their houses, and gave hunting parties in
+his honour.  The house most frequented by Rupert was that of Graf
+Kevenheller, who, oddly enough, had been one of Frederick's bitterest
+foes.  Yet Frederick's son found this Graf's house "a most pleasant
+place," at which he was always "very generously entertained."[25]  And
+Rupert, on his part, seems to have made himself exceedingly popular
+with his friendly foes.  He was, as they said, "beloved by all,"[26]
+and, wrote an {47} Imperialist soldier, "his behaviour so obligeth the
+cavaliers of this country that they wait upon him and serve him as if
+they were his subjects."[27]  As pleasant a captivity as could be had
+was Rupert's now, but yet a captivity; and still, in spite of Susanne
+von Kuffstein, in spite of the Archduke and of "all the cavaliers of
+the country," his thoughts turned wistfully to the Hague, where, for
+him, was home.
+
+
+
+[1] Lansdowne MSS. 817. fol. 157-168.
+
+[2] Benett MSS.  Warburton.  Vol. I. p. 450.
+
+[3] Benett MSS.  Warburton.  Vol. I. p. 451.
+
+[4] Green's Princesses, Vol. V. p. 558.
+
+[5] Memoiren der Herzogin Sophie, pp. 42-43.
+
+[6] Briefwechsel der Herzogin Sophie mit Karl Ludwig von der Pfalz.
+Ed. Bodemann. p. 184.  Preussischen Staats Archiven.
+
+[7] Beoett MSS.  Warburton.  Vol. I. p. 453.
+
+[8] Ibid.
+
+[9] Warburton, I. p. 453.
+
+[10] Benett MSS.  Warburton.  Vol. I. pp. 454-455
+
+[11] Dom. S. P.  Nicholas to Pennington, Nov. 14, 1638.
+
+[12] D. S. P.  Eliz. to Roe, Oct. 2, 1638.
+
+[13] Dom. State Papers, Eliz. to Roe, Nov. 6, 1638.
+
+[14] Clarendon State Papers, f. 1171.  Taylor to Windebank, Jan. 12,
+1638-9.
+
+[15] Green's Princesses of England.  Vol. V. p. 570.
+
+[16] Probably Colonel Charles Essex, killed 1642, at Edgehill.
+
+[17] Bromley Letters, p. 103.
+
+[18] Benett MSS.  Warburton.  Vol. I. p. 457.
+
+[19] Dom. State Papers, Craven to Windebank, July 6, 1640.
+
+[20] Clarendon State Papers, Sir A. Hopton to Windebank, 18-28 July,
+1640.  fol. 1397.
+
+[21] Bromley Letters, p. 116.
+
+[22] Lansdowne MSS.  817.
+
+[23] Lansdowne MSS.  817.
+
+[24] Benett MSS.  Warburton.  Vol. I. pp. 457-458.
+
+[25] Warburton, p. 458.
+
+[26] Clarendon State Papers, Leslie to Windebank, July 19, 1640.
+
+[27] Dom. S. P.  Leslie to Windebank, July 29-Aug. 8, 1640.
+
+
+
+
+{48}
+
+CHAPTER IV
+
+THE PALATINES IN FRANCE.  RUPERT'S RELEASE
+
+Elizabeth had imagined that by sending her younger sons to school in
+Paris, she was keeping them out of harm's way; great was her surprise
+and annoyance when she found their position to be almost as dangerous
+as was that of Rupert.  The cause of this new disaster was the
+imprudent conduct of the elder brother, Charles Louis.  Undaunted by
+his recent defeat, the young Elector sought new means for recovering
+his country, and he now bethought him of Duke Bernhard of Saxe Weimar.
+The alliance of this Duke, a near neighbour of the Palatinate, was very
+important, and in January 1639 Lord Leicester had proposed a marriage
+between him and the Princess Elizabeth.  Further, he had suggested to
+King Charles that Maurice should take a command in Bernhard's army, for
+which, young though the Prince was, he believed him fitted.  "For,"
+said he, "besides that he has a body well-made, strong, and able to
+endure hardships, he hath a mind that will not let it be idle if he can
+have employment.  He is very temperate, of a grave and settled
+disposition, but would very fain be in action, which, with God's
+blessing, and his own endeavours will render him a brave man...  Being
+once entered there, if Duke Bernhard should die, the army, in all
+likelihood would obey Prince Maurice; so keep itself from dissolving,
+and bring great advantage to the affairs of your nephew"[1] (_i.e._ to
+the Elector, Charles Louis).
+
+But Charles Louis, full of impatience, and putting little faith in the
+negotiations of his uncle, set off in October {49} 1639 to join Duke
+Bernhard in Alsace.  Foolishly enough, he visited Paris, by the way,
+"_en prince_," and then attempted to depart thence incognito.  Now it
+so happened that Cardinal Richelieu had uses of his own for the army of
+Duke Bernhard.  It therefore suited him to detain the Elector in Paris,
+and the Elector's irregular conduct gave him the pretext he required.
+Declaring that so serious a breach of etiquette was capable of very
+sinister construction, he arrested Charles Louis, and placed his three
+brothers under restraint.  Lord Leicester complained loudly of this
+treatment of the Elector, and though Maurice at once sent a servant to
+his brother, the man was only allowed to speak to Charles in French,
+and in the presence of his guards.  The distracted mother flew to the
+Prince of Orange, who explained to her that Richelieu feared her son's
+attachment to England, which, however, Richelieu himself denied.
+
+No sooner was the Weimarian army safely committed to the charge of a
+French general than Charles Louis was permitted to take up his
+residence with the English Ambassador.  After this, though still a
+prisoner, he spent a very pleasant time in Paris, at an enormous
+expense to the King, his uncle.  Maurice was allowed to return home in
+an English ship, but Edward and Philip were detained as hostages.
+Elizabeth spared no pains to recover them, and, as usual, made the
+Prince of Orange her excuse, "I send for Ned out of France, to be this
+summer in the army," she wrote to Roe; "and, finding Philip too young
+to learn any great matters yet, I send for him also, to return next
+winter;--_which I assure you he shall not do_."[2]
+
+But it was not until April 1640 that her boys were restored to her, and
+the Elector did not recover his full liberty until the following July.
+In the autumn of the same year he went to England, to attend the
+marriage of his cousin Mary with the little William of Orange, on {50}
+which occasion he quarrelled with the bridegroom for precedence.  But
+his chief object in this visit was to obtain money either from King or
+Parliament.  Elizabeth urged him to do something for Maurice, but he
+evidently regarded his third brother with much indifference.  "As for
+my brother Maurice," he wrote, "your Majesty will be pleased to do with
+him as you think fit.  It will be hard to get the money of his pension
+paid him."[3]  His next letter was a little more encouraging.  "The
+King says he will seek to get money for Maurice, and then he may go to
+what army he pleases.  I want it very much myself, and it is very hard
+to come by in these times."[4]
+
+The army which Maurice chose was that of the Swedes, under Banier;
+perhaps because it was then quartered near to the captive Rupert.  Ere
+his departure, he wrote to King Charles:
+
+"Sir,--Being ready to tacke a journy towards Generall Banier, I may not
+neglect to aquaint you therewithal, et to recomend myselfe et my
+actions to Yor Roial favour, whiche I chal strive to deserve in getting
+more capacity for your service.  Yt is the greatest ambition of Yor
+Majestie's
+
+"Most obedient nephew et humble servant,
+    "MAURICE."[5]
+
+The letter, which is written in a clear, school-boy hand, betrays less
+confusion of tongues, the curious use of "et" notwithstanding, than do
+most epistles of the Palatines.
+
+Maurice remained with the Swedes some months.  In January 1641 his
+mother informed Roe that he was at Amberg in Bavaria.  In the next
+month she was able to report of him at greater length.  "I have had
+letters from Maurice, from Cham in the High Palatinate.  He tells me
+{51} that Banier has intercepted a letter of the Duke of Bavaria, to
+the Commander of Amberg.  He writes that he understands that there is
+in Banier's army a young Palatine; and he should take good heed no
+bailiffs, or other officers, go to see him or hold any correspondence
+with him...  Maurice is still very well used by Banier, who now makes
+more of Princes than heretofore, since he has married the Marquis of
+Baden's daughter."[6]
+
+In June 1641 Maurice returned to Holland where he found life going on
+much as usual.  Hunting and acting continued to be the principal
+Palatine amusements.  "I did hunt a hare, last week, with my hounds; it
+took seven hours, the dogs never being at fault," wrote Elizabeth
+triumphantly; "I went out with forty horse at least, and there were but
+five at the death...  Maurice, Prince Ravenville, the Archduke, and
+many another knight, were entreated by their horses to return on foot.
+I could not but tell you this adventure, for it is very famous
+here."[7] In another letter she tells how her daughters acted the play
+of "Medea and Jason", and how Louise, who played a man, looked "so like
+poor Rupert as you would then have justly called her by his name."[8]
+It is not unlikely that Louise impersonated Jason in her brother's
+clothes, and so enhanced the likeness.
+
+The family had, by this time, almost despaired of "poor Rupert's"
+release; but it was nearer than they thought.  King Charles, after
+labouring for three years in vain, had at last succeeded in rousing the
+sympathy of France, and, when he despatched Sir Thomas Roe, in 1641, to
+plead Rupert's cause at Vienna, it was with a reasonable hope of
+success.  "I hope, by the solicitation of Sir Thomas Roe, we shall see
+our sweet Prince Rupert here.  He {52} hath been so long a
+prisoner!"[9] wrote one of Elizabeth's ladies.
+
+The Emperor had long had a secret kindness for the gallant boy who had
+dared to defy him, and, in the Archduke Rupert had a warm friend and
+advocate.  But in the old Duke of Bavaria, who held, as before said, so
+much of the Palatine property, he had a bitter foe.  His release became
+the subject of fierce family discussion.  The Emperor hesitated, but,
+moved by the intercession of France, and by his affection for his
+brother, decided at last to show mercy.  Thereupon, his sister, the
+Duchess of Bavaria, fell on her knees before him, and passionately
+entreated him to detain Rupert a prisoner.  Again the Emperor wavered,
+but the Empress, siding with the Archduke, carried the day in Rupert's
+favour.  The boy was offered his liberty on the single condition of
+never again drawing sword against the Imperial forces.  The peremptory
+commands of King Charles procured Rupert's submission to this
+condition, which he would fain have disputed.  But when his promise was
+required in writing it was more than he could endure.  "If it is to be
+a lawyer's business let them look well to the wording!" said he
+scornfully.  The Emperor took the hint, and declared himself satisfied
+with a simple promise, Rupert giving his hand upon it, according to the
+custom of the country.[10]
+
+Though France had been the principal factor in Rupert's release, Sir
+Thomas Roe had all the credit of it; and to Roe's guidance Elizabeth
+exhorted her son to submit himself.  Rupert obeyed her meekly.  He
+seems indeed to have been in an unusually submissive frame of mind,
+judging by the letters which he addressed at this time to Roe.  The
+first of these bears the date, "Linz, 21 Aug. 1641."
+
+{53}
+
+"My Lord!
+
+"A little journe a had towards the Count of Kevenheller was the cause
+that thus long you were without an answer.  But now I could not let
+another occasion pass without giving you very great thanks for your
+pains, and the affection you show in my business, and to tell you that
+I leve all the conditions to your disposing, since I know your
+Lordshippe is my frend, and am assured that you would do nothing
+against my honor.
+
+"And so I rest
+
+"Your Lordshippe's most affectioned frend,
+    "RUPERT."[11]
+
+
+The next letter, written a month later, is very curiously humble,
+coming from the fiery Rupert.
+
+
+"My Lord!
+
+"According your demand I doe send you this answer with all possible
+speed.  As for the present your Lordshippe speks of I am in greate
+doubt what to give, this being a place where nothing worth presenting
+is to be had; besides I doe not knowe what present he would accept.
+Therefore I must heere in desire your Lordshippes consel, desiring you
+to let Spina take what you shalle thinke fitt, both for the Count, and
+for the Emperor's --, who deserves it, having had a greate dele of
+paines with my diet, and other thinges.  Sir, I must give you a greate
+dele of thankes for the reale frendshipp you shewed in remembering me
+of my faults, whiche I confesse, and strive, and shalle the more
+heereafter, to mend.  But I doubt not, according to the manner of some
+peple heere, they have added and said more than the thinge itselfe is.
+I beseech you not to hearken to them, but assure yourselfe that it has
+been only from an evill costum, which I hope in short time to mend.
+Desiring you to continue {54} this your frendshippe in leting me knowe
+my faults, that I mai have to mend them,
+
+"I rest,
+
+"Your Lordshippe's most affecionat frend,
+   "RUPERT."[12]
+
+
+The third, and last letter is dated "October" and docketed "of my
+release."
+
+
+"My Lord!
+
+"Sence you have happiely broght this businesse almost to and end, I
+mene to followe your Lordshippe's consel in alle.  At your coming, alle
+shalle be redie for our journay to Viena.  The moyns (moyens, _i.e._
+money) I have when alle debts are paiet woul not bee moer than a 1,000
+ducats.  Thefore I beseech your Lordshippe to hasten our journe from
+Viena as much as possible.  If you think fit, I mene to take my waie to
+Inspruck and throgh France, whiche is sertainely the best and saifest
+wai of alle.  I woul desire a sudain answer of your Lordshippe that I
+mai send for bils of exchange to bee delivered at Geneva and Paris.
+Thys is alle I have at this time to troble Yor Lordshippe withalle, and
+so I rest,
+
+"Your most affectioned to doe you service,
+    "RUPERT."[13]
+
+
+It may here be noticed that Rupert, throughout his whole life, was
+singularly scrupulous about the payment of his debts.
+
+When all negotiations were completed, the Emperor organised "an
+extraordinary hunting" in Lower Austria, at which Rupert was directed
+to appear, as if by chance.  He had the good luck to kill the boar with
+his spear, an exploit very highly accounted in the Empire.  The
+Emperor, {55} thereupon, extended his hand to the successful hunter;
+Rupert kissed it, and, that being the final sign of release, was
+thenceforth free.  For a week he was detained as a guest at Vienna,
+while every effort was made to gain his adherence to the Emperor.  He
+seems to have been as popular at Vienna as at Linz.  "There were," says
+the Lansdowne MS., "few persons of quality by whom he was not visited
+and treated...  The ladyes also vied in their civilities, and laboured
+to detain him in Germany by their charms."  But Rupert refused to be
+beguiled, charmed they never so wisely.  As for the Emperor, he
+lavished so much kindness on his quondam prisoner, "that the modesty of
+the Prince could not endure it without some confusion.  Yet his
+deportment was composed, and his answers to the civilities of the
+Emperor were so full of judgment and gratitude that they esteemed him
+no less for his prudence than for his bravery."[14]
+
+At last he was suffered to depart.  Fain would the Emperor have sent
+him to the Archduke at Brunswick, believing that the influence of the
+Angel might yet win him.  But Rupert preferred to visit Prague, his own
+birthplace, and the scene of his father's brief kingship.  With a
+kindly caution not to venture into the power of the Duke of Bavaria,
+the Emperor bade him farewell.  From Prague Rupert went to Saxony,
+where he astonished the reigning Elector not a little by his refusal to
+drink.  A banquet had been arranged in his honour, but the Prince,
+"always temperate", excused himself from drinking with the rest.
+"'What shall we do with him then,' says the Elector, 'if he cannot
+drink?'--and so invited him to the entertainment of a hunting."[15]
+After this Rupert travelled night and day, in his eagerness to be the
+first to bring news of his release to his family.  He just managed to
+anticipate Roe's letter, which arrived at the Hague on the same night
+with himself.  Boswell, then English Ambassador in Holland, wrote {56}
+an account of the event to Roe.  "Prince Rupert arrived here in perfect
+health, but lean and weary, having come that day from Swoll, and from
+Hamburg since the Friday noon.  Myself, at eight o'clock in the
+evening, coming out of the court gate, had the good luck to receive him
+first of any, out of his waggon; no other creature in the court
+expecting his coming so soon.  Whereby himself carried the news of his
+being come to the Queen, newly set at supper.  You may imagine what joy
+there was!"[16]  And to Roe wrote the Queen also: "The same night,
+being the 20th of this month (December), that Rupert came hither I
+received your letter, where you tell me of his going from Vienna.  He
+is very well satisfied with the Emperor's usage of him.  I find him not
+altered, only leaner, and grown.  All the people, from the highest to
+the lowest, made great show of joy at his return.  For me, you may
+easily guess it, and also how much I esteem myself obliged to you."
+
+Yet, even after a three years' separation, Elizabeth had no notion of
+keeping her son beside her.  "What to do with him I know not!" she
+lamented.  "He cannot in honour, yet go to the war; here he will live
+but idly, in England no better.  For I know the Queen will use all
+possible means to gain him to the prejudice of the Prince Elector, and
+of his religion.  For though he has stood firm against what has been
+practised in his imprisonment, amongst his enemies, yet I fear, by my
+own humour, that fair means from those that are esteemed true may have
+more power than threatenings or flattery from an enemy."[17]  Doubtless
+the Queen's anxiety for her son's employment was justified; there was
+no money to maintain him; and, moreover, the Hague was no desirable
+residence for an idle and active-minded young Prince.  There seems to
+have been some idea of sending him to Ireland, where the natives had
+risen against the English Government.  The King approved of the {57}
+suggestion: "But," wrote the Elector, "the Parliament will employ none
+there but those they may be sure of.  I shall speak with some of them
+about it, either for Rupert, or for brother Maurice.  This last might,
+I think, with honour, have a regiment under Leslie, but to be under any
+other odd or senseless officer, as some are proposed, I shall not
+advise it."[18]  Apparently the idea failed to commend itself to the
+English Parliament, which perhaps suspected that the younger brothers
+would be found less time-serving than was the Elector.
+
+In accordance with his mother's wishes, and doubtless with his own,
+Rupert went over to England, early in February 1642, with the avowed
+object of thanking his uncle for his release.  He found King Charles at
+Dover, whither he had accompanied his wife and eldest daughter on their
+way to Holland.  Affairs in England were approaching a crisis, and the
+Queen, under the pretext of taking the Princess Mary to her husband,
+was about to raise money and men for the King, on the Continent.  The
+visit of the warlike Rupert at so critical a juncture roused hostile
+comment, and, since war was not yet considered inevitable, the King
+desired his nephew to return home with the Queen.  Therefore, after a
+visit of three days, he embarked with the Queen and Princess on board
+the Lyon, and sailed straight for Holland.  The arrivals were met, on
+their landing, by Elizabeth, two of her daughters, the Prince of Orange
+and his son; all of whom proceeded in one coach to the Court of Orange.
+Rupert remained at the Hague until August, when war broke out in
+England, and gave him the employment desired for him by his mother.
+
+At this point, August 1642, closes what we may consider as the first
+period of Rupert's life.  Probably these early years were his best and
+happiest.  Marked though they were by poverty and misfortune, they were
+yet full of {58} interests and adventure, unmarred by the struggles,
+jealousies, disappointments, and family dissensions which were to come.
+Rupert had no lack of friends; he had won the hearts of his very
+enemies.  Not the least among a brilliant group of brothers and
+sisters, he was happy in their companionship and sympathy, the bond of
+which was so soon to be severed; happy also in the kindness and
+affection of the Prince of Orange and of the King and Queen of England.
+He had shown himself gifted with rare abilities, capable of valiant
+action, and of loyal and patient endurance;--a generous, high-souled
+boy, fired by chivalric fancies, free from all self-seeking, earnest,
+faithful, strong-willed, but also, alas, opinionated, and impatient of
+contradiction.
+
+
+
+[1] Collins Sidney Papers, Vol. II. pp. 584-5, 28 Jan. 1639.
+
+[2] Com. State Papers.  Chas. I.  Vol. 539.  Eliz. to Roe, Jan. 7/17,
+1640.
+
+[3] Bromley Letters, p. 122.
+
+[4] Ibid.  p. 124.
+
+[5] Dom. State Papers.  Maurice to Charles I, Oct. 30, 1640.  Chas. I.
+Vol. 470.  fol. 21.
+
+[6] Dom. State Papers, Chas. I.  Vol. 477.  Feb. 22, 1641.
+
+[7] Ibid.  Chas. I.  Vol. 539.  Jan. 7-17, 1641.
+
+[8] Ibid.  Chas. I.  484.  f. 51.  Oct. 10, 1641.
+
+[9] Fairfax Correspondence.  Ed. Johnson.  1848.  Vol. I.  p. 322.
+
+[10] Benett MSS.  Warburton.  I.  pp. 102, 458.
+
+[11] Dom. State Papers.  Chas. I.  Vol. 483. fol. 39.
+
+[12] Dom. State Papers.  Sept. 19-29.  1641.  Chas. I. 484. f. 36.
+
+[13] Ibid.  Oct. 1641.  Chas. I. 484 f. 61.
+
+[14] Lansdowne MSS.  817.  British Museum.
+
+[15] Warburton.  I. p. 459.
+
+[16] Dom. S. Papers.  Boswell to Roe.  23 Dec. 1641.  Chas. I. 486. f.
+53.
+
+[17] Dom. State Papers.  Chas. I.  486.  f. 51.  Elizabeth to Roe, 23
+Dec. 1641.
+
+[18] Forster's Statesmen, Vol. VI. p. 74.  10 March, 1642.
+
+
+
+
+{59}
+
+CHAPTER V
+
+ARRIVAL IN ENGLAND.  POSITION IN THE ARMY.  CAUSES OF FAILURE
+
+During his last brief visit to England Rupert had promised to serve his
+uncle whensoever he should have need of him; and in August 1642, he
+received, through Queen Henrietta, his Commission, as General of the
+Horse.  Immediately upon this he set out to join the King in England.
+He embarked in the "Lyon," the ship which had brought the Queen to
+Holland; but, after the Prince had come on board, the Commander, who
+was of Puritan sympathies, received a warning against bringing him
+over.  Captain Fox's anxiety to get rid of his passenger was favoured
+by the weather.  A storm blew them back to the Texel, and there Fox
+persuaded the Prince to go ashore, promising to meet him at Goree so
+soon as the wind should serve.  Rupert thereupon returned to the Hague,
+and Fox, after quietly setting the Prince's people and luggage on
+shore, sailed away, and was no more seen in Holland.
+
+Enraged and disappointed, Rupert appealed to the Stadtholder, who lent
+him another ship, commanded by Captain Colster.  This time Maurice
+insisted on accompanying his brother, and the two Princes, having
+provided themselves with an engineer, a "fire worker," and a large
+store of arms, muskets, and powder, set sail for Scarborough.  Near
+Flamborough Head they were spied by some Parliamentary cruisers, and a
+ship called the "London" came out to hail them.  Colster hoisted the
+Dunkirk colours, but the other Captain, still unsatisfied, desired to
+search the small vessel in which the arms were stored.  Rupert, who had
+been extremely, and even dangerously, ill throughout the voyage, {60}
+struggled on deck "in a mariner's cap" and ordered out the guns, saying
+he would not be searched.  On this the "London" shot to leeward, and
+two other ships came out to her aid.  But Rupert succeeded in running
+into Tynemouth, and, anchoring outside the bar, landed by means of
+boats.  His little vessel also escaped, and landed her stores safely at
+Scarborough in the night.[1]
+
+When they reached Tynemouth it was already late, but Rupert's eagerness
+would brook no delay.  "The zeale he had speedily to serve His Majesty
+made him think diligence itself were lazy."[2]  Accompanied by Maurice,
+an Irish officer, Daniel O'Neil, and several others, he started at once
+for Nottingham.  But the stars, in their courses, fought against him.
+As ill luck would have it, Rupert's horse slipped and fell, pitching
+him on to his shoulder.  The shoulder was discovered to be out of
+joint, but, "by a great providence," it happened that a bone-setter
+lived only half a mile away.  This man, being sent for in haste, set
+Rupert's shoulder in the road, and, "in conscience, took but one-half
+of what the Prince offered him for his pains."  Within three hours the
+indefatigable Rupert insisted on continuing his journey.
+
+Arrived at Nottingham, he retired to bed, but he was not destined long
+to enjoy his well-earned rest.  A curious dilemma now brought him into
+contact with the two men who were to prove, respectively, his warmest
+friend and his bitterest foe, in the Royal Army,--namely, Captain Will
+Legge, and George, Lord Digby.  The King, who was at Coventry, had sent
+to Digby, demanding a petard.  Odd though it may appear, a petard was
+to Digby a thing unknown--"a word which he could not understand."  He
+therefore sought out the weary Prince to demand an explanation.
+Rupert, at once, got out of bed to search the arsenal; but no such
+thing as a petard was to be found.  Then, {61} Captain Legge, coming to
+the rescue, contrived to make one out of two mortars, and sent it off
+to the King.[3] Rupert, following the petard, found his uncle at
+Leicester Abbey, and there formally took over charge of the cavalry,
+which then consisted of only eight hundred horse.  On the next day,
+August 22nd, they all returned to Nottingham, where the solemn setting
+up of the Royal Standard took place.
+
+War was now irrevocably declared, and Rupert found his generalship no
+sinecure.  The King, in these early days, relied implicitly on his
+nephew's advice, and, though Commander of the Cavalry only in name,
+Rupert had in reality the whole conduct of the war upon his hands.  The
+real Commander-in-Chief was old Lord Lindsey, but Rupert's position was
+one of complete independence.  He was, indeed, instructed to consult
+the Council of War, but was also directed "to advise privately, as you
+shall think fit, and to govern your resolution accordingly."[4]
+Further, he requested that he might receive his orders only from the
+King himself.  And this request King Charles unwisely conceded, thus
+freeing Rupert from all control of the Commander-in-Chief, dividing the
+army into two independent parties, and establishing a fruitful source
+of discord between the cavalry and infantry.
+
+Yet Rupert was in many respects well-fitted for his post.
+Distinguished by his dauntless courage and resolute nature, he was
+possessed also of a knowledge of war such as was not to be learnt in
+England.  He was really the only professional soldier of high rank in
+the army, and he proved himself both a clever strategist, and a good
+leader of cavalry, though he did unfortunately lack the patience and
+discretion necessary to the making of a successful general.  "That
+brave Prince and hopeful soldier, Rupert," wrote the gallant Sir Philip
+Warwick, "though a {62} young man, had in martial affairs some
+experience, and a good skill, and was of such intrepid courage and
+activity, that,--clean contrary to former practice, when the King had
+great armies, but no commanders forward to fight,--[5] he ranged and
+disciplined that small body of men;--of so great virtue is the personal
+courage and example of one great commander.  And indeed to do him
+right, he put that spirit into the King's army that all men seemed
+resolved, and had he been as cautious as he was a forward fighter, he
+had, most probably, been a very fortunate one.  He showed a great and
+exemplary temperance, which fitted him to undergo the fatigues of a
+war, so as he deserved the character of a soldier.  _Il etait toujours
+soldat_!  For he was never negligent by indulgence to his pleasures, or
+apt to lose his advantages."[6]
+
+In truth Rupert's cheerfulness and brilliant courage inspired
+confidence in his own troops, and terror in those of the enemy.  "There
+was no more consternation in the King's troops now.  Every one grew
+assured.  The most timorous was afraid to show fear under such a
+general, whose courage was increased by the esteem we had of him."[7]
+And throughout the war Rupert was the very life of the Royalist army;
+"adored by the hot-blooded young officers, as by the sturdy troopers,
+who cried, when they entered a fallen city: 'D---- us!  The town is
+Prince Rupert's!'"[8]
+
+The very first skirmish of the war established his reputation.  The
+terrified Puritans spread abroad reports of the "incredible and
+unresistible courage of Prince Rupert,"[9] which grew and multiplied as
+the war proceeded, until Rupert, "exalted with the terror his name gave
+to the enemy,"[10] would not believe that any troops could {63}
+withstand his charge.  "The enemy is possest with so strange and
+senseless a feare as they will not believe any place tenable to which
+Your Highness will march,"[11] reported his officers.  Nor was it
+wonderful that the Puritans deemed him something more than human.
+Conspicuous always by his dress and unusual height, ever foremost in
+the charge, utterly "prodigal of his person," he bore a charmed life.
+Twice pistols were fired in his face, without doing him the slightest
+harm.  Once his horse was killed under him, but "he marched off on foot
+leisurely, without so much as mending his pace."[12]  While guarding
+the retreat from Brentford he stood alone for hours, exposed to a heavy
+fire, and yet came off unscathed.  "Nephew, I must conjure you not to
+hazard yourself so nedlessely,"[13] wrote his anxious uncle; but the
+King's anxiety was uncalled for, Rupert remained uninjured till the end
+of the war, though Maurice was wounded in almost every action in which
+he engaged.
+
+The Austrians at Vlotho had called Rupert "shot free", and so he seemed
+now to Puritan and Cavalier.
+
+  "Sir, you're enchanted!  Sir, you're doubly free
+  "From the great guns, and squibbing poetry,"[14]
+
+declared a Royalist poet.
+
+Rupert, moreover, seemed to be in all places at once.  "This prince,
+like a perpetual motion.... was in a short time, heard of in many
+places at great distances,"[15] says the Parliamentary historian, May.
+And again: "The two young princes, and especially Prince Rupert, the
+elder brother, and most furious of the two, within a fortnight after
+his arrival commanded a small party....  Through {64} divers parts of
+Warwickshire, Nottinghamshire, Leicestershire, Worcester and Cheshire
+did this young prince fly with those troops he had."[16]  Nowhere did
+the adherents of the Parliament feel safe from his attack, and the
+magical rapidity of his movements enhanced the terror inspired by his
+prowess.  Wrote his admirer, Cleveland:
+
+  "Your name can scare an atheist to his prayers,
+  "And cure the chincough better than the bears;
+  "Old Sybils charm toothache with you; the nurse
+  "Makes you still children; and the pondrous curse
+  "The clown salutes with is derived from you;
+  "'Now Rupert take thee, Rogue!  How dost thou do?'"[17]
+
+
+Yet Rupert, in spite of this reputation was neither ruffianly nor
+cruel.  The News Letters called him "a loose wild gentleman",[18] and
+many accused him of hanging Roundheads at their own doors, and
+plundering villages wholesale;[19] but such rumours were libels.
+"Where are these men that will affirm it?  In what country or town
+stood those houses betrayed by me, or by my sufferance, to that misery
+of rapine?" demanded the Prince, in answer to one of his accusers.  "He
+will answer '_they_' said it.  But who '_they_' were he knows not; in
+truth, nor I neither, nor no man else."[20]  And said Sir Thomas Roe,
+who was not all inclined to approve the part Rupert had taken: "I
+cannot hear anything, _credibly_ averred, which can be blamed by those
+who know the liberty of wars."[21]  But the English did not know "the
+liberty of the wars," and they were naturally inclined to judge the
+young Prince harshly.  Severe Rupert undoubtedly could be, if
+necessary.  When the Puritans began a wholesale massacre of the King's
+Irish soldiers, the Prince promptly retaliated by executing an equal
+number of Puritan {65} prisoners.  But the stern act, coupled with the
+assurance that for the life of every Royalist that of a Roundhead
+should pay, effectually checked the barbarities of the Parliament.  The
+nickname of "Prince Robber"[22] was certainly unjustly bestowed; yet
+the Royal Army had to be supported, and the only way to support it was
+by levying contributions on the country.  "The Horse have not been
+paid, but live upon the country,"[23] wrote a Cavalier to his wife.
+
+It is possible that Rupert was not over-scrupulous when the persons
+taxed happened to be Puritans, yet he always maintained what he
+considered a proper degree of discipline; and the frequent apologies of
+his officers prove that the Prince did not permit indiscriminate
+plunder.  "Our men are not very governable, nor do I think they will
+be, unless some of them are hanged.  They fall extremely to the old
+kind of plundering, which is neither for their good, nor for His
+Majesty's service,"[24] wrote Lord Wentworth.  And, after a high-handed
+capture of some arms at Swanbourne, the same officer again apologised:
+"If your Highness think it too great a cruelty in us I hope you will
+pardon us.  You shall consider that we could not have done
+otherwise."[25]
+
+Another Colonel denied strenuously an accusation of oppression which
+had excited Rupert's anger against him.[26] That the failure at
+Edgehill was due to the greed of Rupert's men in plundering the baggage
+waggons, was an imputation which the Prince hotly resented.  To his
+announcement that he could, "at least, give a good account of the
+enemy's horse," a bystander retorted: "And of their carts too!"[27]
+Whereupon the Prince drew his sword, and {66} there was nearly a duel
+in the King's presence.  The idea that he enriched himself by plunder
+is too absurd to need refutation; yet, were it needed, proof to the
+contrary might be found in a letter written at the end of the war,
+which draws a painful picture of Rupert's extreme poverty.[28]
+
+For the rest, the Prince regarded the enemy with a soldierly chivalry.
+Instances of his courtesy are not wanting, and in all matters of honour
+he was most punctilious.  "The Prince," said one of his officers, "uses
+to make good his word, not only in point of honour, but as a matter of
+religion too."[29]  Thus, when his men snatched the colours of an enemy
+promised a safe passage, "some of them felt the edge of his sword," and
+the colours were courteously returned.  To his honourable conduct,
+under similar circumstances at Bristol, the Puritan Governor bore
+generous testimony.[30]
+
+But personal gallantry, promptitude, and ubiquity were far from being
+Rupert's only qualifications for his post.  He understood, as he
+himself phrased it, "what belongs to war."  His tactics were of the
+school of the great Gustavus, and he abolished the absurd custom of
+letting the cavalry halt to fire, before making a charge.  At Edgehill
+he went from rank to rank, bidding the men to charge at the first word,
+and thus he formed an irresistible cavalry which never failed to sweep
+all before it, until it met its match at Marston Moor.  His method was
+thus described by the son of one of his officers: "His way of fighting
+was that he had a select body of horse that always attended him, and,
+in every attack, they received the enemy's shot without returning it,
+but one and all bore with all their force upon their adversaries, till
+they broke their ranks, and charged quite through them.  Then they
+rallied, and, when the enemy were in disorder, fell upon their rear and
+slaughtered them, {67} into scarce any opposition."[31]  And says
+Professor Gardiner: "Rupert was as capable of planning a campaign as he
+was of conducting a charge."[32]  Until November 1644, at which period,
+it should be noted, Rupert's power was on the wane, the strategical
+superiority was decidedly with the King.  The operations of the
+Royalist army were based on a well-conceived plan, that plan was varied
+and supplemented as occasion required.  This skilful warfare Professor
+Gardiner ascribes to Rupert's genius.  Why then, may we ask, did so
+good a soldier fail so signally?
+
+The reasons for failure are not far to seek.  In the first place,
+Rupert was too complete a soldier for the task he had undertaken.  His
+common-sense, soldierly point of view quite failed to embrace the
+political and constitutional sides of the question.  He could no more
+comprehend the King's refusal to make any compromise, than he could
+have understood the moderate Royalists' dread of a complete victory for
+their own side.  The boyish challenge purporting to be sent by him to
+Essex, shows, if genuine, how absolutely he failed to grasp the points
+at issue.  "My Lord," it begins, "I hear you are a general of an
+army....  I shall be ready, on His Majesty's behalf, to give you an
+encounter in a pitched field at Dunsmore Heath, 18th October next.  Or,
+if you think it too much labour, or expense, to draw your forces
+thither, I shall be as willing, on my own part, to expect private
+satisfaction at your hands, and that performed by a single duel.  Which
+proffer, if you please to accept, you shall not find me backward in
+performing what I have promised....  Now I have said all, and what more
+you expect of me to be said, shall be delivered in a larger field than
+a small sheet of paper, and that by my sword, and not by my pen.  In
+the interim {68} I am your friend, till I meet you next."[33]  The
+stories of his wandering in disguise through the quarters of the
+Parliament may be somewhat apocryphal, but they show, at least, the
+impression he made on his contemporaries.  And there is nothing
+doubtful in the fact that he and Maurice laughed aloud in the face of
+the Parliamentary Commissioner who proclaimed them solemnly, "traitors,
+to die without mercy."[34]
+
+Rupert, notwithstanding his twenty-two years and his unusual
+experiences, was a boy still; far too young for the position he held.
+He was over-confident, and rash with the rashness of youth.  Frequently
+his victorious charge was but the prelude to disaster; for the cavalry
+were apt to pursue too eagerly, leaving the foot unsupported on the
+field.  Still, it should be remembered that it must have been next to
+impossible to hold back those gallant, untrained troops; though
+probably Rupert did not try very hard to do it.
+
+In truth the Royalist army was as hard a one to manage as ever fell to
+the lot of a general.  It was an army of volunteers, supported chiefly
+by the private means of nobles and gentlemen, who, while scorning to
+take orders from one another, showed themselves equally averse to
+taking them from a foreign Prince.  It was small, far smaller than that
+of Essex; undisciplined, badly armed, and continually on the verge of
+mutiny for want of pay.  "It is e'en being, for the most part, without
+arms, a general of an army of ordnance without a cure, not a gun too,
+lesse money, much mutiny,"[35] wrote a faithful follower of Rupert, at
+one period of the war.  The men were raw recruits; the officers were
+full of complaints and discontents, all showing a remarkable
+willingness to do anything rather than that {69} which they were
+required to do.  "The officers of your troop will obey in no kind of
+thing, and, by their example, never a soldier in that company,"
+lamented Daniel O'Neil, from Abingdon.  "I had rather be your groom in
+Oxford than with a company that shall assume such a liberty as yours
+does here!"[36]  From Reading, protested Sir Arthur Aston, "I wish when
+your Highness gave your consent to leave me here behind you, that you
+had rather adjudged me to lose my head."[37]  And from Wales came the
+striking declaration, "If your Highness shall be pleased to command me
+to the Turk, or the Jew, or the Gentile, I will go on my bare feet to
+serve you; but from the Welsh good Lord deliver me!"[38]  From all
+sides came complaints of mutinies, of "unbecoming language,"
+"affronts," injuries and violence.  "In spite of my three several
+orders to come away, Captain Mynn remains at Newent," declared Colonel
+Vavasour.  The garrison of Donnington not only defied the order to be
+quiet, "it being very late at night," but forcibly released one of
+their number, under arrest, and outraged the town by "robbing, and
+doing all villainy."[39]
+
+Nor was it with insubordination alone that Rupert had to deal.  Wrote
+Louis Dyves: "Our men are in extreme necessity, many of them having
+neither clothes to cover their nakedness, nor boots to put on their
+feet, and not money enough amongst them to pay for the shoeing of their
+horses."[40]  And declared Sir Ralph Hopton: "It is inconceivable what
+these fellows are always doing with their arms; they appear to be
+expended as fast as their ammunition."[41]  Another officer required
+supplies of biscuits: "For your Highness knows what want of victuals is
+among {70} common men."[42]  A fourth desired a change of quarters,
+"because the country, hereabouts, is so heavily charged with
+contributions, as our allowance falls short."[43]  A fifth modestly
+requested, "to be put into the power of a thousand horse, or foot, and
+then I doubt not, by God's assistance, to give a sufficient account of
+what is committed to my charge."[44] Every one of them lacked arms and
+ammunition, and all their wants were poured out to the luckless young
+Prince, who was expected to attend to every detail, and whose own
+supplies were wretchedly insufficient.
+
+Added to all this, there were private quarrels to be appeased.  Wyndham
+declined to serve under Hopton, who had "disobliged" him.[45]  Vavasour
+complained of "very high language" used towards him by Sir Robert
+Byron.  At Lichfield disputes between the factions of Lord Loughborough
+and Sir William Bagot raged violently.  "In all places where I come,
+it's my misfortune to meet with extreme trouble," lamented the brave
+old Jacob Astley, to whose lot the pacifying of this quarrel fell; "I
+have met, in this place with exceeding great trouble, the commanders
+and soldiers in the close at Lichfield, having shut out my Lord
+Loughborough."[46]  And not even the efforts of old Astley could bring
+about a peace between the contending officers; "our minds being both
+too high to acknowledge a superiority,"[47] confessed Loughborough
+candidly.  But even more serious than such quarrels as these were the
+court factions which divided the Royalist army against itself.  From
+the very beginning, the attempts of the King's Council to regulate
+military affairs were bitterly resented by the soldiery.  Courtier
+detested soldier, and soldier despised courtier!  Nor were the military
+and civil factions {71} the only ones existent; there was party within
+party, intrigue within intrigue.  Wrote the shrewd Arthur Trevor, in
+1643: "The contrariety of opinions and ways are equally distant with
+those of the elements, and as destructive, if there were not a special
+providence that keeps men in one mind against a third party, though
+they agree in no one thing among themselves."[48]  Equally opposed to
+the military party of Rupert, and to the constitutionalists led by Hyde
+and Falkland, were the followings of the Queen and of Lord Digby.
+Bitter, private jealousies completed the confusion, and the vacillation
+of the King, who lent an ear now to one, now to another, destroyed all
+consistency of action.  With such a state of affairs a young man of
+barely three-and-twenty was called upon to deal!
+
+Obviously the position was one requiring the greatest tact, patience
+and circumspection, which were, unhappily, the very qualities most
+lacking in the young Prince.  The circumstances of his early career had
+been calculated to inspire him with an exaggerated sense of his own
+importance.  Notwithstanding his position as fourth child among
+thirteen, and the constant snubs of his mother, he had been spoilt by
+the Prince of Orange, and by the English Court.  The admiration he had
+won, during his captivity among his enemies, added to his self-esteem.
+His steadfast refusal to renounce either his faith or his party, in
+spite of flatteries, threats, promises and persuasions, had raised him
+to the proud position of a Protestant martyr.  "All the world knows how
+deeply I have smarted, and what perils I have undergone, for the
+Protestant cause,"[49] he declared to the English Parliament.  Thus
+conscious of his own abilities and claims to distinction, and valuing
+to the full his previous experience, he was possessed of a not
+unnatural contempt for the military views of civilians.  {72} The
+overbearing manner which he permitted himself to assume towards
+Courtiers and Councillors gave great offence.  "We hear that Prince
+Rupert behaves himself so rudely, whereby he doth himself a great deal
+of dishonour, and the King more disservice,"[50] was the report of a
+Royalist to his friends.  "Prince Rupert's pleasure was not to be
+contradicted," and, "Prince Rupert could not want of his will," says
+the contemporary historian, Sir Edward Walker.[51] Clarendon complained
+that the Prince "too affectedly" despised what was said of him, and
+"too stoically contemned the affections of men."[52]  While the
+faithful Sir Philip Warwick lamented that, "a little sharpness of
+temper and uncommunicableness in society, or council, by seeming, with
+a 'Pish!' to neglect all that another said and he approved not, made
+him less grateful than his friends could have wished.  And this humour
+soured him towards the Councillors of Civil Affairs, who were
+necessarily to intermix with him in Martial Councils."[53]  Certainly
+this was not the spirit calculated to recommend him to the English
+nobles, men who served their sovereign at their own cost, and who
+considered themselves at least as good as the son of a dethroned King.
+
+Nor could Rupert atone for official imperiousness by geniality in
+private life.  In happier days, at Heidelberg, Frederick's faithful
+steward had declared that the morose manners of his master rendered him
+"afraid and ashamed" when any one visited the castle.[54]  Something of
+his father's disposition Rupert had inherited; and, with all his
+self-confidence, he was very shy.  From the nobility both he and
+Maurice held aloof with a reserve born of pride and an uncertain
+position.  Princes they might be, but they were {73} also exiled and
+penniless, dependent on their swords, or on the bounty of their
+relatives.  "The reservedness of the Prince's nature, and the little
+education he then had in Courts made him unapt to make acquaintance
+with any of the Lords, who were thereby discouraged from applying
+themselves to him," says Clarendon.  "Whilst some officers of the Horse
+were well pleased to observe that strangeness, and fomented it,
+believing that their credit would be the greater with the Prince."[55]
+Maurice, of whom Clarendon confessed he had "no more esteem than good
+manners obliged him to,"[56] came in for yet stronger censure.  "This
+Prince had never sacrificed to the Graces, nor conversed among men of
+quality, but had most used the company of inferior men, with whom he
+loved to be very familiar.  He was not qualified with parts by nature,
+and less with any acquired; and towards men of the best condition, with
+whom he might very well have justified a familiarity, he maintained--at
+least--the full state due to his birth."[57] Doubtless Clarendon's
+personal dislike of the Palatines made him a severe critic; but, in the
+main, his censure was true enough.  Their unfortunate shyness threw
+them almost entirely upon their officers, and men of lesser rank, for
+friendship and companionship.  Nor was the position unnatural; for many
+of these men were already well known to them as brother officers in the
+army of the Stadtholder, and familiar guests at their home at the Hague.
+
+Thus condemned by Statesmen, distrusted by the old-fashioned officers,
+and disliked by the nobility, the Princes became the acknowledged
+leaders of the military faction.  They soon had a devoted following; a
+following of which every member was a very gallant soldier, though
+doubtless many of them were also dissolute and reckless.  Even
+Clarendon was forced to confess that Maurice, "living with {74} the
+soldiers sociably and familiarly, and going with them upon all parties
+and actions,"[58] had made himself exceedingly popular amongst them.
+Rupert they adored; and the account of him handed down to Sir Edward
+Southcote by his father differs widely from the description of
+Clarendon.  "My father," wrote Sir Edward, "still went with the King's
+army, being very ambitious to get into Prince Rupert's favour, being,
+he was, the greatest hero, as well as the greatest beau, whom all the
+leading men strove to imitate, as well in his dress as in his
+bravery...  The Prince was always very sparkish in his dress, and one
+day, on a very cold morning, he tied a very fine lace handkerchief,
+which he took out of his coat pocket, about his neck.  This appeared so
+becoming that all his mimics got laced pocket-handkerchiefs and made
+the same use of them; which was the origin of wearing lace cravats, and
+continued till of late years."[59]  There was in fact a general
+eagerness to serve directly under the hero Prince.  "I must confess, I
+have neither desire nor affection to wait upon any other general,"
+wrote Sir Arthur Aston.[60]  "'Tis not advance of title I covet, but
+your commission,"[61] protested another officer.  Such letters indeed
+are numberless; and that of Louis Dyves, half-brother to Lord Digby
+himself, may serve as an example of all:--"Amongst the many discourses
+which I receive daily of the ill-success and unhappy conduct of his
+Majesty's affairs here, since the light and comfort of your presence
+was removed from us, there is none that affects me more than to live in
+a place where I am rendered incapable to do you service.  Which, I take
+God to witness, hath been the chief bent of my harte from the first
+hour I had the honour to serve under your command; and I shall never
+deem myself happy until I be restored again to the same {75} condition.
+If your Highness therefore shall be pleased to command my attendance, I
+will break through all difficulties, and come to you.  And it shall be
+my humble sute unto His Majesty to give me leave to go where I know I
+shall be best able to serve him, which can be nowhere so well as under
+your command.  If I may but understand of your gratious acceptance of
+the fervent desire I have to sacrifice my life at your feet, there
+shall no man with more cheerfulness of harte, be ready to expose it
+more frankly, than your Highness's most humble, most faithful servant,
+Louis Dyves.  There is no man can make a truer character of my harte
+toward you, than the bearer, Mr. Legge."[62]
+
+In a strain of jesting familiarity, wrote the young Lord Grandison:
+"and, by this light, you shall be unprinced, if you believe me not the
+most humble of your servants."[63] And the gallant George Lisle carried
+his devotion to such a pitch as to sign himself always, "your
+Highness's most faithful affectionate servant, and obedient sonne."[64]
+
+But this cult of the Prince indulged in by the soldiery and some of the
+younger nobility, rather aggravated than healed the prevailing
+dissensions.  It was indeed impossible for a boy of Rupert's age and
+passionate temper to throw oil on the troubled waters.  He loved and
+hated with equal vehemence, and "liked what was proposed as he liked
+the persons who proposed it."[65]  Such was his detestation of Digby
+and Culpepper that he never could refrain from contradicting all that
+they said.  Wilmot he treated in like manner, and we read: "Whilst
+Prince Rupert was present...  all that Wilmot said or proposed was
+enough slighted and contradicted," but that during the Prince's long
+absence in the North, he, Wilmot, "became marvellously elated."[66]
+{76} Goring the Prince loved no better, and that general complained
+loudly that he, "denied all his requests out of hand."[67]  And Lord
+Percy was also distinguished with a particular hatred.
+
+To the objects of his affection, Rupert was, on the contrary, only too
+compliant; a failing most strongly, and most unfortunately, exhibited
+in his dealings with his brother Maurice.  The younger Prince had none
+of his brother's ability, was ignorant of English manners and customs,
+"showed a great aversion from considering them," and "understood very
+little of the war except to fight very stoutly when there was
+occasion."[68]  Yet Rupert "took it greatly to heart"[69] that Maurice
+held no higher command than that of lieutenant-general to Lord
+Hertford.  Accordingly, he persuaded the King that Maurice ought to be
+made general in the West, and, the promotion being conceded, Maurice
+did considerable harm to the cause by his blundering and want of
+discipline.  But, says Professor Gardiner, "Maurice was Rupert's
+brother, and not to be called to account!"[70]
+
+Yet, his favouritism admitted, it must be confessed that Rupert's
+friends were generally well-chosen.  Chief among them was Colonel
+William Legge, a man so faithful, so unselfish, and so unassuming, that
+he contrived to remain on good terms with all parties.  Best known to
+his contemporaries as "Honest Will", he shines forth, amidst the
+intriguing courtiers of Oxford, a bright example of disinterestedness.
+In spite of his intimacy with Rupert, he contrived to remain for long
+on friendly terms with Lord Digby, though, as he told the latter, "I
+often found this a hard matter to hold between you."[71]  To Legge,
+Rupert {77} was wont to pour out the indignation of his soul in hastily
+scribbled letters, and "Will" pacified both the Prince and his enemies,
+as best he could, "conceiving it," he said, "a matter of advantage to
+my master's service to have a good intelligence between persons so
+eminently employed in his affairs."[72]  At the same time he never
+hesitated to express his opinion in "plain language", and from him the
+fiery Prince seems to have accepted both counsel and reproof, without
+resentment.  Even Clarendon could find nothing worse to say of Will
+Legge than that he was somewhat diffident of his own judgment.[73]  And
+the King charged the Prince of Wales, in his last message, "to be sure
+to take care of Honest Will Legge, for he was the faithfullest servant
+that ever any Prince had." Which charge Charles II fulfilled at the
+Restoration.[74]
+
+Next to Legge among Rupert's friends we must count the grave and
+melancholy Duke of Richmond.  As a Stuart he was Rupert's cousin, and
+him the Prince excepted from his general dislike of the English
+nobility.  Like Legge, Richmond was free from all self-seeking,
+honourable, upright, irreproachable, both in public and in private
+life.  His personal devotion to the King, who had brought him up, was
+intense, and, at the end of the tragedy, he volunteered with
+Southampton and Lindsey, to die in the stead of his sovereign.  Like
+the King, he was deeply religious, a faithful son of the Church.  He
+was courteous to all, gentle and reserved, but "of a great and haughty
+spirit."[75]  At the beginning of the troubles he had been almost the
+only man of the first rank who had unswervingly opposed the popular
+party; and he valued his fidelity at the rate it was worth.  He gave
+his friendship slowly, and only with the approval, asked and received,
+of the King.[76]  But his friendship, once {78} given, was absolute and
+unalterable.  He had in his character a Stuart strain of sensitiveness,
+amounting to morbidness.  Thus, when gently warned by the King against
+too much correspondence with the treacherous Lady Carlisle, he
+considered his own loyalty impugned, and for weeks held aloof from the
+Committee of Secret Affairs.  Hyde, commissioned by the distressed King
+to reason with the Duke, speedily discovered the true source of trouble
+to be Richmond's jealousy of his master's affection for Ashburnham.
+The King retorted by taking exception to Richmond's secretary, and it
+was long ere the hurt feelings of both King and Duke could be soothed.
+Yet, in spite of his own supersensitiveness, Richmond was a peacemaker.
+His letters to Rupert, long, involved and incoherent, are full of
+soothing expressions and assurances that all will go well.  He also was
+struggling, and struggling vainly, to keep the peace between Rupert and
+Digby.  But, though he watched over his cousin's interests with
+affectionate care, he was too honest and simple-minded to cope
+successfully with Oxford intrigues.
+
+Among Rupert's other friends was Sir Charles Lucas, who, said his
+sister, "loved virtue, endeavoured merit, practised justice, and spoke
+truth; was constantly loyal, and truly valiant."[77]  Also, in high
+favour with the Prince was Sir Marmaduke Langdale, "a person of great
+courage and prudence",[78] a good scholar, and a good soldier; though
+Clarendon found him "a very inconvenient man to live with."[79]  Less
+estimable was the hot-blooded Charles Gerrard, who, though as valiant a
+soldier as any of the others, reflected too many of Rupert's own
+faults; was rash, hot-tempered, and addicted to "hating on a sudden,
+without knowing why."[80]  And besides these there were others too
+numerous to mention, valued by the Prince for their {79} soldierly
+qualities, or for the frankness of their dispositions.  But in the list
+of Rupert's friends, there is one more who must not be forgotten: one
+who was his inseparable companion for nearly six years, who shared his
+captivity in Austria, followed him to England, ate with him, slept with
+him, accompanied him to Council and to Church, shared all his dangers
+and hardships, and never left his side, till he fell, with many gallant
+Cavaliers, on the field of Marston Moor;--this was the Prince's white
+dog, Boye.  This dog attained great fame in England, and Rupert's
+fondness for it was the subject of good-natured jesting among the
+Cavaliers, and of bitter invective from the Puritans.  A satirical
+pamphlet, preserved in the Bodleian library, describes the dog's
+habits, and the mutual affection subsisting between him and his master!
+From it we learn that Boye was always present at Council, that he was
+wont to sit on the table by the Prince, and that frequent kisses and
+embraces passed between them.  On the principle of "Love me, love my
+dog," the King also extended his favour to Boye: "For he himself never
+sups or dines, but continually he feeds him.  And with what think you?
+Even with sides of capons, and such Christian-like morsels ... It is
+thought the King will make him Serjeant-Major-General Boye.  But truly
+the King's affection to him is so extraordinary that some at court envy
+him.  I heard a Gentleman-Usher swear that it was a shame the dog
+should sit in the King's chair, as he always does; and a great Lord was
+seriously of opinion that it was not well he should converse so much
+with the King's children, lest he taught them to swear."  Boye repaid
+the King's affection warmly: "Next to his master, he loves the King and
+the King's children, and cares very little for any others."  We are
+told further, in a paragraph evidently aimed at Rupert, that the dog,
+"in exercises of religion, carries himself most popishly and
+cathedrally.  He is very seldom at any conscionable sermons, but as for
+public prayers, he seldom or never misses {80} them....  But, above
+all, as soon as their Church Minstrel begins his arbitrary jig, he is
+as attentive as one of us private Christians are at St.
+Antholin's."[81]  Boye is generally supposed to have been a poodle, and
+certainly he is so represented in the caricatures preserved of him.
+But he must have been in truth a remarkable one, for Lady Sussex
+relates in one of her letters, that when Rupert shot five bucks, "his
+dog Boye pulled them down."[82]  To this "divill dog" were attributed
+supernatural powers of going invisible, of foretelling events, and of
+magically protecting his master from harm.  "The Roundheads fancied he
+was the Devil, and took it very ill that he should set himself against
+them!" says Sir Edward Southcote.[83]  Many of the Puritans did, in
+truth, imagine him to be Rupert's evil spirit, and it was reported that
+the dog fed on human flesh.  Cleveland refers to their general fear of
+Boye in his "Rupertismus":--
+
+  "They fear the giblets of his train, they fear,
+  "Even his dog, that four-legged Cavalier,
+  "He that devours the scraps that Lunsford makes,
+  "Whose pictures feeds upon a child in stakes,
+  "'Gainst whom they have these articles in souse,--
+  "First that he barks against the sense o' th' House,
+  "Resolved 'delinquent,' to the Tower straight,
+  "Either to the Lyons, or the Bishop's gate.
+
+      *    *    *    *    *    *    *
+
+  "Thirdly he smells intelligence, that's better,
+  "And cheaper too, than Pym's, by his own letter;
+  "Lastly he is a devil without doubt,
+  "For when he would lie down he wheels about,
+  "Makes circles, and is couchant in a ring,
+  "And therefore, score up one, for conjuring!"[84]
+
+
+With the Cavaliers the dog was of course as popular as with the
+Puritans he was the reverse.  It was reported, by {81} their enemies,
+that the Royalists, after their capture of Birmingham, passed the night
+in "drinking healths upon their knees,--yea, healths to Prince Rupert's
+dog!"[85]  Finally, when poor Boye had fallen on the field of battle,
+the death of Prince Rupert's "witch" was recorded with exultation in
+the Parliamentary journals: "Here also was slain that accursed cur,
+which is here mentioned, by the way, because the Prince's dog has been
+so much spoken of, and was valued by his master more than creatures of
+more worth."[86] Having said so much of Rupert's friends, it may be
+well to say a word of his principal enemies.  Chief among these was
+George, Lord Digby, the eldest son of the Earl of Bristol.  He was a
+man of great personal beauty, brilliant talents, and unrivalled powers
+of fascination.  But he was unfortunately afflicted with a "volatile
+and unquiet spirit", and an over-active imagination.  His natural
+charms and great plausibility won him the love and confidence of the
+King; but his unparalleled conceit and his insatiable love of meddling
+made him an object of detestation to the Palatine Prince.[87]  As
+Secretary of State, Digby necessarily came into contact with Rupert,
+and the result was disastrous.  No doubt there was much of personal
+jealousy mingled with Rupert's more reasonable objections to Digby; but
+the fact remains that Rupert understood war, and that Digby did not;
+that Rupert's schemes were reasonable and usually practicable, and that
+Digby's were wild and fantastic to a degree.  Rupert resented Digby's
+interference and incompetence; Digby resented Rupert's off-hand manners
+and undisguised contempt of himself.  Both were equally self-confident,
+and equally intolerant of rivalry.  England was not large enough to
+contain the two, and Digby, by his superior powers of intrigue, carried
+the day.
+
+{82}
+
+With Lord Percy, in whose charge were all the stores of arms and
+ammunition, Rupert was not on much better terms than with Lord Digby.
+Powder, bullets, carts and horses proved fruitful sources of
+dissension.  Rupert accused Percy of delaying his supplies, and Percy
+resented Rupert's staying of his carts.[88]  In proof of his own
+blamelessness Percy appealed to the testimony of others.  "My Lord
+Jermyn knows this was the truth, and no kind of fault in me....  Give
+me leave to tell you, sir, I cannot believe them, your real servants,
+that do give you jealousies of those that do not deserve them."[89]  At
+other times Percy professed a great deal of devotion to Rupert, but
+always with a touch of sarcasm in his manner.  His letters consequently
+offended the Prince, and Percy treated his indignation lightly: "Though
+you seemed not to be pleased that I should hope for the taking of
+Bristol before it was done, which fault I confess I do not understand,
+I hope you will give me leave to congratulate you now with the rest....
+Your best friends do wish that, when the power is put absolutely into
+your hands, you will so far comply with the King's affairs as to do
+that which may content many and displease fewest."[90] Such phrases
+were not calculated to soothe, and the breach widened steadily until,
+in the autumn of 1644, Percy found himself so deeply involved in the
+disgrace of Wilmot that he sought refuge with the Queen in France.
+
+With Lord Goring and Lord Wilmot, Rupert was likewise at daggers drawn.
+Both these men had been his comrades in the Dutch army, and Goring
+especially had been on intimate terms with the Palatines at the Hague.
+Indeed it seems likely that he had carried on a very flourishing
+flirtation with the Princess Louise; and a beautifully drawn picture
+letter which she addressed to him, is still extant.  Distinguished,
+like Digby, for his personal beauty and {83} fascinating manners,
+Goring was also justly celebrated for his brilliant courage.  Yet it
+was no wonder that Rupert did not share his sister's friendship for
+him, since the man was as false and treacherous as he was brave and
+plausible.  He had promoted and betrayed the Army Plot of 1641; he had
+received the charge of Portsmouth from the Parliament, held it for the
+King, and then surrendered it without a struggle.  Yet no breath of
+suspicion ever sullied his courage, and his personal attractions and
+undoubted ability won him trust and confidence again and again.  Rupert
+admired him for his talents, hated him for his vices, and feared him
+for his "master-wit", which made him a dangerous rival for the King's
+favour.  Goring, on his part, heartily reciprocated the Prince's
+aversion; kept out of his command as far as possible, disobeyed his
+orders as often as he could, and amused himself by writing to his enemy
+in terms of passionate devotion.  "I will hasard eight thousand lives
+rather than leave anything undone that may conduce to his Majesty's
+service or to your Highness's satisfaction; being joyed of nothing so
+much in this world as of the assurance of your favour, and that it will
+not be in the power of the devil to lessen your goodness to me, or to
+alter the quality I have of being your Highness's most humble,
+faithful, and obedient servant."[91]
+
+Wilmot, Lieutenant-General of the Horse, was a less fascinating but a
+less unprincipled person than Goring.  That is to say that, while
+Goring would betray any friend, or violate any promise, "out of humour
+or for wit's sake," Wilmot would not do either, except "for some great
+benefit or convenience to himself."[92]  He is described by Clarendon
+as "a man of a haughty and ambitious nature, of a pleasant wit, and an
+ill understanding."[93]  Like Goring, he drank hard, {84} but not, like
+Goring, to the neglect of his military duties.  With the dissolute wits
+of the army he was exceedingly popular, but Rupert, always so temperate
+himself, had no sympathy with the failings of Wilmot.  As early as
+November 1642 he had conceived "an irreconcilable prejudice"[94]
+against his lieutenant-general.  Possibly the seed of this prejudice
+had been sown at Edgehill, where Wilmot refused to make a second
+charge, saying: "We have won the day; let us live to enjoy the fruits
+thereof."[95]  And justly or unjustly, the combined hatred of Rupert,
+Digby, and Goring accomplished Wilmot's overthrow in 1644.
+
+
+
+[1] Warburton.  Vol. I. pp. 460-462.
+
+[2] Lansdowne MSS.  817.
+
+[3] Warburton.  I.  p. 462.
+
+[4] Rupert Transcripts.  Instruction to the Prince.  1642.
+
+[5] _I.e._ in the Scottish wars.
+
+[6] Memoirs of Sir Philip Warwick, pp. 226-228.
+
+[7] Lansdowne MSS.  817.
+
+[8] A Looking Glass etc.  Civil War Tract.  Brit. Mus.
+
+[9] Clarendon's Hist. of the Rebellion.  Ed. 1849.  Bk. VI. p. 46.
+
+[10] Ibid.  Bk. VI. p. 109.
+
+[11] Mr. Firth's Transcripts.  Geo. Porter to Rupert, March 24, 1644.
+
+[12] Warburton.  II.  p. 250.  Journal of Siege of Bristol.
+
+[13] Pythouse Papers.  Ed. Day.  1879.  p. 46.  16 Nov, 1642.
+
+[14] Rupertismus.  Cleveland's Poems.  Ed. 1687.  p. 51.
+
+[15] May.  Hist. of Long Parliament.  Ed. 1854.  p. 249.
+
+[16] May.  Hist. of Long Parliament.  Ed. 1854.  p. 243-4.
+
+[17] Rupertismus.
+
+[18] Webb.  Civil War in Herefordshire.  Vol. I.  p. 129.
+
+[19] May.  p. 244.
+
+[20] Prince Rupert: His Reply.  Brit. Mus.
+
+[21] Webb.  Civil War in Hereford.  I.  p. 149.
+
+[22] Gardiner's Civil War, I.  p. 15.
+
+[23] Sydney Papers.  Spencer to Lady Spencer.  II.  p. 667.
+
+[23] Rupert Correspondence.  Warburton.  II.  p. 191.
+
+[25] Ibid.  p. 193.
+
+[26] Rupert Transcripts, Colonel Blagge to the Prince, 2 March, 1643.
+
+[27] Verney Memoirs, Vol. II.  p. 115.
+
+[28] Dom.  State Papers.  Nicholas to King, Sept. 18, 1645.
+
+[29] Warburton.  II.  262.
+
+[30] Warburton.  II.  267.
+
+[31] Troubles of our Catholic Forefathers.  Ed. Morris.  1872.  Sir
+Edward Southcote's Narrative, 1st Series, p. 392.
+
+[32] Gardiner's Civil War, I.  p. 2.
+
+[33] Civil War Pamphlets.  British Museum.  "Prince Rupert's Message to
+my Lord of Essex."
+
+[34] Whitelocke's Memorials, 1732, p. 114.
+
+[35] Carte's Ormonde, VI.  p. 197, 20 Aug. 1644.
+
+[36] Warburton, II.  p. 82.  19 Dec. 1642.
+
+[37] Ibid.  II.  p. 175.
+
+[38] Ibid.  II.  p. 386.  11 Mar. 1644.
+
+[39] Transcripts, 30 Jan. 1644.
+
+[40] Warburton, II.  p. 85.
+
+[41] Ibid.  II.  p. 291, 17 Sept. 1643.
+
+[42] Transcripts.  Blagge to Rupert.  1643.
+
+[43] Rupert Transcripts.  Dyves to the Prince.  Sept. 21, 1642.
+
+[44] Ibid.  Kirke to Prince.  22 Feb.  1644.
+
+[45] Add MSS.  18982.  Wyndham to the Prince.  Jan. 6, 1644.
+
+[46] Transcripts.  Astley to the Prince, Jan. 12, 1645.
+
+[47] Ibid.  Loughborough to the Prince, July 25, 1645.
+
+[48] Carte's Ormonde.  Trevor to Ormonde.  Nov. 21, 1643.  Vol. V. pp.
+520-1.
+
+[49] Prince Rupert: his Declaration.  Pamphlet.  British Museum.  See
+Warb. II. p. 124.
+
+[50] Hist. MSS. Commission.  5th Report, p. 162.  Ap. I.  Sutherland
+MSS.  Stephen Charlton to Robert Leveson, 1642.
+
+[51] Walker's Historical Discourses.  Ed. 1705.  p. 126.
+
+[52] Clarendon Hist.  Bk. VII.  p. 279.
+
+[53] Warwick Memoirs, p. 228.
+
+[54] Green's Princesses, V.  p. 267.
+
+[55] Clarendon's History.  Bk. V.  p. 78.
+
+[56] Clarendon's Life.  Ed. 1827.  Vol. I.  p. 197, _note_.
+
+[57] Clar. Hist.  Bk. VII.  p. 85.
+
+[58] Clar. Life.  I.  p. 196, _note_.
+
+[59] Sir Edward Southcote's Narrative, p. 392.
+
+[60] Rupert Correspondence.  Aston to the Prince.  Aug. 1643.
+
+[61] Ibid.  Sandford to Prince.  No date.
+
+[62] Rupert Correspondence.  Add. MSS. British Museum.  18981.  Louis
+Dyves to the Prince.  Apr. 8, 1644.
+
+[63] Rupert Transcripts.  Grandison to Prince.  Feb. 7, 1645.
+
+[64] Ibid.  Lisle to Prince.  Dec. 6-13, 1644.
+
+[65] Clarendon.  Bk. VIII.  168.
+
+[66] Ibid.  VIII. 30.
+
+[67] Rupert Transcripts.  Goring to Prince.  Jan. 22, 1643.
+
+[68] Clarendon.  Bk. VII.  85, _note_.
+
+[69] Ibid.  144.
+
+[70] Gardiner's Civil War.  Vol. I.  197.
+
+[71] Wm. Legge to Lord Digby.  Warburton.  III.  p. 129.
+
+[72] Wm. Legge to Lord Digby.  Warburton.  III.  p. 129.
+
+[73] Clarendon.  Bk. X.  p. 130.
+
+[74] Collins Peerage: 'Dartmouth'.  Vol. IV.  p. 107 _et passim_.
+
+[75] Clarendon Hist.  Bk. VI.  p. 384.
+
+[76] Clarendon Life.  I.  p. 222.
+
+[77] Life of Newcastle, by Duchess of Newcastle.  Ed. Firth.  1886, p.
+280.
+
+[78] Carte Papers.  Trevor to Ormonde, Sept. 13, 1644.
+
+[79] Clarendon State Papers.  Hyde to Nicholas.  Febr. 7, 1653.
+
+[80] Clar. Hist.  Bk. IX.  p.  21.
+
+[81] Pamphlet.  Bodleian Library, Oxford.  "Observations on Prince
+Rupert's White Dog called Boye."
+
+[82] Verney Memoirs.  Vol. II.  p. 160.
+
+[83] Sir Edward Southcote's Narrative, p. 392.  Pamphlet.  Brit. Mus.
+
+[84] Cleveland's Poems, p. 51.  Rupertismus.
+
+[85] Pamphlet.  Brit. Museum.  London, May 1643.  "Prince Rupert's
+Burning Love to England."
+
+[86] More true Relation; also Vicars' Jehovah Jireh, p. 277.
+
+[87] See Clarendon State Papers: A Character of the Lord Digby.
+
+[88] Rupert Transcripts, July 30, 1643, also Aug. 17, 1643, Percy to
+Rupert.
+
+[89] Ibid.  Mar. 21, 1642.
+
+[90] Rupert Transcripts, July 29, 1643.
+
+[91] Rupert Correspondence.  Goring to the Prince, May 12, 1645.  Add.
+MSS.  Brit. Mus.  18982.
+
+[92] Clarendon Hist.  Bk. VIII.  169.
+
+[93] Ibid.  VIII.  30.
+
+[94] Clar. Hist.  Bk. VI.  126, _note_.
+
+[95] Ibid.  VI.  p. 79, _note_.
+
+
+
+
+{85}
+
+CHAPTER VI
+
+THE BEGINNING OF THE WAR.  POWICK BRIDGE.  EDGEHILL.  THE MARCH TO
+LONDON
+
+The setting up of the Royal Standard was a depressing ceremony.  The
+weather was so bad that the very elements seemed to fight against the
+Royalists; and the standard was blown down the same night, which was
+regarded as a very evil portent.  Moreover, the Royal forces were still
+so lamentably small that Sir Jacob Astley openly expressed a fear that
+the King would be captured in his sleep.[1]  The arms and ammunition
+were not yet come from York, and a general sadness pervaded the whole
+company.  In this state of affairs, the King made another futile
+attempt at treating with the Parliament; an attempt so distasteful to
+Rupert and his officers "that they were not without some thought--or at
+least discourses--of offering violence to the principal advisers of
+it."[2]  The abortive treaty proved, however, to the King's advantage,
+for its failure turned the tide in his favour, and brought recruits to
+his banner.
+
+During the delay at Nottingham, Rupert was created a Knight of the
+Garter, and, at the same time, he contrived to fall out with Digby.
+Even as early as September 10th, we find Digby protesting against the
+Prince's prejudice towards himself.  Evidently he had indulged in
+remarks upon Rupert's love of "inferior" company, which he now
+endeavoured to explain away.[3]  His apology was accepted; and for a
+short time he served under the Prince.
+
+{86}
+
+Already Rupert was scouring the country in search of men, arms and
+money.  On September 6th "that diabolical Cavalier,"[4] as a Puritan
+soldier called him, had surrounded Leicester and summoned the Mayor to
+confer with him.  That worthy cautiously declined the interview,
+whereupon he received a peremptory letter, demanding L2,000 to be paid
+on the morrow "by ten of the clock in the forenoon."  He was assured
+that the King's promise would prove a better pledge for repayment than
+the "Public Faith" of the Parliament; and the letter concluded with the
+characteristic assurance that, in case of contumacy, the Prince would
+appear on the morrow, "in such a posture as shall make you to know it
+is wiser to obey than to resist His Majesty's command."[5]  Five
+hundred pounds were forthwith paid, but a complaint was despatched to
+the King, who hastened to disavow his nephew's arbitrary proceedings.
+
+An attack on Caldecot House proved more to the Prince's credit.  This
+house belonged to a Warwickshire Puritan, a Mr Purefoy, then absent
+with the troops of the Parliament.  Early on a Sunday morning Rupert
+appeared before the house, with five hundred men, and summoned it to
+surrender.  The summons was defied, and he ordered an assault.  The
+defenders consisted only of Mrs. Purefoy, her two daughters, her
+son-in-law, Mr. Abbot, three serving-men, and three maids; yet the
+fight was continued for some hours, and with serious loss to the
+Cavaliers.  At last Rupert forced the outer gates, fired the barns, and
+advanced to the very doors.  Then Mrs. Purefoy came out and threw
+herself at the victor's feet.  Rupert asked her what she would have of
+him.  She answered, the lives of her little garrison.  Rupert then
+raised her to her feet, "saluted her kindly," and promised that not one
+of them should be hurt.  But when he had entered the house and
+discovered how small was the garrison, his pity was changed to
+admiration.  He {87} complimented Mr. Abbot on his skill and gallantry,
+and offered him a command in his own troop, which was, however,
+refused.  Finally he drew off his forces, promising that nothing upon
+the place should suffer injury.  "And the Prince faithfully kept his
+promise, and would not suffer one penny-worth of goods in the house to
+be taken."[6]  Such is the testimony of a fanatical enemy; nor is it
+the only instance of Rupert's chivalry.  "Sir Edward Terrell was a
+little fearful, Prince Rupert had been hunting at his Park," wrote the
+Puritan Lady Sussex; "but he took him much, with his courtesy to
+him."[7]
+
+On September 13th the King left Nottingham for Derby, and Rupert joined
+his march at Stafford.  There it was that the Prince fired a remarkable
+shot, to prove his skill as a marksman.  Standing in a garden about
+sixty yards distant from the church of St. Mary, he shot clean through
+the tail of the weathercock on the steeple, "with a screwed horseman's
+pistol, and a single bullet."[8]  The King declared that the shot was
+but a lucky chance; whereupon Rupert fired a second time, with the same
+result.
+
+From Stafford, Rupert proceeded by night to Bridgnorth, and from there
+he went, on September 21st, to secure Worcester.  Finding Worcester
+quite indefensible, he resolved to go on to Shrewsbury, but, in the
+meantime, he led his small troop into a field near Powick Bridge to
+rest.  The officers, among whom were Maurice, Digby, Wilmot, Charles
+Lucas, and the Lords Northampton and Crawford, threw themselves down on
+the grass, divested of all armour.  In this position they were
+surprised by a troop of Essex's horse, under Sandys and Fiennes, which
+advanced, fully armed, down a narrow lane.  In the confusion there was
+scarcely time to catch the horses, and none to consult as to methods of
+defence.  Rupert shouted out the order to {88} charge, and vaulted on
+to his horse.  Maurice threw himself next his brother; and the other
+officers, seeing that it would be useless to rejoin their men, followed
+the Princes.  Thus, with the officers in the van and the men straggling
+behind as best they could, the Royalists charged.  The Puritans,
+well-armed and well-commanded though they were, could not stand against
+that sudden fierce assault.  Two of their officers fell, and in a very
+few moments the whole body, nearly a thousand in number, broke and
+fled, the "goodness of their horses" making it impossible to overtake
+them.  The number of the slain was between forty and fifty; six or
+seven colours were captured, and a few Scottish officers taken
+prisoners.  The loss on the King's side was small, and though all the
+officers, Rupert excepted, were wounded, none were killed.  Maurice had
+received so dangerous a wound in the head that he was reported killed,
+but it was not long before he was again "abroad and merry."[9]  The
+slight loss suffered by the Cavaliers was the more remarkable since
+they had had neither armour nor pistols, and had fought only with their
+swords.[10]
+
+The moral advantage of this skirmish was very great.  It gave increased
+courage to Rupert's troops and it "exceedingly appalled the adversary,"
+to whom the Prince's name was henceforth "very terrible."  To the
+Elector, and to some of the friends of his family, such a reputation
+was less gratifying than it was to Rupert himself.  Dependent upon the
+English Parliament as the Palatines were,--for King Charles could no
+longer help them, and the Stadtholder was old and failing,--Rupert's
+zeal in his uncle's cause was a serious disadvantage to them.  "I
+fear," wrote Roe to the Elector, "the freshness of his spirit and his
+zeal to his uncle may have drawn from him some words, if not deeds,
+that have begot a very ill odour; insomuch {89} that nothing is so much
+cried out against as his actions, which do reflect upon your whole
+family and cause, and there may be more need of a bridle to moderate
+him than of spurs.  They will never forgive me the ill-fortune to have
+procured his liberty."[11]  To this the Elector replied indignantly:
+"It is impossible either for the Queen--my mother, or myself to bridle
+my brother's youth and fieryness, at so great a distance, and in the
+employment he has.  It were a great indiscretion in any to expect it,
+and an injustice to blame us for things beyond our help."[12] He did
+his best to appease the Parliament by exhibiting his own ingratitude
+towards his uncle.  "The Prince Elector doth write kindly--others might
+say basely--to the Roundhead Parliament,"[13] reported Sir George
+Radcliffe.  Further, Charles Louis published a manifesto in the names
+of himself and his mother, deprecating Rupert's actions, and
+disclaiming all sympathy with them.  And in 1644 he came himself to
+London, and took the Covenant; in reward for which hypocrisy the
+Parliament lodged him in Whitehall, and granted him a large
+pension.[14]  Elizabeth was less time-serving, and her intercepted
+letters to Rupert gave great offence to the Parliament.  She tried to
+pacify the indignation she had roused, writing to the Speaker: "Albeit
+I cannot at present remember what I then particularly writ, yet if
+anything did perchance slip from my pen in the private relation between
+a mother and son, which might give them the least distaste, I entreat
+them to make no worse construction of it than was by me intended."[15]
+But she could not disguise her real sentiments, and her pension was
+stopped by the Parliament.  "Our gracious Mistress hath her part, as
+who hath not, in these public sufferings," {90} wrote one of her
+gentlemen in 1643.  "It is upon a full year that her entertainments
+have been stopped, and I believe that she fareth the worse for the
+impetuousness of Prince Rupert her son, who is quite out of her
+government."[16]
+
+Directly after the skirmish of Powick Bridge, Rupert fell back upon
+Ludlow, and it was while quartered there that he was supposed to have
+made his first expedition into Essex's camp.  The stories of his
+disguises are told by Puritans, and are, as before said, very probably
+apocryphal; but they are given here for what they are worth.  The
+Puritan army was encamped on Dunsmore Heath, and Rupert, riding as near
+to it as he dared, overtook a man driving a horse which was laden with
+apples.  The man, on being interrogated, informed the Prince that he
+was going to sell the apples to the soldiers of the Parliament.  "Why
+dost thou not go to the King's army?" asked the Prince; "I hear they
+are generous sparks and will pay double!"  "Oh," said the man, "they
+are Cavaliers, and have a mad Prince amongst them.  Devil a penny could
+I get in the whole army."  Rupert thereupon purchased the whole load
+for ten shillings, changed coats and horses with the man, and himself
+sold the apples to the forces of Essex.  On his return, he gave the man
+a second piece of gold, with the command to "go to the army, and ask
+the commanders how they liked the fruit which Prince Rupert did, in his
+own person, but this morning sell them."[17]
+
+During this time the King had lain at Shrewsbury, whither he now
+summoned all his forces, and on October 12th he began his march towards
+London.  This was in accordance with Rupert's scheme of concentrating
+all forces on the centre of disaffection.  The three brigades of foot
+were commanded respectively by Sir Nicholas Byron, Colonel Wentworth,
+and Colonel Fielding.  Lord Lindsey was {91} Commander-in-Chief, and
+Sir Jacob Astley was his Major-General; Ruthven, though a
+Field-Marshal, preferred to remain entirely with the cavalry.  The
+dragoons were under Sir Arthur Aston, and most of the nobles and richer
+gentry enlisted in Lord Bernard Stuart's regiment of gentlemen,
+nicknamed "The Show Troop."  "Never," says Clarendon, "did less baggage
+attend a royal army, there being not one tent, and very few waggons, in
+the whole train."[18]  This being the case, it is singular that the
+place where the King's tent was pitched is still pointed out at
+Edgehill.
