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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/39789-8.txt b/39789-8.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..2be4ec6 --- /dev/null +++ b/39789-8.txt @@ -0,0 +1,4610 @@ +Project Gutenberg's Nooks and Corners of Old New York, by Charles Hemstreet + +This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with +almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Nooks and Corners of Old New York + +Author: Charles Hemstreet + +Illustrator: E. C. Peixotto + +Release Date: May 25, 2012 [EBook #39789] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOOKS AND CORNERS OF OLD NEW YORK *** + + + + +Produced by Annie R. McGuire. This book was produced from +scanned images of public domain material from the Internet +Archive. + + + + + + + + + +_Nooks & Corners_ +_of_ +Old New York + + +By +Charles Hemftreet + + +_Illustrated_ +_By_ +E. C. Peixotto + + +New York +Charles Scribner's Sons +MDCCCCV + + + + +COPYRIGHT, 1899 +BY CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS +NEW YORK + + + + +_INTRODUCTORY NOTE_ + + +The points of interest referred to in this book are to be found in the +lower part of the Island of Manhattan. + +Settlements having early been made in widely separated parts of the +island, streets were laid out from each settlement as they were needed +without regard to the city as a whole; with the result that as the city +grew the streets lengthened and those of the various sections met at +every conceivable angle. This resulted in a tangle detrimental to the +city's interests, and in 1807 a Commission was appointed to devise a +City Plan that should protect the interests of the _whole_ community. + +A glance at a city map will show the confusion of streets at the lower +end of the island and the regularity brought about under the City Plan +above Houston Street on the east, and Fourteenth Street on the west +side. + +The plan adopted by the Commission absolutely disregarded the natural +topography of the island, and resulted in a city of straight lines and +right angles. + + + + +LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS + + + PAGE + No. 7 State Street 6 + Fraunces' Tavern 11 + The "Jack Knife," Gold and Platt Streets 23 + Golden Hill Inn 24 + Cell in the Prison under the Hall of Records 35 + Statue of Nathan Hale, City Hall Park 38 + No. 11 Reade Street, where Aaron Burr had an office 40 + The Tombs 41 + Park Street, with Church of the Transfiguration 44 + Hudson and Watts Streets 55 + Grave of Charlotte Temple 62 + Tomb of Alexander Hamilton 66 + Washington's Pew, St. Paul's Chapel 76 + Montgomery's Tomb 77 + A House of Other Days 79 + "Murderers' Row" 97 + Old Houses, Wiehawken Street 112 + Looking South from Minetta Lane 114 + Old Theological Seminary, Chelsea Square 126 + Church of Sea and Land 135 + Bone Alley 139 + Milestone on the Bowery 143 + Entrance to Marble Cemetery 152 + College of the City of New York 186 + Gate of Old House of Refuge 188 + The Little Church Around the Corner 192 + Milestone on Third Avenue 204 + + + + +NOOKS AND CORNERS +OF OLD NEW YORK + + + + +I + + +[Sidenote: Fort Amsterdam] + +On the centre building of the row which faces bowling Green Park on the +south there is a tablet bearing the words: + + THE SITE OF FORT AMSTERDAM, + BUILT IN 1626. + WITHIN THE FORTIFICATIONS + WAS ERECTED THE FIRST + SUBSTANTIAL CHURCH EDIFICE + ON THE ISLAND OF MANHATTAN. + IN 1787 THE FORT + WAS DEMOLISHED + AND THE GOVERNMENT HOUSE + BUILT UPON THIS SITE + +[Sidenote: Dutch West India Co.] + +This was the starting-point of the settlement which gradually became New +York. In 1614 a stockade, called Fort Manhattan, was built as a +temporary place of shelter for representatives of the United New +Netherland Co., which had been formed to trade with the Indians. This +company was replaced by the Dutch West India Co., with chartered rights +to trade on the American coast, and the first step towards the forming +of a permanent settlement was the building of Fort Amsterdam on the site +of the stockade. + +In 1664 New Amsterdam passed into British possession and became New +York, while Fort Amsterdam became Fort James. Under Queen Anne it was +Fort George, remaining so until demolished in 1787. + +On the Fort's site was built the Government House, intended for +Washington and the Presidents who should follow him. But none ever +occupied it as the seat of government was removed to Philadelphia before +the house was completed. After 1801 it became an office building, and +was demolished in 1815 to make room for the present structures. + +[Sidenote: Bowling Green] + +The tiny patch of grass at the starting-point of Broadway, now called +Bowling Green Park, was originally the centre of sports for colonists, +and has been the scene of many stirring events. The iron railing which +now surrounds it was set up in 1771, having been imported from England +to enclose a lead equestrian statue of King George III. On the posts of +the fence were representations of heads of members of the Royal family. +In 1776, during the Revolution, the statue was dragged down and molded +into bullets, and where the iron heads were knocked from the posts the +fracture can still be seen. + +[Sidenote: The Battery] + +When the English took possession of the city, in 1664, the Fort being +regarded as useless, it was decided to build a Battery to protect the +newly acquired possession. Thus the idea of the Battery was conceived, +although the work was not actually carried out until 1684. + +Beyond the Fort there was a fringe of land with the water reaching to a +point within a line drawn from Water and Whitehall Streets to Greenwich +Street. Sixty years after the Battery was built fifty guns were added, +it having been lightly armed up to that time. + +The Battery was demolished about the same time as the Fort. The land on +which it stood became a small park, retaining the name of the Battery, +and was gradually added to until it became the Battery Park of to-day. + +[Sidenote: Castle Garden] + +A small island, two hundred feet off the Battery, to which it was +connected by a drawbridge, was fortified in 1811 and called Fort +Clinton. The armament was twenty-eight 32-pounders, none of which was +ever fired at an enemy. In 1822 the island was ceded back to the city by +the Federal Government--when the military headquarters were transferred +to Governor's Island--and became a place of amusement under the name of +Castle Garden. It was the first real home of opera in America. General +Lafayette was received there in 1824, and there Samuel F. B. Morse first +demonstrated the possibility of controlling an electric current in 1835. +Jenny Lind, under the management of P. T. Barnum, appeared there in +1850. In 1855 it became a depot for the reception of immigrants; in 1890 +the offices were removed to Ellis Island, and in 1896, after many +postponements, Castle Garden was opened as a public aquarium. + +[Illustration: No. 7 State Street] + +[Sidenote: State Street] + +State Street, facing the Battery, during the latter part of the +eighteenth and the early part of the nineteenth century, was the +fashionable quarter of the city, and on it were the homes of the +wealthy. Several of the old houses still survive. No. 7, now a home for +immigrant Irish girls, was the most conspicuous on the street, and is in +about its original state. At No. 9 lived John Morton, called the "rebel +banker" by the British, because he loaned large sums to the Continental +Congress. His son, General Jacob Morton, occupied the mansion after his +marriage in 1791, and commanded the militia. Long after he became too +infirm to actually command, from the balcony of his home he reviewed on +the Battery parade grounds the Tompkins Blues and the Light Guards. The +veterans of these commands, by legislative enactment in 1868, were +incorporated as the "Old Guard." + +[Sidenote: The "Stadhuis"] + +On the building at 4 and 6 Pearl Street, corner State Street, is a +tablet which reads: + + 1636 1897 + ON THIS SITE STOOD THE "STADHUIS" + OF NEW AMSTERDAM----ERECTED 1636 + THIS TABLET IS PLACED HERE IN LOVING MEMORY + OF THE FIRST DUTCH SETTLERS BY THE + HOLLAND DAMES OF THE NEW + NETHERLANDS AND THE + KNIGHTS OF THE LEGION OF THE CROWN + LAVINIA + KONIGIN + +It was set up October 7, 1897, and marks the supposed site of the first +City Hall. What is claimed by most authorities to be the real site is +at Pearl Street, opposite Coenties Slip. + +Whitehall Street was one of the earliest thoroughfares of the city, and +was originally the open space left on the land side of the Fort. + +[Sidenote: The Beaver's Path] + +Beaver Street was first called the Beaver's Path. It was a ditch, on +either side of which was a path. When houses were built along these +paths they were improved by a rough pavement. At the end of the Beaver's +Path, close to where Broad Street is now, was a swamp, which, before the +pavements were made, had been reclaimed and was known as the Sheep +Pasture. + +[Sidenote: Petticoat Lane] + +Marketfield Street, whose length is less than a block, opens into Broad +Street at No. 72, a few feet from Beaver Street. This is one of the +lost thoroughfares of the city. Almost as old as the city itself, it +once extended past the Fort and continued to the river in what is now +Battery Place. It was then called Petticoat Lane. The first French +Huguenot church was built on it in 1688. Now the Produce Exchange cuts +the street off short and covers the site of the church. + +[Sidenote: Broad Street] + +Through Broad Street, when the town was New Amsterdam, a narrow, +ill-smelling inlet extended to about the present Beaver Street, then +narrowed to a ditch close to Wall Street. The water-front was then at +Pearl Street. Several bridges crossed the inlet, the largest at the +point where Stone Street is. Another gave Bridge Street its name. In +1660 the ways on either side were paved, and soon became a market-place +for citizens who traded with farmers for their products, and with the +Indians who navigated the inlet in their canoes. The locality has ever +since been a centre of exchange. When the inlet was finally filled in it +left the present "Broad" Street. + +Where Beaver Street crosses this thoroughfare, on the northwest corner, +is a tablet: + + TO COMMEMORATE THE GALLANT AND PATRIOTIC + ACT OF MARINUS WILLETT IN HERE SEIZING + JUNE 6, 1775, FROM THE BRITISH FORCES THE + MUSKETS WITH WHICH HE ARMED HIS + TROOPS. THIS TABLET IS ERECTED BY + THE SOCIETY OF THE SONS OF THE + REVOLUTION, NEW YORK, NOV. 12, 1892 + +On one side of the tablet is a bas-relief of the scene showing the +patriots stopping the ammunition wagons. + +[Illustration: Fraunces' Tavern] + +[Sidenote: Fraunces' Tavern] + +Fraunces' Tavern, standing at the southeast corner of Broad and Pearl +Streets, is much the same outwardly as it was when built in 1700, except +that it has two added stories. Etienne De Lancey, a Huguenot nobleman, +built it as his homestead and occupied it for a quarter of a century. It +became a tavern under the direction of Samuel Fraunces in 1762. It was +Washington's headquarters in 1776, and in 1783 he delivered there his +farewell address to his generals. + +[Sidenote: Pearl Street] + +Pearl Street was one of the two early roads leading from the Fort. It +lay along the water front, and extended to a ferry where Peck Slip is +now. The road afterwards became Great Queen Street, and was lined with +shops of store-keepers who sought the Long Island trade. The other road +in time became Broadway. + +On a building at 73 Pearl Street, facing Coenties Slip, is a tablet +which reads: + + THE SITE OF THE + FIRST DUTCH HOUSE OF ENTERTAINMENT + ON THE ISLAND OF MANHATTAN + LATER THE SITE OF THE OLD "STADT HUYS" + OR CITY HALL + THIS TABLET IS PLACED HERE BY + THE HOLLAND SOCIETY OF NEW YORK + SEPTEMBER, 1890 + +[Sidenote: The First City Hall] + +This is the site of the first City Hall of New Amsterdam, built 1642. It +stood by the waterside, for beyond Water Street all the land has been +reclaimed. There was a court room and a prison in the building. Before +it, where the pillars of the elevated road are now, was a cage and a +whipping-post. There was also the public "Well of William Cox." + +Beside the house ran a lane. It is there yet, still called Coenties Lane +as in the days of old. But it is no longer green. Now it is narrow, +paved, and almost lost between tall buildings. + +Opposite Coenties Lane is Coenties Slip, which was an inlet in the days +of the Stadt Huys. The land about was owned by Conraet Ten Eyck, who was +nicknamed Coentje. This in time became Coonchy and was finally +vulgarized to "Quincy." The filling in of this waterway began in 1835 +and the slip is now buried beneath Jeanette Park. The filled-in slip +accounts for the width of the street. For the same reason there is +considerable width at Wall, Maiden Lane and other streets leading to the +water front. + +[Sidenote: First Printing Press in the Colony] + +At 81 Pearl Street, close by Coenties Slip, the first printing-press was +set up by William Bradford, after he was appointed Public Printer in +1693. A tablet marks the site, with the inscription: + + ON THIS SITE + WILLIAM BRADFORD + APPOINTED + PUBLIC PRINTER + APRIL 10, A. D. 1693 + ESTABLISHED THE FIRST + PRINTING PRESS + IN THE + COLONY OF NEW YORK + ERECTED BY THE + NEW YORK + HISTORICAL SOCIETY + APRIL 10, A. D. 1893 + IN COMMEMORATION OF + THE 200TH ANNIVERSARY + OF THE INTRODUCTION + OF PRINTING IN + NEW YORK + +[Sidenote: Fire of 1835] + +Across the way, on a warehouse at 88 Pearl Street, is a marble tablet of +unique design, to commemorate the great fire of 1835, which started in +Merchant Street, burned for nineteen hours, extended over fifty acres +and consumed 402 buildings. + +Directly through the block from this point is Cuyler's Alley, a narrow +way between the houses running off Water Street. Although it is a +hundred years old the only incident connected with its existence that +has crept into the city's history, is a murder. In 1823, a Boston +merchant was waylaid and murdered for his money, and was dragged through +this street for final disposition in the river, but the murderer made so +much noise in his work that the constable heard him and came upon the +abandoned corpse. + +[Sidenote: Stone Street] + +Through a pretty garden at the back of the Stadt Huys, Stone Street was +reached. It was the first street to be laid with cobble-stones (1657), +and so came by its name, which originally had been Brouwer Street. + +Delmonico's establishment at Beaver and William Streets is on the site +of the second of the Delmonico restaurants. (See Fulton and William +Streets.) + +[Sidenote: Flat and Barrack Hill] + +Exchange Place took its name from the Merchants' Exchange, which was +completed in William Street, fronting on Wall, in 1827 (the present +Custom House). Before that date it had been called Garden Street. From +Hanover to Broad Street was a famous place for boys to coast in winter, +and the grade was called "Flat and Barrack Hill." Scarcely more than an +alley now, the street was even narrower once and was given its present +width in 1832. + +[Sidenote: Wall Street] + +Wall Street came by its name naturally, for it was a walled street once. +When war broke out between England and Holland in 1653, Governor Peter +Stuyvesant built the wall along the line of the present street, from +river to river. His object was to form a barrier that should enclose +the city. It was a wall of wood, twelve feet high, with a sloping +breastwork inside. After the wall was removed in 1699, the street came +to be a chief business thoroughfare. + +[Sidenote: Federal Hall] + +A new City Hall, to replace the Stadt Huys, was built in 1699, at Nassau +Street, on the site of the present Sub-Treasury building. In front of +the building was the cage for criminals, stocks and whipping-post. When +independence was declared, this building was converted into a capitol +and was called Federal Hall. The Declaration of Independence was read +from the steps in 1776. President Washington was inaugurated there in +1789. The wide strip of pavement on the west side of Nassau Street at +Wall Street bears evidence of the former existence of Federal Hall. The +latter extended across to the western house line of the present Nassau +Street, and so closed the thoroughfare that a passage-way led around the +building to Nassau Street. When the Sub-Treasury was built in 1836, on +the site of Federal Hall, Nassau Street was opened to Wall, and the +little passage-way was left to form the wide pavement of to-day. + +[Sidenote: Where Alexander Hamilton Lived] + +Alexander Hamilton, in 1789, lived in a house on the south side of Wall +Street at Broad. His slayer, Aaron Burr, then lived back of Federal Hall +in Nassau Street. + +The Custom House at William Street and Wall was completed in 1842. At +this same corner once stood a statue of William Pitt, Earl of Chatham. +In 1776, during the Revolution, the statue was pulled down by British +soldiers, the head cut off and the remainder dragged in the mud. The +people petitioned the Assembly in 1766 to erect the statue to Pitt, as +a recognition of his zealous defence of the American colonies and his +efforts in securing the repeal of the Stamp Act. At the same time +provision was made for the erection of the equestrian statue of George +III in Bowling Green. The statue of Pitt was of marble, and was erected +in 1770. + +[Sidenote: Tontine Coffee House] + +The Tontine Building at the northwest corner of Wall and Water Streets +marks the site of the Tontine Coffee House, a celebrated house for the +interchange of goods and of ideas, and a political centre. It was a +prominent institution in the city, resorted to by the wealthy and +influential. The building was erected in 1794, and conducted by the +Tontine Society of two hundred and three members, each holding a $200 +share. Under their plan all property was to revert to seven survivors of +the original subscribers. The division was made in 1876. + +[Sidenote: Meal Market] + +Close to where the coffee house was built later, a market was set up in +the middle of Wall Street in 1709, and being the public market for the +sale of corn and meal was called the "Meal Market." Cut meat was not +sold there until 1740. In 1731 this market became the only public place +for the sale and hiring of slaves. + +Trinity Church has stood at the head of Wall Street since 1697. Before +1779 the street was filled with tall trees, but during the intensely +cold winter of that year most of them were cut down and used for +kindling. + +The ferry wharf has been at the foot of the street since 1694, when the +water came up as far as Pearl Street. It was here that Washington +landed, coming from Elizabethport after his journey from Virginia, April +23, 1789, to be inaugurated. + +The United States Hotel, Fulton, between Water and Pearl Streets, was +built in 1823 as Holt's Hotel. It was the headquarters for captains of +whaling ships and merchants. A semaphore, or marine telegraph, was on +the cupola, the windmill-like arms of which served to indicate the +arrival of vessels. + +[Sidenote: Middle Dutch Church] + +On the building at the northeast corner of Nassau and Cedar Streets is a +tablet reading: + + HERE STOOD + THE MIDDLE DUTCH CHURCH + DEDICATED A. D. 1729 + MADE A BRITISH MILITARY PRISON 1776 + RESTORED 1790 + OCCUPIED AS THE UNITED STATES POST-OFFICE + 1845-1875 + TAKEN DOWN 1882 + +This church was a notable place of worship; the last in the city to +represent strict simplicity of religious service as contrasted with +modern ease and elegance. The post-office occupied the building until +its removal to the structure it now occupies. The second home of the +Middle Dutch Church was in Lafayette Place. + +[Sidenote: Pie Woman's Lane] + +Nassau Street was opened in 1696, when Teunis de Kay was given the right +to make a cartway from the wall to the commons (now City Hall Park). At +first the street was known as Pie Woman's Lane. + +[Sidenote: The Maiden's Lane] + +Where Maiden Lane is there was once a narrow stream or spring water, +which flowed from about the present Nassau Street. Women went there to +wash their clothing, so that it came to be called the Virgin's Path, and +from that the Maiden's Lane. A blacksmith having set up a shop at the +edge of the stream near the river, the locality took the name of Smit's +V'lei, or the Smith's Valley, afterwards shortened to the V'lei, and +then readily corrupted to "Fly." It was natural, then, when a market +was built on the Maiden's Lane, from Pearl to South Streets, to call it +the Fly Market. This was pulled down in 1823. + +[Illustration: The Jack Knife, Gold & Platt Sts.] + +[Sidenote: The Jack-Knife] + +On Gold Street, northwest corner of Platt Street, is a wedge-shaped +house of curious appearance. It is best seen from the Platt Street side. +When this street was opened in 1834 by Jacob S. Platt, who owned much of +the neighboring land and wanted a street of his own, the house was large +and square and had been a tavern for a great many years. The new street +cut the house to its present strange shape, and it came to be called the +"Jack-knife." + +[Illustration: Golden Hill Inn] + +[Sidenote: Golden Hill] + +Golden Hill, celebrated since the time of the Dutch, is still to be +seen in the high ground around Cliff and Gold Streets. Pearl street near +John shows a sweeping curve where it circled around the hill's base, and +the same sort of curve is seen in Maiden Lane on the south and Fulton +Street on the north. The first blood of the Revolution was shed on this +hill in January, 1770, after the British soldiers had cut down a liberty +pole set up by the Liberty Boys. The fight occurred on open ground back +of an inn which still stands at 122 William Street, and is commemorated +in a tablet on the wall of a building at the corner of John and William +Streets. It reads: + + "GOLDEN HILL" + HERE, JAN. 18, 1770 + THE FIGHT TOOK PLACE BETWEEN THE + "SONS OF LIBERTY" AND THE + BRITISH REGULARS, 16TH FOOT + FIRST BLOODSHED IN THE + WAR OF THE REVOLUTION + +The inn is much the same as in early days, except that many buildings +crowd about it now, and modern paint has made it hideous to antiquarian +eyes. + +[Sidenote: Delmonico's] + +On the east side of William Street, a few doors south of Fulton, John +Delmonico opened a dingy little bake shop in 1823, acted as chef and +waiter, and built up the name and business which to-day is synonymous +with good eating. In 1832 he removed to 23 William Street. Burned out +there in 1835, he soon opened on a larger scale with his brother at +William and Beaver Streets, on which site is still an establishment +under the Delmonico name. In time he set up various places--at Chambers +Street and Broadway; Fourteenth Street and Fifth Avenue; Twenty-sixth +Street and Broadway, and finally at Forty-fourth Street and Fifth +Avenue. + +[Sidenote: John Street Church] + +John Street Church, between Nassau and William Streets, was the first +Methodist Church in America. In 1767 it was organized in a loft at 120 +William Street, then locally known as Horse and Cart Street. In 1768 the +church was built in John Street. It was rebuilt in 1817 and again in +1841. John Street perpetuates the name of John Harpendingh, who owned +most of the land thereabout. + +[Sidenote: John Street Theatre] + +At what is now 17, 19 and 21 John Street, in 1767 was built the old John +Street Theatre, a wooden structure, painted red, standing sixty feet +back from the street and reached by a covered way. An arcade through the +house at No. 17 still bears evidence of the theatre. The house was +closed in 1774, when the Continental Congress recommended suspension of +amusements. Throughout the Revolutionary War, however, performances were +given, the places of the players being filled by British officers. +Washington frequently attended the performances at this theatre after he +became President. The house was torn down in 1798. + +The site of the Shakespeare Tavern is marked by a tablet at the +southwest corner of Nassau and Fulton Streets. The words of the tablet +are: + + ON THIS SITE IN THE + OLD SHAKESPEARE TAVERN + WAS ORGANIZED + THE SEVENTH REGIMENT + NATIONAL GUARD, S. N. Y. + AUG. 25, 1824 + +[Sidenote: Shakespeare Tavern] + +This tavern, low, old-fashioned, built of small yellow bricks with +dormer windows in the roof, was constructed before the Revolution. In +1808 it was bought by Thomas Hodgkinson, an actor, and was henceforth a +meeting-place for Thespians. It was resorted to--in contrast to the +business men guests of the Tontine Coffee House--by the wits of the day, +the poets and the writers. In 1824 Hodgkinson died, and the house was +kept up for a time by his son-in-law, Mr. Stoneall. + +[Sidenote: First Clinton Hall] + +At the southwest corner of Beekman and Nassau Streets was built, in +1830, the first home of the Mercantile Library, called Clinton Hall. In +1820 the first steps were taken by the merchants of the city to +establish a reading room for their clerks. The library was opened the +following year with 700 volumes. In 1823 the association was +incorporated. It was located first in a building in Nassau Street, but +in 1826 was moved to Cliff Street, and in 1830 occupied its new building +in Beekman Street. De Witt Clinton, Governor of the State, had presented +a History of England as the first volume for the library. The new +building was called Clinton Hall in his honor. In 1850, the building +being crowded, the Astor Place Opera House was bought for $250,000, and +remodeled in 1854 into the second Clinton Hall. The third building of +that name is now on the site at the head of Lafayette Place. + +[Sidenote: St. George's Church] + +The St. George Building, on the north side of Beekman Street, just west +of Cliff Street, stands on the site of St. George's Episcopal Church, a +stately stone structure which was erected in 1811. In 1814 it was +burned; in 1816 rebuilt, and in 1845 removed to Rutherford Place and +Sixteenth Street, where it still is. Next to the St. George Building is +the tall shot-tower which may be so prominently seen from the windows of +tall buildings in the lower part of the city, but is so difficult to +find when search is made for it. + +[Sidenote: Barnum's Museum] + +Barnum's Museum, opened in 1842, was on the site of the St. Paul +Building, at Broadway and Ann Street. There P. T. Barnum brought out Tom +Thumb, the Woolly Horse and many other curiosities that became +celebrated. On the stage of a dingy little amphitheatre in the house +many actors played who afterwards won national recognition. + +[Sidenote: Original Park Theatre] + +The original Park Theatre was built in 1798, and stood on Park Row, +between Ann and Beekman Streets, facing what was then City Hall Park and +what is now the Post Office. It was 200 feet from Ann Street, and +extended back to the alley which has ever since been called Theatre +Alley. John Howard Payne, author of "Home, Sweet Home," appeared there +for the first time on any stage, in 1809, as the "Young American +Roscius." In 1842 a ball in honor of Charles Dickens was given there. +Many noted actors played at this theatre, which was the most important +in the city at that period. It was rebuilt in 1820 and burned in 1848. + +[Sidenote: First Brick Presbyterian Church] + +At the junction of Park Row and Nassau Street, where the _Times_ +Building is, the Brick Presbyterian Church was erected in 1768. There +was a small burying-ground within the shadow of its walls, and green +fields stretched from it in all directions. It was sold in 1854, and a +new church was built at Fifth Avenue and Thirty-seventh Street. + +[Sidenote: Where Leisler Was Hanged] + +Within a few steps of where the statue of Benjamin Franklin is in +Printing House Square, Jacob Leisler was hanged in his own garden in +1691, the city's first martyr to constitutional liberty. A wealthy +merchant, after James III fled and William III ascended the throne, +Leisler was called by the Committee of Safety to act as Governor. He +assembled a Continental Congress, whose deliberations were cut short by +the arrival of Col. Henry Sloughter as Governor. Enemies of Leisler +decided on his death. The new Governor refused to sign the warrant, but +being made drunk signed it unknowingly and Leisler was hanged and his +body buried at the foot of the scaffold. A few years later, a royal +proclamation wiped the taint of treason from Leisler's memory and his +body