+
+The Royalists advanced slowly, by way of Birmingham, halting at several
+places on the march.  On October 22nd the King reached Edgecot, and
+Essex arrived the same day at Kineton, ready to bar his way.  Rupert
+advanced to Lord Spencer's house at Wormleighton, where his
+quarter-master had a skirmish with the quarter-master of Essex, who had
+also been sent to take possession of the house.  Rupert's men captured
+twelve of Essex's soldiers, from whom they learnt the unexpected
+proximity of the enemy.  Rupert thereupon made his men take the field,
+and sent the intelligence to the King.  The King responded in a brief
+note: "I have given order as you have desyred; so I dout not but all
+the foot and cannon will bee at Edgehill betymes this morning, where
+you will also find your loving Oncle."[19]
+
+Early in the morning of October 23rd, Rupert advanced his forces to the
+summit of Edgehill, where, as he had expected, he was joined by the
+King.  A council of war was then held.  But, alas, dissension was
+already beginning in the army, the mutual jealousy of the officers
+having grown on the march to "a perfect faction"[20] between the foot
+and horse.  On this occasion Rupert's bold and rapid tactics were
+strenuously opposed by the cautious old Lindsey.  But the King strongly
+supported his nephew, and thereupon {92} Lindsey resigned his
+generalship, preferring to fight as a mere colonel rather than to
+nominally command a battle over which he had no control.  Then his son,
+Lord Willoughby,--deeply resenting the slight on his father,--refused
+to charge with Rupert, and elected to fight on foot at his father's
+side.  Ruthven (afterwards Lord Brentford) was hastily appointed in
+Lindsey's place, and as he had fought under Gustavus, he readily gave
+his support to the Prince who followed the great Swede's tactics.
+
+It was one o'clock before the King's foot could be brought up to the
+rest of the army; and though Essex was in order by eight in the
+morning, he was in no hurry to begin the battle.  His numbers were
+already greater than those of the King, but he hoped still that three
+more regiments might join him.  Not till three o'clock did the fight
+begin, and this was considered so late that some of the Royalists would
+have willingly postponed it till the morrow.  But it was to the King's
+advantage to hasten the attack, since he had no provisions for his
+army, and he hoped also to anticipate the arrival of Essex's
+reinforcements.  The history of the battle is an oft-told tale.  Rupert
+commanded the right wing, and he committed a serious error at the
+outset by permitting the "Show Troop" to charge in the van.  This troop
+had been irritated by the scoffs of blunter soldiers, and it seemed but
+courtesy to accede to its request, yet it was most unwise to do so, for
+it left the King unguarded on the field.  "Just before we began our
+march," says Bulstrode, "the Prince passed from one wing to the other,
+giving positive orders to the horse to march as close as possible,
+keeping their ranks, sword in hand; to receive the enemy's shot without
+firing either carbine or pistol till we broke in among them, and then
+to make use of our firearms as need should require."[21]  The charge
+thus made, swept Essex's horse from the field, and Rupert's {93} horse
+followed far in the pursuit.  "Our horse pursued so eagerly that the
+commanders could not stop them in the chase," said the Royalists.[22]
+The King's foot, left unsupported on the field, suffered great damage.
+Then it was that Lord Lindsey fell, and his gallant son was captured in
+the attempt to save his father.  Then Sir Edmund Verney died, and the
+standard was taken, but subsequently regained.  Only the enemy's own
+want of skill and experience saved the King himself from capture.  Thus
+the advantage won by the first charge was lost, and when Rupert
+returned he found the King with a very small retinue, and all chance of
+a complete victory gone.  Nor could the cavalry be rallied for a second
+charge.  Where the soldiers were collected together the officers were
+absent, and where the officers were ready the soldiers were scattered.
+Consequently the result of the battle was indecisive, and both sides
+claimed the victory; the advantage really lay with the King, insomuch
+as he held the field, and had opened the way to London.  But the
+Royalist losses had been very great.  Besides Lindsey and Verney, had
+fallen Lord Aubigny, brother of the Duke of Richmond, and many other
+officers.  Moreover, the Cavaliers were in a hostile country, unable to
+obtain either food or shelter, and the night was terribly cold.
+Towards daybreak the King retired to his coach to rest; and the morning
+found the two armies still facing one another.  Thus they remained
+throughout the day, but towards evening Essex drew off to Warwick.  No
+sooner did Essex begin his retreat than Rupert started in pursuit.  At
+Kineton he captured the rear guard of dragoons, with their convoy of
+money, plate and letters.  The taking of the letters proved of no
+slight importance, for among them Rupert discovered a circumstantial
+report of his own proceedings, furnished to Essex by his own secretary.
+There was found also the secretary's demand for an increase {94} of pay
+from the Parliament, which already paid him L50 a week.  The man was of
+course tried, and hanged at Oxford.[23]
+
+Rupert was now anxious to push on to London before the enemy could
+rally.  "He proffered, if His Majesty would give him leave, to march
+with three thousand horse to Westminster, and there dissolve the
+Parliament."[24] Very likely this plan might have succeeded, for the
+panic in London was great, but the old Earl of Bristol declared that
+Rupert, once let loose on London, would plunder and burn the city.
+This fear so worked on the King that he refused to countenance the
+design.  It is only fair to add that Rupert indignantly repudiated the
+intentions attributed to him.  "I think there is none that take me for
+a coward,--for sure I fear not the face of any man alive,--yet I shall
+repute it the greatest victory in the world to see His Majesty enter
+London in peace without shedding one drop of blood."[25] The tales
+spread abroad of his "barbarousness and inhumanity" caused him real
+annoyance, and he endeavoured to refute them in a published
+"Declaration."  After retorting on the Parliament various instances of
+Puritan plundering and violence, he continued: "I must here profess,
+that I take that man to be no soldier or gentleman that will strike,
+much less kill, a woman or a child...  And for myself, I appeal to the
+consciences of those lords and gentlemen who are my daily witnesses,
+and to those people wheresoever our army hath been, what they know, or
+have observed in my carriage which might not become the son of a
+king."[26]  Doubtless the boast was made in all good faith, but
+doubtless also the views of Rupert and his enemies as to what was
+"becoming" differed widely, especially in regard to plunder.  True the
+Puritans not {95} infrequently plundered Royalists, just as the
+Royalists plundered Puritans; but the Parliament had the less need to
+do it, seeing that all the King's revenue was in its hands.  The
+hapless King could not, in consequence, pay his cavalry, and it was
+Rupert's task to raise supplies from the country.  He was authorised to
+requisition daily provisions from the inhabitants of the places where
+the horse were quartered.  For all such supplies a proper receipt was
+to be given, and the officers were not permitted, "upon pain of our
+high displeasure," to send for greater quantities of provision than
+would actually supply the men and horses.[27] To Rupert, used as he was
+to continental warfare, such a state of affairs seemed natural enough.
+"Was I engaged to prohibit them making the best of their prisoners?" he
+retorted in answer to a later charge made against his men.[28] And,
+among the State Papers, there is to be found an engagement of a certain
+John van Haesdonck to bring over to Rupert, two hundred expert soldiers
+from Holland who were to be permitted to divide their booty, "according
+to the usual custom beyond seas."[29]
+
+But if Rupert understood "the law of arms" as the peaceful English
+citizens did not, both he and his officers respected its limits, and
+fain would have checked the excesses of their men.  Whitelocke, while
+lamenting the wreck of his own house, honourably acquitted the officers
+in command of any share in it.  "Sir John Byron and his brothers
+commanded those horse, and gave orders that they should commit no
+insolence at my house, nor plunder my goods."  But, in spite of the
+prohibition, hay and corn were recklessly consumed, horses were carried
+off, books wantonly destroyed, the park railings broken down, and the
+deer let out.  "Only a tame young stag they led away and presented to
+Prince Rupert, and my hounds, which were {96} extraordinary good."[30]
+What Rupert did with the tame young stag history relates not, but he
+certainly did not countenance such outrages.  They were of course
+attributed to his influence, but he could, and did, retort similar
+instances--and worse--upon the soldiers of the Parliament: "I speak not
+how wilfully barbarous their soldiers were to the Countess Rivers, to
+the Lady Lucas in Essex, and likewise to many persons of quality in
+Kent, and other places."[31]
+
+Owing to the fear of Rupert's "downright soldierism" such advantage as
+might have been gained from Edgehill was lost.  Instead of pressing on
+for London, the King wasted valuable time in the siege of Banbury.  It
+is to this period that the story of Rupert's visit to Warwick belongs.
+To this town Essex had retreated after the battle, and about it his
+army was still quartered.  "Within about eight miles of the said city,
+Prince Robert was forced by excess of raine to take into a little
+alehouse out of the way, where he met with a fellow that was riding to
+Warwick to sell cabbage nets, but stayed, by chance, to drink.  He
+bought the fellow's nets, gave him double what he asked, borrowed his
+coat, and told him he would ride upon his horse some miles off, to put
+a trick upon some friends of his, and return at evening.  He left his
+own nag and coat behind, and also a crown for them to drink, while
+waiting his return.  When he came to Warwick he sold his nets at divers
+places, heard the news, and discovered many passages in the town.
+Having done this he returned again, and took his own horse.  Then he
+sent them (_i.e._ the citizens of Warwick) word, by him he bought the
+nets of, that Prince Rupert had sold them cabbage nets, and it should
+not be long ere he would requite their kindness and send them
+cabbages."[32]
+
+{97}
+
+On October 27th Banbury fell, and two days later the King entered
+Oxford, where he was enthusiastically received.  Rupert advanced to
+Abingdon, overran the country, took Aylesbury, cut off Essex's
+communications with London, and seized arms and forage for the King.
+Essex sent Balfour to intercept the Prince; Rupert and Sir Louis Dyves
+met him with a valiant charge across a swollen ford, but they were
+forced back, and proceeded through Maidenhead to Windsor, "with the
+most bloody and mischievous of all the Cavaliers."[33]  The taking of
+Windsor Castle would have enabled Rupert to stop the barges on the
+Thames, and cut off the London traffic to the West.  But his summons to
+surrender was refused, and his assault repulsed.  His men declared that
+they would follow him anywhere against men, but not against stone
+walls; and though he cheered them on to a second attack, that also
+failed.  Considering Windsor hopeless, he fell back to Kingston,
+intending to erect there a fort to command the river.  But the trained
+bands of Berkshire and Surrey were ready to receive him.  "About two of
+the clock," says Whitelocke, "on the seventh of November, the Cavaliers
+came on with undaunted courage, their forces in the form of a crescent.
+Prince Rupert, to the right wing, came on with great fury.  In they
+went pell-mell into the heart of our soldiers, but they were surrounded
+and with great difficulty cut their way through, and made their way
+across to Maidenhead, where they held their quarters."[34]
+
+From his quarters at Maidenhead Rupert seized on Colebrook; an exploit
+reported in London under the exciting title, "Horrible news from
+Colebrook."  In the same pamphlets the already terrified citizens were
+cheered by the news: "The Prince hath deeply vowed that he will come to
+London; swearing he cares not a pin for all the Roundheads or their
+infant works; and saying that he will {98} lay their city and
+inhabitants on the ground."[35]  On November 4th, the King reached
+Reading with the bulk of his army, and the Parliament, thoroughly
+frightened, requested a safe-conduct, in order to treat.  The King's
+objection to one of their emissaries led to some delay, but danger
+pressed; the Parliament yielded and sent its representatives.  At the
+same time it ordered Essex, who had also reached London, to take the
+field.  The King on his part advanced to Colebrook before he sent his
+answer;--which was a proposal that Windsor should be given up to him as
+a place for treaty, and avoided all mention of a cessation of arms.  On
+the same night, November 11th, he ordered Rupert to clear the way by an
+attack on Brentford.  At the same time he wrote to the Houses that he
+intended to be in London next evening to hear what they had to say.
+The Prince received the King's orders at Egham.  There he had captured
+two London merchants, and he judged it wise to detain them, lest they
+should be spies.  When they had recovered their liberty next day, they
+gave the following account of their adventures.  They had been taken to
+the Prince, who was "in bed with all his clothes on," from which it was
+inferred that he had vowed never to undress "or shift himself until he
+had reseated King Charles at Whitehall."  The Prince examined the
+prisoners himself, and, attracted by a bunch of ribbons in the hat of
+one of them, "he took the pains to look them over himself, and turned
+and tossed them up and down, and swore there was none of the King's
+favours there.  The gentleman replying that they were the favours of
+his mistress, the Prince smiling, without any word at all, returned him
+his favours and his hat again."  On the next morning they saw the King
+and Prince together on Hounslow Heath.  "Prince Rupert took off his
+scarlet coat, which was very rich, and gave it to his man; and he
+buckled {99} on his arms and put a grey coat over it that he might not
+be discovered.  He talked long with the King, and often in his
+communications with His Majesty, he scratched his head and tore his
+hair, as if in some grave discontent."[36]
+
+The discontent was soon allayed by a successful dash upon Brentford.
+The town was taken, though not without hard fighting, and there was
+captured also a good supply of guns and ammunition.  The question as to
+whether this advance, pending negotiation, was or was not a breach of
+faith on the King's part has been much debated.  No cessation of arms
+had been agreed on, but the Parliament, thinking it a mere oversight,
+had sent again in order to arrange it.  At the same time Essex was
+warned to hold all his forces ready for battle, but to abstain from
+acts of hostility.  Essex having advanced towards him, the King would
+have been completely surrounded, had he not seized upon Brentford.
+Therefore, from the military point of view, the advance was altogether
+justifiable; from the political, it was unwise, for it lost Charles the
+hearts of the Londoners.  "Charles's error," says Professor Gardiner,
+"lay in forgetting that he was more than a victorious General."[37]
+
+The King's triumph was short-lived.  The citizens and the Parliamentary
+troops rallied to the defence of the capital.  An army, twice as large
+as that of Charles, barred his way on Turnham Green.  Essex advancing
+on Brentford, forced Rupert to retire.  This he did in excellent order,
+entrusting the conduct of the retreat to Sir Jacob Astley.  The Prince
+himself stood his horse in the river beside the bridge that he might
+watch his men pass over.  And there he remained for hours, exposed to a
+heavy fire, and all the while "cheering and encouraging the retiring
+ranks to keep order, and to fire steadily on the advancing foe."[38]
+His troops passed that night drawn up on Hounslow Heath; {100} thence
+Rupert conducted them to Abingdon, himself returning, November 22nd, to
+the King at Reading.
+
+At Reading they were detained some days by the illness of the Prince of
+Wales, but on Tuesday, the 29th, the King took up his winter quarters
+in Oxford.  Rupert continued to hover about Essex's army, and ordered
+Wilmot to take Marlborough.  This duty Wilmot accomplished, but with
+evident reluctance.  "Give me leave to tell your Highness that I think
+myself very unhappy to be employed upon this occasion," he wrote,
+"being a witness that at other times, in the like occasions, troops are
+sent out without any manner of forecast or design, or care to preserve
+or quarter them when they are abroad."[39]  It is not remarkable that
+Rupert did not love an officer who addressed him in such a strain.  Sir
+John Byron also wrote with ill-concealed impatience to demand his
+instant removal from Reading, where, he said, the want of accommodation
+was ruining his regiment.  And Daniel O'Neil sent pathetic accounts of
+his struggles with the Prince's own troop, in the absence of their
+leader.  "They say you have given them a power to take what they want,
+where they can find it.  This is so extravagant that I am confident you
+never gave them any such.  That the rest of the troop (not only of your
+own regiment, but that of the Lieutenant-General) may be satisfied,
+declare in what condition you will have your company, and how
+commanded.  And let me, I beseech you, have in writing the orders I
+shall give to that party you sent into Buckinghamshire."[40]  Already
+numberless such complaints were pouring in.  Even then the Royalists,
+as Byron said, "abounded in nothing but the want of all things
+necessary;" and Rupert was well-nigh distracted by his efforts to
+supply their needs, quash their mutinies, and soothe their discontents.
+So closed the year 1642.
+
+
+
+[1] Clar. Hist.  Bk. VI.  p. 1.
+
+[2] Ibid.  VI.  21.
+
+[3] Rupert Transcripts.  Digby to Prince, Sept. 10, 1642.
+
+[4] Dom. State Papers.  Wharton to Willingham, 13 Sept. 1642.
+
+[5] Rupert to Mayor of Leicester.  Warburton, I.  p. 393.
+
+[6] Vicars' God in the Mount, pp. 155-157.
+
+[7] Verney Memoirs, Vol. II.  p. 160.
+
+[8] Plot's Hist. of Staffordshire, Ch. 9, p. 336.  Hudibras, ed. 1810.
+I.  p. 156, _note_.
+
+[9] Warburton, I.  p. 409.  Falkland, 28 Sept. 1642.
+
+[10] Clarendon. Hist.  Bk. VI. 44-46.  Dom. S. P.  13 Sept. 1642
+
+[11] Webb Civil War in Herefordshire.  Vol. I.  p. 131.  20 Sept. 1642.
+
+[12] Dom. State Papers.  Chas. I.  Vol. 492.  fol. 31.  6 Oct. 1642.
+
+[13] Carte, Original Letters.  Vol. I. p. 47.  8 Mar. 1643.
+
+[14] Whitelocke.  p. 101.
+
+[15] Green.  VI.  11.
+
+[16] Warburton: II.  p. 196.
+
+[17] Pamphlet.  Brit. Museum.  Prince Rupert: his Disguises.
+
+[18] Clarendon.  Bk. VI.  75.
+
+[19] King to Rupert.  Warburton.  II.  p. 12.
+
+[20] Clarendon.  Bk. VI. p. 78.
+
+[21] Bulstrode's Memoirs.  Ed. 1721.  p. 81.
+
+[22] Carte's Original Letters, Vol. I. p. 10.
+
+[23] Warburton, II.  pp. 4, 47.
+
+[24] Ibid.  I.  p. 465.
+
+[25] Prince Rupert: his Declaration.  Pamphlet.  British Museum.
+
+[26] Prince Rupert: his Declaration.  Pamphlet.  Brit. Mus.  Warburton,
+II. 124.
+
+[27] Rupert Papers.  Order of King.  Warb. II. 71.
+
+[28] Prince Rupert: his Reply.
+
+[29] Dom. State Papers, 27 Nov. 1642.
+
+[30] Whitelocke's Memorials, p. 65.  Ed. 1732.
+
+[31] Pamphlet.  Brit. Mus.  Warb. II.  p. 121.
+
+[32] Prince Rupert: his Disguises.  Pamphlet.  British Museum.
+
+[33] Pamphlet.  British Museum.  Warb. II.  p. 50.
+
+[34] Warburton, II.  pp. 50-51.  Whitelocke's Memorials.
+
+[35] Horrible News from Colebrook.  London, Nov. 11, 1642.  Pamphlet.
+Brit. Museum.
+
+[36] Relation of Two London Merchants.  Pamphlet.  British Museum.
+
+[37] Gardiner's Civil War, Vol. I.  p. 60.
+
+[38] Rupert MSS.  Warburton, II.  p. 67.
+
+[39] Rupert Transcripts.  Wilmot to the Prince, Dec. 1st, 1642.
+
+[40] Warburton, II. p. 82.  Rupert Correspondence.  O'Neil to the
+Prince, Dec. 19, 1642.
+
+
+
+
+{101}
+
+CHAPTER VII
+
+THE WAR IN 1643.  THE QUARREL WITH HERTFORD.  THE ARRIVAL OF THE QUEEN
+
+From Christmas Eve, 1642, till January 6th, 1643, Rupert remained
+quietly at Oxford.  His attempt to concentrate his forces on London had
+failed, and he was now resolved on a new strategy.  The King was to
+hold Essex in check from Oxford; Lord Newcastle, who had raised an army
+in the north, was to push through the midlands towards Essex; and
+Hopton, marching from Cornwall to Kent, was to seize on the banks of
+the Thames below London and so stop the city trade.  Thus the enemy
+would be completely surrounded and overwhelmed.  For his own part,
+Rupert had resolved on the capture of Cirencester.  With this end he
+started from Oxford, January 6th.  His march, which continued all day
+and all night, seems to have been lighted by meteors.  "This night we
+saw the strange fire falling from Heaven, like a bolt, which, with
+several cracks, brake into balls and went out, about steeple height
+from the ground."[1] Early on the morning of the 7th, they faced
+Cirencester, but, owing to the late arrival of Lord Hertford, who was
+to act with Rupert, the attack failed.  Rupert therefore retreated, and
+occupied himself in circling round Oxford until the end of the month.
+On February 2nd, he renewed the attempt on Cirencester.  A successful
+feint towards Sudely drew off the attention of the town and enabled him
+to enter it with comparative ease.  But the garrison of Cirencester
+kept up a brave resistance for an hour after the Royalists were in
+possession of the place, which unhappily resulted {102} in much
+bloodshed.  Moreover, the town was sacked by "the undistinguishing
+soldiers,"[2] and over a thousand prisoners were carried oft to Oxford.
+The actual facts were bad enough, for Rupert's men were not yet
+disciplined and had broken loose, but the report of the Parliament was
+embellished with the usual exaggerations.  "The enemy entered the town
+and, being much enraged with their losses, put all to the sword they
+met with; men, women and children; and in a barbarous manner murdered
+three ministers, very godly and religious men."[3]
+
+This success cooled the King's desire for agreement with the
+Parliament, which had just sent Commissioners to Oxford to treat.  "The
+welcome news of your Highness taking of Cirencester by assault, with
+admirable dexterity and courage, came this morning very seasonably and
+opportunely, as His Majesty was ready to give an answer to the
+Parliamentary Committee, and will, I believe, work better effects with
+them and with those that sent them than the gracious reception they had
+here from His Majesty,"[4] wrote the Secretary Nicholas to the Prince.
+After reconnoitring Warwick and Gloucester, Rupert returned to Oxford,
+where he composed the elaborate defence of his conduct already quoted,
+entitled "Prince Rupert, his Declaration."
+
+By February 22nd he had resumed his wanderings.  Only a study of his
+journal can give any idea of his restless activity, and therefore a few
+entries from March 1643, are here quoted.
+
+March  4.  Satterday, to Cirencester.
+
+  "    5.  To Malmesbury in Wiltshire.
+
+  "    6.  Mundaye, to Chipping Sodburye in Glostershire.
+
+  "    7.  Tuesday night, on Durdan Down by Bristol.
+
+{103}
+
+March  8.  Wednesday morning, advancing towards Bristol,
+             we heard how Mr. Bourcher and Mr. Yeoman's
+             plot was discovered, and we instantly faced
+             about to Chipping Sodbury.
+
+  "    9.  Thursday, to Malmesbury.
+
+  "   10.  Friday, home to Oxford.
+
+  "   18.  Satterday, to Abingdon.
+
+  "   19.  Sunday, to Tetsworth.
+
+  "   20.  Monday, to Denton in Buckinghamshire.
+
+  "   21.  Tuesday, the little Skirmish before Aylesbury.
+             That night to Oxford.[5]
+
+
+The entry of March 8th alludes to a Royalist plot by which it had been
+intended to surrender Bristol to Rupert.  But the plot was betrayed,
+and the two merchants who had been the prime movers of it were executed.
+
+Meanwhile the King's party was prospering in the North.  Some time
+previously the Queen had despatched Goring to the aid of the Earl of
+Newcastle in Yorkshire; and in March she landed there herself, bringing
+supplies and reinforcements.  In Lancashire and Cheshire Lord Derby was
+struggling valiantly, but he felt himself out-numbered, and earnestly
+implored Rupert to come to his assistance.  The Countess of Derby,
+Charlotte de La Tremouille, who had been brought up at the Hague in
+intimate relations with the Palatines, added her entreaties to those of
+her husband: "Je ne sais ce que je dis, mais ayez pitie de mon mari,
+mes enfans, et moi."[6]  Moved by this urgent appeal, Rupert resolved
+to go northward, and Digby volunteered to accompany him.
+
+In the beginning of April they set forth, with twelve hundred horse and
+about six hundred foot.  Marching through Stratford-on-Avon, they came
+to Birmingham, a place famous for its active disloyalty; it had seized
+upon Royal plate, intercepted Royal messengers, and now boldly refused
+to {104} admit Rupert within its walls.  The Prince resolved on an
+assault, and, on Easter Monday, he took and entered the town.  The
+conduct of the Cavaliers here was as much debated as it had been at
+Cirencester.  "The Cavaliers rode through the streets like so many
+furies or bedlams; Lord Denbigh in the front, singing as he rode," says
+the Puritan account.  "They shot at every door and window where they
+could espy any looking out.  They hacked, hewed, or pistolled all they
+met with; blaspheming, cursing, and damning themselves most
+hideously...  Nor did their rage cease here; but when, on the next day,
+they were to march forth out of the town, they used every possible
+diligence to set fire in all the streets, and, lest any should save any
+of the goods they had left, they stood with drawn swords about all the
+houses, endeavouring to kill anyone that appeared to quench the
+flames."[7] The Royalist version was very different.  After relating
+the excessive provocation suffered by the soldiers, it admits that, in
+order to force his entrance, the Prince did fire some houses, but that
+as soon as the entrance was effected, he ordered the fire to be
+extinguished.  And on the next day, when he was about to leave the
+town, "fearing the exasperation of his men, he gave express orders that
+none should attempt to fire the town; and, after his departure, hearing
+that some soldiers had fired it in divers places, he sent immediately
+to let the inhabitants know that it was not done by his command, and he
+desired it might be quenched."[8]  This last account, being found in a
+private letter, is probably more worthy of credit than the Puritan
+pamphlet written to excite the populace.
+
+On April 8th, Rupert summoned Lichfield to surrender, but that town,
+well garrisoned and well commanded, answered him with defiance.  Rupert
+perceived that the siege would {105} be a matter of some time, and he
+acted with great prudence.  Withdrawing his cavalry from its perilous
+position before the town, he managed to obtain fifty miners from the
+neighbouring collieries.  Then he asked his men and officers to
+volunteer, as foot-soldiers, to the aid of the miners; with which
+request they "cheerfully and gallantly" complied.  On this occasion
+George Digby especially distinguished himself, working in the trenches
+"up to his waist in mud" until he was disabled by a shot in the thigh.
+But this was the last time that he served under Rupert, for very soon
+afterwards he quarrelled with the Prince, threw up his commission in a
+rage, and fought thenceforth as a volunteer.[9]
+
+In ten days the moat was dry, two bridges made, and the miners engaged
+on the walls.  Harassed by continual appeals for his presence
+elsewhere, Rupert made an effort to hasten matters by storming the
+town.  But the attempt failed, and the garrison hanged one of their
+prisoners over the wall, bidding the Prince in derision, to shoot him
+down.  Rupert thereupon swore deeply that not one man should have
+quarter, but on the following day he repented of his resolve, and sent
+to offer it.  His overtures were rejected; and he resumed his
+operations.  That same evening his mine was sprung--the first ever
+sprung in England--and the besiegers rushed into the city.  But so
+fierce was the opposition of the garrison at the barricades, that
+Rupert recalled his storming party, and fired on the breach, until the
+enemy at last hoisted the white flag.  Colonel Hastings was then sent
+into the city with powers to treat, but he was detained all night, and
+the Prince, fearing treachery, ordered the attack to be renewed at
+daybreak.  Fortunately, with the light, came Hastings; the garrison had
+surrendered, and was permitted to march out, "colours flying, trumpets
+sounding, and matches lighted;"[10] an honour scarcely {106} deserved
+after the horrible manner in which it had desecrated the Lichfield
+Cathedral.
+
+No sooner was the city taken than Rupert unwillingly turned back to
+Oxford.  During the siege he had received letters from the King, urging
+him to hasten northward, but ere its completion the state of affairs
+was changed.  Reading was in dire peril, and its Governor, Sir Arthur
+Aston, protested desperately to the Prince: "I am grown weary of my
+life, with perpetual trouble and vexation."  In his garrison he seemed
+to have no confidence: "I am so extremely dejected with this business
+that I do wish, with all my heart, I had some German soldiers to
+command, or that I could infuse some German courage into them.  For
+your English soldiers are so poor and base that I could never have a
+greater affliction light upon me than to be put into command of
+them."[11]  The report of the Secretary Nicholas was not more
+comforting: "I assure your Highness it is the opinion of many here
+that, if Prince Rupert come not speedily, Reading will be lost!"[12]
+And finally, a peremptory command from the King for his instant return
+left the Prince no room for hesitation.
+
+But with all his haste Rupert came too late.  Aston had been
+incapacitated by a severe wound, and the command had fallen to his
+subordinate, Colonel Fielding.  Ignorant of the King's long delayed
+advance to his relief, Fielding made a truce with Essex, in order to
+treat; consequently, when the King and Rupert arrived and fell upon
+Essex, Fielding could not, in honour, sally to their assistance.  The
+relief party perforce retired, and Rupert sent to demand of Essex the
+name of a gentleman who had very valiantly attacked him in the
+retreat.[13]  After this failure, there was nothing left but to
+surrender, and Fielding accepted Essex's permission to march out with
+the honours {107} of war.  But Essex was unable to prevent a breach of
+the articles by his soldiers, who attacked and insulted the Royalist
+garrison.  This faithless conduct was bitterly remembered by the
+Royalists, and subsequently repaid in kind at Bristol and Newark.  As
+for the unfortunate Fielding, he was tried by court-martial, and
+condemned to death for his untimely surrender of his charge.  But
+Rupert, who fully understood his difficult position, was resolved that
+he should not suffer, and urged the young Prince of Wales to plead with
+the King for his life.[14]  The little Prince's intercession prevailed,
+and Fielding was spared.  Throughout the rest of the war he served as a
+volunteer, but, though he displayed great gallantry, his reputation
+never recovered the unfortunate miscarriage at Reading.
+
+The vicinity of Essex's army detained Rupert for some time at Oxford.
+From that centre he and his picked troops carried on an active guerilla
+warfare, scouring the country on all sides.  "They took many prisoners
+who thought themselves secure, and put them to ransom.  And this they
+did by night marches, through unfrequented ways, often very near
+London."  At the same time Rupert had to attend to a voluminous
+correspondence with his officers in all parts of the country.  The
+generals, Crafurd, Newcastle, Maurice, and others demanded his orders.
+Lord Northampton appealed to him for relief from the exorbitant demands
+made on his tenantry by Colonel Croker.[15]  From all sides came the
+usual complaints about quarters, and supplies of provisions or
+ammunition.  Sir William Vavasour had a more unusual grievance.  He
+commanded in Wales, under Lord Herbert, but Lord Herbert, being a Roman
+Catholic, could not openly exert his powers for fear of prejudicing the
+King's affairs; and Digby presumed to send orders to Vavasour.  "How to
+behave myself in this I know not," wrote the distracted Colonel to the
+Prince.  "Nor do I {108} understand in what condition I myself am.  My
+Lord Herbert is General, and yet all despatches are directed to me;
+which is not very pleasing to his Excellency."[16]
+
+That Digby's intrigues were already beginning to disturb the King's
+councils is apparent from a sympathetic letter addressed by Nicholas to
+Rupert.  Evidently the Prince had expressed some indignation at the
+vexatious interference of incapable persons.  "The King is much
+troubled to see your Highness discontented," says Nicholas, "And I
+could wish that some busybodies would not meddle, as they do, with
+other men's offices; and that the King would leave every officer
+respectively to look after his own proper charge; and that His Majesty
+would content himself to overlook all men, and see that each did his
+duty in his proper place; which would give abundant satisfaction, and
+quiet those that are jealous to see some men meddle who have nothing to
+do with affairs."[17]  But in spite of this plain speaking, the
+divisions which were to prove so fatal to the cause, were as yet but in
+embryo.  Rupert was still the hero of the hour, still all powerful with
+his uncle, when he was near him.  His next exploit was to raise his
+reputation yet higher.
+
+In the middle of June, Rupert accomplished his famous march to
+Chalgrove Field.  Intending to beat up Essex's quarters and to capture
+a convoy of money, he left Oxford on a Saturday afternoon with a force
+of some two thousand in all, horse and foot.  Tetsworth was reached at
+1 a.m. and, though all the roads were lined by the enemy, who
+continually fired upon the Royalists, Rupert marched through,
+forbidding any retaliation.  By 3 a.m. he was at Postcombe, where he
+surprised several houses, and took some prisoners.  Two hours later he
+reached Chinnor, and had surrounded and entered it before the
+Parliamentary {109} soldiers were even aware of his presence.  There,
+many of the enemy were killed and a hundred and twenty taken prisoners.
+But, unfortunately for Rupert, the noise of the conflict reached the
+very convoy he was come to seek, and it was saved by a detour from its
+intended route.  Finding that he had missed the object of his
+expedition, Rupert began a leisurely retreat, hoping to draw the enemy
+after him.  In this hope he was not disappointed.  A body of Essex's
+troops hastily followed him, and between seven and eight a.m. he was
+attacked by his pursuers.  At nine o'clock on Sunday morning he halted
+in a cornfield at Chalgrove.  First securing his passage over the
+Thames by sending a party to hold the bridge, he lined the lane leading
+to it with dragoons, and then attempted by a slow retreat to draw the
+enemy into it.  They followed eagerly; but the Prince suddenly realised
+that only a single hedge parted him from his foes, and thereupon halted
+abruptly.  "For," said he, "the rebels, being so neere us, may bring
+our reere into confusion before we can recover to our ambush."  Seeing
+him halt, the enemy began to fire, and the impetuous Prince could
+contain himself no longer.  "'Yea,' said he, 'their insolency is not to
+be endured.' This said, His Highness, facing all about, set spurs to
+his horse, and first of all, in the very face of the dragooners, leapt
+the hedge that parted him from the rebels...  Every man, as he could,
+jumbled over after him; and as about fifteen were gotten over, the
+Prince drew them up into a front."  It was enough.  The enemy, among
+whom was Hampden, were both better officered and better disciplined
+than heretofore, but they could not stand before the charge of the
+terrible Prince.  The skirmish was sharp but short; Hampden fell, and,
+after a valiant if brief resistance, his comrades fled.  Rupert's
+friend, Legge, had been, "as usual", taken prisoner, but was rescued in
+the confusion of the Puritans' flight.  The Cavaliers, after nearly
+fourteen hours in the saddle, were too weary for pursuit.  Rupert {110}
+quickly rallied them, held the field half-an-hour, and then marched
+towards home.  In less than twenty-four hours he had made a circuit of
+nearly fifty miles, through the heart of the enemy's country; had taken
+many prisoners, colours, and horses, surprised two outposts, won a
+battle, and lost about a dozen of his men.  And it is added: "The
+modesty of all when they returned to Oxford was equal to their daring
+in the field."[18]  Two of his prisoners Rupert had left at Chalgrove,
+with a surgeon to attend their wounds; but they showed themselves so
+ungrateful for this consideration as to break their parole.  Essex
+received Rupert's complaint of their dishonourable conduct in a
+soldierly spirit, and returned two Royalist prisoners in exchange.[19]
+Essex was indeed always a courteous foe.  Some time after this incident
+Rupert's falconer and hawk fell into his hands, and were by him
+generously restored to the Prince.  Rupert happened to be absent from
+Oxford at that period, but the Puritan general's courtesy was
+gratefully acknowledged by Colonel Legge.[20]
+
+Rupert's next duty was to bring the Queen to Oxford, a matter of no
+slight importance; for not only was her personal safety at stake, but
+also that of her money, arms, and troops.  Essex, as well as the
+Prince, set out to meet Her Majesty, and it was Rupert's object to keep
+his own troops always between Essex and the Queen.  On July 1st he
+quartered at Buckingham, and early in the next morning some of his men
+were attacked by those of Essex, at Whitebridge.  Rupert was in the act
+of shaving when the noise of the skirmish came to his ears.
+Half-dressed and half-shaved, as he was, he dashed out without a
+moment's delay, charged and scattered his foes, and then quietly
+returned to resume his toilet.  Throughout this march he {111} kept
+Essex on perpetual duty, harassing him by day and night, until, after
+some dexterous manoeuvring, he left him unexpectedly on Brickhill, and
+himself joined the Queen at Stratford-on-Avon.  That night, says
+tradition, Queen and Prince were the guests of Shakespeare's
+grand-daughter.  If this was really the case, Rupert doubtless regarded
+his hostess with deep interest; for all the Palatines could quote
+Shakespeare.  On July 13th the King came to meet his wife at Edgehill,
+and King, Queen and Prince slept at Wroxton Abbey.  On the following
+day they entered Oxford in safety.  The Queen's arrival considerably
+changed the condition of the University.  The colleges were populated
+no more by scholars, but by ladies and courtiers; Oxford was no longer
+a mere garrison, it was also a court.  Chief among the noble ladies who
+attended the Queen, was the beautiful young Duchess of Richmond, only
+daughter of the King's dead friend, "Steenie," Duke of Buckingham.  She
+it was whom her father had once destined to be Rupert's sister-in-law,
+as the bride of his brother Henry.  But ere the bride was ten years
+old, both her father and her intended bridegroom had died untimely
+deaths, and the fair Mary Villiers was therefore brought up in the
+Royal family as the adopted daughter of the King.  For her father's
+sake, and for her own, she had always been a petted favourite of her
+royal guardian, who called her "The Butterfly", a name derived from an
+incident which occurred when the lady was eleven years old.  Once,
+dressed in her widow's weeds--she had been a widow at eleven--she had
+climbed a tree in the King's private garden, and had been nearly shot
+as a strange bird.  But the courtier sent to shoot her perceived his
+error in time, and, at her own request, sent her in a hamper to the
+King, with a message that he had captured a beautiful butterfly alive;
+and the name clung to her ever after.[21]  The King's affection for her
+and for the Duke of {112} Richmond made it seem good to him to unite
+them in marriage, and the arrangement appears to have pleased all
+parties.  Mary had disliked her boy-husband, Lord Herbert;[22] but the
+Duke she seems to have regarded with favour.  Possibly his quiet and
+melancholy disposition supplied the necessary complement to her own
+merry and vivacious temperament.  In 1636 the Queen had refused to have
+her in the Bedchamber, on the plea that her charms eclipsed all others;
+and now, in 1643, Mary Villiers was, at the age of twenty, in the prime
+of her beauty.  Rumour said that she had won the heart of "the mad
+Prince," while the equally lively Mrs. Kirke had subjugated that of
+Maurice.  A libellous Puritan tract represents Mrs. Kirke as extolling
+Maurice's "deserts and abilities," though she was forced to acknowledge
+that he "did not seem to be a courtier."  But the Duchess assured her
+companions "that none was to be compared to Prince Rupert."[23]  Nor
+was it only Puritans who commented on Rupert's admiration for the
+Duchess.  The Irish Cavalier, Daniel O'Neil, "said things" in Ireland
+to Lord Taafe, after which he lost both the Prince's favour and his
+troop of Horse.[24]  Rupert hotly resented the imputations cast upon
+him, and, had they been other than slanders, it is impossible to
+conceive that he and the Duke could have maintained their close and
+faithful friendship.  The Duke, with his "haughty spirit", was not a
+man to dissemble, and his letters to Rupert are all full of solicitude
+for his welfare, and of sympathy and consolation for his troubles.
+Even in his hour of failure and ruin the Duke stood loyally by his
+side, though, in so doing, he was putting himself in opposition to his
+adored sovereign.  Still it is certain that Rupert both felt and
+evinced a very strong admiration for the Duchess.  "There will be a
+widow, and {113} whose she shall be but Prince Rupert's, I know not,"
+wrote a Cavalier, when the Duke's death was rumoured in 1655.[25] But
+the Duchess took for her third husband, not Rupert, but "Northern Tom
+Howard," whom she said she married for love, and to please herself; her
+two former marriages having been made to please the Court.[26]  Most
+likely she had never really cared for the Prince, and had merely amused
+herself with a flirtation.  She was, no doubt, proud of so
+distinguished a conquest, but she never disguised her friendship for
+her supposed lover, and she sent him messages by all sorts of people,
+in the most open way.  "I had an express command to present the Duchess
+of Richmond's service to you,"[27] wrote Rupert's enemy, Percy, in July
+1643.
+
+The society of the Duchess could not detain the active Prince at
+Oxford, and within four days of his arrival there, he set out for a
+second attempt upon Bristol.  The Royalist arms were prevailing in the
+West.  A few days previously Nicholas had reported to the Prince the
+victory of Lansdowne, with the comforting assurance that "Prince
+Maurice, thanks be to God, is very well and hath received no hurt,
+albeit he ran great hazards in his own person."[28]  Two days later
+Maurice arrived in Oxford, to obtain supplies of horses and ammunition
+for Ralph Hopton, who lay seriously wounded at Devizes.  Thither
+Maurice returned with all speed, and, immediately on his arrival, took
+place the battle of Roundway Down.  This was a brilliant victory for
+the Royalists, and the news was received in Oxford with much rejoicing;
+albeit for Rupert the joy was tempered with disgust at the credit which
+thereby redounded to Lord Wilmot.[29]  These successes increased the
+Prince's desire to capture Bristol, then the second city in the
+Kingdom, and {114} the key of all South Wales.  Maurice and Hertford
+were now at liberty to assist him, and, on July 18th, he began his
+march with fourteen regiments of foot, "all very weak," and several
+troops of horse.  Waller was the General of the Parliament now opposed
+to him, but Waller's troops had been in a broken condition ever since
+the victories of Hopton and Wilmot, and he retreated before Rupert's
+advance.  On the 20th, Thursday, Maurice came to meet his brother at
+Chipping Sodbury, and joined his march.  On Sunday they were within two
+miles of Bristol, and the two Princes took a view of the city from
+Clifton Church, which stood upon a hill within musket-shot of the
+porch.  While they stood in the church-yard the enemy fired cannon on
+them, but without effect; seeing that their shot would be harmless,
+Rupert quartered some musketeers and dragoons upon the place.  That
+night Maurice retired over the river to his own troops; and the same
+evening the enemy made a sally, but were repulsed.
+
+On Monday morning Rupert marched all his forces to the edge of the
+Down, in order to display them to the garrison of Bristol; and Lord
+Hertford, who commanded the Western army, made a similar show upon the
+other side.  About 11 a.m. Rupert sent to the Governor--Nathaniel
+Fiennes, a son of Lord Say--a formal summons to surrender.  The summons
+was of course refused, and immediately the attack began.  Long after
+dark Rupert continued to fire on the city.  "It was a beautiful piece
+of danger to see so many fires incessantly in the dark from the pieces
+on both sides, for a whole hour together....  And in those military
+masquerades was Monday night passed."[30] Tuesday was spent in
+skirmishing, while Rupert went over the river to consult with Lord
+Hertford and Maurice.  The result of this consultation was a general
+assault of both armies next morning.  "The word for the soldiers was to
+{115} be 'Oxford', and the sign between the two armies to know each
+other, to be green colours, either bows or such like; and that every
+officer and soldier be without any band or handkerchief about his
+neck."[31]  The zeal of Maurice's Cornish soldiers nearly proved
+disastrous, for on Wednesday morning, "out of a military ambition",
+they anticipated the order to attack.[32]  As soon as he heard the
+firing Rupert hastened to draw up his own men, but the scaling ladders
+were not ready.  In consequence of this, the young Lord Grandison, to
+whom had been entrusted the capture of the fort, had made no
+impression, after a valiant assault which lasted an hour and a half,
+and during which he lost twenty men.  For a short time he was forced to
+desist, but, speedily returning to the attack, he discovered a ladder
+of the enemy by which he was able to mount; only to find that he could
+not get over the palisades.  In his third assault Grandison was fatally
+wounded, and his men, utterly discouraged, left the attack.  At this
+point Rupert sent word that Wentworth had entered the suburbs, upon
+which Grandison retired to have his wounds dressed, and ordered his men
+to join Bellasys on the left.  Instead of obeying this order they began
+to retreat; but were met by Rupert himself who led them back to the
+enemy's works.  It was then that Rupert's horse was shot under him and
+he strolled off on foot, with a coolness which immensely encouraged the
+men.  Having, after a while, obtained a new horse, "he rode up and down
+from place to place, whereever most need was of his presence, here
+directing and encouraging some, and there leading up others.  Generally
+it is confessed by the commanders that, had not the Prince been there,
+the assault, through mere despair, had been in danger to be given over
+in many places."[33]
+
+On the other side Maurice was equally active.  He had {116} directed
+his men to take faggots to fill the ditches, and ladders to scale the
+forts, but in their haste to begin the attack, they had forgotten both.
+The scaling party had therefore failed and retired.  During the retreat
+"Prince Maurice went from regiment to regiment, encouraging the
+soldiers, desiring the officers to keep their companies by their
+colours; telling them that he believed his brother had already made his
+entrance on the other side."[34]  Retreats seem to have succeeded under
+Maurice, for we are told by one contemporary that he earned from his
+foes the name of "the good-come-off."[35]  In a short time his
+assurance was justified; Rupert sent word that the suburbs were
+entered, and demanded a thousand Cornish men to aid his troops.
+Maurice sent over two hundred, but presently came across the river
+himself with five hundred more.  By that time the fight was nearly
+over, and Fiennes sent to demand a parley.  The demand was a welcome
+one, for the Cavaliers' losses had been very heavy, especially in
+officers.  Among the fallen were Grandison, Slanning, Trevanion and
+many more of famous and honourable name.
+
+At five o'clock on the evening of July 26th, terms were agreed on
+between Fiennes and the Princes; Lord Hertford not being consulted in
+the matter.  Fiennes was to march out at nine o'clock next morning with
+all the honours of war, and to be protected by a convoy of Rupert's
+men.  Contrary to all expectation and custom, he marched out next
+morning at seven o'clock, two hours before the time arranged.  The
+convoy promised by Rupert was not ready, and the Royalist soldiers,
+remembering Puritan perfidy at Reading, attacked and plundered the
+retiring garrison.  The fault was none of Rupert's, but for all that he
+keenly felt the breach of faith.  "The Prince who uses to make good his
+word, not only in point of honour, but as a matter of religion too, was
+so passionately offended at this disorder {117} that some of them felt
+how sharp his sword was," wrote one of his officers.[36]  The Puritans
+would fain have used the incident to blacken the Prince's character;
+but Fiennes himself generously acquitted his conqueror of all blame.
+"I must do this right to the Princes," he said; "contrary to what I
+find in a printed pamphlet, they were so far from sitting on their
+horses, triumphing and rejoicing at these disorders, that they did ride
+among the plunderers with their swords, hacking and slashing them; and
+that Prince Rupert did excuse it to me in a very fair way, and with
+expressions as if he were much troubled at it."[37]
+
+The unfortunate Fiennes was very severely censured for the loss of the
+city, which, it was maintained, was so strongly fortified that it
+should have been impregnable.  The truth was that the garrison had been
+totally insufficient for the defence; but Fiennes remained under a
+cloud until later events justified him in the eyes of the Parliament.
+
+Among the Royalists at Oxford the joy over this important success was
+marred by the dissensions of the victorious generals.  The Princes had
+never been on cordial terms with Lord Hertford, the General of all the
+Western forces.  Hertford was a constitutional Royalist, who served the
+King from a strict sense of duty, and from no love of war.  He was of a
+grave, studious and peace-loving nature, and Maurice's appointment as
+his lieutenant-general had not brought satisfaction to either.  Maurice
+had begun by despising Hertford for a "civilian".  And Hertford had
+resented both the Prince's tendency to assume to himself "more than
+became a Lieutenant-General," and his interference in civil affairs
+which he did not understand.  The arrival of Rupert on the scene did
+not make for peace.  Maurice complained bitterly to Rupert, and the
+elder brother violently espoused the cause of the younger.  The spark
+{118} thus lighted flamed forth over the Governorship of Bristol.[38]
+Hertford, as said above, commanded all the Western Counties, and he
+considered, with some justice, that Rupert ought to have consulted him,
+before concluding the terms of surrender with Fiennes.  In revenge for
+the slight put upon him, he appointed Sir Ralph Hopton Governor of
+Bristol, without a word on the subject to the Prince.  Rupert, who
+considered the city won by his prowess as was in truth the case, was
+wildly indignant.  He would not oppose another officer to the gallant
+Hopton, but he demanded the Governorship of the King for himself.  The
+King, ignorant of Hertford's action, readily granted his nephew's
+request.  Rupert then offered the post to Hopton as his lieutenant.
+Hopton, anxious for peace, willingly accepted the arrangement, and
+Hertford resented Hopton's compliance with the Prince as an injury to
+himself.  The affair became a party question.  The courtiers, "towards
+whom the Prince did not live with any condescension," sided with
+Hertford.[39]  The King really believed his nephew's claims to be just;
+and the army vehemently supported its beloved Prince.  Finally, the
+King was forced to come to Bristol in order to allay the storm which he
+had so unwittingly raised.  On the flattering pretext of requiring
+Hertford's counsel and company in his own army, he detached him from
+that of the West; and on Rupert's suggestion he made Maurice a full
+general.  The contending officers were silenced; but the breaches in
+the army were widened, and feeling embittered.[40]
+
+The tactics to be next followed were hotly disputed.  The Court faction
+was anxious to unite the two armies, but,--for other reasons than the
+important one that Maurice, in that case, could have been only a
+colonel,--Rupert prevailed {119} against this counsel.  Maurice was
+therefore ordered to march with foot and cannon after Lord Carnarvon,
+who was besieging Dorchester.  It was said by the Court that, had
+Maurice marched more slowly, Carnarvon would have succeeded better.
+For Maurice "was thought to incline so wholly to the soldier, that he
+neglected any consideration of the country."[41]  Fear of him roused
+the people of the country to active opposition.  The licence of his
+soldiers--though admitted even by Clarendon to have been "reported
+greater than it was"--alienated the county, and Carnarvon took the
+Prince's conduct "so ill" that he threw up his commission and returned
+to Oxford.[42]  Maurice thus left to labour alone, took Exeter and
+Weymouth, over the governorship of which he had a second quarrel with
+Hertford, who, though absent, was still nominally Lord Lieutenant of
+the western counties; on this occasion the King favoured Hertford, who
+triumphed accordingly.  In October Maurice took Dartmouth, but effected
+little else of importance.  Handicapped by a long and dangerous attack
+of influenza--"the new disease,"[43] it was called then--he besieged
+Lyme and Plymouth for months without success, and lost a good deal of
+reputation in the process.
+
+In accordance with Rupert's scheme of campaign, the King should now
+have pushed on with the main army to London.  But to render this plan
+successful it was necessary that Newcastle should sweep down from the
+North, and Maurice or Hopton, come to meet him from the West; the
+strength of local feeling prevented any such resolute and united
+action.  Newcastle's northern troops would not leave their own counties
+exposed to hostile garrisons and hostile armies, in order to assist the
+King in a distant part of the country.  In the same way the men of
+Cornwall and Devon refused to quit their own territory, and for the
+King {120} to push on alone to London was absolutely useless.  He was
+therefore forced to fall back on the old plan of conquering the country
+piecemeal, town by town, village by village; and accordingly, August
+10th, he laid siege to Gloucester.  Massey, then governor of
+Gloucester, had once served under Legge, and now sent word to him that
+he would surrender the city to the King, but not to Rupert.  This
+message was the chief cause of the siege that followed; but Massey,
+either from inability or change of purpose, did not keep his
+engagement.  Rupert held aloof from the siege altogether.  No doubt he
+was disappointed at the rejection of his own more sweeping measures,
+and when he found that he would not even be allowed to assault the
+town, he declined to command at all.  He could not, however, resist
+lingering about the trenches in a private capacity, and while so doing,
+had several very narrow escapes from shots and stones.[44]
+
+After a fruitless siege the King was forced to retire before Essex, who
+advanced with a large force to the relief of Gloucester.  On his way
+Essex surprised and took Cirencester; the King then moved after him,
+but--owing to his neglect of Rupert's warning, as the Prince's
+partisans asserted; or to Rupert's neglect of Byron's warning, as that
+officer declared--he was out-manoeuvred.  Some confusion there
+certainly was.  Rupert had mustered his troops on Broadway Down, but,
+though he waited till nightfall, he received no news from the King; and
+at last he set out in person to seek him.  In the window of a
+farm-house he perceived a light, and, advancing cautiously, he looked
+in.  There sat the King quietly playing at piquet with Lord Percy,
+while Lord Forth looked on.  The Prince burst in upon them, crying
+indignantly that his men had been in the saddle for hours, and that
+Essex must be overtaken before he could join with Waller.  Percy and
+Forth offered objections, but Rupert carried the day, and dashed off as
+{121} impetuously as he had come, taking with him George Lisle and a
+regiment of musketeers.  Marching night and day, "with indefatigable
+pains," he overtook and defeated Essex on Aldbourn Chase.[45]  Essex
+retreated to Hungerford; but though defeated he was by no means
+crushed.  He was still strong enough to fight, and, as his provisions
+were running short, his only hope lay in immediate victory.  This
+Rupert knew, and for once in his life he preferred discretion to
+valour, and counselled passive resistance.  If the King would be
+content to hold the roads between Essex and London, hunger and mutiny
+would speedily ruin the army of the Parliament.  On September 20th, a
+part of the royal army occupied the road through the Kennet valley;
+Rupert with most of the cavalry held the road over Newbury Wash.  But
+the lanes to the right were insufficiently secured, and Essex, spurred
+on by dire necessity, succeeded in gaining the slopes above the Kennet
+valley.  Thus he commanded the whole position; and the first battle of
+Newbury proved the first great disaster for the Cavaliers.  The
+surprised Royalists, seeing their enemies above them, charged up the
+hill to retrieve the ground, and the conflict raged long, with great
+loss.  On the left, where Rupert lay, impatience proved nearly as fatal
+as neglect had done on the right.  Instead of waiting to attack Essex's
+main army as it filed through the lanes, the Prince dashed off to the
+open ground of Enborne Heath, where Essex's reserves were strongly
+guarded by enclosures.  There he charged and scattered some
+Parliamentary horse, but on the London trained bands he could make no
+impression, until the approach of some Royalist infantry caused them to
+retreat in good order.  Whitelocke relates a personal encounter which
+took place between Rupert and Sir Philip Stapleton in this battle.
+This officer of the Parliament, "desiring to cope singly with the
+Prince, rode up, all alone, to the troop of horse, {122} at the head of
+which Rupert was standing with Digby and some other officers.  Sir
+Philip looked carefully from one to the other until his eyes rested
+upon Rupert, whom he knew; then he deliberately fired in the Prince's
+face.  The shot took no effect, and Sir Philip, turning his horse, rode
+quietly back to his own men, followed by a volley of shots from the
+indignant Royalists.[46]  For hours the fight continued; a series of
+isolated struggles took place in various fields, and when night fell
+the King's ammunition failed, and he retreated to Newbury, leaving
+Essex's way to London open.  The advantage therefore was to the
+Parliament, though Essex could not claim a great victory.  Also the
+King's loss had been immense, and among the fallen were Falkland,
+Sunderland, and the gallant Carnarvon.  What could be done to retrieve
+the Royalist fortunes Rupert did.  Rallying such men as were not
+utterly exhausted, he followed Essex closely, through the
+night,--surprised him, with some effect, and threw his rear into
+confusion.  But, on September the 22nd, Essex entered Reading; and on
+the next day, Rupert returned with the King to Oxford.[47]
+
+Rupert's star was paling, and his successes were well-nigh at an end.
+The King had hoped much from the Queen's coming and had begged her to
+reconcile Rupert with Percy, Wilmot and others.  But Henrietta, once so
+kind to her nephew, now bitterly opposed him.  She believed--or
+professed to believe--that he had formed a deliberate plan to destroy
+her influence with her husband.  Perhaps the idea was not altogether
+without foundation; undoubtedly Rupert's common-sense showed him the
+folly of much of the Queen's conduct; and he was not the man to
+tolerate the interference of a woman in matters military.  During the
+siege of Bristol, Henrietta had taken offence at what she considered
+Rupert's neglect of herself.  "I hope your successes in arms will not
+make you forget your {123} civility to ladies," Percy had written to
+the Prince.  "This I say from a discourse the Queen made to me this
+night, wherein she told me she had not received one letter from you
+since you went, though you had writ many."[48]  Percy's interference
+was not calculated to improve the state of affairs; and the siege of
+Gloucester excited Henrietta's jealousy yet more.  She was eager for
+the advance on London, and she could not be made to understand that it
+was impossible, in existing circumstances.  Rupert, as we have seen,
+was anxious for the very same thing, but he saw its impracticability
+and yielded to necessity.  Because he so yielded, the Queen chose to
+consider him as the instigator of the siege of Gloucester, and she
+angrily declared that the King preferred his nephew's advice to that of
+his wife.  Had he done so, it would but have shown his common-sense;
+but he hastened to Oxford to appease her indignation and soothe her
+jealousy as best he could.  Then occurred the first open breach between
+Henrietta and Rupert.  At this very juncture, three Puritan peers,
+Bedford, Clare, and Holland, had quitted the Parliament, and sought to
+be reconciled with the King.  Henrietta received them with contempt.
+Rupert had more sense; he perceived the wisdom of conciliation, and
+brought the three peers to kiss his uncle's hand.  The Queen's anger at
+this was loud and long; and henceforth the struggle of Prince versus
+Queen raged openly in Oxford.[49]  The King was torn in two between
+them; he adored his wife, and he believed in his nephew.  When actually
+at his uncle's side Rupert could usually gain a hearing, but once away,
+he had no security that the plan agreed upon but a few hours before
+would not be supplanted by some wild scheme emanating from the Queen,
+or from Digby.[50]  At the Court the Queen's views were in the
+ascendant.  Percy, Wilmot and Ashburnham {124} threw in their lot with
+the Prince's enemies, and, as the two last had control of all supplies
+of ammunition and money respectively, Rupert experienced great
+difficulty in obtaining the barest necessities for his forces.  Wilmot
+and Goring were able to raise a faction hostile to the Prince, within
+the army itself, and it was at this period that Arthur Trevor compared
+the "contrariety of opinions" to the contending elements.  "The army is
+much divided," he wrote to Lord Ormonde, "and the Prince at true
+distance with many of the officers of horse; which hath much danger in
+it, out of this, that I find many gallant men willing to get
+governments and to sit down, or to get employments at large, and so be
+out of the way.  In short, my lord, there must be a better
+understanding among our great horsemen, or else they may shortly shut
+the stable door."[51]
+
+Rupert did not spare his indignation.  He quarrelled freely with Percy,
+by letter.  He left Digby's epistles unanswered,[52] and he slighted
+Wilmot.  He accused the King of treating without his knowledge; which,
+said his distracted uncle, was a "damnable ley."[53]  The truth was
+that the French Ambassador had proposed to ascertain what terms the
+Parliament might be likely to offer, and the King had consented to his
+so doing.  Richmond hastened to explain matters to the Prince.  "I
+should have told you before," he concluded, "but I forgot it; and but
+little knowledge is lost by it.  It was ever my opinion that nothing
+would come of it, and so it remains still for anything I can hear, and
+I converse sometimes with good company."[54]  But Rupert was not easily
+appeased; the supposed treaty was but one grievance among many, and ere
+long a letter from Digby had raised a new storm.  The patient Duke as
+usual {125} received his fiery cousin's complaints, and again took up
+his pen to pacify him.  "Upon the receipt of your letter," he wrote,
+"perceiving that, from a hint taken of a letter from Lord Digby, you
+were in doubt that, in Oxford, there might be wrong judgments made of
+you and of your business, I made it my diligence to clear with the
+King, who answers the same for the Queen....  Considering the jealousy
+might have grown from some doubtful expressions in the letter you
+mention, I spoke with the party, (_i.e._ Digby) who seemed much grieved
+at it, and assured me he writ only the advice of such intelligence as
+was brought hither, and for information to make use of as you best
+could upon the place.  Yesterday one brought me your commission to
+peruse....  I looked it well over, and I think it is well drawn."[55]
+The last sentence shows that Richmond did not confine his services to
+mediating between the Prince and his enemies, but watched over his
+cousin's more material interests with anxious care.
+
+During all this time Rupert was not very far distant from Oxford.  He
+had taken Bedford, and recaptured Cirencester, and would have held
+Newport Pagnell, thus cutting London off from the north; but during his
+absence in Bedfordshire, orders from Oxford drew off Louis Dyves whom
+he had left in charge at Newport Pagnell, and the place was seized by
+Essex.  In the same way Vavasour's scheme for blockading Gloucester was
+ruined.  "Sir, I am now in a good way, if no alteration come from
+Court,"[56] he wrote early in December.  But the vexatious "alteration"
+came, and his plan failed.  Hastings lamented that his lack of arms
+made "the service I ought to do the King very difficult;"[57] and
+everywhere despondency prevailed.  "The truth is," wrote Ralph Hopton
+from Alresford, "the duty of this service here would be insupportable,
+were it {126} not in this cause, where there is so great a necessity of
+prevailing through all difficulties, or of suffering them to prevail,
+which cannot be thought of in good English."[58]
+
+Throughout the winter the usual mass of petitions, complaints,
+accusations, and remonstrances poured in upon the Prince.  Among them,
+"Ye humble Remonstrance of Captain John Ball" deserves notice as a
+curiosity.  This gentleman stated that he had, out of pure loyalty and
+with exceeding difficulty, raised 34 horses, 48 men, 12 carabines, 12
+cases of pistols, 6 muskets, and 20 new saddles for the King's service.
+This done, he had gone to Oxford to obtain the King's commission to
+serve under Sir Henry Bard.  During his absence, Sir Charles Blount, by
+order of Sir Jacob Astley then in command at Reading, had broken into
+his stables at Pangbourne and carried off both horses and
+equipments.[59]  To this accusation old Sir Jacob responded with his
+wonted quaint directness: "As conserninge one yt calls himselfe Capne
+Balle, yt hath complayned unto yr Highnes yt I hav tacken awaie his
+horsses from him; this is the trewth.  He hath livede near this towne
+ever since I came heather, and had gotten, not above, 12 men togeather,
+and himselfe.  He had so plundered and oppressed the pepell, payinge
+contributions as the Marquess of Winchester and my Lord Hopton
+complayned extreamly of him.  He went under my name, wtch he used
+falcesly, as givinge out he did it by my warrant.  Off this he gott
+faierly, and so promised to give no more cause of complaynt.  Now, ever
+since, he hath continewed his ould coures (courses), in soe extreame a
+waie, as he, and his wife, and his sone, and 10 or 12 horsses he hath,
+to geather spoyles the peepell, plunders them, and tackes violently
+their goodes from them."[60]
+
+As a climax to all Rupert's other anxieties came the {127} severe
+illness of Maurice, who was engaged at the siege of Plymouth.  All the
+autumn he had been suffering from a low fever, which was in fact the
+modern influenza.  So serious was his condition that his mother, in
+Holland, declined an invitation to the Court of Orange, on the grounds
+that she expected hourly to hear of Maurice's death.[61] More than once
+reports that he was actually dead gained credence, and the doctors who
+sent frequent bulletins to Rupert, would not answer for their patient's
+recovery, "by reason that the disease is very dangerous, and
+fraudulent."  But by October 17th they were able to send a hopeful
+report.  Maurice had slept better, the delirium had left him, and he
+had recognised Dr. Harvey--the discoverer of the circulation of the
+blood.  When given the King's message of sympathy he had shown "an
+humble, thankful sense thereof."  And on receiving Rupert's messages,
+"he seemed very glad to hear of and from your Highness."[62] A relapse
+was feared, but Maurice recovered steadily, though very slowly.  In
+November he was anxious to join his forces before Plymouth, but had to
+give up the attempt, and the siege suffered from his absence.  "Your
+brother resolved to have removed hence nearer towards Plymouth, upon
+Monday, but upon tryal finds himself too weak for the journey," wrote
+Sir Richard Cave, an old friend of the Palatines, to Rupert.  "I dare
+boldly say that, had he been with the army, the army and the town had
+been at a nearer distance before now.  Your brother presents his
+respects to your Highness, but says he is not able yet to write letters
+with his own hand."[63]
+
+
+
+[1] Clar. State Papers, f. 2254.  Prince Rupert's Journal in England.
+Jan. 6, 1643.
+
+[2] Clarendon. Hist.  Bk. VI. 238.
+
+[3] Pamphlet.  British Museum.  Relation of the taking of Cirencester,
+Feb. 1642-3.
+
+[4] Rupert Correspondence.  Nicholas to the Prince, Feb. 3, 1643.
+
+[5] Clar. State Papers.  Rupert's Journal.
+
+[6] Rupert Transcripts, April 1, 1643, also Warburton, II.  p. 149.
+
+[7] Pamphlet.  British Museum.  Prince Rupert's Burning Love to England
+discovered in Birmingham's flames.
+
+[8] Letter from Walsall to Oxford.  Warb. II.  p. 154, _note_.
+
+[9] Clar. State Papers.  A character of Lord Digby.
+
+[10] Warburton, II.  p. 169.
+
+[11] Rupert Transcripts.  Aston to Rupert, 22 Jan. 1643; Pythouse
+Papers, p. 12.
+
+[12] Ibid.  Nicholas to Rupert, 21 April, 1643.
+
+[13] Warburton, II.  p. 179.
+
+[14] Gardiner's Civil War, I.  p. 130.
+
+[15] Rupert Correspondence.  See Warburton, II.  187.
+
+[16] Pythouse Papers, p. 15.
+
+[17] Rupert Correspondence.  18980.  Nicholas to Prince, May 11, 1643.
+Warb. II.  p. 189.
+
+[18] His Highness's late Beating up of the Rebels' Quarters.  Pamphlet.
+Bodleian Library.
+
+[19] Warburton, II.  212.  Essex to Rupert, June 22, 1643.
+
+[20] Ibid.  II.  p. 390, _note_.  Ellis Original Letters, Vol. IV.
+
+[21] Marie de la Mothe, Countess d'Aulnoy.  Memoirs of the Court of
+England, ed. 1707, pp. 397-400.
+
+[22] Stafford Papers, ed. 1739, Vol. I.  p. 359.
+
+[23] Somers Tracts, V.  pp. 473-7.
+
+[24] Carte's Ormonde, VI.  p. 277.  O'Neil to Ormonde, 12 April, 1645.
+Clarendon, Bk. VIII.  p. 369.
+
+[25] Nicholas Papers.  Camden Soc.  1 Jan. 1655.  Vol. II.  p. 158.
+
+[26] Hatton Papers.  Camden Society.  New series, I.  p. 42.
+
+[27] Pythouse Papers, p. 57.  Percy to Rupert, July 1643.
+
+[28] Rupert Correspondence.  Warburton, II.  p. 226.  Nicholas to the
+Prince, July 8, 1643.
+
+[29] Clarendon Hist.  Bk. VII.  p. 121
+
+[30] Journal of the Siege of Bristol.  Warburton, II.  p. 244.
+
+[31] Journal of the Siege of Bristol.  Warb. II.  p. 246.
+
+[32] Ibid.  p. 247.
+
+[33] Ibid.  pp. 250-255.
+
+[34] Journal of the Siege of Bristol.  Warb.  II.  p. 258.
+
+[35] Lloyd's Lives and Memoirs, ed. 1677, p. 656.
+
+[36] Journal of Siege.  Warburton, II.  262.
+
+[37] A Relation made to the House of Commons by Colonel Nat. Fiennes,
+Aug. 5, 1643; see Warburton, II.  p. 267, also Clarendon, Bk. VII.
+
+[38] Clarendon Hist.  1849.  Vol. III.  pp. 121-126.  Bk. VII.  pp. 85,
+98, 144-148; also Life, pp. 196-7, _note_.
+
+[39] Clarendon Life.  Vol. I.  p. 195,
+
+[40] Ibid.
+
+[41] Clar. Hist.  Bk. VII.  pp. 98, 192.
+
+[42] Clarendon History.  Bk. VII.  p. 192.
+
+[43] Verney Memoirs.  Vol. II.  p. 171.
+
+[44] Journal of the Siege of Gloucester.  Warburton II.  p. 282.
+
+[45] Clarendon Hist.  Bk. VII.  207.
+
+[46] Whitelocke's Memorials, p. 74.
+
+[47] Gardiner's Civil War, Vol. I.  pp. 209-217.
+
+[48] Percy to Rupert, July 29, 1643; Pythouse Papers, p. 55.
+
+[49] Rupert's Diary.  Warburton, II.  p. 272.
+
+[50] See Gardiner's Civil War, I.  p. 345.
+
+[51] Carte's Ormonde, Vol. V.  pp. 520-1, 21 Nov. 1643.
+
+[52] Rupert Transcripts.  Jermyn to Rupert, 26 Mar. 1644.
+
+[53] Ibid.  King to Rupert, 12 Nov. 1643.
+
+[54] Transcripts.  Richmond to Rupert, 12 Oct. 1643.
+
+[55] Rupert Transcripts.  Richmond to Rupert, Nov. 9, 1643.
+
+[56] Ibid.  Vasavour to Rupert, Dec. 4, 1643.
+
+[57] Pythouse Papers.  Hastings to Nicholas, pp. 13-14.
+
+[58] Hopton to Rupert, Dec. 12, 1643.  Warb. II.  p. 333.
+
+[59] Add. MSS.  18981.  Jan. 4, 1644.
+
+[60] Transcripts.  Astley to Rupert, Jan. 11, 1644; Warburton.  II.  p.
+358.
+
+[61] Green, Vol. VI.  p. 137.
+
+[62] Dr. Harvey and others to Rupert, Oct. 17, 1643; Warburton.  II.
+p. 307.
+
+[63] Rupert Transcripts.  Cave to Rupert, Nov. 4, 1643.
+
+
+
+
+{128}
+
+CHAPTER VIII
+
+THE PRESIDENCY OF WALES.  THE RELIEF OF NEWARK.  QUARRELS AT COURT.
+NORTHERN MARCH.  MARSTON MOOR
+
+Throughout the year 1643 the advantage in arms had lain decidedly with
+the King, and the Parliament now sought new strength in an alliance
+with the Scots.  Such an alliance involved a strict adherence to
+Presbyterianism, which was naturally very distasteful to the
+Independents, who were growing steadily in strength and numbers.
+Therefore, though the entrance of the Scots into England in January
+1644, brought a valuable accession of military force, it
+proportionately weakened the Puritan Party by increasing its internal
+dissensions.  For a brief period the Independents sought alliance with
+those members of the Parliament and of the City, known as the Peace
+Party, and the result of this drawing together was a resolve to appeal
+privately to the King for some terms of agreement.  The emissary
+employed in this secret negotiation was a certain Ogle, who had long
+been held a prisoner, but was now purposely suffered to escape.  As an
+earnest of good faith, he was to assure the King that Colonel Mozley,
+brother of the Governor of Aylesbury, would admit the Royalists into
+that town.  But Ogle was himself betrayed.  Mozley had communicated all
+to the Presbyterian leaders of the Parliament.  The whole plot was
+carefully watched, and plans laid to entrap Rupert himself.  It was
+said that Essex boasted that he would have the Prince in London, alive
+or dead.
+
+On the night of January 21st, Rupert set out to take possession of the
+offered town.  The snow fell thick, but it did the Prince good service,
+for it prevented Essex falling {129} upon him, as had been intended.
+Fortunately, also, Rupert was prudent, and declined to approach very
+near Aylesbury, until Mozley should appear on the scene in person.
+This he failed to do.  Then the Prince wished to assault the town on
+the side where he was not expected, but the brook which ran before it
+was so swelled by the snow and sudden thaw, as to be impassable.
+Nothing remained but a speedy retreat, in which, owing to wind, snow
+and swollen streams, some four hundred men perished.  In his fury
+Rupert would have hanged Ogle for a traitor, but the unfortunate man
+was rescued by the intercession of Digby.  Probably the Secretary was
+moved as much by detestation of Rupert as by compassion for Ogle.
+There was soon a new _causa belli_ between them.
+
+In February Rupert was made a peer of the realm, as Duke of Cumberland
+and Earl of Holderness, in order that he might sit in the Royalist
+Parliament now called to Oxford.  In the same month, it was proposed to
+make him President of Wales and the Marches, which appointment carried
+with it, not only military, but also fiscal and judicial powers, the
+right to levy taxes and to appoint Commissioners for the administration
+of the country.  Digby had no mind to see his rival thus promoted, and
+he made the appointment the subject of a court intrigue.  First he
+suggested that Ormonde would make a far better President than the
+Prince.  But Ormonde could not possibly be spared from his Government
+of Ireland, and therefore Digby had to invent new delays and
+difficulties.  "The business of the Presidency is at a standstill,"
+wrote Rupert's faithful agent in Oxford, Arthur Trevor, "upon some
+doubts that my Lord Digby makes, which cannot be cleared to him without
+a sight of the patent which must be obtained from Ludlow."[1] The
+Prince seems to have been rather apathetic in the matter, for, in a few
+days, Trevor wrote again: "I am at {130} a stand in your business, not
+receiving your commands...  Persuasion avails little at Court, where
+always the orator convinces sooner than the argument.  Let me beseech
+your Highness you will be so kind as to bestow what time you can spare
+from the public upon your private interests; which always thrive best
+when they are acted within the eye of the owner."[2]  From Byron, then
+at Chester, came an anxious letter, demonstrating the great importance
+of Wales as a recruiting ground, and as the place whence communication
+with Ireland was easiest.  The state of the Marches was exceedingly
+critical, and Byron pathetically begged Rupert not to refuse them the
+aid of his presence.  "I have heard that means is used underhand to
+persuade your Highness not to accept the President's place of Wales;
+the end of which is apparent, for if your Highness refuse it, it will
+lessen the military part of your command, be a great prejudice to the
+country, and withal lose an opportunity of settling such a part of the
+country, converging upon Ireland, that is most likely to reduce the
+rest."[3]  To the other despairing commanders in those districts the
+prospect of Rupert's coming was as welcome as to Byron, and, urged by
+their letters, Rupert resolved not to be turned from the work.
+Fortunately for himself he had staunch allies in Richmond, Nicholas,
+and above all, the Queen's favourite, Harry Jermyn.  The last named was
+indeed all-powerful just then.  "I find," wrote Trevor, alluding to the
+ciphers in which he corresponded, "not Prince Rupert, nor all the
+numbers in arithmetic have any efficacy without Lord Jermyn."[4]  And
+Jermyn, strange to say, usually showed himself a good friend to Rupert.
+"My Lord Jermyn is, from the root of his heart, your very great
+servant," declared Trevor.  Apparently, also, Jermyn had reconciled the
+Queen to her nephew, for, at the same {131} time, Trevor informed
+Ormonde that he would speedily receive a request from the Queen "to be
+as kind as possibly your Lordship can unto Prince Rupert, especially in
+a present furnishment of some arms and powder."[5]
+
+The appointment to Wales having been carried by his allies, Rupert was
+brought into very close connection with Ormonde.  To Ireland the King
+looked for supplies of arms, ammunition, and of soldiers, as a
+counterpoise to the invasion of the Scots.  The transport of these
+stores and troops was now regarded as part of Rupert's business in his
+new Government.  He was willing enough to attend to the matter, for he
+was "mightily in love" with his Irish soldiers;[6] and, thanks to
+Ormonde's good sense and unswerving loyalty, a good understanding was
+preserved between himself and the Prince.  Efforts to poison Ormonde's
+mind against Rupert were not wanting on the part of Digby.  He did his
+best to make the Irish Lord Lieutenant think himself slighted by
+Rupert's preferment.  "But let me withal assure you that I knew not of
+it till it was done," he wrote, "I being not so happy as to have any
+part in His Highness's Counsels."[7]  To which the incorruptible
+Ormonde replied only, that he held himself in no way injured, and
+regarded the appointment as very fittingly bestowed on the Prince.  Nor
+did Digby's new ally, Daniel O'Neil, meet with any better success.  The
+Irish soldier of fortune had now quarrelled with Rupert, and thrown in
+his lot with that of the Secretary.  Early in 1644 he was despatched to
+Ireland by Digby, in order to arrange various matters and,
+incidentally, to do Rupert as much harm as he could.  But though
+introduced to Ormonde as Digby's "special, dear and intimate
+friend,"[8] he gained little credence.  "I easily believe that Daniel
+O'Neil was willing I {132} should be Lord Lieutenant; and perhaps he
+will unwish it again,"[9] said Ormonde calmly.  No doubt Rupert owed
+much to the good sense and diligence of Trevor, who was himself a
+staunch adherent of Ormonde, and honoured by him with the title of "my
+friend."  He seems to have been a clever man, of ready wit and
+unfailing energy, and he needed it all in his service of the Prince.
+
+Rupert's new appointment involved the keeping up of an establishment at
+Shrewsbury, which he seldom occupied, but which added greatly to his
+expenses, and his personal labours were also multiplied.  He had
+reached Shrewsbury on February 19th, having spent a week at Worcester
+and four days at Bridgnorth by the way.  On March 4th he was "marching
+all night" to Drayton; on the 5th he was skirmishing with Fairfax; on
+the 6th he was "home" again; but only to resume his wanderings four
+days later.[10]  He made it his business to visit every garrison under
+his charge, and his rapid movements were observed with pride by the
+Cavaliers.  "In the morning in Leicestershire, in the afternoon in
+Lancashire, and the same day at supper time at Shrewsbury; without
+question he hath a flying army," reported the News-letters with
+cheerful exaggeration.[11] Certainly the Prince never spared himself,
+and he expected that others should show an equal energy and attention
+to business.  Good officers, with other qualifications than mere social
+rank, he would have; and he allowed no private considerations to
+interfere with the public necessities.  His vigorous decision did
+indeed bear hard on individual cases, as when he offered an unfortunate
+Herefordshire gentleman three alternatives,--to man and defend his
+house himself, to have it occupied by a governor and garrison of the
+Prince's own choosing, or to blow it up.  But, if war is {133} to be
+effective, such hardships are inevitable; and by Rupert's zealous
+activity garrisons were wrested from the enemy, and those of the King
+established, all over the district, in their stead.  Of course the
+complaints which were daily delivered to the Prince were multiplied by
+his promotion; but, amidst all his labours, he seems to have found a
+little leisure, for he begged of Ormonde "a cast of goshawks," for his
+amusement in his winter quarters.[12]
+
+In the meantime his agent at Oxford enjoyed no easy task.  For
+everything that Rupert wanted Trevor had to contend vehemently with
+Percy and Ashburnham, and, had he not been clever enough to win the
+alliance of Jermyn, his success would have been small indeed.  Jermyn
+exerted himself nobly.  He collected evidence of Rupert's strength and
+necessities to lay before the Oxford Parliament.  He supplied a
+consignment of muskets, pistols, and powder at his own expense;[13] he
+even combated the obstinacy of the King, though not always with
+success, as on one occasion he was forced to despatch supplies to
+Worcester, "where the King sayeth they are to go, and would have it so,
+in spite of everything that could be said to the contrary; though I did
+conceive it was your Highness's desire that they should be sent to
+Shrewsbury."[14]
+
+Yet even Jermyn was occasionally disheartened by the Prince's
+insatiable wants.  "His Majesty," wrote Trevor in February, "was very
+well pleased at your letter, and so was my Lord Jermyn, until he found
+your wants of arms, and ammunition.  At which, after a deep sigh, he
+told me; 'This is of more trouble to me than it would be pain to me at
+parting of my flesh and bones.'"  This despondency is partially
+accounted for by the next sentence; "The petards I cannot now send Your
+Highness, by reason of a strong quarrel that is fallen out between M.
+La Roche {134} and Lord Percy, whose warrant and orders he absolutely
+denies to obey.  Where it will end I know not.  It begins in fire."[15]
+This state of affairs must have lasted for weeks.  Not until April did
+Trevor wring two petards from Lord Percy, "and now I have got them, I
+do not, for my life, know how to send them to your quarters," he
+declared.  And La Roche seems to have been, even then, in the same
+impracticable frame of mind: "Your Highness's letters to M. La Roche I
+did deliver; and when he had sworn and stared very sufficiently, and
+concluded every point with, 'Noe money! noe money!'--he carried me to
+his little house by Magdalen, and when he had swaggered there a pretty
+time, and knocked one strange thing against another, he told me he
+would send me letters, wherewith I was well satisfied, not having money
+for him, without which I see he hath no more motion than a stone.  He
+talks much of Captain Faussett, but whether good, bad, or indifferent,
+I swear I do not know!"[16]
+
+Such were the contentions that delayed and handicapped the Royalist
+forces; but Arthur Trevor was not to be discouraged.  "Until I have all
+the affairs, both of peace and war, settled as they may be most to your
+desires, I will not miss His Majesty an interview every morning in the
+garden,"[17] he protested; and, on a later occasion, he declared: "I am
+not so ill a courtier, in a request of money, as to sit down with one
+denial."[18]  His difficulties were increased by the carelessness of
+Rupert himself, and he wrote to the Prince reproachfully: "I find a
+bill of exchange signed by Your Highness, and denied by the party you
+charged it on, and grown to be the discourse of the town before ever I
+heard a syllable of it.  Truly the giving out that bill without giving
+me advice of it, that I might have {135} got the money ready, or an
+excuse for time, hath not done Your Highness right here."[19]  Two days
+later he wrote again: "The liveries for your servants are now come.  I
+only wait for your orders how I shall carry myself towards the
+merchants, who are very solicitous for ready pay.  The sum will be
+about L200.  If Your Highness will not have His Majesty moved in it,
+Lord Jermyn and I will try all the town, but we will do the worth."[20]
+Rupert's answer is not forthcoming, but he was evidently as anxious as
+usual to pay this, or other debts, for he commissioned Trevor to
+represent to the King the "injustice" that the delay of money was doing
+towards men to whom he was indebted, and whom he would willingly
+satisfy.[21]
+
+The needs of the North were becoming very pressing.  Newcastle
+constantly represented the smallness of his forces, and the danger
+threatening from the Scots.  Sir Charles Lucas also forwarded a
+melancholy account of the northern army, and Lord Derby implored Rupert
+to go to the rescue of his Countess who was valiantly defending Lathom
+House: "Sir, I have received many advertisements from my wife, of her
+great distress and imminent danger," he wrote, "unless she be relieved
+by your Highness, on whom she doth rely more than on any other
+whatsoever...  I would have waited on your Highness this time, but that
+I hourly receive little letters from her who haply, a few days hence,
+may never write me more."[22]  But greatest of all was the danger of
+Newark, besieged by Meldrum, Hubbard and Lord Willoughby.  Already the
+brave little garrison was almost starved into surrender, and willingly
+would the men have sacrificed their lives in one desperate sally, but
+for the women and children who would thus have been left to the mercy
+of the foe.  Rupert resolved to go first to the {136} relief of Newark.
+But even Arthur Trevor could not obtain the supplies necessary for the
+exploit: "I can promise nothing towards your advantage in those
+supporters of war, money and arms..." he said.  "Money, I am out of
+hopes of, unless some notable success open the purse strings ... March,
+and then I will make my last attempt for that business, and if I fail I
+will raise my siege, burn my hut, and march away to your Highness."[23]
+
+Newark was in the last straits.  To the reiterated summons of the
+Puritan forces, the valiant garrison replied only that they could
+starve, and they could die, but one thing they could not do, and that
+was open their gates to rebels.  Rupert would delay no longer, and, in
+accordance with Trevor's advice, he set forth, on March 13th, with a
+small force, borrowed from the garrisons he passed on the march.  Essex
+at once despatched a force of cavalry in pursuit, of which Ashburnham
+advertised the Prince in the following concise note: "The strength that
+followeth your Highness is nine hundred dragoons, and one regiment of
+horse, which I hope they will all be damned."[24]  By March 20th Rupert
+was at Bingham, twelve miles from Newark.  The besiegers, who numbered
+some 2,500 horse and 5,000 foot, heard the news of his approach with
+light-hearted incredulity, being unable to believe that he could have
+the temerity to attack them; and in an intercepted letter the Prince
+found mention of "an incredible rumour" of his advance.[25]  When
+within six miles of Newark he contrived to let the garrison know of his
+vicinity.  Fearing that his cipher had fallen into the hands of the
+enemy, he dared not write, but sent only an ambiguous message, the
+meaning of which he did not even explain to the messenger: "Let the old
+drum be beaten, early on the morrow morning."  Happily the Governor,
+Sir John Henderson, was quick to grasp the meaning--namely, {137} that
+he was to sally out on Meldrum at day-break.[26]  By two o'clock in the
+morning, Rupert was in the saddle, and ere it was light, he charged
+down upon the besieging army.  Surprised and confused, the besiegers
+broke their ranks, and at the same moment the garrison sallied.  The
+fight was hot, and once at least Rupert was in imminent danger.  He
+found himself assaulted by "three sturdy Roundheads" all at once; one
+he slew with his own sword; Mortaigne, a French follower of the Prince,
+shot another, and the third, who had laid hold of Rupert's collar, had
+his hand cut off by O'Neil.  The Prince was thus "disengaged, with only
+a shot in his gauntlet."[27]  The engagement lasted nearly all day, but
+at dusk, Charles Gerard, who had been wounded and captured, came
+limping forth from the enemy's trenches, with offers of treaty.  Rupert
+agreed to terms, and, on the following morning, Meldrum and his
+colleagues were permitted to raise the siege and march off with the
+honours of war.
+
+These terms Rupert was accused of having broken.  His men were eager to
+avenge a Puritan outrage at Lincoln, as formerly at Bristol they had
+remembered Reading.  Therefore when Meldrum's forces marched off with
+"more than was conditioned," in the shape of arms and pikes, the
+Royalists seized the excuse to fall upon them, and, in their turn,
+snatched away colours, and "more than the articles warranted."  Rupert,
+as before, dashed amongst his men with his drawn sword, and he did not
+neglect to return the stolen colours, with apologies.  The occurrence
+is described by Mrs. Hutchinson, but more fairly by Rushworth, who
+adds, after relating how the Puritans were despoiled of their pikes and
+colours: "the King's party excused it, by alleging that they (the
+Puritans) attempted to carry out more than was conditioned, and that
+some of theirs had been so used at Lincoln, and especially that it was
+against the Prince's mind, who slashed {138} some of his soldiers for
+it, and sent back all the colours they had taken."[28]  When the enemy
+had fairly retired, Rupert made his entry into Newark, where he was
+received with delirious joy.  Davenant, the Cavalier poet, who himself
+served in the northern army, celebrated the whole story in a long poem,
+and thus he describes the Prince's entrance:
+
+  "As he entered the old gates, one cry of triumph rose,
+  To bless and welcome him who had saved them from their foes;
+  The women kiss his charger, and the little children sing:
+  'Prince Rupert's brought us bread to eat, from God and from
+        the King.'"[29]
+
+Considering the small force with which it had been effected, Rupert's
+exploit was indeed wonderful, and congratulations poured in from all
+quarters.  "Nephew," wrote the King, "I assure you that this, as all
+your victories, gives me as much contentment in that I owe you the
+thanks, as for the importance of it; which in this particular, believe
+me, is no less than the saving of all the North."[30]
+
+"Our sense of it here is as much beyond expression as the action
+itself,"[31] declared Digby.  Trevor offered all the appreciation
+possible "On this side idolatry," an expression of which he was rather
+fond; and even the quiet Richmond was roused to enthusiasm: "Give me
+leave to dilate now upon my particular joyes," he wrote, "and to retire
+them so farre from the present jubilee all men are in at your last
+great victory, to beginne with that which before this jubilee was one
+to me; I mean the honor and contentment I lately received from you,
+which, if valew can make precious and an intent affection do anything
+to show an acknowledgment, will not be lost.  Your command to pray for
+you, at a time was then to come, shall be, as before, my {139} general
+rule."[32]  Lord Newcastle added to his extravagant congratulations an
+entreaty that Rupert would push on to his aid; "without which that
+great game of your uncle's will be endangered, if not lost..., Could
+Your Highness march this way, it would, I hope, put a final end to all
+our troubles."[33]  But Rupert, with the best will in the world, lacked
+the power to do as Newcastle desired.  With an army at his back, he
+might indeed have pushed on northwards, conquered the eastern counties,
+and driven back the Scots; but he had no army at his disposal!
+Brilliant though his recent achievement had seemed, it was but
+ephemeral in reality.  Newark relieved, the men who had relieved it
+returned to the garrisons whence they came, and from which they could
+ill be spared.  All that Rupert had gained was the preservation of a
+loyal town, and the surrender of a few scattered outposts which he had
+not men to garrison.  Reluctantly he turned back to Wales, where he
+hoped he might yet raise a force to save the North.
+
+During the weeks of recruiting which followed the relief of Newark, the
+usual disputes and jealousies agitated the Court.  Jermyn, who was
+still Rupert's friend, expected shortly to quit Oxford with the Queen,
+and would fain have reconciled the Prince to Digby before his
+departure.  "He has written several times to you since you went away,
+and you have not made him one answer," he protested.  And he proceeded
+to explain, at great length, how advantageous a correspondence with
+Digby would be, and how exaggerated were the Prince's notions of the
+Secretary's hatred to him.[34] But such representations made no
+impression upon Rupert; the question really at stake was whether he or
+Digby should rule the King's counsels, and no compromise was possible
+between them.  Another suggestion of Jermyn's met with more favour;
+there was a vacancy in the King's {140} Bedchamber, and only Rupert's
+nomination was needed to secure the appointment for his friend Will
+Legge.  "The chief cause I write is to mention that to you which he
+(Legge) least looks after, viz., that which pertains to his own
+interests,"[35] said Jermyn.  Rupert obtained the post for his friend,
+and wrote to "give him joy" of it.[36]  At the same time the place of
+Master of the Horse was offered to himself; hitherto it had been held
+by the Marquess of Hamilton, who was now deprived of it on account of
+his disloyalty.  "If the King offers Rupert the Master of the Horse's
+place, he will receive it as a favour," wrote Rupert, in reply to a
+question on the subject.  "But he desires it may not be done so it may
+look as if Rupert had a hand in the ruin of my Lord Marquis.  Let every
+one carry his own burden."[37]
+
+Ere long, a hasty recall to Oxford roused all the Prince's indignation.
+True, the order was revoked next day, but Rupert was none the less
+furious.  How was he to effect anything of importance if his plans were
+to be interrupted and frustrated at Digby's whim?  He would not endure,
+he wrote to Richmond, the discussion of all his proceedings by a mere
+civilian Council.  The Duke strove to pacify him in a long and, as
+usual, incoherent letter.  "You may perceive that no Oxford motion, if
+rightly represented, could move any cause of jealousy of a desseigne
+here either to forestall your judgement or prelimett yr command.  I
+have bine present at most of the consultations; (till yesterday some
+occasions made me absent, and of that daies' worke my Lord Biron will
+give the best account); and in all I could ever discerne the proceeding
+hath bine to propound only by way of question alle thinges of moment,
+which were to be attended, or acted, by you."  The recent recall to
+Oxford Richmond owned an exception to this rule, but as regarded other
+matters, he concluded; {141} "I think I could not have mist myselfe so
+much if other had been to be seen, or where the King's service, and my
+ancient respect for Rupert, (which time works no such earthy effects
+upon as to decay), call for my observation, that my senses could be
+deceived, or I not attentive.  The most that was treated was when Will
+Legge was here, and in his presence, who certainly is a safe man to
+consult with in your interests.  And the furthest discourse was but
+discourse!"[38]  The King also wrote on the same day, promising that,
+whenever possible, his nephew should be _consulted_ rather than
+_commanded_; and asserting with gentle dignity, "Indeed I have this
+advantage of you, that I have not yet mistaken you in anything as you
+have me."[39]
+
+Whatever effect these soothing epistles might have had was nullified by
+a second letter from Digby, in which he assumed a tone of authority
+such as Rupert would not brook.  "Lord Digby, with whom Prince Rupert
+hath no present kindness, writ yesterday about the relief of Lathom
+House," wrote Trevor to Ormonde.  "The paper, which was not an order,
+but would fain have disputed itself into authority, was so ill-received
+that I am afraid my work of reconciliation is at an end."[40]  Rupert
+was indeed in an angry frame of mind.  He despatched a furious,
+incoherent letter to Legge, full of ironical and rather unintelligible
+complaints against his uncle, and dark threats of his own resignation.
+"If the King will follow the _wise_ counsel, and not hear the soldier
+and Rupert, Rupert must leave off all."  And he wound up with a short
+account of a successful skirmish, adding spitefully: "If Goring had
+done this you would have had a handsome story."[41]  None of the plans
+then in favour at Oxford met with his approval.  The Queen was bent on
+going to Exeter, in spite of her nephew's assurance {142} that the
+place was most unsafe, as indeed it proved; and the King was extremely
+anxious to send the Prince of Wales to Bristol, as nominal head of the
+army in the West.  But Rupert had not much faith in Maurice's army, and
+he thought that the young Prince would be far better under his own
+care.  He had at that time a paramount influence over little Charles,
+and he had, besides, a staunch ally in one of his young cousin's
+gentlemen, a certain Elliot, whom the King considered to have "too much
+credit"[42] with his son.  Between them, Prince Charles was inspired
+with such an aversion to his father's plan that he boldly declared he
+would have none of it, and added ingenuously, that his Cousin Rupert
+had "left him his lesson" before his departure from Oxford.[43]  His
+submission to Rupert's will is evidenced by the letters of Elliot to
+the Prince: "He has commanded me to tell you that he is so far from
+believing that any man can love him better than you do, that he shall,
+by his good will, enterprise nothing wherein he has not your Highness's
+approbation.  For the intention of carrying him to that army, (in the
+West,) he has yet heard nothing of it, and, if he shall, he will
+without fail oppose it; and I may say truely that if he has a great
+kindness for any man it is for your Highness."[44]  For the moment
+Rupert triumphed.  Richmond, who opposed the plan for the West as
+strongly as the Prince could have wished, assured him that it was "but
+a dream,"[45] and for a while it fell into abeyance.
+
+In the beginning of May, Rupert's new levies were ready for action, but
+when the moment for the northern march had come, the Prince was, to his
+intense disgust, once more summoned to Oxford.  So earnestly did he
+deprecate {143} the recall, that the King declared he would be content
+with 2,000 foot and one regiment of horse, provided that Rupert would
+join him at Oxford in the beginning of June.  But the one demand was as
+fatal as the other.  Rupert's heart was set on the relief of Lord
+Newcastle, and he could not bear that his hard won army should be thus
+ruthlessly torn from him.  A personal interview with the King was his
+only chance, and, with characteristic rashness, he marched off to
+Oxford with the most slender of escorts, to plead his cause with his
+uncle.  Eloquently he explained to the King the simplicity of his
+plans.  All that Charles himself had to do was to keep the surrounding
+towns well garrisoned, to manoeuvre round Oxford with a body of horse,
+and, in the meantime, to leave Maurice free in the West, and Rupert
+free for the North.  On May 5th the Prince left Oxford, having every
+reason to believe that his advice would be followed.  But, on the very
+next day, Digby had persuaded the King to abandon the plan as too
+extensive; Rupert wrote to expostulate, but received only thanks for
+his "freedom," with the comment, "I am not of your opinion in all the
+particulars."[46]  And when misfortune had ensued, it was but slight
+consolation that the King acknowledged his error, "I believe that if
+you had been with me I had not been put to those straits I am in now.
+I confess the best had been to have followed your advice."[47]
+Richmond also lamented Rupert's absence.  "We want money, men, conduct,
+provisions, time, and good counsel," he asserted; "our hope rests
+chiefly in your good success."[48]
+
+Rupert was by that time far away in the North.  On May 8th he had
+returned to Shrewsbury, and on the 16th he began his long projected
+march to York.  From Chester he drew out all the men who could be
+spared, leaving "honest Will Legge" in their place.  At Knutsford he
+had {144} a successful encounter with some Parliamentary troops; and on
+the 25th he seized upon Stockport, which so alarmed the forces
+besieging Lathom House, that they raised the siege, and marched off to
+Bolton.  So strong was the Puritanism of Bolton that it has been called
+the "Geneva of England," and Rupert at once resolved to take the town.
+His first assault was repulsed, and the besieged, in their triumph,
+hanged one of his Irish troopers over the walls.  The insult gave the
+Prince new stimulus; throwing himself from his horse he called up his
+retreating men, and renewed the attack with such vigour that the town
+was quickly stormed, and he entered it with Lord Derby at his side.
+The angry troopers sacked the place; and Rupert sent the twenty-two
+standards he had taken to Lady Derby, as a graceful acknowledgment of
+her long and valiant defence of Lathom.  Recruits now flocked to his
+standard, and his march became a triumphal progress; so great was the
+enthusiasm of the loyal town of Wigan, that rushes, flowers and boughs
+were strewn in the streets before him.  On June 11th he won another
+triumph, in the capture of Liverpool, which suffered a like fate with
+Bolton.  But he was disappointed of the stores he had expected to find
+there, which were all carried off by sea before the town fell.  From
+Liverpool the Prince wrote a curious letter to the Bishop of Chester,
+asking for a collection to be made in all the churches of the diocese
+for the benefit of the sick and wounded soldiers.  And he also
+expressed a desire that the clergy should exhort the people to prepare
+for their own defence and to maintain their loyalty, in language "most
+intelligent to the congregation."[49]
+
+It was now high time to set out for York, which Newcastle felt that he
+could hold only six days more.  Richmond wrote to urge as much haste as
+possible.  "If York should be lost," he said, "it would prove the
+greatest blow {145} which could come from those parts, Rupert being
+safe; but what is fit to be done you will best know and judge."[50] But
+Rupert was not just then in a state of mind to judge calmly of
+anything.  His enemies at Court, envious of his recent success, were
+preparing new calumnies against him, and profiting by his absence to
+excite the King's distrust.  Some did not hesitate to hint at the
+Prince's over-greatness and possible designs on the Crown itself; and
+all urged the King to recall him, rather than suffer him to risk his
+army in a great battle.  Trevor thus reported the affair to Ormonde:
+"Prince Rupert, by letters from Court, understands that the King grows
+daily more and more jealous of him, and of his army; so that it is the
+commonest discourse at the openest places, of the Lord Digby, Lord
+Percy, Sir John Culpepper, and Wilmot, that it is indifferent whether
+the Parliament or Prince Rupert doth prevail.  Which doth so highly
+jesuite (_sic_) Prince Rupert that he was resolved once to send the
+King his commission and get to France.  This fury interrupted the march
+ten days.  But at length, time and a friend, the best coolers of the
+blood, spent the humour of travel in him, though not that of
+revenge....  This quarrel hath a strong reserve, and I am fearful that
+a little ill-success will send my new master home into Holland.  I
+perceive the tide's strong against him, and that nothing will bring him
+to port but that wind which is called _contra gentes_."[51]  And, about
+the same time, Ormonde was informed by another correspondent, that
+"Prince Rupert professeth against Lord Digby, Percy, Wilmot and some
+others.  Some think that he will remove them from the King.  The fear
+of this may do harm; perhaps had done already."[52]  The ten days'
+delay was spent chiefly at Lathom House, and by June 22nd, Rupert had
+sufficiently recovered his temper to set out for York.  Some days
+previously Goring had {146} written that he was ready to join the
+Prince with 8,000 horse, and only awaited the appointment of a
+meeting-place.  The King, at the same time, demanded Goring's instant
+return to himself, but Rupert took no notice of the order, being
+convinced, and rightly as it happened, that Goring's services were more
+necessary to himself.  He joined Goring on the borders of Lancashire
+and Yorkshire.  On the 26th he halted at Skipton, to "fix his
+armes,"[53] and to send a message to York.  On the 29th he quartered at
+Denton, the house of the Puritan General, Lord Fairfax.  Two of the
+Fairfaxes had fallen years ago, in the fight for the Palatinate, and
+Rupert, having noticed their portraits, preserved the house uninjured
+for their sakes.  "Such force hath gratitude in noble minds,"[54]
+comments the Fairfax who tells the story.  Lord Fairfax and his son
+were both engaged at the siege of York, together with Lord Manchester,
+and the Scotch General, Leven; but there was no good intelligence
+between the Parliamentary commanders, and they dared not await the
+onslaught of the Prince.  "Their Goliah himself is advancing, with men
+not to be numbered,"[55] was the report among the Puritans; and when
+Rupert reached Knaresborough on June 30th, only twelve miles distant
+from York, the Generals of the Parliament raised the siege and marched
+off to Marston Moor.  They hoped to bar Rupert's passage to the city,
+but by skilful manoeuvring he crossed the Ouse, and halted outside
+York.  "Prince Rupert had done a glorious piece of work," wrote a
+soldier of the Parliament.  "From nothing he had gathered, without
+money, a powerful army, and, in spite of all our three generals, had
+made us leave York."[56]  So far all was well, and well for Rupert had
+he left things thus!  But, alas, he was about to make his first great
+mistake, and to take a decided step on his downward career.
+
+{147}
+
+The blame of the disastrous battle of Marston Moor has always been laid
+upon Rupert, but his friends were wont to ascribe it rather to Lord
+Digby, who, they believed, had inspired the King's "fatal" letter of
+June 14th; a letter which Rupert carried about him to his dying day,
+though he never produced it in refutation of any of the charges against
+him.  "Had not the Lord Digby, this year, given a fatal direction to
+that excellent Prince Rupert to fight the Scottish army, surely that
+great Prince and soldier had never so precipitately fought them,"[57]
+declared Sir Philip Warwick, who was himself present at the battle.
+The King began his letter with apologies for sending such "peremptory
+commands," but went on to explain: "If York be lost I shall esteem my
+crown little less....  But if York be relieved, _and you beat the
+rebels' army of both Kingdoms, which are before it, then, but otherwise
+not_, I may possibly make a shift, upon the defensive, to spin out time
+until you come to assist me."[58]  The order was plain, and though
+Rupert did sometimes ignore less congenial commands, he could scarcely
+disobey such an order as this, unless he had private information that
+his uncle's situation was less desperate than he had represented it.
+Culpepper, at least, never doubted what would be the Prince's action:
+"Before God you are undone!" he cried, when told that the letter was
+sent--"For upon this peremptory order he will fight, whatever comes
+on't!"[59]
+
+And Culpepper was right.  Rupert greeted Newcastle with the words, "My
+Lord, I hope we shall have a glorious day!"  And when Newcastle advised
+him to wait patiently, until the internal dissensions of the enemy
+broke up their camp, he retorted, "Nothing venture, nothing have!" and
+declared that he had "a positive and absolute command to fight the
+enemy."[60]  He showed plainly that he had no {148} intention of
+listening to the Marquess, at whose cost the whole northern army had
+been raised and maintained.  The older man was silenced, vexed at his
+subordination to the young Prince whom he had so eagerly called to his
+aid, and hurt and offended by Rupert's abrupt manners.  But, as
+Professor Gardiner has pointed out, Newcastle's achievements were not
+such as could inspire great respect in the soldier prince.[61]  He was
+but a dilettante in war as in the gentler arts, and his reasoning was
+not, on the face of it, very convincing.  His manoeuvres might fail;
+and Rupert, who had not yet met Cromwell's horse, had no reason to
+suppose that his charge would be less effective now than in time past.
+As for the Parliamentary forces, their only hope lay in battle, and
+they gladly perceived the Prince's intention to fight.
+
+Throughout the day the two armies faced one another; but Rupert dared
+not attack without Newcastle, and there was considerable delay in
+drawing out his forces.  Trevor reported that, "The Prince and the
+Marquess of Newcastle were playing the Orators to the soldiers in York,
+being in a raging mutiny for their pay, to draw them forth to join the
+Prince's foot; which was at last effected, but with much
+unwillingness."[62]  But it was the interest of Rupert's partisans to
+undervalue the assistance lent by the Marquess; and Trevor himself did
+not arrive on the scene till the battle was over.  By other accounts it
+does not seem that the Prince entered the city at all.  Though he had
+not yet met with Cromwell, he had heard of him, and he is said to have
+asked a prisoner, "Is Cromwell there?  And will they fight?"  The
+answer was in the affirmative, and Rupert despatched the prisoner back
+to his own army, with the message that they should have "fighting
+enough!"  To which Cromwell retorted: "If it please God, so shall
+he!"[63] {149} The evening was wild and stormy.  As it grew dusk,
+Rupert ordered prayers to be read to his men, a proceeding much
+resented by the Puritans, who regarded religion as their own particular
+monopoly.  Earlier in the war, they had complained that the Prince
+"pretended piety in his tongue";[64] and now they declared wrathfully:
+"Rupert, that bloody plunderer, would forsooth to seem religious!"[65]
+
+The Prince had drawn up his army for immediate attack.  In the centre
+was placed his foot, flanked on the right by Goring's horse; on the
+left wing, which was opposed to the Scots, Rupert placed his own
+cavalry.  Behind the Prince's army was disposed that of Newcastle, both
+horse and foot.  But by the time that the line of battle was ready,
+evening had come, and Rupert judged it too late to fight.  Here lay his
+fatal error, for he had drawn up his forces to the very edge of a wide
+ditch which stretched between himself and the foe; instant attack alone
+could retrieve the position.  Yet Rupert seems to have been unconscious
+of his mistake, for he showed his sketch of the plan of battle gaily to
+Lord Eythin (the General King, who had been with him at Vlotho), asking
+how he liked it.  "By God, Sir, it is very fine on paper, but there is
+no such thing in the field!" was Eythin's prompt reply.  Then Rupert
+saw what he had done, and meekly offered to draw back his men.  "No,
+Sir," retorted Eythin, "it is too late."[66]  Seeing that nothing could
+be done, the Prince sat down on the ground to take his supper, and
+Newcastle retired to his coach to smoke.  In another moment the enemy
+fired, and the battle had begun.  Rupert flew to the head of his horse,
+but Cromwell's horse charged over the ditch, and Rupert's one chance,
+that of assuming the offensive, was gone.  For a few moments he drove
+Cromwell back, but Leslie's Scots {150} came up, and Rupert's once
+invincible cavalry fled before "Ironside", as he himself named Cromwell
+on that day.  In the Royalist centre the Scots did deadly work.
+Newcastle's Whitecoats fell almost to a man, dying with their own blood
+the white tunics which they had vowed to dye in the blood of the enemy.
+On the right, Goring routed the Yorkshire troops of the Fairfaxes, who
+fled, reporting a Royalist victory; but that success could not redeem
+the day.  Rupert's army was scattered, Newcastle's brave troopers were
+cut to pieces, York fallen, the whole north lost, and--worst of
+all--Rupert's prestige destroyed.  Arthur Trevor, arriving at the end
+of the battle, found all in confusion, "not a man of them being able to
+give me the least hope where the Prince was to be found."[67]  Rupert
+had, in fact, finding himself all alone, leapt his horse over a high
+fence into a bean-field, and, sheltered by the growing beans, he made
+his way to York, "escaping narrowly, by the goodness of his horse."[68]
+Dead upon that fatal field he left his much loved dog.  In the hurry
+and excitement of the charge he had forgotten to tie it up with the
+baggage waggons, and it followed him into the battle.  "Among the dead
+men and horses which lay upon the ground, we found Prince Rupert's dog
+killed," says Vicars.[69]
+
+It was reported by the Puritans that Rupert declared himself unable to
+account for the disaster, except by the supposition that "the devil did
+help his servants;" a speech characterised as "most atheistical and
+heathenish."[70]  The Prince blamed Newcastle, and Newcastle blamed the
+Prince; but the manner in which each took his defeat is so
+characteristic as to deserve quotation.
+
+"Sayes Generall King, 'What will you do?'
+
+"Sayes ye Prince, 'I will rally my men.'
+
+{151}
+
+"Sayes Generall King, 'Nowe you, what will you, Lord Newcastle, do?'
+
+"Sayes Lord Newcastle, 'I will go into Holland.'
+
+"The Prince would have him endeavour to recruit his forces.  'No,'
+sayes he, 'I will not endure the laughter of the Court.'"[71]
+Newcastle's decision was the subject of much discussion at Court.  "I
+am sure the reckoning is much inflamed by my Lord Newcastle's
+going,"[72] declared O'Neil, who on this occasion sided with the
+Prince.  Rupert had done his best to detain both Eythin and the
+Marquess, but when he found his efforts vain, he let them depart,
+promising to report that Newcastle had behaved "like an honest man, a
+gentleman, and a loyal subject."[73]  Eythin he found it harder to
+forgive; and some months later that General wrote to represent the
+"multiteud of grieffs" he endured through the Prince's bad opinion of
+him.  "I would rather suffer anything in the world, than live
+innocently in Your Highness's malgrace,"[74] he declared.
+
+Rupert's own conduct was soldierly enough.  Bitterly though he felt the
+position, he was of stronger mould than the fantastic Marquess.
+Clarendon blames him severely for leaving York, but Clarendon was no
+soldier, and he did not understand that the attempt to hold the city,
+with no hope of relief, would have been sheer madness.  What Rupert
+could do, he did: gathering together the shattered remnants of his
+army, he marched away into Shropshire, "according to the method he had
+before laid for his retreat; taking with him all the northern horse
+which the Earl of Newcastle left to His Highness, and brought them into
+his quarters in Wales, and there endeavoured to recruit what he
+could."[75] On the second day of his retreat he halted at Richmond,
+{152} where he remained three days, "staying for the scattered troops."
+On July 7th he resumed his march, and passing by Lathom House, whence
+Lord Derby had departed, he came on the 25th to Chester.  On the Welsh
+Marches he wandered until the end of August, foraging, recruiting,
+skirmishing, while the Parliament exulted in his overthrow.  "As for
+Rupert which shed so much innocent blood at Bolton and at Liverpool, if
+you ask me where he is, we seriously protest that we know not where to
+find him."[76]
+
+Rupert did not need the jeers of his enemies to convince him of his
+failure.  He was beaten and he knew it!  His projects were crossed, his
+labours unavailing, and in his heart he knew that the cause was lost.
+The disaster had cut him to the heart, yet, in his pride, he would not
+speak a word of self-justification.  He had obeyed orders, the result
+was unfortunate, and no excuse or vindication would he offer.  Perhaps
+he thought he acted generously in not shifting the responsibility to
+the King, but Clarendon blames his reticence.  "Prince Rupert, only to
+his friends and after the murder of the King," he says, "produced a
+letter in the King's own hand ... which he understood to amount to no
+less than a peremptory order to fight, upon any disadvantage
+whatsoever; and he added that the disadvantage was so great that it was
+no wonder he lost the day."
+
+Deeply had the iron entered into Rupert's soul!  Other misfortunes were
+yet to come; he was to know a yet more fatal defeat, poverty, hardships
+such as he had never yet encountered, the misjudgment of friends, the
+loss of those dearest to him; but nothing could be to him as the shock
+of Marston Moor had been.  Nothing could affect him as that first great
+failure which dashed him from the height of triumph to the depths of
+despair.  He seems to have been, for a time, strangely unlike himself.
+The strain under which he had laboured suddenly relaxed, apathy
+succeeded {153} to over-wrought excitement, carelessness to vigilance,
+self-indulgence to rigid self-restraint, and the Royalists looked on in
+terrified dismay!  "Prince Rupert is so much given to his ease and
+pleasures that every man is disheartened that sees it,"[77] lamented
+Arthur Trevor.  Strangely do the words contrast with the "toujours
+soldat" of Sir Philip Warwick, and with the general praises of the
+Prince's "exemplary temperance," but Trevor would assuredly not have
+spoken undeserved evil of his master.  Despair had seized on Rupert's
+soul, and he sought to drown the bitterness of memory in sensual
+indulgences.
+
+The mood passed with the autumn, and, ere the winter had come, Rupert
+was a man again, ready as ever to do and dare.  But the scar remained;
+all his life long he carried the King's letter on his person, and all
+his life long Marston Moor was a bitter memory to him!
+
+
+
+[1] Rupert Correspondence.  18981 Add. MSS.  British Museum.  Trevor to
+Rupert, Feb. 16, 1644.
+
+[2] Rupert Correspondence.  Add. MSS.  Brit. Mus.  18981.  Trevor to
+Rupert, Mar. 30, 1644.
+
+[3] Ibid.  Byron to Rupert, April 1644.
+
+[4] Carte's Ormonde.  Trevor to Ormonde, Feb. 19, 1644.  Vol. VI.  pp.
+37-38.
+
+[5] Carte's Ormonde.  Trevor to Ormonde, Feb. 19, 1644.  VI.  p. 37.
+
+[6] Ibid.  VI.  87, Apr. 13, 1644.
+
+[7] Ibid.  VI.  41, Digby to Ormonde, Feb. 20, 1644.
+
+[8] Carte's Ormonde.  Digby to Ormonde.  Vol. VI.  p. 21, Jan. 20, 1644.
+
+[9] Carte's Ormonde, VI.  p. 60, Ormonde to Radcliffe, Mar. 11, 1644.
+
+[10] Rupert's Journal in England.  Clarendon State Papers, 2254.
+
+[11] Mercurius Britanicus, May-June, 1644; Webb, Hist. of Civil War in
+Herefordshire, II.  p. 54.
+
+[12] Carte Papers, Bodleian Library, 8, 217-222.  Rupert to Ormonde,
+April 1644.
+
+[13] Add. MSS.  Brit. Mus.  18981.  Trevor to Rupert, Feb. 16, 1644.
+
+[14] Ibid.  18981.  Jermyn to Rupert, Mar. 24, 1644.
+
+[15] Add. MSS.  18981.  Trevor to Rupert, Feb. 1644.
+
+[16] Rupert Transcripts.  Trevor to Rupert, Ap. 22, 1644.
+
+[17] Trevor to Rupert, Feb. 1644.  Add. MSS.  18981.
+
+[18] Warburton.  II.  p. 377.  Trevor to Rupert, Feb. 22, 1644.
+
+[19] Warburton.  II.  p. 377.  Trevor to Rupert, Feb. 22, 1644.
+
+[20] Ibid.  Trevor to Rupert, Feb. 24, 1644.  Warb.  II.  379.
+
+[21] Add.  MSS.  Trevor to Rupert, Mar. 11, 1644.
+
+[22] Warburton.  II.  p. 383.  Derby to Rupert, Mar. 7, 1644.
+
+[23] Warburton.  II.  p. 388.  Trevor to Rupert, Mar. 24, 1644.
+
+[24] Ibid.  p. 392.  Ashburnham to Rupert.
+
+[25] Baker's Chronicle, p. 571.
+
+[26] Warburton.  II.  393-4.  Dickison's Antiquities of Newark.
+
+[27] Webb.  I.  p. 385.
+
+[28] Hutchinson Memoirs, ed. Firth.  1885.  I.  p. 325: Rushworth. ed.
+1692.  pt. 3. II. 308.
+
+[29] Davenant's Poems.  Siege of Newark.
+
+[30] Warb.  II.  398.  King to Rupert, March 25, 1644.
+
+[31] Ibid.  p. 399.  Digby to Rupert, Mar. 26, 1644.
+
+[32] Rupert Transcripts.  Richmond to Rupert, Mar. 25, 1644.
+
+[33] Warburton.  II.  p. 400.  Newcastle to Rupert, Mar. 29, 1644.
+
+[34] Rupert Transcripts.  Jermyn to Rupert, Mar. 26, 1644.
+
+[35] Warburton.  II.  p. 405.  Jermyn to Rupert, Ap. 13, 1644.
+
+[36] Ibid.  p. 407.  Rupert to Legge.  No date.
+
+[37] Ibid.
+
+[38] Rupert Transcripts.  Richmond to Rupert, Ap. 21, 1644.
+
+[39] Ibid, and Warburton.  II.  403, _note_.  King to Rupert, 1st and
+21st Ap. 1644.
+
+[40] Carte's Ormonde.  VI.  p. 87.  Trevor to Ormonde, Ap. 13, 1644.
+
+[41] Warburton.  II.  408.  Rupert to Legge, Ap. 23, 1644.
+
+[42] Clarendon Life.  I.  229.
+
+[43] Add. MSS.  18981.  Ellyot to Rupert, May 7, 1644.
+
+[44] Ibid.  18981.  May 22, 1644.
+
+[45] Rupert Correspondence.  Add. MSS.  18981.  Richmond to Rupert, May
+26, 1644.
+
+[46] Rupert Transcripts.  King to Rupert, May 26, 1644.
+
+[47] Ibid.  June 7, 1644; Warburton.  II.  p. 415.
+
+[48] Richmond to Rupert, June 9, 1644; Warb.  II.  p. 415.
+
+[49] Warburton.  II.  p. 432.
+
+[50] Rupert Transcripts.  Richmond to Rupert, June 14, 1644.
+
+[51] Carte's Ormonde.  VI.  p. 151.  Trevor to Ormonde, 29 June 1644.
+
+[52] Ibid.  VI.  p. 167.  Radcliffe to Ormonde, 18 July, 1644.
+
+[53] Clar. State Papers.  Rupert's Journal, Fol. 135.
+
+[54] Fairfax Correspondence, ed.  Johnson.  1848.  I.  p. 1.
+
+[55] Pamphlet.  Brit. Mus.  Warburton.  II.  p. 442.
+
+[56] Webb.  II.  p. 59.
+
+[57] Warwick's Memoirs, p. 274.
+
+[58] Rupert Correspondence.  King to Rupert, June 14, 1644; Warburton.
+II.  p. 438.
+
+[59] Warburton.  II.  p. 438.
+
+[60] Clarendon State Papers.  1805.  Life of Newcastle, ed. Firth, p.
+77, _note_.
+
+[61] Gardiner's Civil War.  Vol. I.  p. 374.
+
+[62] Carte, Original Letters.  I.  57, 10 July, 1644.
+
+[63] Gardiner, Vol. I.  p. 376.
+
+[64] Pamphlet.  Brit. Mus.  Prince Rupert's Message to My Lord of Essex.
+
+[65] Vicars' Jehovah Jireh.  God's Ark.  p. 281.
+
+[66] Gardiner.  I.  p. 377.
+
+[67] Carte's Letters, I.  p. 56.
+
+[68] Whitelocke, p. 94.
+
+[69] Vicars' God's Ark.  p. 277,
+
+[70] Ibid.  p. 274.
+
+[71] Warburton, II.  p. 468.
+
+[72] Carte's Letters, I.  59.  O'Neil to Trevor, 26 June, 1644.
+
+[73] Life of Newcastle, ed. Firth, 1886.  p. 81.
+
+[74] Pythouse Papers, p. 21.  General King to Rupert, Jan. 23, 1645.
+
+[75] Rupert's Diary.  Warburton, II.  468
+
+[76] Webb, II.  71.
+
+[77] Carte's Ormonde, VI.  206.  Trevor to Ormonde, 13 Oct. 1644.
+
+
+
+
+
+{154}
+
+CHAPTER IX
+
+INTRIGUES IN THE ARMY.  DEPRESSION OF RUPERT.  TREATY OF UXBRIDGE.
+RUPERT IN THE MARCHES.  STRUGGLE WITH DIGBY.  BATTLE OF NASEBY
+
+Terrible though the disaster in the North had been, the blow was
+softened to the King by successes in the West.  During August, in
+company with Maurice, he pursued Essex into Cornwall and forced his
+whole army of foot to surrender without a struggle.  But for the
+supineness of Goring, who had just succeeded Wilmot as General of the
+Horse, the Parliamentary cavalry might have been captured in like
+manner.  But when Balfour led his troops through the Royalist lines,
+Goring happened to be carousing in congenial company; he received the
+news of the escape with laughter, and refused to stir until the enemy
+were safely passed away.[1]  Goring's new prominence and importance was
+one among the many unfortunate results of Marston Moor.  That battle
+had ruined Rupert's reputation, and it had proportionately raised that
+of Goring, who alone among the Royalist commanders had had success that
+day.  To Goring, therefore, the King turned, and Goring's licence,
+negligence, indifference--or perhaps treachery--eventually lost the
+West completely to the Royalists.  Had Rupert been placed in Goring's
+position he must have certainly effected more than did his rival.
+
+For some time the King had been anxious to remove Wilmot from his
+command.  As early as May he had suggested to Rupert, as "a fancy of my
+own,"[2] that Maurice {155} should be declared General of the Horse in
+Wilmot's stead.  But Rupert did not encourage the idea; he knew
+probably that his brother was unfit for so much responsibility.  Wilmot
+therefore remained in command until August 9th.  He was, as has been
+said, a good officer, but he talked so wildly in his cups that his
+loyalty was suspected; and when he was detected in private
+correspondence with Essex, the King decided to arrest him, and to
+promote Goring to his post.  The arrest took place in sight of the
+whole army; but though Wilmot was exceedingly popular with his
+officers, they confined their protest to a little murmuring and a
+"modest petition" to be told the charges against their commander.  The
+King responded by a promise that Wilmot should have a fair trial, and
+his partisans were apparently pacified, though Goring declared to
+Rupert: "This is the most mutinous army that ever I saw, as well horse
+as foot!"[3] Digby's account of the affair, also addressed to the
+Prince, was as follows: "We have lately ventured on extreme remedies
+unto the dangers that threaten us amongst ourselves.  Lord Wilmot, upon
+Wednesday that was a s'ennight, was arrested prisoner on the head of
+his army, and Goring declared General of the Horse.... There have been
+since consultations and murmurings among his party, but the issue of
+them was only this enclosed modest petition, which produced the answer
+and declaration of the causes of his commitment; and so the business
+rests.  My Lord Percy also withdrawing himself upon good advice, and my
+Lord Hopton being possessed of his charge, I make no doubt that all the
+ill-humours in our army will be allayed, now that the two poles on
+which they moved are taken away."[4]
+
+But, though neither Wilmot nor Percy were estimable characters, Goring
+was no better, and the result of these drastic measures was only to
+render the state of Court and {156} Army more confused and more
+factious than ever.  Digby's partisans tried to lay the onus of
+Wilmot's fall on Rupert, and Rupert's friends endeavoured to refer it
+to Digby.  Judging from Digby's own letter above quoted, Rupert, who
+was absent from the King's army during the whole of the proceedings,
+does not seem to have had much share in them.  Certainly the Secretary
+gives no hint of his collusion.  "Lord Digby is the great agent to
+incense the King," asserted Arthur Trevor.  "My Lord Wilmot undertakes
+to turn the tables on him, and so the wager is laid head to head.
+Daniel O'Neil goeth his share in that hazard, for certainly the Lord
+Digby hath undone his credit with the King...  And truly I look upon
+Daniel O'Neil as saved only out of want of leisure to dispose of him.
+Prince Rupert and Will Legge are his severe enemies; and so is
+Ashburnham."[5] Critical indeed was the position of the unlucky Daniel,
+who had been so lately the "dear and intimate friend" of Digby.  Owing,
+as he explained to Ormonde, to "the unfortunate falling out of my two
+best friends," he had fallen between two stools.  Wilmot he considered
+most to blame, for he had endeavoured to render Digby "odious to the
+army and to all honest people."[6]  The army had been on the very point
+of petitioning against the Secretary when he forestalled the move by
+the unexpected arrest of his adversary.  "How guilty he will be, I know
+not," was the conclusion of O'Neil.  "But sure I am that the accusing
+of him was not seasonable, and his commitment less... and two friends I
+have lost!"[7]  Wilmot himself seems to have directed his animus
+principally against Rupert.  He was unwilling to stand his trial, and
+was therefore permitted to join the Queen, then in France.  There he
+found the Marquess of Newcastle, whom he hoped to secure as an ally
+against the Prince.  "I understand from one coming from Wilmot," wrote
+{157} Trevor, "that he and the Marquess of Newcastle are preparing a
+charge against Prince Rupert, and will be at the next advice of
+Parliament at Oxford, where their party will be great,--the Marquess of
+Hertford, Lord Herbert--you may guess the rest.  Prince Rupert and
+Daniel O'Neil are inconsistent in this state."[8]
+
+The proposed accusation of Rupert was never made, and was probably a
+figment of Wilmot's brain.  Neither Hertford nor Herbert (with whom
+Rupert had clashed as President of Wales) had any love for the Prince,
+but they were both too loyal to increase the King's difficulties by
+factious action.  And indeed in the spring of 1645, we find Hertford,
+Rupert, and Ashburnham in close alliance against Digby and Cottington;
+the three first desiring a treaty with the Parliament, and the other
+two opposing it.  O'Neil was easily convinced that Wilmot owed his fall
+to Rupert, and in October 1644 he wrote to Ormonde: "Prince Rupert,
+whoe is nowe knowen to bee the primum mobile of that mischeef, iss
+strangely unsatisfied with Wilmot's resolutione.  For he thought to
+make use of this occatione to ruine Lord Digby; but, his project
+fayling, he plays the Courtier and iss reconsyled, whiche iss a great
+hapines to the King."[9]
+
+The truth was that, were the charges against them true or false, Wilmot
+and Percy did really owe their downfall to the hatred of Rupert and
+Digby.  The Secretary had been the actual agent in the matter, but
+Rupert approved and supported his action.  The two were willing enough
+to unite against their enemies, and they would have been equally
+willing to ruin each other.  But for a time Rupert endeavoured, for his
+uncle's sake, to curb his hatred of the Secretary.  In August the King
+had exhorted his nephew earnestly to make friends with Digby; "whom I
+must desire you (for my service, and because he is a useful servant) to
+countenance so far as to show him a possibility to recover {158} your
+favour, if he shall deserve it...  Not doubting but, for my sake, ye
+will make this, or a greater, experiment...  I must protest to you, on
+the faith of a Christian--the reason of this protest I refer to Robin
+Legge--that as concerning your generosity and particular fidelity and
+friendship to me, I have an implicit faith in you."[10]  This
+passionate protest was caused by the libels circulated against the
+Prince, some of which had reached the King's ears.  For a while Rupert
+was pacified, and he made overtures of tolerance to Digby, who
+responded fluently that his previous unhappiness as the object of
+Rupert's aversion, would now serve only to increase his joy and
+satisfaction in the Prince's confidence and friendship.[11]  "Rupert
+and Digby are friends; but I doubt they trust one another alike!"[12]
+was the Prince's own view of the matter, as expressed to Will Legge.
+
+Digby had also formed a close friendship with Goring, "each believing
+that he could deceive the other."  It was to Digby that Goring chiefly
+owed his promotion, though it had been accorded the approval of Rupert,
+who was inclined, just then, to tolerate Goring.  Nor was George Goring
+backward in receiving overtures of peace.  "My Prince," he wrote to
+Rupert familiarly, and he signed himself, "your Highness's all-vowed,
+all-humble, all-obedient Goring." Moreover, having made up his mind
+never to serve under Rupert again, he took care to add, "there is
+nothing on this earth I more passionately desire than to sacrifice my
+life in your service, and near your person."[13]  But the truce could
+not last.  Rupert, as Commander-in-Chief and Governor of Bristol, had a
+double power in the West, and Goring was determined to escape from his
+control.  In January 1645, we find him writing with unwonted candour:
+"Your Highness is pleased to think yourself disobliged by me for {159}
+desiring my orders under the King's hand.  As I remember, Sir, the
+reason I gave His Majesty for it was the having more authority by that
+to guide the Council of this army to obedience; _but one reason I kept
+to myself_, which was that I found all my requests denied by your hand,
+and therefore desired my orders from another."[14]
+
+The Prince of Wales had by this time been sent to Bristol as nominal
+General of the Western army, with a selection of the King's Councillors
+to assist him.  The conflicting Borders of Rupert, Prince Charles's
+Council, and the King, gave Goring an excellent excuse for disobeying
+all.  In March, Rupert indignantly desired Legge to ask the King
+whether he had authorised that Council to send orders to Goring, and
+added cautiously, "Let Sir Edward Herbert be by, he can argue better
+than you."[15]  A few days later he visited his young cousin at
+Bristol, and advised him to send Goring with his horse into Wiltshire,
+or with his foot to besiege Taunton.  Prince Charles sent orders as
+directed, but Goring, knowing them to emanate from Rupert, retired to
+Bath, and refused to do anything at all.  Rupert now thoroughly
+"abhorred" the notion of Goring's proximity to the Prince of Wales, and
+had him recalled to Oxford.  But there his friendship with Digby, and
+his own natural powers, won him so much influence with the King, that
+Rupert was soon as eager to send him back into the West as Goring was
+to escape from the Prince's vicinity.  Thus their "very contrary
+affections towards each other,"[16] worked to one end.  There was a
+second truce.  Rupert told Goring, no doubt with some pleasure, all the
+evil that the Council of the West had said concerning him; and Goring
+returned the compliment, with notes and additions.  Goring was given
+the command of all the West, whither he gladly departed.  "Goring and
+Prince Rupert are now friends," wrote {160} Trevor, "but I doubt the
+building being made of green wood, which is apt to warp and yield!"[17]
+As proved ere long to be the case.
+
+We return now to the autumn of 1644.  Rupert's wanderings had brought
+him, by the end of August, to Bristol, whither he was pursued by
+doleful reports from his officers left in the Marches.
+
+"My most dear Prince," wrote Legge from Chester, "in truth Your
+Highness's departure sent me back here a sad man, and the news I met
+with gave me new cause of trouble....  I despair of any good in
+Lancashire."[18]  And in Cheshire itself, Byron and Langdale had just
+suffered a defeat from Massey.  "Upon the spot where Your Highness
+killed the buck, as the horse were drawing out,"[19] explained Byron
+with careful exactness.  These new misfortunes increased Rupert's
+melancholy, which was already deep enough.  Something of his state of
+mind may be gathered from a sympathetic and consolatory letter written
+to him at this time by Richmond.
+
+"Though I was very much pleased for myself with the honour and favour I
+had by yours from Bristol, yet I must confess, it takes not all
+unquietness from me.  The melancholy you express must be a discontent,
+for my mind which has so much respect must partake of the trouble of
+yours.  And I should be more restless if I did believe your present sad
+opinion would be long continued, or that there were just cause for it.
+All mistakes, I am confident, will wane, when the King can speak with
+power!  I shall not prejudice that _eclairissement_ by being tedious
+beforehand.  Yet I will say that, though an intention (to that purpose)
+was not the cause of your coming sooner to the King, you could not have
+resolved better by the King's good at this time.  So in your own
+understanding {161} you must consent that even from those actions which
+are the most retired from an appearance (of it) blessings spring.  How
+great this will be when Rupert makes it his care, as formerly our hope,
+measure by joy (_sic_).  This I conclude doth certainly engage Rupert
+to know how great good he may bring the King, which must also assure
+Rupert of the love, value, and trust the King must have of him.  This
+mutual satisfaction will prove happy to themselves, and to all who
+respect either, as I do both!"[20]  The Duke's friendly attempt to
+console the Prince for past misfortunes, restore his self-confidence,
+and reassure him of the King's trust and affection seems to have
+succeeded.  Rupert roused himself, and set out, September 29th, to meet
+the King at Sherborne in Dorset.  Charles was just then returning from
+his successful expedition to Cornwall, and Waller had been despatched
+by the Parliament to intercept him.  Rupert extracted from his uncle a
+promise not to fight until he could rejoin him, and hastened back to
+fortify Bristol.  But the perilous condition of two Royalist garrisons,
+those of Basing House, and Donnington Castle, made delay impossible.
+The King sent peremptory orders to Rupert to join him at Salisbury with
+all the force he could muster.  But, before Rupert could obey, Goring,
+"possessed by a great gaiety,"[21] had drawn Charles into the second
+unfortunate battle of Newbury.  Rupert, making all possible haste,
+reached Marshfield near Bristol, the day after the battle, October
+28th.  There he learnt that the King had been defeated at Newbury, and
+was now at Bath.  Maurice, it was feared, was dead or a prisoner.  Upon
+this, Rupert asserted, oddly as it seems, that his brother was quite
+safe; and so it proved, for he was discovered at Donnington Castle.[22]
+Both Princes joined the King at Bath, and thence, by Rupert's advice,
+marched to Oxford.  At Newbury they {162} again encountered Waller and
+Cromwell, but refused battle, and Rupert succeeded in drawing off his
+forces without losing one man.  The dexterous retreat was compared by
+one of the young nobles to a country dance.[23]  On November 21st
+Rupert made a vain attempt to recover Abingdon, which was now possessed
+for the Parliament; and on the 23rd he entered Oxford with the King.
+
+During the march, the Prince had finally received that appointment of
+Master of the Horse concerning which he had entertained so many doubts.
+At the same time he was declared Commander-in-Chief in place of the old
+Lord Brentford, who had become very deaf, and who "by the
+long-continued practice of immoderate drinking, dozed in his
+understanding."[24]  The change was exceedingly popular with the
+soldiers, but exceedingly distasteful to the courtiers and councillors.
+Brentford had always been willing to permit discussion, only feigning
+unusual deafness when he was strongly averse to the proposals made.
+But Rupert showed himself "rough and passionate,"[25] cut short debate
+whenever possible, and endeavoured to carry all with a high hand.  In
+addition to the promotion already conferred on him, he had expected the
+colonelcy of the Life-Guards, and when this was bestowed on Lord
+Bernard Stewart, the Prince felt himself so unreasonably injured "that
+he was resolved to lay down his command upon it."[26]  He did in fact
+go the length of demanding a pass to quit the kingdom, but happily the
+persuasions of his friends brought him to a wiser state of mind, and he
+apologised for his folly.  Another fruitless attempt on Abingdon closed
+the military proceedings of the year.
+
+The chief events of the winter months were the Treaty {163} of
+Uxbridge, and the forming of the Parliament's new model army.  The
+negotiation of January 1645 was due to Scottish influence, and though
+many of the Royalists were eager to come to terms, the religious
+question proved, as always, an insuperable obstacle.  Moreover, it was
+quite impossible for Charles to accept the long list of excepted
+persons "who shall expect no pardon," which was headed by the names of
+his own nephews.  The Princes themselves appear to have been infinitely
+amused by the circumstance, for it is recorded by Whitelocke, himself
+one of the Parliamentary Commissioners: "Prince Rupert and Prince
+Maurice being present, when their names were read out as excepted
+persons, they fell into a laughter, at which the King seemed
+displeased, and bid them be quiet."[27]
+
+In spite of this incident, Rupert forwarded the treaty by all means in
+his power.  He had been one of the first to meet the Commissioners on
+their arrival.  They had gone, on the same day, to visit Lord Lindsey,
+and ten minutes after their entrance Rupert had put in an appearance,
+privately summoned by their host, as the Commissioners suspected.  He
+had been present at all the discussions of the treaty, occasionally
+speaking to remind the King of some forgotten point, but otherwise
+keeping silence;[28] and when the treaty ultimately collapsed, the
+Prince "deeply deplored" its failure.  He understood only too well the
+weakness of the King's resources, and the growing strength of the
+Parliament.  The new model army, from which all incompetent officers
+were excluded, and which was to resemble in strength and discipline,
+Cromwell's own "lovely Company" was rapidly being developed.  And as
+the power of the Parliament waxed, that of the King waned.  Goring,
+brilliant, careless, valiant, and self-indulgent was losing the West by
+his negligence, and alienating it by his oppressions.  Nor were matters
+much better elsewhere.  Maurice had {164} succeeded his brother in the
+care of Wales and the Marches, though without his title of President.
+His advent had been eagerly welcomed by the despondent Byron, but he
+was incompetent to deal with the difficulties that beset him.  From
+Worcester, where he was established, he sent helpless appeals to Rupert
+for advice and assistance.  In January he demanded an enlargement of
+his commission.  "I desire no further latitude than the same from you
+that you had from the King,"[29] he told his brother discontentedly.
+He had promised a commission to the gentlemen of Staffordshire, which
+he had not the power to grant them, "though I would not let them know
+as much," he confessed, with youthful vanity.[30]  Very shortly a
+serious misfortune befell him in the betrayal of Shrewsbury to the
+Parliament.--"A disaffected town with only a garrison of burghers, and
+a doting old fool of a Governor,"[31] it had been called by Byron,
+whose language was usually forcible.--And Maurice's difficulties were
+further increased by the wholesale desertion of his men.
+
+The exhaustion of the country was making it harder than ever to find
+food and quarters for the soldiers.  In Dorsetshire the peasants were
+already rising, under the name of "Clubmen," to oppose the
+encroachments of both armies.  And the Royalist officers disputed among
+themselves over the supplies wrung from the impoverished country.  From
+Camden, Colonel Howard simply returned Rupert's order to share his
+district with another regiment, "resolving to keep nothing by me that
+shall hang me," he explained; and he went on to assert that even his
+rival colonel "blushed to see the unreasonableness" of the Prince's
+order.  "What horrid crime have I committed, or what brand of cowardice
+lies upon me and my men that we are not thought worthy of a
+subsistence?  Shall the Queen's seventy horse have {165} Westmester
+hundred, Tewkesbury hundred, and God knows what other hundreds, and yet
+share half with me in Rifsgate, who has, at this very present, a
+hundred horse and five hundred foot, besides a multiplicity of
+officers?  Sir, at my first coming hither, the gentry of these parts
+looked upon me as a man considerable, and had already raised me sixty
+horse towards a hundred, and a hundred foot, and were continuing to
+raise me a greater number.  But at the sight of this order of your
+Highness I resolved to disband them, and to come to Oxford where I'll
+starve in more security.  But finding my Lieutenant-Colonel forced to
+come to your Highness and to tell his sad condition, I find him so well
+prepared with sadness of his own, that I cannot but think he will
+deliver my grievances rarely.  As I shall find myself encouraged by
+your Highness, I will go on and raise more forces.  Ever submitting all
+my proceedings to your Highness's orders--_bar starving, since I am
+resolved to live._"[32]
+
+Not more cheering was the report of Sir Jacob Astley, then at
+Cirencester.  "After manie Scolisietationes by letters and mesendgeres,
+sent for better payment of this garrison, and to be provided with men,
+arms and ammonition for ye good orderinge and defence of this place, I
+have received no comfort at all.  So y^t in littel time our
+extreameties must thruste the souldieres eyther to disband, or mutiny,
+or plunder, and then y^e faulte will be laid to my charge.  Gode sende
+y^e Kinge mor monne, and me free from blame and imputation."[33]
+Rupert had little comfort to give, and no money at all, but he answered
+the old soldier with the respect and consideration which he always
+showed him.  In earlier days old Astley had been Governor to Rupert and
+Maurice, and to him they probably owed much that was good in them.
+Rupert, in consequence, never treated Astley in the peremptory fashion
+that he used with others.  "For {166} such precise orders as you seem
+to desire, I must deal freely with you, you are not to expect them," he
+wrote to his old Governor; "we being not such fit judges as you upon
+the place...  I should be very loath, by misjudging here, to direct
+that which you should find inconvenient there."[34]
+
+Such phrases contrast strongly with the Prince's usual high-handed
+procedure, of which we find the King himself complaining at this very
+time.  "Indeed it surprised me a little this morning," he wrote to his
+nephew, "when Adjutant Skrimshaw told me that you had given him a
+commission to be Governor of Lichfield without ever advising with me,
+or even giving me notice of it;--for he told me as news, and not by
+your command.  I know this proceeds merely out of a hasty forgetfulness
+and want of a little thinking, for if you had called to mind the late
+dispute between the Lord Loughborough and Bagot, that is dead, you
+would have advised more than you have done, both of the person, and the
+manner of doing it; and then, it may be, you would have thought George
+Lisle fitter for it than him you have chosen.  Upon my word I have
+taken notice of this to none but this bearer, with whom I have spoken
+reasonable freely, by which you may perceive that this is freedom and
+nothing else, that makes me write thus, expecting the same from you to
+your loving Oncle."[35]  Whether Rupert did or did not resent the
+reproof does not appear, but the King proved right, and Skrimshaw
+quarrelled with Loughborough no less than Bagot had done.
+
+Perilous as was the condition of the Royalists on all sides, the
+condition of Wales seemed the most desperate, and thither Rupert
+hastened in the March of 1645.  He took his way first to Ludlow, where
+he hoped to raise new forces, and a few days later he joined Maurice at
+Ellesmere.  Thence he wrote despondently to Legge, dwelling on the
+great numbers of the enemy, and exhorting him to see that {167} the
+Oxford army held Monmouthshire in check.  "I am going about a nobler
+business," he added, "therefore pray God for me; and remember me to all
+my friends."[36]  But by the 14th he had got an army together, and his
+spirits were marvellously revived.  "We are few, but shrewd fellows as
+ever you saw.  Nothing troubles us but that Prince Charles is in worse
+(condition), and pray God he were here.  I expect nothing but ill from
+the West; let them hear that Rupert says so."  (This was for Goring's
+benefit.)  "As for Charles Lucas' business, assure the King that
+nothing was meant but that it should be conceded by Lord Hopton; but
+his lieutenant, Slingsby, is a rogue.  I have enough against him to
+prove him so, when time shall be.  This enclosed will show you a fine
+business concerning my cousin the Bishop of York.  Pray acquaint His
+Majesty with it, it concerns him.  Martin's man carried a letter to you
+from Stowe, which you did receive, and one for Sir Edward Herbert.
+Pray remember me to him, and to all my friends, and inquire about the
+letter; you'll find knavery in it.  Prince Charles wrote to me about
+Mark Trevor; I denied it (_i.e._ refused) as well as I could: he goes
+to him.  Cheshire will not prosper.  (Maurice was there.)  Your company
+is here, so is your friend Rupert."[37]
+
+The allusion to the Archbishop of York shows that Rupert had already
+detected the intrigues of that warlike and treacherous prelate.  He had
+fortified and defended his castle of Conway, but quarrelled incessantly
+with all the Royalist officers in the district, and eventually he
+admitted the enemy to his castle.  At the date of the above letter he
+was following the example of Digby, and trying to sow dissension
+between Ormonde and Rupert.  Cheshire and Wales, he declared, lay "all
+neglected and in confusion", owing to the private quarrels of Rupert's
+"favourite", Legge, and the Byrons, whom he represented as {168}
+"thrown out of their governments, abandoned by the King, and left to
+die in prison."[38]  The Byrons themselves do not appear to have made
+any such complaints; and a sentence in one of Lord Byron's letters to
+the Prince seems to deprecate the reports spread by the Archbishop.  "I
+heard," he says, "that Your Highness was informed that, in your
+absence, I showed most disrespect to those you most honour.  This is
+very far from the truth, as it ever shall be from the practice of your
+most humble and most obliged servant, Byron."[39]
+
+And in spite of the Archbishop's hostility Rupert's efforts in the
+Marches were attended by success.  On the 19th of April, having been
+rejoined by Maurice, he forced Brereton to raise his siege of Beeston
+Castle, which had endured for seventeen weeks.  A few days later he was
+engaged in suppressing a revolt in Herefordshire, where the peasants
+were rising like the clubmen of Dorset.  Most of them fled before the
+Prince, but two hundred stood their ground, of these Rupert took the
+leaders, and persuaded the rest to lay down their arms; he was anxious,
+if possible, to conciliate the people rather than to suppress them by
+force.[40] No sooner was this task accomplished than Astley arrived
+with the news that a Parliamentary force, under Massey, was at Ledbury.
+Without an instant's delay Rupert set out, marched all night, and
+attacked and routed Massey in the morning, April 22nd.  From Ledbury he
+went to Hereford, where he remained some days before returning to
+Oxford.
+
+It was at this time that Rupert performed the stern act of retaliation,
+which so roused the wrath of the Parliament.  The King's importation of
+Irish soldiers had been regarded by the Puritans as a gross aggravation
+of all his other {169} crimes.  They chose to regard all the Irish as
+responsible for the massacre of the Protestants which had occurred in
+Ireland in 1641, and in accordance with this view they gave them no
+quarter.  In March 1645 Essex happened to take thirteen Irish troopers,
+whom he hanged without mercy; and Rupert immediately retaliated by the
+execution of thirteen Roundhead prisoners.  Essex thereupon wrote an
+indignant letter, reproaching the Prince for his barbarous and inhuman
+conduct, to which Rupert responded in a letter "full of haughtiness",
+that since Essex had "barbarously murdered" his men, "in cold blood,
+after quarter given", he would have been unworthy of his command had he
+not let the Puritans know that their own soldiers "must pay the price
+of such acts of inhumanity."[41]  The Parliament then took upon itself
+to remonstrate at great length, but received only a concise and decided
+reply from the Prince's secretary:
+
+"I am, by command, to return you this answer.  You gave the first
+example in hanging such prisoners as were taken, and thereupon the same
+number of yours suffered in like manner.  If you continue this course
+you cannot, in reason, but expect the like return.  But, if your
+intention be to give quarter, and to exchange prisoners upon equal
+terms, it will not be denied here."[42]  The Prince's resolute attitude
+had the desired effect, and the Puritans were forced to recognise
+Irishmen as human beings.
+
+In contrast with this incident, we find a frantic appeal to the Prince
+for mercy, dated April 28.  A young Royalist officer--Windebank--had
+most unjustifiably surrendered Blechingdon House, of which he was
+Governor, and by a court-martial held at Oxford he was doomed to die.
+Poor Windebank was no coward, but he had acted in a moment of panic,
+engendered by the terror of his young wife, and it was on his behalf
+that Sir Henry Bard now pleaded with {170} Rupert.  "The letter
+enclosed was sent to me from Oxford, to be conveyed with all speed
+possible.  Pray God it comes time enough!  It concerns a most
+unfortunate man, Colonel Windebank.  Sir, pity him and reprieve him!
+It was God's judgment on him, and no cowardice of his own.  At the
+battle of Alresford he gave a large testimony of his courage, and if
+with modesty I may bring in the witness, I saw it, and there began our
+acquaintance.  Oh, happy man had he ended then!  Sir, let him but live
+to repair his honour, of which I know he is more sensible than are the
+damned of the pains of hell."[43]  Rupert had saved Fielding, and he
+would in all probability have saved Windebank had it been possible.
+But, alas, Bard's letter was intercepted by the Parliament and never
+reached its destination!  And Windebank died on May 3rd, the day before
+Rupert reached Oxford.
+
+The King was about to begin his last campaign, and he therefore
+summoned both his nephews to his side.  The two Princes reached Oxford
+on May 4th, after an extraordinarily rapid march, and three days later,
+the King set out for Woodstock, leaving Will Legge behind him as
+Governor of Oxford.  Danger was on every side.  The Scots dominated the
+North; the West was falling rapidly away, and Cromwell's new army
+threatened that of the King.  At starting, Charles had but 1,100 men,
+but before a month was past, Rupert had doubled their number.  Digby
+and the Court party would fain have joined with Goring in the west, but
+Rupert, "spurred on by the northern horse, who violently pursued their
+desires of being at home,"[44] was eager for the North.  For the moment
+his star was in the ascendant, and, to Digby's disgust, the King
+yielded.  "All is governed by Prince Rupert who grows a great
+Courtier," reported Arthur Trevor.  "But whether his power be not
+supported by the present occasion is a question to {171} ask a
+conjuror.  Certainly the Lord Digby loves him not."[45] At Evesham,
+which was reached on the 9th, Rupert gave new offence to the Court by
+making Robin Legge, Will's brother, Governor of that town, in defiance
+of the wishes of the Council.  Moving slowly northwards through the
+Midlands, he took Hawkesly House near Bromsgrove; on the following day
+he was at Wolverhampton.  On the 27th both he and the King were the
+guests of the Hastings, at Ashby de la Zouch, and on the 29th Rupert
+"laye in the workes before Leycester."[46]  By his skill and energy,
+this town was taken in two days, and the triumph not only revived the
+drooping spirits of the Cavaliers, but won them material advantages in
+the way of arms and ammunition.  It was believed that Derby would have
+surrendered on a summons, but Rupert would not take the chance.  Should
+it refuse his summons, he maintained, "out of punctilio of honour" he
+would be forced to lay siege to it, which he had not means to do.[47]
+Willingly would he have pressed on northwards, but Fairfax was
+threatening Oxford, and the civilians, always anxious to keep the army
+in the south, clamoured loudly of the danger of the Duke of York, the
+Council, the Stores, and all the fair ladies of the Court.  The said
+ladies also "earnestly by letter, solicited Prince Rupert to their
+rescue."[48]  Reluctantly he faced southwards.  But the danger of
+Oxford was less imminent than had been represented; Fairfax retired
+from before it.  Then the contest of Rupert against Digby, the soldier
+against the civilian was renewed.  "There was a plot to send the King
+to Oxford, but it is undone," the Prince wrote to his "dear Will."
+"The chief of the counsel was the fear that some men had that the
+soldiers would take from them the influence they now possess with the
+King."[49]
+
+{172}
+
+It was in accordance with the perversity of Charles's fate that just
+when the Parliamentary army had thrown off civilian shackles, he was
+ceasing to be ruled by the military counsels of his nephew.  Rupert
+again urged a march to the North.  Digby and the Councillors of Oxford,
+ever eager to keep the army in the South, recommended an attack on the
+Eastern counties.  The King remained at Daventry hesitating between the
+two counsels, and in the meantime Fairfax and Cromwell were advancing
+towards him.  Rupert's unaccountable contempt for the New Model Army
+prevented him from taking the proper precautions, and he remained
+absolutely ignorant of Fairfax's movements, until he was quartered
+eight miles from Daventry.  Then the King decided to move towards
+Warwick, and that night he slept at Lubenham, Rupert at Harborough.  On
+the same evening Ireton surprised and captured a party of Rupert's men,
+as they were playing at quoits in Naseby.  A few who escaped, fled to
+warn the King, and the King hastened to Rupert.  With unwonted
+prudence, Rupert advised retreat; reinforcements might be found at
+Leicester and Newark, and there was yet a hope that Goring might march
+to their aid.  He did not know, as Fairfax knew through an intercepted
+despatch, that Goring was unable to leave the West.  But Digby and
+Ashburnham were for fighting, and once again the civilian triumphed.
+On June 14th took place the fatal battle of Naseby.
+
+Very early the royal army was drawn up upon a long hill which runs two
+miles south of Harborough.  Here Astley intended the battle to be
+fought, resolving to keep on the defensive.  But the enemy did not
+appear, and Rupert, growing impatient, sent out his scout master to
+look for them, about eight o'clock in the morning.  The man returned,
+after a perfunctory search, saying that Fairfax was not to be seen.
+Then Rupert, unable to bear inaction any longer, rode out to look for
+him in person, with a small party of horse.  At Naseby he found the
+whole army of the Parliament.  {173} It was just then engaged in
+shifting its position, and Rupert jumped to the conclusion that it was
+in full retreat.  Lured on by this idea, he established himself on a
+piece of rising ground to the right, and summoned the rest of the army
+from its well-chosen position to join him there.  This was perhaps the
+chief cause of the defeat that followed.  Rupert and Maurice charged
+together on the right, and swept the field before them, till they
+reached the enemy's cannon and baggage waggons.  Here Rupert was
+mistaken for Fairfax, for both were wearing red cloaks, and some of the
+Puritan reserve rode up, asking, "How goes the day?"  The Prince
+responded by an offer of quarter, which was met by a volley of musket
+shot.  But Rupert could not stay to complete his conquest.  His part of
+the battle had been won, but behind him Cromwell had scattered the
+Royalist left, and was trampling the infantry of the centre in "a
+dismal carnage."[50]  The King was turned from the battle too soon, his
+whole army was disheartened and overwhelmed, and Rupert returned too
+late, to find Cromwell in possession of the field.  The Royal army was
+destroyed, and the war almost at an end.  That night the King retreated
+to Ashby, and the next day, Sunday, he reached Lichfield, whence he
+hastened on to Raglan Castle.  Rupert went on westward to the Prince of
+Wales at Barnstaple.
+
+His departure from the King was due to a new quarrel with Digby, who
+attributed the disaster to the fault of the Prince.  "Let me know what
+is said among you, concerning our last defeat," Rupert wrote to Legge,
+at Oxford; "doubtless the fault of it will be put upon me...  Since
+this business I find Digby hath omitted nothing which might prejudice
+me, and this day hath drawn a letter from the King to Prince Charles,
+in which he crosses all things that befell here in my behalf.  I have
+showed this to the King, and in earnest; and if thereupon he should go
+on {174} and send it, I shall be forced to quit Generalship and march
+towards Prince Charles, where I have received more kindness than
+here."[51]  At the same time, Legge received a long account of the
+battle from Digby himself, in which the Secretary, very cleverly,
+charged all the misfortune of the day to the Prince, while pretending
+to acquit him.  "I am sure that Prince Rupert hath so little kindness
+for me, as I daily find he hath, it imports both to me and mine to be
+much the more cautious not to speak anything that may be wrested to his
+prejudice.  I can but lament my misfortune that Prince Rupert is
+neither gainable nor tenable by me, though I have endured it with all
+the industry, and justness unto him in the world, and I lament your
+absence from him.  Yet, at least, if Prince Rupert cannot be better
+inclined to me, that you might prevail with him so far that his heats,
+and misapprehensions of things may not wound his own honour, and
+prejudice the King's service.  I am very unhappy that I cannot speak
+with you, since the discourse that my heart is full of is too long for
+a letter, and not of a nature fit for it.  But I conjure you, if you
+preserve that justice and kindness for me which I will not doubt, if
+you hear anything from Prince Rupert concerning me, suspend your
+judgment.  As for the particular aspersion upon him, which you mention,
+of _fighting against advice, he is very much wronged in it_, ... and
+for particular time, place and circumstance of our fighting that day,
+His Highness cannot be said to have gone against my Lord Astley, or any
+other advice; _for I am confident no man was asked upon the
+occasion_,--I am sure no council was called.  I shall only say this
+freely to you, that I think a principal occasion of our misfortune was
+the want of you with us....  But really, dear Will, I do not write this
+with reflection, for indeed we were all carried on at that time with
+such a spirit and confidence of victory as though he that should have
+said {175} "consider" would have been your foe.  Well, let us look
+forward!  Give your Prince good advice, as to caution, and value of
+counsel, and God will yet make him an instrument of much happiness to
+the King, and Kingdom, and that being, I will adore him as much as you
+love him."[52]  But "Honest Will" was quite shrewd enough to read
+between the lines of this elaborate epistle, and he answered with a
+spirit and candour worthy of his character.  "I am extremely afflicted
+to understand from you that Prince Rupert and yourself should be upon
+so unkindly terms, and I protest, I have cordially endeavoured, with
+all my interest in His Highness, to incline him to a friendship with
+your Lordship, conceiving it a matter of advantage to my Master's
+service, to have a good intelligence between persons so eminently
+employed in his affairs, and likewise the great obligation and
+inclination I had to either of you.  But truly, my Lord, I often found
+this a hard matter to hold between you; and your last letter gives me
+cause to think that your Lordship _is not altogether free from what he
+accused you of_, as the reason of his jealousies.  Which was that you
+both say and do things to his prejudice, _contrary to your professions,
+and not in an open and direct line, but obscurely and obliquely_; and
+this, under your Lordship's pardon, I find your letter very full of.
+For where your Lordship would excuse him of the particular and general
+aspersions, yet you come with such objections against the conduct of
+that business, as would, to men ignorant of the Prince, make him
+incapable of common-sense in his profession.  For my part, my Lord, I
+am so well acquainted with the Prince's ways, that I am confident all
+his General officers and commanders knew beforehand how, and in what
+manner, he intended to fight; and when, as you say, all mankind were of
+opinion to fight, it was his part to put it into execution.  Were any
+man in the army dissatisfied in his directions, {176} or in the order,
+he ought to have informed the General of it, and to have received
+further satisfaction.  And for the not calling of a Council at that
+instant, truly, the Prince having before laid his business, were there
+need of it, the blame must be as much yours as any man's."  And, after
+a great deal more to the same purpose, Legge concludes with the stout
+declaration, "and assure yourself you are not free from great blame
+towards Prince Rupert.  And no man will give you this free language at
+a cheaper rate than myself, though many discourse of it."[53]
+
+
+
+[1] Clarendon, Bk. VII.  p. 96, _note_.
+
+[2] King to Rupert, 26 May, 1644.  Rupert Correspondence.  Add. MSS.
+18981
+
+[3] Warburton, III.  p. 16.
+
+[4] Add. MSS.  18981.  Digby to Rupert, Aug. 15, 1644.
+
+[5] Carte's Letters, I.  63.  13 Sept. 1644.
+
+[6] Carte's Ormonde, IV.  190.  13 Aug. 1644.
+
+[7] Ibid.
+
+[8] Carte's Ormonde.  VI.  206.  13 Oct. 1644.
+
+[9] Ibid.  Vol. VI.  203.  3 Oct. 1644.
+
+[10] Add. MSS.  18981.  King to Rupert, Aug. 30, 1644.
+
+[11] Ibid.  Sept. 23, 1644.  Digby to Rupert.
+
+[12] Rupert to Legge.  Oct. 16, 1644.  Warburton, III.  p. 27.
+
+[13] Warburton, II. 172, and III. 16.
+
+[14] Warburton, III.  p. 52.
+
+[15] Warburton, III.  p. 73.  Rupert to Legge, Mar. 31, 1645.
+
+[16] Clarendon, Bk. IX.  p. 30.
+
+[17] Carte's Letters, I.  86-87, 25 May, 1645.