was removed to a more honored resting-place. + +[Sidenote: Tammany Hall] + +The walls of the _Sun_ building at Park Row and Frankfort Street, are +those of the first permanent home of Tammany Hall. Besides the hall it +contained the second leading hotel in the city, where board was $7 a +week. Tammany Hall, organized in 1789 by William Mooney, an upholsterer, +occupied quarters in Borden's tavern in lower Broadway. In 1798 it +removed to Martling's tavern, at the southeast corner of Nassau and +Spruce, until its permanent home was erected in 1811. + +[Sidenote: A Liberty Pole] + +There is a tablet on the wall of the south corridor of the post-office +building, which bears the inscription: + + ON THE COMMON OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK, + NEAR WHERE THIS BUILDING NOW STANDS, THERE + STOOD FROM 1766 TO 1776 A LIBERTY POLE + ERECTED TO COMMEMORATE THE REPEAL OF THE + STAMP ACT. IT WAS REPEATEDLY DESTROYED BY + THE VIOLENCE OF THE TORIES AND AS REPEATEDLY + REPLACED BY THE SONS OF LIBERTY, WHO ORGANIZED + A CONSTANT WATCH AND GUARD. IN ITS + DEFENCE THE FIRST MARTYR BLOOD OF THE AMERICAN + REVOLUTION WAS SHED ON JAN. 18, 1770. + +The cutting down of this pole led to the battle of Golden Hill. + +[Sidenote: City Hall Park] + +[Sidenote: Potter's Field In City Hall Park] + +The post-office building was erected on a portion of the City Hall Park. +This park, like all of the Island of Manhattan, was a wilderness a few +hundred years ago. By 1661, where the park is there was a clearing in +which cattle were herded. In time the clearing was called The Fields; +later The Commons. On The Commons, in Dutch colonial days, criminals +were executed. Still later a Potter's Field occupied what is now the +upper end of the Park; above it, and extending over the present Chambers +Street was a negro burying-ground. On these commons, in 1735, a +poor-house was built, the site of which is covered by the present City +Hall. From time to time other buildings were erected. + +[Illustration: Cell in the Prison under the Hall of Records] + +The new Jail was finished in 1763, and, having undergone but few +alterations, is now known as the Hall of Records. It was a military +prison during the Revolution, and afterwards a Debtors' Prison. In 1830 +it became the Register's Office. It was long considered the most +beautiful building in the city, being patterned after the temple of +Diana of Ephesus. + +The Bridewell, or City Prison, was built on The Commons in 1775, close +by Broadway, on a line with the Debtors' Prison. It was torn down in +1838. + +[Sidenote: Third City Hall] + +[Sidenote: Governor's Room] + +The present City Hall was finished in 1812. About that time The Commons +were fenced in and became a park, taking in besides the present space, +that now occupied by the post-office building. The constructors of the +City Hall deemed it unnecessary to use marble for the rear wall as they +had for the sides and front, and built this wall of freestone, it being +then almost inconceivable that traffic could ever extend so far up-town +as to permit a view of the rear of the building. The most noted spot in +the City Hall is the Governor's Room, an apartment originally intended +for the use of the Governor when in the city. In time it became the +municipal portrait gallery, and a reception room for the distinguished +guests of the city. The bodies of Abraham Lincoln and of John Howard +Payne lay in state in this room. With it is also associated the visit of +Lafayette when he returned to this country in 1824 and made the room his +reception headquarters. The room was also the scene of the celebration +after the capture of the "Guerrière" by the "Constitution"; the +reception to Commodore Perry after his Lake Erie victory; the +celebration in connection with the laying of the Atlantic cable; and at +the completion of the Erie Canal. It contains a large gilt punch-bowl, +showing scenes in New York a hundred years ago. This was presented to +the city by General Jacob Morton, Secretary of the Committee of +Defense, at the opening of the City Hall. + +At the western end of the front wall of City Hall is a tablet reading: + + NEAR THIS SPOT IN THE PRESENCE OF + GEN. GEORGE WASHINGTON + THE DECLARATION OF + INDEPENDENCE + WAS READ AND PUBLISHED + TO THE + AMERICAN ARMY + JULY 9TH, 1776 + +[Sidenote: First Savings Bank] + +Other buildings erected in the Park were The Rotunda, 1816, on the site +of the brown stone building afterwards occupied by the Court of General +Sessions, where works of art were exhibited; and the New York Institute +on the site of the Court House, occupied in 1817 by the American, or +Scudder's Museum, the first in the city. The Chambers Street Bank, the +first bank for savings in the city, opened in the basement of the +Institute building in 1818. In 1841 Philip Hone was president of this +bank. It afterwards moved to the north side of Bleecker Street, between +Broadway and Crosby, and became the Bleecker Street Bank. Now it is at +Twenty-second Street and Fourth Avenue, and is called The Bank for +Savings. + +[Illustration: Statue of NATHAN HALE City Hall Park] + +[Sidenote: Fences of City Hall Park] + +The statue of Nathan Hale was erected in City Hall Park by the Sons of +the Revolution. Some authorities still insist that the Martyr Spy was +hanged in this park. Until 1821 there were fences of wooden pickets +about the park. In that year iron railings, which had been imported from +England, were set up, with four marble pillars at the southern entrance. +The next year trees were set out within the enclosure, and just within +the railing were planted a number of rose-bushes which had been supplied +by two ladies who had an eye to landscape gardening. Frosts and vandals +did not allow the bushes more than a year of life. Four granite balls, +said to have been dug from the ruins of Troy, were placed on the pillars +at the southern entrance, May 8, 1827. They were given to the city by +Captain John B. Nicholson, U. S. N. + +The building 39 and 41 Chambers Street, opposite the Court House, stands +on the site of the pretty little Palmo Opera House, built in 1844 for +the production of Italian opera, by F. Palmo, the wealthy proprietor of +the Café des Mille Colonnes on Broadway at Duane Street. He lost his +fortune in the operatic venture and became a bartender. In 1848 the +house became Burton's Theatre. About 1800, this site was occupied by +the First Reformed Presbyterian Church, a frame building which was +replaced by a brick structure in 1818. The church was moved to Prince +and Marion Streets in 1834. + +[Illustration: No. 11 Reade St. where Aaron Burr had an office....] + +[Sidenote: Office of Aaron Burr] + +At No. 11 Reade Street is a dingy little house, now covered with signs +and given over to half a dozen small business concerns, about which +hover memories of Aaron Burr. It was here he had a law office in 1832, +and here when he was seventy-eight years old he first met Mme. Jumel +whom he afterwards married. The house is to be torn down to make way for +new municipal buildings. + +[Sidenote: An Historic Window] + +At Rose and Duane Streets stands the Rhinelander building, and on the +Rose Street side close by the main entrance is a small grated window. +This is the last trace of a sugar-house, which, during the +Revolutionary War, was used as a British military prison. The building +was not demolished until 1892, and the window, retaining its original +position in the old house, was built into the new. + +[Illustration: The Tombs] + +[Sidenote: The Tombs Prison] + +[Sidenote: The Collect] + +Where the Tombs prison stands was once the Collect, or Fresh Water Pond. +This deep body of water took up, approximately, the space between the +present Baxter, Elm, Canal and Pearl Streets. When the Island of +Manhattan was first inhabited, a swamp stretched in a wide belt across +it from where Roosevelt Slip is now to the end of Canal Street on the +west side. The Collect was the centre of this stretch, with a stream +called the Wreck Brook flowing from it across a marsh to the East River. +At a time near the close of the eighteenth century a drain was cut from +the Collect to the North River, on a line with the present Canal Street. +With the progress of the city to the north, the pond was drained, and +the swamp made into firm ground. In 1816, the Corporation Yards occupied +the block of Elm, Centre, Leonard and Franklin Streets, on the ground +which had filled in the pond. The Tombs, or City Prison, was built on +this block in 1838. + +[Sidenote: The Five Points] + +The Five Points still exists where Worth, Baxter and Park Streets +intersect, but it is no longer the centre of a community of crime that +gained international notoriety. It was once the gathering-point for +criminals and degraded persons of both sexes and of all nationalities, a +rookery for thieves and murderers. Its history began more than a century +and a half ago. During the so-called Negro Insurrection of 1741, when +many negroes were hanged, the severest punishment was the burning at +the stake of fourteen negroes in this locality. + +[Sidenote: Mulberry Bend Slum] + +One of the five "Points" is now formed by a pleasant park which a few +years ago took the place of the last remnant of the old-time locality. +In no single block of the city was there ever such a record for crime as +in this old "Mulberry Bend" block. Set low in a hollow, it was a refuge +for the outcasts of the city and of half a dozen countries. The slum +took its name, as the park does now, from Mulberry Street, which on one +side of it makes a deep and sudden bend. In this slum block the houses +were three deep in places, with scarcely the suggestion of a courtyard +between them. Narrow alleys, hardly wide enough to permit the passage of +a man, led between houses to beer cellars, stables and time-blackened, +tumbledown tenements. Obscure ways honeycombed the entire block--ways +that led beneath houses, over low sheds, through fragments of +wall--ways that were known only to the thief and the tramp. There +"Bottle Alley," "Bandit's Roost" and "Rag-picker's Row" were the scenes +of many wild fights, and many a time the ready stiletto ended the lives +of men, or the heavy club dashed out brains. + +The Five Points House of Industry's work was begun in 1850, and has been +successful in ameliorating the moral and physical condition of the +people of the vicinity. The institution devoted to this work stands on +the site of the "Old Brewery," the most notorious criminal resort of the +locality. + +[Illustration: Park St. with Church of the Transfiguration] + +[Sidenote: An Ancient Church] + +At Mott and Park Streets is now the Church of the Transfiguration +(Catholic). On a hill, the suggestion of which is still to be seen in +steep Park Street, the Zion Lutheran Church was erected in 1797. In +1810 it was changed to Zion Episcopal Church. It was burned in 1815; +rebuilt 1819, and sold in 1853 to the Church of the Transfiguration, +which has occupied it since. This last church had previously been in +Chambers Street, and before that it had occupied several quarters. It +was founded in 1827, and is the fourth oldest church in the diocese. +Zion Episcopal Church moved in 1853 to Thirty-eighth Street and Madison +Avenue, and in 1891 consolidated with St. Timothy's Church at No. 332 +West Fifty-seventh Street. The Madison Avenue building was sold to the +South (Reformed) Dutch Church. + +[Sidenote: Chatham Square] + +Chatham Square has been the open space it is now ever since the time +when a few houses clustered about Fort Amsterdam. The road that +stretched the length of the island in 1647 formed the only connecting +link between the fort and six large bouweries or farms on the east +side. + +The bouwerie settlers in the early days were harassed by Indians, and +spent as much time defending themselves and skurrying off to the +protection of the Fort as they did in improving the land. The earliest +settlement in the direction of these bouweries, which had even a +suggestion of permanency, was on a hill which had once been an Indian +outlook, close by the present Chatham Square. Emanuel de Groot, a giant +negro, with ten superannuated slaves, were permitted to settle here upon +agreeing to pay each a fat hog and 22-1/2 bushels of grain a year, their +children to remain slaves. + +North of this settlement stretched a primeval forest through which +cattle wandered and were lost. Then the future Chatham Square was fenced +in as a place of protection for the cattle. + +[Sidenote: Bouwerie Lane] + +The lane leading from this enclosure to the outlying bouweries, during +the Revolution was used for the passage of both armies. At that period +the highway changed from the Bouwerie Lane of the Dutch to the English +Bowery Road. In 1807 it became "The Bowery." + +[Sidenote: Kissing Bridge] + +The earliest "Kissing Bridge" was over a small creek, on the Post Road, +close by the present Chatham Square. Travelers who left the city by this +road parted with their friends on this bridge, it being the custom to +accompany the traveler thus far from the city on his way. + +What is now Park Row, from City Hall Park to Chatham Square, was for +many years called Chatham Street, in honor of William Pitt, Earl of +Chatham. In 1886 the aldermen of the city changed the name to Park Row, +and in so doing seemed to stamp approval of an event just one hundred +years before which had stirred American manhood to acts of valor. This +was the dragging down by British soldiers in 1776 of a statue of the +Earl of Chatham which had stood in Wall Street. + +[Sidenote: Tea Water Pump] + +The most celebrated pump in the city was the Tea Water Pump, on Chatham +Street (now Park Row) near Queen (now Pearl) Street. The water was +supplied from the Collect and was considered of the rarest quality for +the making of tea. Up to 1789 it was the chief water-works of the city, +and the water was carted about the city in casks and sold from carts. + +[Sidenote: Home of Charlotte Temple] + +Within a few steps of the Bowery, on the north side of Pell Street, in a +frame house, Charlotte Temple died. The heroine of Mrs. Rowson's "Tale +of Truth," whose sorrowful life was held up as a moral lesson a +generation ago, had lived first in a house on what is now the south side +of Astor Place close to Fourth Avenue. Her tomb is in Trinity +churchyard. + +[Sidenote: Bull's Head Tavern] + +The Bull's Head Tavern was built on the site of the present Thalia +Theatre, formerly the Bowery Theatre, just above Chatham Square, some +years before 1763. It was frequented by drovers and butchers, and was +the most popular tavern of its kind in the city for many years. +Washington and his staff occupied it on the day the British evacuated +the city in 1783. It was pulled down in 1826, making way for the Bowery +Theatre. + +[Sidenote: First Bowery Theatre] + +The Bowery Theatre was opened in 1826, and during the course or its +existence was the home of broad melodrama, that had such a large +following that the theatre obtained a national reputation. Many +celebrated actors appeared in the house. It was burned in 1828, rebuilt +and burned again in 1836, again in 1838, in 1845 and in 1848. + +New Bowery Street was opened from the south side of Chatham Square in +1856. The street carried away a part of a Jewish burying-ground, a +portion of which, crowded between tenement-houses and shut off from the +street by a wall and iron fence, is still to be seen a few steps from +Chatham Square. The first synagogue of the Jews was in Mill Street (now +South William). The graveyard mentioned was the first one used by this +congregation, and was opened in 1681, so far from the city that it did +not seem probable that the latter could ever reach it. Early in the +nineteenth century the graveyard was moved to a site which is now Sixth +Avenue and Eleventh Street. + +[Sidenote: Washington's Home on Cherry Hill] + +The Franklin House was the first Cherry Hill place of residence of +George Washington in the city, when he became President in 1789. It +stood at the corner of Franklin Square (then St. George Square) and +Cherry Street. A portion of the East River Bridge structure rests on the +site. Pearl Street, passing the house, was a main thoroughfare in those +days. The house was built in 1770 by Walter Franklin, an importing +merchant. It was torn down in 1856. The site is marked by a tablet on +the Bridge abutment, which reads: + + THE FIRST + PRESIDENTIAL MANSION + NO. 1 CHERRY STREET + OCCUPIED BY + GEORGE WASHINGTON + FROM APRIL 23, 1789 + TO FEBRUARY 23, 1790 + ERECTED BY THE + MARY WASHINGTON COLONIAL CHAPTER, D.A.R. + APRIL 30, 1899 + +At No. 7 Cherry Street gas was first introduced into the city in 1825. +This is the Cherry Hill district, sadly deteriorated from the merry +days of its infancy. Its name is still preserved in Cherry Street, which +is hemmed in by tenement-houses which the Italian population crowd in +almost inconceivable numbers. At the top of the hill, where these +Italians drag out a crowded existence, Richard Sackett, an Englishman, +established a pleasure garden beyond the city in 1670, and because its +chief attraction was an orchard of cherry trees, called it the Cherry +Garden--a name that has since clung to the locality. + +[Illustration] + + + + +II + + + + +[Illustration: Hudson & Watts Sts.] + + + + +II + + +[Sidenote: The Origin of Broadway] + +From New Amsterdam, which centered about the Fort, the only road which +led through the island branched out from Bowling Green. It took the line +of what is now Broadway, and during a period of one hundred years was +the only road which extended the length of the island. + +That Broadway, beyond St. Paul's Chapel, ever became a greatly traveled +thoroughfare, was due more to accident than design, for to all +appearances the road which turned to the east was to be the main artery +for the city's travel, and all calculations were made to that end. +Broadway really ended at St. Paul's. + +[Sidenote: The First Graveyard] + +Morris Street was called Beaver Lane before the name was changed in +1829. On this street, near Broadway, the first graveyard of the city was +situated. It was removed and the ground sold at auction in 1676, when a +plot was acquired opposite Wall Street. This last was used in +conjunction with Trinity Church until city interment was prohibited. + +[Sidenote: The First House Built] + +On the office building at 41 Broadway there is fixed a tablet which +bears the inscription: + + THIS TABLET MARKS THE SITE OF THE + FIRST HABITATIONS OF WHITE MEN + ON THE ISLAND OF MANHATTAN + ADRIAN BLOCK + COMMANDER OF THE "TIGER" + ERECTED HERE FOUR HOUSES OR HUTS + AFTER HIS VESSEL WAS BURNED + NOVEMBER, 1613 + HE BUILT THE RESTLESS, THE FIRST VESSEL + MADE BY EUROPEANS IN THIS COUNTRY + THE RESTLESS WAS LAUNCHED + IN THE SPRING OF 1614 + +Adrian Block was one of the earliest fur traders to visit the island +after Henry Hudson returned to Holland with the news of his discovery. +The "Tiger" took fire in the night while anchored in the bay, and Block +and his crew reached the shore with difficulty. They were the only white +men on the island. Immediately they set about building a new vessel, +which was named the "Restless." + +Next door, at No. 39, President Washington lived in the Macomb's +Mansion, moving there from the Franklin House in 1790. Subsequently the +house became a hotel. + +[Sidenote: Tin Pot Alley] + +There is a rift in the walls between the tall buildings at No. 55 +Broadway, near Rector Street, a cemented way that is neither alley nor +street. It was a green lane before New Amsterdam became New York, and +for a hundred years has been called Tin Pot Alley. With the growth of +the city the little lane came near being crowded out, and the name, not +being of proper dignity, would be forgotten but for a terra cotta tablet +fixed in a building at its entrance. This was placed there by Rev. +Morgan Dix, the pastor of Trinity Church. + +At the southwest corner of Broadway and Rector Street, where a +sky-scraper is now, Grace Church once stood with a graveyard about it. +The church was completed in 1808, and was there until 1846, when the +present structure was erected at Broadway and Tenth Street. Upon the +Rector Street site, the Trinity Lutheran Church, a log structure, was +built in 1671. It was rebuilt in 1741, and was burned in the great fire +of 1776. + +[Sidenote: Trinity Churchyard] + +Trinity churchyard is part of a large tract of land, granted to the +Trinity Corporation in 1705, that was once the Queen's Farm. + +[Sidenote: Annetje Jans's Farm] + +In 1635 there were a number of bouweries or farms above the Fort. The +nearest--one extending about to where Warren Street is--was set apart +for the Dutch West India Company, and called the Company's Farm. Above +this was another, bounded approximately by what are now Warren and +Charlton Streets, west of Broadway. This last was given by the company, +in 1635, to Roelof Jansz (contraction of Jannsen), a Dutch colonist. He +died the following year, and the farm became the property of his wife, +Annetje Jans. (In the feminine, the z being omitted, the form became +Jans.) The farm was sold to Francis Lovelace, the English Governor, in +1670, and he added it to the company's farm, and it became thereafter +the Duke's Farm. In 1674 it became the King's Farm. When Queen Anne +began her reign it became the Queen's Farm, and it was she who granted +it to Trinity, making it the Church Farm. + +In 1731, which was sixty-one years after the Annetje Jans's farm was +sold to Governor Lovelace, the descendants of Annetje Jans for the first +time decided that they had yet some interest in the farm, and made an +unsuccessful protest. From time to time since protests in the form of +lawsuits have been made, but no court has sustained the claims. + +The city's growth was retarded by church ownership of land, as no one +wanted to build on leasehold property. It was not until the greater part +of available land on the east side of the island was built upon that the +church property was made use of on the only terms it could be had. Not +until 1803 were the streets from Warren to Canal laid out. + +Trinity Church was built in 1697. For years before, however, there had +been a burying-ground beyond the city and the city's wall that became +the Trinity graveyard of to-day. The waving grass extended to a bold +bluff overlooking Hudson River, which was about where Greenwich Street +now is. Through the bluff a street was cut, its passage being still +plainly to be seen in the high wall on the Trinity Place side of the +graveyard. + +[Sidenote: Oldest Grave In Trinity Churchyard] + +The oldest grave of which there is a record is in the northern section +of the churchyard, on the left of the first path. It is that of a child, +and is marked with a sandstone slab, with a skull, cross-bones and +winged hour-glass cut in relief on the back, the inscription on the +front reading: + + W. C. + HEAR . LYES . THE . BODY + OF . RICHARD . CHVRCH + ER . SON . OF . WILLIA + M . CHVRCHER . WHO . + DIED . THE . 5 OF . APRIL + 1681 . OF . AGE 5 YEARS + AND . 5 . MONTHS + +The records tell nothing of the Churcher family. + +Within a few feet of this stone is another that countless eyes have +looked at through the iron fence from Broadway, which says: + + HA, SYDNEY, SYDNEY! + LYEST THOU HERE? + I HERE LYE, + 'TIL TIME IS FLOWN + TO ITS EXTREMITY. + +It is the grave of a merchant--once an officer of the British +army--Sydney Breese, who wrote his epitaph and directed that it be +placed on his tombstone. He died in 1767. + +[Illustration] + +[Sidenote: Grave of Charlotte Temple] + +On the opposite side of the path, nearer to Broadway, is a marble slab +lying flat on the ground and each year sinking deeper into the earth. +It was placed there by one of the sextons of Trinity more than a century +ago, in memory of Charlotte Temple. + +Close by the porch of the north entrance to the church is the stone that +marks the grave of William Bradford, who set up the first printing-press +in the colony and was printer to the Colonial Government for fifty +years. He was ninety-two years old when he died in 1752. The original +stone was crumbling to decay when, in 1863, the Vestry of Trinity Church +replaced it by the present stone, renewing the original inscription (see +page 14). + +[Sidenote: Martyr's Monument] + +The tall freestone Gothic shaft, the only monumental pile in the +northern section of the churchyard, serves to commemorate the unknown +dead of the Revolution. Trinity Church with all its records, together +with a large section of the western part of the city, was burned in +1776 when the British army occupied the city. During the next seven +years the only burials in the graveyard were the American prisoners from +the Provost Jail in The Commons and the other crowded prisons of the +city, who were interred at night and without ceremony. No record was +kept of who the dead were. + +[Sidenote: A Churchyard Cryptograph] + +Close to the Martyrs' Monument is a stone so near the fence that its +inscription can be read from Broadway: + + HERE LIES + DEPOSITED THE BODY OF + JAMES LEESON, + WHO DEPARTED THIS LIFE ON + THE 28TH DAY OF SEPTEMBER, 1794, + AGED 38 YEARS. + +And above the inscription are cut these curious characters: + +[Illustration] + +It is a cryptograph, but a simple one, familiar to school children. In +its solution three diagrams are drawn and lettered thus: + +[Illustration] + +The lines which enclose the letters are separated from the design, and +each section used instead of the letters. For example, the letters A, B, +C, become: + +[Illustration] + +The second series begins with K, because the I sign is also used for J. +The letters of the three series are distinguished by dots; one dot being +placed with the lines of the first series; two dots with the second, but +none with the third. If this be tried, any one can readily decipher the +meaning of the cryptograph, and read "REMEMBER DEATH." + +Close to the north door of the church are interred the remains of Lady +Cornbury, who could call England's Queen Anne cousin. She was the wife +of Edward Hyde, Lord Cornbury, who was Governor of New York in 1702. He +was a grandson of the Earl of Clarendon, Prime Minister of Charles II; +and son of that Earl of Clarendon who was brother-in-law of James II. So +Lady Cornbury was first cousin of Queen Anne. She was Baroness of +Clifton in her own right, and a gracious lady. She died in 1706. + +[Illustration: Tomb of Alexander Hamilton] + +[Sidenote: Alexander Hamilton's Tomb] + +The tomb of Alexander Hamilton, patriot, soldier and statesman, stands +conspicuously in the southern half of the churchyard, about forty feet +from Broadway and ten feet from the iron railing on Rector Street. + +In the same part of the churchyard are interred the remains of Philip, +eldest son of Alexander Hamilton. The son in 1801 fell in a duel with +George L. Eacker, a young lawyer, when the two disagreed over a +political matter. Three years later Eacker died and was buried in St. +Paul's churchyard, and the same year Alexander Hamilton fell before the +duelling pistol of Aaron Burr. + +[Sidenote: Last Friend Of Aaron Burr] + +Close by Hamilton's tomb, a slab almost buried in the earth bears the +inscription "Matthew L. Davis' Sepulchre." Strange that this "last +friend that Aaron Burr possessed on earth" should rest in death so close +to his friend's great enemy. He went to the Jersey shore in a row-boat +with Burr on the day the duel was fought with Hamilton, and stood not +far away with Dr. Hosack to await the outcome. He was imprisoned for +refusing to testify before the Coroner. Afterwards he wrote a life of +Burr. He was a merchant, with a store at 49 Stone Street, and was highly +respected. + +[Sidenote: Tomb of Capt. James Lawrence] + +Within a few steps of Broadway, at the southern entrance to the church, +is the tomb of Captain James Lawrence, U. S. N., who was killed on board +the frigate Chesapeake during the engagement with H. B. M. frigate +"Shannon." His dying words, "Don't give up the ship!" are now known to +every school-boy. The handsome mausoleum close by the church door, and +the surrounding eight cannon, first attract the eye. These cannon, +selected from arms captured from the English in the War of 1812, are +buried deep, according to the directions of the Vestry of Trinity, in +order that the national insignia, and the inscription telling of the +place and time of capture, might be hidden and no evidence of triumph +paraded in that place--where all are equal, where peace reigns and +enmity is unknown. The monument was erected August 22, 1844. Before that +the remains of Captain Lawrence had been interred in the southwest +corner of the churchyard, beneath a shaft of white marble. This first +resting-place was selected in September, 1813, when the body was brought +to the city and interred, after being carried in funeral procession from +the Battery. + +"D. Contant" is the inscription on the first vault at the south +entrance, one of the first victims of the revocation of the Edict of +Nantes to be buried in the city. There are many Huguenot memorials in +the churchyard, the oddest being a tombstone with a Latin inscription +telling that Withamus de Marisco, who died in 1765, was "most noble on +the side of his father's mother." + +[Sidenote: Cresap, the Indian Fighter] + +At the rear of the church, to the north, is a small headstone: + + IN MEMORY OF + MICHAEL CRESAP + FIRST CAPTAIN OF THE + RIFLE BATTALIONS + AND SON OF COLONEL THOMAS CRESAP + WHO DEPARTED THIS LIFE + OCT. 18, A. D. 1775. + +His father had been a friend and neighbor of Washington in Virginia, and +he himself was a brilliant Indian fighter on the frontier of his native +State. It was the men under his command who, unordered, exterminated the +family of Logan, the Indian chief, "the friend of the white man." Many a +boy, who in school declaimed, unthinkingly, "Who is there to mourn for +Logan? Not one!" grown to manhood, cannot but look with interest on the +grave of Logan's foe. Tradition has been kind to Cresap's memory, +insisting that his heart broke over the accusation of responsibility +for the death of Logan's family. + +There is another slab, close by the grave of Captain Cresap, which +tells: + + "HERE LIETH YE BODY OF SUSANNAH + NEAN, WIFE OF ELIAS NEAN, BORN + IN YE CITY OF ROCHELLE, IN FRANCE, + IN YE YEAR 1660, WHO DEPARTED + THIS LIFE 25 DAY OF DECEMBER, + 1720, AGE 60 YEARS." "HERE LIETH + ENTERRED YE BODY OF ELIAS NEAN, + CATECHIST IN NEW YORK, BORN IN + SOUBISE, IN YE PROVINCE OF CAENTONGE + IN FRANCE IN YE YEAR 1662, + WHO DEPARTED THIS LIFE 8 DAY OF + SEPTEMBER 1722 AGED 60 YEARS." + "THIS INSCRIPTION WAS RESTORED BY + ORDER OF THEIR DESCENDANT OF THE + 6TH GENERATION, ELIZABETH CHAMPLIN + PERRY, WIDOW OF THE LATE + COM'R O. H. PERRY, OF THE U. S. + NAVY, MAY, ANNO DOMINI, 1846." + +But the stone does not tell that the Huguenot refugee was for many +years a vestryman of Trinity Church, and that among his descendants are +the Belmonts and a dozen distinguished families. Before coming to +America, Elias Nean was condemned to the galleys in France because he +refused to renounce the reformed religion. + +[Sidenote: Where Gov De Lancy Was buried] + +Beneath the middle aisle in the church lie the bones of the eldest son +of Stephen (Etienne) De Lancey--James De Lancey. He was Chief Justice of +the Colony of New York in 1733, and Lieutenant-Governor in 1753. He died +suddenly in 1760 at his country house which was at the present northwest +corner of Delancey and Chrystie Streets. A lane led from the house to +the Bowery. + +[Sidenote: Home of The De Lanceys] + +Thames Street is as narrow now as it was one hundred and fifty years +ago, when it was a carriageway that led to the stables of Etienne De +Lancey. The Huguenot nobleman left his Broad Street house for the new +home he had built at Broadway and Cedar Street in 1730. In 1741, +at his death, it became the property of his son, James, the +Lieutenant-Governor. It was the most imposing house in the town, +elegantly decorated, encircled by broad balconies, with an uninterrupted +garden extending to the river at the back. + +After the death of Lieutenant-Governor De Lancey in 1760, the house +became a hotel, and was known under many names. It was a favorite place +for British officers during the Revolution, and in 1789 was the scene of +the first "inauguration ball" in honor of President Washington. + +The house was torn down in 1793. In 1806 the City Hotel was erected on +its site and became the most fashionable in town. It was removed in 1850 +and a line of shops set up. In 1889 the present buildings were erected. + +A tablet on the building at 113 Broadway, corner of Cedar Street, marks +the site, reading: + + THE SITE OF + LIEUT. GOVE. DE LANCEY'S HOUSE, + LATER THE CITY HOTEL. + IT WAS HERE THAT THE NON-IMPORTATION + AGREEMENT, IN OPPOSITION TO THE STAMP + ACT, WAS SIGNED, OCT. 15TH, 1766. THE + TAVERN HAD MANY PROPRIETORS BY WHOSE + NAMES IT WAS SUCCESSIVELY CALLED. IT + WAS ALSO KNOWN AS THE PROVINCE ARMS, THE + CITY ARMS AND BURNS COFFEE HOUSE OR TAVERN. + +Opposite Liberty (then Crown) Street, in the centre of Broadway, there +stood in 1789 a detached building 42 x 25 feet. It was the "up-town +market," patronized by the wealthy, who did their own marketing in those +days, their black slaves carrying the purchases home. + +[Sidenote: Washington Market] + +Washington Market, at the foot of Fulton Street, was built in 1833. The +water washed the western side of it then, and ships sailed to it to +deliver their freight. Since then the water has been crowded back year +by year with the growing demand for land. In its early days it was +variously called Country Market, Fish Market and Exterior Market. + +[Sidenote: St. Paul's Chapel] + +At the outskirts of the city, in a field that the same year had been +sown with wheat, the cornerstone of St. Paul's Chapel was laid on May +14, 1764. The church was opened two years later, and the steeple added +in 1794. It fronted the river which came up then as far as to where +Greenwich Street is now, and a grassy lawn sloped down to a beach of +pebbles. During the days of English occupancy, Major André, Lord Howe +and Sir Guy Carleton worshipped there. Another who attended services +there was the English midshipman who afterwards became William IV. + +[Illustration: Washington Pew St. Paul's Chapel] + +[Sidenote: The Washington Pew in St. Paul's] + +President Washington, on the day of his inauguration, marched at the +head of the representative men of the new nation to attend service in +St. Paul's, and thereafter attended regularly. The pew he occupied has +been preserved and is still to be seen next the north wall, midway +between the chancel and the vestry room. Directly opposite is the pew +occupied at the same period by Governor George Clinton. + +Back of the chancel is the monument to Major-General Richard Montgomery, +who fell before Quebec in 1775, crying, "Men of New York, you will not +fail to follow where your general leads!" Congress decided on the +monument, and Benjamin Franklin bought it in France for 300 guineas. A +privateer bringing it to this country was captured by a British gunboat, +which in turn was taken, and the monument, arriving safe here, was set +in place. The body was removed from its first resting-place in Quebec, +and interred close beside the monument in 1818. + +In the burying-ground, which has been beside the church since it was +built, are the monuments of men whose names are associated with the +city's history: Dr. William James Macneven, who raised chemistry to a +science; Thomas Addis Emmet, an eminent jurist and brother of Robert +Emmet; Christopher Collis, who established the first water works in the +city, and who first conceived the idea of constructing the Erie Canal; +and a host of others. + +[Illustration] + +[Sidenote: The Actor Cooke's Grave] + +The tomb of George Frederick Cooke, the tragedian, is conspicuous in the +centre of the yard, facing the main door of the church. Cooke was born +in England in 1756, and died in New York in 1812. Early in life he was a +printer's apprentice. By 1800 he had taken high rank among tragic +actors. + +The grave of George L. Eacker, who killed the eldest son of Alexander +Hamilton in a duel, is near the Vesey Street railing. + +[Sidenote: Astor House] + +The Astor House, occupying the Broadway block between Vesey and Barclay +Streets, was opened in 1836 by Boyden, a hotel keeper of Boston. This +site had been part of the Church Farm, and as early as 1729, when there +were only a few scattered farm houses on the island above what is now +Liberty Street, there was a farm house on the Astor House site; and from +there extended, on the Broadway line, a rope-walk. Prior to the erection +of the hotel in 1830, the site for the most part had been occupied by +the homes of John Jacob Astor, John G. Coster and David Lydig. On a +part of the site, at 221 Broadway, in 1817, M. Paff, popularly known as +"Old Paff," kept a bric-à-brac store. He dealt especially in paintings, +having the reputation of buying worthless and old ones and "restoring" +them into masterpieces. His was the noted curiosity-shop of the period. + +[Illustration] + +[Sidenote: A House of Other Days] + +Where Vesey and Greenwich Streets and West Broadway come together is a +low, rough-hewn rock house. It has been used as a shoe store since the +early part of the century. On its roof is a monster boot bearing the +date of 1832, which took part in the Croton water parade and a dozen +other celebrations. In pre-revolutionary days, when the ground where the +building stands was all Hudson River, and the water extended as far as +the present Greenwich Street, according to tradition, this was a +lighthouse. There have been many changes in the outward appearance, but +the foundation of solid rock is the same as when the waters swept around +it. + +[Sidenote: The Road To Greenwich] + +Greenwich Street follows the line of a road which led from the city to +Greenwich Village. This road was on the waterside. It was called +Greenwich Road. South of Canal Street, west of Broadway, was a marshy +tract known as Lispenard's Meadows. Over this swamp Greenwich Road +crossed on a raised causeway. When the weather was bad for any length of +time, the road became heavy and in places was covered by the strong +tide from the river. At such times travel took an inland route, along +the Post Road (now the Bowery) and by Obelisk Lane (now Astor Place and +Greenwich Avenue). + +[Sidenote: St. Peter's Church] + +St. Peter's Church, at the southeast corner of Barclay and Church +Streets, the home of the oldest Roman Catholic congregation in the city, +was built in 1786, and rebuilt in 1838. The congregation was formed in +1783, although mass was celebrated in private houses before that for the +few scattered Catholic families. + +[Sidenote: Columbia College] + +The two blocks included between Barclay and Murray Streets, West +Broadway and Church Street, were occupied until 1857 by the buildings +and grounds of Columbia College. That part of the Queen's Farm lying +west of Broadway between the present Barclay and Murray Streets--a +strip of land then in the outskirts of the city--in 1754 was given to +the governors of King's College. During the Revolution the college +suspended exercises, resuming in 1784 as Columbia College under an act +passed by the Legislature of the State. In 1814, in consideration of +lands before granted to the college which had been ceded to New +Hampshire in settlement of the boundary, the college was granted by the +State a tract of farming land known as the Hosack Botanical Garden. This +is the twenty acres lying between Forty-seventh and Forty-ninth Streets, +Fifth and Sixth Avenues. At that time the city extended but little above +the City Hall Park, and this land was unprofitable and for many years of +considerable expense to the college. By 1839 the city had crept past the +college and the locality being built up the college grounds were cramped +between the limits of two blocks. In 1854, Park Place was opened +through the grounds of the college from Church Street to West Broadway +(then called College Place). Until about 1816 the section of Park Place +west of the college grounds was called Robinson Street. In 1857 the +college was moved to Madison Avenue, between Forty-ninth and Fiftieth +Streets, and in 1890 it was re-organized on a university basis. + +[Sidenote: Chapel Place] + +West Broadway was originally a lane which wound from far away Canal +Street to the Chapel of Columbia College, and was called Chapel Place. +Later it became College Place. In 1892 the street was widened south of +Chambers Street, in order to relieve the great traffic from the north, +and extended through the block from Barclay to Greenwich Street. +Evidence of the former existence of the old street can be seen in the +pillars of the elevated road on the west side of West Broadway at Murray +Street, for these pillars, once on the sidewalk, are now several feet +from it in the street. + +[Sidenote: Bowling Green Garden And First Vauxhall] + +In the vicinity of what is now Greenwich and Warren Streets, the Bowling +Green Garden was established in the early part of the eighteenth +century. It was a primitive forest, for there were no streets above +Crown (now Liberty) Street on the west side, and none above Frankfort on +the east. The land on which the Garden stood was a leasehold on the +Church Farm. The place was given the name of the Vauxhall Garden before +the middle of the same century, and for forty years thereafter was a +fashionable resort and sought to be a copy of the Vauxhall in London. +There was dancing and music, and groves dimly lighted where visitors +could stroll, and where they might sit at tables and eat. By the time +the city stretched past the locality, all that was left of the resort +was what would now be called a low saloon, and its pretty garden had +been sold for building lots. The second Vauxhall was off the Bowery, +south of Astor Place. + +[Sidenote: A. T. Stewart's Store] + +The Stewart Building, on the east side of Broadway, between Chambers and +Reade Streets, has undergone few external changes since it was the dry +goods store of Alexander T. Stewart. On this site stood Washington Hall, +which was erected in 1809. It was a hotel of the first class, and +contained the fashionable ball room and banqueting-hall of the city. The +building was destroyed by fire July 5, 1844. The next year Stewart, +having purchased the site from the heirs of John G. Coster, began the +construction of his store. Stewart came from Ireland in 1823, at the age +of twenty. For a time after his arrival he was an assistant teacher in a +public school. He opened a small dry goods store, and was successful. +The Broadway store was opened in 1846. Four years later Stewart +extended his building so that it reached Reade Street. All along +Broadway by this year business houses were taking the place of +residences. The Stewart residence at the northwest corner of +Thirty-fourth Street and Fifth Avenue, was, at the time it was built, +considered the finest house in America. Mr. Stewart died in 1876, +leaving a fortune of fifty millions. His body was afterwards stolen from +St. Mark's Churchyard at Tenth Street and Second Avenue. + +At Broadway and Duane Street, roasted chestnuts were first sold in the +street. A Frenchman stationed himself at this corner in 1828, and sold +chestnuts there for so many years that he came to be reckoned as a +living landmark. + +At the same corner was the popular Café des Mille Colonnes, the +proprietor of which, F. Palmo, afterwards built and conducted Palmo's +Opera House in Chambers Street. + +[Sidenote: First Sewing Machine] + +In a store window on Broadway, close to Duane Street, the first +sewing-machine was exhibited. A young woman sat in the window to exhibit +the working of the invention to passers-by. It was regarded as an +impracticable toy, and was looked at daily by many persons who +considered it a curiosity unworthy of serious attention. + +[Sidenote: Masonic Hall] + +At Nos. 314 and 316 Broadway, on the east side of the street just south +of Pearl Street, stood Masonic Hall, the cornerstone of which was laid +June 24, 1826. It looked imposing among the structures of the street, +over which it towered, and was of the Gothic style of architecture. +While it was in course of erection, William Morgan published his book +which claimed to reveal the secrets of masonry. His mysterious +disappearance followed, and shortly after, the rise of the anti-Masonic +party and popular excitement put masonry under such a ban that the house +was sold by the Order, and the name of the building was changed to +Gothic Hall. On the second floor was a room looked upon as the most +elegant in the United States: an imitation of the Chapel of Henry VIII, +it was of Gothic architecture, furnished in richness of detail and +appropriateness of design, and was one hundred feet long, fifty wide and +twenty-five high. In it were held public gatherings of social and +political nature. + +[Sidenote: New York Hospital] + +The two blocks now enclosed by Duane, Worth, Broadway and Church +Streets, were occupied by the buildings and grounds of the New York +Hospital. Thomas Street was afterwards cut through the grounds. As the +City Hospital, the institution had been projected before the War of the +Revolution. The building was completed about 1775. During the war it +was used as a barrack. In 1791 it was opened for the admission of +patients. On the lawn, which extended to Broadway, various societies +gathered on occasions of annual parades and celebrations. The hospital +buildings were in the centre of the big enclosure. At the northern end +of the lawn, the present corner of Broadway and Worth Street, was the +New Jerusalem Church. + +[Sidenote: Riley's Fifth Ward Hotel] + +On the corner of West Broadway and Franklin Street was Riley's Fifth +Ward Hotel, which was a celebrated place in its day. It was the +prototype of the modern elaborately fitted saloon, but was then a place +of instruction and a moral resort. In a large room, reached by wide +stairs from the street, were objects of interest and art in glass +cases--pictures of statesmen, uniforms of the soldiers of all nations, +Indian war implements, famous belongings of celebrated men, as well as +such simple curiosities as a two-headed calf. On Franklin Street, +before Riley's door, was a marble statue minus a head, one arm and +sundry other parts. It was all that remained of the statue of the Earl +of Chatham, William Pitt, which had stood in Wall Street until dragged +down by British soldiers. For twenty-five years the battered wreck had +lain in the corporation yard, until found and honored with a place +before his door by Riley. At the latter's death the Historical Society +took the remains of the statue, and it is in its rooms yet. + +The passage of Washington through the island is commemorated by a tablet +on a warehouse at 255 West Street, near Laight, which is inscribed: + + TO MARK THE LANDING PLACE OF + GENERAL GEORGE WASHINGTON, + JUNE 25, 1775, + ON HIS WAY TO CAMBRIDGE + TO COMMAND + THE AMERICAN ARMY. + +[Sidenote: St. John's Church] + +St. John's Church of Trinity Parish, in Varick Street close to Beach, +was built in 1807. When the church was finished St. John's Park, +occupying the entire block opposite--between Varick and Hudson, Laight +and Beach Streets--was established for the exclusive use of residents +whose houses faced it. Before it was established, the place had been a +sandy beach that stretched to the river. The locality became the most +fashionable of the city in 1825. By 1850 there had begun a gradual +decline, for persons of wealth were moving up-town, and it degenerated +to a tenement-house level after 1869, when the park disappeared beneath +the foundations of the big freight depot which now occupies the site. + +Around the corner from the church, a block away in Beach Street, is a +tiny park, one of the last remnants of the Annetje Jans Farm. The bit of +farm is carefully guarded now, much more so than was the entire +beautiful tract. It forms a triangle and is fenced in by an iron +railing, with one gate, that is fast barred and never opened. There is +one struggling tree, wrapped close in winter with burlap, but it seems +to feel its loneliness and does not thrive. + +[Sidenote: The Red Fort] + +From the centre of St. John's Park on the west, Hubert Street extends to +the river. This street, now given over to manufacturers, was, in 1824, +the chief promenade of the city next to the Battery Walk. It led +directly to the Red Fort at the river. The fort was some distance from +the shore. It was built early in the century, was round and of brick, +and a bridge led to it. It was never of any practical use, but, like +Castle Garden, was used as a pleasure resort. + +[Sidenote: Lispenard's Meadows] + +[Sidenote: Cows on Broadway] + +Early in the eighteenth century, Anthony Rutgers held under lease from +Trinity a section of the Church Farm which took in the Dominie's +Bouwerie, a property lying between where Broadway is and the Hudson +River. The southern and northern lines were approximately the present +Reade and Canal Streets. It was a wild spot, remaining in a primitive +condition--part marsh, part swamp--covered with dwarf trees and tangled +underbrush. Cattle wandered into this region and were lost. It was a +dangerous place, too, for men who wandered into it. To live near it was +unhealthy, because of the foul gases which abounded. It seemed to be a +worthless tract. About the year 1730, Anthony Rutgers suggested to the +King in Council that he would have this land drained and made wholesome +and useful provided it was given to him. His argument was so strong and +sensible that the land--seventy acres, now in the business section of +the city--was given him and he improved it. At the northern edge of the +improved waste lived Leonard Lispenard, in a farm house which was then +in a northern suburb of the city, bounded by what is Hudson, Canal and +Vestry Streets. Lispenard married the daughter of Rutgers, and the land +falling to him it became Lispenard's Meadows. In Lispenard's time +Broadway ended where White Street is now and a set of bars closed the +thoroughfare against cows that wandered along it. The one bit of the +meadows that remains is the tiny park at the foot of Canal Street on the +west side. Anthony Rutgers' homestead was close by what is Broadway and +Thomas Street. After his death in 1750 it became a public house, and, +with the surrounding grounds, was called Ranelagh Garden, a popular +place in its time. + +[Sidenote: Canal Street] + +On a line with the present Canal Street, a stream ran from the Fresh +Water Pond to the Hudson River, at the upper edge of Lispenard's +Meadows. A project, widely and favorably considered in 1825, but which +came to nothing, advocated the extension of Canal Street, as a canal, +from river to river. The street took its name naturally from the little +stream which was called a canal. When the street was filled in and +improved, the stream was continued through a sewer leading from Centre +Street. The locality at the foot of the street has received the local +title of "Suicide Slip" because of the number of persons in recent years +who have ended their lives by jumping into Hudson River at that point. + +In Broadway, between Grand and Howard Streets, in 1819, West's circus +was opened. In 1827 this was converted into a theatre called the +Broadway. Later it was occupied by Tattersall's horse market. + +[Sidenote: Original Olympic Theatre] + +Next door to Tattersall's, at No. 444 Broadway, the original Olympic +Theatre was built in 1837. W. R. Blake and Henry E. Willard built and +managed the house. It was quite small and their aim had been to present +plays of a high order of merit by an exceptionally good company. The +latter included besides Blake, Mrs. Maeder and George Barrett. After a +few months of struggle against unprofitable business, prices were +lowered. Little success was met with, the performances being of too +artistic a nature to be popular, and Blake gave up the effort and the +house. In December, 1839, Wm. Mitchell leased the house and gave +performances at low prices. + +At No. 453 Broadway, between Grand and Howard Streets, in 1844 John +Littlefield, a corn doctor, set up a place, designating himself as a +chiropodist--an occupation before unknown under that title. + +At No. 485 Broadway, near Broome Street, Brougham's Lyceum was built in +1850, and opened in December with an "occasional rigmarole" and a farce. +In 1852 the house was opened, September 8, as Wallack's Lyceum, having +been acquired by James W. Wallack. Wallack ended his career as an actor +in this house. In 1861 he removed to his new theatre, corner Thirteenth +Street and Broadway. Still later the Lyceum was called the Broadway +Theatre. + +[Illustration] + +"Murderers' Row" has its start where Watts Street ends at Sullivan, +midway of the block between Grand and Broome Streets. It could not be +identified by its name, for it is not a "row" at all, merely an +ill-smelling alley, an arcade extending through a block of battered +tenements. After running half its course through the block, the alley +is broken by an intersecting space between houses--a space that is taken +up by push carts, barrels, tumbledown wooden balconies and lines of +drying clothes. "Murderers' Row" is celebrated in police annals as a +crime centre. But the evil doers were driven out long years ago and the +houses given over to Italians. These people are excessively poor, and +have such a hard struggle for life as to have no desire to regard the +laws of the Health Board. Constant complaints are made that the houses +are hovels and the alley a breeding-place for disease. + +[Sidenote: Greenwich Village] + +Greenwich Village sprang from the oldest known settlement on the Island +of Manhattan. It was an Indian village, clustering about the site of the +present West Washington Market, at the foot of Gansevoort Street, when +Hendrick Hudson reached the island, in 1609. + +The region was a fertile one, and its natural drainage afforded it +sanitary advantages which even to this day make it a desirable place of +residence. There was abundance of wild fowl and the waters were alive +with half a hundred varieties of fish. There were sand hills, sometimes +rising to a height of a hundred feet, while to the south was a marsh +tenanted by wild fowl and crossed by a brook flowing from the north. It +was this Manetta brook which was to mark the boundary of Greenwich +Village when Governor Kieft set aside the land as a bouwerie for the +Dutch West India Company. The brook arose about where Twenty-first +Street now crosses Fifth Avenue, flowed to the southwest edge of Union +Square, thence to Fifth Avenue and Eighth Street, across where +Washington Square is, along the line of Minetta Street, and then to +Hudson River, between Houston and Charlton Streets. + +[Sidenote: Sir Peter Warren] + +The interests of the little settlement were greatly advanced in 1744, +when Sir Peter Warren, later the hero of Louisburg, married Susannah De +Lancey and went to live there, purchasing three hundred acres of land. + +Epidemics in the city from time to time drove many persons to Greenwich +as a place of refuge. But it remained for the fatal yellow-fever +epidemic of 1822, when 384 persons died in the city, to make Greenwich a +thriving suburb instead of a struggling village. Twenty thousand persons +fled the city, the greater number settling in Greenwich. Banks, public +offices, stores of every sort were hurriedly opened, and whole blocks of +buildings sprang up in a few days. Streets were left where lanes had +been, and corn-fields were transformed into business and dwelling +blocks. + +[Sidenote: Evolution of Greenwich Streets] + +The sudden influx of people and consequent trade into the village +brought about the immediate need for street improvements. Existing +streets were lengthened, footpaths and alleys were widened, but all was +done without any regard to regularity. The result was the jumble of +streets still to be met with in that region, where the thoroughfares are +often short and often end in a cul-de-sac. + +In time the streets of the City Plan crept up to those of Greenwich +Village, and the village was swallowed up by the city. But it was not +swallowed up so completely but that the irregular lines of the village +streets are plainly to be seen on any city map. + +Near where Spring Street crosses Hudson there was established, about +1765, Brannan's Garden, on the northern edge of Lispenard's Meadows. It +was like the modern road-house. Greenwich Road was close to it, and +pleasure-seekers, who thronged the road on the way from the city to +Greenwich Village, were the chief guests of the house. + +[Sidenote: Duane Street Church] + +Crowded close between dwellings on the east side of Hudson Street, fifty +feet south of Spring, is the Duane M. E. Church, a quaint-looking +structure, half church, half business building. This is the successor of +the North Church, the North River Church and the Duane Street Church, +founded in 1797, which, before it moved to Hudson Street, in 1863, was +in Barley (now Duane) Street, between Hudson and Greenwich Streets. + +In Spring Street, near Varick, is the Spring Street Presbyterian Church, +which was built in 1825. Before its erection the "old" Spring Street +Presbyterian Church stood on the site, having been built in 1811. + +[Sidenote: Richmond Hill] + +Although the leveling vandalism of a great city has removed every trace +of Richmond Hill, the block encircled by Macdougal, Charlton, Varick +and Vandam Streets, is crowded thick with memories of men and events of +a past generation. + +Long before there was a thought of the city getting beyond the wall that +hemmed in a few scattering houses, and when the Indian settlement, which +afterwards became Greenwich Village, kept close to the water's edge, a +line of low sand hills called the Zandtberg, stretched their curved way +from where now Eighth Street crosses Broadway, ending where Varick +Street meets Vandam. At the base of the hill to the north was Manetta +Creek. + +The final elevation became known as Richmond Hill, and that, with a +considerable tract of land, was purchased by Abraham Mortier, +commissioner of the forces of George III. of England. In 1760 he built +his home on the hill and called it also Richmond Hill. + +[Sidenote: Burr's Pond] + +The house was occupied by General Washington as his headquarters in +1776, and by Vice-President Adams in 1788. Aaron Burr obtained it in +1797, entertained lavishly there, improved the grounds, constructed an +artificial lake long known as Burr's Pond, and set up a beautiful +entrance gateway at what is now Macdougal and Spring Streets, which he +passed through in 1804 when he went to fight his duel with Alexander +Hamilton. + +Burr gave up the house in 1807, and, the hill being cut away in the +opening of streets in 1817, the house was lowered and rested on the +north side of Charlton Street just east of Varick. It became a theatre +later and remained such until it was torn down in 1849. A quiet row of +brick houses occupies the site now. + +[Sidenote: St. John's Burying Ground] + +What is now a pleasant little park enclosed by Hudson, Leroy and +Clarkson Streets, was part of a plot set aside for a graveyard when St. +John's Chapel was built. It was called St. John's Burying-Ground. Its +early limits extended to Carmine Street on one side and to Morton Street +on the other. Under the law burials ceased there about 1850. There were +10,000 burials in the grounds, which, unlike the other Trinity +graveyards, came to be neglected. The tombstones crumbled to decay, the +weeds grew rank about them and the trees remained untrimmed and +neglected. + +About 1890 property owners in the vicinity began steps to have the +burying-ground made into a park. Conservative Trinity resisted the +project until the city won a victory in the courts and the property was +bought. Relatives of the dead were notified and some of the bodies were +removed. In September, 1897, the actual work of transforming the +graveyard into a park was begun. Laborers with crowbars knocked over +the tombstones that still remained and putting the fragments in a pit at +the eastern end of the grounds covered them with earth to make a +play-spot for children. + +[Sidenote: Bedford Street Church] + +At Morton and Bedford Streets is the Bedford Street M. E. Church. The +original structure was built in 1810 in a green pasture. Beside it was a +quiet graveyard, reduced somewhat in 1830 when the church was enlarged, +and wiped out when the land became valuable and the present structure +was set up in 1840. The church was built for the first congregation of +Methodists in Greenwich Village, formed in 1808 at the house of Samuel +Walgrove at the north side of Morton Street close to Bleecker. + +[Sidenote: Where Thomas Paine Lived And Died] + +Thomas Paine--famous for his connection with the American and French +revolutions, but chiefly for his works, "The Age of Reason," favoring +Deism against Atheism and Christianity; and "Common Sense," maintaining +the cause of the American colonies--died in Greenwich Village June 8, +1809, having retired there in 1802. + +The final years of his life were passed in a small house in Herring (now +Bleecker) Street. On the site is a double tenement numbered No. 293 +Bleecker Street, southeast corner Barrow. This last named street was not +opened until shortly after Paine's death. It was first called Reason +Street, a compliment to the author of "The Age of Reason." This was +corrupted to Raisin Street. In 1828 it was given its present name. + +Shortly before his death Paine moved to a frame building set in the +centre of a nearby field. Grove Street now passes over the site which is +between Bleecker and West Fourth Streets, the back of the building +having been where No. 59 Grove Street is now. + +About the time that Barrow Street was opened Grove Street was cut +through. It was called Cozine Street, then Columbia, then Burrows, and +finally, in 1829, was changed to Grove. When the street was widened in +1836, the house in which Paine had died, until then left standing, was +demolished. + +[Sidenote: Admiral Warren and His Family] + +The homestead of Admiral Sir Peter Warren occupied the ground now taken +up in the solidly built block bounded by Charles, Fourth, Bleecker and +Perry Streets. The house was built in 1744, in the midst of green +fields, and for more than a century it was the most important dwelling +in Greenwich. Admiral Warren of the British Navy was, next to the +Governor, the most important person in the Province. His house was the +favorite resort of social and influential New York. The Admiral's +influence and popularity had a marked effect on the village, which, by +his coming, was given an impetus that made it a thriving place. + +Of the three daughters of Admiral Warren, Charlotte, the eldest, married +Willoughby, Earl of Abingdon; the second, Ann, married Charles Fitzroy, +afterwards Baron Southampton, and Susannah, the youngest, married +William Skinner, a Colonel of Foot. These marriages had their effect +also on Greenwich Village, serving to continue the prosperity of the +place. Roads which led through the district, of which the Warren family +controlled a great part, were named in honor of the different family +branches. The only name now surviving is that of Abingdon Square. + +In the later years of his life, Sir Peter Warren represented the City of +Westminster in Parliament. He was buried in Westminster Abbey. + +[Sidenote: State Prison] + +In 1796 the State Prison was built on about four acres of ground, +surrounded by high walls, and taking in the territory now enclosed by +Washington, West, Christopher and Perry Streets. The site is now, for +the most part, occupied by a brewery, but traces of the prison walls are +yet to be seen in those of the brewery. There was a wharf at the foot of +Christopher Street. In 1826 the prison was purchased by the Corporation +of the State. The construction of a new State Prison had begun at Sing +Sing in 1825. In 1828 the male prisoners were transferred to Sing Sing, +and the female prisoners the next year. + +[Sidenote: Convict Labor] + +The yard of the early prison extended down to the river, there were +fields about and a wide stretch of beach. It was here that the first +system of prison manufactures was organized. A convict named Noah +Gardner, who was a shoemaker, induced the prison officials to permit him +the use of his tools. In a short time he had trained most of the +convicts into a skilled body of shoemakers. + +The gathering together of a number of convicts in a workroom was at +first productive of some disorder, owing to the difficulty of keeping +them under proper discipline under the new conditions. In 1799 came the +first riot. The keepers fired upon and killed several convicts. There +was another revolt in 1803. + +Gardner had been found guilty of forgery, but was reprieved on the +gallows through the influence of the Society of Friends, of which he was +a member, and sentenced to life imprisonment. Because of his services in +organizing the prison work, he was liberated after serving seven years. +Becoming then a shoe manufacturer, he was successful for several years, +when he absconded, taking with him a pretty Quakeress, and was never +heard of again. + +[Illustration: Old Houses Wiehawken St.] + +[Sidenote: Quaint Houses in Wiehawken Street] + +Although the prison has been swept away, an idea of its locality can be +had from the low buildings at the west side of nearby Wiehawken Street. +These buildings have stood for more than a hundred years, having been +erected before the prison. + +That part of Greenwich Village that was transformed from fields into a +town in a few days, during the yellow fever scare of 1822, centered at +the point where West Eleventh Street crosses West Fourth Street. At this +juncture was a cornfield on which, in two days, a hotel capable of +accommodating three hundred guests was built. At the same time a +hundred other houses sprang up, as if by magic, on all sides. + +[Sidenote: Bank Street] + +Bank Street was named in 1799. The year previous a clerk in the Bank of +New York on Wall Street was one of the earliest victims of yellow fever, +and the officials decided to take precautions in case of the bank being +quarantined at a future time. Eight lots were purchased on a then +nameless lane in Greenwich Village. The bank was erected there, and gave +the lane the name of Bank Street. + +[Sidenote: Washington Square] + +Washington Square was once a Potter's Field. A meadow was purchased by +the city for this purpose in 1789, and the pauper graveyard was +established about where the Washington Arch is now. + +[Illustration: Looking South from Minetta Lane] + +Manetta Creek, coming from the north, flowed to the west of the arch +site, crossed to what is now the western portion of the Square, ran +through the present Minetta Street and on to the river. In 1795, during +a yellow fever epidemic, the field was used as a common graveyard. In +1797 the pauper graveyard which had been in the present Madison Square, +was abandoned in favor of this one. There was a gallows on the ground +and criminals were executed and interred on the spot as late as 1822. + +In 1823 the Potter's Field was abandoned and removed to the present +Bryant Park at Forty-second Street and Sixth Avenue. In 1827, three and +one half acres of ground were added to the plot and the present +Washington Square was opened. + +[Sidenote: Obelisk Lane] + +Past the pauper graveyard ran an inland road to Greenwich Village. This +extended from the Post Road (now the Bowery) at the present Astor Place +near Cooper Union, continued in a direct line to about the position of +the Washington Arch, and from that point to the present Eighth Avenue +just above Fifteenth Street. This road, established through the fields +in 1768, was called Greenwich Lane. It was also known as Monument Lane +and Obelisk Lane. A small section of it still exists in Astor Place from +Bowery to Broadway. A larger section is Greenwich Avenue from Eighth to +Fourteenth Streets. Monument Lane took its name from a monument at +Fifteenth Street where the road ended, which had been erected to the +memory of General Wolfe, the hero of Quebec. The monument disappeared +in a mysterious way during the British occupation. It is thought to have +been destroyed by soldiers. + +[Sidenote: Graveyard In a Side Street] + +A few feet east of Sixth Avenue, on the south side of Eleventh Street, +is a brick wall and railing, behind which can be seen several battered +tombstones in a triangular plot of ground. This is all that is left of a +Jewish graveyard established almost a century ago. + +Milligan's Lane was the continuation of Amos (now West Tenth) Street, +from Greenwich Avenue to Twelfth Street where it joined the Union Road. +This lane struck the line of Sixth Avenue where Eleventh Street is now. +At the southwest corner of this junction the course of the lane can be +seen yet in the peculiar angle of the side wall of a building there, and +in a similar angle of other houses near by. Close by this corner the +second graveyard of Shearith Israel Synagogue was established early in +this century. It took the place of the Beth Haim, or Place of Rest, down +town, a remnant of which is to be seen in New Bowery off Chatham Square. + +[Sidenote: Milligan's Lane] + +The Eleventh Street graveyard, established in the midst of green fields, +fronted on Milligan's Lane and extended back 110 feet. When Eleventh +Street was cut through under the conditions of the City Plan, in 1830, +it passed directly through the graveyard, cutting it away so that only +the tiny portion now there was left. At that time a new place of burial +was opened in Twenty-first Street west of Sixth Avenue. + +[Sidenote: Union Road] + +At a point just behind the house numbered 23 Eleventh Street, midway of +the block between Fifth and Sixth Avenues, Union Road had its +starting-point. It was a short road, forming a direct communicating line +between Skinner and Southampton Roads. Skinner Road, running from +Hudson River along the line of the present Christopher Street, ended +where Union Road began; and Union Road met Southampton at what is now +the corner of Fifteenth Street and Seventh Avenue. This point was also +the junction of Southampton and Great Kiln Roads. + +Evidences of the Union Road are still to be seen in Twelfth Street, at +the projecting angle of the houses numbered 43 and 45. It was just at +this point that Milligan's Lane ended. On Thirteenth Street, the course +of Union Road is shown by the slanting wall of a big business building, +numbered 36. + +[Sidenote: First Presbyterian Church] + +In Twelfth Street, between Sixth and Seventh Avenues, is the First +Reformed Presbyterian Church. The congregation was started as a praying +society in 1790 at the house of John Agnew at No. 9 Peck Slip. In 1798 +the congregation worshipped in a school house in Cedar Street. They +soon after built their first church at Nos. 39 and 41 Chambers Street, +where the American News Company building is now. It was a frame +building, and was succeeded in 1818 by a brick building on the same +site. In 1834 a new church was erected at Prince and Marion Streets. The +foundation for the present church was laid in 1848, and the church +occupied it in the following year. + +[Sidenote: Society Library] + +The New York Society Library, at 107 University Place, near Fourteenth +Street, claims to be the oldest institution of its kind in America. It +is certainly the most interesting in historical associations, richness +of old literature and art works. It is the direct outcome of the library +established in 1700, with quarters in the City Hall, in Wall Street, by +Richard, Earl of Bellomont, the Governor of New York. + +In 1754 an association was incorporated for carrying on a library, and +their collection, added to the library already in existence, was called +the City Library. The Board of Trustees consisted of the most prominent +men in the city. In 1772 a charter was granted by George III, under the +name of the New York Society Library. + +During the Revolutionary War the books became spoil for British +soldiers. Many were destroyed and many sold. After the war the remains +of the library were gathered from various parts of the city and again +collected in the City Hall. In 1784 the members of the Federal Congress +deliberated in the library rooms. In 1795 the library was moved to +Nassau Street, opposite the Middle Dutch Church; in 1836 to Chambers +Street; in 1841 to Broadway and Leonard Street; in 1853 to the Bible +House, and in 1856 to the present building. + +[Sidenote: Great Kiln Road] + +At the point that is now Seventh Avenue and Fifteenth Street, then +intersected by the Union Road, the Great Kiln Road ended. Its +continuation was called Southampton Road. From that point it continued +to Nineteenth Street, east of Sixth Avenue, and then parallel with Sixth +Avenue to Love Lane, the present Twenty-first Street. + +The line of this road, where it joined the Great Kiln Road, is still +clearly shown in the oblique side wall of the house at the northwest +corner of Seventh Avenue and Fifteenth Street. Here, also, it has a +marked effect on the east wall of St. Joseph's Home for the Aged. The +first-mentioned house, with the cutting through of the streets, has been +left one of those queer triangular buildings, with full front and +running to a point in the rear. + +[Sidenote: Weavers' Row] + +When the road reached what is now Sixteenth Street, a third of a block +east of Seventh Avenue, it passed through the block in a sweeping curve +to the present corner of Seventeenth Street and Sixth Avenue. The +evidence of its passage is still to be seen in the tiny wooden houses +buried in the centre of the block, which are remnants of a row called +Paisley Place, or Weavers' Row. This row was built during the +yellow-fever agitation of 1822, and was occupied by Scotch weavers who +operated their hand machines there. + +The road took its name from Sir Peter Warren's second daughter, who +married Charles Fitzroy, who later became the Baron Southampton. + +[Sidenote: Graveyard Behind a Store] + +In Twenty-first Street, a little west of Sixth Avenue, is the unused +though not uncared-for graveyard of the Shearith Israel Synagogue. The +graveyard cannot be seen from the street, but from the rear windows of a +nearby dry-goods store a glimpse can be had of the ivy-covered +receiving-vault and the time-grayed tombstones. + +When this "Place of Rest" was established the locality was all green +fields. The graveyard had been forced from further down town by the +cutting through of Eleventh Street in 1830. Interments were made in this +spot until 1852, when the cemetery was removed to Cypress Hills, L. I., +the Common Council having in that year prohibited burials within the +city limits. But though there were no burials, the congregation have +persistently refused to sell this plot, just as they have the earlier +plots, the remains of which are off Chatham Square and in Eleventh +Street, near Sixth Avenue. + +[Sidenote: Love Lane] + +Abingdon Road in the latter years of its existence was commonly called +Love Lane, and more than a century ago followed close on the line of the +present Twenty-first Street from what is now Broadway to Eighth Avenue. +It was the northern limit of a tract of land given by the city to +Admiral Sir Peter Warren in recognition of his services at the capture +of Louisburg. + +From this road, when the Warren estate was divided among the daughters +of the Admiral, two roads, the Southampton and the Warren, were opened +through this upper part of the estate. + +The name Love Lane was given to the road in the latter part of the +eighteenth century, and was retained until it was swallowed up in +Twenty-first Street. This last was ordered opened in 1827, but was not +actually opened until some years later. There is no record to show where +the name came from. The generally accepted idea is that being a quiet +and little traveled spot, it was looked upon as a lane where happy +couples might drive, far from the city, and amid green fields and +stately trees confide the story of their loves. It was the longest drive +from the town, by way of the Post Road, Bloomingdale Road and so across +the west to Southampton, Great Kiln roads, through Greenwich Village +and by the river road back to town. + +The road originally took its name from the oldest daughter of Admiral +Warren, who married the Earl of Abingdon. + +There are still traces of Love Lane in Twenty-first Street. The two +houses numbered 25 and 27 stood on the road. The houses 51, 53 and 55, +small and odd appearing, are more closely identified with the lane. When +built, these houses were conspicuous and alone, at the junction where +Southampton Road from Greenwich Village ran into Love Lane. They are +thought to have been a single house serving as a tavern. + +Close by, at the northeast corner of Twenty-first Street and Sixth +Avenue, the house with the gable roof is one that also stood on the old +road, though built at a later date than the three next to it. + +The road ended for many years about on the line with the present Eighth +Avenue, where it ran into the Fitzroy Road. Some years previous to the +laying out of the streets under the City Plan in 1811, Love Lane was +continued to Hudson River. Before it reached the river it was crossed, a +little east of Seventh Avenue, by the Warren Road, although there is no +trace of the crossing now. + +[Sidenote: Chelsea Village] + +[Illustration: Old Theological Seminary Chelsea Square] + +Although Chelsea Village was long ago swallowed up by the city, and its +boundaries blotted out by the rectangular lines of the plan under which +the streets were mapped out in 1811, there is still a suggestion of it +in the green lawns and gray buildings of the General Theological +Seminary of the Protestant Episcopal Church, which occupies the block +between Twentieth and Twenty-first Streets, Ninth and Tenth Avenues. + +Chelsea got its name in 1750, when Captain Thomas Clarke, an old +soldier, gave the name to his country seat, in remembrance of the +English home for invalided soldiers. It was between two and three miles +from the city, a stretch of country land along the Hudson River with not +another house anywhere near it. The house stood, as streets are now, at +the south side of Twenty-third Street, about two hundred feet west of +Ninth Avenue, on a hill that sloped to the river. The captain had hoped +to die in his retreat, but his home was burned to the ground during his +severe illness, and he died in the home of his nearest neighbor. Soon +after his death the house was rebuilt by his widow, Mrs. Mollie Clarke. +The latter dying in 1802, a portion of the estate with the house went to +Bishop Benjamin Moore, who had married Mrs. Clarke's daughter, Charity. +It passed from him in 1813 to his son, Clement C. Moore. The latter +reconstructed the house, and it stood until 1850. + +Clement C. Moore's estate was included within the present lines of +Eighth Avenue, Nineteenth to Twenty-fourth Streets and Hudson River. +These are approximately the bounds of Chelsea Village which grew up +around the old Chelsea homestead. It came to be a thriving village, +conveniently reached by the road to Greenwich and then by Fitzroy Road; +or by the Bowery Road, Bloomingdale, and then along Love Lane. + +[Sidenote: London Terrace] + +In 1831 the streets were cut through and the village thereafter grew up +on the projected lines of the City Plan. It was for this reason that +Chelsea, when the city reached it, was merged into it so perfectly that +there is not an imperfect street line to tell where the village had +been and where the city joined it. There are houses of the old village +still standing; notably those still called the Chelsea Cottages in +Twenty-fourth Street west of Ninth Avenue, and the row called the London +Terrace in Twenty-third Street between Ninth and Tenth Avenues. + +The block on which the General Theological Seminary stands was given to +the institution by Clement C. Moore, and was long called Chelsea Square. +The cornerstone of the East Building was laid in 1825, and of the West +Building, which still stands, in 1835. + +It was this Clement C. Moore, living quietly in the village that had +grown up around him, who wrote the child's poem which will be remembered +longer than its writer--"'Twas the Night before Christmas." + +[Illustration] + + + + +III + + + + +III + + +[Sidenote: Oliver Street Baptist Church] + +The Oliver Street Baptist Church was built on the northwest corner of +Oliver and Henry Streets in 1795. It was rebuilt in 1800, and again in +1819. Later it was burned, and finally restored in 1843. The structure +is now occupied by the Mariners' Temple, and the record of its burning +is to be seen on a marble tablet on the front wall. + +Oliver Street--that is, the two blocks from Chatham Square to Madison +Street--was called Fayette Street before the name was changed to Oliver +in 1825. + +James Street was once St. James Street. The change was made prior to +1816. + +Mariners' Church, at 46 Catherine Street, was erected in 1854, on the +southeast corner of Madison Street. Prior to that, and as far back as +1819, it had been at 76 Roosevelt Street. + +[Sidenote: Madison Street] + +Banker Street having become a byword, because of the objectionable +character of its inhabitants, the name was changed to Madison Street in +1826. + +Between Jefferson and Clinton Streets, and south of Henry, was a pond, +the only bit of water which, in early days, emptied into the East River +between what afterward became Roosevelt Street and Houston Street. A wet +meadow, rather than a distinct stream, extended from this pond to the +river as an outlet. This became later the region of shipyards. + +[Illustration: Church of Sea & Land] + +[Sidenote: Where Nathan Hale Was Hanged] + +On what is now Cherry Street, between Clinton and Jefferson Streets, was +the house of Col. Henry Rutgers, the Revolutionary patriot, and his farm +extended from that point in all directions. On a tree of this farm +Nathan Hale, the martyr spy of the Revolution, was hanged, September 22, +1776. On this same farm the Church of the Sea and Land, still standing +with its three-foot walls, at Market and Henry Streets, was built in +1817. + +In 1828, at the corner of Henry and Scammel Streets, was erected All +Saints' Church (Episcopal). It still stands, now hemmed in by +dwelling-houses. It is a low rock structure. A bit of green, a stunted +tree and some shrubs still struggle through the bricks at the rear of +the church, and can be seen through a tall iron railing from narrow +Scammel Street. In 1825 the church occupied a chapel on Grand Street at +the corner of Columbia. + +[Sidenote: First Tenement House] + +The first house designed especially for many tenants was built in 1833, +in Water Street just east of Jackson, on which site is now included +Corlears Hook Park. It was four stories in height, and arranged for one +family on each floor. It was built by Thomas Price, and owned by James +P. Allaire, whose noted engine works were close by in Cherry Street, +between Walnut (now Jackson) and Corlears Street. + +Where Grand and Pitt Streets cross is the top of a hill formerly known +as Mount Pitt. On this hill the building occupied by the Mount Pitt +Circus was built in 1826. It was burned in 1828. + +At Grand, corner of Ridge Street, is the St. Mary's Church (Catholic), +which was built in 1833, a rough stone structure with brick front and +back. In 1826 it was in Sheriff, between Broome and Delancey Streets. It +had the first Roman Catholic bell in the city. In 1831 the church was +burned by a burglar, and the new structure was built in Grand Street. + +Actual work on the pier for the new East River Bridge, at the foot of +Delancey Street, was begun in the spring of 1897. + +[Sidenote: Manhattan Island] + +Much confusion has arisen, and still exists, in the designation of the +territory under the names of Manhattan Island and Island of Manhattan. +The two islands a hundred years ago were widely different bodies. They +are joined now. + +Manhattan Island was the name given to a little knoll of land which lay +within the limits of what is now Third, Houston and Lewis Streets and +the East River. At high tide the place was a veritable island. There +seems to be still a suggestion of it in the low buildings which occupy +the ground of the former island. About the ancient boundary, as though +closing it in, are tall tenements and factory buildings. On the grounds +of this old island the first recreation pier was built, in 1897, at the +foot of Third Street. + +The Island of Manhattan has always been the name applied to the land +occupied by the old City of New York, now the Borough of Manhattan. + +In the heart of the block surrounded by Rivington, Stanton, Goerck and +Mangin Streets, there is still to be seen the remains of a +slanting-roofed market, closed in by the houses which have been built +about it. It was set up in 1827, and named Manhattan Market after