+
+[18] Warburton, III.  p. 21.
+
+[19] Ibid.  p. 22.
+
+[20] Rupert Transcripts.  Richmond to Rupert, Sept. 14, 1644.
+
+[21] Clarendon, Bk. VIII.  p. 149.
+
+[22] Warburton, III.  p. 31.
+
+[23] Warburton, III.  p. 32.
+
+[24] Clar. Hist.  Bk. VIII.  p. 29.
+
+[25] Ibid.  p. 108.
+
+[26] Warburton, III.  p. 32, and Rupert's Journal, Nov. 15, 1644,
+Clarendon Papers.
+
+[27] Whitelocke.  ed. 1732.  p. 114.
+
+[28] Ibid.
+
+[29] Maurice to Rupert, Jan. 29, 1645.  Warb. III.  p. 54.
+
+[30] Warburton, III.  p. 54.  Maurice to Rupert, Jan. 29, 1645.
+
+[31] Rupert Transcripts.  Byron to Rupert, 14 Jan. 1644.
+
+[32] Warburton, III.  p. 56-7.  Howard to Rupert, Jan. 30, 1645.
+
+[33] Rupert Transcripts.  Astley to Rupert, Jan. 11, 1645.  Pythouse
+Papers, p. 20.
+
+[34] Domestic State Papers.  Rupert to Astley.  Jan. 13, 1645.
+
+[35] Rupert Transcripts.  King to Rupert, Jan. 1645.
+
+[36] Warburton, III.  p. 68.  Rupert to Legge, Mar. 11, 1645.
+
+[37] Ibid.  p. 69, Mar. 24, 1645.
+
+[38] Carte's Ormonde, VI.  271-272.  Archbishop Williams to Ormonde,
+Mar. 25, 1655.
+
+[39] Add. MSS.  18982.  Byron to Rupert, Jan. 1645.
+
+[40] Webb, Vol. II.  pp. 141, 157, 178.
+
+[41] Webb.  II.  pp. 146-147.
+
+[42] Gilbert's History of the Irish Confederation, Vol. IV.  p. XIV.
+Ralph Goodwin to Houses of Parliament, Mar. 23, 1645.
+
+[43] Dom. State Papers.  Bard to Rupert, Ap. 28, 1645.
+
+[44] Walker's Historical Discourses, ed. 1705, pp. 126, 129.
+
+[45] Carte's Letters, I.  90, May 25, 1645.
+
+[46] Clarendon State Papers, Rupert's Journal, May 29, 1645.
+
+[47] Walker, p. 128.
+
+[48] Walker, p. 128.
+
+[49] Warburton, III.  p. 100.  Rupert to Legge, June 8, 1645.
+
+[50] Sir Edward Southcote.  Troubles of our Catholic Forefathers.
+Series I.  p. 392.
+
+[51] Warburton.  III.  pp. 119-121.  Rupert to Legge, June 18, 1645.
+
+[52] Warburton.  III.  pp. 125-128.  Digby to Legge.  No date.
+
+[53] Warburton, III.  pp. 128-131.  Legge to Digby, June 30, 1645.
+
+
+
+
+{177}
+
+CHAPTER X
+
+RUPERT'S PEACE POLICY.  THE SURRENDER OF BRISTOL.  DIGBY'S PLOT AGAINST
+RUPERT.  THE SCENE AT NEWARK.  RECONCILIATION WITH THE KING.  THE FALL
+OF OXFORD
+
+After the battle of Naseby, misfortunes crowded thick upon the
+Royalists.  Garrisons surrendered daily to the Parliament; Goring
+suffered a crushing defeat; and the King seemed in no way to raise
+another army.  Rupert retired to his city of Bristol, and summoned
+Maurice to his side.  But the younger Prince was at Worcester, which
+was threatened by the Scots, and could not quit the place with honour.
+"I hope when you have duly considered my engagement herein, you will be
+pleased to excuse me for not observing your orders to be personally
+with you,"[1] he wrote humbly to his brother.
+
+After a three weeks' stay at Raglan, the King himself thought of
+joining his nephew at Bristol.  But the Prince's enemies opposed the
+idea, and Rupert, though enough inclined to it, declared that he would
+not be responsible for what he had not advised.  And the rallying
+loyalty of the Welsh, combined with continued misfortune in the West,
+caused Charles to change his mind.  In Rupert's eyes the King's final
+decision was a matter of indifference; defeat was inevitable, and all
+the Prince's efforts were directed towards peace.  This complete change
+of attitude is an evidence of Rupert's strong common-sense.  In 1642 he
+had been regarded as one of the obstacles which made peace impossible;
+but in 1642 there had been hope, even {178} probability, of victory.
+In 1645 defeat and ruin stared the Royalists in the face, and Rupert
+would not, like the King and Digby, shut his eyes to disagreeable fact.
+On July 28th he wrote to Richmond a plain statement of his views.  "His
+Majesty has now no way left to preserve his posterity, Kingdom, and
+nobility, but by a treaty.  I believe it a more prudent way to retain
+something than to lose all.  If the King resolve to abandon Ireland,
+which now he may with honour, since they desire so unreasonably; and it
+is apparent they will cheat the King, having not 5,000 men in their
+power.  When this has been told him, and that many of his officers and
+soldiers go from him to them (_i.e._ to the Parliament), I must
+extremely lament the condition of such as stay, being exposed to all
+ruin and slavery.  One comfort will be left,--we shall all fall
+together.  When this is, remember I have done my duty.  Your faithful
+friend, Rupert."[2]
+
+On the same day he wrote to Legge:
+
+"I have had no answer to ten letters I wrote, but from the Duke of
+Richmond, to whom I wrote plainly and bid him be plain with the King,
+and to desire him to consider some way which might lead to a treaty,
+rather than undo his posterity.  How this pleases I know not, but
+rather than not do my duty and speak my mind freely, I will take his
+unjust displeasure."[3]
+
+This advice was in fact exceedingly displeasing to the King.  Richmond,
+who fully concurred in Rupert's opinion, showed the letter to his
+master "with as much care and friendship to Rupert" as possible; and
+the King read it graciously, saying that his nephew had "expressed as
+great generosity as was all his actions;"[4] but, for all that, he
+firmly forbade him to write in such a strain again.  "Speaking as a
+mere soldier or statesman," he acknowledged that {179} Rupert might be
+right; but, "as a Christian, I must tell you that God will not suffer
+rebels and traitors to prosper, nor this cause to be overthrown; and
+whatever personal punishment it shall please Him to inflict on me must
+not make me repine, much less give over this quarrel; and there is
+little question that a composition with them at this time is nothing
+less than a submission, which, by the grace of God, I am resolved
+against, whatever it cost me.  For I know my obligation to be, both in
+conscience and honour, neither to abandon God's cause, injure my
+successors, nor forsake my friends.  Indeed I cannot flatter myself
+with expectation of good success more than this, to end my days with
+honour and a good conscience; which obliges me to continue my
+endeavours, as not despairing that God may yet, in good time, avenge
+his own cause....  I earnestly desire you not in any way to hearken
+after treaties, assuring you, low as I am, I will not go less than what
+was offered in my name at Uxbridge.  Therefore, for God's sake, let us
+not flatter ourselves with these conceits; and believe me, the very
+imagination that you are desirous of a treaty will lose me so much the
+sooner."[5]
+
+But noble and earnest as were the King's words, they could not alter
+his nephew's mind.  Rupert had little faith that a miracle would be
+vouchsafed to save the royal cause; and he could never be made to
+understand that the questions at issue were such as admitted of no
+compromise.  Digby of course seized the opportunity of widening the
+breach between King and Prince.  Ever since Marston Moor, he had
+intrigued with increasing success against his rival, and Rupert
+struggled vainly in his meshes.  "I would give anything to be but one
+day in Oxford, when I could discover some that were in that plot of
+Herefordshire and the rest.  But I despair of it!"[6] the Prince had
+written in the March of this year.  In June he had sent Langdale to
+Ormonde in {180} Ireland, as a counterfoil to O'Neil, and Digby
+hastened to let the Lord Lieutenant know that Langdale was "a creature
+of Prince Rupert, and sent over not without jealousy that Dan O'Neil
+may be too frank a relater of our military conduct here."[7]  And, July
+21st, 1645, it is entered in the Prince's diary: "Ashburnham told the
+Prince that Digby would ruin him."[8]  By that time Rupert had become
+convinced that Digby would succeed in his endeavours.  A week later he
+wrote passionately to Legge, from Bristol: "You do well to wonder why
+Rupert is not with the King!  When you know the Lord Digby's intention
+to ruin him you will not then find it strange."[9]
+
+Digby's chance was close at hand.  Throughout July and August Rupert
+busied himself at Bristol, circling about the country, pacifying and
+winning over the Clubmen and trying to supply the deficiencies of the
+Bristol stores.  This town was now the most important garrison of the
+King.  It was the key of the Severn.  It alone held Wales and the
+Marches loyal, and its loss would also terribly affect the Royalists in
+the south-west.  Rupert had assured the King that he could hold the
+place four months, and great was the horror and dismay when he
+surrendered it after a three weeks' siege.
+
+The truth was that he had found the town insufficiently supplied,
+greatly undermanned, and full of despondency and disaffection.  He had
+done his best to remedy these evils; he ordered the townspeople to
+victual themselves for six months, imported corn and cattle from Wales,
+and he started manufactories of match and bullets within the town.  All
+the recruits he could gain were "new-levied Welsh and unexperienced
+men," and even of these there were but few.  "After the enemy
+approached, His Highness never could draw upon the line above 1,500,"
+and this to defend a {181} stretch of five miles![10]  Moreover, all
+his Colonels assured him that the wall was not tenable against a
+vigorous assault.  The one chance was that, if they repulsed the first
+storm, the enemy might be discouraged, and the approaching winter might
+save the city for yet a little while.
+
+On September 4th Fairfax sat down before Bristol, and summoned Rupert
+to surrender, in rather peculiar language.  The summons was a private
+exhortation to the Prince himself, and a personal appeal to his sense
+and humanity, "which," says Fairfax, "I confess is a way not common,
+and which I should not have used but in respect to such a person, and
+such a place."[11]  He proceeded to explain that the Parliament wished
+no ill to the King, but only his return to its care and Council, and
+entreated Rupert to end the schism by a surrender without bloodshed.
+The Prince only replied by demanding leave to send to ask the King's
+pleasure.  This Fairfax refused to grant, and Rupert entered into a
+treaty, hoping thereby to spin out time until relief could come.  But
+the patience of Fairfax was soon exhausted.  On September 10th he
+assaulted the city, about 2.0 a.m., entered the lines at a spot held by
+some new recruits, and was, by daybreak, in full possession of line and
+fort.  Thus the enemy was already within the city, and Rupert had no
+hope of relief, for, since Naseby, the King had had no army in the
+field.  Moreover, since the siege began, no word had come to the Prince
+from any quarter.  Three courses now lay open to him.  He might, with
+his cavalry, break through Fairfax's army, leaving behind him just
+sufficient men to keep the castle; this plan was rejected as
+exceedingly dangerous and unsatisfactory.  Secondly, he might retreat
+to the castle, which could be held for a long time; but the castle
+would not contain all the cavalry, and thus a large portion of it,
+together with the "nobility, gentry and well affected of the town,"
+would {182} be left to the mercy of the conquering foe.[12]  Thirdly
+and lastly, he could surrender on honourable terms; and this was the
+course chosen by the Council of War.  Rightly or wrongly, Rupert
+entered into treaty, and a cessation of arms was agreed on.  But the
+cessation was violated by Fairfax's men, and Rupert thereupon declared
+that he "would stand upon his own defence, and rather die than suffer
+such injuries."[13] Fairfax hastened to apologise and make amends;
+Rupert was pacified, and the treaty concluded.  The terms were good and
+honourable; the garrison were to march out with the honours of war, a
+charge of bullet and powder was granted to each of the Prince's guards,
+the sick were to stay uninjured in the city, and no private person was
+to be molested.  It must also be noted that Rupert yielded only at the
+second summons, and after the city had been entered by the enemy.
+Relief was "as improbable to be expected as easy to be desired," and
+though he could certainly have held the castle longer, "the city had
+been thereby exposed to the spoil and fury of the enemy, and so many
+gallant men who had so long and faithfully served His Majesty, (whose
+safeties His Highness conceived himself in honour obliged to preserve
+as dearly as his own) had been left to the slaughter and rage of a
+prevailing enemy."[14]  It may be that Rupert mistook his position.
+Perhaps he should have held the castle entrusted to him at all costs,
+and suffered no other considerations to cross his military councils.
+But his unwillingness to desert the townspeople and his beloved
+cavalry, can hardly be counted to his discredit.
+
+On September 10th the Royalist garrison marched out of Bristol, and was
+escorted by Fairfax himself for two miles over the Downs.  Rupert had
+dressed himself carefully for his part, and there was nothing of the
+broken down Cavalier about his attire.  "The Prince was clad in
+scarlet, {183} very richly laid in silver lace, and mounted upon a very
+gallant black Barbary horse; the General (Thomas Fairfax) and the
+Prince rode together, the General giving the Prince the right hand all
+the way."[15]  The courtesy on both sides was perfect; the Puritans
+showed no unseemly triumph over their fallen foe, and the Prince bore
+himself towards his conquerors as a soldier and a gentleman should.
+"All fair respects between the Prince and Sir Thomas Fairfax," reported
+a Puritan witness; "much respect from the Lord General Cromwell.  He
+(the Prince) gave this gallant compliment to Major Harrison, 'that he
+never received such satisfaction in such unhappiness, and that, if ever
+in his power, he will repay it,'"[16]
+
+Truly Rupert shone more in evil fortune than in good, and he seems to
+have completely won the hearts of his enemies.  His request for muskets
+for his men was readily granted, on his promise to deliver them up to
+the Parliamentary convoy, at the end of his journey, "which every one
+believes he will perform,"[17] said an adherent of the Parliament.  And
+the Puritan Colonel Butler, who convoyed him from Bristol to Oxford,
+wrote of him to Waller, with enthusiasm.  "I had the honour to wait
+upon His Highness Prince Rupert, with a convoy from Bristol to this
+place, and seriously, I am glad I had the happiness to see him.  I am
+confident we have been much mistaken in our intelligence concerning
+him.  I find him a man much inclined to a happy peace, and he will
+certainly employ his interest with His Majesty for the accomplishing of
+it.  I make it my request to you that you use some means that no
+pamphlet is printed that may derogate from his worth for the delivery
+of Bristow.  _On my word he could not have held it, unless it had been
+better manned_."[18]  Changed {184} indeed was the Puritan attitude
+towards the mad Prince, and more than one officer of the Parliament was
+eager to justify his conduct.  "I have heard the Prince much condemned
+for the loss of that city, but certainly they were much to blame,"
+wrote another.  "First let them consider that the town was entered by
+plain force, with the loss of much blood.  And then the Prince had
+nothing to keep but the great fort and castle.  Perchance he might hold
+out for some weeks, but then, of necessity, he must have lost all his
+horse, which was in all, 800; and he had no expectation of any relief
+at all.  Let all this be considered, and no man can blame him."[19]
+
+But the advocacy of the Parliament was not likely to allay Royalist
+indignation; nay, it was but another proof of Rupert's collusion with
+the enemy!  The Queen spoke "largely" of her nephew, giving out in
+Paris that he had sold Bristol for money;[20] and the story gained
+colour from the fact that the Elector really did receive a large sum
+from the Parliament at this time.  The loss of Shrewsbury was brought
+up against Maurice, and it was rumoured that the younger Princes were
+in league with the Elector; though they had never once written to him,
+since he had chosen to identify himself with the Parliament.  Here was
+Digby's opportunity; and the King, overwhelmed by the unexpected
+catastrophe, listened to his representations.  On his arrival at
+Oxford, Rupert received, from the hands of Secretary Nicholas, his
+discharge from the army, a passport to leave the country, and a letter
+from the King, desiring him "to seek subsistence somewhere beyond
+seas."[21] Further, Nicholas was directed to deprive Legge of the
+Governorship of Oxford, and to place him under arrest.
+
+With deep reluctance Nicholas obeyed orders; and both Legge and Rupert
+behaved themselves with quiet dignity.  {185} "According to your
+commands, I went immediately to the Lord Treasurer," wrote Nicholas to
+the King.  "We thought fit to send for Colonel Legge thither, who
+willingly submitted himself prisoner to your commands.  This being
+despatched, I went to Colonel Legge's house, where Prince Rupert dined,
+and desiring to speak with him privately in the withdrawing room, I
+presented to him first his discharge, and then after that your letter;
+to which he humbly submitted himself, telling me that he was very
+innocent of anything that might deserve so heavy a punishment....  Your
+Majesty will herewith receive a letter from Prince Rupert, who will, I
+believe, stay here, until he hears again from you, for that he cannot
+without leave from the rebels go to embark himself, and without Your
+Majesty's license, I hear, he will not demand a pass from the
+rebels."[22]
+
+Rupert's letter consisted of a grave and calm protest, and a demand for
+a personal interview with his uncle.  "I only say that if Your Majesty
+had vouchsafed to hear me inform you, before you had made a final
+judgment,--I will presume to present this much,--you would not have
+censured me, as it seems you do."  His first duty was, he admitted, to
+give an explanation to the King, but, since the opportunity was denied
+him--"In the next place I owe myself that justice as to publish to the
+world what I think will clear my erring in all this business now in
+question from any foul deed, or neglect, and vindicate me from desert
+of any prevailing malice, though I suffer it.  Your commands that I
+should dispose myself beyond seas be pleased to consider of, whether it
+be in my power, though you have sent me a pass, as times now are, to go
+by it."[23]  In accordance with this statement he published a detailed
+account of the state of Bristol, and all that had passed there, and
+continued at Oxford, awaiting the King's pleasure.  "I must not omit to
+acquaint Your Majesty," wrote the faithful {186} Nicholas, "that I hear
+Prince Rupert hath not L50 in all the world, and is reduced to so great
+an extremity as he hath not wherewith to feed himself or his servants.
+I hear that Colonel Legge is in no more plentiful condition."[24]
+
+The loss of Rupert's military experience was soon felt in the Royalist
+ranks; and would have been felt more severely had there been any
+serious undertaking on hand, or any army to execute it.  As it was,
+when the first moment of panic was past and men could consider the
+question calmly, he appeared to have been hardly dealt with.  To
+seriously suspect him of treachery was absurd; he was, in effect, the
+victim of Digby's malice; and the arrest of Legge, for no other crime
+than that of being the Prince's friend, favoured this view.  Digby of
+course pretended that he could furnish proofs of Legge's contemplated
+treacheries, "as soon as I can come at my papers, which were left with
+Stanier, and all my other necessaries, at Worcester," and insisted
+that, so long as Rupert were in England, it would be unsafe to set his
+friend at liberty.[25] Equally, of course, no one--except the
+King--believed him; for Legge's loyalty and integrity were above
+suspicion.  He was, says Clarendon, considered "above all
+temptations,"[26] and the indignation felt at this injustice greatly
+favoured the Prince's cause.
+
+Digby had no mind to face "the fury of the storm"[27] which he had
+raised.  Before Rupert could reach Oxford the Secretary had hurried the
+King away to Newark, a place which would be very difficult of access
+for the Prince.  Personally, Charles had inclined to Worcester, but
+Digby would not hear of it.  Not only was Worcester within easy
+distance from Oxford, but Maurice was Governor there; and Maurice had,
+as Digby knew, "a very tender sense {187} of the severity his brother
+had undergone, and was ready to revenge it."[28]
+
+The younger Prince was only just recovering from a second severe
+illness.  As before, his recovery had been despaired of, and his death
+freely reported by friends and foes.  "Maurice is very sick at
+Worcester of the plague; some say he is dead, and the malignants are
+very sorrowful at the news,"[29] said a Puritan pamphlet.  While he was
+still too ill to take any active share in the dispute, the King had
+written to him, telling of Rupert's dismissal, but adding kindly: "I
+know you to be so free from his present misfortune that it noways
+staggers me in that good opinion I have ever had of you; and so long as
+you be not weary of your employment under me, I will give you all the
+encouragement and contentment in my power."[30]  But Maurice was far
+too devoted a brother to be soothed by such words.  Ill though he was,
+he made a copy of the King's letter in his own hand to send to Rupert,
+and by all possible means he showed "sensibility" of the injury done to
+his brother.  Worcester was full of his partisans, and Digby knew
+better than to venture into his power.  At Newark, the Secretary felt
+himself safe, and there he continued to inflame the King against his
+nephew.  The task was not difficult.  The King was shaken and
+despairing, and Digby had calumnies ready to his hand.
+
+"It hath been the constant endeavours of the English nation--who are
+naturally prone to hate strangers--to seek, with false calumnies and
+scandalous accusations, to blast and blemish my integrity to my uncle
+and to his Royal family," declared Rupert himself, a few years later.
+"Neither hath the abuse laid on me by my uncle's pretended friends been
+sufficient, but the gross lies and forgeries of that rebel nest at
+Westminster have branded me with the worst {188} of crimes that
+possible any man might be charged with....  The command which His
+Majesty had been graciously pleased to confer on me--as I shall answer
+at the day of judgment--I did improve to the best of my power, without
+any treachery, deceit, or dissimulation.  And for my unfortunateness, I
+hope it was excusable, it being not only incident where I had command,
+but in all other places where my uncle had any power of soldiers; yet,
+notwithstanding, I was the butt at which envy shot its arrows, and all
+my uncle's losses were laid to my charge."[31]  This was not an unfair
+statement of the case.  It is the way of all nations and parties to
+blame some one for their misfortunes, and the foreign prince made a
+convenient scapegoat for the Royalists.  The libels originated in the
+"rebel nest" were taken up and cherished by the foes of Rupert's own
+household.  As early as February 1644, there had appeared a pamphlet
+which stated plainly that Rupert was aiming at the English Crown.  He
+was not, it was suggested, "so far from the Crown, but, if once the
+course of law, and the power of the Parliament be extinguished, he may
+bid as fair for it, by the sword, as the King; having possessed himself
+of so much power already under colour of serving the King; and having,
+by his German manner of plundering, and active disposition in military
+affairs, won the hearts of so many soldiers of fortune, and men of
+prey.  He is already their chieftain and their Prince, and he is like
+enough to be their King....  This whole war is managed by his skill,
+labour and industry; insomuch as, if the King command one thing and he
+another, the Prince must be preferred before the King.  Witness
+Banbury, which was secured from plundering under the King's own hand;
+but that was slighted, and the town plundered by Prince Rupert
+vilifying the King's authority, and making it a fault of his
+unexpertness, saying, 'His Uncle knew not what belonged {189} to war.'
+... Neither shall Prince Rupert want abettors in his cursed design; for
+many of our debauched and low-fortuned young nobility and gentry,
+suiting so naturally with this new conqueror, will make no bones to
+shoulder out the old King."[32]  Eagerly did Rupert's Royalist foes
+catch at the libel.  We have already seen that, before Marston Moor,
+Digby, Percy and Wilmot ventured to assert openly that the victory of
+Prince or Parliament was a matter of indifference.  And even after that
+battle had broken his power, Sir George Radcliffe wrote to Ormonde of
+"the great fear some have of Prince Rupert, his success and
+greatness."[33]
+
+The formation of Rupert's peace-party in 1645 put the finishing touch
+to Digby's hatred of him, and also afforded means of exciting the
+King's distrust.  The sanguine and unpractical Secretary, ignorant of
+military details, did not know that the King was beaten and could never
+draw another army into the field.  He had a thousand schemes for
+gaining over the Scots, for obtaining help from Ireland or France, and
+he would not, and could not, believe that the game was lost.
+Consequently he resented the suggestion of compromise even more hotly
+than did the King.  "Alas! my Lord!" he wrote to Jermyn in August, "I
+do not know four persons living, besides myself and you, that have not
+already given clear demonstration that they will purchase their own,
+and as they flatter themselves, the Kingdom's quiet, at any price to
+the King, the Church, and the faithfullest of his party...  The next
+news that you will hear, after we have been one month at Oxford, will
+be that I, and those few others who may be thought by our Counsels to
+fortify the King in firmness to his principles, shall be forced or torn
+from him.  You will find Prince Rupert, {190} Byron, Gerard, Will
+Legge, and Ormonde[34] are the prime instruments to impose the
+necessity upon the King of submitting to what they, and most of the
+King's party at Oxford, shall think fit."[35]
+
+But though he thus posed as a martyr, Digby had no intention of letting
+his rivals prevail.  Ormonde he tried to gain over, of course without
+success, by the suggestion that he might supplant Rupert as
+Commander-in-Chief; and he had already laid a deliberate and ingenious
+plot for ruining the reputations of Rupert and Legge.  By means of his
+agent, Walsingham, he obtained incriminating letters which represented
+both the Prince and his friend as deeply involved in intrigue with the
+Parliament.  The letters, which are anonymous, were apparently the work
+of some spy in the opposing camp, who was willing to supply any
+information desired,--for a consideration.  The Secretary was scarcely
+so insane as to believe in the accusations which they contained, but it
+suited his purpose to feign belief.  Certainly it seems strange that
+Digby, who was undoubtedly a gentleman, and by no means devoid of
+honour and generosity, could have stooped to such baseness; but he had
+a versatile mind, and he probably persuaded himself that Rupert's peace
+policy was as dangerous to the King's interests as actual treachery
+could be, and that any means were therefore justifiable to overthrow
+its authors.
+
+As early as August 8th, Walsingham forwarded to his patron an anonymous
+letter which stated the absolute necessity of deposing Rupert from the
+chief command.  "I have not been silent heretofore concerning Prince
+Rupert and his assistant, Will Legge....  Many did suppose, and those
+none of the weakest men, that upon the late defeat (Naseby), his
+Majesty would seriously take to heart the many great {191} and
+irregular errors hitherto admitted."[36]  Four days later, Walsingham
+himself wrote from Oxford, hinting at a design to betray Bristol, and
+proposing that Digby should get Legge supplanted at Oxford by Glemham.
+"Legge is pleased daily to show his teeth plainer to you and yours....
+Prince Rupert salutes him daily from Bristol with epistles beginning
+'Brother Governor', which are communicated to the Junto you know of,...
+Prince Rupert is now in general obloquy with all sorts of people,
+except Will Legge, and some few others of that stamp.  Now every one
+desires his absence and discarding.  His Majesty has had experience
+both of his wilfulness and ignorance, _if of no worse_.  Now is the
+time to take the bridle out of Phaeton's hands, and permit him not a
+third time to burn the world...  Something extraordinary is on hand is
+evident from the daily letters which pass between here and Bristol.
+'Tis sure time to provide for the safety of Oxford; for I am certain
+many things are done which will not bear examination, both within and
+without the line."[37]
+
+On the sixteenth, Walsingham wrote by Lady Digby's command, that Lord
+Portland had joined the "Cumberlanders," as Rupert's party was now
+called, and must be banished at all costs.  The "Cumberlanders" were
+endeavouring also to win Ashburnham, but some thought him "a slippery
+piece, and dangerous to build upon."  To this was added a hint that the
+Prince was leaguing with the Irish rebels,--the last thing he was
+likely to do as he had just urged the King to abandon them; but
+Walsingham added cautiously that he held "only the skirts" of the
+story, and could say nothing certain.[38]
+
+On September 10th Bristol fell.  That the very thing should happen at
+which they had so darkly hinted, was luck beyond what the conspirators
+had hoped; and Walsingham's {192} anonymous friend wrote to reproach
+him for "making no better use of my frequent informations concerning
+Prince Rupert and his creature, Legge."  Further, he stated that Oxford
+was also sold to the Parliament and would speedily share the fate of
+Bristol.  "I have seen the transactions for the bargain already, and
+there is no prevention but by an immediate repair of His Majesty
+thither, changing the Governor, and putting the city into the hands of
+some worthy man.  The same I say for Newark (?); for, believe me, we
+esteem ourselves masters of both already.  But whilst His Majesty is
+solicitous for this, I would not, by any means, have him neglect his
+personal safety, upon which he will needs have an extraordinary
+watchful eye; for I hear a whisper as if something ill were intended
+him, and to your master for his sake."[39]  This extraordinary document
+apparently constitutes the "proofs" against Legge of which Digby wrote
+to Nicholas.
+
+The arrival of Rupert at Oxford, on September 16th, gave some
+uneasiness to the conspirators.  "Prince Rupert is hourly expected with
+his train, which will so curb the endeavours of all honest men that it
+will be mere madness to attempt anything,"[40] wrote Walsingham!  But
+two days later he had gained courage from the Prince's quiet acceptance
+of his disgrace, to declare that now was the time to restore prosperity
+to the Kingdom, "by weeding out those unhappy men that poison all our
+happiness."  Also, he related an incident intended to give colour to
+the reports of Rupert's ambition.  "As even now I came through the
+garden of Christchurch, a gentleman met me, and took me into the inner
+garden, and told me that he would show me our new ruler.  Fancy!  When
+I came there, I found Prince Rupert and Legge, with the Lord--walking
+gravely between them, on the further side.  I seemed to take no notice
+of the gentleman's meaning, but came away, resenting {193} to see the
+nobility and gentry stand there bare at a distance, as if His Majesty
+had been present."[41]  A second letter, bearing the same date, and
+sent at Lady Digby's desire, states that Rupert had declared that to
+treat was "the only thing His Majesty hath now to do."  But this desire
+for peace Walsingham represented as a mere pose to mask the Prince's
+real aims.  "Observe but this popular and perilous design!...  Assure
+yourself, my Lord, that though this be Prince Rupert's aim here
+pretended 'tis but the medium to his real one; yet it is so plausible
+that you would bless yourself to see how it is here cherished by all
+that are either malcontent, timorous, or suspected...  Surely there is
+no way left for His Majesty to recover, prosper, and give life to his
+discouraged party, but by expressing his high dislike and distrust to
+Prince Rupert."[42]
+
+But notwithstanding Walsingham's hints, Rupert's desire for a treaty
+was perfectly sincere and disinterested.  Personally he had less to
+gain by it than most of the Cavaliers, and certainly he had nothing to
+save, for he had no stake in the country.  And the perfect integrity of
+his party is sufficiently guaranteed by the very fact that it counted
+Richmond, Legge, and Philip Warwick among its members.
+
+By October Rupert's patience was exhausted.  He could not quit the
+country without the leave of the Parliament, he had no money to support
+himself, or his servants, and Legge was still a prisoner on his
+account.  He resolved, at all hazards, to see the King.  Fain would he
+have had Richmond accompany him, but the Duke, though still his
+faithful friend, would not leave Oxford.
+
+"The Duke of Richmond goes not hence upon many considerations, though
+Prince Rupert much desired it.  They are very good friends, and both
+much for peace, though not for particular ones,"[43] reported a
+Cavalier from Oxford.  {194} On October 8th Maurice met Rupert at
+Banbury, and together they set out for Newark.  The journey was
+attended with much danger, for Newark was surrounded by a large army of
+the Parliament, and the Parliament had warned its officers to intercept
+the Princes.  But Rupert in prosperity had always been faithful to his
+friends, and he now found that they would not forsake him in adversity.
+A troop of officers volunteered to escort him, and Maurice brought an
+addition of strength, making about 120 in all.
+
+The enemy had posted about 1,500 horse at various places, to intercept
+the Princes' march, but all were skilfully evaded.  Near the end of
+their journey, however, the Princes found themselves stopped at Belvoir
+Bridge, by Rossetter with three hundred horse.  There was no choice but
+to charge through them.  Two attempts failed, and Rupert turned to his
+men, saying cheerfully: "We have beaten them twice, we must beat them
+once more, and then over the pass, and away."[44]  The third charge,
+carried them through the enemy, as he promised, and then they divided
+into two parties.  The larger troop went on, with the baggage, to
+Belvoir; but the Princes, with about twenty more, proceeded by a short
+cut, which Rupert remembered passing ten years before when a boy,
+"shooting of conies."  Here they were hotly pursued by a body of horse,
+and the enemy, thinking the Prince trapped, offered him quarter.  His
+only answer was to direct his friends to follow him closely, and,
+breaking through the hostile ranks, they came safely to Belvoir
+Castle.[45]
+
+Digby had not awaited the Prince's arrival, but had fled north, on the
+pretext of leading a force to join Montrose; and it was thought, on all
+sides, that he had done wisely.  The King no sooner heard of his
+nephews' arrival at Belvoir than he sent to forbid their nearer
+approach.  "Least of all I cannot forget what opinion you were of when
+I was at Cardiff," he wrote to Rupert, "and therefore must remember
+{195} you of the letter I wrote to you from thence, in the Duke of
+Richmond's cipher, warning you that if you be not resolved to carry
+yourself according to my resolution, therein mentioned, you are no fit
+company for me."[46]
+
+In defiance of this prohibition, Rupert came on next day to Newark.
+Within the town there existed a considerable party in his favour,
+headed by the Governor, Sir Richard Willys.  Two days earlier Willys
+had received the King at the city gates, but he now rode out a couple
+of miles, with a large escort of horse, to meet the Prince.  The
+accounts of the scene that followed are many, but all agree in the main
+points.  Rupert walked straight into the presence of the King, and,
+without any apology or ceremony, abruptly informed him "that he was
+come to render an account of the loss of Bristol."[47]  The King made
+no reply,--he probably did not know what to say,--and immediately went
+to supper.  His nephews followed, and stood by him during the meal;
+but, though he asked a few questions of Maurice, he still would not
+speak to Rupert.  After an embarrassing hour the King retired to his
+bed-chamber, and the Princes went to the house of Willys.
+
+On the next morning Rupert was permitted to lay his defence before a
+court-martial, which acquitted him of any lack of "courage or
+fidelity," though not of indiscretion.[48] The verdict, though
+qualified, was in effect a triumph for Rupert, and completely
+vindicated his honour.  As to the relief which the King fancied he had
+intended to send to Bristol, Sir Edward Walker, no friend to Rupert,
+admits that "it was a very plausible design on paper,... and I fear it
+would have been a longer time than we fancied to ourselves, before we
+made both ends to meet."[49]  Here the matter should have ended, and
+had it done so, the whole {196} affair would have been little to
+Rupert's discredit.  Unfortunately his passionate temper now put him
+completely in the wrong.
+
+The King had resolved to quit Newark, and, remembering Willys's
+frequent quarrels with the Commissioners of the County, and also his
+recent display of partisanship, he judged it unwise to leave him
+behind.  For this reason he ordered him to change posts with Bellasys,
+who, since the death of Lord Bernard Stuart, had commanded the King's
+guards.  This was promotion for Willys, but a very unwelcome promotion,
+for which he perfectly understood the King's motives.  Moreover,
+Bellasys was Digby's friend, and the whole military party rose in
+protest against this new evidence of Digby's power.  It was agreed that
+Willys should demand the grounds for his removal, and a trial by
+court-martial.  The stormy scene which resulted has been rather
+confusedly described by Walker, Clarendon and others, but the best
+account is to be found in the diary of Symonds, though he unhappily
+repented of having written it, and tore a part of it out of his book.
+
+The King had just returned from church, and sat down to dinner, when
+Rupert, Maurice, Gerard, Willys and some other officers entered the
+room.  Rupert "came in discontentedly, with his hands at his sides, and
+approached very near the King."  Charles thereupon ordered the dinner
+to be taken away, and, rising, walked to a corner of the room.  Rupert,
+Gerard and Willys followed him.  Willys spoke first, asking,
+respectfully enough, to be told the names of his accusers.  Rupert
+broke in impatiently: "By God!  This is done in malice to me, because
+Sir Richard hath always been my faithful friend!"  Gerard then launched
+into a protest on his own account, and Rupert again interrupted,
+saying: "The cause of all this is Digby!"--"I am but a child!  Digby
+can do what he will with me," retorted the King bitterly.--A long and
+violent altercation followed.  Rupert referred to Bristol, and the King
+sighed, "O nephew!" {197} and then stopped short.  Whereupon Rupert
+cried, for the third time: "Digby is the man that hath caused all this
+distraction between us!"  But the King could endure no more: "They are
+all rogues and rascals that say so!" he answered sharply, "and in
+effect traitors that seek to dishonour my best subjects!"  There was no
+more to be said; Gerard bowed and went out.  Rupert "showed no
+reverence, but went out proudly, his hands at his sides."[50]
+
+That evening the Princes and their party sent in a petition to the
+effect that: "Many of us trusted in high commands in Your Majesty's
+service, have not only our commissions taken away without any cause or
+reason expressed, whereby our honours are blemished to the world, our
+fortunes ruined, and we rendered incapable of command from any foreign
+prince,--but many others, as we have cause to fear, are designed to
+suffer in like manner."[51]  They repeated their demand for trials by
+court-martial, and desired that, if this were refused, they might have
+passes to go over seas.  The King answered that he would not make a
+court-martial the judge of his actions, and sent the passes.  Next
+morning about ten o'clock, the two princes and Lord Gerard came
+privately to the bed-chamber to take their leave.  Gerard "expressed
+some sense of folly,"[52] but the Princes offered no apology, and, with
+about two hundred officers, they rode off to Belvoir, "the King looking
+out of a window, and weeping to see them go."[53]
+
+As an instance of the way in which stories are exaggerated, Pepys's
+account of the affair, written some twenty years after, is instructive:
+"The great officers of the King's army mutinied and came, in that
+manner, with swords drawn, into the market-place of the town where the
+King was.  Whereupon the King says, 'I must horse,' and {198} there
+himself personally; when every one expected they should be opposed, the
+King came, and cried to the head of the mutineers, which was Prince
+Rupert,--'Nephew, I command you to be gone!'  So the Prince, in all his
+fury and discontent, withdrew; and his company scattered."[54]
+
+This was the climax of the long-continued strife between the military
+and civilian parties; the civilians had triumphed, and the princes now
+resolved to leave the country.  In great indignation, a large number of
+officers prepared to follow them.  "This is an excellent reward for
+Rupert and Maurice!" declared Gerard wrathfully.[55]  Rupert himself
+wrote to Legge: "Dear Will, I hope Goodwin has told you what reasons I
+had to quit His Majesty's service.  I have sent Osborne to London for a
+pass to go beyond seas; when I have an answer you shall know more.
+Pray tell Sir Charles Lucas that I would have written to him before
+this, and to George Lisle, but I was kept close here....  If I can but
+get permission, I shall hope to see you and the rest of my friends once
+more; and in particular to bid farewell to my Lord Portland.  I forgot
+to tell you that Lord Digby is beaten back again to Shipton.  Alas,
+poor man!"[56]
+
+Osborne, whom Rupert had sent to London to obtain from the Parliament a
+pass and safe convoy to a sea-port, found his mission greatly
+facilitated by Digby's new defeat, and the consequent capture of his
+papers.  It was characteristic of the Secretary, that, though his
+love-letters were carefully preserved in cipher, all those of political
+importance were written in plain language.  Among these papers was
+found a copy of the King's answer to Rupert's advice to treat, and the
+Parliament was moved thereby in Rupert's favour.  A pass was granted,
+but on condition of a promise given never again to bear arms against
+the {199} Parliament.  This promise the Princes would not give; and, as
+they could not possibly leave the country without the Parliament's good
+will, they fought their way back to Woodstock.
+
+A few weeks later Charles returned to Oxford, and at once released
+Legge from his confinement.  Rupert was still at Woodstock, and his
+faithful friend lost no time in attempting to mediate between him and
+the King.  "My most dear Prince," he wrote, November 21st, "the liberty
+I have got is but of little contentment when divided from you..., I
+have not hitherto lost a day without moving His Majesty to recall you;
+and truly, this very day, he protested to me he would count it a great
+happiness to have you with him, so he received the satisfaction he is
+bound in honour to have.  What that is you will receive from the Duke
+of Richmond.  The King says, as he is your Uncle, he is in the nature
+of a parent to you, and swears that if Prince Charles had done as you
+did he would never see him again, without the same he desires from
+you....  you must thank the Duchess of Richmond, for she furnished a
+present to procure this messenger--I being not so happy as to have any
+money myself."[57]  And four days later, he wrote again: "I am of
+opinion you should write to your Uncle--you ought to do it--; and if
+you offered your service to him yet, and submitted yourself to his
+disposing and advice, many of your friends think it could not be a
+dishonour, but rather the contrary, seeing he is a King, your Uncle,
+and, in effect, a parent to you."[58]
+
+But Rupert sulked, like Achilles in his tent, and his other friends
+took up the protest.  "This night I was with the King, who expresses
+great kindness to you, but beleevs y^r partinge was so much the
+contrary as Y^r Highnes cannot but think it finill," wrote an anonymous
+correspondent, "Now truly, Sir, His Majesty conceiving it soe, in my
+{200} opinion, 'tis ffitt you should make sume hansume applycation, for
+this reason; because my Lord Duke and others here, are much your
+servants, and all that are so wish your return to courte, though it be
+but to part frindlye.  But I think it necessary you should prepare the
+way first by letters to the Kinge.  Sir, I have no designes in this but
+your service, and if you understand me rightlye, that will prevayle so
+far as you will consider what I saye before you resolve the contrarye.
+I knowe there be sum that are your enemies, but they are such as may
+barcke, but I am confident are not able to fight against you appeare.
+Therefore, Sir, I beseech you, do not contrybute to the satisfaction of
+your foes, and the ruyne of your friends, by neglecting anything in
+your power to make peace with fortune.  If after all your attempts to
+be rightlye understood you shall fayle of that, yet you cannot waynt
+honor for the action.  'Tis your Uncle you shall submit to, and a King,
+not in the condition he meryt!  What others may saye I knowe not, but
+really, soe may I speak my opinion as a person that valews you above
+all the world besydes.  I am confident you know how faithfully my harte
+is to your Highness!"[59]  Also from Lord Dorset came a pathetic
+appeal: "If my prayers can prevail, you shall not have the heart to
+leave us all in our saddest times.  If my advice were worthy of
+following, surely you should not abandon your Uncle in the disastrous
+condition these evil storms have placed him in."[60]
+
+These exhortations and entreaties at length prevailed; the Prince
+suffered his natural generosity to overcome his pride, and was induced
+to write the required apology: "I humbly acknowledge that great error,
+which I find your Majesty justly sensible of, which happened upon
+occasion at Newark."[61]  Several letters passed, and Charles then sent
+{201} his nephew, "by Colonel Legge, a paper to confess a fault."
+Rupert returned a blank sheet with his signature subscribed, to signify
+his perfect submission to his Uncle's will: "the King, with tears in
+his eyes, took that so well that all was at peace....  The Prince went
+to Oxford, and the King embraced him, and repented much the ill-usage
+of his nephew."  To this account of the reconciliation, is appended the
+marginal note, "ask the Duchess of Richmond," but the information that
+she was able to supply was never filled in.[62]
+
+Rupert was now restored to the favour and the counsels of his Uncle,
+but not to military command.  The war was practically over, and though
+the King would have had his nephew raise a new life-guard, the Oxford
+Council quashed the design.  Then Charles confided to Rupert his
+intention of taking refuge with the Scottish army.  The Prince
+distrusted the Scots, and strongly combated the idea; but, finding that
+he could not move the King's resolution, he obtained from him a signed
+statement that he acted against his nephew's advice.  For one mistake,
+at least, the Prince would not be held responsible.  April 27th, 1646,
+the King left Oxford secretly, rejecting Rupert's companionship on the
+grounds that his "tallness" would betray him.[63]
+
+Oxford was now almost the last town holding out; on the first of May,
+Fairfax sat down before it, and the end was not long in coming.  A
+little skirmishing took place, but the Royalists had no real hope of
+success.  On one occasion Rupert, Maurice and Gerard went out against
+the Scots, with "about twenty horse, in stockings and shoes."  In mere
+bravado, they charged three troops of the enemy, and Maurice's page,
+Robert Holmes, of whom we shall hear more hereafter, was wounded.
+Rupert also was hurt, for the first time in the war; "a lieutenant of
+the enemy shot the Prince in the shoulder, and shook his hand, so {202}
+that his pistol fell out of his hand; but it shot his enemy's
+horse."[64]
+
+Rupert had previously demanded of the governor, Sir Thomas Glemham,
+whether he would defend the town, but Glemham replied that he must obey
+the Council, and Rupert therefore interfered no more in the matter.  On
+May 18th a treaty was opened with Fairfax, but broken off on a
+disagreement about terms.  But by June 1st, all the water had been
+drawn off from the city, and surrender was inevitable.  The treaty was
+renewed, and Rupert prudently came to the Council to demand a
+particular clause for the safety of himself and his brother.  This
+occasioned a quarrel with Lord Southampton, who retorted that "the
+Prince was in good company," and was understood by Rupert to imply
+disrespect to his person.  He sent Gerard to expostulate with
+Southampton, who offered no apology, but, saying that his words had
+been unfaithfully reported, repeated them accurately.  Rupert was not
+satisfied, and sent Gerard again, with a message that he expected to
+meet Southampton "with his sword in his hand," and at as early a date
+as possible, lest the duel should be prevented.  The Earl cheerfully
+appointed the next morning, and selected pistols as his weapons,
+acknowledging that he was no match for the Prince with the sword.  But
+fortunately the suspicion of the Council had been roused; the gates
+were shut, the would-be combatants arrested, and a reconciliation
+effected.  "And the Prince ever after had a good respect for the
+Earl."[65] There was no surer way of winning Rupert's esteem than by
+accepting a challenge from him.
+
+After this episode, the special clause by which the Princes were to
+have the benefit of all the other articles, and free leave to quit the
+country, was inserted in the treaty, and accepted by Fairfax.  Indeed
+the Parliament showed the Princes a greater leniency than might have
+been expected.  They {203} were permitted to take with them all their
+servants, and to remain in England for six months longer, provided they
+did not approach within twenty miles of London.  But on their quitting
+Oxford, June 22nd, Fairfax gave them leave on his own authority to go
+to Oatlands, which was within the proscribed distance of the capital.
+The reason for their move thither, was their desire to see the Elector,
+who was then in London; but it greatly excited the wrath of the
+Parliament.  Notwithstanding the express permission of Fairfax, it was
+declared that the Princes had broken the articles, and they were
+ordered to leave the country immediately, on pain of being treated as
+prisoners.  In a letter curiously signed "Rupert and Maurice," they
+answered, meekly enough, that they had acted in all good faith,
+believing the general's pass sufficient, and that in coming to Oatlands
+they had regarded the convenience of the house more than the distance
+from London, "of which we had no doubt at all."[66]
+
+But the Parliament refused to be pacified, and insisted that the
+Princes must depart within ten days.  A long correspondence ensued,
+relating chiefly to passes for various servants, "whom we would not
+willingly leave behind."  The list forwarded to the Parliament by
+Rupert, included a chaplain, some seven or eight gentlemen, footmen,
+grooms, a tailor, a gunsmith, a farrier, a secretary, "my brother's
+secretary's brother," and "a laundress and her maid."[67]  On July 4th
+the brothers reached Dover, whence Rupert took ship for Calais, and
+Maurice for the Hague.  Rupert's "family," as his train was called,
+followed more slowly, and rejoined him on July 23rd, at St. Germains.
+"Blessed be God, for his and our deliverance from the Parliament,"[68]
+piously concludes the journal of his secretary.
+
+So ended Rupert's part in the Civil War; a part played, on the whole,
+creditably, and yet not without serious faults {204} both of temper and
+judgment.  In the earlier days of the war, while possessed of the
+King's confidence, the Prince had been almost uniformly successful.
+Later, when he had to struggle against plots and counter-plots, a
+vacillating King, false friends, and open enemies, he failed.  That
+Digby had laid a deliberate scheme for his overthrow is evident; yet he
+had made Digby his enemy by his own faults of temper, and his own
+indiscretions had placed the necessary weapons in the Secretary's
+hands.  That he was unjustly treated with regard to Bristol there can
+be no doubt, but he ruined his own cause by his hopeless loss of
+temper.  Nothing could justify the mutinous scene at Newark, and Rupert
+afterwards confessed himself ashamed of it.  That the King's affairs
+would have prospered better had Digby's influence been less and
+Rupert's more, seems probable.  Faults and limitations, Rupert had, but
+he understood war as Digby did not.  His fidelity was irreproachable,
+and could never have been seriously doubted.  But he knew when the
+cause was lost, though the sanguine secretary failed to perceive it,
+and his advice to make peace was reasonable enough.  It was unfortunate
+that the position was such as made that reasonable advice impossible to
+follow.
+
+
+
+[1] Warburton.  III.  p. 133.  Maurice to Rupert, July 7, 1645.
+
+[2] Warburton.  III.  p. 149.  Rupert to Richmond, July 28, 1645.
+
+[3] Ibid.  p. 151.  Rupert to Legge, July 28, 1645.
+
+[4] Add. MSS.  Richmond to Rupert, Aug. 3, 1645.
+
+[5] Rushworth, VI.  132.  King to Rupert, Aug. 3.
+
+[6] Warburton, III.  73.  Rupert to Legge, Mar. 31, 1645.
+
+[7] Carte's Ormonde, VI.  303.  Digby to Ormonde, June 26, 1645
+
+[8] Warburton, III.  p. 145.
+
+[9] Ibid.  p. 156.  Rupert to Legge, July 29, 1645.
+
+[10] A Narrative of the Siege of Bristol.  Warburton, III.  pp. 166-180.
+
+[11] Warburton, III.  pp. 172-174.
+
+[12] Narrative of Siege of Bristol.  Warburton, III.  pp. 168-169.
+
+[13] Ibid.  p. 178.
+
+[14] Narrative of Siege of Bristol.  Warburton, III.  p. 180.
+
+[15] Narrative of Siege of Bristol.  Warburton, III.  p. 181.
+
+[16] Pamphlet, Sept. 10, 1645.  Warburton, p. 183.
+
+[17] Ibid.
+
+[18] Nicholas Papers, I.  p. 65.  Camden Society.  New Series.  Butler
+to Waller, Sept. 15, 1645.
+
+[19] Carte's Original Letters, I.  p. 134.
+
+[20] Domestic State Papers.  Honeywood, Oct. 7-13, 1645.
+
+[21] Warburton, II.  p. 185.
+
+[22] Domestic State Papers.  Nicholas to King, Sept. 18, 1645.
+
+[23] Ibid.  Rupert to King, Sept 18, 1645.
+
+[24] Dom. State Papers.  Nicholas to King, Sept. 18, 1645.
+
+[25] Ibid.  Digby to Nicholas, Sept. 26, 1645.
+
+[26] Clarendon, Bk. IX.  91.
+
+[27] Walker, p. 142.
+
+[28] Clarendon, Bk. IX.  121.  Walker, 142.
+
+[29] Warburton, III.  p. 183.
+
+[30] Ibid.  p. 188.  King to Maurice, Sept 20, 1645.
+
+[31] Pamphlet.  Brit. Mus.  "Prince Rupert: his Declaration", March 9,
+1649.
+
+[32] Pamphlet.  Brit. Mus.  "A Looking-glass wherein His Majesty may
+see his Nephew's Love."
+
+[33] Carte's Ormonde, VI.  167, 18 July, 1644.
+
+[34] The names are so printed in the Calendar of State Papers.  But in
+the original MS. they are so blotted that only "Rupert" and "Legge" are
+really distinct.  Professor Gardiner adds Culpepper.
+
+[35] State Papers.  Digby to Jermyn, Aug. 27, 1645.
+
+[36] State Papers.  Anon. to Walsingham, Aug. 8, 1645.
+
+[37] Dom. State Papers.  Walsingham to Digby, Aug. 12, 1645.
+
+[38] Ibid.  Aug. 16, 1645.
+
+[39] Dom. State Papers.  A to Walsingham, Sept. 14, 1645.
+
+[40] Ibid.  Walsingham to Digby, Sept. 14, 1645.
+
+[41] Dom. State Papers, Sept. 16, 1645.
+
+[42] Ibid.  Sept. 16, 1645.
+
+[43] Ibid.  Oct. 11, 1645.
+
+[44] Warburton, III.  p. 194.
+
+[45] Ibid.  pp. 194-5.
+
+[46] Add. MSS.  31022.  King to Rupert, Oct. 15, 1645.
+
+[47] Walker, pp. 136-137.
+
+[48] Warburton, III.  201-203.
+
+[49] Walker, 137.
+
+[50] Symonds Diary.  Camden Society, 268-270, also Walker, 145-148.
+
+[51] Evelyn's Diary, ed. 1852.  IV.  165-166.
+
+[52] Walker, p. 148.
+
+[53] Pamphlet.  Merc.  Brit.  Warburton, III.  206, _note_.
+
+[54] Pepys Diary, 4 Feb. 1665.
+
+[55] State Papers.  Gerard to Skipworth, Nov. 2, 1645.
+
+[56] Dom. State Papers.  Anon. to Legge, Nov. 3, 1645.
+
+[57] Warburton, III.  p. 211.  Legge to Rupert, Nov. 21, 1645.
+
+[58] Ibid.  p. 212.  Legge to Rupert, Nov. 25, 1645.
+
+[59] Pythouse Papers, p. 27.
+
+[60] Warburton, III.  213.  Dorset to Rupert, Dec. 25, 1645.
+
+[61] Ibid., p. 222.  Rupert to King.  No date.
+
+[62] Warburton, III.  p. 195-196.
+
+[63] Ibid.  p. 196.
+
+[64] Warburton, III.  p. 197.
+
+[65] Clarendon's Life, ed. 1827, vol. III.  p. 235.
+
+[66] Cary's Memorials of Civil War, ed. 1842, vol. I.  pp. 114-115.
+
+[67] Warburton, III.  pp. 234-235, _note_.  Cary, I.  121-122.
+
+[68] Prince Rupert's Journal.  Clar. State Papers.
+
+
+
+
+{205}
+
+CHAPTER XI
+
+THE ELECTOR'S ALLIANCE WITH THE PARLIAMENT.  EDWARD'S MARRIAGE.
+ASSASSINATION OF D'EPINAY BY PHILIP
+
+Before their departure from England, Rupert and Maurice had received a
+visit from their brother, the Elector.  The Thirty Years' War was
+drawing to a close, and the Peace of Munster which was to restore
+Charles Louis to the Palatinate, was already under consideration.  But
+the Elector could not make terms with the Emperor without the consent
+of his brothers, and therefore June 30th, 1646, he wrote to the
+Parliament:
+
+"Having received information from Munster and Osnaburgh, that in
+whatsoever shall be agreed at the general treaty concerning my
+interests, the consent of all my brothers will be required, I am
+desirous to confer with my brothers Rupert and Maurice, afore their
+departure out of this kingdom, about this, and other domestic affairs
+which do concern us.  Whereby I do not at all intend to retard my said
+brothers' journey; but shall endeavour to efface any such impressions
+as the enemies of these kingdoms, and of our family beyond seas,
+(making use of their present distresses,) may fix upon them, to their
+own and our family prejudice."[1]  The desired interview was permitted
+by the Parliament, and on July 1st the Elector met his brothers at
+Guildford.  What reception he had we do not know, but it cannot, in the
+nature of things, have been very cordial.
+
+With all their faults, which were many, Rupert and Maurice were
+incapable of the meanness to which Charles {206} Louis had descended,
+and for which he did not conceal the mercenary motive.  During the
+King's prosperity he had lived much in England; and from the King he
+had received nothing but kindness and affection, though the Queen
+apparently gave him cause of complaint.  In 1642 he had accompanied the
+King to York, but, finding war inevitable, he had quitted the Court at
+a moment's notice, and returned to Holland, just when Rupert and
+Maurice were hastening to their uncle's assistance.  The Parliament
+"expressed a good sense" of this desertion, pretending to believe that
+Charles Louis had discovered secret designs of the King to which he
+could not reconcile his conscience.[2] And for some time the Elector
+watched events from a distance, taking care to detach himself from all
+connection with his brothers by declarations, and messages to the
+Parliament.
+
+By 1644, it appeared to him that the Parliament was likely to have the
+better in arms, as it certainly had in money, and in the August of that
+year he suddenly arrived in London.  In a very long, and very pious
+document he stated his reasons for his conduct.  The Puritans, as "the
+children of truth and innocency who are not changed with the smiles or
+frowns of this inconstant world," were, he declared, his "best friends,
+and, under God, greatest confidants," and he wound up with a direct
+attack on Rupert.  "Neither can His Highness forbear, with unspeakable
+grief, to observe that the public actions of some of the nearest of his
+blood have been such as have admitted too much cause of sorrow and
+jealousy, even from such persons, upon whose affections, in respect of
+their love and zeal to the reformed religion, His Highness doth set the
+greatest price.  But, as His Highness is not able to regulate what is
+out of his power, so is he confident that the justice of the
+Parliament, and of all honest men, will not impute {207} to him such
+actions as are his afflictions, and not his faults."[3]
+
+Princes were scarce with the Puritans, and Charles Louis was well
+received, lodged in Whitehall, and granted a large pension.[4]  In
+recognition of this he took the Covenant, and begged leave to sit in
+the Assembly of Divines, then debating on religious "reforms".  His
+request was readily granted, and it is to be hoped that he suffered
+some weariness from the long-winded debates to which he thus condemned
+himself.
+
+The King regarded his conduct with quiet indifference, only remarking
+that he was sorry, for his nephew's sake, that he thought fit to act in
+such a manner.  It has been suggested that he willingly connived at
+this hypocrisy as the only means by which the Elector could obtain
+money, but Charles Louis' own letters to his mother disprove that view.
+In 1647, when the King was a prisoner, he often received the visits of
+his eldest nephew, and the Elector thus described their mutual attitude
+to Elizabeth: "His Majesty, upon occasion, doth still blame the way I
+have been in all this time, and I do defend it _as the only shelter I
+have_, when my public business, and my person, have received so many
+neglects at Court.  Madame, I would not have renewed the sore of his
+ill-usage of me since the Queen hath had power with him, but that he
+urged me to it, saying that I should rather have lived on bread and
+water, than have complied with the Parliament, which he said I did
+'_only to have one chicken more in my dish_'; and that he would have
+thought it a design more worthy of his nephew if I had gone about to
+have taken the crown from his head.  These and such-like expressions
+would have moved a saint.  Neither do I know of anyone, but Our
+Saviour, that would have ruined himself for those that hate one."[5]
+
+{208}
+
+The King seems to have entertained no suspicions of actual treachery on
+the part of his nephew, but it is by no means unlikely that Charles
+Louis really did cherish some vague design of "taking the crown from
+his head".  If the King were deposed, and his children rejected as the
+children of a Roman Catholic Queen, then the Elector, after his mother,
+was the Protestant heir to the throne.  Probably the aspersions cast
+upon Rupert would have better fitted his elder brother, and the French
+Ambassador did not hesitate to assert plainly in 1644: "Some entertain
+a design for conveying the crown to the Prince Palatine".[6]  But,
+whatever his degree of guilt, the political conduct of Charles Louis
+could be regarded only with contempt by Rupert and Maurice, though
+concerning their "domestic affairs" they seem to have been of one mind
+with him.
+
+During the years of turmoil in England the Palatines on the Continent
+had not been inactive.  Edward and Philip, clinging together as did
+Rupert and Maurice, had resided chiefly in Paris, where they seem to
+have led a very gay life, if Sir Kenelm Digby is to be credited.  "All
+my conversation is in the other world, and with what passes in the
+Elysian fields," wrote that romantic personage to Lord Conway;
+"gaieties of Paris, gallantries of Prince Edward, his late duel with
+Sir James Leviston, who extremely forgot his duty.  In a word, it was
+impossible for a young man, and a noble prince, to do more bravely than
+His Highness did."[7]
+
+A month later, Edward, inspired probably by Queen Henrietta, wrote to
+Rupert to suggest that he also should come over to fight for his
+uncle's cause.  "I have a letter from my brother in France who desires
+my order to come to me; if it be His Majesty's desire I should send
+word presently," Rupert wrote to Legge in April 1645; and he {209}
+added a postscript curiously indicative of the haste and want of
+thought with which he must have written.  "Since I wrote I remember the
+King was contented, and therefore I will send an express for my
+brother."[8]
+
+The express was sent: "This day arrived a gentleman from Prince Rupert
+to fetch his brother Edward into England," wrote Jermyn to Digby.[9]
+But ere the messenger could arrive Edward had eloped with a fair
+heiress, for whose sake he joined the Roman Church.  Jermyn hastened to
+inform Rupert of the event.  "Your Highness is to know a romance story
+which concerns you here in the person of Prince Edward, who is last
+week married privately to the Princess Anne, the Duke of Nevers'
+daughter.  This Queen,[10] the thing being done without her consent,
+hath been very much offended at it, and, notwithstanding all the
+endeavours of your brother's friends, he hath received an order to
+retire himself into Holland, which he hath done,...  But there will
+come no further disadvantage to him than a little separation from his
+wife.  She is very rich, L6,000 or L7,000 a year is the least that can
+fall to her, maybe more; and she is a very beautiful young lady."[11]
+
+Edward's bride, Anne de Gonzague, was in fact a very distinguished
+personage,--famous already for her startling adventures, and destined
+to become more famous as a political _intrigante_.[12]  The displeasure
+of the Queen Regent was speedily softened by the intercession of Queen
+Henrietta, and still more by Edward's conversion, which went far to
+palliate his fault.  On his own family it had precisely the opposite
+effect.  His mother was furious; and the Elector, moved by fear of the
+English Parliament's disapproval, wrote indignantly that Edward could
+not be really "persuaded {210} of those fopperies to which he
+pretends."[13]  He also ordered Philip to quit Paris, where "only
+atheists and hypocrites" were to be found, and he exhorted his mother
+to remove a Roman Catholic gentleman from attendance on the boy, and to
+lay her curse upon him should he ever change his religion.[14]
+
+Philip had no sooner returned to the Hague than he distinguished
+himself in a way which won him the affectionate admiration of all his
+brothers, and the lasting displeasure of his mother.  Elizabeth's
+favourite admirer, at that period, happened to be the Marquis d'Epinay,
+a French refugee, remarkable for his fascinating manners and
+disreputable character.  The young Palatines detested him, but the man,
+notwithstanding, became intimate at the Court, and was soon acquainted
+with the Queen's most private affairs.  The intimacy produced scandal
+without, and dissension within the household.  D'Epinay boasted of his
+conquest, and Philip, a boy of eighteen, could not endure his insolence.
+
+On the evening of June 20, 1646, D'Epinay, and several of his
+countrymen encountered Philip alone.  They greeted him by name,
+insulting both him and his mother, but eventually fled before the
+fierce onslaught of the youngest Palatine.  The affair could not end
+thus.  On the following morning, as he drove through the Place d'Armes,
+Philip caught sight of his enemy.  Without a moment's thought he sprang
+from his curricle, and rushed upon D'Epinay.  D'Epinay was armed, and
+received Philip on the point of his sword, wounding him in the side.
+Philip had no sword, but he was a Palatine, and he plunged his
+hunting-knife deep into the Frenchman's heart.  D'Epinay fell dead, and
+Philip, flinging his knife from him, regained his curricle and drove
+off to the Spanish border.[15]
+
+Then arose a mighty storm.  The Queen, passionately {211} bewailing her
+misfortune in having such a son, vowed that she would never look on
+Philip's face again.  But Philip's brothers and sisters rose up in his
+defence.  The Princess Elizabeth boldly averred that "Philip needed no
+apology,"[16] and, finding her position in her mother's house
+untenable, retreated to her Aunt at Brandenburg.  And both Rupert and
+the Elector warmly espoused Philip's cause.  "Permit me, madame," wrote
+Charles Louis, "to solicit your pardon for my brother Philip,--a pardon
+I would sooner have asked, had it ever entered my mind that he could
+possibly need any intercession to obtain it.  The consideration of his
+youth, of the affront he received, and of the shame which would, all
+his life, have attached to him had he not revenged it, should
+suffice."[17]  Rupert wrote, in the same strain, from Oatlands, and his
+letter was accompanied by a second from the Elector, in which he
+declared that the very asking pardon for Philip would "more justly
+deserve forgiving than my brother's action."[18]  The Queen ultimately
+accorded a nominal pardon to the unfortunate Philip, for in July 1648,
+he was again at the Hague, under the protection of Rupert and Maurice,
+whom he accompanied to a dinner at which Mary, Princess of Orange,
+entertained her two brothers and three cousins.[19]
+
+He had, in the meantime entered the Venetian service, rather to the
+annoyance of the Elector, who wrote: "I could wish my brother Rupert or
+Maurice would undertake the Venetian business, my brother Philip being
+very young for such a task."[20]  But neither of the other two brothers
+had any intention of deserting the Stuart cause, and the Elector
+obtained leave from the Parliament for Philip to raise a thousand men
+in England.  For this purpose, Philip {212} visited his eldest brother
+in London, but stayed only a few weeks.[21]  Returning to Holland, he
+completed his levies in the states, with some assistance from
+Maurice;[22] and in the autumn of 1648 he departed to Italy, whence he
+wrote to Rupert that the Venetians were "unworthy pantaloons."[23]
+
+Rupert was, meanwhile, watching over the Stuarts in France, and Maurice
+remained quietly at the Hague with his mother and sisters.  We find him
+with no more exciting occupation than the paying of visits of
+compliment on behalf of his mother; or walking meekly behind her and
+his sisters, when they met distinguished visitors in the garden of the
+Prince of Orange.  Perhaps his health had suffered from his two severe
+illnesses in England, and he needed the long rest.  But, whatever the
+reason, at the Hague he stayed, until May 1648, when he was summoned by
+Rupert to join the Royalist fleet.
+
+
+
+[1] Cary's Memorials.  Vol. I.  p. 120.
+
+[2] Clarendon. Hist.  Bk. VII.  p. 414
+
+[3] Rupert Transcripts.  Declaration of the Prince Elector.
+
+[4] Whitelocke, 85, 101.
+
+[5] Forster's Eminent Statesmen.  1847.  Vol. VI.  pp. 80-81
+
+[6] Von Raumer's History of England in 17th Century.  III.  p. 330.
+
+[7] Cal. Dom. State Papers,  13/23 Feb. 1645.  Chas. I.  DVI.  f. 43.
+
+[8] Warburton, III.  p. 75.
+
+[9] Cal. Dom. State Papers.  Jermyn to Digby, 12 May, 1645.
+
+[10] Anne of Austria, Queen Regent of France.
+
+[11] Warburton, III.  p. 82.  5 May, 1645.
+
+[12] Memoirs of Anne de Gonzague.  Ed. Senac de Meilhan.  Memoirs of
+Cardinal De Retz, and of Mademoiselle de Montpensier.
+
+[13] Bromley Letters, p. 127, 28 Nov. 1645.
+
+[14] Bromley, pp. 129-131.
+
+[15] Soeltl's Elizabeth Stuart, 1840.  Bk. IV.  Chap. 7, pp. 402-403.
+
+[16] Strickland's Elizabeth Stuart, p. 209.
+
+[17] Ibid.
+
+[18] Bromley Letters, p. 134.
+
+[19] Queen's Princesses, VI.  p. 149.
+
+[20] Bromley Letters, p. 136.  Elector to Elizabeth, Jan. 9, 1646-7.
+
+[21] Whitelocke, p. 306.
+
+[22] State Papers, 20 April, 1647.
+
+[23] Rupert Transcripts, Sept. 30, 1648.
+
+
+
+
+{213}
+
+CHAPTER XII
+
+COMMAND IN THE FRENCH ARMY.  COURTSHIP OF MADEMOISELLE.  DUELS WITH
+DIGBY AND PERCY
+
+Sometime before the end of the war the Queen of England had fled to
+France, and had set up her court at that home of Royal exiles,--St.
+Germains!  There she had been joined by her son, the Prince of Wales,
+and by many English Cavaliers; and thither went Rupert in July 1646.
+"If thou see Prince Rupert," wrote King Charles anxiously to his wife,
+"tell him that I have recommend him unto thee.  For, albeit his
+passions may sometimes make him mistake, yet I am confident of his
+honest constancy and courage, having at the last behaved himself very
+well."[1]  Henrietta, convinced by her husband's words, or forgetful of
+the reproaches she had so recently heaped upon her nephew, received
+Rupert graciously, and to the Prince of Wales he was of course very
+welcome.
+
+Nor was his reception at the French court less cordial.  The Queen
+Regent, impressed by his romantic history and famous courage, showered
+marks of her favour upon him; and Mazarin, the true ruler of France, at
+once offered him a command in the French army, "upon whatever
+conditions of preferment or advantage he could desire."[2]  Rupert
+hesitated to accept the flattering offer, without his Uncle's sanction.
+"Prince Rupert had several assurances by the mouth of the Duke of
+Orleans, Cardinal Mazarin and others, of the charge of the foreign
+forces mentioned in my last," says a letter in the Portland MSS., "but
+I am informed {214} he defers to accept the commission of it, until he
+hears his Uncle, the King of Great Britain, doth approve it; which
+deference is well taken here."[3]
+
+Apparently Charles expressed approval of the arrangement, for Rupert
+finally entered the French service, reserving to himself the right of
+quitting it whenever his Uncle should need him.  He was immediately
+given the rank of Field-Marshal, with a regiment of foot, a troop of
+horse, and a commission to command all the English in France.  The
+Cavaliers, exiled and destitute, eagerly embraced the opportunity of
+serving under their Prince, and Rupert had no difficulty in raising a
+large corps, more especially as the conditions of service were
+exceptionally good.  Among those who applied for a commission was the
+ever plausible Goring, but he found himself promptly refused, and
+thereupon took service under Spain.
+
+The summer of 1647 found Rupert fighting his old enemies the Spaniards,
+in Northern France, and on the borders of Flanders.  The campaign was a
+desultory one, in which little was effected, owing partly to the
+jealousies of the French officers, who were little more in concord than
+those of the English army had been.  The two Marshals, Rantzau and
+Gassion, detested each other, and Gassion, at least, was exceedingly
+jealous of Rupert's reputation.  His conduct throughout the campaign
+was, if not treacherous, extremely eccentric and he seems to have
+deserved the name of "that madman" bestowed on him by Rantzau.
+
+They marched first to the relief of Armentieres, and, on their arrival
+near the town, Gassion invited Rupert to come and "view the enemy"
+accordingly they set out alone, and advanced some way down the river,
+concealing themselves behind the sheltering hedges.  Then Gassion,
+directing the Prince to stay behind until he called him, proceeded
+alone to a little house on the river bank.  In the meantime some {215}
+Spanish soldiers came down in a boat, and landed by the house.  Rupert
+saw them clearly, but dared not warn his comrade lest they should hear
+him sooner than could Gassion.  Luckily the French Marshal was equal to
+the emergency.  He was wearing a Spanish coat, and when he came face to
+face with the Spanish soldiers, he had the presence of mind to address
+them in their own language, and as though he were one of their
+officers.  This so surprised them that they stood still, staring; and
+Gassion, with more prudence than dignity, took to his heels.  In spite
+of the enemy's fire, he regained the hedge, and Rupert, coming to meet
+him, pulled him over the ditch.  "Mort Dieu!" gasped the Marshal.  "Ca
+m'arrive toujours!"  To which Rupert retorted in the dry manner which
+he seems to have usually assumed towards Gassion, "Je n'en doute point,
+si vous faites souvent comme ca."  Both got safely away, but the battle
+intended to relieve Armentieres never took place.[4]  The Spaniards
+numbered three times as many as the French: and when Gassion began to
+draw out his troops next day, Rantzau flew to exhort Rupert to stop
+such madness.  The Prince thereupon urged Gassion to give up the idea
+of battle; the army was withdrawn to Arras, and Armentieres fell to the
+Spaniards.
+
+On the retreat to Arras, Rupert was attacked by Piccolomini, in great
+force.  Again and again Rupert repulsed his charge, retreating slowly
+all the time.  Gassion, actuated by jealousy, sent an order to the
+Prince to remain where he was; but Rupert, retorting fiercely that it
+was the other Marshal's day of command, continued his retreat.  After
+that he despatched a formal complaint of Gassion's conduct to the Queen
+Regent, who rebuked Gassion with the curious question--"Was he a
+general or a Croat?"[5]
+
+The Spaniards marched next to La Bassee, and Gassion there invited
+Rupert to take another survey of their forces, {216} asking, "Are you
+well mounted, Sir?  Shall we go see the army?"  Rupert assented, and
+they started--not this time alone, but with three or four others in
+their company.  They had not gone far when they fell into an ambush of
+foot soldiers, and perceived that a troop of Spanish horse was
+following to cut off their retreat.  Seeing this, they wheeled round,
+and two of Rupert's gentlemen, Mortaigne and Robert Holmes, beat back a
+troop of Spaniards who were crossing the rivulet between them and the
+French.  Both were hurt, Mortaigne in the hand and Holmes in the leg.
+Mortaigne retired, but Holmes lay upon the ground, exposed to the
+sweeping fire of the enemy.  Rupert was retreating with the French,
+but, seeing Holmes in this predicament, he turned and went calmly back
+through the Spanish fire, with Mortaigne following him.  With great
+danger and difficulty he lifted Holmes on to his own horse, and brought
+him safely off, "not a man of the French volunteers coming to his
+assistance.[6]
+
+In this inglorious campaign there seems to have been little save
+retreats to record.  An attempt to relieve Landrecies failed as that at
+Armentieres had done, chiefly through the mistake, or treachery of a
+guide.  Rupert was told off to secure the retreat with three German
+regiments and one of Croats.  Continually skirmishing with the Spanish
+horse, he had got through the first pass, when Gassion returned to him,
+in great distress, saying that the cannon was stuck fast in the mud,
+and would have to be abandoned.  Rupert replied that, if he might have
+the Picardy guards and a regiment of Swiss, he would not only make good
+the retreat, but would also bring off the cannon.  Gassion willingly
+sent back the required troops, and Rupert made good his promise,
+without losing a single man.  This done, "he thought to have lain down
+and refreshed himself," but an order came to march on to La Bassee, and
+{217} he at once set out with the horse, leaving the foot to follow.
+At La Bassee he won the only success that fell to the French in the
+campaign.  Reaching the town that night, he found that a relief of some
+four hundred men, under Goring, had just been despatched thither by the
+Spaniards; the opportunity was more than welcome.  All Goring's men
+were captured by Rupert's guards, and most of them, being English,
+transferred their services to the Prince.[7]  That same night Rupert
+began his line round the town, and in less than three weeks it was his.
+
+Gassion was furiously jealous.  During the whole course of the siege,
+he had refused to lend any aid whatever, and when the town was taken in
+spite of him, his jealousy led him to play the Prince a very
+treacherous trick.  He invited him one morning to "take the air," and
+Rupert, for the third time, agreed to accompany him.  They went out
+attended by a guard of eighty horse; but a peasant warned the Spaniards
+of their whereabouts, and an ambush was laid to intercept their return.
+As they came back, Rupert noticed a dog sitting with its back towards
+him, and staring into the wood.  The circumstance roused his
+suspicions; he took off his cloak, threw it to his page, and pressing
+after Gassion who was some yards ahead, cried: "Have a care, sir!
+There is a party in that wood!"  As he spoke the hidden enemy fired a
+smart volley.  Setting spurs to their horses, the French party broke
+through it, losing only Rupert's page, who was taken, but courteously
+released next day.  No sooner were they through the fire than Gassion
+faced about, saying: "Il faut rompre le col a ces coquins-la.--Pied a
+terre!"  He took his foot from his stirrup; and Rupert, naturally
+understanding that they were to attack the ambush, dismounted.  A few
+officers followed his example, and thereupon Gassion marched off with
+their horses, leaving them to face the difficulty as best {218} they
+could.  A sharp skirmish followed, in which Rupert received a shot in
+the head, but he contrived to retreat after Gassion, who was calmly
+waiting at some distance.  The French General then expressed polite
+regret for the accident: "Monsieur," he said, "je suis bien fache que
+vous etes blesse!"  To which Rupert replied, with crushing brevity: "Et
+moi aussi!"[8]
+
+This little skirmish ended an uneventful campaign, and Rupert returned
+to St. Germains, "where he passed his next winter with as much
+satisfaction as the tenderness he felt for his royal uncle's affairs
+would permit."[9]  King Charles was then a prisoner at Hampton Court,
+whence he wrote a very affectionate letter to his nephew, sympathising
+with him for his recent wound, and assuring him that, "next my
+children, I say _next_, I shall have most care of you, and shall take
+the first opportunity either to employ you, or to have your
+company."[10]
+
+Rupert was in the meanwhile, exerting himself in the service of the
+Prince of Wales.  It was the ambition of Henrietta to unite her eldest
+son to her niece, the daughter of the Duke of Orleans, known as La
+Grande Mademoiselle.  This lady, as heiress of the Montpensiers, had
+inherited an enormous fortune, which Henrietta desired to acquire for
+her son's benefit.  But young Charles did not care for his pompous
+cousin, and, in order to avoid the trouble of love-making, declared
+that he could not speak French.  Though Rupert himself had obstinately
+declined to mend his fortunes by marriage, he seems to have been very
+anxious to overcome his cousin's contumacy.  He became his interpreter,
+in which _role_ he was obliged not merely to translate, but to invent
+pretty speeches for the refractory Charles.  The task was a difficult
+one, for Mademoiselle was not stupid, and observed that when her
+supposed lover {219} wished to discuss dogs and horses with the young
+King of France he could speak French well enough.[11]  Moreover,
+neither Rupert nor Henrietta could make Prince Charles dance with his
+cousin if he did not choose to do so.  Mademoiselle pointed out his
+neglect of her to Rupert, "who," says she, "immediately made me all the
+excuses imaginable."[12]  But neither Rupert's excuses, nor Henrietta's
+protestations could bring the affair to the desired conclusion.