the +nearby island. + +[Illustration: Bone Alley] + +[Sidenote: Bone Alley] + +Work on the Hamilton Fish Park was begun in 1896, in the space bounded +by Stanton, Houston, Pitt and Sheriff Streets, then divided into two +blocks by Willett Street. This was a congested, tenement-house vicinity, +where misery and poverty pervaded most of the dingy dwellings. In wiping +out the two solidly built-up blocks, Bone Alley, well known in police +history for a generation, was effaced. On the west side of Willett +Street, midway of the block, Bone Alley had its start and extended sixty +feet into the block--a twenty-five-foot space between tall tenements, +running plump into a row of houses extending horizontal with it. When +these houses were erected they each had long gardens, which were built +upon when the land became too valuable to be spared for flower-beds or +breathing-spots. In time they became the homes of rag-and bone-pickers, +and thus the alley which led to them got its name, which it kept even +after the rag-pickers and the law-breakers who succeeded them had been +driven away by the police. + +There was, forty years ago, a well of good, drinkable water at the point +where Rivington and Columbia Streets now cross. + +[Sidenote: "Mother Mandelbaum"] + +The little frame house at the northwest corner or Rivington and Clinton +Streets was the home of "Mother" Frederica Mandelbaum for many years, +until she was driven from the city in 1884. This "Queen of the Crooks," +receiver of stolen goods and friend of all the criminal class, +compelled, in a sense, the admiration of the police, who for years +battled in vain to outwit her cleverness. When the play, "The Two +Orphans," was first produced, Mrs. Wilkins, as the "Frochard," copied +the character of "Mother" Mandelbaum and gave a representation of the +woman that all who knew the original recognized. Other plays were +written, and also many stories, having her as a central figure. She died +at Hamilton, Ontario, in 1894. + +At the crossing of Rivington and Suffolk Streets was the source of +Stuyvesant's Creek. From there, as the streets exist now, it crossed +Stanton Street, near Clinton; Houston, at Sheriff; Second, near Houston; +then wound around to the north of Manhattan Island, and emptied into the +East River at Third Street. + +[Sidenote: Allen Street Memorial Church] + +In Rivington Street, between Ludlow and Orchard, is the Allen Street +Memorial Church (M. E.), built in 1888. The original Church, which was +built in 1810, is two blocks away, in Allen Street, between Delancey and +Rivington Streets. It was rebuilt in 1836, and when the new Rivington +Street structure was erected the old house was sold to a Jewish +congregation, who still occupy it as a synagogue. + +In Grand Street, between Essex and Ludlow Streets, the Essex Market was +built in 1818. The court next to it, in Essex Street, was built in 1856. + +[Illustration] + +[Sidenote: Mile Stone On the Bowery] + +On the Bowery, opposite Rivington Street, is a milestone (one of three +that yet remain) which formerly marked the distance from the City Hall, +in Wall Street, on the Post Road. The land to the east of the Bowery +belonged to James De Lancey, who was Chief Justice of the Colony in +1733, and in 1753 became Lieutenant-Governor. A lane led from the +Bowery, close by the milestone, to his country house, which was at the +present northwest corner of Delancey and Chrystie Streets. It was in +this house that he died suddenly in 1760. James De Lancey was the eldest +son of Etienne (Stephen) De Lancey, who built the house which afterwards +was known as Fraunces' Tavern, and which still stands at Broad and Pearl +Streets. He later built the homestead at Broadway and Cedar Street. +Originally the name was "de Lanci." It became "de Lancy" in the +seventeenth century, and was Anglicized in the eighteenth century to "De +Lancey." + +Where Grand Street crosses Mulberry was, until 1802, the family +burial-vault of the Bayard family, it having been the custom of early +settlers to bury their dead near their homesteads. The locality was +called Bunker Hill. + +[Sidenote: St. Patrick's Church] + +St. Patrick's Church, enclosed now by the high wall at Mott and Prince +Streets, was completed in 1815, the cornerstone having been laid in +1809. It was surrounded by meadows and great primitive trees. This +region was so wild that in 1820 a fox was killed in the churchyard. In +1866 the interior of the church was destroyed by fire. It was at once +reconstructed in its present form. Amongst others buried in the vaults +are "Boss" John Kelly, Vicar-General Starr and Bishop Connelly, first +resident bishop of New York. + +At Prince and Marion Streets, northwest corner, the house in which +President James Monroe lived while in the city still stands. + +[Sidenote: An Unsolved Crime] + +The St. Nicholas Hotel was at Broadway and Spring Street, and on the +ground floor John Anderson kept a tobacco store, to which the attention +of the entire country was directed in July, 1842, because of the murder +of Mary Rogers. This tragedy gave Edgar Allan Poe material for his +story "The Mystery of Marie Roget," into which he introduced every +detail of the actual happening. Mary Rogers was a saleswoman in the +tobacco store, and being young and pretty she attracted considerable +attention. She disappeared one July day, and, soon after, her body was +found drowned near the Sibyl's Cave at Hoboken. The deepest mystery +surrounded her evident murder, and much interest was taken in attempts +at a solution, but it remained an unsolved crime. + +On the east side of Broadway, between Prince and Houston Streets, on +July 4, 1828, William Niblo opened his Garden, Hotel and Theatre, to be +known for many years thereafter as Niblo's Garden. Prior to that, he had +kept the Bank Coffee House, at William and Pine Streets. + +[Sidenote: Niblo's Garden] + +The Metropolitan Hotel was built in Niblo's Garden, on the corner that +is now Broadway and Prince Street, in 1852, at a cost of a million +dollars. The theatre in the hotel building was called Niblo's Garden. +The building was demolished in 1894, and a business block was put up on +the site. + +Across the street from Niblo's, on Broadway, in a modest brick house, +lived, at one time, James Fenimore Cooper, the novelist. + +At No. 624 Broadway, between Houston and Bleecker Streets, was Laura +Keene's theatre. On March 1, 1858, Polly Marshall made her first +appearance on any stage at that theatre. Later it became the Olympic +Theatre. + +At Broadway and Bleecker Streets, a well was drilled, in 1832, which was +four hundred and forty-eight feet deep, and which yielded forty-four +thousand gallons of water a day. + +[Sidenote: Tripler Hall] + +Tripler Hall was at No. 677 Broadway, near Bond Street. Adelina Patti +appeared there on September 22, 1852, when ten years old, giving +evidence of her future greatness. She sang there for some time, usually +accompanied by the boy violinist, Paul Julien. + +Tripler Hall had been renamed the Metropolitan Hall, when it was +destroyed by fire in 1854. Lafarge House, which stood next it, was also +burned. The house was rebuilt on the site, and opened in September, +1854, under the name of the New York Theatre and Metropolitan Opera +House. + +Rachel the great was first seen in America at this house, September 3, +1855. Later the house became the Winter Garden. + +[Sidenote: First Marble-Fronted Houses] + +The first marble-fronted houses in the city were built on Broadway, +opposite Bond Street, in 1825. They were called the Marble Houses, and +attracted much attention. Being far out of the city, excursions were +made to view them. Afterwards they became the Tremont House, and are +still in use as a hotel. + +A pipe for a well was sunk in Broadway, opposite Bond Street, in April, +1827, it being thought that enough water for the supply of the immediate +neighborhood could be obtained therefrom. The water was not found, +however. + +[Sidenote: Burdell Murder] + +No. 31 Bond Street was the scene of a celebrated murder. The house is +torn down now, but it was identical with the one which now stands at No. +29. On January 3, 1857, Dr. Harvey Burdell, a dentist, was literally +butchered there, being stabbed fifteen times. A portion of the house had +been occupied by a widow named Cunningham, and her two daughters. After +the murder, Mrs. Cunningham claimed a widow's share of the Doctor's +estate, on the ground that she had been married to him some months +before. This claim started an investigation, which resulted in Mrs. +Cunningham's being suspected of the crime, arrested, tried and +acquitted. Soon after her acquittal, she attempted to secure control of +the entire Burdell estate, by claiming that she had given birth to an +heir to the property. The scheme failed, for the physician through whom +she obtained a new-born child from Bellevue Hospital, disclosed the plot +to District Attorney A. Oakey Hall. The woman and her daughters left the +city suddenly, and were not heard of again. The mystery of the murder +was never solved. + +The part of Houston Street east of the Bowery was, prior to November, +1833, called North Street. At the time the change in names was made the +street was raised. Between Broadway and the Bowery had been a wet tract +of land many feet below the grade. In 1844 the street was extended from +Lewis Street to the East River. + +The Bleecker Street Bank, which was just east of Broadway, on the north +side of Bleecker Street, was moved in October, 1897, to Twenty-first +Street and Fourth Avenue, and called The Bank for Savings. It had +originally been in the New York Institute Building in City Hall Park. + +[Illustration: Entrance to Marble Cemetery] + +[Sidenote: Marble Cemetery] + +In the heart of the block inclosed by the Bowery, Second Avenue, Second +and Third Streets, is a hidden graveyard. It is the New York Marble +Cemetery, and so completely has it been forgotten that its name no +longer appears in the City Directory. On four sides it is hemmed about +by tenements and business buildings, so that one could walk past it for +a lifetime without knowing that it was there. On the Second Avenue side, +the entrance is formed by a narrow passage between houses, which is +closed by an iron gateway. But the gate is always locked, and at the +opposite end of the passage is another gate of wood set in a brick +wall, so high that nothing but the tops of trees can be seen beyond it. +From the upper rear windows of the neighboring tenements a view of the +place can be had. It is a wild spot, four hundred feet by one hundred, +covered by a tangled growth of bushes and weeds, crossed by neglected +paths, and enclosed by a wall seventeen feet high. There is no sign of a +tombstone. In the southwest corner is a deadhouse of rough hewn stone. +On the south wall the names of vault owners are chiseled. Among these +were some of the best known New Yorkers fifty years ago. The records of +the city show that this land was owned by Henry Eckford and Marion, his +wife. They deeded it to Anthony Dey and George W. Strong when the +cemetery corporation was organized, July 30, 1830. There were one +hundred and fifty-six vaults, and fifteen hundred persons were buried +there. This cemetery is forgotten almost as completely as its own dead, +and its memories do not molest the dwellers in the surrounding tenements +who overlook it from their rear windows, and use it as a sort of +dumping-ground for all useless things that can readily be thrown into +it. + +[Sidenote: The Second Marble Cemetery] + +There is another Marble Cemetery which historians sometimes confuse with +this hidden graveyard, namely, one on Second Street, between First and +Second Avenues. Some of the larger merchants of the city bought the +ground in 1832, and created the New York City Marble Cemetery. Among the +original owners was Robert Lenox. When he died, in 1839, his body was +placed in a vault of the First Presbyterian Church at 16 Wall Street. +When that church was removed to Fifth Avenue and Twelfth Street the +remains of Lenox with others were removed to this Marble Cemetery. The +body of President James Monroe was first interred here, but was removed +in 1859 to Virginia. Thomas Addis Emmet, the famous jurist, is also +buried here. One of the most conspicuous monuments in St. Paul's +churchyard, the shaft at the right of the church, was erected to the +memory of Emmet. A large column on the other side of the church +preserves the memory of another man whose body does not lie in the +churchyard, for William James Macneven was interred in the +burying-ground of the Riker family at Bowery Bay, L. I. + +In Second Street, between Avenue A and First Avenue, stood a Methodist +church, and beside it a graveyard, until 1840; when the building was +turned into a public school. There were fifteen hundred bodies in the +yard, but they were not removed to Evergreen Cemetery until 1860. Only +fifteen bodies were claimed by relatives. One man who applied for his +father's body refused that offered him, claiming that the skull was too +small, and that some mistake had been made in disinterment. + +Second Street Methodist Episcopal Church, between Avenues C and D, was +built in 1832, the congregation having previously worshipped in private +houses in the vicinity. At one time this was the most prominent and +wealthiest church on the eastern side of the city. + +[Sidenote: Bouwerie Village] + +The Bouwerie Village was another of the little settlements--once a busy +spot, but now so effaced that every outline of its existence is blotted +out. It centred about the site of the present St. Mark's Church, Second +Avenue and Tenth Street. In 1651, when Peter Stuyvesant, the last of +the Dutch Governors, had ruled four years, he purchased the Great +Bouwerie, a tract of land extending two miles along the river north of +what is now Grand Street, taking in a section of the present Bowery and +Third Avenue. As there was, from time to time, trouble with the Indians, +the Governor ordered the dwellers on his bouwerie, as well as those on +adjoining bouweries, to form a village and gather there for mutual +protection at the first sign of an outbreak. Very soon the settlement +included a blacksmith's shop, a tavern and a dozen houses. In this way +the Bouwerie Village was started. Peter Stuyvesant in time built a +chapel, and in it Hermanus Van Hoboken, the schoolmaster, after whom the +city of Hoboken is named, preached. Years after the founding of the +village, when New Amsterdam had become New York, and when the old +Governor had returned from Holland, where he had, before the +States-General, fought for vindication in so readily giving up the +province to the English, Stuyvesant returned to end his days in the +Bouwerie Village. He died there at the age of eighty, and was buried in +the graveyard of the Bouwerie Church. St. Mark's Church, at Tenth Street +and Second Avenue, stands on the site of the old church, and a memorial +stone to Peter Stuyvesant is still to be seen under the porch. It reads: + +[Sidenote: Grave of Peter Stuyvesant] + + IN THIS VAULT LIES BURIED + PETRUS STUYVESANT, + LATE CAPTAIN-GENERAL AND GOVERNOR IN CHIEF + OF AMSTERDAM IN NEW NETHERLAND + NOW CALLED NEW YORK + AND THE DUTCH WEST INDIES, DIED IN A. D. 1671/2 + AGED 80 YEARS. + +When Judith, the widow of Peter Stuyvesant, died, in 1692, she left the +church in which the old Governor had worshipped to the Dutch Reformed +Church. A condition was that the Stuyvesant vault should be forever +protected. By 1793 the church had fallen into decay. Then another Peter +Stuyvesant, great-grandson of the Dutch Governor, who was a vestryman of +Trinity Church, gave the site and surrounding lots, together with +$2,000, and the Trinity Corporation added $12,500, and erected the +present St. Mark's Church. The cornerstone was laid in 1795 and the +building completed in 1799. It had no steeple until 1829, when that +portion was added. In 1858 the porch was added. In the churchyard were +buried the remains of Mayor Philip Hone and of Governor Daniel D. +Tompkins. It was here that the body of Alexander T. Stewart rested until +stolen. Close by the church was the mansion of Governor Stuyvesant. It +was an imposing structure for those days, built of tiny bricks brought +from Holland. A fire destroyed the house at the time of the Revolution. + +When Peter Stuyvesant returned from Holland he brought with him a pear +tree, which he planted in a garden near his Bouwerie Village house. This +tree flourished for more than two hundred years. At Thirteenth Street +and Third Avenue, on the house at the northeast corner, is a tablet +inscribed: + + ON THIS CORNER GREW + PETRUS STUYVESANT'S PEAR TREE + * * * * * + RECALLED TO HOLLAND IN 1664, + ON HIS RETURN + HE BROUGHT THE PEAR TREE + AND PLANTED IT + AS HIS MEMORIAL, + "BY WHICH," SAID HE, "MY NAME + MAY BE REMEMBERED." + THE PEAR TREE FLOURISHED + AND BORE FRUIT FOR OVER + TWO HUNDRED YEARS. + THIS TABLET IS PLACED HERE BY + THE HOLLAND SOCIETY + OF NEW YORK + SEPTEMBER, 1890. + +[Sidenote: First Sunday School] + +In 1785 half a dozen persons in the First Bouwerie Village, then +scattering to the school east from the site of Cooper Union, met at the +"Two Mile Stone"--so called from being two miles from Federal Hall--in +the upper room of John Coutant's house, on the site where Cooper +Institute stands now. The room was used as a shoe store during the week. +Here, on Sundays, ministers from the John Street Church instructed +converts. Peter Cooper, who was a member of the church, a few years +later conceived the idea of connecting the school with the church. The +organization was perfected, and he was chosen Superintendent of this, +the first Sunday School of New York. + +[Sidenote: Bowery Village Church] + +The quarters becoming cramped, in 1795 the congregation moved to a +two-story building a block away, on Nicholas William Street. This +street, long since blotted out, extended from what is now Fourth Avenue +and Seventh Street, across the Cooper Institute site and part of the +adjoining block, to Eighth (now St. Mark's Place), midway of the block +between Third and Second Avenues. The street was named after Nicholas +William Stuyvesant. When the old John Street Church was taken down, in +1817, the timber from it was used to erect a church next to the Sunday +School (called the Academy). This church was called the Bowery Village +Church. In 1830, the Bowery Village Church having been wiped out by the +advancing streets of the City Plan, Nicholas William Street went with +it, and a church was then established a short distance to the east, on +the line of what is now Seventh Street, north side, and this became the +Seventh Street Church. In 1837 persons living near by who objected to +the church revivals presented the trustees with two lots, nearer Third +Avenue. There a new church was built, which still stands. + +[Sidenote: Second Vauxhall Garden] + +Vauxhall Garden occupied (according to the present designation of the +streets) the space south of Astor Place, between Fourth Avenue and +Broadway, to the line of Fifth Street. Fourth Avenue was then Bowery +Road, and the main entrance to the Garden was on that side, opposite the +present Sixth Street. At Broadway the Garden narrowed down to a V shape. +On this ground, for many years, John Sperry, a Swiss, cultivated fruits +and flowers, and when he had grown old he sold his estate, in 1799, to +John Jacob Astor. The latter leased it to a Frenchman named Delacroix, +who had previously conducted the Vauxhall Garden on the Bayard Estate, +close by the present Warren and Greenwich Streets. During the next eight +years Delacroix transformed his newly-acquired possession into a +pleasure garden, by erecting a small theatre and summer-house, and by +setting out tables and seats under the trees on the grounds, and booths +with benches around the inside close up to the high board fence that +enclosed the Garden. He called the place Vauxhall, thereby causing some +confusion to historians, who often confound this Garden with the earlier +one of the same name. This last Vauxhall was situated a mile out of town +on the Bowery Road. It was an attractive retreat, and the tableaux were +so fine, the ballets so ingenius and the singing of such excellence, +that the resort became immensely popular, and remained so continuously +until the Garden was swept out of existence in 1855. Admission to the +grounds was free, and to the theatre two shillings. In its last years it +was a favorite place for the holding of large public meetings. + +[Sidenote: Cooper Union] + +Cooper Union, at the upper end of the Bowery, was built in 1854. Peter +Cooper, merchant and philanthropist, made the object of his life the +establishment of an institution designed especially to give the working +classes opportunity for self-education better than the existing +institutions afforded. His store was on the site of the present +building, which he founded. By a deed executed in 1859 the institution, +with its incomes, he devoted to the instruction and improvement of the +people of the United States forever. The institution has been taxed to +its full capacity since its inception. From time to time it has been +enriched by gifts from Mr. Cooper's heirs and friends. The statue of +Peter Cooper, in the little park in front of the building, was unveiled +May 28th, 1897. It is the work of Augustus St. Gaudens, once a pupil in +the Institute. + +On a part of the site of Cooper Union, at the east side of what was then +the Bowery, and what is now Fourth Avenue, stood a house which was said +to have been haunted. It was demolished to make way for Cooper Union. +No permanent tenant, it is said, had occupied it for sixty years. It was +a peaked-roofed brick structure, two stories high. + +The house of Peter Cooper was on the site of the present Bible House, at +Eighth Street and Third Avenue. He removed in 1820 to Twenty-eighth +Street and Fourth Avenue, and his dwelling may still be seen there. + +[Sidenote: Astor Place] + +Astor Place is part of old Greenwich Lane, which led from the Bowery +Lane past the pauper cemetery, where Washington Square is now, over the +sand hills where University Place now is, and took the line of the +present Greenwich Avenue. This was also called Monument Lane, because of +a monument to the memory of General Wolfe erected on the spot where the +road ended, at the junction of Eighth Avenue and Fifteenth Street. + +Astor Place, as far as Fifth Avenue, was called Art Street when it was +changed from a road to a street. The continuation of Astor Place to the +east, now Stuyvesant Street, was originally Stuyvesant Road, and +extended to the river at about Fifteenth Street. It was also called Art +when it became a street. On the south side of this thoroughfare, just +west of Fourth Avenue, Charlotte Temple lived in a small stone house. + +At the head of Lafayette Place, fronting on Astor Place, is a building +used at this time as a German Theatre. It was built for Dr. Schroeder, +once the favorite preacher of the city, of whom it was said that if +anyone desired to know where Schroeder preached, he had only to follow +the crowds on Sunday. But he became dissatisfied and left Trinity for a +church of his own. He very soon gave up this church, and for a time the +building was occupied by St. Ann's Roman Catholic congregation. +Afterward it became a theatre and failed to succeed. + +The ground at the junction of Astor Place and Eighth Street was made a +public square in 1836. In the midst of it may now be seen a statue of +Samuel S. Cox. + +[Sidenote: Scene of Forrest-Macready Riots] + +Astor Place Opera House, at the junction of Eighth Street and Astor +Place, where Clinton Hall stands now, was built in 1847. It was a +handsome theatre for those days, and contained eighteen hundred seats. +It was opened on November 22nd with "Ernani." On May 7th, 1849, at this +house occurred the first of the Macready riots. The bitter jealousy +existing between William Charles Macready, the English actor, and Edwin +Forrest, which had assumed the proportions of an international quarrel, +so far as the two actors and their friends were concerned, was the +cause. The admirers of Forrest sought, on this night, to prevent the +performance of "Macbeth," and a riot ensued in which no particular +damage was done. On May 10th, in response to a petition signed by many +prominent citizens, Macready again sought to play "Macbeth." An effort +was made to keep all Forrest sympathizers from the house. Many, however, +gained admission, and the performance was again frustrated. The +ringleaders were arrested. A great crowd blocked Astor Place, and an +assault upon the theatre was attempted. Macready escaped by a rear door. +The Seventh Regiment and a troop of cavalry cleared Eighth Street and +reached Astor Place. The mob resisted. The Riot Act was read. That +producing no effect, and the assault upon the building and the soldiers +defending it becoming more violent each moment, the mob was fired upon. +Three volleys were fired. Thirty-four persons were killed and some +hundred injured. Over one hundred soldiers and many policemen were also +hurt. + +On August 30th, 1852, the name of the house was changed to the New York +Theatre, under the direction of Charles R. Thorne. In a month's time he +gave up the venture and Frank Chanfrau took it up. He also abandoned it +after a few weeks. + +[Sidenote: Clinton Hall] + +In 1854 the Opera House was reconstructed and occupied by the Mercantile +Library. It was given the name of Clinton Hall, which had been the name +of the library's first home in Beekman Street. This building in time +gave way to the present Clinton Hall on the same site. + +[Sidenote: Lafayette Place] + +Lafayette Place was opened through the Vauxhall Garden in 1826. + +The Astor Library, in Lafayette Place, was completed in 1853, and was +opened in 1854. The site cost $25,000. + +The Middle Dutch Reformed Church was built in Lafayette Place in 1839, +at the northwest corner of Fourth Street after its removal from Nassau +and Cedar Streets. A new church was built at Seventh Street and Second +Avenue in 1844. In the Lafayette Place building was a bell which had +been cast in Holland in 1731, and which had first been used when the +church was in Nassau Street. It was the gift of Abraham de Peyster, and +now hangs in the Reformed Church at Fifth Avenue and Forty-eighth +Street. + +Next to this church, for many years, lived Madam Canda, who kept the +most fashionable school for ladies of a generation ago. Her beautiful +daughter was dashed from a carriage, and killed on her eighteenth +birthday--the age at which she was to make her début into society. The +entire city mourned her loss. + +[Sidenote: La Grange Terrace] + +Soon after Lafayette Place was opened, La Grange Terrace was built. It +was named after General Lafayette's home in France. The row is still +prominent on the west side of the thoroughfare, and is known as +Colonnade Row. A riot occurred at the time it was built, the masons of +the city being aroused because the stone used in the structure was cut +by the prisoners in Sing Sing prison. + +John Jacob Astor lived on this street. He died March 29th, 1848, and was +buried from the home of his son, William B. Astor, just south of the +library building. + +[Sidenote: Sailors' Snug Harbor] + + +A line drawn through Astor Place and continued to the Washington Arch in +Washington Square, through Fifth Avenue to the neighborhood of Tenth +Street, with Fourth Avenue as an eastern boundary, would roughly enclose +what used to be the Eliot estate in the latter part of the eighteenth +century. It was a farm of about twenty-one acres in 1790, when it was +purchased for five thousand pounds from "Baron" Poelnitz, by Captain +Robert Richard Randall, who had been a ship-master and a merchant. +Randall dying in 1801, bequeathed the farm for the founding of an asylum +for superannuated sailors, together with the mansion house in which he +had lived. The house stood, approximately, at the present northwest +corner of Ninth Street and Broadway. It was the intention of Captain +Randall that the Sailors' Snug Harbor should be built on the property, +and the farming land used to raise all vegetables, fruit and grain +necessary for the inmates. There were long years of litigation, however, +for relatives contested the will. When the case was settled in 1831, the +trustees had decided to lease the land, and to purchase the Staten +Island property where the Asylum is now located. The estate, at the +time of Captain Randall's death, yielded an annual income of $4,000. At +present the income is about $400,000 a year. It is conceded that the +property would have increased more rapidly in value had it been sold +outright, instead of becoming leasehold property in perpetuity. + +Many efforts have been made to cut through Eleventh Street from Fourth +Avenue to Broadway. The first was in 1830, when the street was open on +the lines of the City Plan. Hendrick Brevoort, whose farm adjoined the +Sailors' Snug Harbor property, had a homestead directly in the line of +the proposed street, between Fourth Avenue and Broadway. He resisted the +attempted encroachment on his home so successfully that the street was +not opened through that block. He was again similarly successful in +1849, when an ordinance was passed for the removal of his house and the +opening of the street. + +[Sidenote: Grace Church] + +Grace Church, at Tenth Street and Broadway, was completed in 1846. +Previous to that date it had been on the southwest corner of Broadway +and Rector Street, opposite Trinity Church. + +There is a reason for the sudden bend in Broadway at Tenth Street, close +by Grace Church. The Bowery Lane, which is now Fourth Avenue, curved in +passing through what is now Union Square until, at the line of the +present Seventeenth Street it turned and took a direct course north and +was from thereon called the Bloomingdale Road. This road to Bloomingdale +was opened long before Broadway, and it was in order to let the latter +connect as directly as possible with the straight road north that the +direction of Broadway was changed about 1806 by the Tenth Street bend +and a junction effected with the other road at the Seventeenth Street +line. + +At Thirteenth Street and Fourth Avenue there was constructed in 1834 a +tank which was intended to furnish water for extinguishing fires. It had +a capacity of 230,000 gallons, and was one hundred feet above tide +water. Water was forced into it by a 12-horse power engine from a well +and conducting galleries at the present Tenth Street and Sixth Avenue, +on the site of the Jefferson Market Prison. + +[Sidenote: Wallack's Theatre] + +In 1861 James W. Wallack moved from Wallack's Lyceum at Broome Street, +and occupied the new Wallack's, now the Star Theatre, at Thirteenth +Street and Broadway. His last appearance was when he made a little +speech at the close of the season of 1862. He died in 1864. + +[Sidenote: Union Square] + +Union Square was provided for in the City Plan, under the name of Union +Place. The Commissioners decided that the Place was necessary, as an +opening for fresh air would be needed when the city should be built up. +Furthermore, the union of so many roads intersecting at that point +required space for convenience; and if the roads were continued without +interruption the land would be divided into such small portions as to be +valueless for building purposes. + +The fountain in the square was operated for the first time in 1842, on +the occasion of the great Croton Water celebration. + +The bronze equestrian statue of Washington was erected in the square +close by where the citizens had received the Commander of the Army when +he entered the city on Evacuation Day, November 25, 1783. The statue is +the work of Henry K. Brown. The dedication occurred on July 4, 1856, +and was an imposing ceremony. Rev. George W. Bethune delivered an +oration, and there was a military parade. + +[Sidenote: Academy of Music] + +The Academy of Music, at Fourteenth Street and Irving Place, was built +in 1854 by a number of citizens who desired a permanent home for opera. +On October 2nd of that year, Hackett took his company, headed by Grisi +and Matio, there, the weather being too cold to continue the season at +Castle Garden. The building was burned in 1866 and rebuilt in 1868. + +In Third Avenue, between Sixteenth and Seventeenth Streets, is an old +milestone which marked the third mile from Federal Hall on the Post +Road. + +The Friends' Meeting House, at East Sixteenth Street and Rutherford +Place, has existed since 1860. In 1775 it was in Pearl Street, near +Franklin Square. In 1824 it was taken down and rebuilt in 1826 in Rose +Street, near Pearl. + +[Sidenote: St. George's Church] + +St. George's (Episcopal) Church, at Rutherford Place and Sixteenth +Street, was built in 1845. The church was organized in 1752, and before +occupying the present site was in Beekman Street. + +Early in the century a stream of water ran from Stuyvesant's Pond, close +by what is now Fourteenth Street and Second Avenue, to First Avenue and +Nineteenth Street, having an outlet into the East River at about +Sixteenth Street. In winter this furnished an excellent skating-ground. + +[Sidenote: Gramercy Park] + +Gramercy Park, at Twentieth and Twenty-first Streets and Lexington +Avenue, was originally part of the Gramercy Farm. In 1831 it was given +by Samuel B. Ruggles to be used exclusively by the owners of lots +fronting on it. It was laid out and improved in 1840. In the pavement, +in front of the park gate on the west side, is a stone bearing this +inscription: + + GRAMERCY PARK + FOUNDED BY + SAMUEL B. RUGGLES + 1831 + COMMEMORATED BY THIS TABLET + IMBEDDED IN + THE GRAMERCY FARM BY + JOHN RUGGLES STRONG. + 1875. + +[Sidenote: Madison Square] + +There was no evidence during the last part of the eighteenth century +that the town would ever creep up to and beyond the point where +Twenty-third Street crosses Broadway. This point was the junction of the +Post Road to Boston and the Bloomingdale Road. The latter was the +fashionable out-of-town driveway, and it followed the course that +Broadway and the Boulevard take now. The Post Road extended to the +northeast. At this point, in 1794, a Potter's Field was established. +There were many complaints at its being located there, where pauper +funerals clashed with the vehicles of the well-to-do, and there was much +rejoicing three years later, when the burying-ground was removed to the +spot that is now Washington Square. + +[Sidenote: Arsenal in Madison Square] + +In 1797 was built, where the burying-ground had been, an arsenal which +extended from Twenty-fourth Street and over the site of the Worth +Monument. + +In the City Plan, completed in 1811, provision was made for a +parade-ground to extend from Twenty-third to Thirty-fourth Streets, and +Seventh to Third Avenue. The Commissioners decided that such a space was +needed for military exercises, and where, in case of necessity, there +could be assembled a force to defend the city. In 1814, the limits of +the parade-ground were reduced to the space between Twenty-third and +Thirty-first Streets, Sixth and Fourth Avenues, and given the name of +Madison Square. + +[Sidenote: House of Refuge] + +The Arsenal in Madison Square was turned into a House of Refuge in 1824, +and opened January 1, 1825. This was the result of the work of an +association of citizens who formed a society to improve the condition of +juvenile delinquents. The House of Refuge was burned in 1839, and +another institution built at the foot of Twenty-third Street the same +year. A portion of the old outer wall of this last structure is still to +be seen on the north side of Twenty-third Street, between First Avenue +and Avenue A. + +In 1845, at the suggestion of Mayor James Harper, Madison Square was +reduced to its present limits and laid out as a public park. Up to this +time a stream of water had crossed the square, fed by springs in the +district about Sixth Avenue, between Twenty-first and Twenty-seventh +Streets. It spread out into a pond in Madison Square, and emptied into +the East River at Seventeenth Street. It was suggested that a street be +created over its bed from Madison Avenue to the river. This was not +carried out, and the stream was simply buried. + +[Sidenote: Post Road] + +The road which branched out of the Bloomingdale Road at Twenty-third +Street, sometimes called the Boston Post Road, sometimes the Post Road, +sometimes the Boston Turnpike, ran across the present Madison Square, +striking Fourth Avenue at Twenty-ninth Street; went through Kipsborough +which hugged the river between Thirty-third and Thirty-seventh Streets, +swept past Turtle Bay at Forty-seventh Street and the East River, +crossed Second Avenue at Fifty-second Street, recrossed at Sixty-third +Street, reached the Third Avenue line at Sixty-fifth Street, and at +Seventy-seventh Street crossed a small stream over the Kissing Bridge. +Then proceeded irregularly on this line to One Hundred and Thirtieth +Street, where it struck the bridge over the Harlem River at Third +Avenue. The road was closed in 1839. + +The monument to Major-General William J. Worth, standing to the west of +Madison Square, was dedicated November 25, 1857. General Worth was the +main support of General Scott in the campaign of Mexico. His body was +first interred in Greenwood Cemetery. On November 23rd the remains were +taken to City Hall, where they lay in state for two days, then were +taken, under military escort, and deposited beside the monument. + +[Sidenote: Fifth Avenue Hotel] + +For twenty years, or more, prior to 1853, the site of the present Fifth +Avenue Hotel, at Twenty-third Street and Broadway, was occupied by a +frame cottage with a peaked roof, and covered veranda reached by a +flight of wooden stairs. This was the inn of Corporal Thompson, and a +favorite stopping-place on the Bloomingdale Road. An enclosed lot, +extending as far as the present Twenty-fourth Street, was used at +certain times of the year for cattle exhibitions. In 1853 the cottage +made way for Franconi's Hippodrome, a brick structure, two stories high, +enclosing an open space two hundred and twenty-five feet in diameter. +The performances given here were considered of great merit and received +with much favor. In 1856 the Hippodrome was removed, and in 1858 the +present Fifth Avenue Hotel was opened. + +The Madison Square Presbyterian Church, at Madison Avenue and +Twenty-fourth Street, was commenced in 1853, the earlier church of the +congregation having been in Broome Street. It was opened December, 1854, +with Rev. Dr. William Adams as pastor. + +[Illustration: College of the City of New York] + +[Sidenote: College of City of New York] + +At the southeast corner of Twenty-third Street and Lexington Avenue, the +College of the City of New York has stood since 1848, the opening +exercises having taken place in 1849. In 1847 the Legislature passed an +Act authorizing the establishment of a free academy for the benefit of +pupils who had been educated in the public schools of this city. The +name Free Academy was given to the institution, and under that name it +was incorporated. It had the power to confer degrees and diplomas. In +1866 the name was changed to its present title, and all the privileges +and powers of a college were conferred upon it. In 1882 the college was +thrown open to all young men, whether educated in the public schools of +this city or not. In 1898 ground was set aside in the northern part of +the city, overlooking the Hudson River, for the erection of modern +buildings suitable to meet the growth of the college. + +[Illustration: Gate of Old House of Refuge] + +[Sidenote: Old House of Refuge Wall] + +The House of Refuge in Madison Square was, after the fire in 1839, +rebuilt on the block bounded by Twenty-third and Twenty-fourth Streets, +First Avenue and the East River. It was surrounded by a high wall, a +section of which is still standing on the north side of Twenty-third +Street, between First Avenue and Avenue A. The river at that time +extended west to beyond the Avenue A line. The old gateway is there +yet, and is used now as the entrance to a coal-yard. Some of the barred +windows of the wall can still be seen. In 1854 the inmates were removed +to Randall's Island, and were placed in charge of the State. + +[Sidenote: Bellevue Hospital] + +Bellevue Hospital has occupied its present site; at the foot of East +Twenty-sixth Street, since about 1810. The hospital really had its +beginning in 1736, in the buildings of the Public Work-house and House +of Correction in City Hall Park. There were six beds there, in charge of +the medical officer, Dr. John Van Beuren. About the beginning of the +nineteenth century, yellow fever patients were sent to a building known +as Belle Vue, on the Belle Vue Farm, close by the present hospital +buildings. In about 1810 it was decided to establish a new almshouse, +penitentiary and hospital on the Belle Vue Farm. Work on this was +completed in 1816. The almshouse building was three stories high, +surmounted by a cupola, and having a north and south wing each one +hundred feet long. This original structure stands to-day, and is part of +the present hospital building, other branches having been added to it +from time to time. The water line, at that time, was within half a block +of where First Avenue is now. + +In 1848 the Almshouse section of the institution was transferred to +Blackwell's Island. The ambulance service was started in 1869, and was +the first service of its kind in the world. + +[Sidenote: Bull's Head Village] + +Bull's Head Village was located in the district now included within +Twenty-third and Twenty-seventh Streets, Fourth and Second Avenues. It +became a centre of importance in 1826, when the old Bull's Head Tavern +was moved from its early home on the Bowery, near Bayard Street, to the +point which is now marked by Twenty-sixth Street and Third Avenue. It +continued to be the headquarters of drovers and stockmen. As at that +time there was no bank north of the City Hall Park, the Bull's Head +Tavern served as inn, bank and general business emporium for the +locality. For more than twenty years this district was the great cattle +market of the city. As business increased, stores and business houses +were erected, until, toward the year 1850, the cattle mart, which was +the source of all business, was crowded out. It was moved up-town to the +neighborhood of Forty-second Street; later to Ninety-fourth Street, and +in the early 80's to the Jersey shore. The most celebrated person +connected with the management of the Bull's Head Tavern was Daniel Drew. +He afterwards operated in Wall Street, became a director of the New York +and Erie Railroad upon its completion in 1851, and accumulated a fortune +by speculation. + +[Sidenote: Peter Cooper's House] + +At Twenty-eighth Street and Fourth Avenue, on the southeast corner, the +house numbered 399-401, stands the old "Cooper Mansion," in which Peter +Cooper lived. It was formerly on the site where the Bible House is now, +at the corner of Eighth Street and Fourth Avenue. Peter Cooper himself +superintended the removal of the house in 1820, and directed its +establishment on the new site so that it should be reconstructed in a +manner that should absolutely preserve its original form. Now it +presents an insignificant appearance crowded about by modern structures, +and it is occupied by a restaurant. + +This corner of Twenty-eighth Street and Fourth Avenue was directly on +the line of the Boston Post Road. Just at that point the Middle Road ran +from it, and extended in a direct line to Fifth Avenue and Forty-second +Street. + +[Illustration: The Little Church around the Corner] + +[Sidenote: Little Church Around the Corner] + +The Little Church Around the Corner, a low, rambling structure, +seemingly all angles and corners, is on the north side of Twenty-ninth +Street, midway of the block between Fifth and Madison Avenues. It is +the Episcopal Church of The Transfiguration. Its picturesque title was +bestowed upon it in 1871, when Joseph Holland, an English actor, the +father of E. M. and Joseph Holland, the players known to the present +generation, died. Joseph Jefferson, when arranging for the funeral, went +to a church which stood then at Madison Avenue and Twenty-eighth Street, +to arrange for the services. The minister said that his congregation +would object to an actor being buried from their church, adding: "But +there is a little church around the corner where they have such +funerals." Mr. Jefferson, astonished that such petty and unjust +distinctions should be persisted in even in the face of death, +exclaimed: "All honor to that Little Church Around the Corner!" From +that time until the present day, "The Little Church Around the Corner" +has been the religious refuge of theatrical folk. For twenty-six years +of that time, and until his death, the Rev. Dr. George H. Houghton, who +conducted the services over the remains of actor Holland, was the firm +friend of the people of the stage in times of trouble, of sickness and +of death. + +[Sidenote: Lich Gate] + +The lich gate at the entrance of the church is unique in this country, +and is considered the most elaborate now in existence anywhere. It was +erected in 1895, at a cost of $4,000. + +The congregation worshipped first in a house at No. 48 East +Twenty-fourth Street, in 1850. The present building was opened in 1856. +Lester Wallack was buried from this church, as were Dion Boucicault, +Edwin Booth, and a host of others. In the church is a memorial window to +the memory of Edwin Booth, which was unveiled in 1898. It represents a +mediæval histrionic student, his gaze fixed on a mask in his hand. Below +the figure is the favorite quotation of Booth, from "Henry II": "As +one, in suffering all, that suffers nothing; a man that fortune's +buffets and rewards has taken with equal thanks." And the further +inscription: "To the glory of God and in loving memory of Edwin Booth +this window has been placed here by 'The Players.'" + +At Lexington Avenue and Thirtieth Street is the First Moravian Church, +which has occupied the building since 1869. This congregation was +established in 1749. In 1751 their first church was built at No. 108 +Fair (now Fulton) Street. In 1829 a second house was erected on the same +site. In 1849 a new building was erected at the southwest corner of +Houston and Mott Streets. This property was sold in 1865, and the +congregation then worshipped in the Medical College Hall, at the +northwest corner of Twenty-third Street and Fourth Avenue, until the +purchase of the present building from the Episcopalians. It was erected +by the Baptists in 1825. + +[Sidenote: Brick Presbyterian Church] + +At Fifth Avenue and Thirty-seventh Street is the Brick Presbyterian +Church, which stood at the junction of Park Row and Nassau Street until +1858, when the present structure was erected. The locality was a very +different one then, and the square quaintness of the church looks out of +place amid its present modern surroundings. There is an air of solitude +about it, as though it mourned faithfully for the green fields that shed +peace and quietness about its walls when it was first built there. + +It is related of William C. H. Waddell, who, in 1845, built a residence +on the same site, that when he went to look at the plot, with a view to +purchase, his wife waited for him near by, under the shade of an apple +tree. The ground there was high above the city grade. + +[Sidenote: Bryant Park] + +The ground between Fifth and Sixth Avenues, Fortieth and Forty-second +Streets, now occupied by Bryant Park and the old reservoir, was +purchased by the city in 1822, and in 1823 a Potter's Field was +established there, the one in Washington Square having been abandoned in +its favor. The reservoir, of Egyptian architecture, was finished in +1842. Its cost was about $500,000. On July 5th water was introduced into +it through the new Croton aqueduct, with appropriate ceremonies. The +water is brought from the Croton lakes, forty-five miles above the city, +through conduits of solid masonry. The first conduit, which was begun in +1835, is carried across the Harlem River through the High Bridge, which +was erected especially to accommodate it. At the time the reservoir was +put in use the locality was at the northern limits of the city. On +Sundays and holidays people went on journeys to the reservoir, and from +the promenades at the top of the structure had a good view from river to +river, and of the city to the south. The reservoir has not been in use +for many years. + +The park was called Reservoir Square until 1884, when the name was +changed to Bryant Park. + +[Sidenote: A World's Fair] + +On July 4, 1853, a World's Fair, in imitation of the Crystal Palace, +near London, was opened in Reservoir Square, when President Pierce made +an address. The fair was intended to set forth the products of the +world, but it attracted but little attention outside the city. It was +opened as a permanent exposition on May 14, 1854, but proved a failure. +One of the attractions was a tower 280 feet high, which stood just north +of the present line of Forty-second Street and Fifth Avenue. In August, +1856, it was burned, and as a great pillar of flame it attracted more +attention than ever before. The exposition buildings and their contents +were in the hands of a receiver when they were destroyed by fire October +5, 1858. + +Bryant Park has been selected as the site for the future home of the +consolidated Tilden, Astor and Lenox Libraries. + +[Sidenote: Murray Hill] + +Murray Hill derives its name from the possessions of Robert Murray, +whose house, Inclenberg, stood at the corner of what is now Thirty-sixth +Street and Park Avenue, on a farm which lay between the present +Thirty-third and Thirty-seventh Streets, Bloomingdale Road (now +Broadway) and the Boston Post Road (the present Third Avenue). The house +was destroyed by fire in 1834. On September 15, 1776, after the defeat +on Long Island, the Americans were marching northward from the lower end +of the island, when the British, marching toward the west, reached the +Murray House. There the officers were well entertained by the Murrays, +who, at the same time, managed to get word to the American Army: the +latter hurried on and joined Washington at about Forty-third Street and +Broadway, before the English suspected that they were anywhere within +reach. + +The Murray Farm extended down to Kip's Bay at Thirty-sixth Street. The +Kip mansion was the oldest house on the Island of Manhattan when it was +torn down in 1851. Where it stood, at the crossing of Thirty-fifth +Street and Second Avenue, there is now not a trace. Jacob Kip built the +house in 1655, of brick which he imported from Holland. The locality +between the Murray Hill Farm and the river, that is, east of what is now +Third Avenue between Thirty-third and Thirty-seventh Streets, was called +Kipsborough in Revolutionary times. + +[Sidenote: Turtle Bay] + +The British forces landed, on the day of the stop at the Murray House, +in Turtle Bay, that portion of the East River between Forty-sixth and +Forty-seventh Streets. It was a safe harbor and a convenient one. +Overlooking the bay, on a great bluff at the present Forty-first Street, +was the summer home of Francis Bayard Winthrop. He owned the Turtle Bay +Farm. The bluff is there yet, and subsequent cutting through of the +streets has left it in appearance like a small mountain peak. Winthrop's +house is gone, and in its place is Corcoran's Roost, far up on the +height, whose grim wall of stone on the Fortieth Street side at First +Avenue became in modern times the trysting-place for members of the "Rag +Gang." + +[Sidenote: The Elgin Garden] + +Forty-seventh and Forty-ninth Streets, between Fifth and Sixth Avenues, +enclose the tract formerly known as the Elgin Garden. This was a +botanical garden founded by David Hosack, M. D., in 1801, when he was +Professor of Botany in Columbia College. In 1814 the land was purchased +by the State from Dr. Hosack and given to Columbia College, in +consideration of lands which had been owned by the College but ceded to +New Hampshire after the settlement of the boundary dispute. The ground +is still owned by Columbia University. + +The block east of Madison Avenue, between Forty-ninth and Fiftieth +Streets, was occupied in 1857 by Columbia College, when the latter moved +from its down-town site at Church and Murray Streets. The College +occupied the building which had been erected in 1817 by the founders of +the Institute for the Instruction of the Deaf and Dumb--the first asylum +for mutes in the United States. The original intention had been to erect +the college buildings on a portion of the Elgin Garden property, but +the expense involved was found to be too great. The asylum property, +consisting of twenty lots and the buildings, was purchased in 1856. +Subsequently the remainder of the block was also bought up. + +[Sidenote: St. Patrick's Cathedral] + +At Fiftieth Street and Fifth Avenue is St. Patrick's Cathedral, the +cornerstone of which was laid in 1858. The entire block on which it +stands was, the preceding year, given to the Roman Catholics for a +nominal sum--one dollar--by the city. + +The Roman Catholic Orphan Asylum in the adjoining block, on Fifth +Avenue, between Fifty-first and Fifty-second Streets, was organized in +1825, but not incorporated until 1852, when the present buildings were +erected. + +[Illustration: Milestone 3rd Ave. near 47th St.] + +[Sidenote: Four Mile Stone] + +There is still standing, in Third Avenue, just above Fifty-seventh +Street, a milestone. It was once on the Post Road, four miles from +Federal Hall in Wall Street. + +Close by Fiftieth Street and Third Avenue, a Potter's Field was +established about 1835. Near it was a spring of exceptionally pure +water. This water was carried away in carts and supplied to the city. +Even after the introduction of Croton water the water from this spring +commanded a price of two cents a pail from many who were strongly +prejudiced against water that had been supplied through pipes. + +[Sidenote: Beekman House] + +Memories of Nathan Hale, the Martyr Spy of the Revolution, hover about +the neighborhood of Fifty-first Street and First Avenue. The Beekman +House stood just west of the Avenue, between Fifty-first and +Fifty-second Streets, on the site where Grammar School No. 135 is now. +It was in a room of this house that Major André slept, and in the +morning passed out to dishonor; and it was in a greenhouse on these +grounds that Nathan Hale passed the last of his nights upon earth. The +house was built in 1763 by a descendant of the William Beekman who came +from Holland in 1647 with Peter Stuyvesant. During the Revolution it was +the headquarters of General Charles Clinton and Sir William Howe. It +stood until 1874, by which time it had degenerated into a crumbling +tenement, and was demolished when it threatened to fall of natural +decay. + +[Sidenote: An Old Shot Tower] + +A very few steps from the East River, at Fifty-third Street, stands an +old brick shot tower; a lonely and neglected sentinel now, but still +proudly looking skyward and bearing witness to its former usefulness. It +was built in 1821 by a Mr. Youle. On October 9th it was nearing +completion when it collapsed. It was at once rebuilt, and, as has been +said, still stands. In 1827 Mr. Youle advertised the sale of the lots +near the tower, and designated the location as being "close by the Old +Post Road near the four mile stone." + +[Sidenote: The De Voor Farm] + +Within half a dozen steps of the old tower, in the same lumber yard, is +a house said to be the oldest in the city. It is of Dutch architecture, +with sloping roof and a wide porch. The cutting through and grading of +Fifty-third Street have forced it higher above the ground than its +builders intended it to be. The outer walls, in part, have been boarded +over, and some "modern improvements" have made it somewhat unsightly; +but inside, no vandal's art has been sufficient to hide its solid oak +beams and its stone foundations that have withstood the shocks of time +successfully. It was a farm-house, and its site was the Spring Valley +Farm of the Revolution. It is thought to have been built by some member +of the De Voor family, who, after 1677, had a grant of sixty acres of +land along the river, and gave their name to a mill-stream long since +forgotten, save for allusion in the pages of history. + +A block away in Fifty-fourth Street, between First Avenue and the river, +is another Dutch house, though doubtless of much later origin. It stands +back from the street and has become part of a brewery, being literally +surrounded by buildings. + +[Sidenote: Central Park] + +The first suggestion of a Central Park was made in the fall of 1850, +when Andrew