+
+An occupation more natural and congenial to Rupert than making love on
+behalf of an unwilling lover, was the settling of old scores, for which
+he now found leisure and opportunity.  It was not to be expected that
+he should meet Digby peaceably, and when the Secretary arrived in
+France in September 1647, a duel was universally expected.  "My Lord
+Digby, at his coming from Rouen towards Paris, received news of Prince
+Rupert being, two nights before, come from the army to St. Germains,"
+wrote O'Neil to Ormonde.  "His Highness and his dependants being the
+only persons from whom his Lordship could suspect any resentment, his
+Lordship prepared himself by the best forethought he could for any
+accident that night happen to him in that way."[13]
+
+The Queen was resolved to prevent any such "accident," and to keep a
+close watch over her nephew, to that end, but Rupert's prompt action
+took her by surprise.  On the morning after his arrival, while he was
+yet in bed, Digby received the Prince's challenge.  "About nine of the
+clock," says O'Neil, "I came to the Lord Digby's chamber, being sent
+for hastily by him.  Who told me that Prince Rupert had, a little
+before, sent him word, by M. de la Chapelle, that he expected him, with
+his sword in his hand, at the {220} Cross of Poissy, a large league off
+in the forest, with three in his company."  Digby sent back word that
+he was "highly sensible of the honour," and would come as soon as he
+could get on his clothes, but feared that there would be an hour's
+delay, since he had no horse, and was lame "in regard of a weakness in
+his hurt leg."  Rupert received this message "with much nobleness and
+civility," and at once placed his own horse at Digby's service.  By
+that time rumours of the impending fray were afloat, and Jermyn was
+sent by the Queen to remonstrate with Digby.  But the only result of
+Jermyn's intervention was to produce a quarrel between himself and
+Digby, which determined him to attend the duel on Rupert's side.  The
+delay, however, had given the Queen time to act, and just as Digby set
+foot in the stirrup, he was arrested by her Guards.  The Prince of
+Wales then rode into the forest, where he arrested Rupert and his
+seconds, Gerard, Chapelle and Guatier.  That evening, the Queen held an
+inquiry into the cause of quarrel, which Rupert declared to be certain
+private speeches made by Digby, and not his actions as Secretary of
+State.  The matter was therefore delivered to the arbitration of
+Culpepper, Gerard, Wentworth and Cornwallis; and "His Highness was so
+generous in not demanding or expecting from the Lord Digby anything
+that might misbecome him, that the business was concluded that night,
+in presence of the Queen and the Prince of Wales, much to the
+satisfaction of all parties.  Since which reconciliation," adds O'Neil,
+"Prince Rupert has carried himself so nobly to the Lord Digby, and the
+Lord Digby is so possessed with His Highness's generous proceedings
+towards him, that I think, in my conscience, there is no man, at
+present more heartily affected to His Highness's person and
+service."[14]
+
+Thus happily and unexpectedly ended the long feud.  Rupert's resentment
+was hot and passionate, but he could {221} always forego it graciously,
+provided that advances were made from the other side.  Nor were Digby's
+protestations of friendship insincere; in proof of which he promptly
+fought with and wounded Wilmot, because that gentleman had maligned the
+Prince.[15]
+
+Digby and Wilmot being thus disposed of, there remained Percy with whom
+the Prince had yet to deal.  Of this duel Rupert was resolved not to be
+cheated, and he therefore dispensed with formality.  Seizing his
+opportunity on a hunting expedition, he rode up to Percy, and laying a
+hand on his bridle, abruptly demanded "satisfaction."  Percy retorted
+angrily that he was quite ready to give it, and that the Prince's hold
+on his bridle was unnecessary.  Both then sprang from their horses and
+drew their swords.  Rupert "being as skilful with his weapon as
+valiant," ran Percy through the side, at the second pass; they closed,
+and both fell to the ground, Percy's hand being wounded in the fall.
+Upon this, one of Prince Charles's gentlemen came in and separated
+them, and so the affair ended, with advantage to Rupert.  Report said,
+afterwards, that the Prince had had the longer sword, but as in French
+duelling law there was no rule about length of weapon, that fact could
+not be held to affect the case in any way.[16]
+
+This was the last of Rupert's adventures in France.  Within a few weeks
+an event occurred which recalled him to Holland, and gave him, once
+more, the opportunity of serving his uncle, King Charles.
+
+
+
+[1] Letters of Charles I.  p. 58.  Camden Society.  1st Series.  King
+to Queen, 5 Aug. 1646.
+
+[2] Warburton, III.  p. 236.
+
+[3] Hist. MSS. Com.  Rept 13.  Portland MSS III.  p. 150.
+
+[4] Benett MSS.  Warburton, III.  pp. 238-9.
+
+[5] Ibid.  p. 240.
+
+[6] Benett MSS.  Warburton, III.  p. 241.
+
+[7] Benett MSS.  Warburton, III.  p. 243.
+
+[8] Benett MSS.  Warburton, III.  pp. 244-247.
+
+[9] Warburton.  III.  p.  246.
+
+[10] Ibid.  III.  p. 248.  King to Rupert, Sept. 27, 1647.
+
+[11] Memoires de Mademoiselle de Montpensier.  Michaud's Collections.
+Vol. IV.  p. 57.
+
+[12] Ibid.  pp. 35, 37.
+
+[13] Carte's Letters, I.  152-156, 9 Oct. 1647.
+
+[14] Carte Letters, I.  152-156.  9 Oct. 1647.
+
+[15] Carte Letters.  I.  152-156.  9 Oct. 1647.
+
+[16] Hamilton Papers, p. 178.  Camden Soc.  New Series.
+
+
+
+
+{222}
+
+CHAPTER XIII
+
+RUPERT'S CARE OF THE FLEET.  NEGOTIATIONS WITH THE SCOTS.  RUPERT'S
+VOYAGE TO IRELAND.  THE EXECUTION OF THE KING.  LETTERS OF SOPHIE TO
+RUPERT AND MAURICE
+
+By May 1648 a Royalist reaction was setting in in England.  The King
+had been two years a prisoner, and the people, already weary of the
+Army and the Parliament, began to think with favour of their
+unfortunate sovereign.  Royalist risings took place in Kent and some of
+the Eastern Counties, and a large portion of the fleet, encouraged by
+this, revolted from the Parliament and came over to Holland.  Thither
+Rupert and the younger Charles hastened to meet it.  The French, eager
+to detain Rupert in their service, again and again offered him "any
+conditions" to remain with them, but he adhered firmly to the Stuart
+fortunes.[1] And well was it for young Charles that he did so; for, as
+even his enemies acknowledged, no other man could, or would have
+competed successfully with the terrible difficulties which they had now
+to encounter.  Fortunately, his experience in England had not been
+wasted.  He was learning to cultivate patience, tolerance and
+self-control, and never were such qualities more needed.  A letter,
+dated August 9, 1648, bears witness to the change in the Prince's
+manners.--"Let me assure you, Sir, that Prince Rupert's carriage was
+such at Calais, and throughout the journey thither, that, I protest, I
+was overjoyed to see it, both for the public, and for the Prince's
+(Charles) happiness in his company...  Certainly, Sir, he appears to me
+to be a {223} strangely changed man in his carriage; and for his
+temperance and his abilities, I think they were never much
+questioned."[2]
+
+His abilities were about to be taxed to the uttermost.  The small fleet
+was in a most unsatisfactory state.  Provisions were scarce, the
+sailors mutinous, and the loyalty of the Commanders--their recent
+revolt notwithstanding--exceedingly doubtful.  As usual, counsels were
+divided.  Batten and Jordan, the two officers who had brought over the
+fleet from the Parliament, were for sailing to Scotland; others desired
+to relieve Colchester, which had been seized for the King; Rupert
+wished to make for the Isle of Wight, where the King was confined; the
+sailors desired to hover about the Thames and capture returning
+merchant vessels.  Consequently, all that could be done was to hang
+about the Downs, capturing a few prizes and making occasional assaults
+upon the English coast.  An attack on Deal resulted in the death of
+Captain Beckman, but the sailors were still unwilling to return to
+Holland.  On the approach of the Parliamentary fleet, commanded by Lord
+Warwick, it was resolved to fight, but the engagement was
+prevented,--once by a sudden storm, and again by the contumacy of
+Batten, who refused to follow Rupert.
+
+Finally, in September it was decided to return to Holland; but Warwick
+followed the Royalist fleet closely, and there ensued a curious race
+for the possession of the Helvoetsluys harbour.  Warwick gained, and
+seemed likely to win the day; but a Captain Allen, who happened to be
+on the shore, came to the aid of the Royalists.  As Warwick's ship drew
+near, Allen signed for the line to draw him in, and, when it was thrown
+to him, contrived to let Warwick slip back, so that Rupert's ship came
+in before him.  After that, Rupert successfully hauled up all the rest
+of his fleet, except the "Convertine," which came in with the next
+tide; {224} nevertheless Warwick followed him into the harbour, and for
+more than a month the hostile fleets remained in this curious position;
+so close that the sailors could shout to one another, and yet unable to
+proceed to hostilities, because they were in a neutral harbour.[3]
+Sometimes the sailors met on shore, and then brawls arose amongst them.
+But much worse was the frequent desertion of Rupert's men.  Warwick
+spared no pains to win them over, and once he even sent an officer to
+the Prince, with a request that he might speak to his men.  Rupert's
+reply was characteristic: "The Prince told him, 'Yes, in his hearing;
+but, if he spake anything amiss he would throw him overboard'."
+Needless to add, the man retired without speaking at all.[4]
+
+Yet in spite of Rupert's vigilance, bribes and other temptations drew
+some of the ships over to the enemy, until only nine remained.
+Thereupon the Prince manned the "Convertine" with his most loyal men,
+furnished her with cannon, and laid her athwart the rest of his fleet.
+The Dutch remonstrated against this warlike action, but Rupert answered
+that if they promised him protection, he would rely on their word; if
+not, he would himself protect the fleet entrusted to him by the King.
+And the Dutch, who seem to have been very compliant towards the young
+Prince who had grown up amongst them, let him have his way.
+
+The Hague was now the head-quarters of the Prince of Wales, and thither
+flocked all his old Councillors, besides many other Cavaliers.  Faction
+raged amongst them as violently as ever.  "It was," says Clarendon, "no
+hard matter to get anything disliked that was resolved in the
+Council."[5]  That the administration of affairs was bad was a point on
+which every one agreed, but they concurred in nothing else.
+
+{225}
+
+Rupert had fallen under the influence of Sir Edward Herbert, the
+quarrelsome attorney-general, and Hyde and Cottington found themselves
+eagerly welcomed by these two, who "inveighed bitterly against the
+whole administration of the fleet."  Batten, Rupert held for a coward
+or a traitor; Long, the secretary of the Prince of Wales, for a mere
+swindler, and, despite his "changed carriage", he had not renounced his
+old hatred of Culpepper.  Their mutual animosity "infinitely disturbed
+councils,"[6] and was in all respects unfortunate.  Their policy was
+diametrically opposed.  Culpepper was for conciliating the English
+populace, and when the Royalist rising took place in 1648, he was
+averse to permitting the young Duke of Buckingham to share in it,
+unless he would declare for the Covenant, "and such-like popular ways."
+Such views naturally did not find favour with the Prince, who adhered
+to the young Duke's cause.--"Prince Rupert stuck to itt," wrote Hatton,
+"and we carried it against him;"[7] that is, against Culpepper.
+
+The disputes came to a climax over a question of supply.  A cargo of
+sugar, captured at sea, had to be sold for the payment of the fleet,
+and Rupert proposed to employ a certain Sir Robert Walsh in the
+business.  Culpepper protested such vehement distrust of the man in
+question that Rupert took his expressions as reflecting on himself, and
+haughtily demanded: "What exceptions there were to Sir Robert Walsh,
+that he might not be fit for it?"  Culpepper returned, nothing daunted,
+that Walsh was "a shark, and a fellow not fit to be trusted."
+Whereupon, said Rupert: "Sir Robert is my friend, and you must not
+think to meet him but with your sword in your hand, for he is a
+gentleman and a soldier."  Culpepper, grown reckless of his words,
+declared fiercely that he would not fight with Walsh, but with the
+Prince himself, to which Rupert replied, very quietly, "It is well!"
+The Council rose in confusion; but the Prince {226} of Wales, who was
+greatly agitated, ultimately succeeded in soothing his cousin.
+Culpepper proved more implacable, and several days elapsed before he
+could be induced to offer an apology, which Rupert received
+graciously.[8]
+
+The fleet was at this time formally given over to Rupert's command.
+For many reasons he accepted the charge reluctantly, and offered to
+serve nominally under the Duke of York.  But of this Prince Charles
+would not hear, and Rupert was therefore invested "with all the command
+at sea that he formerly held on shore."[9]  The facility with which the
+exiled Cavaliers took to the sea is strange to modern ideas, but in the
+seventeenth century the line between soldier and sailor was not very
+finely drawn.  In Rupert's own case his education among the amphibious
+Hollanders probably stood him in good stead.  Certainly he seems to
+have thoroughly understood all nautical matters, and on one occasion we
+read: "By the ill-conning of the mates the ship was brought to leeward,
+_which caused the Prince to conn her himself_."[10]
+
+Some of Rupert's friends would fain have dissuaded him from "an
+undertaking of so desperate an appearance,"[11] but he was determined
+to do his best, and the Prince of Wales frankly acknowledged that, but
+for his cousin's "industry and address" there would have been no fleet
+at all.[12] And Hyde, who, as we know, had never loved the Prince,
+wrote to Sir Richard Fanshaw, that the preservation of the fleet must
+be entirely ascribed to Prince Rupert, "who, seriously, hath expressed
+greater dexterity and temper in it than you can imagine.  I know there
+is, and will be, much prejudice to the service by his being engaged in
+that command, but the truth is there is an unavoidable {227} necessity
+for it."  And, after recounting the bad behaviour of Batten and Jordan,
+who had corrupted the sailors, and refused to put to sea, he adds: "In
+this distress Prince Rupert took the charge, and with unrivalled pains
+and toil, put all things in reasonable order....  And really I believe
+that he will behave himself so well in it that nobody will have cause
+to regret it."[13]
+
+And Rupert did behave himself well.  No toil proved too arduous for
+him, no undertaking too dangerous.  Indeed, the labours involved in his
+task were so great and so many that it seems scarcely credible that
+they could be performed by one man.  He became a merchant; he discussed
+the prices of sugar, indigo, tobacco, and other commodities, and
+personally conducted the sale of his prizes.  He attended to his own
+commissariat; dispensing with the cheating commissioners, as "unuseful
+evils."[14]  We find him gravely considering the quality of "pickled
+meat," or lamenting that peas and groats are both too dear to buy.[15]
+"Concerning the pork, he tells me he doth not think there can be so
+great a quantity provided suddenly," says a correspondent.  "He hath
+not yet provided any shirts nor apparel for the men."[16]  He was his
+own recruiting officer, and went from port to port in Ireland,
+persuading men to join his fleet.  The conduct of each man was his
+personal concern; and, as in the war in England, he was overwhelmed
+with complaints and correspondence by his officers.  One letter may
+serve as an example of the rest.
+
+"According to the service and duty I owe unto your Highness," writes
+Thomas Price, "I am enforced to certify your Highness of the dangerous
+and unbeseeming carriage of Robert Pett, gunner of His Majesty's ship
+the Revenge, {228} who, upon Saturday night last, being the tenth of
+January, about nine o'clock at night, being very much in drink, would
+have taken tobacco over a barrell of powder, (being in his cabin, which
+is in the gun room and a great quantity of loose powder lying round
+about), had he not been prevented by Captain Payton Cartwright, who was
+called by some of the gun room for that purpose.  The gunner, being
+something unruly, he was forced to go up to His Highness Prince Maurice
+to acquaint him with it.  Upon which he was committed to the guard, for
+fear of further danger."[17]
+
+Mutiny was unhappily only too frequent; but the Prince's presence
+usually sufficed to quell it.  While the fleet was at Helvoetsluys,
+there arose some discontent in the "Antelope," beginning with "a
+complaint upon victuals."  Rupert went on board, and promptly told the
+men that they were free to leave the service.  To this they made no
+answer, but they were unappeased, and when, two days later, Rupert sent
+for twenty of them to help to rig up his own ship, they refused to
+come.  The Prince then went again to the "Antelope," and "walked the
+deck, to see his commands obeyed."  The sailors crowded about him, and
+one gathered courage to shout defiance.  His example would have
+disastrously inspired the rest, had not Rupert acted with extraordinary
+promptitude.  Seizing the mutineer in his arms, he held him as though
+about to drop him over the ship's side, which remarkable action
+"wrought such a terror upon the rest, that they forthwith returned to
+their duty."[18]  Clarendon exaggerates this incident much as Pepys
+does the affair at Newark.  The Prince, he says, "with notable vigour
+and success, suppressed two or three mutinies, in one of which he was
+compelled to throw two or three of the seamen overboard, by the
+strength of his own arms."[19]  Since there {229} was frequently no
+money to pay the sailors, mutiny was of course to be expected.
+Nominally the men were paid 25_s_ a month, but, unless prizes were
+taken, they did not get the money.  Usually they acquiesced in the
+condition of affairs with admirable resignation.  In 1648, a deputation
+of five sailors came from Helvoetsluys to Prince Charles at the Hague,
+with a request to be told whether he had or had not any money.  Being
+truthfully answered that he had none, they expressed themselves
+satisfied with a promise of shares in the next prizes, and returned to
+the fleet, having, as Hyde informed Rupert, "behaved themselves very
+civilly."[20]  And not only for money to pay his sailors, but for every
+other necessary Prince Charles was dependent on the prizes taken by
+Rupert.  "Being totally destitute of means, we intend to provide for
+the satisfaction of our debts out of the proceeds of the goods in the
+ship lately taken," he wrote in 1650.[21]  In short the fleet
+represented all the funds which the poverty-stricken Royalists could
+gather together, and for the next three years the exiled Court was
+supported by the exertions of Rupert.
+
+While the fleet lay inactive in 1648 the Prince of Wales was engaged in
+negotiations with the Scots.  In Scotland the Royalist reaction was
+stronger than it was in England; the Scottish Presbyterians were wholly
+dissatisfied with Cromwell and the English Puritans, and they now
+sought to make terms with their Sovereign.  But one of their first
+conditions was that neither Rupert nor Maurice should set foot in
+Scotland, and this was exceedingly displeasing to the Prince of Wales.
+The Earl of Lauderdale, who had been sent to the Hague to negotiate the
+affair, reported that Rupert's power over the Prince was absolute, and
+that if he chose to come to Scotland come he would, in spite of the
+negative vote of the whole Council.  Rupert himself proposed to
+accompany Prince Charles in a private capacity, {230} taking no share
+in the affairs of State;[22] but the Scots, who knew his influence over
+his cousin, refused to entertain the suggestion.  Prince Charles then,
+with his own hand, struck out the clause of the treaty which disabled
+Rupert from bearing him company; an arbitrary action which seriously
+annoyed Lauderdale.[23]  Rupert, however, smoothed the matter over,
+saying that, provided his absence were not made a formal condition, he
+would remain in Holland.  Altogether he "carried himself so
+handsomely"[24] as to win over Lauderdale, who finally declared that
+Rupert's coming to Scotland would be, after all, "of great
+advantage."[25]
+
+But Rupert, in spite of his conciliatory behaviour inclined far more to
+the Royalism of Montrose than to that of Lauderdale and Argyle.  The
+Marquess of Montrose, who had sustained the King's cause in Scotland
+with extraordinary heroism and brilliancy, was at that time at Brussels
+and quite ready to risk another venture on the King's behalf.  He was,
+however, so obnoxious to the Presbyterian party that no hope of their
+union could be entertained.  Charles had to choose between the two, and
+Rupert strongly inclined to the heroic Montrose.  The character and
+achievements of the Marquess were well calculated to inspire admiration
+in the Prince.  The two had met once in England, during the August of
+1643, and a strong mutual esteem existed between them.  Therefore,
+while Charles was leaning to Argyle, Rupert was conducting a voluminous
+correspondence with Montrose.  The "noble kindness" of the Marquess,
+said the Prince, made him anxious to serve the King in his company, and
+he would very willingly join in any undertaking that he proposed.[26]
+Montrose replied with equal friendliness: "I will ... rather hazard to
+sink by you than {231} save myself aside of others."  But,
+unfortunately, a meeting between them was impossible.  The Marquess
+could not come to the Hague on account of the Presbyterian emissaries
+there assembled, and also because he was continually beset by spies,
+from whom he was anxious to conceal his alliance with the Prince.
+Rupert would fain have visited him at Brussels, but he was bound "by a
+heavy tie" to the fleet, and could only lament that "whilst I am
+separating the sheep from the goats I dare not absent myself without
+hazard."[27]  Montrose was anxious to take the fleet to Scotland,
+where, he said, "there be so handsome and probable grounds for a clear
+and gallant design ... that I should be infinitely sorry that you
+should be induced to hazard your own person, or those little rests
+(remains) upon any desperate thrusts; for, while you are safe, we shall
+find twenty fair ways to state ourselves."[28] But both that scheme,
+and the negotiations with Lauderdale fell through, and it was finally
+resolved to take the fleet to Ireland, where the Marquess of Ormonde
+stood out for the King with as great a devotion as Montrose had shown
+in Scotland.
+
+In October Rupert received a letter from the King, at the hands of Will
+Legge, who bore also an important message which the King dared not
+write.  He had now laid a plan for escape from the Isle of Wight, and
+he required Rupert to send a ship thither, and to acquaint "no other
+mortal" with the matter, except the Prince of Orange.[29] Rupert would
+have gone in person, but was still detained by his care of the fleet.
+However, the Prince of Orange willingly sent one of his own ships,
+which was boarded and searched by a captain of the Parliament.  For
+several days it lingered on the coast, under pretence of waiting for a
+wind, but, as we all know, Charles's {232} attempt at escape was
+frustrated, and the vessel returned without him.
+
+On November 21st Warwick sailed for England, and Rupert, freed from the
+surveillance of his foe, at once prepared his ships for action.  Money
+of course was lacking, but Rupert sent out two of his ships to take
+prizes, which was successfully done, and the resources were further
+increased by the sale of the Antelope's ordnance; besides which, "the
+Queen of Bohemia pawned her jewels, or the work had never been
+done."[30]  Lord Craven also added his contribution.  "What I have in
+my power shall be at your service, unless your brother Edward in the
+meantime disfurnish me," he wrote to Rupert.[31]
+
+A difficulty next arose about the use of the standard.  Properly, only
+the Lord High Admiral could carry it, and that title the Prince of
+Wales had no power to confer.  Yet Warwick made use of the standard,
+and it was therefore left to Rupert's discretion to hoist it if needful
+for the encouragement of his men.
+
+Towards the end of January 1649, all was ready, and Rupert sailed for
+Ireland with three flag-ships, four frigates, and one prize; Maurice of
+course accompanying him.  They were temporarily joined by three
+Dutchmen requiring consortship, a circumstance which proved very
+beneficial to the Royalists.  At day-break, January 22, they sighted
+the Parliament fleet off Dover, and Rupert judging valour to be the
+better part of discretion, sailed straight for it.  Terrified by this
+extraordinary boldness, and believing the Dutch ships to be in Rupert's
+pay, Warwick's fleet sought shelter beneath the forts; and the Prince,
+much encouraged by this success, passed unmolested to Kinsale.[32]
+
+The usual endeavours to sow ill-will between Rupert and Ormonde had not
+been wanting.  Digby, apparently {233} forgetful of his recent
+professions of friendship for Rupert, addressed the Lord Lieutenant in
+his old strain.  "One thing I think it necessary to advertise you of,
+that Prince Rupert hath set his rest to command this expedition of the
+fleet, and the Council have complied with him in it, insomuch that if
+it arrives safe in Ireland you must expect him with it.  I hope his aim
+is only at the honour of conveying the fleet thither, through so much
+hasard, and then returning to the Prince.  But if he have any further
+design of continuing to command the fleet, or of remaining in that
+kingdom, I fear the consequences of it, knowing what applications have
+been made to him formerly, and how unsettled and weak a people you have
+there, apt to catch at anything that's new."[33]  Hyde, on the other
+hand, warned Rupert that there would certainly be attempts to excite
+quarrels between himself and Ormonde, but added, with a confidence he
+did not feel: "Truly, Sir, I do not apprehend any danger this way.  I
+know your Highness will comply in all things with him, as a person,
+besides his great merit, of the clearest and most entire approbation of
+any subject the King hath."[34]  In similar terms wrote Jermyn at the
+Queen's behest, to Ormonde, who replied rather crushingly: "I am
+infinitely obliged to Her Majesty for her care to keep me in Prince
+Rupert's good opinion.  I shall be, and have been, industrious to gain
+his favour, and my endeavour has hitherto been successful.  Neither do
+I apprehend any danger of a change; his carriage towards me having been
+full of civility, as well in relation to my employment as to my
+person."[35]
+
+There was in fact the best of intelligence between Rupert and Ormonde,
+and thanks to the Lord Lieutenant's noble and unsuspicious nature,
+nothing could destroy it.  The "applications" to Rupert, mentioned by
+Digby, were made {234} by the Roman Catholic rebels, who disliked
+Ormonde's steady hand and firm adherence to the established religion.
+They represented to Rupert that they were averse, not to the King, but
+to his Lord Lieutenant, and that if only he (Rupert) would consent to
+lead them "they would all join in one to live and die for His Majesty's
+service, under Your Highness's command; that being their greatest
+ambition."[36]  Rupert's enemies at the Hague hastened to report these
+intrigues to Ormonde, colouring them, as much as possible, to Rupert's
+discredit.  But Ormonde replied calmly that he had been already
+informed of them by Rupert himself, who had asked his advice as to the
+answers he should send.  That he knew those who desired to divide the
+King's party "assumed encouragements from Prince Rupert, without
+warrant from him."  That he, personally would willingly resign his
+charge to the Prince, if it were for the King's advantage; but that he
+knew it to be "impossible for the Prince to descend to what would look
+like supplanting one that hath endeavoured, with some success, to serve
+him in his charge."[37]
+
+But though Ormonde refused to doubt Rupert's integrity, he did not
+derive from him the assistance he had hoped.  Rupert had written, on
+his arrival at Kinsale, promising to follow Ormonde's advice in all
+things, and to give him all the aid in his power.  But his want of men
+made it impossible for him to block up Dublin harbour, as the Lord
+Lieutenant desired,[38] and the necessity of capturing prizes, the sale
+of which supported the fleet, prevented any action of importance.  The
+Parliament complained bitterly that no ship could leave the Bristol
+Channel by day without falling a prey to the Princes,[39] and yet
+Rupert seldom had money to send to Ormonde.  "Your Lordship may be
+{235} assured of all the supplies and assistances our ships can afford
+you," he wrote in answer to one of Ormonde's frequent appeals for
+money.  "But I must entreat your Lordship to consider the great charge
+the fleet is at, and, if we lose this opportunity, we may be hindered
+by a far greater strength than yet appears.  The least squadron we must
+now send out must be of five ships.  Three we can leave behind, fitted
+with all but men, ready to do service here.  I intend, with the first
+opportunity, to go to Waterford....  From thence I shall not fail to
+receive your commands.  Mr. Fanshaw can give you an account how low we
+are in matters of monies."[40]
+
+The want of men was even more serious than the want of money.  In the
+summer Rupert hoped to really fight the Parliament fleet, and with that
+view he personally sought recruits in all the neighbouring port towns.
+By great exertions he raised a considerable number, but, when the task
+was accomplished, the Council of War hung back from the risk of a
+battle, and the Prince, rather than incur the charge of "vanity and
+rashness," dismissed his hard-won recruits and retired into harbour.
+Changed indeed was the man who had fought at Marston Moor![41]
+
+But in spite of all difficulties, Rupert contrived to take prizes, to
+support the Royalists at the Hague, and even to send some succour to
+the Scilly islands, which held out for the King.  "I believe we shall
+make a shift to live in spite of all our factions!"[42] he wrote
+cheerfully.  And make a shift he did, through "a wearisome summer,
+passed in anxiety and troubles."[43]  Cromwell had arrived in June, and
+was rapidly conquering Ireland.  The King's army was defeated near
+Dublin; the towns began to revolt to the Parliament; the faithful
+garrisons were mercilessly massacred {236} by Cromwell; and Rupert only
+escaped the treachery of the Governor of Cork by a press of business
+which prevented him from accepting an invitation to hunt.  "The
+Governor of Cork," says the historian of Rupert's voyages, "resolved to
+make himself famous by an infamous act, to which purpose, knowing His
+Highness loved hunting, he invited him to a chase of deer, close by the
+town; but Heaven abhorring such inhumanity, prevented that design, by
+providing importunate business to impede His Highness' intentions."[44]
+But though thwarted in this scheme, the Governor of Cork could and did
+surrender the city to the enemy, after which Kinsale was no longer a
+safe port for the Royalist fleet.  If the ships were to be preserved,
+it was high time to quit the Irish coast.  The Parliament had already
+sent a fleet to block the Prince up in the harbour, but again fortune
+favoured him.  A friendly wind blew the Parliament fleet out to sea,
+and enabled Rupert to slip out past them.  For want of men, he was
+forced to leave three of his ships behind him, and in November 1649, he
+began the world anew with seven sail.
+
+Within a few days of Rupert's first arrival at Kinsale, the execution
+of Charles I had taken place.  For some weeks Rupert remained ignorant
+of this final disaster, but in February a vague rumour reached him, and
+he wrote in great agitation to Ormonde: "I beseech your Lordship to let
+me know whether you have any certain news of the King's
+misfortune."[45]  The dreadful rumour was only too soon confirmed.
+From the Hague he received dismal accounts of the general depression
+and confusion--"all men being full of designs to be counsellors and
+officers;" and he was entreated to write a few lines to cheer and
+encourage his young cousin, now Charles II.[46]  Very shortly he
+received {237} his commission as Lord High Admiral, which the new King
+had now power to grant, and he thereupon published a solemn declaration
+of his intention to fight the Parliament to the death.
+
+"The bloody and inhumane murder of my late dread uncle of ever renowned
+memory hath administered to me fresh occasion to be assistant, both in
+Counsel and to the best of my personal power, to my dear cousin, now
+Charles II of England...  I do protest and really speak it, it was ever
+my intention to do him service and employ my best endeavours for
+enthroning him, as bound by consanguinity, but more particularly
+engaged by reason of former favours received from his late royal
+father, my murdered uncle.  Yet I do ingeniously confess it was never
+my desire to be employed in this great and weighty matter of His
+Majesty's Admiral.  I should willingly have been satisfied with an
+inferior place, where I might have had the freedom, in part, to bring
+to condign punishment such great traitors and rebels who had a hand in
+the murder of my late uncle, and do still persist in their perverse way
+of rebellion and cruelty.  And my reasons why I did not wish so great a
+command were these--namely, I know, and was ascertained, myself had
+been rendered odious to many English who did not rightly understand my
+real intentions, but only believed lies and forged reports of my
+enemies' framing.  And I did likewise consider that my undertaking the
+admiralty might be a means to draw away the affections of His Majesty's
+subjects, by reason such rumours had been upon me.  These, and many
+other reasons which now I will omit, did move me several times to
+refuse what, at length, His Majesty's Council of Lords, knights and
+gentlemen, who are now about him, did, in a manner, thrust upon
+me."[47]  Rupert's greatness had been, in truth, thrust upon him, but
+having accepted it, he resolved to use it {238} for avenging his uncle
+to the uttermost.  "Prince Rupert," declared a sailor of the
+Parliament, who had been his prisoner, "is not ashamed openly to
+profess that, provided he may ruin and destroy the English interest,
+especially the estates of the merchants and mariners of London, he
+cares not whether he gets a farthing more while he lives than what will
+maintain himself, his confederates, and his fleet."[48]
+
+Such being Rupert's attitude, it is worth while to note that of his
+brothers.  Maurice was of course one with him.  Edward also expressed
+himself as strongly as his two seniors could have wished.  "I should
+die happy if I could steep my hands (quand j'aurai trempe mes mains) in
+the blood of those murderers."[49]  That satisfaction was denied him,
+but he did his best by insulting the Ambassadors of the Parliament in
+the streets of the Hague.  This affair produced great excitement in
+England, and the States of Holland were forced to request Edward to
+"keep a better tongue," or else to quit their territory.  He had been
+just about to depart to Heidelberg, but, with true Palatine obstinacy,
+deferred his departure for another week, and went about boasting his
+status as a "freeborn Prince of the Empire."[50]  The States, with
+their wonted prudence, let him alone until after he was safely
+departed, when they endeavoured to appease the English Parliament by a
+show of indignation.  "The States here," wrote Nicholas, "have lately
+caused a summons publicly to be made, by ringing of a bell, requiring
+Prince Edward--who they know went hence to Germany three months
+since--to appear in the State House, by a day prefixed, to answer the
+affront he did to St. John and his colleagues; which is said to be
+only, as they passed him, to have called them a pack of rogues and
+rebels."[51]
+
+{239}
+
+The conduct of Charles Louis contrasted strongly with that of the rest
+of his family.  He, far more than Edward, had cause for gratitude to
+his Uncle, and yet he could write coldly of the King's trial:--"Others,
+(_i.e._  himself), who are but remotely concerned in the effects
+thereof, cannot be blamed if they do not intermeddle.  Neither is it in
+their power to mend anything, for it hath been seen in all Governments
+that strength will still prevail, whether it be right or wrong."[52]
+Nevertheless he quitted England after the King's execution, chiefly, it
+is to be feared, because he had become convinced that he himself would
+not be elected to the vacant throne.  Having renounced the cause of the
+Parliament, he was anxious to be reconciled to his brothers, and
+Sophie, evidently at his instigation, wrote to inform Rupert and
+Maurice of the Elector's changed views.  Both her letters are dated
+April 13th, 1649, and that to Rupert is written in French.
+
+
+"Dearest Brother,
+
+"It is only through printed reports that we hear any news of Rupert le
+Diable, for no one has received any letters from you.  My brother the
+Elector is now here, and cares no more for those cursed people in
+England, for he has paid his duty to the King, which he might easily
+have avoided, as business called him to Cleves.  Here also are the
+Scottish Commissioners, who every day bring some new proposal to the
+King, full of impertinency.  They would not that the King should keep
+any honest man about him, for which they are in great favour with the
+Princess of Orange, who declares herself much for the Presbyterians,
+and says that Percy is the honestest man the King has about him.  But I
+believe you care not much to know of intrigues here, for which cause I
+shall not trouble you further; besides, you have other business to do
+{240} than read my letters.  Only I entreat you to take notice, that I
+remain
+
+"Your most aff. sister and servant, "Sophie."[53]
+
+
+To Maurice, Sophie wrote in German, and in a more familiar style.
+Probably she was better acquainted with him than with Rupert, for he
+had encouraged and laughed at her childish tricks, during the years
+that he spent "in idleness" at the Hague.
+
+
+"Highborn Prince and Dear Brother,
+
+"I must write to you by all occasions, for I always have something to
+tell you.  This time it shall be that the Prince Elector is here, and
+that he is now altogether against the Knaves, as we are.  The peace is
+made in France.  My brother Edward says he has taken no employment yet.
+Prince Ratzevil is deadly sick, they say that the Marquis Gonzaga hath
+poisoned him; he is in Poland yet.  The States have forbidden all their
+Ministers to pray for any Kings in the Church, but the French will not
+desist.  I am so vexed with you for not writing to me that I do not
+know how to express it.  I hope you have not forgotten me, seeing that
+I am
+
+"Your faithful sister and humble servant, "Sophie."[54]
+
+
+To this letter the Elector added a short postscript.
+
+
+"My service to you, brother Rupert and brother Maurice; more I cannot
+say, being newly arrived, and visitations do hinder me.  Carl Ludwig."
+
+
+What effect this judiciously-worded composition might have had it is
+impossible to say.  Both letters fell into the hands of the Parliament
+and never reached their proper destination.  It was many years before
+Rupert and the Elector met again.
+
+
+
+[1] Benett MSS.  Warburton, III.  p. 250.
+
+[2] Nicholas Papers, I.  95.  Camden Soc.  New Series.  Hatton to
+Nicholas, Aug. 9, 1648.
+
+[3] Warburton, III.  pp. 250-254.
+
+[4] Ibid.  p. 253.
+
+[5] Clarendon, Bk. XI.  p. 63.
+
+[6] Clarendon, Bk. XI.  p. 127.
+
+[7] Nicholas Papers, I.  p. 96.
+
+[8] Clarendon, Bk. XI, pp. 128-130; Carte Letters, I.  p. 192.
+
+[9] Warburton, III.  p. 257.
+
+[10] Ibid.  p. 386.
+
+[11] Ibid.  255.
+
+[12] Transcripts.  Charles II to Rupert, 20 Jan. 1649.
+
+[13] Clar. St. Papers.  Hyde to Fanshaw, 21 Jan. 1649.
+
+[14] Warburton, III.  p. 295.
+
+[15] Rupert Transcripts.  Hyde to Rupert, Dec. 11, 1648.  Hermes to
+Rupert, Jan. 12, 1649.
+
+[16] Ibid.  Ball to Rupert, 15 Dec. 1648.
+
+[17] Rupert Transcripts.  Price to Rupert, 15 Jan. 1651.
+
+[18] Warburton, III.  pp. 262-264.
+
+[19] Clarendon, Bk. XI.  p. 152.
+
+[20] Rupert Transcripts.  Hyde to Rupert, Jan. 1649.
+
+[21] Warburton.  III.  p. 308.  Charles II to Rupert, Jan. 27, 1650.
+
+[22] Hamilton Papers, p. 219.  Camd. Soc.  June 24, 1648.
+
+[23] Ibid.  p. 245.
+
+[24] Hamilton Papers, p. 246, Camden Soc.  Lauderdale to Lanerick, Aug.
+1648.
+
+[25] Ibid.  p. 249, Aug. 20, 1648.
+
+[26] Warburton, III.  pp. 254, 262, 267-270.
+
+[27] Hist. MSS. Com.  Rpt. II.  Montrose MSS.  p. 173.
+
+[28] Warburton, III.  p. 269.
+
+[29] Ibid.  p. 272.
+
+[30] Warburton, III.  p. 273.
+
+[31] Rupert Transcripts.  Craven to Rupert, 29 Jan. 1649.
+
+[32] Warburton, III.  p. 282.
+
+[33] Carte's Ormonde, VI.  587.  27 Nov. 1648.
+
+[34] Warburton, III.  p. 277, Hyde to Rupert, Jan. 27, 1649.
+
+[35] Carte Letters, II.  p. 406.  29 Sept. 1648.
+
+[36] Rupert Transcripts.  Talbot to Rupert, Nov. 7, 1648.
+
+[37] Carte Letters, II.  427-430.  25 Jan. 1650.
+
+[38] Ibid.  II.  381.  29 May, 1649.
+
+[39] Clowes Royal Navy, II.  p. 120.
+
+[40] Carte Letters, II.  375.
+
+[41] Warburton, III.  pp. 293-294.
+
+[42] Ibid.  p. 290.  Rupert to Grenvile, Apr. 28, 1649.
+
+[43] Ibid.  p. 297.
+
+[44] Warburton, pp. 297-8.
+
+[45] Carte Papers.  Irish Confederation, VII.  256.  Rupert to Ormonde,
+Feb. 12, 1649.
+
+[46] Warburton.  III.  pp. 284-5.  Hyde to Rupert, Feb. 28, 1649.
+
+[47] Prince Rupert: his Declaration.  Pamphlet.  British Museum.  Mar.
+9, 1649.
+
+[48] Dom. State Papers.  Com. 24 fol. 60.
+
+[49] Bromley Letters, p. 295.  Edward to Elizabeth.
+
+[50] Perfect Passages, April 11, 1651.  Whitelocke, p. 49.  Green, VI.
+17-28.  Mercurius Politicus, Apr. 3-10, 1651.
+
+[51] Carte Letters, II.  p. 2.  14 May 1661.
+
+[52] Forster's Statesmen, VI.  p. 82.
+
+[53] Domestic State Papers.  Commonwealth, I.  fol. 53.  Sophie to
+Rupert, Apr. 13, 1649.
+
+[54] Domestic State Papers.  Commonwealth, I.  fol. 54, Sophie to
+Maurice.  Apr. 13, 1649.
+
+
+
+
+{241}
+
+CHAPTER XIV
+
+THE FLEET IN THE TAGUS.  AT TOULON.  THE VOYAGE TO THE AZORES.  THE
+WRECK OF THE "CONSTANT REFORMATION."  ON THE AFRICAN COAST.  LOSS OF
+MAURICE IN THE "DEFIANCE."  THE RETURN TO FRANCE
+
+On quitting Ireland in November 1649, the Royalist fleet sailed
+straight for the Spanish coast.  Hyde was then at Madrid, as the
+Ambassador of Charles II, and he pressed the Spaniards to grant the
+Prince free ports.  This they would not do, but they allowed him to
+clean and victual his vessels upon their shores, until the arrival of
+the Parliament fleet changed their attitude.[1]  The Parliament had
+despatched their Admiral Blake in pursuit of the Royalists, and Blake's
+ships were better manned, better fitted up, and more numerous than
+those of Rupert.  In fear of Blake, the Spaniards ordered Rupert to
+leave their coasts, and he took refuge in the Tagus.  There he found a
+generous reception.  The King of Portugal, "a young man of great hope
+and courage," sent an embassy to invite the two Princes to Lisbon, and
+they were conducted, with much state, to Court.  Further, the King
+promised them all the protection in his power, gave them supplies and
+provisions, the free use of his ports, and purchased their prizes.
+"The King of Portugal gives Rupert all kind of assistance, and is
+extreme kind and civil to him and Maurice.  I pray you tell your Lord
+this," wrote the Queen of Bohemia to her "dear cousin," the Duchess of
+Richmond.[2] For a brief period the adventurous Princes enjoyed a {242}
+prosperous tranquillity, but it was not to last.  Good though were the
+intentions of the young King, his Ministers feared the English
+Parliament as much as did the Spaniards.  Consequently, when Blake
+arrived at the mouth of the Tagus and demanded the surrender of the
+Princes and their fleet, dissension arose in the Court of Lisbon.  The
+young King was so indignant that he would fain have gone on board
+Rupert's vessel to fight with Blake in person.  This rash design was
+prevented by the Queen Mother, and the King, yielding to his Ministers,
+demanded three days' start for the Princes if they should put to sea.
+This condition Blake would not grant, and the King therefore refused to
+close his ports to the Royalists.  The Count de Miro, who headed the
+faction hostile to the Princes, then tried to embarrass Rupert by all
+means in his power.  He ordered the Portuguese merchants to pay for the
+prizes purchased in goods and not in money, he tried to prevent Maurice
+from gaining an audience with the King, and he actually succeeded in
+preventing him from making an attack on Blake.  "Hearing that Prince
+Maurice intends to sail from our ports, with letters of marque against
+Parliament ships, I beg it may not be done," was the concise and
+explicit note received by Rupert.[3]
+
+The Prince meanwhile gained allies against De Miro by an appeal to the
+priests, who responded readily, preaching everywhere "how shameful a
+thing it was for a Christian King to treat with rebels."  He also won
+the hearts of the populace, by hunting daily amongst them with all
+confidence, and by his "liberality and complaisance to all sorts of
+people."  His exceeding popularity with priests and people intimidated
+the hostile court faction, so that De Miro dared no longer urge
+compliance with the demands of Blake.[4]
+
+For some time Rupert remained in the Tagus, with Blake {243} awaiting
+him outside.  Occasionally, as in Holland, the sailors met on shore,
+and with more fatal results.  An ambush laid by Blake for the capture
+of Rupert while hunting, resulted in the defeat of the
+Parliamentarians, with the loss of nine of their men.  In revenge,
+Rupert attempted to blow up one of Blake's ships, sending one of his
+sailors, disguised as a Portuguese, with an infernal machine to the
+Vice-Admiral.  But the man unwarily exclaimed in English, and so was
+discovered and his design prevented.  These actions were very
+differently represented by Royalists and Parliamentarians, and both
+parties "complained to the King of Portugal."[5]  Blake stigmatised
+Rupert as "that pyrate"; and Rupert declared the Parliamentarians to be
+only "tumultuous, factious, seditious soldiers and other disorderly and
+refractory persons," and Blake a "sea-robber."[6]
+
+After this the King forbade any more Parliament ships to enter his
+harbour, and Blake in revenge attacked the Portuguese fleet returning
+from Madeira.  The King, thus justly incensed, ordered his own fleet to
+sail with Rupert, against Blake.  But the Portuguese Admiral was in the
+pay of De Miro, and "was so careful of his person" as to give Rupert no
+assistance.  On Rupert's complaint he was deprived of his command, but
+his successor proved no more efficient.[7] The attack, therefore
+failed, but Rupert was able to write cheerfully to Charles II that his
+"entertainment" was still "all civility," and that every facility had
+been afforded for the disposal of the goods taken in his prizes, which
+realised about L40,000.  A part of this sum he sent to Charles, with
+the rest he fitted up his prizes as men of war, and victualled his
+ships for four months.[8]
+
+He was now ready to force his passage through Blake's {244} fleet, or
+"perish in the attempt."  But meanwhile Blake had captured the
+Portuguese fleet coming from Brazil, and the poor King, not knowing
+whom to trust, came in person to Rupert to beg him to rescue it.  The
+Prince willingly agreed, but Blake was not anxious to fight just then,
+and the mists and contrary winds prevented the Royalists from coming up
+with him.  The King thanked Rupert for his efforts, but the continued
+misfortunes which the presence of the Royalists was bringing on
+Portugal forced them to leave Lisbon.  From that time, September 1650,
+the Princes were, in truth, little more than pirates.  The small number
+of their ships prevented them from ever engaging the fleet of the
+Parliament, and they could only carry on a depredatory warfare,
+injuring English trade, and at the same time supporting the exiled
+court, by the constant capture of merchantmen.  Any English vessel that
+refused to own Rupert as Lord High Admiral of England was a fair prize,
+and from the time that Spain allied herself with the English
+Commonwealth, Spanish vessels also were fair game in the Princes' eyes.
+And thus, says one of the Royalist captains, "our misfortunes being no
+novelty to us, we plough the sea for a subsistence, and being destitute
+of a port, we take the Mediterranean sea for our harbour; poverty and
+despair being our companions, and revenge our guide."[9]
+
+On leaving Lisbon, Rupert returned at first to the coast of Spain.  Off
+Estepona he crippled, but could not take, an English vessel.  At Malaga
+he found some more English ships, but was peremptorily forbidden to
+attack them by the Spanish Governor.  To this order he only replied
+that he would not shoot, but that, since one of the vessels in question
+was commanded by a regicide, he could not possibly forego this
+opportunity of revenge.  In accordance with this declaration, he sent a
+fire-ship by night, which successfully burnt the ship of the regicide,
+Captain Morley.  {245} The anger of the Spaniards forced him to put to
+sea at once, and he next came to Montril, where he attacked and
+destroyed three English ships, in spite of the efforts made from the
+Spanish forts to defend them.[10]  Between Cape de Gatte and Cape
+Palos, he took several prizes, and from there he stood for Tunis.  But
+most of his captains disobeyed orders, and entered Cartagena, where
+they hoped to find booty.  There the Spaniards allowed Blake to attack
+them, and, to escape capture, they ran their ships ashore and burnt
+them.  Rupert and Maurice, unaware of the disaster, left letters for
+their missing captains, under a stone, on the coast of Tunis, and
+sailed for Toulon.  But a sudden storm separated the Princes, and
+Maurice arrived at Toulon alone with his prizes; not knowing what was
+become of his brother, and fearing the worst.[11]
+
+The condition of Toulon was somewhat disturbed, for the wars of the
+Fronde were then raging in France, and the town, at that moment, was
+for the Prince of Conde against the court.  Maurice was therefore
+warned by the French Admiral commanding in the port, to be very careful
+of himself and of his ships.  But happily both the magistrates of the
+town and the officers of the forts showed themselves well-disposed to
+the Prince.  They hastened to visit him, offered all the aid they could
+give him, and pressed him daily to come on shore.  Maurice, "through
+grief for that sad separation from his brother,"[12] declined their
+invitations, and refused, for several days, to leave his ship.  At last
+the twofold necessity of disposing of his prize goods, and of
+purchasing a new mast, determined him to land; but before the appointed
+day arrived, he was relieved from anxiety by the appearance of Rupert
+himself in the port.  The meeting was rapturous.  "I need not express
+the joy of their embraces, after so long and tedious {246} absence,
+with the uncertainty of either's safety," says a witness of it,
+"wanting expressions to decipher the affectionate passion of two such
+brothers, who, after so long time of hardship, now found themselves
+locked in each others arms, in a place of safety."[13]  The brothers,
+thus reunited, went on shore together, where they were received with
+great enthusiasm, and were "magnificently treated"[14] at the house of
+the French Admiral.
+
+Soon after this the captains who had lost their ships at Cartagena
+arrived to explain themselves, and each by accusing the others
+endeavoured to excuse himself.  Being in a foreign port, Rupert would
+not hold a court-martial, but finally the flight of one captain seemed
+to declare his guilt, and clear the rest, though they did not escape
+without a severe reprimand for disobeying orders.
+
+The delay at Toulon lasted for a considerable time, and in the interval
+Rupert received a summons to Paris from the Queen Regent and Queen
+Henrietta, who offered him important employment in France, if he would
+leave the command of his fleet to Maurice.  But Rupert did not believe
+his brother capable of managing the fleet alone, and he was resolved
+not to abandon the desperate undertaking to which he was pledged.[15]
+The fleet was then reduced to three sail, the "Constant Reformation,"
+(Admiral,) and the "Swallow," (Vice-Admiral,) and Maurice's prize; and
+Rupert strained his slender resources to the utmost in order to
+purchase a new ship, which he named the "Honest Seaman."  About the
+same time he was joined by a Captain Craven with a vessel of his own,
+which made up the number to five sail.  At last, after much delay and
+trouble, the prize goods were advantageously disposed of, the ships
+were supplied from the Royal Stores of France, and the Princes were
+ready to seek new adventures.  The Channel and the {247} coast of Spain
+were now so well guarded by the Parliament ships as to be unsafe for
+the Princes' little fleet.  Rupert saw that he must now seek distant
+seas, and after putting his enemies off his track by inquiring of
+suspected spies the best advice for sailing to the Archipelago, he
+slipped quietly away to the coast of Barbary.  "I infinitely pity the
+poor Prince, who wanted all manner of counsel and a confident friend to
+reveal his mind unto,"[16] wrote Hatton to Nicholas.
+
+The first prize taken in the Straits was a Genoese vessel, bound for a
+Spanish port, which was taken, partly in reprisal for the stealing of
+one of Rupert's caravels by the Genoese, and partly because the sailors
+clamoured for her capture.  A Spanish galleon was next taken, and her
+crew put on shore, after which Rupert made for Madeira.  This island
+was possessed by the Portuguese, and the Princes were received with all
+kindness.  The Governor, with all his officers, came on board the
+Admiral, and the Princes afterwards paid a return visit to the fort,
+when they were courteously received, and "accompanied to the sight of
+all that was worthy seeing on the island."[17]
+
+Rupert's secret intention was to make for the West Indies, but no
+sooner did his mind become known, than the plan was vehemently opposed
+by most of his officers.  The true cause of their opposition was the
+belief that the idea had originated with Fearnes, the captain of the
+Admiral, who seems to have been very unpopular with the rest of the
+fleet.  So high did the dissension run that Rupert felt himself
+compelled to call a council, the members of which, with two exceptions,
+voted to make for the Azores, alleging that the Admiral, which had
+lately sprung a leak, was unfit for the long voyage to the West Indies.
+Moved by his new-born anxiety to avoid the charges of "self-will and
+rashness," Rupert yielded to the voices of the majority, {248} against
+his better judgment.  To the Azores they went, and, as the Prince
+expected, disaster followed.[18]  No prizes were taken, there was found
+no convenient harbour where the Admiral's leak might be stopped, and so
+bad was the weather that, for long, the ships could not approach the
+shores to get provisions.  When, at last, they made the island of St.
+Michael--also a Portuguese possession--they were as well received as
+they had been at Madeira, and here also the Governor conducted the
+Princes "to all the monasteries and place of note."[19]  Next Rupert
+stood for Terceira, but the Governor of that island belonged to the
+faction which had opposed the Royalists at Lisbon, and showed himself
+unfriendly.  Still, he permitted Rupert to purchase wine and meat, and,
+the bargain arranged, the fleet returned to St. Michael.  On the way
+the Admiral sprang a new leak, which could not be found, nor was there
+any harbour where she could be safely unloaded that it might be
+discovered.  Rupert again proposed the voyage to the West Indies, but
+the suggestion nearly produced a mutiny, which the Prince only quashed
+by promptly breaking up the meetings of the disaffected.
+
+While affairs were in this state, and the supply of provisions yet
+uncompleted, stormy weather drove the ships out to sea.  The leak in
+the Admiral increased rapidly, and her boat, which was too large to be
+hoisted in, was washed away from her.  On the same day, the
+Vice-Admiral, attempting to hoist in her own boat, sunk it at her side.
+The storm raged without abatement for three days, at the end of which
+the Admiral's condition was hopeless.  By continually firing her guns
+she had contrived to keep the other ships near her, and by constant
+pumping the disaster had been deferred.  But on the third morning,
+September 30th, 1651, at 3 a.m., the ship sprang a plank, and though a
+hundred and twenty pieces of raw beef were trodden down {249} between
+the timbers, and planks nailed over them, it was without avail.  The
+sails were blown away, and by ten o'clock of the same morning, the
+water was rushing in so fast that the men could not stand in the hold
+to bale.  In this desperate condition, the whole crew behaved with real
+heroism.  Having thrown the guns overboard, in the vain endeavour to
+lighten the ship, they resigned all hope, and resolved to die together.
+The storm was so violent that none of the other ships dared to approach
+the Admiral, lest they should perish with her.  Once the "Honest
+Seaman" ran across her bowsprit, in the hope that some of the crew
+might save themselves on her, but none made the attempt.  Rupert then
+signalled Maurice to come under his stern, that he might speak his last
+words to him.  Approaching as near as possible, the two Princes tried
+to shout to one another, "but the hideous noise of the seas and winds
+over-noised their voices."[20]  Maurice, frantic with distress,
+declared that he would save his brother or perish; but his captain and
+officers, less ready to sacrifice their lives, "in mutinous words"
+refused to lay their ship alongside the Admiral.  Seeing his orders
+given in vain, Maurice next tried to send out a little boat which he
+had on board, but, though his men feigned to obey him, they delayed, as
+long as possible, getting the boat ready.  "The Captain of the
+Vice-Admiral cannot be excused," says an indignant letter, "for when he
+saw the ship perishing he made no action at all for their boat to help
+to save the men, but walked upon the deck, saying: 'Gentlemen, it is a
+great mischance, but who can help it?'  And the master never brought
+the ship near the perishing ship, notwithstanding Prince Maurice's
+commands, and his earnestness to have it done."[21]
+
+At last it occurred to the crew of the Admiral that their Prince, at
+least, might be saved in their one small boat, and they "beseeched His
+Highness" to make use of it.  {250} But of this Rupert would not hear.
+He thanked the men for their affection to him, and declined to leave
+them, saying that they had long shared his fortunes, and he would now
+share theirs.  Then they represented to him that, supposing he could
+get on board another ship,--a very remote chance in such a sea,--he
+might, by his authority, cause something to be done to save the rest of
+them.  Seeing that he still hesitated, they wasted no more time in
+parley, but promptly overpowered him, and placed him forcibly in the
+boat, "desiring him, at parting, to remember they died his true
+servants."[22]  By a miraculous chance, as it seemed then, the little
+boat reached the "Honest Seaman" in safety, and, having put the Prince
+on board her, returned at once to rescue some others.  Only Captain
+Fearnes accepted the offered rescue.  M. Mortaigne, whom Rupert
+especially entreated to come to him, preferred to die with the rest,
+and after this second journey, the little skiff sank.  Rupert, now as
+frantic as Maurice had been before, ordered the "Honest Seaman" to run
+towards the Admiral, and enter the men on her bowsprit.  The Captain
+obeyed to his best ability, but could not accomplish his aim, because
+the Admiral, having lost her last sail, and being heavy with water,
+could not stir.  The gallant crew signalled their farewells to their
+Prince, and were then invited by their Chaplain, who had remained with
+them, to receive the Holy Communion.  For some hours longer the ship
+remained above water, but at nine o'clock at night she sank with all on
+board, the crew burning two fire-pikes as a last farewell to their
+Admiral.
+
+Rupert, for once in his life, was utterly crushed by the weight of
+misfortune.  He was taken next day into his brother's ship, and there
+he remained for some time, "overladen with the grief of so inestimable
+a loss", and leaving everything to the care and management of Maurice.
+The {251} loss of the treasure on board the Admiral had been enormous,
+amounting to almost the whole of the year's gains; but, wrote Rupert to
+Herbert, "it was not the greatest loss to me!"[23]  Of the Prince's own
+enforced rescue we have three separate accounts.  "The Prince was
+unwilling to leave us, and resolved to die with us," reported the
+Captain.[24]  And says another writer: "His Highness would certainly
+have perished with them, if some of his officers, more careful of his
+preservation than himself, had not forced him into a small boat and
+carried him on board the 'Honest Seaman.'"[25]  It is also noted in the
+common-place book of one Symonds, a manuscript now preserved in the
+British Museum: "It is very remarkable of Prince Rupert that, his ship
+having sprung a plank in the midst of the sea.... he seemed not ready
+to enter the boat for safety, nor did intend it.  They all, about
+sixty, besought him to save himself, and to take some of them with him
+in the boat to row him; telling him that he was destined and appointed
+for greater matters."[26]
+
+Misfortunes, as usual, did not come singly.  Making for Fayal, with
+Maurice still in command, the "Swallow" and the "Honest Seaman" fell in
+with the other three ships, from which they had been separated, but
+only in time to witness the wreck of the "Loyal Subject."  This time
+the Portuguese were far less friendly than before.  Apparently they
+feared lest the English should appropriate a Spanish vessel which had
+just surrendered at Pico, and when Maurice sent to offer his
+assistance, they fired upon his envoys.  Maurice's officer insisted
+upon landing and was promptly arrested, without a hearing.  The "Honest
+Seaman" and the "Revenge" thereupon fired on the Portuguese, but
+without effect, and the whole fleet stood away to Fayal, where they
+found {252} that the officers whom they had left on shore to secure
+supplies, had also been arrested.  The necessity for action roused
+Rupert from his melancholy.  He guessed that the changed attitude of
+the Governors must be due to a peace made between Portugal and the
+English Commonwealth, and saw that he must act with decision.  He
+therefore sent to the Governor of Fayal, saying that Prince Rupert was
+in his harbour, on board the "Swallow," and that unless his men were at
+once released, and things placed on the former friendly footing, he
+would free his men by force, and would also write to the King of
+Portugal "a particular of the affronts he had received."  Evidently
+Rupert was a much more awe-inspiring person than Maurice, for the
+Governor, terrified by the unexpected discovery of his presence, at
+once released his prisoners, and permitted the Princes to take in their
+stores unmolested.[27]
+
+Rupert was determined now to go to the West Indies, and, in order to
+prevent factious opposition, he sent his secretary on board each ship
+in turn to require the opinion of each officer, in writing, as to what
+it would be best to do.  By this device all collusion was prevented,
+and consequently the majority decided with the Prince, for the West
+Indies.  The only two dissentients were the Captain and Master of the
+Vice-Admiral, who had behaved so badly at the wreck of the Admiral.
+These two were for going to the mouth of the Channel to take prizes.
+But their advice was generally scouted, as it was evident to all that
+the ships could not live in the northern seas.  The dissentient Captain
+thereupon quitted the fleet, "pretending a quarrel he had with Captain
+Fearnes,"[28] and Rupert willingly let him go.
+
+Distrusting the Portuguese in the Azores, the Princes sailed towards
+the Canary Islands, hoping to meet with prizes from which they might
+obtain new rigging and other {253} necessities, for all the ships were
+in a terribly damaged condition.  Stress of weather forced them to put
+in at Cape Blanco, in Arguin, on the coast of Africa, where, finding a
+good harbour, they resolved to refit.  A Dutch vessel, which had also
+taken refuge there, supplied them with pilots, and with planks and
+other necessaries for the repair of their ships.  Having obtained these
+things, they set up tents on land, in which they stored their cargoes,
+while they brought the ships aground.
+
+The repairs involved a considerable delay, and Rupert wished to employ
+the time in procuring new provisions.  Fish was to be found in great
+abundance, but no cattle could be purchased on account of the timidity
+of the natives, who fled at the approach of Europeans.  This timidity
+was exceedingly annoying to Rupert, and on January 1st, 1651, he
+marched inland with a hundred men, being resolved to get speech with
+the natives.  A fog favoured him, so that he came upon an encampment
+before the people were aware of his neighbourhood.  Nevertheless no
+sooner did they see him than they took to flight, leaving behind them
+their tents, and their flocks of sheep and goats.  In a final attempt
+to detain them Rupert shot a camel, but the act naturally did not
+reassure them, and the rider mounted another and fled, "but for haste
+left a man-child behind, which by fortune was guided to His Highness,
+as a New Year's gift.  The poor infant, embracing his legs very fast,
+took him for his own parent."[29]  Child and flocks being carefully
+secured, Rupert marched on after the natives, dividing his men into
+small companies, that they might appear the less alarming.  This plan
+succeeded so far that at length two natives came back with a flag of
+truce, desiring to treat for the recovery of the child and the sheep.
+To this the Prince readily consented; whereupon the men promised to
+come to him in two days' time, and he returned to his fleet.
+
+{254}
+
+According to promise, the African envoys appeared on the shore, Jan.
+3rd, and desired a hostage.  Rupert, doubtful of their good faith,
+refused to order any man to risk his life; but one volunteered, and was
+allowed to go.  Then the Africans, making no offers of trading with the
+Prince, demanded the child's surrender, "expressing great sorrow for
+the loss thereof."  This increased Rupert's suspicions, and he ordered
+his men to keep well within their own lines.  One sailor, disobeying,
+went out upon the cliff, and was immediately killed by the natives,
+who, having thus broken truce, killed their hostage also, and fled.
+Rupert pursued in great fury, but without being able to overtake them.
+A second expedition, led by Robert Holmes, had no better result, and
+the child remained in Rupert's possession.[30]  In 1653, "an African
+lad of five "is mentioned by one of Cromwell's spies, as "part of the
+prey the Prince brought over seas;"[31] and reference is made to "the
+little nigger"[32] in several of Robert Holmes's letters to Rupert.
+
+The Dutch vessel from which the Prince had obtained his planks, now
+sent him supplies of water from the Island of Arguin, and seeing her
+thus well-disposed, he chartered her to carry his prize cargo of ginger
+and sugar to France.  He also took the opportunity of sending a brief
+account of his adventures and misfortunes to the King, and to Sir
+Edward Herbert.  The copy of his letter to Charles II is headed: "What
+our ship's company desired me to say to the King," and is as follows.
+
+"Sire,--By several ways I have given your Majesty a general account of
+our good and bad fortunes, since we left Toulon, but fearing some, if
+not all, may have had worse fortune than I am confident this will, I
+have made a more particular relation to Sir Edward Herbert of both, to
+which I could {255} add more particulars to shew your Majesty how I
+have been hindered in a design to do your Majesty eminent service, but,
+Sire, I shall leave this until I have the happiness to be nearer your
+Majesty.  In the meantime I have sent an order on Mr. Carteret, with
+some goods, to pay the debts of your Majesty I made at Toulon, and some
+others, which belong to me, my brother, and the seamen, the proceed of
+which I have ordered to be put into Sir Edward Herbert's hands for
+yourself, or your brother's necessities; be pleased to command what you
+will of it.  In such a case, I dare say, there will be none among us
+will grumble at it.  All I humbly beg is that Sir Edward Herbert may
+receive your Majesty's commands by word of mouth, or under your own
+hand, and that your Majesty be pleased to look upon us, as having
+undergone some hazards equal with others.  Had it pleased God to
+preserve the 'Constant Reformation' (the Admiral), I had loaded this
+vessel with better goods."[33]
+
+To Herbert the Prince wrote at greater length, giving an account of the
+wreck of the Admiral, and of the factious opposition he had encountered
+among his officers.  He explained also that the shares of each man in
+the prizes taken had been adjudged by the chaplain, Dr. Hart, and he
+concluded: "If His Majesty or the Duke of York be in necessity
+themselves, pray dispose of all to what they have need of, for their
+own use; I mean _after the debts I made at Toulon for the fleet are
+satisfied_.  I wrote word so to His Majesty."[34]  Some eight years
+later, at the Restoration, those debts which weighed so heavily on
+Rupert's conscience were still unpaid, and the fact is worth
+remembering in connection with the quarrel that the Prince had with the
+King on his return to France.
+
+{256}
+
+The cargo being despatched and the ships repaired, the Princes made for
+the Cape Verd Islands, where they took in water and "one thousand dried
+goats."[35]  From there they went to Santiago, which they found
+inhabited chiefly by negroes.  There was, however, a Portuguese
+Governor, Don Jorge de Mesquita de Castello Baranquo, who overwhelmed
+them with attentions, and presents of fruit.  Rupert returned his
+civilities with such presents as his cargo afforded, and wrote to the
+King of Portugal gratefully acknowledging the kindness of Don Jorge.
+The letter bears date March 2nd, 1652.[36]  When the Princes had been
+some days in the harbour, Don Jorge informed them that certain English
+vessels, bound for Guinea, were at anchor in the River Gambia, and
+offered pilots to take the Royalists up the river.  This offer Rupert
+eagerly accepted, but the pilots proved inefficient, and mistook the
+channel, forcing the "Swallow," now the Admiral, to anchor in very
+shallow water.  Rupert went out in his boat to sound for the channel,
+and while thus occupied, came upon a ship belonging to the Duke of
+Courland, on the Baltic.  The Courlanders at once told the Prince the
+whereabouts of the English vessels, and offered to pilot him up to
+them.  With their help, the Admiral weighed anchor, found the channel,
+and captured an English ship, the "John."  On board this ship was a
+negro interpreter, known as Captain Jacus, and the son of the Governor
+of Portodale.  To these two Rupert showed much kindness, freely giving
+them their liberty, an action for which he soon reaped an ample reward.
+That night Rupert's fleet anchored by the Courlander, which continued
+professions of friendship and offers of aid, for which the Prince
+returned grateful thanks.
+
+On the following morning, Rupert took a Spaniard, but failed to get
+into the tributary of the Gambia, where lay an English ship.  With the
+next tide Maurice succeeded in {257} getting in, and as soon as it was
+light, began the attack.  The Englishman quickly surrendered, on a
+promise of quarter, and freedom for the Captain.  Then, too late, the
+crew remembered that no terms had been made for the merchant whom they
+had on board.  A dispute arose as to the fairness of the agreement
+already made, and Maurice, in true sporting spirit, offered to free the
+captured ship, and fight it out over again;[37] but the English crew,
+declining the quixotic offer, accepted his former terms, and Maurice
+boarded them, still in exuberant spirits.  "See what friends you have
+of these Portugals!" he cried in youthful triumph.  "But for them we
+should never have come hither and taken you."[38]  Altogether three
+English ships, the "Friendship," the "John," and the "Marmaduke," had
+been captured in the river, besides the Spaniard.  Rupert distributed
+the crews of the prizes among his own ships, and Maurice, re-naming the
+largest of the prizes, the "Defiance," made her the Vice-Admiral.
+
+The natives of the country, thinking to please Rupert, and anxious,
+possibly, to gratify old grudges, murdered several sailors of the
+Parliament who had landed.  But Rupert, "abhorring to countenance
+infidels in the shedding of Christian blood," took care to intimate his
+deep displeasure.[39] Thereupon the brother and son of the native King
+came to visit him.  He received them with all due courtesy, offering
+them chairs to sit upon, which, however, they gravely declined, saying
+that only their King was worthy of such an honour.
+
+But notwithstanding the friendly disposition of the natives Rupert
+could not prolong his stay in the river.  The time of the
+tornadoes--May to July--was drawing near, and preparation was
+necessary.  The Princes therefore broke up {258} their Spanish prize,
+as unfit for service, bequeathed her guns to the Courlanders, and
+sailed for the Cape de Verd Islands.  By the way some of their ships
+were missed, and they anchored on the coast to await them.  During the
+delay, the natives stole away one of Maurice's sailors, and Maurice,
+finding fair words unavailing, sent a force, under Holmes, to recover
+him.  The two boats, in which Holmes and his men were embarked, were
+overturned in the surf, and lost at their landing, but happily, the
+liberated negro, Jacus, came to their help with a party of his friends.
+Then Maurice sent a third boat to bring his men back, but with orders
+not to land unless Jacus advised it.  Holmes and his force were safely
+re-embarked, when the captain of the boat, mistaking Maurice's orders,
+declared that they were to take Jacus back with them.  On hearing this,
+Holmes went once more on shore, to speak to Jacus, and, during the
+delay involved, the hostile negroes began to attack the crew.  The
+sailors shot a negro, and captured one of their canoes, which so
+incensed the rest that they seized upon Holmes and another man who had
+accompanied him.  The men in Maurice's boat saw themselves outnumbered,
+and returned in all haste to their ship, with the bad news.  Both
+Princes were "extremely moved," and, swearing that they would rescue
+their comrades or perish in the attempt, they went ashore to treat with
+the natives.  The negroes declared, through Jacus, that they would
+release Holmes if their canoe were returned, and the men in her set at
+liberty.  Rupert at once signalled to the Vice-Admiral to free the
+canoe, but no sooner was it done than Jacus came running down to the
+shore, with the news that his countrymen intended treachery, and would
+not release their prisoners.  It proved too late to re-take the canoe,
+but the Prince fired on the natives, who were gathering round him, and
+signalled all his ships to send men to his aid.  The natives fought
+with much courage; and Rupert himself was wounded by a poisoned arrow,
+which he instantly cut out with his knife.  {259} While he engaged the
+attention of the hostile negroes, Jacus and his friends contrived to
+free Holmes and his comrade, and to embark them safely in Maurice's
+pinnace.  This done, the Princes retreated to their fleet; but they did
+not show themselves ungrateful to Jacus, "whose fidelity," says one of
+the crew, "may teach us that heathens are not void of moral honesty."
+On the day following, Rupert sent his thanks, and an offer to take
+Jacus with him and "to reward him for his faith and pains."  But Jacus,
+wishing the Princes all good luck, declined their offer; he was, he
+said, not in the least afraid to remain with his own tribe.[40]
+
+The missing ships being come up, the Princes continued their voyage
+towards the Cape Verd Islands, taking a large English prize on the way.
+Two smaller English vessels were captured by the "Revenge" at Mayo, and
+Maurice took a Dane, but was promptly ordered to release her, by his
+brother.  Then most of the ships went with Maurice to St. Iago, taking
+a present of 900 hides out of the spoil, to the Governor; the Admiral
+and the "Revenge" went on to Sal.  The "Revenge," as it happened, was
+largely manned by the sailors taken in the prizes.  These men, being
+naturally disaffected to the Princes, overpowered their officers in the
+night, and stole away to England.  They reached home in safety, and
+were able to give a very edifying account of Rupert and his crews to
+the Parliament: "For their delight is in cursing and swearing, and
+plundering and sinking, and despoiling all English ships they can lay
+their talons on."  Still the report of the Royalists' condition must
+have been very encouraging to their enemies.  "The 'Swallow' and the
+'Honest Seaman' were so leaky that they had to pump day and night, and
+consequently cannot keep long at sea.  They had not above three weeks'
+bread, and nothing but water, at the time when they took the three
+ships in the River {260} Gambia," said the escaped prisoners.[41]
+Rupert, on missing the "Revenge," guessed what had happened, but he
+touched at Mayo to ask if she had been sighted.  His presence there so
+terrified a Spanish crew that they landed all their cargo, which was at
+once seized by the Portuguese.  Rupert then returned to Santiago, where
+he took in water and provisions, bestowed the hulk of a prize on "the
+Religious people of the Charity," made "a handsome present to the
+Governor, in acknowledgment of his civilities," and took a final leave
+of the Island.[42]
+
+The Princes were now fairly on their way to the West Indies; but, near
+Barbadoes, the Admiral sprang a leak, and had to put into Santa Lucia,
+in the Caribbees, the men "being almost spent with extreme labour."[43]
+Four days later, the leak being stopped, they proceeded towards St.
+Martinique, meeting on the way some Dutch men-of-war, with the officers
+of which they exchanged visits and civilities.  The French Governor of
+St. Martinique proved very hospitable, and, moreover, sent the Princes
+a timely warning that all the English possessions in the West Indies
+had surrendered to the Parliament.  Having returned grateful thanks for
+this information, the Royalists proceeded to San Dominique, where the
+natives brought them fruit, in exchange for glass beads.  On the day
+before Whit Sunday they reached Montserrat, where they seized two small
+ships, but one, proving to be the property of Royalists, was released.
+At Nevis they found a large number of English vessels, which, like a
+flock of frightened animals, "began to shift for themselves," some
+endeavouring to escape, and others running ashore.[44]  A brief
+engagement took place, in which Rupert's secretary was shot down at his
+side, {261} but no prizes could be taken, because the enemy's vessels
+were so fast aground that they could not be brought off.
+
+After a brief visit to La Bastare, the Princes went to the Virgin
+Islands, intending to unload and careen the Admiral, and on the way
+thither, they added to their numbers by purchasing from a Dutch
+man-of-war a prize she had taken.  They had hoped to find cassava roots
+in the islands, but these proved scarce, and consequently they suffered
+greatly from want of food.  Rupert was even forced to reduce his men's
+rations, but, seeing that their Princes shared equally with them in all
+hardships, the sailors bore the privation with cheerful courage.  The
+scarcity of food caused them to leave the Virgins as soon as the leaky
+ships were repatched, and, having burnt three small prizes as
+unseaworthy, they sailed southwards.
+
+Now came the crowning misfortune of the unhappy Prince who had been so
+long "kept waking with new troubles."[45]  Not far from Anguilla the
+fleet was caught in a most terrible hurricane.  So strong was the wind
+that the men could not stand at their work; so thick the weather that
+no one could see more than a few yards before him.  For two days the
+ships ran before the wind, the Admiral escaping wreckage on the rocks
+of Angadas by a miracle.  On the third day the hurricane abated, and
+the Admiral found herself alone at the uninhabited island of St. Ann,
+in the Virgins; the "Honest Seaman" had been cast ashore at Porto Rico,
+and the Vice-Admiral had totally disappeared.  "In this fatal wreck,"
+says Pyne, "besides a great many brave gentlemen and others, the sea,
+to glut itself, swallowed Prince Maurice, whose fame the mouth of
+detraction cannot blast; his very enemies bewailing his loss.  Many had
+more power, few more merit.  He was snatched from us in obscurity, lest
+beholding his loss would have prevented others from endeavouring their
+own safety; {262} so much he lived beloved and died bewailed."[46]
+Rupert's grief was beyond words.  He had lost the only member of his
+family to whom he was bound by close ties of affection, the most
+faithful and devoted of his followers, his favourite companion, his
+best-loved friend.  From the very first he accepted the situation as
+hopeless, and he bore his sorrow in grim silence, not suffering it to
+crush him as his grief for the loss of the "Constant Reformation" had
+done.  There was no Maurice now to fall back upon, and the needs of the
+ship could not be neglected.  Alas, one ship, the "Swallow," was all
+that remained of the gallant little fleet, and Rupert, finding himself
+thus alone, resolved to return to France.  First he paid a farewell
+visit to Guadeloupe, where he was kindly received, and supplied with
+wine.  There also he took an English prize, naively likened by the
+writer of his log to "Manna from Heaven."[47] But well might the crew
+rejoice at the capture, seeing that their rations were now reduced to
+three ounces per diem.  Touching at the Azores, they were surprised to
+be received with bullets, and not suffered to approach within speaking
+distance of the land.  Rupert therefore sailed straight for Brittany,
+stopping at Cape Finisterre for fresh provisions.  His health was
+completely broken down, and the food on board both scarce and nasty,
+and we read: "His Highness had not been very well since he came from
+the West Indies, and fresh provisions being a rarity, a present of two
+hens and a few eggs was very acceptable."[48]
+
+But the Prince was nearing the end of his hardships, if not of his
+troubles.  Early one morning in the March of 1653, he came into the
+Loire and anchored at St. Lazar.  The next day, in attempting to get
+higher up the river, he ran his ship aground.  The crew were anxious to
+leave her to her fate, but Rupert had not come through so many {263}
+difficulties only to succumb to the last, and by his "industry and
+care" he brought her safely off.  Having secured his prizes, he sent
+the "Swallow" back to the mouth of the river to refit.  "Here, however,
+like a grateful servant, having brought her princely master through so
+many dangers, she consumed herself, scorning, after being quitted by
+him, that any inferior person should command her."[49]
+
+Thus closed the most singular episode in a much chequered career.  The
+morality of Rupert's proceedings during his three years' wanderings on
+the high seas has been much debated.  In theory he was a loyal Admiral
+holding his own against a rebel fleet, but in fact, it must be owned,
+he was little more than a pirate, or at best, a privateer.  He was
+never able to meet the fleet of the Parliament in battle, and could
+only wage war by crippling the trade of the hostile party.  Moreover,
+though his desire to injure the trade of the enemy was both earnest and
+sincere, he was still more anxious to gain merchandise, by the sale of
+which he could support his destitute sovereign and his fleet.  Yet he
+kept within the limits he had set himself, and made prizes only of
+ships belonging to adherents of the Commonwealth or to its Spanish
+allies.  The capture of a Genoese vessel has been admitted, but that
+was in the nature of a reprisal, and it has been seen how a Danish and
+a Royalist ship taken by mistake were set free.  That the Prince
+endured hardship, difficulties and dangers out of a loyal devotion to
+his cousin, is shown by the readiness with which he renounced his
+private share of the spoil in Charles's favour, when he sent home the
+cargo of 1652.  The devotion evidently felt for him by his crew speaks
+well for his character as a commander, and all his recorded dealings
+with the natives of Africa and the various islands, show a humane and
+enlightened spirit in which there is nothing of the buccanneer.  Indeed
+the various logs which bear record of his voyages {264} are marked by a
+tone of great decorum.  In them the chaplain figures frequently, and on
+one occasion it is noted, "The second day being Sunday, we rode still,
+and did the duties of the day in the best manner that we could; the
+same at evening."[50]  And even granting that the decorous tone of the
+logs is forced and exaggerated of set purpose, the fact remains that no
+specific charge of cruelty was ever brought against the Prince by his
+enemies or any one else.  This, when it is remembered how lawless were
+the high seas in those days, is no slight praise.  But, whatever may be
+thought of the ethics of the case, it will be universally acknowledged
+that to keep the seas as Rupert kept them for three years, with no
+previous experience in nautical affairs, with never more than seven,
+and usually only three ships at his command, with those ships
+hopelessly leaky and rotten, and continually beset by every possible
+form of danger and disaster, was a feat deserving of wonder and
+admiration.
+
+
+
+[1] Clarendon State Papers.  Hyde to Rupert, Oct. 19, 1650.
+
+[2] Cary's Memorials, Vol. II.  p. 164.
+
+[3] Warburton, III.  p. 306, _note_.
+
+[4] Ibid.  p. 303.
+
+[5] Warburton, III.  pp. 304-305.  Whitelocke, 458.  Thurloe's State
+Papers, I. 145-146.
+
+[6] Thurloe, I.  141.  Dom. State Papers.  Commonweath, IX.  fol. 38.
+
+[7] Warburton.  III.  pp. 306, 310.
+
+[8] Ibid pp. 310-312.  Add. MSS.  18982 f. 210.
+
+[9] Warburton, III.  p. 313.
+
+[10] Hist. MSS. Com.  Rept 14.  Portland MSS.  Vol. I.  p. 548.  26
+Dec. 1650.
+
+[11] Warburton, III.  p. 318.
+
+[12] Ibid.  320.
+
+[13] Warburton, III.  320.
+
+[14] Ibid.  p. 321.