J. Downing, writing to the _Horticulturist_, advocated the +establishment of a large park because of the lack of recreation-grounds +in the city. On April 5, 1851, Mayor Ambrose C. Kingsland, in a special +message to the Common Council, suggested the necessity for the new park, +pointing out the limited extent and inadequacy of the existing ones. The +Common Council, approving of the idea, asked the Legislature for +authority to secure the necessary land. The ground suggested for the new +park was the property known as "Jones' Woods," which lay between +Sixty-sixth and Seventy-fifth Streets, Third Avenue and the East River. +At an extra session of the Legislature in July, 1851, an Act known as +the "Jones' Woods Park Bill" was passed, under which the city was given +the right to acquire the land. The passage of this Act opened a +discussion as to whether there was no other location better adapted for +a public park than Jones' Woods. In August a committee was appointed by +the Board of Aldermen to examine the proposed plot and others. This +committee reported in favor of what they considered a more central site, +namely, the ground lying between Fifty-ninth and One Hundred and Sixth +Streets, Fifth and Eighth Avenues. On July 23, 1853, the Legislature +passed an Act giving authority for the acquirement of the land, +afterward occupied by Central Park, to Commissioners appointed by the +Supreme Court. The previous Jones' Woods Act was repealed. These +Commissioners awarded for damages $5,169,369.69, and for benefits +$1,657,590.00, which report was confirmed by the court in February, +1856. + +In May, 1856, the Common Council appointed a commission which took +charge of the work of construction. On this commission were William C. +Bryant, Washington Irving and George Bancroft. In 1857, however, a new +Board was appointed by the Legislature, because of the inactivity of the +first one. Under the new Board, in April of the year in which they were +appointed, the designs of Calvert Vaux and Frederick L. Olmsted were +accepted and actual work was begun. + +The plans for the improvement of the park, which have been consistently +adhered to, were based upon the natural configuration of the land. As +nearly as possible the hills, valleys and streams were preserved +undisturbed. Trees, shrubs and vines were arranged with a view to an +harmonious blending of size, shape and color--all that would attract the +eye and make the park as beautiful in every detail as in its entirety. + +The year 1857 was one of much distress to the poor, and work on the park +being well under way, the Common Council created employment for many +laborers by putting them to work grading the new park. + +The original limits were extended from One Hundred and Sixth to One +Hundred and Tenth Street in 1859. + +As it exists to-day, Central Park contains eight hundred and sixty-two +acres, of which one hundred and eighty-five and one-quarter are water. +It is two and a half miles long and half a mile wide. Five hundred +thousand trees have been set out since the acquisition of the land. +There are nine miles of carriageway, five and a half miles of +bridle-path, twenty-eight and one half miles of walk, thirty buildings, +forty-eight bridges, tunnels and archways, and out-of-door seats for ten +thousand persons. It is assessed at $87,000,000 and worth twice that +amount. More than $14,000,000 have been spent on improvements. + +[Illustration] + + + + +INDEX + + + + +INDEX + + + Abingdon, Earl of, 109, 125 + Abingdon Road, 123, 124 + Abingdon Square, 109 + Academy of Music, 178 + All Saints' Church, 136 + Allen Street Memorial Church, 142 + American Museum, 37 + André, Major, 205 + Aquarium, Public, 5 + Arsenal in Madison Square, 182 + Art Street, 167 + Astor House, 78 + Astor, John Jacob, 163, 172 + Astor Library, 170, 171 + Astor Place, 172 + Astor Place Opera House, 168, 169, 170 + Astor, William B., 172 + + Bank Coffee House, 146 + Bank Street, 113 + Banker Street, 134 + Bank for Savings, The, 38, 151 + Barnum, P. T., 5, 30 + Barnum's Museum, 30 + Barrow Street, 108 + Battery, 4 + Battery Park, 4 + Battery Place, 9 + Bayard Family Vault, 144 + Beaver Lane, 56 + Beaver's Path, 8 + Beaver Street, 8, 9, 10 + Bedford Street M. E. Church, 106 + Beekman House, 205 + Belle Vue Farm, 189 + Bellevue Hospital, 188, 189, 190 + Bible House, 166, 191 + Bleecker Street Bank, 151 + Block, Adrian, 56, 57 + Bloomingdale Road, 124, 128, 175, 180, 185, 199 + Bond Street, 149 + Bone Alley, 139, 140 + Booth, Edwin, 194 + Boston Post Road, 183, 192, 199 + Boston Turnpike, 183 + Boulevard, 181 + Bouwerie Lane, 46 + Bouwerie Village, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161 + Bowery, The, 47 + Bowery Lane, 166, 175 + Bowery Road, 47, 128, 163, 164 + Bowery Theatre, 49 + Bowery Village Church, 162 + Bowling Green, 3, 55 + Bowling Green Garden, 84 + Bradford, William, 14 + Grave of, 63 + Brannan's Garden, 101 + Breese, Sydney, grave of, 62 + Brevoort, Hendrick, 174 + Brick Presbyterian Church, 31, 196 + Bridewell, 35 + Bridge Street, 9 + Broad Street, 9, 10 + + Broadway, 12, 55, 175, 180, 181 + Broadway Theatre, 97 + Brougham's Lyceum, 97 + Brouwer Street, 15 + Bryant Park, 114, 197, 198, 199 + Bull's Head Tavern, 49, 190 + Bull's Head Village, 190, 191 + Bunker Hill, 144 + Burdell Murder, The, 149, 150 + Burr, Aaron, home of, 18, 104 + Office of, 40 + Last Friend of, 67 + Burton's Theatre, 39 + + Café des Mille Colonnes, 39, 86 + Canal Street, 41, 42, 94, 95 + Canda, Madam, 171 + Castle Garden, 5, 178 + Cedar Street, 21 + Cemetery, New York City Marble, 154, 155 + Cemetery, New York Marble, 151, 152, 153, 154 + Central Park, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211 + Chambers Street, 34 + Chambers Street Bank, 37 + Chanfrau, Frank, 170 + Chapel Place, 83 + Chatham, Earl of, 18, 47, 90 + Chatham Square, 45, 46 + Chatham Street, 47 + Chelsea Cottages, 129 + Chelsea Village, 126, 127, 128, 129 + Cherry Hill, 51, 52 + Cherry Street, 51 + Church, All Saints', 136 + " Allen Street Memorial, 142 + " Bedford Street Memorial, 106 + " Bowery Village, 162 + " Brick Presbyterian, 31, 196 + " Dr. Schroeder's, 167 + " Duane M. E., 102 + " First French Huguenot, 9 + " First Moravian, 195 + " First Presbyterian, 154 + " First Reformed Presbyterian, 40, 118 + " Friends' Meeting House, 178 + " Grace, 58, 175 + " John Street, 26, 161, 162 + " Little, Around the Corner, 192, 193, 194, 195 + " Madison Square Presbyterian, 186 + " Mariners', 133, 134 + " Dutch Middle Reformed, 21, 22, 171 + " New Jerusalem, 89 + " Oliver Street Baptist, 133 + " St. Ann's, 167 + " St. George's, 29, 179 + " St. John's, 91 + " St. Mark's, 86, 156, 157, 158, 159 + " St. Mary's, 137 + " St. Patrick's, 144, 145 + " St. Patrick's Cathedral, 203 + " St. Paul's, 75, 76, 77, 78 + " St. Peter's, 81 + " Sea and Land, of, 135 + " Second Street Methodist, 156 + " Spring Street Presbyterian, 102 + " Transfiguration, of the (Episcopal), 192, 193, 194, 195 + " Transfiguration, of the (Catholic), 44, 45 + " Trinity, 20, 56, 58, 60, 61 + Church Farm, 59 + Churchyard, St. Paul's, 155 + " Trinity, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72 + Churcher, Richard, Grave of, 61 + City Hall, 35 + City Hall (first) Site of, 7, 8, 12 + City Hall in Wall Street, 17 + City Hall Park, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39 + City Hospital, 88, 89 + City Hotel, 73, 74 + City Library, 120 + City Prison in City Hall Park, 35 + Clarke, Capt. Thomas, 127 + Cliff Street, 24 + Clinton, Gen. Charles, 205 + Clinton Hall, 28, 168, 169 + Coenties Lane, 13 + Coenties Slip, 12, 13 + Collect, The, 41 + College of the City of New York, 186, 187 + College Place, 83 + Collis, Christopher, Tomb of, 77 + Colonnade Row, 172 + Columbia College, 81, 82, 83, 202 + Commons, The, 34 + Company's Farm, 59 + Cooke, George Frederick, Grave of, 77, 78 + Cooper, James Fenimore, House of, 147 + Cooper Mansion, 191 + Cooper, Peter, 164, 165, 166 + House of, 191, 192 + Statue of, 165 + Cooper Union, 161, 164, 165 + Corcoran's Roost, 201 + Cornbury, Lady, 66 + Corlears Hook Park, 136 + Country Market, 75 + Coutant, John, House of, 161 + Cox, Samuel S., Statue of, 168 + Cresap, Michael, Grave of, 70 + Croton Water Celebration, 177, 197 + Cryptograph in Trinity Churchyard, 64, 65, 66 + Crystal Palace, 198 + Custom House, 16, 18 + Cuyler's Alley, 15 + + Debtors' Prison, 34, 35 + Delacroix, 163 + De Lancey, Etienne, 10, 72, 73, 74 + De Lancey, James, 72, 73, 143, 144 + De Lancey, Susannah, 100 + Delmonico's, 16, 25 + De Voor House, 207 + Dickens, Charles, 31 + Drew, Daniel, 191 + Duane M. E. Church, 102 + Duke's Farm, 59 + Dutch West India Company, 2 + + Eacker, George, Grave of, 78 + East River Bridge (second), 137 + Eleventh Street, 174 + Elgin Garden, 201, 202, 203 + Eliot Estate, 172 + Emmet, Thomas Addis, 77, 155 + Essex Market, 143 + Exterior Market, 75 + + Fayette Street, 133 + Federal Hall, 17, 18 + Fields, The, 34 + Fifth Avenue Hotel, 185 + Fire of 1835, 14 + First French Huguenot Church, 9 + First Graveyard, 56 + First House Built, 56 + First Moravian Church, 195 + First Presbyterian Church, 154 + First Prison Labor, 110 + First Reformed Presbyterian Church, 40, 118 + First Savings Bank, 37 + First Sunday School, 161 + First Tenement House, 136 + Fish, Hamilton, Park, 139 + Fish Market, 75 + Fitzroy Road, 126, 128 + Five Points, 42, 43 + Five Points House of Industry, 44 + "Flat and Barrack Hill", 16 + Fly Market, 23 + Forrest, Edwin, 168, 169 + Forrest-Macready Riots, 168, 169, 170 + Fort Amsterdam, 1, 2 + Fort Clinton, 4 + Fort George, 2 + Fort James, 2 + Fort Manhattan, 2 + Fountain in Union Square, 177 + Franconi's Hippodrome, 185 + Franklin House, 50 + Franklin Square, 51 + Fraunces' Tavern, 10, 11 + Free Academy, 186, 187 + Fresh Water Pond, 41 + Friends' Meeting House, 178 + Fulton Street, 20 + + Garden, Bowling Green, 84 + " Brannan's, 101 + " Castle, 5, 178 + " Elgin, 201, 202, 203 + " Niblo's, 146, 147 + " Ranelagh, 94 + " Vauxhall (first), 84, 163 + " Vauxhall (last), 163, 164, 170 + " Winter, 148 + Garden Street, 16 + Gardner, Noah, 110, 111 + General Theological Seminary, 126, 127, 129 + George III, Statue of, 3, 19 + Gold Street, 23 + Golden Hill, 23 + Golden Hill, Battle of, 24 + Golden Hill Inn, 24, 25 + Government House, 1, 2 + Governor's Room, City Hall, 36 + Grace Church, 58, 175 + Gramercy Park, 179 + Graveyard, Jewish, 50, 116, 117, 122, 123 + " Paupers', 34, 114, 115, 181, 197, 204 + " St. John's, 105 + " St. Paul's, 155 + " Trinity, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68 + " New York City Marble, 154, 155 + " New York Marble, 151, 152, 153, 154 + Great Bouwerie, 157 + Great Kiln Road, 118, 121, 122, 125 + Great Queen Street, 12 + Greenwich Avenue, 116 + " Lane, 116, 166 + " Road, 80, 81 + " Street, 80, 81 + " Village, 98, 99, 100, 101 + Grove Street, 108 + + Hale, Nathan, 38, 135, 204 + Hall of Records, 34 + Hamilton, Alexander, Grave of, 66 + Hamilton, Alexander, Home of, 18 + Hamilton, Philip, 67 + Haunted House, 165, 166 + Holland, Joseph, 193 + Holt's Hotel, 21 + Hone, Philip, 159 + Horse and Cart Street, 26 + Hosack Botanical Garden, 82 + Hosack, David, 202 + Hotel, Astor, 78 + " City, 73, 74 + " Fifth Avenue, 185 + " Holt's, 21 + " Metropolitan, 147 + " Riley's Fifth Ward, 89, 90 + " St. Nicholas, 145 + " Tremont, 149 + " United States, 20 + Houghton, Rev. Dr. George H., 194 + House of Aaron Burr, 18, 104 + House, First, of White Men, 56 + House of James Fenimore Cooper, 147 + House of Peter Cooper, 191, 192 + House of John Coutant, 161 + House of the De Lanceys, 10, 72, 73, 74 + House of Alexander Hamilton, 18 + House of Thomas Paine, 107, 108 + House of President Monroe, 145 + House of Refuge, 182 + House of Charlotte Temple, 48, 167 + House of Francis Bayard Winthrop, 201 + Houston Street, 150 + Howe, Sir William, 205 + Huguenot Memorials in Trinity Churchyard, 69, 71 + + Inclenberg, 199 + Institution for the Instruction of the Deaf and Dumb, 202 + Island of Manhattan, 138 + + "Jack-knife," The, 23 + Jail in City Hall Park, 34 + James Street, 133 + Jans' Farm, 59, 60 + Jeanette Park, 13 + Jefferson, Joseph, 193 + Jewish Graveyard in New Bowery, 50 + Jewish Graveyard in Eleventh Street, 116, 117 + Jewish Graveyard in Twenty-first Street, 117, 122, 123 + John Street, 26 + John Street Church, 26, 161, 162 + John Street Theatre, 26 + Jones' Woods,208 + Jumel, Mme., 40 + + Keene, Laura, Theatre of, 147 + King's College, 82 + King's Farm, 59 + Kip's Bay, 200 + Kip, Jacob, 200 + Kipsborough, 183, 200 + Kissing Bridge, 47, 184 + + Lawrence, Capt., Grave of, 68 + Lafarge House, 148 + Lafayette, General, 172 + Lafayette Place, 167, 170, 171, 172 + La Grange Terrace, 172 + Leeson, James, Grave of, 64 + Leisler, Jacob, Where Hanged, 31, 32 + Lich Gate of Little Church Around the Corner, 194 + Light Guards, 7 + Lind, Jenny, 5 + Lispenard's Meadows, 80, 93, 94, 95 + Little Church Around the Corner, 192, 193, 194, 195 + Logan, the Friend of the White Man, 70 + London Terrace, 129 + Love Lane, 121, 124, 125, 126, 128 + + Macneven, William James, 77, 155 + Macomb's Mansion, 57 + Macready-Forrest Riots, 168, 169, 170 + Macready, William Charles, 168, 169 + Madison Square, 182, 183 + Madison Square Presbyterian Church, 186 + Madison Street, 134 + Maiden Lane, 13, 22 + Mandelbaum, "Mother", 141, 142 + Manetta Brook, 99 + Manetta Creek, 113, 114 + Manhattan Island, 137, 138, 142 + Manhattan Market, 139 + Marble Houses on Broadway, 148, 149 + Mariners' Church, 133, 134 + Mariners' Temple, 133 + Market, Country, 75 + " Essex, 143 + " Exterior, 75 + " Fish, 75 + " Fly, 23 + " Manhattan, 139 + " Meal, 20 + " Uptown, 74 + " Washington, 74 + Marketfield Street, 8 + Martyrs' Monument, 63, 64 + Masonic Hall, 87, 88 + Meal Market, 20 + Medical College Hall, 195 + Mercantile Library, 28, 29, 170 + Merchants' Exchange, 16 + Metropolitan Hall, 148 + Metropolitan Hotel, 147 + Middle Dutch Reformed Church, 21, 22, 171 + Middle Road, 192 + Mile Stone, 143, 178, 204 + Military Prison Window, 41 + Milligan's Lane, 117, 118 + Minetta Street, 99, 113, 114 + Monroe, President James, 145, 155 + Montgomery, General, 76 + Monument Lane, 115, 166 + Moore, Bishop Benjamin, 127, 128 + Moore, Clement C., 128, 129 + Morris Street, 56 + Morse, Samuel F. B., 5 + Morton, General Jacob, 7, 37 + Morton, John, 6 + Mount Pitt, 137 + Mount Pitt Circus, 137 + Mulberry Bend, 43 + Murder of Dr. Burdell, 149, 150 + Murder of Mary Rogers, 145, 146 + Murderers' Row, 97 + Murray Family, 199, 200, 201 + Murray Farm, 200 + Murray Hill, 199, 200 + + Nassau Street, 17, 18, 21, 22 + Nean, Elias, Grave of, 71 + Nean, Susannah, Grave of, 71 + Negro Insurrection, 42 + New Jerusalem Church, 89 + New York City Marble Cemetery, 154, 155 + New York Hospital, 88, 89 + New York Institute, 37 + New York Marble Cemetery, 151, 152, 153, 154 + New York Society Library, 119, 120 + New York Theatre, 170 + New York Theatre and Metropolitan Opera House, 148 + Niblo's Garden, 146, 147 + Niblo's Theatre, 146 + Nicholas William Street, 161 + North Street, 150, 151 + + Obelisk Lane, 115 + "Old Brewery", 44 + Oldest Grave in Trinity Churchyard, 61 + Old Guard, 7 + Oliver Street, 133 + Oliver Street Baptist Church, 133 + Orphan Asylum, Roman Catholic, 203 + Olympic Theatre, 96, 147 + + Paine, Thomas, Home of, 107, 108 + Paisley Place, 122 + Palmo Opera House, 39, 87 + Parade-Ground, 181 + Park, Battery, 4 + " Bryant, 114, 197, 198, 199 + " Central, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211 + " City Hall, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39 + " Corlears Hook, 136 + " Gramercy, 179 + " Hamilton Fish, 139 + " Jeanette, 13 + " St. John's, 91, 92 + + Park Row, 47 + Park Theatre (first), 30 + Patti, Adelina, 148 + Payne, John Howard, 36 + Pauper Graveyard, 34, 114, 115, 181, 197, 204 + Pearl Street, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14 + Peck Slip, 12 + Petticoat Lane, 8, 9 + Pie Woman's Lane, 22 + Pitt, William, Statue of, 18, 47, 90 + Platt Street, 23 + Poelnitz, "Baron", 173 + Poor House in City Hall Park, 34 + Post Office, 21, 33 + Post Road, 47, 124, 125, 180, 181, 182, 204 + Potter's Field, Bryant Park, 114, 197 + Potter's Field, City Hall Park, 34 + Potter's Field, Madison Square, 181 + Potter's Field, Third Avenue, 204 + Potter's Field, Washington Square, 114, 115 + Printing-Press, First in Colony, 13 + Prison Manufactures, 110 + Prison Riots, 111 + Prison, State, 109, 110, 111, 112 + + Queen's Farm, 59, 81 + + Rachel, the Actress, 148 + "Rag Gang", 201 + Randall, Robert Richard, 173, 174 + Ranelagh Garden, 94 + Red Fort, 92 + Reservoir Square, 198 + Revolutionary House, 79 + Revolutionary War, First Blood of, 24 + Richmond Hill, 103, 104, 105 + Riley's Fifth Ward Hotel, 89, 90 + Road, Abingdon, 123 + " Boston Post, 183, 192, 199 + " Bowery, 47, 128, 163, 164 + " Fitzroy, 126, 128 + " Great Kiln, 118, 121, 122 + " Greenwich, 80, 81 + " Middle, 192 + " Post, 47, 124, 125, 180, 181, 182, 204 + " Skinner, 117 + " Southampton, 117, 120, 125 + " Union, 117, 118, 119, 120 + " Warren, 126 + Rogers, Mary, Murder of, 145, 146 + Rotunda in City Hall Park, 37 + Ruggles, Samuel B., 180 + Rutgers, Anthony, 92, 93, 94 + Rutgers, Col. Henry, 135 + Rutgers Farm, 135 + + Sailors' Snug Harbor, 173, 174 + St. Ann's Church, 167 + St. Gaudens, Augustus, 165 + St. George's Church, 29, 179 + St. George Square, 51 + St. James Street, 133 + St. John's Burying-Ground, 105 + St. John's Church, 91 + St. John's Park, 91, 92 + St. Mark's Church, 86, 156, 158, 159 + St. Mary's Church, 137 + St. Nicholas Hotel, 145 + St. Patrick's Cathedral, 203 + St. Patrick's Church, 144, 145 + St. Paul's Chapel, 75, 76, 77, 78 + St. Paul's Churchyard, 155 + St. Peter's Church, 81 + Savings Bank, the First, 37 + Schroeder, Rev. Dr., 167 + Scudder's Museum, 37 + Second East River Bridge, 137 + Second Street Methodist Church, 156 + Sewing Machine Exhibited, 87 + Shakespeare Tavern, 27, 28 + Shearith Israel Graveyard, 50, 116, 122 + Sheep Pasture, 8 + Shot Tower, 206 + Shipyards, 134 + Skinner Road, 117 + Smit's V'lei, 22 + Southampton, Baron, 109, 122 + Southampton Road, 117, 120, 125 + Sperry, John, 163 + Spring Street Presbyterian Church, 102 + Spring Valley Farm, 207 + Stadhuis Site, 7 + Stadt Huys, 12, 15 + State Prison, 109, 110, 111, 112 + State Street, 5, 6 + Stewart, Alexander T., 85, 86, 159 + Stewart Mansion, 86 + Stone Street, 15 + Stuyvesant's Creek, 142 + Stuyvesant's Pear Tree, 160 + Stuyvesant, Peter, 16, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160 + Stuyvesant's Pond, 179 + Stuyvesant Street, 167 + Sub-Treasury Building, 18 + "Suicide Slip", 95 + Sunday School, the First, 161 + + Tammany Hall, 32, 33 + Tattersall's, 95, 96 + Tea Water Pump, 48 + Temple, Charlotte, Tomb of, 62, 63 + Temple, Charlotte, Home of, 48, 167 + Tenement House, the First, 136 + Ten Eyck, Conraet, 13 + Tompkins, Daniel D., 159 + Thames Street, 72 + Theatre Alley, 31 + Theatre, Academy of Music, 178 + " Astor Place Opera House, 168, 169, 170 + Theatre, Bowery, 49 + " Broadway, 97 + " Brougham's, 97 + " Burton's, 39 + " Laura Keene's, 147 + " John Street, 26 + " Metropolitan Hall, 148 + " New York, 170 + " New York Theatre and Metropolitan Opera House, 148 + " Niblo's, 146 + " Olympic, 96, 147 + " Palmo's, 39, 87 + " Park, 30 + " Tripler Hall, 148 + " Wallack's, 97, 176 + " Winter Garden, 148 + Thompson's Inn, Corporal, 185 + Thorne, Charles R., 170 + Tilden, Astor and Lenox Libraries, 199 + Tin Pot Alley, 57, 58 + Tombs, 41 + Tompkins Blues, 7 + Tontine Coffee House, 19 + Tontine Society, 19 + Tremont House, 149 + Trinity Church, 20, 56, 58, 60, 61 + Trinity Churchyard, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, + 71, 72 + Tripler Hall, 148 + Turtle Bay, 184, 201 + Turtle Bay Farm, 201 + Twenty-first Street, 124 + + Union Place, 177 + Union Road, 117, 118, 119, 120 + Union Square, 175, 177 + United New Netherland Company, 2 + United States Hotel, 20 + Uptown Market, 74 + + Van Hoboken, Hermanus, 157 + Vauxhall Garden (first), 84, 163 + Vauxhall Garden (last), 163, 164, 170 + Virgin's Path, 22 + + Wall, City's, 16 + Wall Street, 9, 13, 16, 17, 19, 20 + Wall Street, Trees in, 20 + Wallack, James W., 176 + Wallack's Lyceum, 97, 176 + Warren, Ann, 109 + Warren, Charlotte, 109 + Warren Road, 126 + Warren, Sir Peter, 100, 108, 109, 124 + Warren, Susannah, 109 + Washington Inaugurated, 17 + Washington Inauguration Ball, 73 + Washington's Broadway Home, 57 + Washington Hall, 85 + Washington's Headquarters, 11 + Washington's Headquarters at Richmond Hill, 104 + Washington's Home in Franklin House, 50 + Washington's Pew in St. Paul's Chapel, 76 + Washington Market, 74 + Washington Statue in Union Square, 177 + Washington Tablet, 37, 90 + Washington Square, 113, 115, 172, 181, 197 + Water Tank, 176 + Weavers' Row, 122 + Well in Broadway, 149 + Well in Rivington Street, 141 + Well of William Cox, 13 + West Broadway, 83 + West's Circus, 95 + West India Co., 2 + Whitehall Street, 8 + Wiehawken Street, 112 + William Street, 16 + Window of Military Prison, 40 + Winter Garden, 148 + Winthrop, Francis Bayard, 201 + Wolfe, Gen., Statue of, 115 + World's Fair Grounds, 198 + Worth Monument, 184, 185 + Wreck Brook, 41 + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Nooks and Corners of Old New York, by +Charles Hemstreet + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOOKS AND CORNERS OF OLD NEW YORK *** + +***** This file should be named 39789-8.txt or 39789-8.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/9/7/8/39789/ + +Produced by Annie R. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Nooks and Corners of Old New York + +Author: Charles Hemstreet + +Illustrator: E. C. Peixotto + +Release Date: May 25, 2012 [EBook #39789] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOOKS AND CORNERS OF OLD NEW YORK *** + + + + +Produced by Annie R. McGuire. This book was produced from +scanned images of public domain material from the Internet +Archive. + + + + + + +</pre> + + +<h1><i>Nooks & Corners</i></h1> + +<h2><i>of</i></h2> + +<h1>Old New York</h1> + +<h3>By</h3> + +<h2>Charles Hemftreet</h2> + +<h3><i>Illustrated</i></h3> + +<h3><i>By</i></h3> + +<h2>E. C. Peixotto</h2> + +<h4>New York</h4> + +<h4>Charles Scribner's Sons</h4> + +<h4>MDCCCCV</h4> + +<hr class="chap" /> +<h4>COPYRIGHT, 1899</h4> + +<h4>BY CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS</h4> + +<h4>NEW YORK</h4> + +<hr class="chap" /> +<h2><i>INTRODUCTORY NOTE</i></h2> + +<p>The points of interest referred to in this book are to be found in the +lower part of the Island of Manhattan.</p> + +<p>Settlements having early been made in widely separated parts of the +island, streets were laid out from each settlement as they were needed +without regard to the city as a whole; with the result that as the city +grew the streets lengthened and those of the various sections met at +every conceivable angle. This resulted in a tangle detrimental to the +city's interests, and in 1807 a Commission was appointed to devise a +City Plan that should protect the interests of the <i>whole</i> community.</p> + +<p>A glance at a city map will show the confusion of streets at the lower +end of the island and the regularity brought about under the City Plan +above Houston Street on the east, and Fourteenth Street on the west +side.</p> + +<p>The plan adopted by the Commission absolutely disregarded the natural +topography of the island, and resulted in a city of straight lines and +right angles.</p> + +<hr class="chap" /> +<h2>LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS</h2> + +<div class="center"> +<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" summary=""> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#ILL_001">No. 7 State Street</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#ILL_002">Fraunces' Tavern</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#ILL_003">The "Jack Knife," Gold and Platt Streets</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#ILL_004">Golden Hill Inn</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#ILL_005">Cell in the Prison under the Hall of Records</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#ILL_006">Statue of Nathan Hale, City Hall Park</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#ILL_007">No. 11 Reade Street, where Aaron Burr had an office</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#ILL_008">The Tombs</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#ILL_009">Park Street, with Church of the Transfiguration</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#ILL_011">Hudson and Watts Streets</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#ILL_012">Grave of Charlotte Temple</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#ILL_016">Tomb of Alexander Hamilton</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#ILL_017">Washington's Pew, St. Paul's Chapel</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#ILL_018">Montgomery's Tomb</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#ILL_019">A House of Other Days</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#ILL_020">"Murderers' Row"</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#ILL_021">Old Houses, Wiehawken Street</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#ILL_022">Looking South from Minetta Lane</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#ILL_023">Old Theological Seminary, Chelsea Square</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#ILL_025">Church of Sea and Land</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#ILL_026">Bone Alley</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#ILL_027">Milestone on the Bowery</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#ILL_028">Entrance to Marble Cemetery</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#ILL_029">College of the City of New York</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#ILL_030">Gate of Old House of Refuge</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#ILL_031">The Little Church Around the Corner</a></td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"><a href="#ILL_032">Milestone on Third Avenue</a></td></tr> +</table></div> + +<hr class="chap" /> +<h2>NOOKS AND CORNERS</h2> + +<h2>OF OLD NEW YORK</h2> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p> + +<hr class="chap" /> +<h2>I</h2> + +<div class="sidenote">Fort Amsterdam</div> + +<p>On the centre building of the row which faces bowling Green Park on the +south there is a tablet bearing the words:</p> + +<h4>THE SITE OF FORT AMSTERDAM,</h4> + +<h4>BUILT IN 1626.</h4> + +<h4>WITHIN THE FORTIFICATIONS</h4> + +<h4>WAS ERECTED THE FIRST</h4> + +<h4>SUBSTANTIAL CHURCH EDIFICE</h4> + +<h4>ON THE ISLAND OF MANHATTAN.</h4> + +<h4>IN 1787 THE FORT</h4> + +<h4>WAS DEMOLISHED</h4> + +<h4>AND THE GOVERNMENT HOUSE</h4> + +<h4>BUILT UPON THIS SITE</h4> + +<div class="sidenote">Dutch West India Co.</div> + +<p>This was the starting-point of the settlement which gradually became New +York. In 1614 a stockade, called Fort Manhattan, was built as a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span> +temporary place of shelter for representatives of the United New +Netherland Co., which had been formed to trade with the Indians. This +company was replaced by the Dutch West India Co., with chartered rights +to trade on the American coast, and the first step towards the forming +of a permanent settlement was the building of Fort Amsterdam on the site +of the stockade.</p> + +<p>In 1664 New Amsterdam passed into British possession and became New +York, while Fort Amsterdam became Fort James. Under Queen Anne it was +Fort George, remaining so until demolished in 1787.</p> + +<p>On the Fort's site was built the Government House, intended for +Washington and the Presidents who should follow him. But none ever +occupied it as the seat of government was removed to Philadelphia before +the house was completed. After 1801 it became an office building, and was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span> +was demolished in 1815 to make room for the present structures.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Bowling Green</div> + +<p>The tiny patch of grass at the starting-point of Broadway, now called +Bowling Green Park, was originally the centre of sports for colonists, +and has been the scene of many stirring events. The iron railing which +now surrounds it was set up in 1771, having been imported from England +to enclose a lead equestrian statue of King George III. On the posts of +the fence were representations of heads of members of the Royal family. +In 1776, during the Revolution, the statue was dragged down and molded +into bullets, and where the iron heads were knocked from the posts the +fracture can still be seen.