+
+[15] Letters, II.  p. 3.  14 May, 1651.
+
+[16] Nicholas Papers, I.  249.  May 1651.
+
+[17] Warburton, III.  p. 325.
+
+[18] Warburton, III.  p. 327.
+
+[19] Ibid.  p. 329.
+
+[20] Warburton, III.  p. 334.
+
+[21] Ibid.  pp. 533-535.  Pitts to --.  No date.
+
+[22] Warburton, III.  p. 335.
+
+[23] Warburton, III.  p. 349.
+
+[24] Rupert Transcripts.  Captain Fearnes' Relation.
+
+[25] Warburton, III.  p. 540.
+
+[26] Harleian MSS.  991.
+
+[27] Warburton, III.  p. 340.
+
+[28] Ibid.  p. 537, Pitts to --.  No date.
+
+[29] Warburton, III.  p. 345.
+
+[30] Warburton, III.  pp. 346-7.
+
+[31] Thurloe State Papers, II.  405.
+
+[32] Rupert Transcripts.  Holmes to Rupert, May 3 and 19, 1653.
+
+[33] Warburton, III.  p. 348.
+
+[34] Ibid.  p. 349.  This letter is supposed by Warburton to be written
+to Hyde, but it is without address; and the three references of Rupert
+to Herbert in the letter to the King seem to imply that the
+accompanying letter was intended for Herbert, and not Hyde.
+
+[35] Warburton, III.  p. 541, Feb. 1st 1652.
+
+[36] Ibid.  p. 366.
+
+[37] Warburton.  III.  p. 359.
+
+[38] Domestic State Papers.  Commonwealth, 41.  fol. 34.  8 Oct. 1653.
+Report of Walker.
+
+[39] Warburton, III.  p. 360.
+
+[40] Warburton, III.  pp. 363-367.
+
+[41] Domestic State Papers.  Commonwealth.  Vol. XXIV.  f. 60.  June
+(?), 1652.  Coxon's Report.
+
+[42] Warburton, III.  p. 370.
+
+[43] Ibid.  p. 371.
+
+[44] Ibid.  p. 376.
+
+[45] Warburton, III.  p. 337.
+
+[46] Warburton, III.  p. 382.
+
+[47] Ibid.  p. 384.
+
+[48] Ibid.  p. 546.
+
+[49] Warburton, III.  p. 388.
+
+[50] Rupert Transcripts.  Journal, Feb. 26, 1651.
+
+
+
+
+{265}
+
+CHAPTER XV
+
+RUPERT AT PARIS.  ILLNESS.  QUARREL WITH CHARLES II.  FACTIONS AT ST.
+GERMAINS.  RUPERT GOES TO GERMANY.  RECONCILED WITH CHARLES
+
+Rupert's return was eagerly hailed by all parties in the exiled Court
+of England.  Wrote the King:
+
+
+"My Dearest Cousin,
+
+"I am so surprised with joy in the assurance of your safe arrival in
+these parts that I cannot tell you how great it is; nor can I consider
+any misfortunes or accidents which have happened, now I know that your
+person is in safety.  If I could receive the like comfort in a
+reasonable hope of your brother's, I need not tell you how important it
+would be to my affairs.  While my affection makes me impatient to see
+you I know the same desire will incline you, (after you have done what
+can only be done by your presence there,) to make what haste to me your
+health can endure, of which I must conjure you to have such a care as
+it shall be in no danger."[1]
+
+
+Hyde expressed himself with almost equal warmth.  "For God's sake, Sir,
+in the first place look to your health, and then to the safety of what
+you have there, and lose no minute of coming away.  I do not doubt you
+will find the welcome that will please you with the King, the Queen,
+and the Duke of York."[2]
+
+And Jermyn added the assurance of his own "infinite joy," and the
+Queen's constant friendship, concluding with {266} the appropriate
+prayer: "God of Heaven keep you in all your dangers, and give you at
+length some quiet, and the fruits of them."[3]
+
+The King gave proof of his affection by the zeal with which he prepared
+for his cousin's reception in Paris; an honour apparently disputed with
+him by Rupert's brother Edward.  "The King is very active in preparing
+a lodging for you," writes one of the Prince's friends.  "If I be not
+deceived he would have liked well to have it left to him, of which the
+Prince, your brother, as I understand, gives you some account.  I will
+send you more by the next, knowing no more as yet, but that the King
+hath it in his love for you to have you near him, which certainly is
+fitter than to have thought of another lodging, without his
+knowledge."[4]
+
+But, alas! the Rupert who returned was not the Rupert who had sailed
+away three years before!  He had, as Hyde expressed it, "endured
+strange hardness,"[5] and the "hardness" had left its mark upon him.
+He came back from his long voyage a changed and broken-hearted man.
+"His Highness's fire was pretty much decayed, and his judgment
+ripened," says Campbell; but the change went deeper than that.  The
+Prince had failed in his undertaking; he had lost the greater part of
+his hard-won treasure, his ships, his men, above all his best-loved
+brother--and these losses had carried with them a part of his old self.
+The high spirits and buoyant hopefulness of earlier days were gone for
+ever.  Gone too was something of the youthful generosity; Rupert was
+embittered now, harder, colder, more sardonic; a man, said Colbert,
+"with a natural inclination to believe evil!"[6]
+
+His health too, that best inheritance from his mother, had been ruined
+by bad climates and insufficient food.  On {267} his arrival at Nantes
+he fell dangerously ill, nor was he ever again wholly free from
+suffering.  His illness created no small consternation among the
+Royalists, and much sympathy was poured out upon him.  "Think of your
+health," urged one friend, "and if you dare venture on your old
+apothecary you may, from whom you will receive some drugs, well meant,
+if not well prepared."[7]  This tempting offer was probably declined.
+The Palatines had ideas of their own upon the subject of medicine, a
+profound distrust of doctors, and a very reasonable aversion to the
+then universal practice of bleeding.  "Pray God she fall not into the
+Frenchified physician's hands, and so let blood and die!"[8] Rupert
+wrote of a fair friend, at a later date, On the present occasion he
+recovered from his illness, with or without the aid of physicians, and
+in April hastened to join his cousin, King Charles.
+
+At Paris he met with as warm a reception as he could have desired.  Not
+only the English exiles, but the French Court also hastened to do him
+honour.  The Queen Regent and Mazarin had always been his good friends,
+and now his strange adventures had fired the imagination of the young
+King Louis, who "complimented him in an extraordinary manner."[9]
+Indeed Rupert, with his romantic history, his striking personality,
+gigantic stature, and supposed magical powers,[10] not to mention his
+accredited wealth, his monkeys and "blackamours," made a considerable
+sensation in the excitable world of Paris.  Many were the anonymous
+letters addressed to him by fair hands; but for some time his bad
+health and his sorrowful heart made him indifferent to the adulation
+bestowed on him.  "Prince Rupert goes little abroad in France, and is
+very sad that {268} he can hear nothing of his brother Maurice,"[11]
+was the report made by Cromwell's spies.  And wrote Hyde, April 25,
+1653: "Prince Rupert is not yet well enough to venture to go abroad,
+and therefore hath not visited the French Court, but I hope he will
+within a day or two.  Of Prince Maurice we hear not one word."[12]
+
+But as his health improved, Rupert relaxed his austerity and joined his
+Stuart cousins in their amusements.  He was often to be seen in the
+hall of the Palais Royal, playing at billiards with the King and the
+Duke of York,[13] and sometimes he swam with them in the Seine.  On one
+such occasion he was very nearly drowned; he was seized with cramp, and
+had already gone under water, when one of his train rescued him by the
+hair of his head.  "The River Seine had like to have made an end of
+your black Prince Rupert," wrote one of the Puritan spies who watched
+all his actions, "for, some days since, he would needs cool himself in
+the river, where he was in danger of drowning, but, by the help of one
+of his blackmores, escaped."[14]
+
+The same spy related another adventure which, if true, illustrates the
+singularly lawless state of Paris, and also suggests that Rupert was
+not quite indifferent to the overtures of the ladies who courted him.
+As he returned from hunting, one Sunday, accompanied only by Holmes, he
+was overtaken by two gentlemen, riding in great haste towards Paris.
+No sooner had they passed the Prince, than, wheeling suddenly round,
+they both fired at him.  Both missed, and Rupert promptly returning the
+shots, wounded one and killed the other.  A third gentleman then coming
+up, was about to fire on the Prince, but seeing him prepared, changed
+his mind and called out that he was the husband of the Marechal de
+Plessy Praslin's daughter.  Rupert retorted that he did {269} not
+believe him, but, since he said so, would let him alone.  So the matter
+passed," concludes the narrator of the story coolly, "and the gentleman
+killed, the worse for him!"[15]
+
+In the midst of these adventures Rupert did not neglect business.  He
+had to dispose of the guns and other fittings of his ship, which it was
+impossible to render sea-worthy again; and he also had a considerable
+quantity of goods to sell, the nature of which we learn from the
+letters of Holmes, who had gone back to Nantes in May 1653.  From
+Nantes, Holmes sent samples of sugar, copper, tobacco, various kinds of
+woods, and elephants' teeth to the Prince at Paris.  He also sent, at
+Rupert's express desire, "the little nigger," and promised to search
+among the ballast for two elephants' teeth which Rupert particularly
+required.[16] His search was very successful, and May 24 he reported,
+"I met, in tumbling over the ballast, 21 elephants' teeth, 36 sticks of
+wood, a chest of white sugar, and a small chest of copper bars."[17]
+It was time that some steps were taken for the disposing of these
+commodities.  The officers of the ships were "much destitute of money."
+Fearnes refused to give Holmes any proper account of the stores, and
+the sailors were mutinying for pay.  Holmes encountered them with drawn
+swords in their hands, but pacified them with "gentle mildness";[18]
+and Rupert came himself to Nantes to attend the sale of his treasures.
+In this matter, Mazarin lent all assistance in his power, and Cromwell
+who claimed the Prince's goods as stolen from English merchants
+remonstrated with the French court in vain.
+
+"What should His Excellency the Lord General Cromwell expect from the
+Cardinal but a parcel of fair promises?" protested an agent of the
+Commonwealth.  "I assure you the King and the Cardinal are resolved not
+to {270} deliver Prince Rupert's merchandizes.  The merchants, having
+given a good deal of money to some ministers here, thinking to corrupt
+them,--a thing very easy to be done, in any other occasion but
+this,--find now that it is but so much money cast into the sea.  Prince
+Rupert was somewhat affrighted, by reason of the bribes, but there is
+given him by the Queen, Cardinal, and Council such assurances as his
+mind is at rest.  I protest they laugh at you, and think your demands
+so insolent as nothing more."[19]
+
+In fact, while the English merchants lavished money, and Cromwell
+protests, Rupert was quietly selling the disputed goods at Nantes, and
+also the "Swallow" and her guns.  He had no sooner accomplished this
+than he hastened back to Paris, in obedience to an urgent letter
+received from Charles.
+
+
+"Dearest Cousin,
+
+"According to your desire I sent the warrant to sell the 'Swallow' and
+her guns.  I have little to say to you, only to put you in mind to make
+all the haste you can hither, when you can do it without harm to your
+business.  For, besides the great desire I have of your company, I do
+believe there is something now to be done which I cannot do without
+your presence and assistance.  I have no more to say until I see you,
+but to assure you that I am entirely, dearest Cousin,
+
+"Your most affectionate Cousin,
+    "Charles R."[20]
+
+
+After this very cordial letter it is rather surprising to find a
+violent quarrel between the two cousins immediately following Rupert's
+return to Paris.  The truth was that Charles had expected to gain much
+wealth on the return of the fleet, which would, he hoped, enable him to
+leave {271} France, of which he was as weary as France was of him.  But
+before Rupert's first coming to Paris he had sent such an account as
+ought to have convinced Charles that he had little to expect.  That he
+had gained treasure of great value the Prince confessed, but most of it
+had been lost with Maurice, or in the wreck of the "Constant
+Reformation." What remained would scarcely suffice to pay off the
+sailors and discharge the old debt at Toulon.  Moreover, the ships were
+so worm-eaten that there was no possibility of again sending them to
+sea.[21]  Bitter as was this disappointment to the King, he still hoped
+to gain something by the sale of the guns, and when he found that
+Rupert laid claim to half the money thus obtained, it was more than he
+could endure.  Hyde, who had never loved Rupert, easily persuaded the
+King that his cousin was dealing unfairly, and induced him to demand an
+exact account.  The Prince, hotly resenting Hyde's insinuations,
+refused to offer any explanation more explicit than that already made.
+
+When it is remembered how devotedly Rupert had exposed his person and
+all that he had in Charles's service, how his mother's jewels had
+helped to fit out the fleet, and how freely he had surrendered his
+private share in the prizes to the King, it is scarcely credible that
+he could have put forward an unjust, or even a selfish claim.  Campbell
+corroborates the Prince's own statement that the sale of the goods did
+not realise enough to pay off all the sailors; and there still remained
+the debts at Toulon, which Charles had been begged to pay two years
+before.  Nor were they paid now, in 1662, one Guibert Hessin petitioned
+Charles II for 29,480 livres tournois, being the debt for victualling
+the fleet at Toulon in 1650, of which Rupert had ordered payment in
+1654.[22]  It is therefore fairly evident that Rupert did not claim the
+money for {272} his own use, but in order to satisfy the just claims of
+others.  The payment of his debts was a point on which he was
+particularly sensitive, but the practice may well have failed to
+commend itself to Charles.  An important witness on Rupert's side is
+Hatton, who, a little before the quarrel, had written to Nicholas: "I
+am sure they now owe Prince Rupert L1,700, ... and that will, at the
+day of reckoning, breed ill-blood."[23]
+
+The day of reckoning came in February 1654, and all happened as Hatton
+had predicted.
+
+"You talk of money the King should have upon the prizes at Nantes!"
+wrote Hyde indignantly.  "Alas, he hath not only not had one penny from
+thence, but Prince Rupert pretends that the King owes him more money
+than ever I was worth."[24]  The quarrel raged for a month before
+Rupert would give any explanation of his claims.  At last, in March, he
+condescended to give the King "a little short paper, not containing
+twenty lines," which he charged his cousin not to show to Hyde.  But
+Charles of course suffered Hyde to see it, charging him, in his turn,
+to conceal his knowledge of it from Rupert.[25]  The result was a worse
+quarrel than ever.  Seeing that the King was not going to acknowledge
+his claim, Rupert prompted his creditors to arrest the guns.  Charles
+remonstrated,--"kindly expostulated," Hyde phrased it,--whereupon
+Rupert lost his temper, and protested that "justice would have
+justice," speaking, said Hyde, "with isolence enough."[26]  The affair
+was "exceedingly taken notice of,"[27] and it was rumoured that Rupert
+would leave his cousin's service.  Mazarin, who realised that the
+sooner Charles got some money, the sooner he would leave France,
+enabled him to {273} rescue the guns from the creditors' clutches; but
+Queen Henrietta gave all her support to her nephew.  "It is not
+possible to believe how much, in so gross a thing, the Queen and Lord
+Jermyn side with Prince Rupert," complained Hyde.[28]  Probably
+Henrietta and her favourite cared little whether the creditors were
+paid or not; but more than a mere question of debts was at stake,  the
+exiled Court was as factious as ever.  In the King's Council,
+Henrietta, the Duke of York, the Duke of Buckingham and Lord Jermyn
+opposed themselves violently to the policy of Ormonde, Rochester
+(Wilmot), Percy, Inchiquin, Taafe, and Hyde.  Hyde's party was then in
+the ascendant, and the Queen was anxious to secure Rupert's adherence
+to her own party.  He was not without a considerable following of his
+own, and there was a definite design to represent him "as head of the
+Swordsmen, making it good by little insignificant particulars."[29]
+The most influential of his friends was the Attorney-General, Herbert,
+recently made Lord Keeper, to whom Henrietta had hastened to pay court
+as soon as she heard of Rupert's arrival at Nantes.  Herbert, though
+distinguished neither for tact nor for wisdom, possessed great
+influence with the Prince.  "The Lord Keeper is so extreme vain and
+foolish in his government of Prince Rupert that he does more towards
+the ruin of that Prince than all his enemies could do,"[30] declared
+Hyde.  And though Charles declared that he could cure his cousin of his
+infatuation, he failed to do so.  Lord Gerard, a man of fertile brain,
+who "could never lack projects,"[31] was not much wiser than Herbert.
+Between them, they concocted a thousand schemes "to make Prince Rupert
+General in England, Scotland, and Ireland, and Admiral of two or {274}
+three fleets together," not to mention other projects, all contrived
+for the benefit of the unlucky Prince, who, Hyde might justly say,
+would "have cause to curse the day he ever knew either of them."[32]
+
+The Queen, on her part, was doing her best to destroy Hyde's power with
+the King, that being the chief obstacle to the exercise of her own
+influence.  The Chancellor had no lack of enemies, but the charges
+brought against him were so absurd that he could afford to laugh at
+them.  "I hope you think it strange to hear that I have been in
+England, and have had private conference with Cromwell; and that you
+are not sorry that my enemies can frame no wiser calumny against
+me,"[33] he wrote to a friend.  The inventor of this extraordinary
+story was the King's secretary, Long, who was backed up by the Queen
+and her partisans.  They expected the support of Rupert, but he, much
+as he detested the Chancellor, was too honest to lend himself to any
+such plot.  "They are much disappointed to find Prince Rupert not of
+their party," declared Hyde triumphantly.  "He indeed carries himself
+with great discretion."[34]  Nor did the Prince content himself with
+discretion, he even actively defended Hyde's character.  A dispute on
+the subject had arisen between Ormonde and Herbert, the latter having
+remarked that "it was strange the King should make such a difference
+between Mr. Chancellor and Mr. Long, whereas he held Mr. Long as good a
+gentleman as Mr. Chancellor."  Rupert, who was standing by, retorted
+sharply that the King "made not the difference from their blood, but
+from the honesty of the Chancellor and the dishonesty of Long."
+Herbert vehemently protested that he believed Long as honest as Hyde;
+to which replied Ormonde, "Ay, but the King thought not so, and perhaps
+{275} there were times when his Lordship thought not so."  And a very
+pretty quarrel ensued.[35]
+
+In the meantime Sir Marmaduke Langdale, a man of more sense than Gerard
+or Herbert, seriously proposed that Rupert should take a new expedition
+to Scotland.  To this plan, the Queen lent a willing ear.  The Scots,
+though still resolved that only those "eminent for righteousness"
+should enter Scotland with the King, were willing to include Rupert,
+Ormonde, Nicholas, Gerard and Craven under that head.[36] The scheme
+therefore seemed feasible, but Rupert and Henrietta were of one mind in
+wishing that James of York, rather than the King, might be the nominal
+leader of the enterprise.  The wish was natural enough, for the life
+led by Charles in Paris was not calculated to commend him to his
+serious-minded cousin.  James, on the contrary, seemed full of promise,
+practical, conscientious, and energetic.[37] Negotiations with the
+Scots were seriously opened, but they were not all agreed concerning
+Rupert; and a letter shown to James by his secretary, Bennet, created
+considerable stir in the Palais Royal.  This letter stated that the
+Scots still cherished a strong aversion to Rupert, and earnestly hoped
+that he would not appear in their country.  James hastened with the
+letter to his cousin, who, "would needs know" the name of the writer.
+This, Bennet refused to divulge, until the writer himself arrived on
+the scene, in the person of Daniel O'Neil, who, seeing the excitement
+he had caused, "told plainly he wrote it, and said further that most of
+the friends of the English and Scots were of that opinion."[38]
+
+Eventually the whole scheme fell through, as a hundred others had done,
+but not before Charles's anger and jealousy had been excited against
+James.  The result of the negotiations was therefore to produce a
+coldness between the {276} Stuart brothers, a further breach between
+Charles and Rupert, and a definite quarrel between the King and the
+Queen mother.  Henrietta reproached her son violently with his conduct
+towards Rupert, Herbert and Berkeley; and Charles retorted angrily,
+that, after their behaviour to him, they should "never more have his
+trust nor his company."[39]
+
+Upon this, Rupert resigned his office of Master of the Horse--a mere
+empty title--and departed for Germany, notwithstanding Henrietta's
+entreaties that he would remain.[40] He had hardly declared his
+intention of going, when the good-natured Charles half-repented of his
+share in the quarrel; and a reconciliation was accomplished, so far as
+the debt was concerned.[41]  But Rupert adhered to his resolution of
+visiting Germany, saying that he had affairs of his own to look after,
+to obtain some appanage from his brother, and to demand the money due
+to him from the Emperor, under the treaty of Munster.  Charles
+therefore wrote an apologetic letter to his aunt, the Queen of Bohemia,
+explaining that his cousin had not quitted his service, and that,
+though he did not deny having "taken some things unkindly" from Rupert,
+he trusted that they might soon meet again, "with more kindness and a
+better understanding," for, in spite of all that had passed, he
+continued to "love him very much, and always be confident of his
+friendship."[42]
+
+Rupert went first to his brother at Heidelberg, with "a great train and
+brave," consisting of twenty-six persons,--three negroes and "the
+little nigger" included.[43]  At Heidelberg he remained for about a
+month, but his real destination was Vienna, whither he went to demand
+the money {277} owed him by the Emperor.  He arrived there in
+September, and was received with great cordiality.  He had been a
+_persona grata_ to the Austrians ever since he had won their hearts as
+their prisoner; and Cromwell's spies commented, in great disgust, on
+the honour shown him, and the alacrity with which dues were promised to
+him.  "His Imperial Majesty hath commanded an assignation to Prince
+Rupert Palatine of 30,000 rix dollars, of a certain sum due since the
+Treaty of Munster.  Prince Rupert has also obtained money for Charles
+Stuart, and more is promised," they reported.[44]
+
+It is here seen that not Rupert's private affairs alone had taken him
+to Vienna, nor was his separation from Charles of long duration.
+France had now concluded a treaty with Cromwell, so that the exiled
+King was forced to quit that country.  The money obtained through
+Rupert enabled him to leave France with ease, and he proceeded to
+Cologne.  A rumour arose that he intended to throw himself upon the
+hospitality of the Emperor, and perhaps Rupert's visit to Vienna had
+been partly designed to ascertain the possibility of this move.  But
+the idea did not commend itself to the Austrian Court, and the Elector
+Charles Louis wrote hastily to Rupert, October 1654: "I have ventured
+to send M. Bunckley to the King of Great Britain, to warn him that he
+would be unwelcome at Vienna.  Doubtless you will be able to confirm
+this, concerning which I have received an express messenger from his
+Imperial Majesty."[45]  Probably Rupert did confirm his brother's
+message, for Charles stayed at Cologne, awaiting his cousin's "much
+longed for" return.  Rupert rejoined him there in January 1655, but did
+not stay long.  Hyde was still all powerful, and Rupert was never a man
+who cared to take the second place.  "I need not tell you," wrote one
+of the ubiquitous spies, "by whom Prince Rupert was turned from Court;
+yet perhaps you {278} have not known that Hyde offered Charles Stuart
+that 50,000 men should be in arms in England, before a year went about,
+if he would quit the Queen's Court, and the Prince's party.  By the
+last letters it doth seem as if Prince Rupert had an intention to see
+Cologne before Modena, and, if he can break Hyde's neck here, it may
+alter his design, and make him stay with the King, which he hath most
+mind of."[46]
+
+The last sentence alludes to an engagement entered into by Rupert to
+raise men for the Duke of Modena.  In May 1655 he was busy with his
+levies, and he had offered commands in his force to Craven, Gerard, and
+the once Puritan Massey.[47]  The French Court patronised the Duke of
+Modena, and Mazarin promised Rupert the command of 2,000 men chosen
+from the best troops of France, 1,000 Swiss, and three other regiments.
+The arrears of pay due to the Prince for his services to France in
+1648, were less readily conceded.  Fortunately Rupert had a friend at
+court in the person of Edward's wife, Anne de Gonzague.  This lady,
+being a very powerful person in France, obtained a promise of speedy
+payment, the more readily since Rupert declared that without the money
+he could not equip himself for the enterprise, and without himself his
+levies should not go.[48]  Yet, in the very next month, he quietly
+renounced the whole scheme, sent his troops to Modena, and returned to
+Heidelberg.  The reason for this sudden change of plan was the anxiety
+of Charles, who, fearing to lose his cousin altogether, had "abruptly
+begged him to quit all employments," and serve himself only.  Rupert,
+loyal as ever, answered with equal abruptness that he would serve his
+cousin "with all his interest, either in men, money, arms, or friends,"
+provided that he could effect "a handsome conjuncture," _i.e._ an
+honourable arrangement, {279} with Modena.[49]  This done, he joined
+the King at Frankfort, whence we find Ormonde writing to Hyde: "When
+to-morrow we have been to a Lutheran service, and on Monday have seen
+the fair, I know not how we shall contrive divertissements for a longer
+time, unless Prince Rupert, who is coming, find them."[50]
+
+Whether Rupert found them or not is unrecorded, but he certainly made
+friends with the King, in whose company he remained until October.
+Charles had still some hopes of the Scots, and it was rumoured that
+Rupert endeavoured to win the Presbyterians by stating--with perfect
+truth--that he had been bred a Calvinist.[51]  It was said also that he
+had countenanced the plot of 1654 for Cromwell's assassination, and had
+even introduced the author of it to the King.  Whether the accusation
+be true or false it is hard to say.[52]  The only allusion to the plot
+found in the Prince's own correspondence is in a letter written from
+Heidelberg, which narrates the fate of the conspirators; "the Diurnal
+says Jack Gerard is beheaded, and another hanged, and that the Portugal
+ambassador's brother was beheaded at the same time, and another English
+gentleman hanged about that business, but says little of any design.  I
+have not yet received one line, so I cannot give your Highness any
+further account."[53]  This letter may, or may not imply a previous
+acquaintance with the design.  It certainly assumes that Rupert knew
+all about it, but the affair was then public property.  Still there is
+nothing absolutely impossible in the Prince's complicity.  Cromwell was
+regarded by the Royalists at that {280} time, as a being almost beyond
+the pale of humanity.  He was "the beast whom all the Kings of the
+earth do worship;"[54] and, though Rupert's known words and actions fit
+ill with assassination plots, it may be that the crime of murder looked
+less black to him when the intended victim happened to be the English
+Lord Protector.
+
+In October 1655, the Prince was suddenly called away to Vienna, where
+he seems to have acted as Charles II's informal ambassador.  The
+rumours as to his intended actions were many and various.  At one time
+he was expected to command the Dutch fleet against the fleet of the
+Commonwealth, some said that he would take service with the Swedes,
+others that he would adhere to the Emperor.[55]  But his real intention
+was, as we know, to serve his cousin, and Cromwell, evidently convinced
+of this, deputed the traitor Bampfylde to watch the Prince's movements.
+Concerning this same Bampfylde there is a rather amusing correspondence
+extant.  Jermyn, on whom he had successfully imposed, recommended him
+to Rupert's patronage, as a man "suffering and persecuted" for his
+loyalty.[56]  Rupert referred the matter to the King, who expressed
+himself "astonished" at Jermyn's letter, saying that he had already
+warned him of Bampfylde's treachery.[57] Bampfylde, in his turn, wrote
+to Cromwell, begging to be sent into Germany; "for I know the Duke of
+Brandenburg, the Prince Elector and Prince Rupert, and could give you
+no ill information.  I would conceal my correspondence with you, and
+only pretend that I wished to see Germany and to seek employment in the
+wars there."[58]  And when Cromwell had granted his desire, the spy
+found that he had walked into the clutches of Rupert, who was fully
+{281} aware of his intended treachery.  "I have obeyed to the utmost
+your commands about Colonel Bampfylde," wrote the Prince to the King.
+"You will receive particulars from your factor, Sir William Curtius,
+and from the Elector of Mayence.  No impartial merchants being present,
+we could do no more, and could not have done so much, had not Bampfylde
+consented to a submission in this Imperial town.  I will obey any
+further commands you may send me, in these parts."[59]
+
+Rupert's loyalty was, in spite of everything, inextinguishable, and the
+tone which he now assumed towards his young cousin was singularly
+deferential.  "Wyndham writes to my servant, Valentine Pyne, conjuring
+him to come with all possible speed to the King," he wrote, in 1658, to
+Nicholas.  "I owe my person, and any of mine to his service; but
+represent to him that it would be a great obligation if Pyne could stay
+with me, till there be some great business in hand.  Meantime he can
+study things in these parts, fit to use for some good design."[60]
+Even his advice was couched in an apologetic form.  Thus he advised
+against attempting a Spanish alliance in 1656: "Sir, I received your
+Majesty's of the 16th of December, but at my arrival at this place.
+With great greefe I understand the continuation of the news that was
+whispered at Vienna, before my departure, of the Spaniards tampering
+for a peace with Cromwell.  Yet I am so confident that they will come
+off it, that I wish the King of England would not be too hasty in
+offering himself to Spain.  If the business between them and England
+break, they will be sure to take the King of England by the hand; if
+not, all will be vain.  I humbly beseech Your Majesty to pardon this
+boldness, which proceeds from a very faithful heart to serve Your
+Majesty."[61]
+
+{282}
+
+This humble submission is indeed a contrast to the "insolence"
+described by Hyde.  Possibly the increased deference corresponds to a
+decrease of friendship.  What Rupert could do for Charles's service he
+would do; but, though they were reconciled and, to all appearance, on
+excellent terms, it is probable that the intimate friendship which had
+existed between them, previous to their quarrel in 1653-4, was never
+fully restored.  Rupert was no longer the elder cousin, but the
+faithful servant, and he evidently meant to mark his change of
+position.  In the early years of the Civil Wars, he had exercised a
+paramount influence over Charles, but his three years' absence had lost
+that for ever.  With James he retained his influence longer.  We find
+him expressing "astonishment" at the contents of a letter written by
+the younger of his royal cousins, and James meekly replying that he
+does not remember what he said, but is sure he did not mean it.  "Je
+parlai a son Altesse (James) de l'etonnement qu'avait la votre de ce
+qu'elle avait reconnu en sa derniere lettre; qu'il me dit ne se point
+ressouvenir ni avoir fait a dessein; au contraire, qu'il fera toujours
+son possible pour la service et contentement de Votre Altesse, a
+laquelle il me dit vouloir en ecrire pour s'en excuser."[62]  In the
+differences between the Stuart brothers Rupert seems to have
+sympathised with James.  "My godson (James) I am sure will take very
+well what you have answered for him," wrote his mother to the Prince;
+"I am extremely glad you did it."[63]
+
+
+
+[1] Warburton, III.  p. 418.  Charles II to Rupert, Mar. 22, 1653.
+
+[2] Ibid.  p. 419.  Hyde to Rupert.  No date.
+
+[3] Warburton, III.  p. 390.  Jermyn to R., Feb. 6, 1653.
+
+[4] Rupert Transcripts.  -- to Rupert, 1653.
+
+[5] Clar. State Papers, 1089.  Hyde to Nicholas, Apr. 18, 1653.
+
+[6] Cartwright.  Madame: A Life of Henrietta of Orleans, p. 359.
+
+[7] Warburton, III.  p. 420.
+
+[8] Ibid.  p. 454.
+
+[9] Memoir of Prince Rupert, ed. 1683, p. 35.
+
+[10] Evelyn, IV.  282.  He was supposed to have cured Jermyn of a
+fever, with a charm.  "His Highness, it seems, has learnt some magic in
+the remote islands."
+
+[11] Whitelocke, p. 556.
+
+[12] Clar. State Papers.  Hyde to Nicholas, 25 Apr. 1653.  Printed Vol.
+II, p. 163.
+
+[13] Cartwright.  Madame: Duchess of Orleans, p. 50.
+
+[14] Evelyn, IV.  282, _note_.  Thurloe, I.  306.
+
+[15] Thurloe State Papers, II.  186.  1 April, 1654.
+
+[16] Rupert Transcripts.  Holmes to Rupert, May 3, May 17, 1654.
+
+[17] Ibid.  May 24, 1654.
+
+[18] Ibid.  May 17, June 24, 1654.
+
+[19] Thurloe State Papers, I.  p. 344.  19 July, 1653.
+
+[20] Rupert Transcripts.  Charles II to Rupert.  Nov. 1654.
+
+[21] Clarendon, Bk. XIV.  p. 71.  Campbell's British Admirals.  1785.
+Vol. II.  p. 243.
+
+[22] Domestic State Papers.  March 1662.  Petition of Guibert Hessin.
+
+[23] Nicholas Papers.  Camd. Soc.  New Series.  Vol. II.  p. 33.  9/19
+Dec. 1653.
+
+[24] Clarendon State Papers, Hyde to Nicholas, Feb. 27, 1654.
+
+[25] Ibid.  March 13, 1654.
+
+[26] Ibid.  April 10, 1654.
+
+[27] Ibid.
+
+[28] Clarendon State Papers, Hyde to Nicholas, April 10, 1654.
+
+[29] Nicholas Papers.  Camden Society.  Vol. II.  p. 91, 25 Sept. 1654.
+
+[30] Clarendon State Papers, Hyde to Nicholas, June 13, 1653.
+
+[31] Ibid.  Apr. 24, 1654.
+
+[32] Clarendon State Papers, Hyde to Nicholas, Jan. 2, 1654.
+
+[33] Evelyn, IV.  298, 27 Dec. 1653.
+
+[34] Clarendon State Papers, Hyde to Nicholas, 16 Jan. 1654.
+
+[35] Nicholas Papers, Vol. II.  p. 50, 16 Jan. 1654.
+
+[36] Clarendon State Papers.  News from London, May 27, 1653.
+
+[37] Thurloe State Papers, Vol. II.  p. 179.
+
+[38] Thurloe, II.  140-141, 14 May, 1654.
+
+[39] Thurloe, II.  312.
+
+[40] Clar. State Papers, 1 May, 1654.  Printed, III.  p. 236.
+
+[41] Thurloe, II.  p. 327.
+
+[42] Clarendon State Papers.  Charles II to Elizabeth of Bohemia, May
+29, 1654.
+
+[43] Thurloe, II.  327, 9 June, 1654.
+
+[44] Thurloe, II.  580, 567, 644, 1 Sept., 8 Sept., 13 Oct. 1654.
+
+[45] Bromley Letters, p. 315, Elector to Rupert; also Thurloe, II.  p.
+644.
+
+[46] Thurloe, III.  459, 1 June, 1655.
+
+[47] Thurloe, III.  414, 591, 8 May, 8 July, 1655.
+
+[48] Bromley Letters, pp. 196-202.  De Choqueux to Rupert, June 23,
+1655.
+
+[49] Thurloe, III.  659.  28 June, 1655.
+
+[50] Clar. State Papers.  Ormonde to Hyde, Sept. 25, 1655.
+
+[51] Dom. State Papers.  Commonwealth.  Vol. XCIX.  fol. 33.  10-20
+July, 1655.
+
+[52] Dom. State Papers.  Gerard's Trial.  Common.  Vol. 72_a_.
+Clarendon State Papers.  Aug. 1654.  Henshaw's Vindication.
+
+[53] Rupert Correspondence.  Job Holder to Rupert, July 25, 1654.  Add.
+MSS.  18982.
+
+[54] Elizabeth of Bohemia, 4 Jan., 1655.  Evelyn IV.  p. 222.
+
+[55] Thurloe, II.  327.  III.  683.  IV.  697.
+
+[56] Domestic State Papers, Jermyn to Rupert, Aug. 30 1657.
+
+[57] Ibid.  Nicholas to Rupert, May 16, 1658.
+
+[58] Ibid.  Bampfylde, June 24, 1657.
+
+[59] Clar. State Papers.  Rupert to Charles, Nov. 21, 1657.
+
+[60] Dom. State Papers.  Common.  179 fol.  13, 20 Jan. 1658.
+
+[61] Thurloe, I.  694, 6 Feb. 1656.
+
+[62] Bromley Letters, p. 201.  De Choqueux to Rupert, June 23, 1655.
+
+[63] Ibid.  p. 294, Elizabeth of Bohemia to Rupert.
+
+
+
+
+{283}
+
+CHAPTER XVI
+
+RESTORATION OF CHARLES LOUIS TO THE PALATINATE.  FLIGHT OF THE PRINCESS
+LOUISE FROM THE HAGUE.  RUPERT'S DEMAND FOR AN APPANAGE.  QUARREL WITH
+THE ELECTOR
+
+The Peace of Munster, concluded October 24th, 1648, between Austria,
+France and Sweden, had terminated the long exile of the Palatines.  By
+it Charles Louis was recognised as Elector Palatine, ranking henceforth
+as last among the Electors, instead of first, as his ancestors had
+done; and he was also restored to the Lower Palatinate, though still
+excluded from the upper.  He immediately took up his residence at
+Heidelberg, and his mother expected, not unreasonably, that his
+restoration would, at least, ameliorate her sufferings.  But Charles
+Louis entered upon a country exhausted by war, and grievously in need
+of cherishing care.  He had, of course, no money to spare, and he was
+far too selfish to forego any of his schemes, or to sacrifice himself
+for the sake of his unhappy mother.  He went so far as to invite his
+two sisters, Elizabeth and Sophie, to Heidelberg, thereby relieving his
+mother of the burden of their support, but the coming of the Queen
+herself he carefully discouraged.  Worse still, he refused to send her
+even a portion of her jointure.  "The next week I shall have no food to
+eat, having no money nor credit for any; and this week, if there be
+none found, I shall neither have meat, nor bread, nor candles," she
+complained to Lord Craven.[1]  That faithful friend was quite unable to
+assist her, having been himself ruined by his services rendered {284}
+to the Stuarts; and how the hapless Queen existed it is hard to say,
+until, in 1657, the States generously granted her a pension of 10,000
+livres per month.
+
+Nor were her poverty and the callous indifference of of her favourite
+son her only troubles.  Her third daughter, the fair Henriette, had
+died, after a three months' marriage with the Prince of Transylvania,
+and the eldest and youngest having departed to Heidelberg, she was left
+alone with the artist, Louise.  Next to the Elector, Louise had been
+her mother's favourite child, and great was the shock to Elizabeth when
+this last remaining daughter suddenly professed herself a Roman
+Catholic, and fled secretly to France.  For several days no one knew
+what had become of her; and the mother, sufficiently distracted by her
+daughter's abrupt desertion, found her grief enhanced by the
+circulation of scandalous rumours.  The escapade was well calculated to
+produce them, for the Princess had fled from the Hague alone, and on
+foot, at seven o'clock on a December morning.  Not till the day
+following, was the letter which she had pinned to her toilet table
+discovered; and its contents were not very consolatory to Elizabeth.
+From it she learnt that Louise, being convinced that the Roman was the
+one true Church, had acted thus strangely because she dared not attend
+the Anglican Celebration of the Holy Communion on Christmas Day.[2]
+
+Rupert, who seems to have been much moved by his mother's distress,
+wrote to the States of Holland, begging their care and consideration
+for the Queen, and demanding "the satisfaction that is due to us in
+regard of the slanders that so greatly augment the injury;" and he
+added a passionate protest of gratitude for all that the States had
+done for his family.[3]  They complied with his request by depriving
+the Princess of Hohenzollern, the supposed perverter of Louise, of all
+her privileges at Bergen.  But {285} though the Princess of
+Hohenzollern bore the blame, the responsibility probably belonged as
+much to Louise's brother Edward as to any one else.  "Ned is so
+wilful!" complained his mother, in reference to his conduct in this
+affair.[4]  He came to meet his sister at Antwerp, where she had taken
+refuge in a Carmelite convent, and conducted her thence to Paris.  She
+was, of course, kindly received by the French Court, and the joy of
+Henrietta Maria over the repenting heretic was very great.  The English
+Queen wrote to Elizabeth that she would care for Louise as her own
+daughter, and begged forgiveness for her.  "But," said Elizabeth to
+Rupert, "I excused it, as handsomely as I could, and entreated her only
+to think what she would do, if she had had the same misfortune."[5]  It
+was not long before Henrietta had a somewhat similar misfortune, in her
+failure to convert her youngest son, Henry of Gloucester.  The boy took
+refuge in Holland, and Elizabeth had a pleasing revenge in receiving
+her young nephew.  King Charles and his sister, Mary of Orange, both
+visited Louise, and reproached her for her "unhandsome" flight from her
+mother; but she only answered that, though sorry for Elizabeth's
+displeasure, she was "very well satisfied" with her change of faith.[6]
+Subsequently she entered a convent and became abbess of Maubuisson,
+where she lived long enough to see the second exile of the Stuarts, of
+whom she was ever a warm partisan.
+
+Elizabeth, thus left alone in her poverty, seems to have turned to
+Rupert with more affection than she had ever before shown him.  She
+wrote him long letters, full of Hague gossip, of complaints of the
+Elector, and professions of affection for himself.  "I love you ever,
+my dear Rupert," or, "I pray God bless you, whatever you resolve to
+do."[7] {286} Occasionally she relapsed into her old jesting manner.
+Thus, she told him of a present of oranges forwarded to him from Spain:
+"My Lord Fraser sent you a letter from Portugal from Robert Cortez.  He
+sends you two cases of Portugal oranges, two for the King, and two for
+me....  I believe my Lord Craven will tell you how much ado he has had
+to save your part from me.  I made him believe I would take your cases
+for my niece and the Prince of Orange.  I did it to vex him."[8]  She
+was still of her "humour to be merry," though she had more cause than
+ever for sadness.
+
+Philip had fallen in 1650 at the siege of Rhetel, fighting for France
+against Spain, but no allusion to his death from the hand of his mother
+or brothers has been preserved.  Edward, who lived nominally in France,
+but was generally to be found at the Hague and at Heidelberg, was on
+friendly terms with Rupert, though he could not be to him as Maurice
+had been.  From time to time disquieting rumours of Maurice's
+reappearance were afloat, and in 1654 the story was very
+circumstantial.  "Here is news of Prince Maurice, who was believed to
+be drowned and perished, that he is a slave in Africa.  For, being
+constrained at that time that he parted from Prince Rupert to run as
+far as Hispaniola in the West Indies, he was coming back thence in a
+barque laden with a great quantity of silver, and was taken by a pirate
+of Algiers.  The Queen, his mother, hath spoken to the Ambassador of
+France, to the end that he may write on his behalf, to the Great
+Turk."[9] Rupert, personally, was convinced that his brother had
+perished in the hurricane, but he would lose no chance of recovering
+him, however slight, and he urged the Elector to investigate the matter
+with all speed.  "Concerning my brother Maurice," wrote Charles Louis
+to his mother, "my brother Rupert, who is now here, thinks the way by
+the {287} Emperor's agent at Constantinople too far about for his
+liberty, if the news be true, and that from Marseilles we may best know
+the certainty, as also the way of his releasement."[10]  But the news
+was not true, and Rupert's inquiries left him more hopeless than ever.
+
+The Prince deprived at once of his chief companion and of his
+occupation, now bethought him of marrying and settling down.  But in
+order to do this, it was necessary to have some visible means of
+subsistence, and therefore, in June 1654, he required a grant of land,
+as a younger brother's portion, from the Elector.  He was, at that
+time, the guest of his brother at Heidelberg.  The brothers had not met
+for eight years, and had parted last in England, when their relations,
+all things considered, cannot have been very cordial.  Now they
+appeared to have buried the past, and were perfectly friendly.  Even
+Rupert's modest claim to some few miles of land was not abruptly
+rejected by the Elector, and it was confidently reported in England,
+that Prince Rupert would "settle on his plantation, his brother having
+given him lands to the quantity of twenty English miles in
+compass."[11]  But this grant was never finally completed.  During
+Rupert's absence in Vienna the affair seemed to be progressing
+favourably, and his agent, Job Holder, wrote to him from Heidelberg:
+"This day Valentine Pyne made an end of measuring the Cloysture and
+Langessel.  The circumference which is given to the Elector, is ten
+English miles,--reckoning 1,000 paces to the mile,--and go paces.  This
+morning I waited upon Mr. Leslie from Langessel to Heidelberg, who gave
+H. H. the Elector an account of what was done, and desired H. H. to
+confirm those lands upon your Highness, with the full freedom and
+prerogatives thereof.  But His Highness defers it until the draught
+thereof be finished; it will be, I believe, next Tuesday before a
+further account can be had from {288} hence.  Mr. Leslie says there is
+a necessity of having the house speedily repaired; after two months
+winter comes on, which will be unseasonable for the purpose.  In the
+meantime he intends to go on with the Paddock, in observance of Your
+Highness's commands, and to make it as large as the highways will
+permit.  Her Highness, the Princess Elizabeth, commanded me to write
+that my Lady Herbert was coming to the Hague with 30 English
+gentlemen."[12] But a couple of months later the Elector declared
+himself dissatisfied with the management of Leslie, and desired Rupert
+to have no more to do with him.[13]
+
+The business remained unfinished, but the Elector's letters to his
+brother were still in a most friendly and affectionate strain;
+addressed always to his "tres-cher Frere," and signed "tres-cher frere,
+votre tres affectionne, et fidele frere et serviteur," they are full of
+good-will, and wishes for "une prompte et bonne expedition" in Rupert's
+affairs.  Occasionally they assume the old tone of jesting familiarity;
+in one letter Charles laments that the poems--"nos poesies"--forwarded
+to his brother have miscarried; and in another, remarks, in the true
+polyglot style of the Palatines, "Le Duc de Simmeren nous a vu a Hort,
+en passant pour etre au bapteme d'un fils de Madame la Landgrave de
+Cassel, ou je suis prie aussi; but I do not love to go
+a-gossipping."[14]  In August he anticipated a petty war with the
+Bishop of Speyer, but he hastily declined Rupert's prompt offer of
+assistance.  "I am deeply obliged for the offer you make me, but I
+should be desolated to think that you neglected your own more pressing
+business for a dispute of so little consequence."[15]  In truth, the
+less his brother interfered in Palatine politics, the better pleased
+was the Elector.  Rupert, he once wrote to his sister Sophie, {289}
+might suit very well with those who cared "to propagate the gospel by
+the sword," but he, for his part, loved "peace and concord."[16]
+
+His concord with Rupert was not of long duration, and this time the
+causa belli was a woman.  The Elector had married, in 1650, Charlotte
+of Hesse Cassel, but the marriage was not a happy one.  The Electress
+was of a violent temper, jealous and unreasonable to the last degree,
+and Charles Louis, wearying of his attempts to win her affections,
+permitted his wandering fancy to dwell on a certain Louise Von
+Degenfeldt, a girl not only beautiful, but clever enough to write her
+love-letters in Latin.  Most unfortunately, the Baroness Louise also
+fascinated--quite unconsciously--the Elector's brother Rupert.  At the
+same time the Electress conceived a violent admiration for her gallant
+brother-in-law, and the situation was, as may well be imagined,
+somewhat critical.  The explosion was caused by a letter which Rupert
+wrote to Louise, complaining bitterly of her coldness towards him.  The
+letter, which was without superscription, fell into the hands of the
+Electress, who, believing it intended for herself, received it with
+delight.  It was her chief desire, just then, to appear to Rupert the
+most fascinating person in her court, and, encouraged by his letter,
+she assured him publicly that he had no cause to complain of lack of
+affection on her part.  Rupert, who had evidently not learnt to command
+his countenance, was overcome with confusion, and blushed so furiously
+as to show the Electress her mistake.  Thenceforth the Electress abused
+and persecuted Louise for having endeavoured to win the Prince's love,
+of which crime, at least, she was perfectly innocent.[17]
+
+The affair came to the Elector's ears, and jealousy sprang up between
+the brothers.  The Elector's manner changed; {290} he refused the
+promised appanage, he treated Rupert with marked coldness, and finally
+retired to Alzei, where there was little accommodation for his court.
+Rupert followed him thither, and was denied a sufficiency of rooms for
+himself and his servants; then, as usual, he lost his temper.[18] There
+was a quarrel, and the younger brother departed in a rage, taking with
+him all his movables--which cannot have been many.[19]  He went first
+to Heidelberg, but the Elector, either wishful to insult him, or really
+fearful of his violence, wrote, ordering that he should be refused
+admittance to the city.  To his surprise and indignation, Rupert found
+the gates closed against him.  He demanded to see the order by which
+this thing was done.  The order was shown him, written in the Elector's
+own hand.  It was too much!  Then and there Rupert raised his hat from
+his head, and swore, with tears in his eyes, that he would never more
+set foot in the Palatinate.[20]  Twenty years later, when it seemed to
+the Elector that his race was about to die out, he would have given
+much to recall his ill-used brother.  But all the entreaties which he
+lavished on Rupert, produced but one answer: "Ich habe auf Euer Liebden
+Veranlassung ein feierliches Geluebde zu Gott gethan, die Pfalz nie
+wieder zu betreten; und will, bei dem wenn auch bedauerlich beschwornen
+Vorsatze beharren."  "Your Belovedness,"--a curious Palatine substitute
+for Your Highness,--"has caused me to take a solemn oath to God that I
+will never more set foot in the Palatinate; and my sworn, if
+regretable, oath I will keep."[21]  Rupert, like his father before him,
+was "a Prince religious of his word."
+
+After his quarrel with his brother, Rupert wandered back to Vienna, and
+is said to have served in the wars in Pomerania and Hungary.  In 1657
+it was stated in England {291} that "Prince Rupert hath command of
+8,000 men, under the King of Hungary, who will owe his empirate to his
+sword."[22]  And a German authority describes him as leading in the
+capture of the Swedish entrenchments at Warnemuende, 1660.[23]  But the
+truth of these reports is very doubtful, and he seems to have resided
+between 1657 and 1660 chiefly with his friend the Elector of Mainz.  At
+Mainz he lived in tranquillity, but in great poverty.  "He looks
+exceedingly poverty-stricken," wrote Sophie of another Cavalier, "and I
+fear that Rupert will soon do the same, judging by his menage."[24]
+
+But to Rupert poverty was no new thing, and he now enjoyed, for the
+first time since his captivity in Austria, leisure to devote himself to
+art, philosophy and science.  In these years he first studied the art
+of engraving, in which he was afterwards so famous.  He is popularly
+supposed to have invented the process of engraving by Mezzotint, the
+idea of which he is said to have conceived from watching a soldier
+clean a rusty gun.  But the process was, as a matter of fact,
+communicated to him by a German soldier, Ludwig von Siegen.  In 1642
+von Siegen had completed his invention, and had sent a portrait,
+produced by his new process, to the Landgrave of Hesse, with the
+announcement that he had discovered "a new and singular invention of a
+kind never hitherto beheld."  In 1658 he met Rupert in Vienna, and,
+finding in him a kindred spirit, disclosed his secret.  They agreed
+only to reveal the process to an appreciative few, and it is probable
+that, but for Rupert's interest in it, the invention would have died
+with the inventor.[25]  To the Prince belongs the credit of introducing
+it into England.  "This afternoon Prince Rupert shewed me, with his own
+hands, the new {292} way of engraving," says Evelyn in his diary, March
+16, 1661.[26]  And in his "Sculptura" he says, after describing the
+process, "Nor may I without ingratitude conceal that illustrious name
+which did communicate it to me, nor the obligation which the curious
+have to that heroic person who was pleased to impart it to the
+world."[27]  Rupert himself worked hard at his engravings, assisted by
+the artist, Le Vaillant; and Evelyn refers with enthusiasm to "what
+Prince Rupert's own hands have contributed to the dignity of that art,
+performing things in graving comparable to the greatest masters, such a
+spirit and address appears in all he touches, especially in the
+Mezzotinto."[28]
+
+While at Mainz, Rupert developed other inventions, among them the
+curious glass bubbles known as "Rupert's Drops," which will withstand
+the hardest blows, but crumble into atoms if the taper end is broken
+off.  He also prepared to write his biography.  This he intended as a
+vindication against all the calumnies which had been associated with
+his name.  But long before the vindication was compiled the need for it
+had vanished.  The Restoration of 1660 changed Rupert's fortunes as it
+changed those of his Stuart cousins.  He found himself "in great
+esteem"[29] with the whole English nation, and he therefore abandoned
+the idea of writing his history.  All that remains of the projected
+biography are a few fragments relating to his childhood and early
+career.
+
+
+
+[1] Strickland's Elizabeth Stuart, p. 218; also Green's Princesses, VI.
+38-41.
+
+[2] Green's Princesses, Vol. VI.  55-58.
+
+[3] Thurloe, VI.  p. 803, 24 Feb. 1658.
+
+[4] Bromley Letters, pp. 285-288.  Elizabeth to Rupert, March 4, 1658.
+
+[5] Ibid.  p. 289.
+
+[6] Bromley, pp. 287-288.
+
+[7] Bromley Letters, pp. 189, 295, Elizabeth to Rupert.
+
+[8] Bromley Letters, p. 286, March 4, 1658.
+
+[9] Thurloe, II.  362, 19 June, 1654.
+
+[10] Bromley, p. 167.  Elector to Elizabeth, June 27, 1654.
+
+[11] Thurloe, II.  514, 12 Aug. 1654.
+
+[12] Add. MSS.  18982.  Job Holder to Rupert, Aug. 1, 1654.
+
+[13] Ibid.  Oct. 14, 1654.
+
+[14] Bromley Letters, pp. 170, 173, 315, 25 Aug., 25 Sept., Oct. 1654.
+
+[15] Bromley Letters, p. 171, 25 Sept. 1654.
+
+[16] Briefwechsel der Herzogin Sophie mit ihrem Brueder Karl Ludwig, p.
+309.  5 Jan. 1678.  Publication aus der Preussischen Staats Archiven.
+
+[17] Memorien der Herzogin Sophie, p. 57.
+
+[18] Halisser's Reinische Pfalz, II.  p. 643.
+
+[19] Thurloe, V.  p. 541.
+
+[20] Reiger's Ausgeloeschte Simmerischen Linie, ed. 1735.  p. 182.
+
+[21] Spruener's Pfalzgraf Ruprecht, p. 134.
+
+[22] Hist. MSS. Com.  Rept. V.  App. I.  p. 152, Sutherland MSS.
+
+[23] Allgemeine Deutsche Biographic, XXIX, 745.
+
+[24] Briefwechsel der Herzogin Sophie, p. 4, 21 Oct  1658.
+
+[25] Challoner Smith.  Mezzotint Engraving, Part IV.  Div II.  pp.
+xxvi-xxx.
+
+[26] Evelyn's Diary, I.  p. 346.
+
+[27] Evelyn's Sculptura, 1662, Chap. VII.  p. 145.
+
+[28] Sculptura, p. 147.
+
+[29] Campbell's Admirals, 1785, Vol. II.  p. 245.
+
+
+
+
+{293}
+
+CHAPTER XVII
+
+RUPERT'S RETURN TO ENGLAND, 1660.  VISIT TO VIENNA.  LETTERS TO LEGGE
+
+Charles II, so often accused of ingratitude, did not prove forgetful of
+the cousin who had endured so much in his service.  No sooner had the
+Restoration established him in his kingdom, than he summoned Rupert to
+share in his prosperity, as he had formerly shared his ill-fortune.
+The summons found Rupert with the Emperor, and suffering from an attack
+of the fever, which had clung about him ever since his return from the
+West Indies.
+
+"Your friend Rupert has not been well since he came into his quarters,"
+wrote the Queen, his mother, to Sir Marmaduke Langdale.  "He had like
+to have a fever, but he writes to me that it left him, onlie he was a
+little weak.  As soon as he can he will be in England, where I wish
+myself, for this place is verie dull now, there is verie little
+company."[1]  Her position at the Hague was, in truth, a sad and lonely
+one, but she was still able to write in her old merry style, rejoicing
+greatly in a mistake made by Sir Marmaduke, who had inadvertently sent
+to her a letter intended for his stewards, and to the stewards a letter
+intended for the Queen.  "If I had you here, I would jeer you to some
+tune for it!" she said; and so, no doubt, she would have done.  But in
+her next letter she confessed that she had herself "committed the like
+mistake manie times," and added more news of Rupert, who had gone away
+for change of air.[2]  In a third letter she expressed {294}
+satisfaction at the King's affection for Rupert, who was then at
+Brandenburg with his sister Elizabeth.[3]  Before coming to England,
+the Prince also visited his youngest sister at Osnabrueck, and it was
+late in September when he arrived in London.
+
+His coming had been for some time anxiously expected, though he was
+evidently regarded as still in the Emperor's service.  "For
+ambassadors," it was said, "we look for Don Luis de Haro's brother from
+Spain, with 300 followers; Prince Rupert, with a great train from the
+Emperor; and the Duc d'Epernon from France, with no less State."[4]
+Rupert came, however, in a strictly private capacity; and September
+29th, 1660, Pepys recorded in his diary: "Prince Rupert is come to
+Court, welcome to nobody!"[5]  How the Prince had, thus early, incurred
+the diarist's enmity is puzzling; later, the causes of it are perfectly
+understandable.
+
+But though unwelcome to Pepys, Rupert was very welcome to many people,
+and not least so to the Royal family, who received him as one of
+themselves.  In November the Royal party was augmented by the arrival
+of Queen Henrietta; her youngest daughter, Henrietta Anne; and the
+Palatine, Edward, from France.  The young Princess Henrietta was
+already betrothed to the French King's brother, Philippe of Orleans;
+and Rupert, who had a just contempt for the character of the intended
+bridegroom, vehemently opposed the conclusion of the match.  He could,
+he declared, arrange the marriage of his young cousin with the Emperor,
+who would be at once a greater match and a better husband.[6]  But both
+the Queen mother and Charles were anxious for the French alliance, and
+the marriage took place notwithstanding Rupert's opposition.  When,
+after ten years of unhappiness, the poor young Duchess died a tragic
+{295} death, Rupert was in a position to say "I told you so," and he
+always maintained that her husband had poisoned her.  "There are three
+persons at court say it is true," wrote the French Minister, Colbert:
+"Prince Rupert, because he has a natural inclination to believe evil;
+the Duke of Buckingham, because he courts popularity; and Sir John
+Trevor, because he is Dutch at heart, and consequently hates the
+French."[7]
+
+On New Year's Day, 1661, Anne Hyde, the clandestine bride of James of
+York, was formally received at court.  Rupert and Edward dined with the
+rest of the Royal family, in public; and on this occasion there was a
+most unseemly contest between the Roman chaplain of the Queen mother,
+and the Anglican chaplain of Charles II, for the honour of saying
+grace.  In struggling through the crowd assembled to see the King dine,
+the Anglican priest fell down, and the Roman gained the table first and
+said grace.  His victory was greeted by the disorderly courtiers with
+shouts of laughter.  "The King's chaplain and the Queen's priest ran a
+race to say grace," they declared, "and the chaplain was floored, and
+the priest won."[8]
+
+Rupert, soon after his arrival in England, had resigned his title of
+President of Wales and the Marches, granted him by Charles I, on the
+grounds that he would hold only of the reigning King.[9]  He had,
+however, found himself so cordially received, and so generally popular,
+that he resolved to accept Charles's invitation to remain permanently
+in England.  "Prince Rupert," says a letter in the Sutherland MSS.,
+dated March 1661, "is the only favourite of the King, insomuch that he
+has given him L30,000 or L40,000 per annum, out of his own revenue, for
+his present maintenance; and is resolved to make him Lieutenant {296}
+General of all Wales, and President of the Marches.  Meantime he is
+preparing to go to Germany to take leave of that court and to resign
+his military charge there, and so return to England.  I am told that
+the King went into the Palatinate with an intent to have procured some
+money of the Palsgrave, which was refused.  Prince Rupert, being then
+there, seeing the unworthiness of his brother in this particular, made
+use of all the friends he had, and procured his Majesty a considerable
+sum of money, which was an act of so much love and civility as his
+Majesty was very sensible of then, and now he will requite him for
+it."[10]  But Charles's intentions towards Rupert, though doubtless
+good, were far less magnificent than here represented.  The claims on
+his justice and bounty were far too numerous, and his means far too
+small, to permit of his rewarding anyone so lavishly.
+
+Rupert was still in high favour at the Austrian court, and the
+"temptations to belong to other nations" were real ones; but he
+preferred England and the Stuarts to any of the allurements held out to
+him by France or Germany, and therefore resolved to "remain an
+Englishman."  In accordance with this decision, he set forth for Vienna
+in April 1661, partly to wind up his affairs there and to take leave of
+the Emperor, and partly to transact business on behalf of Charles II.
+His absence from England lasted nine months, and his doings and
+movements during that period are chronicled in letters addressed to his
+"Dear Will."  The old friendship of the Prince and the honest Colonel
+had not cooled, though tried by time and long years of separation; and,
+on his departure, Rupert appointed Legge his "sufficient and lawful
+attorney, to act, manage, perform and do all, and all manner of things"
+in his behalf.[11]
+
+The greater part of his letters to Legge are printed in {297}
+Warburton, but with some omissions and inaccuracies.  They are also to
+be found, in their original spelling, in the Report of the Historical
+MSS. Commission on Lord Dartmouth's Manuscripts; but they are, in their
+frank, familiar, somewhat sardonic style, so characteristic of the
+Prince as to merit quotation here.[12]
+
+The first letters are dated from the Hague, whither he had gone to
+visit his solitary mother.  "I found the poor woman very much
+dejected," he informed his friend.  And after mentioning disquieting
+rumours of war, he concluded, with evident triumph:--
+
+
+"I almost forgott to tell you a nother story which be plesed to
+acquainted (sic) the Duke of Albemarle with.  You have doubtlesse scene
+a lame Polish Prince, some time at Whitehall with passe ports a beggin.
+This noble soule is tacken and in prisoned at Alikmare; hath bin butt
+twice burnt in the bake befor this misfortune befell him.  The Duke I
+am sure will remember him, and what my jugement was of the fellow.
+
+"I am your most faithful friend for ever,
+    "Rupert."
+
+
+Europe was at that time swarming with impostors, who impersonated all
+imaginable persons of distinction.  Only a few months earlier a "Serene
+Prince" had been visiting the Elector, who wrote of him much as Rupert
+might have done.  "His Highness was graciously pleased to accept from
+me three ducats for his journey, besides the defraying.  I doubt not
+but he and the counterfeit Ormonde and Ossory will come to one and the
+same end one day."[13]
+
+In the beginning of May Rupert had reached Cleves, where he found the
+little Prince of Orange.  Rumours of war met him on all sides; both
+Swedes and Turks were arming against the Emperor, and the Dutch
+declared loudly {298} that they would defend their herring fisheries
+against England, with the sword.  "I told some that butter and cheese
+would do better," wrote the Prince; little thinking what stout
+antagonists he was to find those despised Hollanders at sea.  He was
+anxious to recommend to Charles' service an engineer, "the ablest man
+in his profession that ever I saw...  If the fortification of
+Portchmouth go on, I wish his advice may be taken, for noen fortifies
+so well, and cheap, and fast as he.  He has a way of working which noen
+has so good.  Pray neglect not this man, and tell Sir Robert Murray of
+him, with my remembrances; also that I met with camphor wood, which
+smells of it, also with a distilled pure raine water which dissolved
+gold."
+
+After a short visit to his friend, the Elector of Mainz, who, he said,
+"assured me to be assisting in all things," Rupert reached Vienna.
+There he was very cordially received by the Emperor, though the Spanish
+Ambassador, for political reasons, saw fit to ignore his arrival.  The
+Austrians were still loth to let him leave them; and on June 22, he
+wrote to Legge: "A friend of mine, att my coming, assured me that there
+were but twoe difficulties whiche hindred my advancement to the
+Generallship of the Horse.  The one was my being no Roman, the other
+that the Marquess of Baden and Generall Feldzeugmeister de Sanch might
+take ill if I was advanced before them.  And he thought both these
+small impediments might easily be overcome, but especially the first,
+on whiche, he assured me, most ded depend."  He had not yet forgotten
+his role of Protestant martyr!  To this letter he added, as usual, a
+hurried and incoherent postcript.
+
+"I almost forgott to tell you how that Comte Lesley's cousin, (I
+forgott his name, but I remember that his sister was married to St.
+Michel,) this man ded me the favor to send over a booke to Comte
+Lesley, entitled 'The Iron Age,' in whiche it speekes most base
+languiage of me and my actions in England.  It is dedicated to Jake
+Russell, {299} but I am confident if honest Jake had reade the booke,
+he would have broke the translator's head....  One Harris translated
+it; pray inquire after the booke, and juge if it were not a Scotch
+tricke to sende it...  Moutray is the name I forgott."
+
+By July the Spanish Ambassador had deigned to visit the Prince, and to
+reveal the true cause of his long delay--namely, the rumours of Charles
+II's approaching marriage with the Infanta of Portugal, which was
+likely to produce a war with Spain.  For this same reason, joined with
+their resentment at Rupert's refusal of the Generalship of the horse,
+the Austrian Ministers also treated him with coldness, though the
+personal kindness of the Imperial family was never abated.  "In the
+meantime be pleased to knowe that Rupert is but coldly used by the
+Ministers here," wrote the Prince; "they would have him demand the
+Generallship before there is an appearance of subsistence,--nay, before
+what is oweing in arreare, by the Peace of Munster, be made sure unto
+him; to whiche Rupert doth no waies incline, especialy since he had the
+intimation given him that his religion was an obstacle to his
+advancement in the warr.  The Emperor, Emperatrice and Archduc are
+extreamly kind to Rupert; but noen of the Counsellors have done him the
+honor of a visit.  The reason is, I believe, the marriage aforesaid...
+For God's sake, if there be any likelihood of a breach with Spaine,
+lett us knowe it by times; it concerns us, Ile assure you."
+
+In August matters were much in the same condition, and Rupert was still
+struggling for the arrears of the debt due to him.  "Monys is comodity
+in greate request in this court, and scarce enough!" he confessed.
+Notwithstanding his refusal to enter the Austrian service, he
+identified himself with the Empire sufficiently to write of "our
+commander," when referring to the war then waged by the Emperor against
+the Turks.  In the next month the Elector had played him "a brotherly
+trick," and the letter which {300} he wrote to Will was as full of
+fury, as any he had indited during the Civil War.
+
+
+"Dear Will,
+
+"I am not able to writt you of any subject but of one, which, I
+confesse, doth troble me in the highest degre, and dothe concerne our
+master as well as myself.  The stori is this.  The Elector Pallatin
+hath bin plesed to writt to a Prive Consellor of this Court, in these
+terms--what the King of England's ambassador doth negotiate with the
+Porte Elector Pallatin knowes not, nor what is intended by him against
+the house of Austria, but Prince Rupert, whoe is intimate with Kinge of
+England and his Prive Consellor, can tell, if he plese.--All this is a
+brotherly tricke you'l saye; but I thancke Gode they heere doe little
+beleeve what he saies...  By Heven I am in suche a humour that I dare
+not writt to any; therefore excuse me to alle, for not writting this
+post...  Faire well, deare Will!"
+
+
+Five days later Rupert had recovered himself, and could write in his
+ordinary sarcastic fashion: "By the last I writt you the kinde usage of
+my brother the Elector to me, as alsoe the good office he ded the Kinge
+in this Court.  I thanke Gode he hath not realised his barbaros
+intentions!"  But the letter was broken off abruptly, because the
+Emperor was waiting for Rupert's hounds to hunt a stag.  By the next
+post the Prince had to lament the loss of one of these hounds, and his
+keen regret shows plainly that his love for dogs was as strong as ever.
+
+"I am glad that Holmes hath given the King satisfaction....  Pray give
+him thankes for remembering his ould master.  Pray remember my service
+to the General (Monk); tell him I am glad to heere of his recouvrey, it
+was before I knew he had been sicke.  If my Lord Lindsay be at court,
+the same to him, with the doleful news that poore Rayall att this
+instant is dying, after having ben the cause of the {301} death of many
+a stagge.  By Heven, I would rather loose the best horse in my stable."
+
+Rupert was now preparing to return to England, and was very busy
+purchasing wines for the use of the English Court.  A considerable
+quantity, presented to him by the Elector of Mainz, he had already
+forwarded to Legge, to dispose of as he pleased.  By November 22 he had
+reached Cassel, whence he wrote to Legge, "I am making all the haste I
+can to you."  But at Cassel he found his eldest sister, and he remained
+with her some weeks, not returning to England until the beginning of
+1662.
+
+His mother, in the meantime, had obtained her much desired summons to
+England, and had taken up her abode in a house placed at her disposal
+by the ever faithful Craven.  For a brief period she enjoyed rest and
+peace, rejoicing in the return to her native land, and in the affection
+of her Stuart nephews, who, she said, showed her more kindness than any
+of her own sons had ever done.  Eighteen months after her arrival in
+England, she died, in the arms of the King.  Her pictures she
+bequeathed to Lord Craven, and her papers and jewels to Rupert, thereby
+establishing a new cause of contest between her two eldest sons.[14]
+For the Elector denied his mother's right to leave the jewels--which
+were, he declared, heirlooms--to a younger son.  Rupert held
+tenaciously to his possessions, and the dispute raged long and bitterly.
+
+
+
+[1] Strickland's Elizabeth Stuart, p. 268.
+
+[2] Ibid.  p. 268.
+
+[3] Strickland's Elizabeth Stuart, p. 269.
+
+[4] Hist. MSS. Com.  Rept. V.  App. I.  p. 173.  Sutherland MSS., 4
+Aug. 1660.
+
+[5] Pepys Diary, Sept. 29th, 1660.
+
+[6] Cartwright.  Madame: A Life of Henrietta of Orleans, pp. 70-71.
+
+[7] Cartwright's Madame, p. 359.
+
+[8] Strickland's Henrietta Maria, Queens of England, VIII.  p. 232.
+From MSS. of Pere Cyprian Gamache.
+
+[9] Hist. MSS. Com.  Rept. V.  App. I.  p. 200.  Sutherland MSS.  3
+Nov. 1660.
+
+[10] Hist. MSS. Com.  Rept. V.  App I.  p. 170.  2 Mar. 1661.
+
+[11] Collins Peerage, Dartmouth, Vol. IV.  p. 107, _passim_
+
+[12] See Hist. MSS. Com.  Rept. on Dartmouth MSS.  Vol. I.  pp. 1-9.
+
+[13] Bromley Letters, p. 209, Aug. 11-21, 1660.
+
+[14] Will of Elizabeth of Bohemia.  Wills from Doctors Commons, p. 109.
+Camden Society.
+
+
+
+
+{302}
+
+CHAPTER XVIII
+
+RUPERT AND THE FLEET.  PROPOSED VOYAGE TO GUINEA.  ILLNESS OF RUPERT.
+THE FIRST DUTCH WAR.  THE NAVAL COMMISSIONERS AND THE PRINCE.  SECOND
+DUTCH WAR.  ANTI-FRENCH POLITICS
+
+Rupert received a warm welcome on his return to England, and was at
+once sworn a member of the Privy Council.  It was but natural that he
+should turn his attention to naval affairs.  The growth of the sea
+power of England had received an impetus during the years of the
+Commonwealth, due indirectly to Rupert himself; for had not the
+Commonwealth been forced to protect itself against the pirate Princes,
+it would probably have cared less for its navy.[1]  Charles II, like a
+true Stuart, cared for his fleet also, and took a keen interest in
+ship-building and other matters connected with the navy.  In October
+1662, he appointed Rupert to the Committee for the Government of
+Tangiers, together with the Duke of York, Albemarle, Sandwich,
+Coventry, and Pepys of famous memory.  If Pepys may be credited, the
+Prince did not take the business at all seriously: "The Duke of York
+and Mr. Coventry, for aught I see, being the only two that do anything
+like men.  Prince Rupert do nothing but laugh a little, with an oath
+now and then."[2]
+
+But if Rupert was indifferent about Tangiers he was keenly interested
+in the African question.  The quarrels of the English and Dutch traders
+on the African coast had produced much ill-feeling between the two
+nations, and, in August {303} 1664, Rupert offered to lead a fleet to
+Guinea, to oppose the aggressions of the Dutch Admiral, De Ruyter.  A
+fleet of twelve ships was accordingly fitted out.  On September 3,
+wrote Pepys: "Prince Rupert, I hear this day, is going to command this
+fleet going to Guinea against the Dutch.  I doubt few will be pleased
+with his going, he being accounted an unhappy man;"[3]--a view which
+contrasts strangely with the terror which Rupert's mere name had roused
+in earlier days.  Two days later Pepys had encountered Rupert himself:
+"And, among other things, says he:  'D-- me!  I can answer but for one
+ship, and in that I will do my part, for it is not as in an army where
+a man can command everything.'"[4]
+
+A royal company had been formed for the promotion of the enterprise,
+and a capital was raised of L30,000, in which the Duke of York held
+many shares.[5]  Eighty pounds was laid out on "two trumpets, a
+kettle-drum, and a drummer to attend Prince Rupert to sea;"[6] and,
+after a farewell supper at Kirke House, Rupert went down the river at
+three o'clock on an October morning, accompanied by the King, Duke of
+York, and many Courtiers.  With the next tide he embarked, but the
+weather was very rough, and for some days he was wind-bound at
+Portsmouth.  His crews numbered two hundred and fifty in all, besides
+fifty-four supernumaries in his train.[7]  As was invariably the case
+at this period, the fleet was badly and insufficiently provisioned; but
+the delay at Portsmouth enabled Rupert to have this rectified, and
+thus, for the first time, he came into collision with Pepys, the
+victualler of the navy.
+
+For some weeks the Prince hovered about the Channel, waiting for an
+expected Dutch fleet; but the Dutch {304} out-witted him.  By promising
+to keep within harbour, they persuaded the King to recall Rupert, and,
+in the meantime, privately ordered their Mediterranean fleet to sail
+for New Guinea.  Thus nothing was done by the English, and the only
+warfare waged by Rupert was with his chaplain, of whom he wrote bitter
+complaints to Lord Arlington, the then Secretary of State.
+
+
+"Sir,
+
+"I beseech you, at the delivery of this inclosed leter, to acquaint the
+King and the Duke of York that, after I had closed their leters, the
+spirit of mutiny entered our parson againe, so that there was no rest
+for him, until I commanded him to his cabin, and withal to make readdy
+for prayers this next morning, which he had neglected yesterday.  Att
+this instant I receave this inclosed, by whiche you may see his humor.
+After this stile he talked, till ten last night, abusing the captain
+most horribly.  In consideration of my Lord of Canterburie, whoe
+recommended him, I strained my patience very much; but if this felow
+shoulde continue longer on bord, you may easily imagine the troble he
+woulde put us to.  If I had any time I would writt to my Lord
+Archbishop, giving him the whoele relation of what passed.  I am now
+sending all our captains present to indevor the hastening down to the
+Downes.  If nothing hinder, I hope, God willing, to sayle to-morrow.
+Minne is not yet abord, but I expect him the next tide.  I will be sure
+give you notice what our motions will be from time to time, and rest
+
+"Your affectionat frend to serve you,
+    "Rupert.
+
+"Oct. 8, Lee Rd.
+
+"Pray to doe me the favor as to acquaint my Lord Archbishop of
+Canterburie with this, and my respects to him."[8]
+
+{305}
+
+His next letter, of October 11, shows that the Prince had been relieved
+of his militant chaplain.  "Our ship, by wanting Levit, is very quiet.
+God send us another (chaplain) of a better temper.  Hitherto we have
+not trobled Him much with prayers."[9]  But the matter did not end
+there, and October 30, Rupert wrote again: "Our late parson, I heere,
+plaies the devil in alle companies he comes; raising most damned
+reports of us alle, and more particularly of me."  This letter is
+devoid of all complimentary phrases, and ends simply, "Yours, Rupert."
+An apologetic postscript explains these omissions.  "His Majesty has
+given me direction to write to him thus, without ceremony, and it will
+be easier for us all to follow.  I have therefore begonne, and desire
+you to do the like."[10]
+
+The fleet never reached its destination.  A war was imminent nearer
+home, and Charles was probably unwilling to send so many ships out of
+the Channel; but the reasons for their abrupt recall were a subject of
+much discussion.  "This morning I am told that the goods on board
+Prince Rupert's ship, for Guinea, are unlading at Portsmouth, which
+makes me believe that he is resolved to stay and pull the crow with
+them at home," says a letter among the Hatton papers.  "But the matter
+be so secretly carried that this morning there was not the least
+intimation given what to depend on, even to them that are commonly
+knowing enough in affairs of that kind."[11]
+
+An additional reason for the collapse of the expedition was the severe
+illness of Rupert.  The old wound in the head, which he had received
+through Gassion's treachery, had never properly healed, and now an
+accidental injury to it had very serious results.  The Duke of York,
+much concerned by the accident, immediately sent a surgeon to {306} the
+fleet, and wrote with friendly solicitude to his cousin: "As soon as
+Will Legge showed me your letter of the accident in your head, I
+immediately sent Choqueux to you, in so much haste as I had not time to
+write by him.  But now, I conjure you, if you have any kindness for me,
+have a care of your health, and do not neglect yourself.  I am very
+glad to hear your ship sails so well.  I was yesterday to see the new
+ship at Woolwich launched, and I think, when you see her, (which I hope
+you will do very quickly, under Sir John Lawson,) you will say she is
+the finest ship that has yet been built."[12]
+
+The surgeon operated upon the Prince, who wrote November 6, to the
+King: "I could not go from shipp to shipp to hasten the work, since
+Choqueux will not let me stir, to which I consented the rather, since
+he promises to have me quite well and whoele in a few days."[13]  But
+the promise was not made good, and a very dangerous illness ensued.
+"Prince Rupert, by a chance, has bruised his head, and cannot get
+cured," says one of the Hatton correspondents in December.  "He is gone
+up to London to endeavour it there...  He is mightily worn away, and in
+their opinion that are about him is not long-lived.  He would fain go
+to Guinea, and is endeavouring to be despatched there; he believes the
+warmth of that clime would do him good."[14]  Life, apparently, still
+held attractions for Rupert.  According to Pepys, he was "much
+chagrined" at the idea of dying, but recovered his spirits wonderfully
+when assured of convalescence.  "Since we told him that we believe he
+would overcome his disease, he is as merry, and swears, and laughs, and
+curses, and do all the things of a man in health as ever he did in his
+life."[15]
+
+The illness lasted a long time; but though he was {307} exceedingly
+weak, Rupert did not fail to take his part in the first Dutch war.  The
+formal declaration of war was made in February 1665, to the great joy
+of the English nation, whose commercial heart had been stirred by
+colonial jealousies.  "What matters this or that reason?" cried the
+honest Duke of Albemarle (General Monk).  "What we want is more of the
+trade which the Dutch now have!"[16]  France, for equally selfish
+reasons, threw in her lot with the Dutch, but delayed coming to their
+assistance; and the first engagement did not take place till June 13,
+1665.
+
+The English fleet was divided into three squadrons, Red, White and
+Blue.  In the Red commanded the Duke of York, as Lord High Admiral;
+Rupert was Admiral of the White, and his rival, Lord Sandwich, led the
+Blue.  On the twenty-first of April they sailed to the Texel, hoping to
+blockade the Zuyder Zee, meet De Ruyter on his return from Africa, and
+cut off the home-coming vessels.  The English commanders, Rupert
+excepted, believed that the Dutch would at once come out and fight.
+But Rupert proved right, the Dutch made no sign, and within a
+fortnight, want of provisions drove the English back to Harwich.
+
+In the meantime the Dutch sent forth a fleet of 103 men-of-war, 7
+yachts, 11 fire-ships, and 12 galiots.  This was divided into seven
+squadrons, and placed under the joint command of Evertsen and Opdam.
+By May 13th they were at sea, and immediately captured some English
+merchantmen coming from Hamburg.  There was an outcry of indignation in
+England, and the fleet hurried to sea.  On June 3rd the rival fleets
+met in Southwold Bay.  The English, who had 109 men-of-war and 28
+fire-ships and ketches, were numerically superior to their enemy.
+Opdam was, besides, hopelessly hampered by imperative commands from the
+States to fight at once, and by a want {308} of military pride and
+esprit de corps throughout his fleet.  The action began with Rupert in
+the van, York in the centre, and Sandwich in the rear.  Rupert
+"received the charge" of the Dutch fleet, not firing until close to it,
+and then shooting through and through it.[17]  Having thus met, the two
+fleets passed each other, and then turned to renew the encounter.
+Sandwich, getting mixed up with the Dutch, cut their fleet in two and a
+general _melee_ ensued.  In the Dutch centre the Junior Admiral was
+killed, and his crew, in a panic, carried their ship out of action.
+Twelve or thirteen other vessels imitated this ungallant conduct, and
+when,--after a desperate encounter with the Royal Charles,--Opdam's
+ship blew up, the fate of the battle was decided.  Evertsen and Tromp,
+each believing the other killed, both took command and issued contrary
+orders.  Three or four of their vessels ran foul of one another, and
+were burnt by an English fire-ship; by 7 p.m. the whole Dutch fleet had
+begun a disorderly retreat.[18]
+
+The Dutch losses had been very heavy, those of the English
+comparatively slight; but the English fire-ships were expended, and the
+wind blew hard for the coast of Holland, which made a too vigorous
+pursuit of the flying foe dangerous.  Nevertheless, the Duke of York
+ordered the chase to be continued, and retired to rest.  Sir William
+Penn, who was on board the "Royal Charles" as first Captain of the
+fleet, also went to sleep, leaving the ship in the charge of Captain
+Harman.  During the night one of the Duke's gentlemen, Brouncker, came
+and urged Harman to slacken sail, in consideration of the danger to
+which the Duke was exposed.  This, Harman refused to do; but when
+Brouncker returned later, with an order purporting to come from James
+himself, he reluctantly yielded.  Next morning the enemy was out of
+sight, and James expressed both {309} surprise and displeasure at the
+discovery, denying that he had ever ordered the chase to be given up.
+The affair was hotly discussed, and Bishop Burnet plainly implies that
+the Duke had used this cowardly device to save both his person and his
+reputation.[19]  But James was no coward, and it is exceedingly
+unlikely that he would have stooped to such a trick.  Rupert and
+Albemarle, who hated Penn, would fain have blamed him as "a cowardly
+rogue who brought all the roguish fanatic captains into the fleet."[20]
+But Penn declared that he had been in bed at the time, and knew nothing
+about the matter.  The statement elicited from Brouncker, in a
+Parliamentary inquiry, that he had acted on his own responsibility, out
+of anxiety for the Duke's safety, was probably the real truth.
+
+Rupert, though in an extremely weak state of health, had shown his
+usual courage and energy in the action.  The official reports did not
+give satisfaction to his admirers.  "Not a word is said of Prince
+Rupert, though the seamen say that none excelled him in valour and
+success," they complained.[21]  The Prince himself wrote cheerfully to
+Arlington, though, as his letter confesses, he was again on the
+sick-list.  "My greatest joy is to have ben so happie as to have bin a
+small instrument in this last encounter, to chastise so high an
+insolency as that of the Dutch.  I hope, with his Majesty's good
+liking, to continue so, till they be brought to their duty; which work
+will be very easy if we linger not out the time, for which this place
+is not unfitt and will give a thousand excuses for delays.  What this
+day will be resolved on in the Council I know not, being laid by the
+leg, by a small mistake of the Surgeon, of which I shall not trouble
+you.  This {310} is writt abed, as you may see by the ill caracter,
+which I desire you not to take ill."[22]
+
+Though the Dutch had been defeated with great loss, the war was by no
+means over, and it was necessary to put to sea again, as soon as
+refitting had been accomplished.  This time the Duke of York was
+forced, much against his will, to stay at home.  Charles at the
+instigation of the Queen mother, forbade his brother again to risk his
+life, and offered the joint command of the fleet to Rupert and
+Sandwich.  Rupert was supposed to have a personal aversion to Sandwich,
+which may or may not have been well grounded.[23]  Sandwich's character
+has been variously represented, and, whether justly or not, his honesty
+was certainly suspected.  His own creature, Pepys, a little later
+confided to his diary his concern for his lord in "that cursed business
+of the prizes," and his vehement disapproval of the whole affair.[24]
+On the other hand, both Evelyn and Clarendon esteemed Sandwich highly.
+
+But be the reason what it may, Rupert was averse to sharing the command
+with him, and hesitated to accept it.  A conference with the King at
+Hampton Court at last won him over; he submitted "very cheerfully," and
+forthwith made ready to sail.[25]
+
+Unfortunately Coventry, who disliked Rupert "for no other reason than
+for not esteeming him at the same rate he valued himself," says
+Clarendon, succeeded in persuading the King that the result of such a
+union must be disastrous.  When all was ready, and Rupert's "family" on
+board, the King affectionately informed his cousin that he could not
+dispense with his society that summer.  Rupert, "though wonderfully
+surprised, perplexed, and even broken-hearted," offered no resistance.
+He quietly {311} disembarked his retinue, and returned, "with very much
+trouble," to Court.[26]
+
+Some consolation he may have found in the fact that Sandwich did
+nothing all the summer, and, on his return, fell under a cloud on
+charges of peculation.  Rupert seems to have treated him with great
+kindness, giving him his countenance and support,[27] but the
+sympathies of the Parliament were evidenced by a proposal to vote to
+Rupert a gift of L10,000, and to Sandwich half-a-crown.[28]
+
+His rival being thus disposed of, the command of the fleet was offered
+in 1666 to Rupert, in conjunction with the Duke of Albemarle.  To this
+new colleague Rupert had no objections, and there was, happily, "great
+unanimity and consent between them."  True, Rupert would fain have
+sailed in a separate ship, but, it being represented that this might
+cause confusion in orders, he yielded to the argument.  Albemarle left
+much to Rupert's management, "declaring modestly, upon all occasions,
+that he was no seaman;" and this was doubtless very pleasing to the
+Prince, who loved to rule.  As both Admirals were "men of great
+dexterity and indefatigable industry," the outlook was exceedingly
+favourable.[29]
+
+The sailors welcomed Rupert gladly; and, on February 13, "several
+sea-captains who had served under Prince Rupert, invited him to dinner,
+and spoke cheerfully of going against the Dutch again together."[30]
+On May 25 they sailed from the Nore, with 58 ships and 9 fire-ships.
+Rupert was in excellent spirits and, reported his secretary, went "most
+cheerfully" on the expedition.[31]
+
+Unfortunately the King and his Council committed at the outset a
+strategic blunder for which neither of the Admirals {312} was
+responsible.  It was rumoured that a French fleet was coming from Belle
+Isle, under the Duke of Beaufort, and Rupert was ordered to sail with
+24 ships to intercept it before it could join with the Dutch.  The
+sailors grumbled loudly at this separation.  "Nothing was to be heard
+among the seamen but complaints about the dividing of the fleet, and
+the sending away Prince Rupert."[32]  But orders had to be obeyed, and
+Rupert sailed away, leaving Albemarle with only 56 ships to meet De
+Ruyter's 85.
+
+In the Prince's absence, Albemarle fell in with the Dutch in the Downs,
+and the famous four days' battle began, June 1st.  The wind was with
+Albemarle, but he had only 35 ships well in hand, the rest straggling
+behind.  With great ingenuity he made his attack so that only a portion
+of the Dutch fleet could engage with him, and the fight was continued,
+with immense gallantry and varying fortune, from 9 a.m till 10 p.m.  On
+the second day the English returned in good order, but, though the
+Dutch were crowded and confused, Albemarle was too weak to press his
+advantage.  Each side lost about three ships.  On the third day
+Albemarle held off, hoping for Rupert's arrival.  This did not take
+place till late in the afternoon, and the blame of this long delay was
+due to home authorities.  As soon as firing was heard in the Downs,
+Coventry had signed an order for Rupert's recall, and sent it to
+Arlington, expecting that he would at once despatch it.  But Arlington
+happened to be in bed, and his servants dared not wake him; "a
+tenderness not accostumed to be in the family of a secretary," says
+Clarendon, with just severity.[33]  Consequently Rupert never received
+the order until he himself had heard the noise of battle, and turned
+back to Albemarle's aid, on his own responsibility.  A contrary wind
+delayed him yet longer, and it was 3 p.m on Sunday, June 3, before he
+reached the scene of action, where he was received by {313} the sailors
+with shouts of joy.  In the confusion of joining the fleets, the "Royal
+Prince" ran aground, and was burnt by the Dutch; a misfortune "which
+touched every heart, for she was the best ship ever built, and like a
+castle at sea."[34]  The fight was not resumed until the next morning.
+All order had been lost, and both sides were in confusion.  There was
+two hours' furious firing, and the Dutch centre passed right through
+the English centre, where the fight was very hot.  Finally the
+exhausted Dutch suffered the English to draw away, and Albemarle,
+rallying his scattered fleet, beat an honourable retreat.[35]
+
+Rupert's arrival had not turned defeat into victory, but it had saved
+Albemarle from imminent disaster.  The losses of the English had been
+extremely heavy, but those of the Dutch had been also severe, and all
+the moral prestige belonged to the English, who had sustained the fight
+against great odds, with extraordinary gallantry.  The credit was due,
+in a great measure, to the skill and valour of the admirals, but not a
+little, also, to the good discipline and seamanship of the men and
+officers.  Dryden who celebrated the event in a long poem, while giving
+the admirals their due, did not forget the rest.
+
+  "Thousands there were, in darker fame shall dwell,
+  "Whose deeds some nobler poem shall adorn,
+  "But, though to me unknown, they sure fought well,
+  "Whom Rupert led, and who were British born."[36]
+
+
+As before, Rupert's admirers thought that "the good prince" had not
+received his due in the official reports of the action.  His secretary,
+James Hayes, wrote to Arlington's secretary to expostulate.  "Give me
+leave to suggest that, {314} since in the Dutch gazette those lying
+words speak dishonourably of the Prince, it will offer an occasion of a
+word or two in yours, more to his merit; in whom I did indeed discover
+so extraordinary courage, conduct and presence of mind in the midst of
+all the showers of cannon bullet, that higher I think cannot be
+imagined of any man that ever fought.  I observed him with astonishment
+all that day."[37]  This letter produced the following note, added to
+the official gazette: "The writer of this letter could not think fit to
+mingle in his relations any expressions of His Royal Highness's
+personal behaviour, because it was prepared for his own sight.  But it
+is most certain that never any Prince, or it may be truly said, any
+private person, was, in an action of war, exposed to more danger from
+the beginning to the end of it.  His conduct and presence of mind
+equalling his fearless courage, and carrying him to change his ship
+three times, setting up his Royal standard in each of them, to animate
+his own men and brave the enemy."[38]  For this tribute Hayes returned
+grateful thanks.  "You have done right to a brave Prince, whose worth
+will endure praise, though I find his ears are too modest to hear his
+own."[39]
+
+Rupert was far more engaged with his smouldering wrath against the
+Commissioners of the Navy, than in considering what the gazette did, or
+did not say of himself.  A month earlier he had written to the King
+that "unless some course" were taken with the victualler--viz.
+Pepys--the whole fleet would be ruined.[40]  Now, when the fleet came
+in to refit, the first thing he did on meeting the King, was to
+reiterate his complaints.  "Which," wrote Pepys, "I am troubled at, and
+do fear may in violence break out upon this office some time or other,
+and we shall {315} not be able to carry on the business."[41]  But
+Rupert's time on shore was short, and the storm was deferred.
+
+By July 22 the fleet was again at sea.  Severely as it had suffered,
+the refitting had been conducted with remarkable celerity, and the King
+and the Duke of York themselves showed such an active interest in the
+preparations, that Rupert swore that they were the best officers in the
+navy.  The fleet went out "in very good heart," Rupert's ship boasting
+"a dancing-master and two men who feign themselves mad and make very
+good sport to a bag-pipe."[42] Unluckily, the very day after putting to
+sea, came a violent thunderstorm, which damaged the ships so severely
+that the Prince declared himself more afraid of the weather than of the
+enemy.
+
+On July 25 they fell in with the Dutch fleet, commanded by Tromp and De
+Ruyter, off the North Foreland.  The Dutch line was uneven, the van and
+centre crowded; the English line presented a remarkable regularity.
+The fight began at 10 a.m., and Tromp immediately engaged the English
+rear, carried it away with him, out of sight, and was eventually
+shattered by it.  This independent action on the part of his
+subordinate, greatly embarrassed De Ruyter.  His van was speedily
+over-matched, and at 4 p.m. his centre gave way.  At night the English
+renewed the attack in a desultory fashion, and Rupert appears to have
+run some danger, for he afterwards promoted a gunner who had saved his
+life at the risk of his own.[43]
+
+On the day following, the Prince added insult to injury by sending his
+little yacht "Fan-Fan," which had been built the week before, to attack
+De Ruyter.  Rowing under the great ship, the little vessel plied her
+valiantly with her two small guns.  This game continued for an hour, to
+the intense amusement of the English, and the indignation of {316} the
+Dutch, who could not bring their guns to bear on the yacht, by reason
+of her nearness to them.  At last they contrived to hit her, and she
+was forced to retreat to the protection of her own fleet.[44]  De
+Ruyter then effected a masterly retreat, his enemies fearing to follow
+on account of his proximity to his own shores.
+
+The English had won a brilliant victory with very little loss--only one
+ship and two or three fire-ships at most.  Of the Dutch fleet at least
+twenty ships had perished, and it was quite unable to renew the fight.
+The coast of Holland was now exposed to a triumphant enemy, and a
+renegade Dutchman, Laurens van Heemskerk, offered to guide the English
+to the islands of Vlieland and Ter Schelling, where lay many merchant
+vessels and all kinds of stores.  The enterprise was entrusted to
+Robert Holmes, with orders to destroy all that he found, and to carry
+away no booty.  In the harbour he discovered 170 merchant-men and two
+men-of-war, and he did his work so thoroughly that the affair was
+called in England, "Sir Robert Holmes, his Bonfire.[45]
+
+Van Heemskerk afterwards fell into great poverty in England, and was
+evicted from his house for non-payment of rent; upon which he
+petitioned the King for some reward for his services, stating that, but
+for the great goodness of Prince Rupert, his wife and children must
+inevitably have starved.[46]
+
+During August the fleet lingered about Sole Bay, hoping that wrath for
+the burning of their harbour would bring the Dutch out again.  But
+Rupert laid Albemarle a bet of "five pieces" that they would not come,
+and won his money.[47]  The sailors, inspired by their late success,
+were anxious for further action, and would fain have attacked {317} the
+East India fleet at Bergen; but want of provisions held the commanders
+back.  Rupert wrote furiously to the King that his men were all sick
+for want of food; the beer was bad, each barrel was short of the proper
+quantity, and all his remonstrances only produced from Pepys accounts
+of things already sent.[48]  Fearing the weather, he came into the
+Downs, and there took a French vessel.  The French Vice-Admiral on
+board at once demanded to be taken to Rupert, whom he knew.  The Prince
+treated him "as a gallant person ought to be," and restored to him all
+his personal possessions.[49]  On board the same vessel was found the
+engineer, La Roche, with whom Arthur Trevor had battled in earlier days
+at Oxford.  Rupert had, however, pardoned, or forgotten, his contumacy,
+and released him in consideration of the services he had formerly
+rendered in England.[50]  Finally, on October 2nd, the fleet anchored
+in the Thames, and immediately afterwards burst the storm which Pepys
+had long expected.
+
+It is indisputable, even on Pepys' own showing, that peculation,
+bribery, and corruption were the causes of the neglect from which the
+fleet had suffered.  The Naval Commissioners, in order to make their
+own profit, cheated and starved the sailors; they falsified the
+quantities of food that they sent, and what they delivered was bad.
+Rupert had just cause for his wrath, and he did not hesitate to express
+it.  Five days after the return of the fleet, Pepys and his colleagues
+were called upon to answer for their conduct.  They endeavoured very
+ingeniously to defend themselves by transferring the blame to the
+Prince.  Thus Pepys describes the interview.  "Anon we were called into
+the green room, where were the King, Duke of York, Prince Rupert, Lord
+Chancellor, Lord Treasurer, Duke of Albemarle, {318} and Sirs G.
+Carteret, W. Coventry, Morrice.  Nobody beginning, I did, and made, as
+I thought, a good speech, laying open the ill state of the Navy, by the
+greatness of the debt, greatness of the work to do against next year,
+the time and materials it would take, and our own incapacity through a
+total want of money.  I had no sooner done, but Prince Rupert rose up
+in a great heat, and told the King that, whatever the gentleman said,
+he had brought home his fleet in as good a condition as ever any fleet
+was brought home; that twenty boats would be as many as the fleet would
+want, and that all the anchors and cables left in the storm might be
+taken up again...  I therefore did only answer that I was sorry for His
+Highness's offence, but what I said was the report I had received.  He
+muttered and repeated what he had said, and, after a long silence, no
+one, not so much as the Duke of Albemarle, seconding the Prince, we
+withdrew.  I was not a little troubled at this passage, and the more,
+when speaking with Jack Fenn about it, he told me that the Prince will
+now be asking who this Pepys is, and will find him to be a creature of
+My lord Sandwich, and that this was therefore done only to disparage
+him."[51]
+
+In consequence of this dispute, Batten was sent down to view the fleet.
+He had been Rupert's enemy of old, and he now made a very unfavourable
+report, which he intended to present to the Duke of York.  To this end
+he obtained an audience, but great was his dismay when he found Rupert
+in the company of his cousin.  "It was pretty to see," says Pepys, with
+malicious glee, "how, when he found the Prince there, he did not speak
+out one word, though the meeting was of his asking, and for nothing
+else.  And when I asked him, he told me that he knew the Prince too
+well to anger him, and that he was afraid to do it."[52]
+
+{319}
+
+But the King showed himself apathetic in this matter; it was doubtless
+true that the Commissioners lacked funds, and the charges against them
+were not, just then, further pressed.  Probably the plague and the
+great fire of London threw all other affairs temporarily into the
+shade.  The Prince was with the fleet when informed of the great fire,
+and is said to have merely remarked that, "Now Shipton's prophecy was
+out,"[53]--the burning of London having been one of the events foretold
+by the reputed prophetess, Mother Shipton.  Evidently Rupert had ceased
+to be surprised, whatever might happen.
+
+In January 1667 he was again very ill.  The old wound in his head broke
+out afresh, and his life was despaired of; but in February he consented
+to an operation, which gave him some relief and enabled him to sleep.
+A second operation brought him fairly to convalescence, and after this
+he "diverted himself in his workhouse," where, amongst other curious
+things, he made instruments with which the surgeons were able to dress
+his wound quickly and easily.[54] Owing partly to this illness and
+partly to the King's poverty and home policy, the fleet was neglected
+throughout the whole year--only two small squadrons were fitted out;
+and in May, the Dutch took an ample revenge by entering the Medway, and
+burning the country near Felixstowe.
+
+Rupert had, before this, urged the fortification of Harwich and
+Sheerness; and the King, now roused from his nonchalance, sent him to
+superintend the fortification of these and other places, which would
+secure the Medway from invasion,--and the Prince also had command of
+all the troops quartered in these places.[55]  With his usual care for
+his subordinates, he demanded the deferred pay of his captains, and
+attended a Council meeting in order to press the {320} matter.[56]  The
+empty condition of the treasury occasioned a quarrel with Arlington,
+and the report ran that Rupert had, in Council, dealt Arlington a box
+on the ear, which had knocked off his hat and wig.[57]  This was an
+exaggeration, but Rupert was always on bad terms with the cabal of
+which Arlington was a member.  The known integrity of the Prince made
+him very popular with the nation at large, and he was requested by
+Parliament to draw up a report on the causes of the late naval
+disasters.  Few things could have pleased him better than such an
+opportunity of airing his grievances.  He drew up a long narrative,
+beginning with the separation of the fleet in June 1666, and going on
+to the "horrible neglects" of the overseers, workmen, and above all,
+the victuallers of the navy.  "The next miscarriage I shall mention was
+the intolerable neglect in supplying provisions during the whole summer
+expedition, notwithstanding the extraordinary and frequent importunity
+of our letters...  I remember also we did then complain that great
+quantities of wood-bound casks were staved, and much of the provisions
+proved defective; also that the gauge of the beer barrels was 20
+gallons in a butt short of what it ought to be, and the bills of credit
+came with the pursers of the fleet, instead of provisions.  This want
+of provisions did manifestly tend to the extraordinary prejudice of his
+Majesty's service in that whole summer, but most especially after the
+victory obtained in July fight, when we had carried the fleet on the
+enemy's coast, and lay there, before the Vlie Island, in the way of all
+their merchant ships.  We were enforced, merely for want of provisions,
+to quit out to Sole Bay."[58]  The Parliament, upon receipt of this
+report, appointed a committee to inquire into the neglect mentioned,
+and voted thanks to Rupert and Albemarle for their conduct of the war.
+
+{321}
+
+The manning of the fleet caused nearly as much discussion as did the
+victualling, and about this period Rupert and James of York were by no
+means of one mind concerning it.  Rupert dismissed James's men as
+cowards, and James rejected Rupert's "stout men" as drunkards.  "If
+they will turn out every man that will be drunk, they must turn out all
+the commanders in the fleet," cried the exasperated Prince.  "What is
+the matter if a man be drunk, so, when he comes to fight, he do his
+work?"[59] But the dispute ran high; James declared he "knew not how"
+Colonel Legge's son had been made a captain after a single voyage, and,
+though he liked Colonel Legge well, he insisted that the boy must serve
+a longer apprenticeship.  "I will ask the King to let me be that I
+am--Admiral!" he declared wrathfully, when Rupert combated his
+decisions.[60] The King listened to all these disputes with his usual
+lazy good nature.  "If you intend to man the fleet without being
+cheated by the captains and pursers, you may go to bed and never have
+it manned at all," he said.[61]  But James had his way in so far that
+Sir William Penn was appointed to command the summer fleet, in spite of
+Rupert's aversion to him.  "I do pity Sir William Penn," quoth Pepys,
+naively.[62]
+
+Owing to the representations of Rupert "and other mad, silly people,"
+as Pepys phrased it,[63] no large fleet was fitted out in 1668; and, so
+far as the navy was concerned, no events occurred until 1672, when the
+second Dutch war broke out.
+
+This war was as unpopular as the first had been popular.  In the
+interval between them Charles II had made the secret Treaty of Dover
+with Louis XIV, and he now {322} entered into this war solely to assist
+Louis' ambition.  Therefore instead of the English opposing the Dutch
+and French, as formerly, the French and English were now allied against
+the Dutch.  Rupert and Ormonde vigorously opposed the declaration of
+war, and perhaps it was on account of his dislike to the whole business
+that the Prince remained at home, while the Duke of York took command
+of the fleet.  Nevertheless Rupert was put in command of all naval
+affairs on shore, and he resolved that the fleet should not suffer as
+it had before done, for the want of all necessary supplies.
+
+His first act in his new capacity was to summon Pepys, and his
+colleagues to give an exact list of the fleet, the station and
+condition of each ship, and an account, "particular, not general," of
+all their stores, great and small.[64] He diligently superintended the
+fortification of the coast, inspected the regiments there stationed,
+and kept a watchful eye on the necessities of the fleet.  But, in spite
+of this efficient assistance on shore, James accomplished nothing of
+moment, and the battle of Southwold Bay, fought May 28, left the
+honours to the Dutch, though both sides claimed the victory.
+
+Before the next campaign, the Test Act had been passed, by which Roman
+Catholics were prevented from holding any office under the Crown.  This
+forced the Duke of York to resign his command of the fleet, and Rupert
+was appointed to take his place.
+
+Rupert's position was a difficult one.  He detested the secret policy
+of Charles, and consequently the French, who were his allies.  With the
+Cabal, as the home Ministry was then called, he was also at enmity.
+The Ministers, therefore, in order to make him as inefficient as
+possible, manned the fleet with adherents of the Duke of York, who were
+told--though falsely--that detracting from the Prince {323} would
+please the Duke.  Therefore "they crossed him in all that they could,
+and complained of all that he did."  In short, Rupert had to contend
+with intrigues at home, limitation of his proper powers, want of men,
+ammunition and provisions, the deceit of the Naval Commissioners,
+insubordination among his officers, and defection of his allies.[65]
+
+As his second in command, he begged to have Holmes, with whom his
+connection had been so long and intimate.  Thanks to the favour of both
+Rupert and the Duke of York, Holmes had risen high in the navy, and was
+now an Admiral, and Governor of Sandown Castle, in the Isle of Wight.
+His promotion seems to have excited some jealousy, and Marvell
+described him bitterly, as "First an Irish livery boy, then a
+highwayman, (a pirate would be nearer the mark,) now Bashaw of the Isle
+of Wight, the cursed beginner of the two Dutch wars."[66]  The last
+sentence alludes to Holmes's exploits in Africa in 1664, and his attack
+on the Smyrna fleet in 1672, which were the immediate causes of the
+wars of 1665 and 1672 respectively.  But in both cases Holmes only
+obeyed orders for which he was not responsible.  Pepys hinted darkly,
+concerning him, that "a cat will be a cat still,"[67] but then Pepys
+had private reasons for disliking him.  He was a good soldier, and an
+experienced sailor, and the Cabal Ministry had no better reason for
+refusing to let him go with Rupert than the fact that he was the
+Prince's friend.  Instead of Holmes they forced Rupert to take Sir
+Edward Spragge, with whom he was not, then, on good terms.[68]
+
+The long delay in setting out the fleet tempted the Dutch to repeat
+their descent upon the Medway, and this {324} they would undoubtedly
+have done, but for the personal energy of the Prince.  Collecting
+together a few ships, he "made a demonstration", and sailed through the
+Channel, to the great surprise of the Dutch, who immediately
+retired.[69]
+
+By May 20th the English fleet was ready to sail, and it was at once
+joined by the French, under Admiral D'Estrees.  About a week later they
+fell in with the Dutch off Schoneveldt.  Rupert sent a few vessels
+forward to draw out the enemy from their harbour, but De Ruyter came
+upon them so unexpectedly that they crowded back in confusion, each
+falling to the squadron nearest to her.  The place was narrow, the wind
+for the Dutch, and some of the officers advised retreat.  "But," said
+the English proudly," our Admiral never knew what it was to go
+back,"[70] and Rupert insisted on fighting then and there.  When De
+Ruyter attacked, the line of the allies was not ready, and the result
+was an indecisive battle, attended with great loss of life.[71]  In his
+official report, the Prince acknowledged that all had done their
+best:--"All the officers and seamen generally behaved themselves very
+well, of which I shall send the particulars when I am better informed;
+in my squadron, more especially Captain Legge, Sir John Holmes, Captain
+Welwang, Sir Roger Strickland and Sir William Reeves.  Sir Edward
+Spragge also, on his side, maintained the fight with so much courage
+and resolution, and their whole body gave way to such a degree, that,
+had it not been for fear of the shoals, we had driven them into their
+harbours.  The case being thus, I judged it fit to stand off a little,
+and anchor where now I ride.  I hope his Majesty will be satisfied,
+that, considering the place we engaged in, and the shoals, there was as
+much done as could be expected; and thus I leave it to His Majesty's
+{325} favourable construction, to whom I wish many happy years to come,
+this being his birthday."[72]
+
+The Dutch were at home, and it was easy for them to refit, but the
+situation of the allies was more critical.  Rupert made what
+preparations he could, and sat up the whole night of June 3rd,
+expecting an attack.  But the carelessness of Spragge nullified this
+vigilance.  Early on the morning of July 4th, Spragge came on board the
+Admiral.  Rupert "said little", but told him to prepare for battle.
+Nevertheless he delayed his departure so long that De Ruyter came out
+before he had reached his own ship, and the whole of the Blue Squadron
+had to await his return.[73]  The Red and White Squadrons weighed
+anchor very quickly; Rupert, in his impatience cut his cable, and some
+others followed his example.
+
+But this second battle was as indecisive as the first.  D'Estrees
+permitted the Dutch Admiral Banckert to hold him in check, and gave no
+effective aid.  Rupert engaged with De Ruyter and "performed wonders,"
+though his ship took in so much water that he was unable to use his
+lower tier of guns.  Spragge opposed himself to Tromp.  The loss of men
+was about equal on both sides, and no ships were lost at all.  The
+allies pursued the Dutch from 10 p.m. to 6 a.m.; but they had gained no
+serious advantage, and were obliged to turn home to refit.[74]
+
+Rupert came home in an exceedingly bad temper.  "There goes a story
+about town that the Prince, at his first coming, when the Commissioners
+of the Navy came to wait upon him, fell into such a passion against
+them that he had like to have made use of his cane upon some of them.
+Certain it is that he is very angry with them for not having taken care
+to supply the fleet with {326} necessaries,"[75] says one letter.
+Another, dated June 13, shows that the King too came in for a share of
+his cousin's indignation: "The Prince, they say, storms exceedingly at
+the want of provision they had, and declares he shall never thrive at
+sea till some are hanged at land.  The King said merrily, the day
+before he went to see him, that he must expect a chiding, but he had
+sweetened him by letter all he could."[76] Rupert, however, refused
+absolutely to return to the fleet, unless he were given a new
+Commission, freed from all vexatious restrictions.  This was
+accordingly done, and July 9th, he was made General on sea and land,
+with power to make truce and grant articles; and he held the post of
+First Lord of the Admiralty from this date till May 1679.
+
+It was now proposed to throw a land force into Holland, and the command
+of the army was given to Schomberg, a German soldier of fortune.
+Unluckily, while the ships were refitting at Portsmouth, Schomberg
+irrevocably offended his chief, by ordering the "Greyhound" frigate to
+carry a flag on her main-top.  This order he gave that she might be the
+more easily distinguishable, but she had in reality no right to carry
+any such colours, and Rupert, when he beheld her coming through the
+fleet, was transfixed with amazement.  His peremptory orders for the
+hauling down of the flag being disregarded, he fired on it; whereupon
+it was taken down, and the Captain came on board the Admiral to explain
+that he had acted by Schomberg's direction.  Rupert arrested him for
+insolent language, but soon pardoned and released him.  Schomberg he
+would not forgive, and in revenge, as that General declared, he ordered
+him and his forces to Yarmouth, where they lay idle all the summer.
+The feud raged for some {327} time, and Schomberg sent on a challenge
+to Rupert, but the duel was prevented by the King.[77]
+
+A quarrel was also reported to have occurred between Rupert and the
+Duke of York, in which swords had been drawn, the Duke calling the
+Prince "Coward," and the Prince retorting with the epithet of
+"Traitor."[78]  Another rumour, probably better grounded, was that
+D'Estrees would not sail with Rupert, and had refused to furl his
+flag[79] when the Prince came on board him.  This was mere gossip, but
+it had a foundation, for the two Admirals were on very bad terms--a
+fact which increased Rupert's popularity at home, for the French were
+detested of the people, and the Prince was now "the only hero in their
+thoughts."[80]
+
+At the beginning of August the allies put to sea, and on the 11th they
+met the Dutch off the Texel.  The French were in the van, Rupert
+commanded the centre, Spragge the rear.  The three squadrons engaged,
+as before, with Banckert, De Ruyter, and Tromp respectively.  Rupert
+drew off, trying to lead De Ruyter from the coast.  Spragge
+deliberately waited for Tromp, whom he had promised the King to take
+dead or alive, and, in the fierce personal contest that followed, lost
+his own life.  D'Estrees simply allowed Banckert to run right through
+his squadron, and held off from the fight.  Banckert was thus left free
+to join De Ruyter against Rupert, who, completely deserted by his van
+and rear, had to contend against fearful odds.[81]
+
+"Does your Highness see the French yonder?" asked Captain Howard,
+standing at his side.
+
+"Ay--Zounds, do I!" cried Rupert passionately.[82]  The Dutch also
+noted D'Estrees' treacherous conduct.  "The {328} French have hired the
+English to fight for them, and have come to see them earn their
+wages,"[83] was the saying passed amongst them.  But one gallant
+Frenchman, at least, blushed for his countrymen.  The Vice-Admiral, De
+Martel, putting himself into Rupert's squadron, fought valiantly at his
+side; on which, it was said, in bitter jest, that D'Estrees threatened
+to hang him "for venturing the King's ship."[84]  Finally Rupert
+extricated himself and ran down to the rear, De Ruyter withdrawing
+about 7 p.m.  The result of the battle was a victory for the Dutch, who
+thus opened their blockaded ports, and saved their coast from a second
+assault.
+
+Possibly the French doubted the good faith of the English, and
+therefore acted thus strangely; but, be the motive for their conduct
+what it may, feeling ran high against them.  Rupert, with difficulty
+prevented his own sailors from insulting D'Estrees when he came on
+board his ship,[85] and in England men spoke only of the French
+traitors.
+
+Rupert's return was eagerly desired, and it was reported that he came
+back "very angry and raging and to do some extraordinary thing."  He
+was in the zenith of his popularity, and was received "with the
+greatest dearness possible," both by King and people.[86]  But it was
+no part of the King's policy to quarrel with the French, and he tried
+to smooth over the affair, saying that it was not foul play, but "a
+great miscarriage."[87]  Rupert, however, would not hold his tongue,
+and wherever he went, he fiercely blamed D'Estrees, even stating
+plainly to the French Ambassador, his opinion of his countryman's
+conduct.[88] At the same time he was so scrupulously exact in his {329}
+assertions that he would not publish his narrative of the battle, until
+he could find out what had been the exact way of the wind when he was
+off Camperdown.[89]
+
+D'Estrees retorted with the declaration that Rupert, owing to his
+aversion to the war, had not pushed the first battle so far as he could
+have done.[90]  But, said a contemporary, "it is as impossible to make
+any Englishman suspect the Prince's courage, as to persuade him that
+the French have any, at sea."[91]  De Martel boldly seconded Rupert,
+and wrote to his own government: "If Count D'Estrees would have fallen
+with a fair wind upon De Ruyter and Banckert at their first engaging,
+when in numbers they much exceeded the Prince, they must, of necessity
+have been enclosed between His Highness and Count D'Estrees; and so the
+enemy would have been entirely defeated."[92]  For this unwelcome
+candour he was sent to the Bastille, upon which Rupert swore furiously
+that Charles ought to defend him, by force of arms if necessary.[93]
+And the more the Prince raged and stormed, so much the more was he
+adored by the people, who admired him "to such a degree," said a
+cynical observer, "that it would be impossible for him to do anything
+amiss, so long as he opposes the French, or as they think he does."[94]
+
+Ever since the Restoration he had been exceedingly popular, and as
+early as 1666 there had been rumours of an abortive plot to place him
+on the throne.  The statement of the witness who revealed it, is as
+follows: "William Hopkins doth depose that he heard Edward Dolphin of
+Camphill, near Birmingham, say these words, or to that purpose, viz.:
+'The Papists should be uppermost for a time...' {330} and said he could
+tell me more, for he cared not if he were hanged so he could serve the
+country.  Then, speaking low, he said, (as I suppose,) 'The King and
+the Duke of York are Papists, and the King hath been at Mass
+underground within this week or fortnight, and I can prove it.'  And
+when I contradicted him, he said the King's wife was a Papist, and that
+a royal G. should rule over us.  And when I demanded if he meant not
+George Monck, he replied it was Prince Rupert he meant.  Then I said he
+was no G., so he answered G. stood for a German, and Prince Rupert was
+a German Prince, and declared he meant Prince Rupert should be above
+the King, and said all should be willing to it, and venture lives and
+fortunes to vindicate the cause of the said Prince Rupert."[95]  The
+whole plot probably existed only in the ravings of a lunatic, but
+insignificant though it is in itself, it is an indication of the
+country's feeling.
+
+That Rupert would have listened for a moment to any disloyal scheme is,
+of course, incredible.  Indeed the only time, after the Restoration,
+that he played any part in politics was in this year of 1673, when he
+was forced into the position of popular leader, and carried away by his
+wrath against the French.  Feeling against "Popery" was, just then,
+keen, the nation having been stirred by the Duke of York's open
+adhesion to the Roman Church, and his marriage with a Roman bride,
+believed by the ignorant, to be the Pope's own granddaughter.  "What
+will the Prince say?" was the popular cry, on all occasions;[96] and
+the position contrasts oddly with the attitude of the populace towards
+Rupert in the Civil War.  Then he was "atheistical, popish, heathenish,
+tyrannical, bloodthirsty;" now the country turned to him as a true
+patriot, the staunch upholder of the Anglican Church, the defender of
+the rights of Parliament.
+
+Shaftesbury, the prime mover of all the agitation against {331} James,
+hastened to ally himself with the Prince, and together they formed an
+anti-French party, which stirred up the Commons against the French
+alliance.  "Prince Rupert and he are observed to converse much
+together, and are very great, and indeed I see His Highness's coach
+often at the door.  They are looked to be the great Parliament men and
+for the interests of old England."[97]
+
+The result of all this was, naturally, a coolness between Rupert and
+the King, but it was not of long duration.  The Prince was really too
+loyal to suffer his connection with the country party to carry him to
+any great lengths, and it soon ceased altogether.[98]  In the
+iniquitous Popish Plot he had no share, nor would he countenance the
+attempts to exclude James from the succession in favour of Monmouth.
+True he lent Monmouth his house at Rhenen, when that unsuccessful
+schemer had been forced to retire abroad, but the loan was entirely a
+private matter, and quite apart from politics.[99]  Rupert had no
+liking for intrigues, and he held himself equally aloof from those of
+Shaftesbury, and those of the Cabal.  To the members of the Cabal he
+was always hostile, which, says Campbell, was no wonder, seeing that
+they were "persons of the utmost art," and the Prince was "one of the
+plainest men that could be."[100]  Yet, in spite of his objections to
+the King's ministers, Rupert always retained the King's friendship,
+steering his way amongst factions and intrigues so tactfully, and yet
+so honestly, that he was beloved and respected by all parties.[101]
+
+
+
+[1] Campbell's Admirals, II.  p. 242.
+
+[2] Pepys Diary, 4 June, 1664.
+
+[3] Pepys Diary, Sept. 3, 1664.
+
+[4] Ibid.  Sept. 5, 1664.
+
+[5] D. S. P.  Sept. 13, 1664.
+
+[6] Dom. State Papers, Sept. 23, 1664.
+
+[7] Ibid.  Oct. 8, 15, 24, 1664.
+
+[8] Domestic State Papers.  Oct. 8 1664.  Chas. II.  103.  f. 27.
+
+[9] Dom. State Papers.  Chas II.  103.  f. 40.
+
+[10] Ibid.  Oct. 11, 1664.  Chas. II.  Vol. 103.  f. 153.
+
+[11] Hatton Correspondence, Vol. I.  p. 37.  Camd. Soc.  New series.
+Lyttleton to Hatton, Oct. 19, 1664.
+
+[12] Bromley Letters, 283-284.  27 Oct. 1664.
+
+[13] Domestic State Papers.  Rupert to King, Nov. 6, 1664.  Chas. II.
+104. 42.
+
+[14] Hatton Correspondence, Vol. I.  p. 44.  10 Dec. 1664.
+
+[15] Pepys.  15 Jan. 1665.
+
+[16] Mahan's Sea Power, p. 107.
+
+[17] Dom. State Papers.  Hickes to Winson, June 10, 1665.
+
+[18] See Clowes' Royal Navy, II.  pp. 256-266.  Campbell, II.  93-98.
+
+[19] Burnet Hist. of his own Times, ed. 1838.  p. 148 and _note_.
+Campbell, II.  pp. 99-100.  Clowes, II.  265.  Pepys Diary, 20 Oct.
+1666.
+
+[20] Pepys, 6 Nov. 1665.
+
+[21] Dom. State Papers, June 10, 1665.
+
+[22] Dom. State Papers, Chas. II.  124, 46.  Rupert to Arlington, June
+13, 1665.
+
+[23] Ibid.  2 July, 1665.
+
+[24] Pepys.  11 Oct., 31 Sept 1665, 12 Jan. 1666, 23 Oct. 1667.
+
+[25] Clarendon Life, II.  402.
+
+[26] Clarendon Life, II.  403.
+
+[27] Pepys.  25 Oct. 1665.
+
+[28] Ibid.  6 Nov. 1665.
+
+[29] Clarendon's Life, III.  69.
+
+[30] Dom. State Papers, Feb. 16, 1666.
+
+[31] Ibid.  May 27, 1666.
+
+[32] Dom. State Papers, Clifford to Arlington, June 6, 1666.
+
+[33] Clarendon's Life, III.  72.
+
+[34] Dom. State Papers, Clifford to Arlington, June 6, 1666.
+
+[35] Campbell.  Vol. II.  107-111.  Mahan's Influence of Sea Power on
+History, 118-126.  Clowes' Royal Navy, II.  267-278.
+
+[36] Dryden, Annus Mirabilis.  1666.
+
+[37] Dom. State Papers.  Chas. II.  159.  f. 3.  Hayes, 15 June, 1666.
+
+[38] Ibid.  Vol.  159.  3 (1).
+
+[39] Ibid.  159.  55.  Hayes, June 21, 1666.
+
+[40] Ibid.  Chas.  II.  156.  100.  22 May, 1666.
+
+[41] Pepys.  June 20, 1666.
+
+[42] Dom. State Papers, Clifford to Arlington, July 5, 1666.
+
+[43] Ibid.  Geo. Hillson, Gunner of Ruby, to Pepys, Nov. 30, 1666.
+
+[44] Dom. State Papers.  Clifford to Arlington, July 27, 1666.
+
+[45] Dom. State Papers.  Rupert to King, Aug. 11, 1666.  Clowes, II.
+278-285.  Mahan, 131.  Campbell, 112-117.  Clarendon Life, III.  79.
+
+[46] D. S. P.  1670.  Chas.  II.  281 a 173.
+
+[47] Ibid.  Clifford to Arlington, Aug. 16, 1666.
+
+[48] Dom. State Papers, Rupert to King, Aug. 27, Sept 24, 1666.
+
+[49] Clarendon's Life, III.  83.
+
+[50] Dom. State Papers, 19 Sept  1666, 19 and 20 Oct. 1666.  Chas.  II.
+175.  f. 111, 112.
+
+[51] Pepys, Oct. 7, 1666.
+
+[52] Ibid.  Oct. 10, 1666.
+
+[53] Pepys, 20 Oct. 1666.
+
+[54] Dom. State Papers, Feb. 21, 1667.
+
+[55] Ibid.  June 13, July 6, Nov. 23, 1667.
+
+[56] Dom. State Papers, July 25, 1668.
+
+[57] Ibid.  Sept. 12, 1668.
+
+[58] Prince Rupert's Narrative, see Warb.  III.  p. 480.
+
+[59] Pepys, Jan. 2, 1668.
+
+[60] Pepys, Jan. 28, 1668.
+
+[61] Ibid.  Mar. 18, 1668.
+
+[62] Ibid.  Mar. 20, 1668.
+
+[63] Ibid.  May 28, 1668.  Campbell, II.  121-122.
+
+[64] Dom. State Papers, May 4, 1672.
+
+[65] Campbell, II.  246.  Letters to Williamson, I.  p. 195.
+
+[66] Andrew Marvell.  Seasonable Argument, 1677.  Letters to
+Williamson.  II. 63, _note_.
+
+[67] Pepys, 24 Jan. 1666.
+
+[68] Campbell, II.  149.  Clowes, Vol. II.  309-310.
+
+[69] Campbell, II.  149.  Clowes, II.  310.
+
+[70] Hatton Correspondence, I.  p. 105.  May 20, 1673.
+
+[71] Clowes, II.  311-315.
+
+[72] Campbell, II.  246.  Memoir of Prince Rupert, p. 58.
+
+[73] Hist. MSS. Commission, Rept. 15.  Vol. III.  pp. 9-13.  Journal of
+Sir Edward Spragge, May 1673.  Dartmouth MSS.  Vol. III.
+
+[74] Campbell, II.  151-153.  Clowes, II.  314-315.
+
+[75] Camden. Society.  New Series.  Letters to Sir Joseph Williamson,
+Vol. I.  p. 48.  May 6, 1673.
+
+[76] Ibid.  I.  39, June 13, 1673.
+
+[77] Letters to Williamson, Vol. I.  pp. 121, 124, 145, July 21, Aug.
+4, Aug. 6, 1673.
+
+[78] Hist. MSS. Com.  Rept. 12.  Fleming MSS.  p. 102, 22 July, 1673.
+
+[79] Hatton Correspondence, Vol. I.  p. 106.
+
+[80] Letters to Williamson, I.  p. 63.
+
+[81] Campbell, II.  157-159.  Clowes, II.  316-317.
+
+[82] Letters to Williamson, Vol. I.  p. 174.  Aug. 18, 1673.
+
+[83] Campbell, II.  159.
+
+[84] Letters to Williamson, Vol. II.  p. 9.  Sept. 5, 1673.
+
+[85] Ibid.  Vol. I.  p. 185.
+
+[86] Ibid.  I.  pp. 183, 191.  Aug. 25, 1673.
+
+[87] Ibid.  II.  p. 1.
+
+[88] Ibid.  I.  p. 191.  Aug. 29, 1673.
+
+[89] Letters to Williamson, II.  13.  Sept. 5, 1673.
+
+[90] Clowes, II.  520-322.  Campbell, II.  152.  Hist. MSS. Com.  Rpt.
+12.  Fleming MSS.  p. 103.
+
+[91] Hatton Correspondence, Vol. I.  p. 114.
+
+[92] Ibid.  Vol. II.  p. 1, _note_.
+
+[93] Ibid.  II.  20, Sept. 19, 1673.
+
+[94] Ibid.  I.  p. 194, Aug. 29, 1673.
+
+[95] Dom. State Papers.  Chas. II.  172.  13.
+
+[96] Letters to Williamson, Vol. I.  p. 143, Aug. 4, 1673.
+
+[97] Letters to Williamson, Vol. II.  p. 21, Sept. 19, 1673.
+
+[98] Campbell, II.  p. 47.
+
+[99] Hist. MSS. Com.  Rept. 12.  Fleming MSS.  p. 162.
+
+[100] Campbell, II.  p. 246.
+
+[101] Ibid.  II.  245.  Memoir of Prince Rupert, Preface.
+
+
+
+
+{332}
+
+CHAPTER XIX
+
+RUPERT'S POSITION AT COURT.  HIS CARE FOR DISTRESSED CAVALIERS.  HIS
+INVENTIONS.  LIFE AT WINDSOR.  DEATH
+
+Of Rupert's later life in England, apart from his naval career, there
+is not much to tell.  In the dissolute court of the Restoration there
+was no place for Rupert of the Rhine.  He represented the older
+Cavaliers.  He had stood side by side and fought on many a field with
+the fathers of the men who adorned the Court of Charles II; but with
+the sons, the children of the exiles, he could have no sympathy.  Much
+has been said and written contrasting those fathers and sons, the men
+who died for Charles I, and the men who lived with Charles II.  But no
+contrast is stronger than that of the two Kings themselves,--of the
+grave, dignified, blundering, narrow, but ever earnest martyr-king,
+with the dissolute, easy-going, but always shrewd, merry monarch.
+
+The Cavaliers of the Civil War were, as we have seen, by no means free
+from faults and follies; but the real difference between them and their
+successors lay less in individual character than in ideal.  In the
+first half of the seventeenth century religious feeling had been strong
+in all classes, and the tone of morality high.  Devotion to duty was
+strongly inculcated, and men believed it their duty to sacrifice
+themselves for their King, or for their opinions as the case might be.
+That most of the Cavaliers were willing to offer their sacrifices in
+their own way only, and that many were desirous of gaining rewards for
+their services may be granted; but the fact remains that they did {333}
+sacrifice themselves, and clung loyally to their Sovereign when all
+hope of reward was passed.
+
+In 1660 the ideal of life was changed, or rather all ideal had
+perished, and the Courtiers imitated their master in his attempt to
+lounge through life with as much pleasure and as little inconvenience
+to themselves as possible.  The relaxation of all moral restraint was
+due, in a great measure, to the inevitable reaction from Puritan
+rigidity and hypocrisy; but it was due still more to the years of
+exile, during which the Royalists had been "strangely tossed about on
+the fickle waves of fortune."[1]  The Civil War had been a check on all
+education; it had released boys from school and students from college
+to throw them, at an early age, into the perils and temptations of a
+camp.  At the same time, it had deprived them of the care and guidance
+of parents and guardians.  Later, these boys, grown men before their
+time, had led a precarious existence on the Continent, living how and
+where they could, and snatching consolation for sorrow and privation in
+such illicit pleasures as came in their way.  This life had ruined
+Charles II, and it is not wonderful that it ruined other men.
+
+Rupert had been young too in those days,--he was only eight years
+Charles's senior, but the precarious life had not affected him in the
+same way.  He had never drifted; it was not in his nature to drift, and
+his own strength and earnestness had kept him ever hard at work, with
+some definite end before him.  Yet it cannot be denied that his
+character had suffered.  The edge of it was, as it were, blunted.  His
+ideals had perished in the stress of toil and anxiety.  His chivalry
+had given place to common-sense.  His hopefulness was gone, and his
+youthful eagerness had been replaced by a coldly sardonic view of life.
+"Blessed are those who expect nothing" was Rupert's motto now.
+
+In all things he had grown coarser, and yet his standard {334} of life
+remained, for those times, high.  He had imbibed in his youth, says an
+admiring contemporary, "such beautiful ideas of virtue that he hath
+ever since esteemed it, notwithstanding the contempt the world hath put
+upon it; nor could he abhor the debaucheries of the age as he doth, had
+not his prejudice against it been of long duration.  Such virtue is not
+formed in a day, and it is to his education that he owes the glory of a
+life so noble and so Christian."[2]  Rupert had in truth too much
+self-respect, it may be too much religion, to sink to the depths to
+which Charles's court was sunk, and he held himself aloof with lofty
+disdain.  "Mon cousin", as the mocking courtiers called him, in
+imitation of the King, was at once the object of their fear and of
+their merriment.  So great was their terror of him that, mock though
+they might behind his back, not one of them dared, as they owned, make
+him the object of open satire, from which the King and the Duke of York
+did not escape.
+
+The royal brothers themselves stood in some awe of their cousin.
+Sandwich told Pepys that he had heard James laugh at Rupert in his
+absence,[3] but in his cousin's presence James usually behaved to him
+with due respect.  As for the King, he confessed, in 1664, that he
+dared not send for Sandwich to Court, lest his coming should offend
+Rupert.[4]  Occasionally there were quarrels and coolnesses between the
+cousins, for Rupert was still sometimes irritable; yet he always
+retained the friendship of both Charles and James.  His position was
+somewhat anomalous, especially after the popular party had raised the
+no-Popery cry and looked to him as their natural head.  Yet he steered
+through that difficult course with satisfaction to all parties, and
+infinite credit to himself.  He showed, says one of his admirers,
+"temperance and moderation in committing {335} nothing towards the
+present differences amongst us, nor adding any fuel to those unhappy
+heats, which he, supposing too high already, endeavoured rather to
+quench than to increase."[5]
+
+He was not infrequently to be found in the King's company,
+notwithstanding his aversion to the court.  In 1663, he accompanied
+Charles on a progress through the western counties.  On the King's
+marriage he went with him to meet the bride at Dover; and, on this
+occasion, he scandalised the Portuguese by his rudeness.  The
+Portuguese Ambassador took precedence of the Prince, whereupon Rupert
+took him by the shoulders and quietly put him out of the way.  The
+King, much shocked, remonstrated with his cousin, and induced him to
+yield place.[6]  In March 1669 Rupert was driving with the King on the
+occasion when the royal coach was upset in Holborn, and, as Pepys said,
+"the King all dirty, but no hurt."[7]  Rupert was also of the party
+that received Henrietta of Orleans on her one brief visit to England in
+1670; he is frequently mentioned as dining with the Royal family; and
+when the Prince of Tuscany visited England incognito, the Queen Mother
+decided that, according to etiquette, his first visit was due to
+Rupert.[8]  Pepys tells how he went to see a tennis-match between
+Rupert and Captain Cook on one side, and May and Chichely on the other.
+The King was present as a spectator, and, says the diarist, "It seems
+they are the best players at tennis in this nation."[9]  A trivial, yet
+characteristic anecdote is told by Coke.  He was walking in the Mall
+with the King, when they were overtaken by Prince Rupert.  "The King
+told the Prince how he had shot a duck, and which dog fetched it, and
+{336} so they walked on, till the King came to St. James's House, and
+there the King said to the Prince: 'Let's go and see Cambridge and
+Kendal!'--the Duke of York's two sons, who then lay a dying."[10]
+
+One of Rupert's principal cares was the relief of the distressed
+Cavaliers, who looked to him as their supporter and representative.
+Charles II has often been blamed for not relieving the wants of so many
+of those who had suffered for his father.  Probably he was callous to
+suffering which he did not directly witness, but it must be confessed
+that his position was a hard one.  He could dispose of very little
+money, and he was much bound to the Presbyterians who had restored him
+to the throne.  His pledges to them prevented him from upsetting much
+of the existing arrangements, and consequently hampered him in the
+relief of the Royalists.  Such of these as were in want turned to
+Rupert, sure of a hearing and of such aid as he could give, whether it
+were in money, or in intercession with the King.  The State papers are
+full of their petitions, which generally refer to Rupert as their
+guarantor; indeed his certificate seems to have been regarded as the
+necessary hall-mark of their authenticity.  In 1660 he came to the
+defence of 142 creditors of the late King;[11] and we find him pleading
+for a certain Cary Heydon, and other people, at the commission for
+indigent officers.[12] One very striking instance of his justice and
+good memory occurred just before his death.  A certain member of
+Parliament, named Speke, had been accused of conspiring for Monmouth
+against the Duke of York, and was summoned before the Council Chamber.
+He defended himself ably, and quoted his former services to Charles I.
+Rupert suddenly stood up, told the King that it was all true, "and
+added one circumstance which Mr. Speke had thought it not {337}
+handsome to mention," namely, that when he, Rupert, had been in great
+want of money for the King's service, Speke had sent him "1,000
+pieces"; and had been so far from asking repayment, that the Prince had
+neither seen nor heard of him from that day to this.  The accusation
+was promptly dismissed; and on the next day Rupert invited Speke to
+dinner, when he "entertained him in the most obliging manner."[13]
+
+In December 1662 Rupert became one of the first Fellows of the Royal
+Society, of which the King was also a member,[14] and their common
+interest in science formed an additional bond of union between the
+cousins.  Rupert had both a forge and a laboratory in which he himself
+worked with great zeal.  The King, with his favourite Buckingham, was
+wont to lounge in and sit on a stool, watching his energetic cousin,
+with keen interest.  Sometimes the Prince would weary of their chatter,
+and he had a short and effectual way of ridding himself of them.  He
+would coolly throw something on to the fire which exhaled such fearful
+fumes that the King and courtiers would rush out half-choked, vowing in
+mock fury that they would never again enter the "alchemist's hell."[15]
+
+Rupert's inventions were many, and were connected chiefly with the
+improvement of weapons and materials of war.  He made an improved lock
+for fire-arms; increased the power of gunpowder ten times; invented a
+kind of revolver; a method of making hail-shot; a means of melting
+black-lead like a metal; a substance composed of copper and zinc, and
+called "Prince's metal" to this day; and a screw which facilitated the
+taking of observations with a quadrant at sea.  In 1671 he took out a
+patent "for converting edge-tools forged in soft iron, after forged;
+and for converting iron wire, and softening all cast or melted iron, so
+that {338} it can be wrought and filed like forged iron."[16]  He also
+had a patent for tincturing copper upon iron,[17] and he built a house
+at Windsor for the carrying on of his works.  Besides his scientific
+works and studies, he had on hand innumerable projects, adventurous and
+commercial.  He was deeply interested in African trade, and was a
+patentee of the Royal African Company, formed for its promotion.  In
+1668 he had conceived a scheme for discovering the north-west passage.
+The idea had been suggested to him by a Canadian, and he forthwith
+demanded of the King a small ship, the "Eagle," which he despatched on
+the quest.[18]  As a result of this, he became first President of the
+Hudson Bay Company, to which the King granted in 1670 the sole right to
+trade in those seas.[19]  In the same year he was appointed to the
+Council of trade and plantations.  During the Dutch wars he fitted out
+four privateers, the "Eagle," the "Hawk," the "Sparrow Hawk," and the
+"Panther."[20]  In 1668 he petitioned, in conjunction with Henry
+Howard, for the sole right to coin farthings, for which he had invented
+a new model.[21]  This petition was regarded with great favour by the
+nation at large, for "every pitiful shopkeeper" coined at his own
+pleasure, and the abuses of the system were many.  The farthings of
+Prince Rupert were "much talked of and desired;"[22] and, in
+consequence of his petition, he was empowered, with Craven and others,
+to examine into the abuses of the Mint.[23]  Later he started a
+project, in partnership with Shaftesbury, for working supposed
+silver-mines in Somersetshire.[24]
+
+{339}
+
+In September 1668 the Prince was made Constable of Windsor, in November
+he was granted the keepership of the Park, and in 1670 he became Lord
+Lieutenant of Berkshire.  From that time he lived much at Windsor, but
+we find him still occasionally employed in the public service.  At the
+request of the Mayor and Aldermen of London he laid the first stone of
+a new pillar of the Exchange.[25]   In 1669 he was on the Committee for
+Foreign Affairs; and in 1670 he was authorised to conclude a commercial
+treaty with the French Minister, Colbert.[26]  In 1671 he was one of
+the commission appointed to consider the settlement of Ireland; and in
+1679 various "odd letters and superscriptions" taken on a suspected
+Frenchman, were handed over for the Prince to decipher.[27]
+
+But after the last naval action of 1673 Rupert retired more and more
+from public life.  The peacefulness of Windsor suited him far better
+than the turmoil of the court, and he devoted himself to the repairing
+and embellishing of the castle, in which he took an "extraordinary
+delight."[28] Evelyn, who visited Windsor in 1670, describes the castle
+as exceedingly "ragged and ruinous," but Rupert had already begun to
+repair the Round Tower, and Evelyn was lost in admiration of the
+Prince's ingenious adornment of his rooms.  The hall and staircase he
+had decorated entirely with trophies of war,--pikes, muskets, pistols,
+bandeliers, holsters, drums, pieces of armour, all new and bright were
+arranged about the walls in festoons, giving a very curious effect.
+From this martial hall Evelyn passed into Rupert's bedroom, and was
+immensely struck with the sudden contrast; for there the walls were
+hung with beautiful tapestry, and with "curious and effeminate
+pictures," all suggestion of war being carefully avoided.  Thus
+successfully had Rupert {340} represented the two sides,--martial and
+artistic,--of his nature.[29]
+
+At this time he devoted himself more closely than ever to his
+scientific and mechanical studies, "not disdaining the most sooty and
+unpleasant labour of the meanest mechanic."[30]  In such harmless and
+intelligent pursuits did he find his pleasures.  He was not a person of
+extravagant tastes, which was fortunate, seeing that his means were not
+large, and that his purse was always open to the needy, so that he had
+no great margin for personal expenditure.  From his trading ventures he
+doubtless derived some profits; and in 1660 he had been assigned a
+pension of L4,000 per annum.  For his naval services he received no
+wages, but occasional sums of money offered as the King's "free
+gift."[31]  As Constable of Windsor he had perquisites, and when he
+chose to live at Whitehall, an allowance of food was given him, at the
+rate of six dishes per meal.[32] But, after his appointment to Windsor,
+he was seldom seen at Whitehall, except when it was necessary to attend
+some State funeral, at which functions he was generally required to
+play the part of chief mourner.
+
+Sometimes his solitude was disturbed by visitors.  In 1670 he
+entertained the young Prince of Orange, who had come to marry his
+cousin, Mary of York.[33]  In May 1671 the Installation of the Garter
+was held at Windsor, when the King of Sweden, represented by Lord
+Carlisle, and introduced by Rupert and James of York, received the
+insignia of the Garter.[34]  At intervals the King paid private visits
+to his cousin; and in February 1677 he came down with the intention of
+spending a week at the castle, but his intention was changed by the
+wild conduct of his retinue.  {341} "On Wednesday night," says a letter
+in the Rutland MSS., "some of the Courtiers fell to their cups and
+drank away all reason.  At last they began to despise art too, and
+broke into Prince Rupert's laboratory, and dashed his stills, and other
+chemical instruments to pieces.  His Majesty went to bed about twelve
+o'clock, but about two or three, one of Henry Killigrew's men was
+stabbed in the company in the next chamber to the King....  The Duke
+ran speedily to His Majesty's bed, drew the curtain, and said: 'Sir,
+will you lie in bed till you have your throat cut?' Whereupon His
+Majesty got up, at three o'clock in the night, and came immediately
+away to Whitehall."[35]
+
+To such visitors the Prince must infinitely have preferred his
+solitude.  He was a lonely man; the last, in a sense, of his
+generation.  Between him and the Courtiers of Charles a great gulf lay.
+Will Legge was dead, and most of his other friends had likewise passed
+before him.  Lord Craven was left, and Ormonde absent in Ireland, but
+they were the last of the old regime.  For companionship Rupert fell
+back on his own "gentlemen," the people of Berkshire, and his dogs.
+His "family" was devoted to him, but it seems to have been somewhat
+troublesome on occasion.  Thus, soon after the Restoration, certain
+members of it caused the Lord Chamberlain to search Albemarle's cellars
+for gunpowder, a proceeding which naturally excited Albemarle's wrath.
+Rupert was so exceedingly annoyed at the occurrence, that he not only
+dismissed the servant in fault, but "offered to fight any one who set
+the design on foot."[36]  Later, we find a petition from a Frenchman,
+complaining of an assault made upon him "by several scoundrels of the
+Prince's stables."[37]
+
+Rupert's love for dogs had not abated with advancing years.  In 1667 he
+lost a favourite greyhound, for which {342} he advertised as
+follows:--"Lost, a light, fallow-coloured greyhound bitch.  She was
+lost on Friday last, about twelve of the clock, and whosoever brings
+her to Prince Rupert's lodgings at the Stone Gallery, Whitehall, they
+shall be well rewarded for their pains."[38]  But at Windsor it was a
+"faithful great black dog" which was his inseparable companion, and
+which accompanied him on the solitary evening rambles which won them
+both the reputation of wizards.  The fact that he was so regarded by
+the country people troubled Rupert not at all, and he referred to it
+with grim amusement in writing to his sister Elizabeth.[39]
+
+"And thus," says one of his gentlemen, "our noble and generous Prince
+spent the remainder of his years in a sweet and sedate repose, free
+from the confused noise and clamour of war, wherewith he had, in his
+younger years, been strangely tossed, like a ship, upon the boisterous
+waves of fickle and inconstant fortune."
+
+The end came in 1682.  For many years Rupert had been quite an
+invalid--"fort maladif", as the Danish Ambassador told the Princess
+Sophie; not only the old wound in his head, but also an injury to his
+leg caused the Prince acute and constant suffering during the last
+years of his life.  He was at his town house in Spring Gardens,
+November 1682, when he was seized with a fever, of which he died in a
+few days.  It was said that his horror of being bled led him to conceal
+the true cause of his suffering until it was too late to remedy it.
+"Yesterday Prince Rupert died," says a letter, dated November 30th.
+"He was not ill above four or five days; an old hurt in his leg, which
+has been some time healed up, broke out again, and put him into an
+intermitting fever.  But he had a pleurisy withal upon him, which he
+concealed, because he would not be let blood until it was too late.  He
+died in great pain."[40] {343} Rupert made his will, November 27th,
+appointing Lord Craven his executor, and guardian of his daughter,
+Ruperta; and not forgetting any of those who had served him faithfully.
+Two days later he died.[41]  His funeral was conducted with all due
+state, Lord Craven acting chief mourner; and the King ordered a waxen
+effigy of the Prince to be placed, as was then the fashion, beside his
+grave.  He lies in the chapel of Henry VII, in Westminster Abbey, but
+his effigy is not one of those that survive to the present day; and the
+verger who points out to us the tombs of George of Denmark and other
+insignificant people, passes by that of Rupert of the Rhine without
+remark.
+
+
+
+[1] Memoir of Prince Rupert, p. 75.
+
+[2] Lansdowne MSS.  817.  fols. 157-168.  British Museum.
+
+[3] Pepys, 23 June, 1665.
+
+[4] Ibid.  14 July, 1664.
+
+[5] Memoir of Prince Rupert, Preface.
+
+[6] Strickland.  Queens of England, VIII.  pp. 303-304.
+
+[7] Pepys, 8 Mar. 1669.
+
+[8] D. S. P.  Feb. 1669.
+
+[9] Pepys, 2 Sept. 1667.
+
+[10] Knight's London, Vol. II.  p. 374.
+
+[11] Dom. State Papers, Nov. 1660.
+
+[12] Ibid.  Nov. 1668.
+
+[13] Warburton, III.  pp. 508-510.
+
+[14] Campbell, II.  244.
+
+[15] Treskow.  Prinz Ruprecht, 210-211.
+
+[16] Dom. State Papers, Apr. 22, 1671.
+
+[17] Ibid.  Nov. 17, 1671.
+
+[18] Ibid.  Feb. 7, 1668.
+
+[19] Campbell, II.  249.
+
+[20] Dom. St. Papers, 3 June, 1667; 3 May, 1672.
+
+[21] D. S. P.  11 Mar. 1668.
+
+[22] D. S. P.  11, 21 Nov. 1669.
+
+[23] D. S. P.  28 Aug. 1668.
+
+[24] Hist. MSS. Com.  Rept. 9.  App. III.  p. 6a.  Sackville MSS.
+
+[25] Hist. MSS. Com.  Rept 12.  Fleming MSS.  p. 54.
+
+[26] D. S. P.  27 Oct. 1670.
+
+[27] Hist. MSS. Com.  Rept. 7.  496a.
+
+[28] Memoir of Prince Rupert.  1683.  p. 75.
+
+[29] Evelyn's Diary, 28 Aug. 1670.  Vol. II.  p. 51.
+
+[30] Memoir.  1683.  p. 73.
+
+[31] D. S. P.  1668.
+
+[32] Ibid.  Aug. 25, 1663,
+
+[33] Hatton Correspondence, I.  p. 59.
+
+[34] D. S. P.  May 29, 1671
+
+[35] Hist. MSS. Com.  Rept. 12.  Rutland MSS.  Vol. II.  p. 38.
+
+[36] Dom. State Papers.  Jan 11, 1661.
+
+[37] Ibid.  Feb. 2, 1665.
+
+[38] Dom. State Papers, 1667.  Chas.  II.  187 f. 207.
+
+[39] Strickland, Elizabeth Stuart.  Queens of Scotland.  Vol. VIII.  p.
+280.
+
+[40] Hatton Correspondence.  II.  p. 20, Nov. 30, 1682.
+
+[41] Wills from Doctor's Commons.  Camden Society, p. 142.
+
+
+
+
+{344}
+
+CHAPTER XX
+
+THE PALATINES ON THE CONTINENT.  RUPERT'S DISPUTES WITH THE ELECTOR.
+THE ELECTOR'S ANXIETY FOR RUPERT'S RETURN.  WANT OF AN HEIR TO THE
+PALATINATE.  FRANCISCA BARD.  RUPERT'S CHILDREN
+
+The oath which Rupert had sworn in 1658, he faithfully kept; never
+again, in spite of changed circumstances, and the earnest entreaties of
+his family, did he set foot in the Palatinate.  Yet he was not quite
+forgotten by his relatives.  The lively and voluminous correspondence
+of Sophie and the Elector, from which we learn much of all family
+affairs, contains many allusions to "mon frere Rupert," in whose
+sayings and doings the brother and sister took a keen interest.
+
+Sophie had been married, October 17th, 1658, to Ernest Augustus of
+Brunswick, one of the Dukes of Hanover, and titular bishop of
+Osnabrueck.  In her new home she was visited by Rupert, Sept. 1660, and
+she wrote of the visit to Charles Louis, as most satisfactory.  "My
+brother Rupert made a great friendship with my Dukes," she said; "they
+agree so very well in their amusements!"[1]  Since Sophie's Dukes were
+devoted to music and to hunting, it may easily be understood that
+Rupert's tastes accorded well with theirs.
+
+Sophie wrote "Dukes" advisedly, for she had practically married, not
+only Ernest Augustus, but his elder brother, George William.  These two
+were even more inseparable {345} than Rupert and Maurice had been, and
+their mutual affection caused considerable annoyance to the unfortunate
+Sophie.  She had been first betrothed to the elder of the two, but
+George William being seized with a panic that marriage would bore him
+horribly, had persuaded his devoted brother Ernest to take the lady off
+his hands.  Sophie acquiesced placidly in the arrangement; she desired
+chiefly to secure a good establishment, and if she had any preference,
+it was for the younger brother.  But she was not allowed to keep her
+husband to herself.  Neither brother could bear the other out of his
+sight; and when constant intercourse with his sister-in-law had roused
+George William's regret for his hasty rejection of her, the position of
+Sophie became exceedingly difficult.  Worse still, her husband was
+possessed with so ardent an admiration for his brother as to fancy that
+everyone else must adore him as he did; and this idea kept him in a
+terror of losing his wife's affections.  As he would endure separation
+from neither wife nor brother there was no remedy, and for months the
+hapless Sophie was led in to dinner by George William, without ever
+daring to raise her eyes to his face.  Luckily for her the strain
+became too much at last, even for Ernest Augustus, and he consented to
+take an eighteen months' tour in Italy with his brother, leaving his
+wife to visit her own relations in peace.[2]
+
+The eldest sister, the learned Elizabeth, had devoted herself, like
+Louise, to a religious life; and became first Coadjutrice, and
+afterwards Abbess of the Lutheran Convent of Hervorden.  In this
+capacity she governed a territory of many miles in circumference, and
+containing a population of seven thousand.  She was recognized as a
+member of the Empire, had a right to send a representative to the Diet,
+and was required to furnish one horseman and six foot soldiers to the
+Imperial army.  Every Saturday she {346} might be seen gravely knitting
+in the courtyard of her castle, while she adjudged the causes brought
+for her decision.  For some reason or other she and her religious views
+were a subject of great mirth to her brothers and sisters.  Rupert
+visited her more than once in 1660 and 1661, but, said Sophie, "Il se
+raille beaucoup de La Signora Grecque."[3] And Sophie herself usually
+alluded to her eldest sister with mild amusement, Charles Louis with
+evident irritation.
+
+Louise seems really to have been the happiest of all the family, and to
+have lived with true contentment in her convent of Maubuisson.  Sophie,
+who had the joy of visiting her there in 1679, wrote to the
+Elector:--"She has not changed.  I find her very happy, for she lives
+in a beautiful place; her garden is large and very pleasant, which is
+one of the things I love best in the world."[4]  In her next letter she
+remarked that Louise was very regular in her observance of convent
+rules, "which makes her pass for a saint;" and she added, with a little
+sigh of envy for the peace she witnessed, "I could easily accommodate
+myself to a life like that."[5]  But the reply of Charles Louis was
+satirical and unsympathetic.  "I know not if I dare ask you to make my
+very devoted 'baisemains' to my sister the Abbess of Maubuisson,
+provided that the offering of my profane lips, which still smack
+somewhat of the world, does not offend her abstracted thoughts, and
+that she can still spare some for her carnal brother, who is now only
+skin and bones.  At least, I am always grateful that she asks of me
+nothing mundane."[6]
+
+Louise lived to a cheerful and healthful old age, retaining to the last
+her interest in art.  Her own chapel and many neighbouring churches
+were beautified by the {347} productions of her brush; and in 1699,
+when she had reached the age of seventy-seven, she was painting a copy
+of Pousin's Golden Calf, as a gift for Sophie.  Her life was simple but
+peaceful: she ate no meat, slept on a bed "as hard as a stone," sat
+only on a straw stool, and rose always at mid-night to attend
+chapel.[7]  Yet she was never ill, nor did she ever lose her high
+spirits.  "She is better tempered, more lively, sees, hears and walks
+better than I do," wrote her niece Elizabeth Charlotte, the daughter of
+Charles Louis, when Louise was eighty.  "She is still able to read the
+smallest print without spectacles, has all her teeth complete, and is
+quite full of fun (popierlich), like my father when he was in a good
+humour."[8]
+
+Elizabeth Charlotte had been married to Philip of Orleans, the quondam
+husband of her fair cousin, Henrietta Stuart, and Louise was her chief
+consolation in an exceedingly unhappy life.  "One cannot believe how
+pleasant and playful the Princess of Maubuisson was," she said, "I
+always visited her with pleasure; no moment could seem tedious in her
+company.  I was in greater favour with her than her other nieces,
+(Edward's daughters,) because I could converse with her about
+everything she had gone through in her life, which the others could
+not.  She often talked to me in German, which she spoke very well.  She
+told me her comical tales.  I asked her how she had been able to
+habituate herself to a stupid cloister life.  She laughed, and said: 'I
+never speak to the nuns, except to communicate my orders.'  She said
+she had always liked a country life, and fancied she lived like a
+country girl.  I said: 'But to get up in the night and to go to
+church!'  She answered, laughing, that I knew well what painters were;
+they like to see dark places and the shadows caused by lights, and this
+gave her every day fresh taste for painting.  {348} She could turn
+everything in this way, that it should not seem dull."[9]  But in spite
+of her flippant speeches, Louise was respected by all who knew her,
+adored in her own convent, and died in the odour of sanctity, attesting
+to the end her staunch adherence to the Jacobite cause.
+
+Edward, with whom Rupert had more intercourse than with the other
+members of his family, died young, three years after the Restoration,
+and thus Rupert was left alone in England.  Occasionally he wrote to
+his sisters, but not very often.  "If you knew how much joy your
+letters give me I am sure you would have the good nature to let me
+receive them oftener than you do,"[10] declared Elizabeth.  And Sophie
+complained likewise: "It is so long since I have heard from Rupert that
+I do not know if he is still alive."[11]  With Elizabeth, Rupert had a
+common ground in the contests they both waged with "Timon" the Elector:
+"Timon is so finely vexed at the 6,000 rix dollars he has to pay me,
+out of a clear debt, that he will not send me my annuity,"[12] declared
+Elizabeth in 1665.  Rupert's own quarrels with "Timon" were more
+bitter.  The unsettled dispute about the appanage had been aggravated
+by the struggle over their mother's will.  The Queen had threatened, in
+her wrath, to bequeath her unsatisfied claims on the Elector to his
+brothers.  This she had not done, but she had made Rupert her residuary
+legatee, leaving to him most of her jewels.  The Elector, as we have
+seen, denied his mother's right to do this.  Rupert refused to give up
+his legacy, and for years the sordid dispute dragged on.
+
+In 1661 the Elector offered a sum of money in lieu of all Rupert's
+claims upon him; but the offer was rejected with scorn.  The Elector
+professed himself much injured; {349} and Sophie, who sided entirely
+with her eldest brother, wrote consolingly: "Rupert does not do you
+much harm by rejecting your money."[13]  Next Charles Louis tried to
+put his brother off by assigning to him a debt which he pretended due
+to him from France; but neither would this satisfy Rupert.  "Give me
+leave to tell you," he wrote to Arlington in 1664, "that the debt my
+brother pretends from France is a mere chimera.  It was monys promised
+to Prince John Casimir to goe bake with his army out of France, whiche,
+you will finde, is not intended to be payed yett.  As I assured His
+Majesty, I remitt the whoele business to him to dispose, and have given
+my Lord Craven order to satisfy His Majesty and yourself in all which
+shall be desired, in order to it.  Soe you may easily believe I shall
+imbrace most willingly the offers you made unto me, assuring you that I
+shall repay the favor by possible meanes I can."[14]
+
+But the mediation of Charles II did not bring matters to a peaceful
+end, and Rupert seems to have sought accommodation through Sophie.  "It
+seems to me that Rupert never remembers my existence, except when he
+thinks of being reconciled with you," declared that lady to the
+Elector.[15]  Nevertheless she did her best to produce the
+reconciliation.  "I am very glad that you are anxious to do all you can
+to content Rupert," she wrote to her eldest brother; "I do not doubt he
+will be reasonable on his side, and that he will consider your present
+position, since he expresses a desire to be friends with you."[16]  And
+in the next year, 1668, she was still hopeful.  "I hope Rupert will be
+contented with what you offer him, for he seems to be in a very good
+temper."[17]
+
+{350}
+
+But, in spite of Rupert's good temper, the affair was not concluded,
+and in 1669, even the indolent Charles II was roused to pen an
+expostulatory letter to Charles Louis, with his own hand.
+
+
+"Most dear Cosin,
+
+"It is well known to you that I have always expressed myself very much
+concerned for the differences that have been between you and my Cosin,
+Prince Rupert; and that I have not been wanting, in my indeavor to
+bring them to a good conclusion, and how unsuccessful I have been
+therein.  But, being still desirous thereof, I cannot but continue my
+interposition, and, upon a due consideration of both sides, (and very
+tenderly the state of your own affairs,) I have thought fit to offer
+yet one more expedient towards the accommodating of the matter, which
+is this:--that my Cousin Rupert shall disclaim and discharge you from
+all arrears of appanage due unto him by a former agreement, which,
+according to your owne computation,--as I am informed,--by this time,
+amounted above the sum of L6,000 sterl.  He shall alsoe lay downe all
+his pretensions as executor to the late Queene, my Aunt, contenting
+himself only with the moveables in his possession, which belong to the
+Palatinate house, and L300 sterl. by the year,--if he have no lawful
+issue--ad duram vitae; the first payment to be made forthwith, and the
+subsequent allowances at Easter Fair at Frankfort.  The one halfe of
+whiche sum, if contented, to be obliggeded to lay out in comodities and
+wines of the growth of your country.  And that you may have a more
+particular accompt of this last proposition, and the reasons inducing
+to it, I have thought fit to send unto you the bearer, James Hayes,
+Esq., my Cousin Rupert's secretary, as being best acquainted with this
+affair; to whom I desire you to give credence in this matter, and
+conjuring you to give him such a despatch as may finally dethrone this
+unhappy controversy.  Wherein, if ye shall comply with my {351} desire,
+ye shall give me a great satisfaction; but if otherwise, you must
+excuse me, if I use my utmost interest for the obtaining of that to my
+cousin, which I conceive so justly belongs to him.  I am, with all
+truth, most dear cosin,
+
+"Your most affecionat cousen,
+    "Charles R.[18]
+
+"March 31, '69."
+
+
+This letter does considerable credit to Charles's business capacities;
+but even so modest a settlement as he proposed was refused.  Nor did
+the interference of Louis XIV of France, in July 1670, produce any
+better result.  "As to the letter of the King of France about Rupert, I
+think it is easy to answer with very humble thanks, neither accepting
+nor declining his mediation," advised Sophie.[19]
+
+But Rupert's revenge was not long deferred.  About five years later the
+Elector found cause to repent his ill-usage of his obstinate brother,
+and would have given much to recall him to the home of his fathers.
+
+The scandals rife at the Court of Heidelberg, in 1658, had by no means
+abated after Rupert's withdrawal.  The dissensions of the Elector and
+Electress became a subject of public remark, and the Queen of Bohemia
+had herself written of them to Rupert, adding prudently--"I do not tell
+you this for truth, for it is written from the Court of Cassel, where,
+I confess, they are very good at telling of stories, and enlarging of
+them."[20]  But, unluckily, matters were so bad that no embellishments
+from the Court of Cassel could make them much worse.  The
+scandal--"accidents fallen out in my domestic affairs," Charles Louis
+phrased it,[21]--had come to such a pitch that the Electress, after
+boxing her husband's ears at a public dinner, and {352} attempting to
+shoot both him and Louise von Degenfeldt, fled from Heidelberg, leaving
+her two young children, Karl and Elizabeth Charlotte,--or Carellie and
+Liselotte, as their father called them,--to the mercy of her husband.
+
+Thereupon Charles Louis formally married Louise von Degenfeldt, who was
+thenceforth treated as his wife.  By her he had no less than eight
+children, but as the marriage was not, of course, really legal, none of
+those children could succeed him in the Electorate.  Carellie, his only
+legitimate son, was delicate, and his marriage childless; Elizabeth
+Charlotte had renounced all claim to the Palatinate on her marriage
+with the Duke of Orleans, and in 1674 the extinction of the Simmern
+line seemed imminent.  This danger affected Charles Louis very deeply.
+He had been a bad son, an unkind brother, and an unfaithful husband,
+but he was, for all that, a good ruler and an affectionate father.
+"The Regenerator" he was called in the war-wasted country to which his
+laborious care had brought peace and comparative prosperity; and his
+name was long remembered there with reverent love.  The prospect of
+leaving his cherished country and his beloved children to the mercy of
+a distant and Roman Catholic cousin, caused him acute suffering.  Nor
+did he believe the said children would be much better off in the care
+of their eldest brother and his wife.
+
+"What devours my heart is that, in case of my death, I leave so many
+poor innocents to the mercy of their enemies," he wrote to Sophie;
+"Wilhelmena (the wife of Carellie) shows sufficiently what I may expect
+of her for those who will be under her power after my death; since,
+particularly in company, she shows so much contempt for them.  This
+also has some influence on Carellie, who treats them--with the
+exception of Carllutz--like so many strangers, as does Wilhelmena;....
+the poor little ones are always in fear of her severe countenance."[22]
+
+{353}
+
+With this depressing prospect before him, Charles Louis turned his
+thoughts to his neglected brother, showing his confidence in Rupert's
+generosity, by his readiness to entrust him with the care of his
+children.  "George William says that the Prince Rupert ought to
+marry,"[23] wrote Sophie, quoting her troublesome brother-in-law, in
+Jan. 1674.  Such was the opinion of the now regretful Elector, and he
+pressed his brother to return, promising to grant him all he could
+desire, if he would but come and raise up heirs to the house of
+Simmern.  But Rupert remembered his oath, and answered as we have seen
+in a former chapter.  Then Sophie tried her powers of persuasion, and
+bade Lord Craven tell Rupert how much the Elector would be pleased, if
+he would but yield.  But Lord Craven showed himself, for once, severely
+practical.  If Sophie would name to him some very rich lady willing to
+marry Rupert, he would be delighted to negotiate the matter, he said;
+if not, then he begged to be excused from interference.  "And there I
+am stuck (je suis demeure)," confessed Sophie, "for I do not know how
+he would support her."[24]
+
+Nevertheless the family continued their solicitations, to which Rupert
+next retorted that the Elector had better get his cousin, the Elector
+of Brandenburg, and his sister Elizabeth to persuade Charlotte of Hesse
+to agree to a divorce; when, Louise being dead, he could marry again.
+"He must either be very ignorant of our intrigues here, or wishes to
+appear so," wrote the Elector bitterly.[25]  He knew that Charlotte
+would never forego her vengeance by setting him free, and that neither
+his cousin nor his sister would interfere in such an affair.  Elizabeth
+was, however, so far pressed into the service, that she, in her turn,
+exhorted Rupert to come over and marry.  To her he only replied, "that
+he was quite comfortable at Windsor, and had no intention {354} of
+moving; that Charles Louis had insulted him and might do what he
+pleased for an heir, he should not have him."[26] Such was his final
+word, and consequently the Palatinate passed, on the death of Carellie
+in 1685, to the Neuburg branch of the family.
+
+Charles Louis died in 1680, and Rupert did not cherish the enmity he
+had borne him beyond the grave.  On the contrary, he was anxious to do
+what he could for the benefit of his impecunious nephews and nieces.
+For Carellie he did not care, the young Elector had offended him by his
+neglect,[27] but it was not Carellie who needed his protection; it was
+rather against Carellie that he took up the cause of the Raugraefen, as
+Charles Louis' children by Louise were called.  The circumstances of
+the case had left them completely dependent on their eldest brother,
+who bore them no great love.  This was not due to the fact that their
+mother had supplanted his own.  Carellie had never loved his mother; he
+had often told his father that he paid no heed to what Charlotte might
+say, and had himself urged her to consent to a divorce.[28]  But he was
+of a peculiar temperament, jealous, fretful, difficult, and his dislike
+of the Raugraefen was really due, partly to the influence of his
+disagreeable wife, and partly to jealousy of the affection which his
+father had always shown to them, especially to Moritzien,--poor
+Moritzien, gifted with all the Palatine fascination and brilliancy, but
+ruined by a life of uninterrupted indulgence, so that he drank himself
+to death.
+
+Promises of providing for these cadets had been wrung from Carellie by
+his anxious father, but these promises he showed himself in no haste to
+keep, and Sophie appealed, on their behalf to Rupert.  He showed
+himself ready to assist them, and demanded a concise account of the
+whole {355} busiess, in order that he might be qualified to
+interfere.[29] "Not that he thinks the Elector will break his sacred
+promise to his father,"[30] declared Sophie.  Nevertheless she urged
+the eldest Raugraf, Karl Ludwig, or "Carllutz," who had shortly before
+visited Rupert in England, to write very affectionately to his uncle,
+in gratitude for the interest shown in them.[31]  But, unfortunately
+for the Raugraefen, Rupert did not long survive his brother; and only a
+few months later Sophie wrote to one of her nieces: "You have lost a
+great friend in my brother Prince Rupert.  I am very much troubled and
+overwhelmed with the unexpected loss.  I know the Electress Dowager
+will also bewail him."[32]
+
+Considering that for more than twenty years Sophie had not seen her
+brother, her grief seems a little excessive, but doubtless she lamented
+him for many reasons.  The memory of old days dwelt with her all the
+more as she advanced in years, and latterly she had drawn nearer to her
+brother.  By his means a marriage had been projected between Sophie's
+eldest son George and the Princess Anne, the second daughter of the
+Duke of York.  During the progress of this negotiation, Sophie sent
+George over to England, on a visit to his uncle.  She had some
+misgivings about his reception, for, as she confessed, George was not
+"assez beau" to resemble a Palatine in any way, though her second son
+Friedrich, or "Gustien," as she called him, was tall and
+handsome,--"the very image of Rupert" (Rupert tout crache).[33]
+Gustien had, moreover, not only Rupert's handsome face and gigantic
+stature, but also his resolute character.  "If he would have changed
+his religion, he might have succeeded well at the Imperial Court,"
+{356} wrote his mother; "but he has too much of his uncle Rupert not to
+be firm in his religion."[34]
+
+However, George, if less favoured by nature, was still the eldest son,
+and therefore of necessity the bridegroom elect.  Notwithstanding his
+want of good looks he was very kindly received, both by King Charles
+and Rupert.  The King declared that he would treat him "en cousin," and
+lodged him in Whitehall.  Rupert paid him daily visits when his health
+allowed of it, but he was very ill, and often confined to his bed.  "I
+went to visit Prince Rupert, who received me in bed," wrote George to
+his mother; "he has a malady in his leg, which makes him very often
+keep his bed; it appears that it is so, without any pretext, and that
+he has to take care of himself.  He had not failed one day of coming to
+see me."[35]
+
+But though entertained with "extraordinary magnificence,"[36] the
+Hanoverian was not favourably impressed with either England or the
+Princess Anne.  The country was in a ferment over the alleged discovery
+of the Popish Plot, and George regarded the judicial murders then
+perpetrated with astonished disgust.  "They cut off the head of Lord
+Stafford yesterday, and made no more ado than if they had chopped off
+the head of a pullet," he told his mother.[37]
+
+But notwithstanding the averseness of the intended bridegroom, the
+project was not at once renounced; and Rupert's last letter to Sophie,
+written shortly before his death, contained definite proposals on the
+subject.  "En ma derniere, chere soeur, je vous ai informe que cette
+poste je pourrai dire plus de nouvelles assurees de l'affaire en
+question.  Saches done, en peu de mots, on offre 40 mille livres sterl.
+assigne caution marchande, et 10 mille livres sterl. par an, durant la
+vie de M. le Duc, votre mari; et on souhaite {357} que donerez liberte
+a M votre fils de demeurer quelques temps en ce pays la, fin d'aprendre
+la langue, et faire connaitre au peuple, ce qu'on trouve necessaire en
+tout cas.  Voyez ce que j'ai ordre de vous dire, et de demander un
+reponse pour savoir si l'affaire vous agree; si vous avez pour
+agreable, quelle en face, il sera necessaire que M. le Duc m'envoie un
+homme d'affaires, avec ses instructions, et ses assurees que sera bien
+... de celui qui est a vous; Rupert.
+
+"Il faut vous dire si 1'affaire se fait ou non vous avez fort grand
+obligation a la Duchesse de Portchmouth;[38] elle vous assure de toutes
+ses services en cette affaire."[39]
+
+Apparently the offered terms were not acceptable to the Hanoverians,
+for the negotiation closed with Rupert's death.
+
+Rupert died, to all appearance, unmarried, but he left two children, a
+son and a daughter.  More than once he had seriously contemplated
+matrimony.  In 1653 it had been rumoured that he was about to wed his
+cousin Mary, the Princess Royal, widow of the Prince of Orange.[40]  In
+1664 he made proposals for a Royal lady of France, but the said lady
+objected that he had been "too long and too deeply attached to a
+certain Duchess."[41]  That obstacle was removed in the same year by
+the Duchess of Richmond's clandestine love-match with Thomas Howard;
+but the French lady was long in coming to a decision, and in the
+meantime the young Francesca Bard crossed Rupert's path.
+
+Francesca was the eldest daughter of Sir Henry Bard, one of the wilder
+Cavaliers, who had been raised to the Irish peerage as Viscount
+Bellamont; the same who had pleaded so earnestly with Rupert for
+Windebank's life in 1645.  He had died during the exile, when on a
+mission to {358} Persia; and Francesca, on the death of her only
+brother, assumed the family title, as Lady Bellamont.  Except a title
+her father had nothing to bequeath, and it was probably the urgent
+petitions for the relief of their poverty, addressed by the family to
+the King, that first brought Francesca into contact with Rupert.[42]
+
+The Prince loved Francesca Bard, renounced his French alliance, and
+thenceforth turned a deaf ear to all entreaties that he would marry.  A
+son was born to him, and christened "Dudley."  Rupert seems to have
+cared for the boy, and he certainly conducted his education with
+anxious solicitude.  He sent him first to school at Eton, where he
+could himself watch over him from Windsor.  At Eton the boy was
+distinguished for his "gentleness of temper," and "the aimiableness of
+his behaviour," characteristics which he certainly did not inherit from
+his father.  Nevertheless he had Rupert's martial spirit, and like his
+father before him, he early showed an aversion to study, and a passion
+for arms.  Rupert observing this and remembering his own boyhood,
+removed his son from Eton and placed him under the care of Sir Jonas
+Moore at the Tower, in order that he might receive instructions in
+mathematics and other subjects necessary for a military profession.[43]
+
+To Dudley, at his death, the Prince left his house and estate at
+Rhenen, the debts still due to him from the Emperor, from the Elector
+Palatine, and from all persons not natural born subjects of England.
+The English debts, which were considerably less, he destined to be
+divided amongst his servants.[44]
+
+"Der armer Dodley,"[45] as his Aunt Sophie called him, went to Germany
+to secure his property, and was received {359} with great kindness by
+the Palatines, though there was a difficulty about the house at Rhenen,
+that being entailed property.[46]  In 1685 he was back again in
+England, fighting loyally for King James, as his father would have
+approved.  In the battle of Norton St. Philip, where Monmouth fought an
+indecisive battle with Grafton, Churchill and Feversham, we find
+"Captain Rupert, the Prince's son," in command of the musketeers, and
+playing a prominent part.[47]  But when the rebellion had been
+suppressed, Dudley returned to Germany, seeking employment in the wars
+waged by the Empire against the Turks.  He had all his father's active
+spirit and dauntless courage, but he had not also his enchanted life.
+In August 1686 young Dudley fell, in a desperate attempt made by some
+English volunteers to scale the walls of Buda.  His death is mentioned
+with deep regret in several contemporary letters and diaries.  Though
+so young--he was only nineteen--he had already become famous for his
+valour, and exceedingly popular on account of his lovable character.[48]
+
+Many believed him to have been Rupert's lawful son, and there seem to
+have been some grounds for the belief.  He was universally known as
+"Dudley Rupert", and his mother maintained to the end of her days that
+she had been Rupert's wife.  Her claim was practically acknowledged in
+Germany, where morganatic marriages were already in fashion; and even
+in England rumours of it were rife.  "Some say Prince Rupert, in his
+last sickness, owned his marriage," says a letter in the Verney
+Correspondence, "if so, his son is next heir, after him, to the
+Palsgrave.[49]  But no public acknowledgment ever took place, and
+Rupert styled the boy in his will, "Dudley {360} Bard."  On the other
+hand, he bequeathed to him property entailed on heirs male, and the
+Emperor actually paid to Francesca, after her son's death, the sum of
+20,000 crowns which he had owed to Rupert.[50]
+
+It seems possible that there was some kind of marriage,[51] but that
+such marriages were of rather doubtful legality.  It could not have
+given Dudley royal rank, and hardly even a claim to the Palatinate,[52]
+for, had such a claim existed, Rupert would certainly have put his son
+forward when the House of Simmern was crying out for an heir.  His
+niece, Elizabeth Charlotte of Orleans, declared that he had deceived
+Francesca with a false marriage.  But the good Duchess was notoriously
+ignorant of her uncle's affairs, and added to her story several
+impossible circumstances which tend to discredit it, asserting, among
+other things, that Rupert had been lodging at the time, in Henry Bard's
+house, though Bard had been dead nearly ten years.[53]  Moreover, such
+treachery is at variance with Rupert's whole character and all his
+known actions, and, though he cannot be said to have treated Francesca
+well, he may at least be acquitted of the baseness suggested by his
+niece.
+
+During Rupert's life-time no mention is made of Francesca in letters or
+papers, public or private.  Yet, after his death, we find frequent
+reference to her as to a well-known personage.  Two reasons for her
+retirement suggest themselves.  In the first place she was, as she
+herself asserted, too virtuous to care to have any dealings with the
+corrupt Court, and in the second place she was a devout Roman Catholic.
+Considering the prevalent horror of "Popery," the fanatical agitation
+concerning the second marriage of the Duke of {361} York, and Rupert's
+position as the popular hero, it may be that Francesca's religion made
+him unwilling to bring her forward publicly.  But, be the exact facts
+of his connection with her what they may, that bond was probably the
+true reason for his obdurate refusal to hear of any other marriage.
+
+The later history of Francesca is sufficiently curious.  In consequence
+of her own avoidance of the Court she had no powerful friends in
+England, and on Rupert's death, she sought refuge with his sister
+Sophie.  The kindly Electress received her as a sister, though she
+quite realised the difficulty of proving her right to the name.  "She
+says she was married to my brother," wrote Sophie, "but it will be very
+difficult to prove; and because she has always behaved herself
+honourably, she has no friends at Court."[54]
+
+Of Dudley his aunt wrote as "the noble Dudley Rupert," and she actively
+assisted him to make good his claims to the property left him by his
+father.[55]  After his death she endeavoured to get his possessions
+transferred to his mother, and wrote on the subject both to James II
+and to Lord Craven.  "It will help her to enter a convent," she said,
+"for the poor woman will be inconsolable."[56]
+
+But the lively Irish woman, devout, though she was, had no taste for
+the cloister, and preferred to remain at Sophie's Court, where she was
+greatly beloved.  "She is an upright, good and virtuous woman; there
+are few like her; we all love her!"[57] declared the Electress.  In a
+later letter she refers to the lively wit of Francesca, "who makes us
+all laugh,"[58]
+
+Evidently she accompanied Sophie on her visits to other potentates, and
+by William III she was accorded almost royal rank.  In 1700 she went
+with Sophie to visit him at his Palace at Loo, and was there admitted
+to the royal {362} table.  "The King ate in the back stairs, without an
+armchair, with only the two Electresses, the Princess, and the Irish
+Lady (Francesca), the Electoral Prince, and the Prince of Hesse," says
+an Englishman, writing to a friend.  "The rest of the company dined at
+the other tables below."[59]
+
+After the English Revolution of 1688 Francesca became a staunch and
+active Jacobite.[60]  She made no secret of her views, and even
+stimulated Sophie's own sympathy for her exiled relatives.  The envoys
+of William III and of Queen Anne inveighed bitterly against "one Madame
+Bellamont, a noted lady, who is in favour with the Electress, has been
+her chief confidante, and to her all the discontented politicians
+address themselves, Papists and Sectaries.  She is of the former
+communion, and I may safely say she is one of the most silly creatures
+that ever was born and bred in it, to say nothing of the scandal her
+person hath so justly deserved."[61]  The same writer asserted that
+Francesca was the only person who could speak English at the Electoral
+Court; and frequent references to her are found in the despatches of
+himself and his successor.  "A Lady whom they call ye Lady Bellamont,"
+says one, "whose character ye well know already.  She was Mistress, and
+she pretends married, to Prince Rupert, and as she is a zealous Roman
+Catholic so she seems to be a faithful friend to the Court of St.
+Germains, but is nevertheless used here with much kindness and
+civility."[62]
+
+In 1708 Francesca undertook a journey to France on Jacobite business,
+but, opposed though her actions were to Sophie's interests, they could
+not diminish that lady's love for her.  The Electress, declared the
+enraged English envoys, was as much enamoured as her brother had
+been.[63] {363} And so she remained until Francesca's death in August
+1708, when she wrote mournfully to one of her nieces: "I have lost my
+good, honourable, charitable Madame Bellamont."[64]
+
+Strange enough was the position of the Jacobite lady in the Hanoverian
+Court, but the situation was rendered yet more complicated by the
+presence of Rupert's daughter, Ruperta, as the wife of
+Brigadier-General Emanuel Scrope Howe, William III's "envoy
+extraordinary to the most Serene House of Brunswick Lunenburg."  The
+mother of Ruperta was a far less reputable person than was Francesca
+Bard.  Rupert had, as we have seen, kept himself apart from much of the
+wickedness of Charles II's court, but in the summer of 1668 he was
+unhappily persuaded to accompany his cousin to Tunbridge Wells.  There
+he fell a victim to the charms of the actress, Margaret Hughes.[65]
+This woman obtained considerable influence over him, and he purchased
+for her a house at Hammersmith; also he left to her and his daughter,
+in equal shares, all that remained of his personal property, after the
+claims of Dudley and his servants had been satisfied.  This, when all
+had been realised, amounted to about L6,000 each; not an extravagant
+provision, but then Rupert did not die rich.
+
+Occasional mention of Mrs. Hughes is found in contemporary letters.  In
+1670 her brother, who was in Rupert's service, was killed by one of the
+King's servants, in a dispute over the rival charms of Peg Hughes and
+Nell Gwyn.[66]  A little later, Sophie informed the Elector that the
+woman was in high favour at Windsor, and would, she feared, get
+possession of the Queen of Bohemia's jewels.  "Ein jeder seiner Weis
+gefelt!" she concluded sarcastically.[67] In another letter she wrote
+that the Danish Ambassador thought Mrs. Hughes very modest.  "I was
+going to say {364} the most modest of the Court, but that would be no
+great praise!"[68]  She seems, however, to have put slight faith in the
+assurance, for she earnestly desired Ruperta's marriage, on the grounds
+that she could get no good from her mother.[69]  It was said that
+Rupert, when dying, had sent his Garter to the King, with the request
+that it, together with the hand of Ruperta, might be bestowed on
+Charles's son, Lord Burford.[70]  With this request the King did not
+comply; and about 1696 Ruperta married Emmanuel Howe, son of Mr. John
+Howe of Langar, in Nottinghamshire.
+
+For some time the marriage was kept a secret, for Howe feared the
+displeasure of the then King, William III.  At last, just before his
+departure to Hanover, he permitted the Duke of Albemarle to break the
+news to the King.  William was pleased to be gracious, and even
+recommended Ruperta to Sophie's notice, saying: "She is very modest,
+and lives like an angel with her husband."[71]  The husband in question
+met with Sophie's approval, for she thought him "a fine man, rich, and
+in a good position."[72]  With Francesca he had a double cause of
+enmity, both public and private, and he wrote of her as virulently as
+his predecessors had done, declaring that she "has done her endeavours
+continually to cross my transactions here for the Queen's service;"[73]
+and again,--"She is indeed a very simple creature, but as malitious and
+violent as is possible for anything to bee."[74]
+
+Nevertheless the large-hearted Electress made her niece almost as
+welcome as she had made her reputed sister-in-law, and the Jacobite
+_intrigante_ and the Orange Ambassadress, both so closely connected
+with Rupert, seem to have {365} contrived to reside in comparative
+peace, under the protection of the mother of the house of Hanover.
+
+But for the bar sinister the claim of Ruperta to the English throne
+would have preceded that of Sophie's son, George I.  It has sometimes
+been regretted that Rupert left no legitimate child who might have
+reigned in George's stead; but it may be safely conjectured that the
+fact would not have been a subject of regret with Rupert himself.  He
+would have been the last person to wish that any child of his should
+supplant the house of Stuart, which he had so long and so faithfully
+served.  Honest in all his dealings, faithful to his friends, and
+unswervingly loyal to his king he had ever been, and in his old age he
+would not have turned traitor.  Loyalty and strength were the key-notes
+of his character.  Never did he break his given word, with friend and
+foe alike he scrupulously kept faith, and whatsoever he found to do, he
+did it with all his might.  In all things he had the courage of his
+opinions; and the rigid temperance which he practised from his earliest
+youth, in an age and a country where drinking was almost universal,
+shows an unusual independence of character, and an unusual degree of
+self-respect.
+
+His private life, if judged by the standard of the present day, was far
+from virtuous, but it was virtue itself when compared with the practice
+of those who were his daily associates.  His exceptional powers of mind
+raised him above the ordinary intellectual level; his personal valour
+surpassed all common courage!  But, if his talents and virtues were in
+the superlative degree, so also were his failings.  His consciousness
+of his own powers made him over-confident, impatient of advice,
+intolerant of contradiction.  His jealous pride rendered him incapable
+of filling the second place.  With advancing years these faults were
+somewhat amended,--for Rupert was too wise not to profit by experience;
+but, as his hot temper and youthful insolence had won him the hatred of
+Charles I's courtiers, so his {366} cold cynicism and haughty disdain
+made him detested of the Court of Charles II.
+
+In the coarse and witty memoirs of that brilliant Court, Rupert passes
+without notice, or with only an occasional satirical reference.  One
+noble writer, Anthony Hamilton, has, however, left a description of
+him, which, though written in prejudice, is not without its value.
+
+"He was brave and courageous to rashness, but cross-grained, and
+incorrigibly obstinate.  His genius was fertile in mathematical
+experiments, and he had some knowledge of chemistry.  He was polite to
+extravagance when there was no occasion for it; but haughty and rude
+where it was his interest to conciliate.  He was tall and ungracious.
+He had a hard, stern expression even when he wished to please, and when
+he was out of temper his countenance was truly terrifying"--("une
+physiognomic vraiment de reprouve").[75]
+
+Such was the view of a courtier; Rupert's friends and inferiors saw him
+in another light.  Beneath the cynical exterior the Prince had a kind
+heart still; his personal followers loved him; the poor blessed him for
+his charity; the trades-people remembered with wondering gratitude his
+"just and ready payment of their bills;" the sailors looked to him as
+the "seaman's friend;" impecunious scholars and inventors sought, not
+in vain, his aid and countenance; the distressed Cavaliers appealed to
+him in well-founded confidence that they would be heard and helped.[76]
+"In respect of his private life," says Campbell, writing while the
+memory of the Prince still dwelt among the living, "he was so just, so
+beneficent, so courteous, that his memory remained dear to all who knew
+him; this I say of my own knowledge, having often heard old people in
+Berkshire speak in raptures of Prince Rupert!"[77]
+
+
+
+[1] Briefwechsel der Herzogin Sophie mit Karl Ludwig von der Pfalz.  p.
+38.  Sophie to Karl.  21 Sept. 1660.
+
+[2] Memorien der Herzogin Sophie, pp. 64-67.
+
+[3] Briefwechsel des Herzogin Sophie mit Karl Ludwig.  p. 35.  Sophie
+to Karl, 1660.
+
+[4] Ibid.  pp. 371-3.  24 Aug. 1679.
+
+[5] Ibid.  p. 374.  4 Sept. 1679.
+
+[6] Ibid.  p. 371.  15 Aug. 1679.
+
+[7] Briefe der Prinzessin Elizabeth Charlotte von Orleans an die
+Raugraefinnen.  7 Aug. 1699.  p. 43.  ed. 1843.
+
+[8] Strickland.  Queens of Scotland, VIII.  p. 403.
+
+[9] Green's Princesses, VI.  p. 61.
+
+[10] Bromley Letters, p. 354.  20/30 May, 1665.
+
+[11] Bromley, p. 226.  31 Oct. 1661.
+
+[12] Bromley, p. 254.  20/30 May, 1665.
+
+[13] Briefe der Herzogin Sophie, p. 48.
+
+[14] Dom. State Papers.  Chas. II.  103.  40.  Rupert to Arlington.
+Oct. 11, 1644.
+
+[15] Briefe der Herzogin.  p. 133.
+
+[16] Ibid.  p. 116.
+
+[17] Ibid.  133.
+
+[18] Dom. Entry Book.  Record Office, 31.  fol. 21.
+
+[19] Briefe der Herzogin, 9 July, 1669, p. 141.
+
+[20] Bromley Letters, p. 291.
+
+[21] Ibid.  p. 236.
+
+[22] Briefwechsel der Herzogin mit Karl Ludwig, p. 179.  Karl to
+Sophie, 5 Mar. 1674.
+
+[23] Briefe der Herzogin, p. 175.  24 Jan. 1674.
+
+[24] Ibid.  p. 315.  10 Feb. 1678.
+
+[25] Ibid.  p. 385, 28 Oct. 1679.
+
+[26] Strickland's Elizabeth Stuart.  Queens of Scotland, VIII.  p. 210.
+
+[27] Briefe der Herzogin Sophie an die Raugraefen, etc.  p. 32.  27 Dec.
+1682.
+
+[28] Briefwechsel mit Karl Ludwig, pp. 348. 329.  7 Feb. 1679 and 25
+June, 1678.
+
+[29] Briefe an die Raugraefen, p. 17.  14 Mar. 1680.
+
+[30] Briefe.  p. 11.  20 Dec. 1680.
+
+[31] Ibid.  p. 17.
+
+[32] Briefe an die Raugraefen, p. 32.  27 Dec. 1682.
+
+[33] Strickland.  Queens of Scotland, VIII.  p. 334.  Briefwechsel der
+Herzogin mit Karl Ludwig.
+
+[34] Strickland.  Queens of Scotland, VIII.  p. 345.
+
+[35] Strickland.  Queens of England, X.  p. 313.
+
+[36] Memoir of Rupert, Preface.
+
+[37] Queens of England, X.  p. 313.
+
+[38] Renee de la Querouaille, Duchess of Portsmouth.
+
+[39] Hist. MSS. Com. Rept. 9, 18 Sept. 1682.  Morrison MSS.
+
+[40] Clar. State Papers.  Cal.  Vol. II.  Fol. 1271.  News Letter, 8
+July, 1653.
+
+[41] Bromley Letters, p. 252, 22 Mar. 1664.
+
+[42] Cal. Dom. S. P.  1660, pp. 300, 331.
+
+[43] Wood's Athense Oxouiensis.  ed. 1815.  Vol. II.  Fasti I.  p. 490.
+Campbell II.  250.
+
+443] Wills from Doctor's Commons, p. 142.
+
+[45] Briefe an die Raugraefen, p. 33.  12 Mar. 1683.
+
+[46] Briefe an die Raugraefen, p. 49.  Campbell, p. 250.  Vol. II.
+
+[47] Hist. MSS. Com.  IX.  3.  p. 36.
+
+[48] Hist. MSS. Com.  Rept. V.  App. I.  p. 187.  Sutherland MSS.  Aug.
+1686.  Autobiography of Sir John Bramston.  p. 236.  Camden Society.
+
+[49] Hist. MSS. Com.  Rept. VII.  p. 479_b_.  Verney MSS.
+
+[50] Add. MSS.  28898.  fol. 21.  Brit. Mus.
+
+[51] Since going to press the author has been shown a document
+purporting to be the marriage certificate of Prince Rupert and the Lady
+Francesca Bard; it is dated July 30 1664, and signed by Henry Biguell,
+Minister (Vicar of Petersham).
+
+[52] Cf. Marriage of Geo. Wm. Duke of Hanover with Eleonore D'Olbreuse.
+His children were excluded from succession.
+
+[53] Briefe der Prinzessin Elizabeth Charlotte, ed. Menzel.  1843.  p.
+86.
+
+[54] Briefe der Kurfuerstin Sophie an die Raugraefen, p. 84.  12 Mar.
+1680.
+
+[55] Briefe an die Raugraefen, p. 49.  9 Sept. 1686.
+
+[56] Briefe an die Raugraefen, p. 49.
+
+[57] Briefe an die Raugraefen, p. 152.  11 Feb. 1697.
+
+[58] Briefe an die Raugraefen, p. 269.  1 Oct 1704.
+
+[59] Hist. MSS. Com.  Rept. 12.  App. 3.  MSS. of Earl Cowper, II.  p.
+404.
+
+[60] A Jacobite at the Court of Hanover.  Eng. Hist. Review.  F. F.
+Chance.
+
+[61] Regencies.  Record Office.  2.  3.  12 Sept. 1702.
+
+[62] Regencies.  3.  19 Sept. 1704.
+
+[63] Add MSS.  23908.  fol. 82.  Brit. Mus.
+
+[64] Briefe an die Raugraefen, p. 285.  16 Aug. 1708.
+
+[65] Hamilton's Memoires du Comte de Grammont.  ed. 1876.  pp. 242-243.
+
+[66] Hist. MSS. Com.  Rept. 12.  Rutland MSS.  II.  17.
+
+[67] Briefwechsel mit Karl Ludwig, p. 194.  3 July, 1674.
+
+[68] Briefwechsel mit Karl Ludwig, p. 368.  6 July, 1679.
+
+[69] Briefe an die Raugraefen.  p. 149.  4-14 Dec. 1696.
+
+[70] Hist. MSS. Com.  Rep. 7.  p. 480_b_.  Verney MSS.
+
+[71] Briefe der Kurfuerstin Sophie an die Raugraefen, p. 183, 26 Oct.
+1698.
+
+[72] Ibid.
+
+[73] Regencies.  4 Jan., Feb. 1706.
+
+[74] Ibid.  4, 22 May, 1708.
+
+[75] Hamilton's De Grammont.  ed. 1876.  p. 242.
+
+[76] Hist. Memoir of Prince Rupert, ed. 1683.  Preface.
+
+[77] Campbell's Admirals, II.  p. 250.
+
+
+
+
+{369}
+
+INDEX
+
+
+A
+
+Abbot, Mr., 86-87.
+
+Abingdon, 162.
+
+Africa, Natives of, 257-259; trade with, 302, 307, 338.
+
+Albemarle, Duke of, (_see_ Monk,) 297, 302, 307, 309, 341, 364; as
+Admiral, 311-313, 316, 318.
+
+Aldbourn Chase, Battle of, 121.
+
+Allen, Captain, 223.
+
+Ambassador, French, 124.
+
+Anne of Austria, (Queen Regent of France,) 209, 213, 215, 246, 267.
+
+Anne de Gonzague, (Princess Palatine,) 209, 278.
+
+Anne Queen, (_see_ York,) 362.
+
+"Antelope", The, 228, 232.
+
+Archduke, The, (_see_ also Leopold,) 51, 299.
+
+Arguin, Fleet at, 253-4.
+
+Argyle, Duke of, 230.
+
+Arlington, Lord, (_see_ Bennett,) 312-313, 320; letters of Rupert to,
+304-5, 309, 349.
+
+Armentieres, 214-215, 216.
+
+Army, New Model, 163, 172-3.
+
+Arras, 215.
+
+Arundel, Lord, 22, 44.
+
+Ashburnham, John, 78, 123, 133, 136, 156, 157, 172, 180, 191.
+
+Astley, Sir Jacob, (afterwards Lord,) 34, 70, 85, 91, 99, 168, 172,
+174; letters of, 126, 165; letters to, 165-166.
+
+Aston, Sir Arthur, 69, 74, 91, 106.
+
+Aubigny, Lord, (George Stuart,) 93.
+
+Aylesbury, 128.
+
+Azores, The, 247-248, 251-252, 262.
+
+
+
+B
+
+Baden, Margrave of, 51.
+
+Bagot, Sir William, 70, 166.
+
+Balfour, 97, 154.
+
+Ball, Captain, 126.
+
+Bampfylde, Colonel, 280-281.
+
+Banbury, 96-97.
+
+Banckert, Admiral, 325, 327.
+
+Banner, General, 37, 50, 51.
+
+Bard, Francesca, (Viscountess Bellamont,) 357-365.
+
+Bard, Dudley, 358-361.
+
+Bard, Sir Henry, (Viscount Bellamont,) 126, 357, 360; letter of, to
+Rupert, 170.
+
+Basing House, 161.
+
+Batten, Captain, 223, 225, 227, 318.
+
+Bavaria, Duke of, 8, 45, 51, 52, 55; Duchess of, 52.
+
+Beaufort, Duc de, 312.
+
+Beckman, Captain, 223.
+
+Bedford, Earl of, 123.
+
+Bedford, 125.
+
+Beeston Castle, 168.
+
+Bellamont; _see_ Bard.
+
+Bellasys, Lord, 115, 196.
+
+Bennett, Henry, (_see_ Arlington,) 275.
+
+Berkeley, Sir John, 276.
+
+Birmingham, 103-104.
+
+Blake, Admiral, 241-245.
+
+Blechingdon House, 169.
+
+Blount, Sir Charles, 126.
+
+Bohemia, 3-5.
+
+Bolton, 144.
+
+Boswell, Sir W., 55.
+
+Boye, 44, 79-81; death of, 81, 150.
+
+Brandenburg, Elector of, 5-6, 280, 353; Catharine, Electress of, 5-6,
+211.
+
+Breda, Siege of, 34-35.
+
+Brentford, Lord, (_see_ Ruthven,) 162.
+
+Bristol, 113, 118, 177, 180; siege of, 114-117, 180-182.
+
+Bristol, Earl of, 94.
+
+Brouncker, Mr., 308-309.
+
+Brunswick, Christian of, 7.
+
+Buckingham, George Villiers, first Duke of, 12; letters of Prince Henry
+to, 13; death of, 13; daughter of, 12, 111.
+
+Buckingham, Second Duke of, 225, 273, 295, 337.
+
+Bulstrode, Sir Richard, 92.
+
+Bunckley, M., 277.
+
+Burnet, Bishop, 309.
+
+Burford, Lord, 364.
+
+Butler, Colonel, 183.
+
+Byron, Sir John, (afterwards Lord,) 95, 100, 120, 130, 140, 160, 164,
+167-168, 190.
+
+Byron, Sir Nicholas, 90.
+
+Byron, Sir Robert, 70.
+
+
+
+C
+
+Cabal, The, 320, 322, 323, 331.
+
+Caldecot House, Attack on, 86.
+
+Calvinist Princes, 4.
+
+Cambridge, Duke of, 336.
+
+Canterbury, Archbishop of, 304.
+
+Carleton, Sir Dudley, 10.
+
+Carlisle, Lord, 340.
+
+Carlisle, Lady, 78.
+
+Carnarvon, Lord, 27, 119, 122.
+
+Carteret, Sir George, 255, 318.
+
+Cartwright, Captain, 228.
+
+Casimir, Prince, 43.
+
+Casimir, Prince John, 349.
+
+Cavaliers, First defeat of, 121; character of, 332-333; distressed,
+336-337.
+
+Cave, Sir Richard, 127.
+
+Chalgrove Field, 108-110.
+
+Chapelle, M. de La, 219-220.
+
+Charles I.  As Prince, 7; as King, 12, 13, 21-24, 27, 30, 31, 40, 43,
+48-52, 56, 57, 58, 60-61, 67, 71, 77-78, 87, 88, 91-93, 119-120, 133,
+141, 146, 160-161, 189-190, 208, 214, 223, 237, 295, 332, 336; letters
+of, 32, 63, 138, 141, 143, 147, 152-153, 157, 166, 187, 194, 213, 218,
+231; letters to, 15, 50, 185-186; attempts to treat with Parliament,
+85, 99, 102, 128, 163; disavows Rupert's action, 86; fears Rupert's
+violence, 94; in want of money, 95; advances on London, 98-99; recalls
+Rupert to Oxford, 106; meets Queen at Edgehill, 111; disturbed councils
+of, 108; affection for Duke and Duchess of Richmond, 111-112; goes to
+Bristol, 118-119; at siege of Gloucester, 120; defeated at Newbury,
+121-122, 161; vacillates between parties, 122-123, 124, 143, 170-173;
+desires to send Prince of Wales to West, 142; attempts to prejudice,
+against Rupert, 145; successes of, in West, 154; removes Wilmot,
+154-155; desires to reconcile Rupert with Digby, 157-158; retreats to
+Oxford, 161-162; last campaign of, 170-173; defeated at Naseby, 173;
+retreats to Wales, 173, 177; refuses to treat, 178-179; dismisses
+Rupert, 184; at Newark, 186-187; permits Rupert's trial, 195; offended
+by Rupert's conduct, 197-198; reconciled with Rupert, 199-201; goes to
+Scots, 201; reproaches Charles Louis, 206-207; reaction in favour of,
+222; attempt of, to escape, 231-232; death of, 236-239.
+
+Charles II.  As Prince, 77, 100, 107, 159, 167, 173, 199, 213, 220,
+221, 222, 224-226, 229, 232, 236, 237, devoted to Rupert, 142, 174,
+230; courtship of Mademoiselle, 218-219; negotiates with Scots,
+229-230; as King, 239, 241, 255, 266, 268, 275, 278, 279, 285, 298,
+299, 300, 301, 303-305, 310, 311, 315-317, 319, 321, 325, 332, 340,
+341, 342, 356; letters to, 243, 254-255, 281, 306; letters of, 265,
+270, 276, 350-351; quarrel with Rupert, 270-273; quarrel with
+Henrietta, 276; goes to Cologne, 277; Rupert acts for, at Vienna, 277,
+280, 296; begs Rupert to remain with him, 278; relations with Rupert,
+282, 294-296, 331, 334-338; quarrel with James of York, 282;
+restoration of, 293; care for Navy, 302; Rupert complains to, 314, 318,
+326; excuses the French Fleet, 328; plot against, 329-330; mediates
+between Rupert and Elector, 349; chaplain of, 295.
+
+Charles Louis, Elector Palatine.  Letters of, to Elizabeth of Bohemia,
+9, 24-27, 30, 42, 43, 50, 57, 207, 209, 211, 239, 286, 297; to Charles
+I, 15; to Sir T. Roe, 89; to Rupert, 277, 288; to Sophie, 289, 346,
+352, 353.  Letters of Princess Sophie to, 344, 346, 349, 351; of Rupert
+to, 290; of Charles II to, 350-351.  Early life of, 3, 8, 10, 11,
+14-20; comes of age, visit to England, 21-24; favourite son of
+Elizabeth, 17, 21, 41; secures aid in England, 28; attempts to recover
+Palatinate, 35-39; desires to send servant to Rupert, 42-43; prisoner
+in Paris, 48-49; goes to England, 50; sides with Parliament, 88-89,
+205-208: receives money from Parliament, 184, 207; indifference to the
+King's death, 239; visits Rupert and Maurice, 203, 205; indignant with
+Edward, 209-210; supports Philip, 210-212; desires reconciliation with
+brothers 239-240; restoration of, 283; neglects Elizabeth, 283-285;
+cordial to Rupert, 287-288; quarrel with Rupert, 290, 301, 348-351;
+desires Rupert's return, 290, 353-354; attempts to injure Rupert,
+299-300; unfortunate marriage of, 289, 351-352; love for Louise von
+Degenfeldt, 289, 352; daughter of, 347; anxiety of, for children, 352;
+death of, 354; children of, 354-355.
+
+Chester, Bishop of, 144.
+
+Chicheley, 335.
+
+Choqueux; _see_ De Choqueux.
+
+Churchill, John, 359.
+
+Cirencester, 101-102, 120, 125.
+
+Clare, Lord, 123.
+
+Clarendon, Lord, (_see_ Hyde, Edward,) 77, 78, 83, 186, 310, 312;
+opinion of Rupert, 2, 72-73, 151-152; opinion of Maurice, 73.
+
+Cleveland, 64, 80.
+
+Clubmen, 164, 168, 180.
+
+Coke, 335.
+
+Colbert, 339; opinion of Rupert, 266, 295.
+
+Colster, Captain, 59.
+
+Conde, Prince of, 245.
+
+"Constant Reformation", 246, 247, 255, 271; wreck of, 248-251.
+
+"Convertine", 223-224.
+
+Conway, Lord, 208.
+
+Cook, Captain, 335.
+
+Cork, Governor of, 236.
+
+Cornish Soldiers, zeal of, 115-116.
+
+Cornwallis, Lord, 220.
+
+Cortez, Robert, 286.
+
+Cottington, 157.
+
+Courland, Ship from, 256, 258.
+
+Court, Factions at, 70-71, 108, 118, Courtiers of Charles II, 332-333,
+334, 341.
+
+Coventry, Sir William, 302, 310, 312, 318.
+
+Crane, Sir Richard, 40-41.
+
+Crafurd, Lord, 107.
+
+Craven, Lord, 26, 37-41, 275, 278, 283, 286, 301, 338, 341, 343, 353;
+generosity of, 36-37; letters of, 43, 232.
+
+Craven, Captain, 246.
+
+Crawford, Lord, 87.
+
+Crofts, Mrs., 26, 27.
+
+Croker, Colonel, 107.
+
+Cromwell, Oliver, 1, 148-150, 162-163, 170-173, 183, 229, 235-236,
+269-270, 274, 277, 279-281; spies of, 268-269, 277, 280.
+
+Culpepper, Sir John, 75, 145, 147, 220, 225-226.
+
+Curtius, Sir William, 281.
+
+
+
+D
+
+Dartmouth, 119.
+
+Davenant, Sir W., 138.
+
+De Choqueux, 306.
+
+"Defiance", The, 257, 261.
+
+Degenfeldt, Louise Von, 289, 352-354.
+
+De Martel, Admiral, 328-329.
+
+De Miro, Count, 242-243.
+
+Denbigh, Lord, 104.
+
+D'Epernon, Duc, 294.
+
+D'Epinay, Count, 210.
+
+Derby, Earl of, 103, 135, 144, 152; Countess of, 103, 135, 144.
+
+De Rohan, Duc, 30; Madame, 30, 31; Marguerite, 30-33, 44.
+
+De Ruyter, Admiral, 303, 307, 315-316, 324-325, 327-328.
+
+D'Estrees, Admiral, 324, 327, 328-329.
+
+D'Hona, Baron, 5.
+
+Digby, George Lord, (afterwards Earl of Bristol,) 60, 71, 74, 84, 87,
+103, 105, 107-108, 122, 124, 129, 157, 158, 170, 178, 186-187, 194,
+196-198, 204, 209, 221; Character of, 81; enmity to Rupert, 75-77, 85,
+173; challenged by Rupert, 219; reconciled to Rupert, 158, 220;
+intrigues of, 123, 129, 131, 140-141, 145, 170-172, 179-180, 184,
+189-193; cause of Marston Moor, 147; cause of Wilmot's fall, 156-157;
+letters of, 138, 155, 174-175, 232-233; letter to, 175-176.
+
+Digby, Lady, 191.
+
+Digby, Sir Kenelm, 208.
+
+Dolphin, Edward, 329-330.
+
+Donnington Castle, 161.
+
+Dorchester, 119.
+
+Dorset, Lord, 200.
+
+Dover, Treaty of, 321.
+
+Downs, Battle of the, 312-314
+
+Durer, Albert, 43.
+
+Dyves, Sir Louis, 69, 74, 97.
+
+
+
+E
+
+Edgehill, Battle of, 65, 66, 84, 91-93.
+
+Edward, Prince Palatine, 15, 18, 19, 35, 49, 208-209, 210, 232,
+238-240, 266, 285-286, 294-5, 347-348; marriage of, 209; wife of, 278;
+letter of, 238.
+
+Elizabeth Stuart, Queen of Bohemia, 3, 5-17, 19-21, 25-29, 35, 36,
+40-41, 48, 50, 52, 56-57, 89-90, 127, 210-211, 232, 284, 293, 297;
+poverty of, 13, 15, 283-284.  Letters of to Sir T. Roe, 40-41, 49-51,
+56; to Rupert, 282, 285-286, 351; to Duchess of Richmond, 241; to Vane,
+21, 23.  Letters of Charles II to, 276; of Charles Louis to, 9, 24-27,
+30, 42-43, 50, 207-211, 239, 286; of Sir T. Roe to, 22-25, 30.  Death
+of, 301; will of, 301, 348, 350; jewels of, 363.
+
+Elizabeth, Princess Palatine, 3, 8, 10, 11, 17-18, 22, 48, 211, 283,
+288, 294, 301, 342, 346, 353; Abbess of Hervorden, 345-346; letter of,
+348.
+
+Elliot, Colonel, 142.
+
+Emperors: Matthias, 3-4; Ferdinand II, 5-8; Ferdinand III, 41-42,
+45-46, 52-56, 276-277; Leopold I, 293-294, 296, 298-300.
+
+Empire, Religious war in, 3, 4, 7, 43.
+
+Empress, 52, 299.
+
+Ernest Augustus; _see_ Hanover, Dukes of.
+
+Essex, Charles, 42.
+
+Essex, Earl of, 67-68, 87, 91-93, 96-99, 106-108, 110, 111, 120-122,
+125, 128, 154, 169.
+
+Evelyn, John, Diary of, 292, 339.
+
+Evertsen, Admiral, 307-308.
+
+Exeter, 119.
+
+Eythin, Lord, (_see_ King,) 149.
+
+
+
+F
+
+Fairfax--Lord, 146, 150; Thomas, 171-173, 181-183, 201-203.
+
+Falkland, Lord, 71, 122.
+
+"Fan-fan", The, 315.
+
+Fanshaw, Sir Richard, 226, 235.
+
+Faussett, Captain, 134.
+
+Fayal, 251.
+
+Fearnes, Captain, 247, 250, 251-252, 269.
+
+Fenn, Jack, 318.
+
+Ferdinand of Styria, (_see_ Emperors,) 3-4.
+
+Ferentz, Count, 37, 39-41.
+
+Feversham, Colonel, 359.
+
+Fielding, Colonel, 90, 106-107, 170.
+
+Fiennes, Nathaniel, 87, 114, 116-117.
+
+Fleet, English.  Revolts to the King, 222; unsatisfactory state of,
+223-229; on Irish Coast, 232-236; in Tagus, 241-244; on Spanish Coast,
+244-245; refits at Toulon, 245-246; sails for Azores, 247-248; wrecks,
+249, 250, 251, 261; dissension in, 247, 252; damaged by storms, 253,
+259-260; on African Coast, 253, 256-259; voyage to West Indies,
+260-261; return to France, 261-2; expedition for Guinea, 303-305; in
+first Dutch War, 307-316; in second Dutch War, 322-329; neglected by
+victuallers, 303, 314-315, 317, 320, 325-6; quarrels concerning, 321.
+
+Fleet, Dutch, 303-304, 307-308, 312-316, 324-328; enters Medway, 319;
+want of union in, 308.
+
+Fleet, French, 325, 327-328.
+
+Forth, Lord, 120.
+
+Fox, Captain, 59.
+
+Fraser, Lord, 286.
+
+Frederick, Elector Palatine, (King of Bohemia,) 3-8, 12-14, 46, 72;
+letters of, 9.
+
+Frederick Henry, Prince Palatine, 3-9, 10-13; letters of, 8, 9, 13.
+
+
+
+G
+
+Gambia, River, 256-257.
+
+Gassion, Marechal, 214-218, 305.
+
+George of Denmark, 343.
+
+George William; _see_ Hanover, Dukes of.
+
+Gerard Charles, (afterwards Lord,) 78, 137, 190, 196-198, 201, 202,
+220, 273, 275, 278.
+
+Gerard, Jack, 279.
+
+Glemham, Sir T., 191, 202.
+
+Gloucester, Siege of, 120.
+
+Gonzaga, Marquis de, 240.
+
+Goodwin, Ralph, 198.
+
+Goring, George, 27, 34, 35, 76, 84, 103, 141, 145-6, 149-150, 154,
+158-159, 161, 170, 172, 177, 214, 217; character of, 83-84; enmity to
+Rupert, 82-84, 124; reconciled to Rupert, 158-160; letters of, 27-28,
+155, 158-159.
+
+Grafton, Duke of, 359.
+
+Grandison, Lord, 34, 75, 115, 116.
+
+"Greyhound", The, 326.
+
+Guatier, M. de, 220.
+
+Guinea, 303-304.
+
+Gustave, Prince Palatine, 18.
+
+Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden, 14, 15, 35, 36, 66, 92.
+
+Gwyn, Nell, 363.
+
+
+
+H
+
+Haesdonck, Jan von, 95.
+
+Hague, Court at, 224-226.
+
+Hamilton, Anthony, opinion of Rupert, 366.
+
+Hamilton, Marquis of, 140.
+
+Hampden, John, 109.
+
+Hanover, Dukes of: Ernest Augustus, 344-345, 357; George William,
+344-345, 353; Prince George of, 355-356, 365.
+
+Harman, Captain, 308.
+
+Haro, Don Luis de, 294.
+
+Harris, 299.
+
+Harrison, Major, 183.
+
+Hart, Dr., 255.
+
+Harvey, Dr., 127.
+
+Hastings, Colonel, (_see_ Loughborough, Lord,) 105, 125, 171.
+
+Hatton, Sir C., 272.
+
+Hatzfeldt, Count, 38-42.
+
+Hayes, James, 313, 314, 350.
+
+Henderson, Sir J., 136.
+
+Henrietta Maria, Queen of England, 24, 25, 30, 56-59, 71, 82, 103,
+110-111, 122-124, 130-131, 139, 141, 156, 184, 208, 209, 213, 233, 246,
+265, 285, 294, 310, 335; desires marriage of Charles II, 218-219; stops
+Rupert's duel, 219-220; sides with Rupert, 273, 276; party of at St.
+Germains, 273-276, 278; chaplain of, 295.
+
+Henrietta Anne, Duchess of Orleans, 294, 295, 335, 347.
+
+Henriette, Princess Palatine, 18, 284.
+
+Henry, Duke of Gloucester, 285.
+
+Herbert, Sir Edward, 159, 167, 225, 251, 254-5, 273-6; letter to, 255.
+
+Herbert, Henry Somerset, Lord, 107-108, 157.
+
+Herbert Lord, (son of Lord Pembroke,) 112.
+
+Hertford, Lord, 76, 101, 114, 157; quarrel of with Princes, 116-119.
+
+Hesse Cassel, Charlotte of, Electress Palatine, 289, 351-353, 354.
+
+Hesse Cassel, Landgrave of, 4, 288, 291.
+
+Hessin, Guibert, 271.
+
+Heydon, Cary, 336.
+
+Hohenzollern, Princess of, 284-285.
+
+Holder, Job, Letters of, 287-288.
+
+Holland, Lord, 123.
+
+Holland, States of, 7, 15, 36, 238, 240, 284.
+
+Holmes, Sir J., 324.
+
+Holmes, Robert, 201, 216, 254, 258, 259, 268, 269, 300, 316, 323;
+character of, 323.
+
+"Honest Seaman", The, 246, 249, 251, 259, 261.
+
+Honthorst, 17.
+
+Hopkins, William, 329.
+
+Hopton, Sir Ralph, (afterwards Lord,) 69, 70, 101, 113, 114, 118, 119,
+125, 155, 167.
+
+Howard, Captain, 327.
+
+Howard, Henry, 338.
+
+Howard, Colonel, 164-165.
+
+Howard, Thomas, 113, 357.
+
+Howe, Brigadier-General, 363-4.
+
+Hubbard, Sir J., 135.
+
+Hughes, Margaret, 363-364.
+
+Hungary, King of, 5, 291.
+
+Hyde, Anne; _see_ York, Duchess of.
+
+Hyde, Sir Edward, (_see_ also Clarendon,) 71, 225-6, 229, 233, 241,
+265-6, 268, 271-4, 277-9, 282.
+
+
+
+I
+
+Inchiquin, Lord, 273.
+
+Independents, 128.
+
+Ireton, Henry, 172.
+
+Irish Soldiers, 131, 168-169.
+
+
+
+J
+
+Jacus, Captain, 256-259.
+
+James I, King of England, 3, 7, 8, 12.
+
+James II; _see_ York, Duke of, 361.
+
+Jermyn, Lord, 130, 133, 139, 140, 189, 209, 220, 233, 265, 273, 280.
+
+Jordan, Captain, 223, 227.
+
+Juliana, Electress Palatine, 6, 8.
+
+
+
+K
+
+Karl, Prince Palatine, 352, 354, 355.
+
+Karl Ludwig, Raugraf, 355.
+
+Kendal, Duke of, 336.
+
+Kevenheller, Graf, 46, 52.
+
+Killigrew, Henry, 341.
+
+King, General, (_see_ also Eythin,) 38, 39.
+
+Kingsmill, 43, 44.
+
+Kirke, Mrs., 112.
+
+Koenigsmark, Graf, 37, 39.
+
+Kuffstein, Graf, 41, 42, 44, 46.
+
+Kuffstein, Susanne Marie von, 44, 47.
+
+
+
+L
+
+La Bassee, 215-217.
+
+Langdale, Sir Marmaduke, 78, 160, 179, 180, 275, 293.
+
+Lansdowne, Battle of, 113.
+
+La Roche, M., 133-4, 317.
+
+Lathom House, siege of, 135, 141, 144.
+
+Laud, Archbishop, 27-29.
+
+Lauderdale, Lord, 229-230.
+
+Lawson, Sir J., 306.
+
+Legge, Captain, 324.
+
+Legge, Robin, 75, 158, 171.
+
+Legge, Colonel William, 60, 61, 109, 110, 120, 140, 141, 143, 156, 167,
+168, 170, 171, 184-6, 190-3, 199, 201, 231, 296, 306, 341; character
+of, 76-77, 186; letters to, 140-1, 158-9, 166-7, 171, 173, 174-5, 178,
+198-9, 208-9, 297-301; letters of, 160, 175-6; son of, 321.
+
+Leicester, Earl of, 30, 32, 43, 48, 49.
+
+Leicester, Mayor of, 86.
+
+Leipzig, Battle of, 14.
+
+Leopold, Archduke, 46, 47, 52, 55.
+
+Leslie, David, 149.
+
+Leslie, Count, 298.
+
+Leslie, Mr., 288.
+
+Le Vaillant, 292.
+
+Leven, Lord, 146.
+
+Leviston, Sir J., 208.
+
+Levit, 304-5.
+
+Lindsey, Lord, (1) Robert Bertie, 61, 90-93, (2) Montagu Bertie, 77,
+163, 300.
+
+Lippe, Colonel, 39, 40.
+
+Lisle, George, 75, 121, 166, 198.
+
+Liverpool, 144.
+
+Long, Mr., 225, 274.
+
+Loughborough, Lord, (_see_ also Hastings,) 70, 166.
+
+Louis XIV, King of France, 219, 267, 321, 322, 351.
+
+Louise, Princess Palatine, 51, 82, 284-285, 345; Abbess of Maubuisson,
+346-348; character of, 16, 17, 346-348.
+
+Louise von Degenfeldt, 289, 352-4.
+
+"Loyal Subject", The, 251.
+
+Lucas, Charles, 78, 87, 135, 167, 198.
+
+Lucas, Lady, 96.
+
+Lutheran Princes, 4.
+
+Lyme, Siege of, 119.
+
+
+
+M
+
+Madagascar, 25, 28.
+
+Madeira, Governor of, 247.
+
+Magdeburg, Administrator of, 42.
+
+Mainz, Elector of, 291, 298, 301.
+
+Manchester, Lord, 146.
+
+Mansfeld, Count, 7.
+
+Marlborough, 100.
+
+Marston Moor, Battle of, 44, 66, 146-150.
+
+Martin, 167.
+
+Marvell, Andrew, 323.
+
+Mary Stuart, Princess of Orange, 49, 57, 211, 239, 285, 357.
+
+Massey, Colonel, 120, 160, 168, 278.
+
+Matthias, Emperor, 4.
+
+Maurice, Prince of Orange; _see_ Orange.
+
+Maurice, Prince Palatine, 6, 8, 10, 11, 15, 18, 19, 29, 32, 34-35, 44,
+46, 48, 49, 50-1, 57-60, 63, 68, 87, 88, 107, 112-119, 127, 142-3, 154,
+161-6, 168, 170, 173, 177, 184-187, 194, 203, 205, 208, 211, 212, 228,
+229, 232, 238, 241-2, 245-6, 249-251, 256-259, 268, 271, 345; wrecked,
+261-262; reported return of, 286-287; letters of, 50, 164, 177; letter
+to, 32, 187, 240; character of, 72, 73, 76.
+
+May, 335.
+
+Mayence, Elector of, 281.
+
+Mazarin, Cardinal, 1, 213, 267, 269, 270, 272, 278.
+
+Meldrum, Sir J., 135, 137.
+
+Mennes, Sir J., 304.
+
+Merchants, English, 269-270.
+
+Mezzotint, 291-292.
+
+Modena, Duke of, 278-279.
+
+Monk, General, (_see_ also Albemarle, Duke of,) 34, 35, 300.
+
+Monmouth, Duke of, 331, 336.
+
+Montpensier, Mademoiselle de, 218-219.
+
+Montrose, Marquess of, 194, 230-231.
+
+Moore, Sir J., 358.
+
+Morley, Captain, 244.
+
+Morrice, 318.
+
+Mortaigne, M., 137, 216, 250.
+
+Moutray, 299.
+
+Mozley, Colonel, 128-129.
+
+Munster, Peace of, 205, 276, 277, 283, 299.
+
+Murray, Sir R., 298.
+
+Mynn, Captain, 69.
+
+
+
+N
+
+Naseby, Battle of, 172-3.
+
+Nassau, Ernest, Count of, 6,
+
+Navy, Commissioners of, 314-315, 317, 323, 325-6.
+
+Nevers, Duke of, 209.
+
+Newark, Siege of, 135-138; scene at, 195-198.
+
+Newbury, Battles of, 121, 161.
+
+Newcastle, Marquess of, 101, 103, 107, 135, 139, 143-4, 147-151,
+156-157.
+
+Nicholas, Sir Edward, 130, 184, 238, 275; letters of, 102, 106, 108,
+113, 185-6; letters to, 272, 281.
+
+Northampton, Lord, 87, 107.
+
+Norton St. Philip's, Battle of, 359.
+
+
+
+O
+
+Ogle Thomas, 128-9.
+
+O'Neil, Daniel, 60, 112, 137, 151, 156, 157; allied with Digby,
+131-132, 180; letters of 69, 100, 156-7, 219-220, 275.
+
+Opdam, Admiral, 307.
+
+Orange.  Henry Frederick, Prince of, 7, 14, 20, 29, 34-36, 49, 57-59,
+71; Maurice, Prince of, 6, 9, 13; William, Prince of, 49, 57, 231.
+William, Prince of, (William III,) 286, 297, 340; as King, 361, 364;
+envoys of, 362, 364.  Mary, Princess of; _see_ Mary.
+
+Orleans, Duchess of, Elizabeth Charlotte, 247-8, 352, 360; Henrietta,
+_see_ Henrietta.
+
+Orleans, Duke of, Gaston, 213; daughter of (_see_ Montpensier) 218.
+
+Orleans, Philippe, Duke of, 294-5, 347, 352.
+
+Ormonde, Duke of, 129, 131, 133, 179, 190, 231, 273, 274, 275, 279,
+297, 341; letters of, 131, 132, 233; letters to, 71, 124, 141, 145,
+156-7, 167-8, 180, 189, 219-220, 233-236.
+
+Osborne, Colonel, 198.
+
+Ossory, Earl of, 297.
+
+Oxford, Court at, 111, 123-4, 133-5, 139; Parliament at, 129; siege of,
+171, 201-202.
+
+
+
+P
+
+Palatinate, The, 8, 28, 35-40, 283.
+
+Parliament, English, 7, 57, 71; negotiates with King, 98, 99, 102, 163;
+allies with Scots, 128; army of, 163; remonstrates with Rupert, 169;
+offers pass to Rupert, 198-199; obliges Princes to leave England, 203;
+approves conduct of Elector, 206-7; sends ships against the Princes,
+241-245.
+
+Peace Party, 128.
+
+Penn, Sir W., 308-9, 321.
+
+Pepys, Samuel, Diary of, 197-8, 294, 302, 303, 306, 310, 314, 315, 321,
+323; as victualler of fleet, 303, 314, 317-319.
+
+Percy, Henry, Lord, 76, 82, 113, 120-124, 133-4, 145, 155, 157, 189,
+239, 273; letters of, 122-123; duel with Rupert, 221.
+
+Pett, Robert, 227.
+
+Philip, Prince Palatine, 15, 18, 35, 49, 208, 210, 286; kills d'Epinay,
+210-211; enters service of Venice, 211-212.
+
+Picolomini, 215.
+
+Plymouth, Siege of, 119.
+
+Poland, Casimir, Prince of.  43.
+
+Poland, Ladislas, King of, 22.
+
+Popish Plot, 356.
+
+Porter, Endymion, 24.
+
+Portland, Lord, 191, 198.
+
+Portodale, Governor of, 256.
+
+Portsmouth, Duchess of, 357.
+
+Portugal, Ambassador of, 335.
+
+Portugal, Infanta of, 299; King of, 241-244, 252; Queen of, 242;
+Princes in, 241-244.
+
+Portuguese in the Azores, 247, 248, 251-252, 256, 262.
+
+Powick Bridge, Battle at, 87-88.
+
+Price, Thomas, 227.
+
+Purefoy, Mrs., 86-87.
+
+Puritans: in terror of Rupert, 62, 63; hang Irish soldiers, 64;
+violence of; 94-95; exultation of, at Marston Moor, 150-152.
+
+Pyne, Valentine, 261, 281, 287.
+
+
+
+R
+
+Radcliffe, Sir George, 89, 189.
+
+Rantzau, Marechal, 214, 215.
+
+Ratzeville, Prince, 240.
+
+Raugraefen, 354-355.
+
+Ravenville, Prince, 51.
+
+Reading, 106-107.
+
+Reeves, Sir W., 324.
+
+"Revenge", The, 227, 251, 259-260.
+
+Richelieu, Cardinal, 31, 49.
+
+Richmond, Duchess of, 111-113, 199, 201, 241, 357.
+
+Richmond, Duke of, 93, 112, 130, 193, 195, 199, 200; character of,
+77-78; letter of, to Rupert, 124-5, 138-9, 140-144, 160-1, 178; letter
+of Rupert to, 178.
+
+Rivers, Lady, 96.
+
+Roe, Sir Thomas, 10, 16, 51-56; Letters of Elizabeth of Bohemia to,
+40-41, 49-51, 56; of Rupert to, 52-54; of Sir W. Boswell to, 56.
+Letters to Elizabeth of Bohemia, 22-25, 28, 30; to the Elector, 64, 88.
+
+Rossetter, Colonel, 194.
+
+Roundway Down, 113.
+
+"Royal Charles", The, 308.
+
+Royalists.  Dissensions in Army of, 68-70, 91-92; want of discipline
+among, 93, 100; want of supplies among, 100, 164-165; factions among,
+124, 156, 224-225; plot of, to surrender Bristol, 103; revenge of, for
+breach of faith, 107, 116.
+
+"Royal Prince", The, 313.
+
+Raugraefen, The, 354-355.
+
+Rupert, Prince Palatine.  Letters to, 69, 70, 74-75, 100, 103, 106-108,
+113, 122-127, 129, 130, 133-145, 147, 151, 155, 158-161, 164-6,
+168-170, 177, 179, 194-5, 199, 200, 209, 218, 227, 230-1, 232-236, 239,
+240, 265-6, 269, 270, 277, 279, 282, 285-288, 306, 348; letters of,
+144, 166, 169, 178, 235, 251, 255, 284.  Letters of, to Arlington,
+304-5, 309, 324, 349; to Charles I, 15, 185, 200; to Charles II, 243,
+254, 281, 306; to Legge, 140, 141, 158-9, 167, 171, 178, 179, 180, 198,
+208-209, 297-301; to Montrose, 230-1; to Ormonde, 235-236; to Roe,
+52-54; to Sophie, 356-357.  Early life of, 5-21; first visit to
+England, 23-29; marriage treaty for, 30-32, 357: at siege of Breda,
+34-35; attempt of, on Palatinate 35-38; a prisoner of the Empire,
+40-55; rejects overtures of Emperor, 45; release of, 52-55; returns to
+Hague, 56-57; made General of the Horse, 59; voyage to England, 59-60;
+opposes treaty, 85; raises supplies, 86.  Actions of in 1642, 87-99; in
+1643, 101-128.  Intercedes for Fielding, 107; at Chalgrove Field,
+108-110; besieges Bristol, 114-117; quarrels with Hertford, 117;
+quarrels with Queen, 122-3; attempt on Aylesbury, 128-129; created Duke
+of Cumberland, 129; made President of Wales, 129, 132; opposed by
+Digby, 129-131, 143, 145; befriended by Jermyn, 130-133, 139; relieves
+Newark, 135-187; recalled to Oxford, wrath of, 140-141; marches north,
+143; fights at Marston Moor, 147-153; depression of, 160-161; made
+Master of Horse, and Commander-in-Chief, 162; proscribed by Parliament,
+163; favours treaty of Uxbridge, 163; aids Maurice in Marches, 166-168;
+retaliates for execution of Irish soldiers, 168-169; last campaign in
+England, 170-173; forms peace-party, 177-9, 189; besieged in Bristol
+and surrenders, 180-183; justified by Puritans, 183-184; indignation of
+Royalists against, 184; cashiered by King, 184-185; goes to King at
+Newark 194; acquitted by Court Martial, 195; violent conduct of,
+196-197; returns to Woodstock, 198-199; reconciled with King, 200-201;
+at siege of Oxford wounded 201-202; challenges Southampton, 202; goes
+to France, 203, 213.  Position of in Royalist Army, 61; military talent
+of, 61, 66-67; tactics of, 66, 91, 92; skilled strategy of, 67, 90,
+101, 119, 143; activity of, 63, 64, 102-3, 107, 132; reputation of,
+62-64, 88-89; popularity of, 73-75; failings of, 67, 71-72, 75-76;
+difficulties of, 68, 71, 100, 125-126, 164-167; struggles of, with
+Court, 108, 118, 122-125, 132-4, 139, 170-2; calumnies against, 64-66,
+94-95, 139, 145.  Digby's Plot against, 179-180, 184, 187-189, 194; at
+enmity with Digby, 75, 81, 85; challenges Digby, 219-220; reconciled
+with Digby, 158, 220.  Hatred of Wilmot, 75, 82, 84, 113, 155-157; of
+Goring 76, 82-3, 158-160; of Percy, 76, 82, 221; of Culpepper, 75,
+225-6.  Friends of, 76-79, 112; affection of, for Maurice, 76, 117;
+visited by Charles Louis, 205; espouses cause of Philip, 211; accepts
+command in French army, 214; campaign in Flanders, 214-218; courts
+Mademoiselle for Prince Charles, 218-9; duels of, 219-221; takes charge
+of fleet, 222-229; difficulties of, 223-5, 227-9, 252; conciliates
+Scots, 229-230; friend of Montrose, 230-231; takes fleet to Ireland,
+231-237; hears of King's execution, 237.  Made Lord High Admiral, 237;
+with fleet in Tagus, 241-244; on Spanish Coast 244-5; refits at Toulon,
+245-7; voyage of, to Azores, 247-252; wrecked in "Constant
+Reformation", 248-251; on coast of Africa, 253-259; loses the
+"Revenge", 259-260; in West Indies, 260-1; caught in hurricane, loses
+Maurice, 261-2, 267; returns to France, 262-263.  Broken health of,
+262, 266-268, 293; reception of in Paris, 265-269; disposes of prize
+goods, 269-70; quarrel with Charles II, 270-273, 276, 282; position of,
+at St. Germains, 273-276; supports James of York, 275, 282; proposes to
+go to Scotland, 275, 279; acts for Charles II at Vienna, 277, 280-281;
+raises forces for Modena, 278; adheres to Charles II, 278, 281-282;
+complicity of, in plot against Cromwell, 279-280; rumours concerning,
+280, 290-1; inquires into rumour of Maurice's return, 286-7; demands
+appanage from Elector, 287-288; in love with Louise von Degenfeldt,
+289; quarrels with Elector, vows never to return, 290, 344, 348-350;
+lives at Mainz, 291-292; visit of, to England, 294-296; popularity in
+England, 295-296, 311, 330-331; visit of, to Vienna, 296-301; on
+Committee for Tangiers, 302; prepares fleet for Guinea, 303-305;
+illness of, 305-6, 309, 319; actions of, in first Dutch War, 307,
+310-313, 315-317; command withdrawn from, 310-311; holds joint command
+with Albemarle, 311-317; complains of Naval Commissioners, 303, 314,
+317-318, 320, 325-6; fortifies coast, 319, 322.  Quarrels with
+Arlington, 319-320; with James of York, 321, 327; dislikes second Dutch
+War, 322; actions of, in second Dutch War, 322-328; difficulties of in
+second Dutch War, 322-3; angry with Schomberg and with D'Estrees, 326;
+rage of, against the French, 328-331; position of, at Court, 332,
+334-5; politics of, 329, 330-1, 334-5; care of, for distressed
+Cavaliers, 336-337; inventions and trading ventures of, 337-338;
+Constable of Windsor, 339-342; family relations of, 284, 301, 344-355;
+urged to return to Palatinate and marry, 353-4; negotiates marriage for
+George of Hanover, 356-7; admiration of, for Duchess of Richmond,
+112-113, 357; connection with Francesca Bard, 357-363; connection with
+Margaret Hughes, 363-4; death of, 342-343, 355; will of, 343, 359, 360,
+363; character of, 1-2, 18, 21, 23-4, 58, 222-3, 266, 333-4, 365-6;
+courage of, 62, 63, 99, 115, 251, 309, 313-314; temperance of, 55, 62,
+84; chivalry of, 66, 86, 87, 146, 317; confidence and over-bearing
+manners of, 62, 71-2, 118; shyness of, 72-73; faithful to his word,
+pays debts, 116, 137, 255, 272; declaration of, 94, 96, 102, 187-8,
+236-7; children of, 357-365; secretary of, 93, 260, 313-4, 350;
+chaplain of, 304-5; dog of, 44, 79-81, 150; falcon of, 110; servants
+of, 203, 341; yacht of, 315; disguises of, 90, 96.
+
+Ruperta, 343, 363-5.
+
+Russell, Jack, 298-9.
+
+Ruthven, (_see_ Brentford,) 91-92.
+
+
+
+S
+
+St. Germains, Court at, 213, 218, 267, 273-6.
+
+St. John, 238.
+
+St. Martinique, 260.
+
+St. Michael, 248.
+
+St. Michel, 298.
+
+Sandwich, Lord, 302, 307, 310, 311, 318, 334.
+
+Sandys, Colonel, 87.
+
+Santa Lucia, 260.
+
+Santiago, 256, 260.
+
+Saxony, Elector of, 55.
+
+Saxe Weimar, Duke of, 48-49.
+
+Say, Lord, Son of, 114.
+
+Schomberg, Colonel, 326-7.
+
+Schoneveldt, Battle of, 324-5.
+
+Scots: allied with English Parliament, 128, 149, 150, 177; negotiate
+with Charles II, 229-230, 275, 279; aversion of to Rupert, 229-230, 275.
+
+Shaftesbury, Lord, 330-1, 338.
+
+Shakespeare, Granddaughter of, 111.
+
+Shipton, Mother, 319.
+
+Siegen, Ludwig von, 291.
+
+Simmern, Duke of, 288.
+
+Skrimshaw, Adjutant, 166.
+
+Slanning, Nicholas, 116.
+
+Slingsby, Lieutenant, 167.
+
+Sophie, Princess Palatine, Duchess of Hanover, 9, 37, 283, 294, 342,
+346-7, 353-355, 356, 358, 361-365; early life of, 10, 11, 16-19;
+marriage of, 344-5; letters of, 239-240, 291, 346-349, 363-4; letters
+to, 289, 346-354, 356-7; opinion of her mother, 9, 12; describes her
+sisters, 17-18; children of, 355.
+
+Southcote, Sir Edward, 74, 80.
+
+Southampton, Lord, 77, 202.
+
+Southwold Bay, Battles of, 307-8, 322.
+
+Spain, 241, 244-5, 263, 281; Cardinal Infante of, 43; Ambassador of,
+298-299.
+
+Speke, Hugh, 336-7.
+
+Spencer, Lord, 91.
+
+Speyer, Bishop of, 288.
+
+Spragge, Sir Edward, 323-5, 327.
+
+Stadtholder; _see_ Orange, Princes of.
+
+Stafford, Lord, 356.
+
+Stapleton, Sir Philip, 121-122.
+
+Stockport, 144.
+
+Strickland, Sir Roger, 324.
+
+Stuart, Lord Bernard, 91, 162, 196.
+
+Sunderland, Lord, 122.
+
+Sussex, Lady, 80, 87.
+
+"Swallow", The, 246, 249, 251-2, 256, 259-263, 271-2.
+
+Sweden, King of, (_see_ Gustavus) 8, 340.
+
+Symonds, Diary of, 196; commonplace-book of, 251.
+
+
+
+T
+
+Taafe, Lord, 112, 273.
+
+Terrel, Sir Edward, 87.
+
+Texel, Battle of the, 327-328.
+
+Tilly, General, 8.
+
+Toulon, 245-246, 255, 271.
+
+Transylvania, Prince of, 284.
+
+Trevanion, Colonel, 116.
+
+Trevor, Arthur, 132, 317; letters of, 71, 124, 129, 130, 133-136, 138,
+141, 145, 148, 150, 153, 156-159, 160, 170-171.
+
+Trevor, Sir John, 295.
+
+Trevor, Mark, 167.
+
+Tromp, Admiral van, 308, 315, 325, 327.
+
+
+
+U
+
+Uxbridge, Treaty of, 163, 179.
+
+
+
+V
+
+Vane, Sir Henry, letters to, 21, 23.
+
+Van Heemskerk, 316.
+
+Vavasour, Colonel, 69, 70, 107, 108.
+
+Verney, Sir Edmund, 93.
+
+Villiers, Lady Mary (_see_ Richmond, Duchess of,) 12.
+
+Virgin Islands, 261.
+
+Vlotho, Battle of, 38-39.
+
+
+
+W
+
+Walker, Sir Edward, 72.
+
+Waller, Sir William, 114, 120, 161-2, 183.
+
+Walsh, Sir Robert, 225-226.
+
+Walsingham, 190-193.
+
+War.  Thirty Years', 7; Dutch, 307-316, 321-329.
+
+Warwick, Lord, 223-4, 232.
+
+Warwick, Sir Philip, 61, 72, 147, 193.
+
+Webb, Mr., 43.
+
+Welwang, Captain, 324.
+
+Wentworth, Lord, 65, 90, 115, 220.
+
+West Indies, 260-261.
+
+Weymouth, 119.
+
+Whitebridge, Skirmish at, 110.
+
+Whitelocke, Bulstrode, 95, 97, 163.
+
+Wigan, 144.
+
+Wilhelmina, Princess Palatine, 352.
+
+Willoughby, Lord, (_see_ Lindsey,) 92, 93.
+
+Willoughby (of Parham), Lord, 135.
+
+Willys, Sir Richard, 195-196.
+
+Wilmot, Lord, 35, 87, 100, 113-4, 122-4, 189, 221, 273; character of,
+83-84; at enmity with Rupert, 75, 82, 124, 145, 154-157; arrest and
+dismissal of, 154-157.
+
+Windebank, Colonel, 169-170, 357.
+
+Windebank, Secretary, 41, 43.
+
+Windsor, attack on, 97; castle of, 339.
+
+Wyndham, Colonel, 70, 281.
+
+
+
+Y
+
+York.  Princess Anne of, 355-356; Archbishop of, 167-168; Duchess of,
+295.
+
+York, James, Duke of, 171, 226, 255, 265, 268, 273-5, 302-305, 310,
+315-318, 334, 336, 340-1; quarrels with Charles II, 275, 282; supported
+by Rupert, 282: made Lord High Admiral, 307-9; quarrels with Rupert,
+321, 327; commands fleet, 322; letter of, 306; marriage of, 295, 330,
+360; party of, 323; sons of, 336; as King, 359.
+
+York, Princess Mary of, 340.
+
+York, Siege of, 144-150.
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Rupert Prince Palatine, by Eva Scott
+
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