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">The Battery</div> + +<p>When the English took possession of the city, in 1664, the Fort being +regarded as useless, it was decided to build a Battery to protect the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span> +newly acquired possession. Thus the idea of the Battery was conceived, +although the work was not actually carried out until 1684.</p> + +<p>Beyond the Fort there was a fringe of land with the water reaching to a +point within a line drawn from Water and Whitehall Streets to Greenwich +Street. Sixty years after the Battery was built fifty guns were added, +it having been lightly armed up to that time.</p> + +<p>The Battery was demolished about the same time as the Fort. The land on +which it stood became a small park, retaining the name of the Battery, +and was gradually added to until it became the Battery Park of to-day.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 276px;"><a name="ILL_001" id="ILL_001"></a> +<img src="images/ill_001.jpg" width="276" height="300" alt="" /> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Castle Garden</div> + +<p>A small island, two hundred feet off the Battery, to which it was +connected by a drawbridge, was fortified in 1811 and called Fort +Clinton. The armament was twenty-eight 32-pounders, none of which was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span> +ever fired at an enemy. In 1822 the island was ceded back to the city by +the Federal Government—when the military headquarters were transferred +to Governor's Island—and became a place of amusement under the name of +Castle Garden. It was the first real home of opera in America. General +Lafayette was received there in 1824, and there Samuel F. B. Morse first +demonstrated the possibility of controlling an electric current in 1835. +Jenny Lind, under the management of P. T. Barnum, appeared there in +1850. In 1855 it became a depot for the reception of immigrants; in 1890 +the offices were removed to Ellis Island, and in 1896, after many +postponements, Castle Garden was opened as a public aquarium.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">State Street</div> + +<p>State Street, facing the Battery, during the latter part of the +eighteenth and the early part of the nineteenth century, was the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span> +fashionable quarter of the city, and on it were the homes of the +wealthy. Several of the old houses still survive. No. 7, now a home for +immigrant Irish girls, was the most conspicuous on the street, and is in +about its original state. At No. 9 lived John Morton, called the "rebel +banker" by the British, because he loaned large sums to the Continental +Congress. His son, General Jacob Morton, occupied the mansion after his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span> +marriage in 1791, and commanded the militia. Long after he became too +infirm to actually command, from the balcony of his home he reviewed on +the Battery parade grounds the Tompkins Blues and the Light Guards. The +veterans of these commands, by legislative enactment in 1868, were +incorporated as the "Old Guard."</p> + +<div class="sidenote">The "Stadhuis"</div> + +<p>On the building at 4 and 6 Pearl Street, corner State Street, is a +tablet which reads:</p> + +<h4>1636 1897</h4> + +<h4>ON THIS SITE STOOD THE "STADHUIS"</h4> + +<h4>OF NEW AMSTERDAM——ERECTED 1636</h4> + +<h4>THIS TABLET IS PLACED HERE IN LOVING MEMORY</h4> + +<h4>OF THE FIRST DUTCH SETTLERS BY THE</h4> + +<h4>HOLLAND DAMES OF THE NEW</h4> + +<h4>NETHERLANDS AND THE</h4> + +<h4>KNIGHTS OF THE LEGION OF THE CROWN</h4> + +<h4>LAVINIA</h4> + +<h4>KONIGIN</h4> + +<p>It was set up October 7, 1897, and marks the supposed site of the first +City Hall. What is claimed by most authorities to be the real site is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> +at Pearl Street, opposite Coenties Slip.</p> + +<p>Whitehall Street was one of the earliest thoroughfares of the city, and +was originally the open space left on the land side of the Fort.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">The Beaver's Path</div> + +<p>Beaver Street was first called the Beaver's Path. It was a ditch, on +either side of which was a path. When houses were built along these +paths they were improved by a rough pavement. At the end of the Beaver's +Path, close to where Broad Street is now, was a swamp, which, before the +pavements were made, had been reclaimed and was known as the Sheep +Pasture.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Petticoat Lane</div> + +<p>Marketfield Street, whose length is less than a block, opens into Broad +Street at No. 72, a few feet from Beaver Street. This is one of the +lost thoroughfares of the city. Almost as old as the city itself, it<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span> +once extended past the Fort and continued to the river in what is now +Battery Place. It was then called Petticoat Lane. The first French +Huguenot church was built on it in 1688. Now the Produce Exchange cuts +the street off short and covers the site of the church.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Broad Street</div> + +<p>Through Broad Street, when the town was New Amsterdam, a narrow, +ill-smelling inlet extended to about the present Beaver Street, then +narrowed to a ditch close to Wall Street. The water-front was then at +Pearl Street. Several bridges crossed the inlet, the largest at the +point where Stone Street is. Another gave Bridge Street its name. In +1660 the ways on either side were paved, and soon became a market-place +for citizens who traded with farmers for their products, and with the +Indians who navigated the inlet in their canoes. The locality has ever<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span> +since been a centre of exchange. When the inlet was finally filled in it +left the present "Broad" Street.</p> + +<p>Where Beaver Street crosses this thoroughfare, on the northwest corner, +is a tablet:</p> + +<h4>TO COMMEMORATE THE GALLANT AND PATRIOTIC</h4> + +<h4>ACT OF MARINUS WILLETT IN HERE SEIZING</h4> + +<h4>JUNE 6, 1775, FROM THE BRITISH FORCES THE</h4> + +<h4>MUSKETS WITH WHICH HE ARMED HIS</h4> + +<h4>TROOPS. THIS TABLET IS ERECTED BY</h4> + +<h4>THE SOCIETY OF THE SONS OF THE</h4> + +<h4>REVOLUTION, NEW YORK, NOV. 12, 1892</h4> + +<p>On one side of the tablet is a bas-relief of the scene showing the +patriots stopping the ammunition wagons.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 300px;"><a name="ILL_002" id="ILL_002"></a> +<img src="images/ill_002.jpg" width="300" height="259" alt="" /> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Fraunces' Tavern</div> + +<p>Fraunces' Tavern, standing at the southeast corner of Broad and Pearl +Streets, is much the same outwardly as it was when built in 1700, except +that it has two added stories. Etienne De Lancey, a Huguenot nobleman,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> +built it as his homestead and occupied it for a quarter of a century. It +became a tavern under the direction of Samuel Fraunces in 1762. It was +Washington's headquarters in 1776, and in 1783 he delivered there his +farewell address to his generals.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Pearl Street</div> + +<p>Pearl Street was one of the two early roads leading from the Fort. It +lay along the water front, and extended to a ferry where Peck Slip is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> +now. The road afterwards became Great Queen Street, and was lined with +shops of store-keepers who sought the Long Island trade. The other road +in time became Broadway.</p> + +<p>On a building at 73 Pearl Street, facing Coenties Slip, is a tablet +which reads:</p> + +<h4>THE SITE OF THE</h4> + +<h4>FIRST DUTCH HOUSE OF ENTERTAINMENT</h4> + +<h4>ON THE ISLAND OF MANHATTAN</h4> + +<h4>LATER THE SITE OF THE OLD "STADT HUYS"</h4> + +<h4>OR CITY HALL</h4> + +<h4>THIS TABLET IS PLACED HERE BY</h4> + +<h4>THE HOLLAND SOCIETY OF NEW YORK</h4> + +<h4>SEPTEMBER, 1890</h4> + +<div class="sidenote">The First City Hall</div> + +<p>This is the site of the first City Hall of New Amsterdam, built 1642. It +stood by the waterside, for beyond Water Street all the land has been +reclaimed. There was a court room and a prison in the building. Before +it, where the pillars of the elevated road are now, was a cage and a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> +whipping-post. There was also the public "Well of William Cox."</p> + +<p>Beside the house ran a lane. It is there yet, still called Coenties Lane +as in the days of old. But it is no longer green. Now it is narrow, +paved, and almost lost between tall buildings.</p> + +<p>Opposite Coenties Lane is Coenties Slip, which was an inlet in the days +of the Stadt Huys. The land about was owned by Conraet Ten Eyck, who was +nicknamed Coentje. This in time became Coonchy and was finally +vulgarized to "Quincy." The filling in of this waterway began in 1835 +and the slip is now buried beneath Jeanette Park. The filled-in slip +accounts for the width of the street. For the same reason there is +considerable width at Wall, Maiden Lane and other streets leading to the +water front.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">First Printing Press in the Colony</div> + +<p>At 81 Pearl Street, close by Coenties Slip, the first printing-press was +set up by William Bradford, after he was appointed Public Printer in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> +1693. A tablet marks the site, with the inscription:</p> + +<h4>ON THIS SITE</h4> + +<h4>WILLIAM BRADFORD</h4> + +<h4>APPOINTED</h4> + +<h4>PUBLIC PRINTER</h4> + +<h4>APRIL 10, A. D. 1693</h4> + +<h4>ESTABLISHED THE FIRST</h4> + +<h4>PRINTING PRESS</h4> + +<h4>IN THE</h4> + +<h4>COLONY OF NEW YORK</h4> + +<h4>ERECTED BY THE</h4> + +<h4>NEW YORK</h4> + +<h4>HISTORICAL SOCIETY</h4> + +<h4>APRIL 10, A. D. 1893</h4> + +<h4>IN COMMEMORATION OF</h4> + +<h4>THE 200TH ANNIVERSARY</h4> + +<h4>OF THE INTRODUCTION</h4> + +<h4>OF PRINTING IN</h4> + +<h4>NEW YORK</h4> + +<div class="sidenote">Fire of 1835</div> + +<p>Across the way, on a warehouse at 88 Pearl Street, is a marble tablet of +unique design, to commemorate the great fire of 1835, which started in +Merchant Street, burned for nineteen hours, extended over fifty acres<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> +and consumed 402 buildings.</p> + +<p>Directly through the block from this point is Cuyler's Alley, a narrow +way between the houses running off Water Street. Although it is a +hundred years old the only incident connected with its existence that +has crept into the city's history, is a murder. In 1823, a Boston +merchant was waylaid and murdered for his money, and was dragged through +this street for final disposition in the river, but the murderer made so +much noise in his work that the constable heard him and came upon the +abandoned corpse.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Stone Street</div> + +<p>Through a pretty garden at the back of the Stadt Huys, Stone Street was +reached. It was the first street to be laid with cobble-stones (1657), +and so came by its name, which originally had been Brouwer Street.</p> + +<p>Delmonico's establishment at Beaver and William Streets is on the site<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> +of the second of the Delmonico restaurants. (See Fulton and William +Streets.)</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Flat and Barrack Hill</div> + +<p>Exchange Place took its name from the Merchants' Exchange, which was +completed in William Street, fronting on Wall, in 1827 (the present +Custom House). Before that date it had been called Garden Street. From +Hanover to Broad Street was a famous place for boys to coast in winter, +and the grade was called "Flat and Barrack Hill." Scarcely more than an +alley now, the street was even narrower once and was given its present +width in 1832.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Wall Street</div> + +<p>Wall Street came by its name naturally, for it was a walled street once. +When war broke out between England and Holland in 1653, Governor Peter +Stuyvesant built the wall along the line of the present street, from +river to river. His object was to form a barrier that should enclose<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span> +the city. It was a wall of wood, twelve feet high, with a sloping +breastwork inside. After the wall was removed in 1699, the street came +to be a chief business thoroughfare.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Federal Hall</div> + +<p>A new City Hall, to replace the Stadt Huys, was built in 1699, at Nassau +Street, on the site of the present Sub-Treasury building. In front of +the building was the cage for criminals, stocks and whipping-post. When +independence was declared, this building was converted into a capitol +and was called Federal Hall. The Declaration of Independence was read +from the steps in 1776. President Washington was inaugurated there in +1789. The wide strip of pavement on the west side of Nassau Street at +Wall Street bears evidence of the former existence of Federal Hall. The +latter extended across to the western house line of the present Nassau<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> +Street, and so closed the thoroughfare that a passage-way led around the +building to Nassau Street. When the Sub-Treasury was built in 1836, on +the site of Federal Hall, Nassau Street was opened to Wall, and the +little passage-way was left to form the wide pavement of to-day.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Where Alexander Hamilton Lived</div> + +<p>Alexander Hamilton, in 1789, lived in a house on the south side of Wall +Street at Broad. His slayer, Aaron Burr, then lived back of Federal Hall +in Nassau Street.</p> + +<p>The Custom House at William Street and Wall was completed in 1842. At +this same corner once stood a statue of William Pitt, Earl of Chatham. +In 1776, during the Revolution, the statue was pulled down by British +soldiers, the head cut off and the remainder dragged in the mud. The +people petitioned the Assembly in 1766 to erect the statue to Pitt, as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> +a recognition of his zealous defence of the American colonies and his +efforts in securing the repeal of the Stamp Act. At the same time +provision was made for the erection of the equestrian statue of George +III in Bowling Green. The statue of Pitt was of marble, and was erected +in 1770.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Tontine Coffee House</div> + +<p>The Tontine Building at the northwest corner of Wall and Water Streets +marks the site of the Tontine Coffee House, a celebrated house for the +interchange of goods and of ideas, and a political centre. It was a +prominent institution in the city, resorted to by the wealthy and +influential. The building was erected in 1794, and conducted by the +Tontine Society of two hundred and three members, each holding a $200 +share. Under their plan all property was to revert to seven survivors of +the original subscribers. The division was made in 1876.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Meal Market</div> + +<p>Close to where the coffee house was built later, a market was set up in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> +the middle of Wall Street in 1709, and being the public market for the +sale of corn and meal was called the "Meal Market." Cut meat was not +sold there until 1740. In 1731 this market became the only public place +for the sale and hiring of slaves.</p> + +<p>Trinity Church has stood at the head of Wall Street since 1697. Before +1779 the street was filled with tall trees, but during the intensely +cold winter of that year most of them were cut down and used for +kindling.</p> + +<p>The ferry wharf has been at the foot of the street since 1694, when the +water came up as far as Pearl Street. It was here that Washington +landed, coming from Elizabethport after his journey from Virginia, April +23, 1789, to be inaugurated.</p> + +<p>The United States Hotel, Fulton, between Water and Pearl Streets, was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> +built in 1823 as Holt's Hotel. It was the headquarters for captains of +whaling ships and merchants. A semaphore, or marine telegraph, was on +the cupola, the windmill-like arms of which served to indicate the +arrival of vessels.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Middle Dutch Church</div> + +<p>On the building at the northeast corner of Nassau and Cedar Streets is a +tablet reading:</p> + +<h4>HERE STOOD</h4> + +<h4>THE MIDDLE DUTCH CHURCH</h4> + +<h4>DEDICATED A. D. 1729</h4> + +<h4>MADE A BRITISH MILITARY PRISON 1776</h4> + +<h4>RESTORED 1790</h4> + +<h4>OCCUPIED AS THE UNITED STATES POST-OFFICE</h4> + +<h4>1845-1875</h4> + +<h4>TAKEN DOWN 1882</h4> + +<p>This church was a notable place of worship; the last in the city to +represent strict simplicity of religious service as contrasted with +modern ease and elegance. The post-office occupied the building until +its removal to the structure it now occupies. The second home of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> +Middle Dutch Church was in Lafayette Place.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Pie Woman's Lane</div> + +<p>Nassau Street was opened in 1696, when Teunis de Kay was given the right +to make a cartway from the wall to the commons (now City Hall Park). At +first the street was known as Pie Woman's Lane.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 250px;"><a name="ILL_003" id="ILL_003"></a> +<img src="images/ill_003.jpg" width="250" height="300" alt="" /> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">The Maiden's Lane</div> + +<p>Where Maiden Lane is there was once a narrow stream or spring water, +which flowed from about the present Nassau Street. Women went there to +wash their clothing, so that it came to be called the Virgin's Path, and +from that the Maiden's Lane. A blacksmith having set up a shop at the +edge of the stream near the river, the locality took the name of Smit's +V'lei, or the Smith's Valley, afterwards shortened to the V'lei, and +then readily corrupted to "Fly." It was natural, then, when a market<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> +was built on the Maiden's Lane, from Pearl to South Streets, to call it +the Fly Market. This was pulled down in 1823.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">The Jack-Knife</div> + +<p>On Gold Street, northwest corner of Platt Street, is a wedge-shaped +house of curious appearance. It is best seen from the Platt Street side. +When this street was opened in 1834 by Jacob S. Platt, who owned much of +the neighboring land and wanted a street of his own, the house was large +and square and had been a tavern for a great many years. The new street +cut the house to its present strange shape, and it came to be called the +"Jack-knife."</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Golden Hill</div> + +<p>Golden Hill, celebrated since the time of the Dutch, is still to be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> +seen in the high ground around Cliff and Gold Streets. Pearl street near +John shows a sweeping curve where it circled around the hill's base, and +the same sort of curve is seen in Maiden Lane on the south and Fulton +Street on the north. The first blood of the Revolution was shed on this +hill in January, 1770, after the British soldiers had cut down a liberty +pole set up by the Liberty Boys. The fight occurred on open ground back +of an inn which still stands at 122 William Street, and is commemorated +in a tablet on the wall of a building at the corner of John and William<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span> +Streets. It reads:</p> + +<h4>"GOLDEN HILL"</h4> + +<h4>HERE, JAN. 18, 1770</h4> + +<h4>THE FIGHT TOOK PLACE BETWEEN THE</h4> + +<h4>"SONS OF LIBERTY" AND THE</h4> + +<h4>BRITISH REGULARS, 16TH FOOT</h4> + +<h4>FIRST BLOODSHED IN THE</h4> + +<h4>WAR OF THE REVOLUTION</h4> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 150px;"><a name="ILL_004" id="ILL_004"></a> +<img src="images/ill_004.jpg" width="150" height="300" alt="" /> +</div> + +<p>The inn is much the same as in early days, except that many buildings +crowd about it now, and modern paint has made it hideous to antiquarian +eyes.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Delmonico's</div> + +<p>On the east side of William Street, a few doors south of Fulton, John +Delmonico opened a dingy little bake shop in 1823, acted as chef and +waiter, and built up the name and business which to-day is synonymous +with good eating. In 1832 he removed to 23 William Street. Burned out +there in 1835, he soon opened on a larger scale with his brother at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span> +William and Beaver Streets, on which site is still an establishment +under the Delmonico name. In time he set up various places—at Chambers +Street and Broadway; Fourteenth Street and Fifth Avenue; Twenty-sixth +Street and Broadway, and finally at Forty-fourth Street and Fifth +Avenue.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">John Street Church</div> + +<p>John Street Church, between Nassau and William Streets, was the first +Methodist Church in America. In 1767 it was organized in a loft at 120 +William Street, then locally known as Horse and Cart Street. In 1768 the +church was built in John Street. It was rebuilt in 1817 and again in +1841. John Street perpetuates the name of John Harpendingh, who owned +most of the land thereabout.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">John Street Theatre</div> + +<p>At what is now 17, 19 and 21 John Street, in 1767 was built the old John +Street Theatre, a wooden structure, painted red, standing sixty feet<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span> +back from the street and reached by a covered way. An arcade through the +house at No. 17 still bears evidence of the theatre. The house was +closed in 1774, when the Continental Congress recommended suspension of +amusements. Throughout the Revolutionary War, however, performances were +given, the places of the players being filled by British officers. +Washington frequently attended the performances at this theatre after he +became President. The house was torn down in 1798.</p> + +<p>The site of the Shakespeare Tavern is marked by a tablet at the +southwest corner of Nassau and Fulton Streets. The words of the tablet +are:</p> + +<h4>ON THIS SITE IN THE</h4> + +<h4>OLD SHAKESPEARE TAVERN</h4> + +<h4>WAS ORGANIZED</h4> + +<h4>THE SEVENTH REGIMENT</h4> + +<h4>NATIONAL GUARD, S. N. Y.</h4> + +<h4>AUG. 25, 1824</h4> + +<div class="sidenote">Shakespeare Tavern</div> + +<p>This tavern, low, old-fashioned, built of small yellow bricks with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> +dormer windows in the roof, was constructed before the Revolution. In +1808 it was bought by Thomas Hodgkinson, an actor, and was henceforth a +meeting-place for Thespians. It was resorted to—in contrast to the +business men guests of the Tontine Coffee House—by the wits of the day, +the poets and the writers. In 1824 Hodgkinson died, and the house was +kept up for a time by his son-in-law, Mr. Stoneall.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">First Clinton Hall</div> + +<p>At the southwest corner of Beekman and Nassau Streets was built, in +1830, the first home of the Mercantile Library, called Clinton Hall. In +1820 the first steps were taken by the merchants of the city to +establish a reading room for their clerks. The library was opened the +following year with 700 volumes. In 1823 the association was +incorporated. It was located first in a building in Nassau Street, but<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> +in 1826 was moved to Cliff Street, and in 1830 occupied its new building +in Beekman Street. De Witt Clinton, Governor of the State, had presented +a History of England as the first volume for the library. The new +building was called Clinton Hall in his honor. In 1850, the building +being crowded, the Astor Place Opera House was bought for $250,000, and +remodeled in 1854 into the second Clinton Hall. The third building of +that name is now on the site at the head of Lafayette Place.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">St. George's Church</div> + +<p>The St. George Building, on the north side of Beekman Street, just west +of Cliff Street, stands on the site of St. George's Episcopal Church, a +stately stone structure which was erected in 1811. In 1814 it was +burned; in 1816 rebuilt, and in 1845 removed to Rutherford Place and +Sixteenth Street, where it still is. Next to the St. George Building is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span> +the tall shot-tower which may be so prominently seen from the windows of +tall buildings in the lower part of the city, but is so difficult to +find when search is made for it.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Barnum's Museum</div> + +<p>Barnum's Museum, opened in 1842, was on the site of the St. Paul +Building, at Broadway and Ann Street. There P. T. Barnum brought out Tom +Thumb, the Woolly Horse and many other curiosities that became +celebrated. On the stage of a dingy little amphitheatre in the house +many actors played who afterwards won national recognition.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Original Park Theatre</div> + +<p>The original Park Theatre was built in 1798, and stood on Park Row, +between Ann and Beekman Streets, facing what was then City Hall Park and +what is now the Post Office. It was 200 feet from Ann Street, and +extended back to the alley which has ever since been called Theatre<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span> +Alley. John Howard Payne, author of "Home, Sweet Home," appeared there +for the first time on any stage, in 1809, as the "Young American +Roscius." In 1842 a ball in honor of Charles Dickens was given there. +Many noted actors played at this theatre, which was the most important +in the city at that period. It was rebuilt in 1820 and burned in 1848.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">First Brick Presbyterian Church</div> + +<p>At the junction of Park Row and Nassau Street, where the <i>Times</i> +Building is, the Brick Presbyterian Church was erected in 1768. There +was a small burying-ground within the shadow of its walls, and green +fields stretched from it in all directions. It was sold in 1854, and a +new church was built at Fifth Avenue and Thirty-seventh Street.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Where Leisler Was Hanged</div> + +<p>Within a few steps of where the statue of Benjamin Franklin is in +Printing House Square, Jacob Leisler was hanged in his own garden in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span> +1691, the city's first martyr to constitutional liberty. A wealthy +merchant, after James III fled and William III ascended the throne, +Leisler was called by the Committee of Safety to act as Governor. He +assembled a Continental Congress, whose deliberations were cut short by +the arrival of Col. Henry Sloughter as Governor. Enemies of Leisler +decided on his death. The new Governor refused to sign the warrant, but +being made drunk signed it unknowingly and Leisler was hanged and his +body buried at the foot of the scaffold. A few years later, a royal +proclamation wiped the taint of treason from Leisler's memory and his +body was removed to a more honored resting-place.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Tammany Hall</div> + +<p>The walls of the <i>Sun</i> building at Park Row and Frankfort Street, are +those of the first permanent home of Tammany Hall. Besides the hall it +contained the second leading hotel in the city, where board was $7 a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> +week. Tammany Hall, organized in 1789 by William Mooney, an upholsterer, +occupied quarters in Borden's tavern in lower Broadway. In 1798 it +removed to Martling's tavern, at the southeast corner of Nassau and +Spruce, until its permanent home was erected in 1811.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">A Liberty Pole</div> + +<p>There is a tablet on the wall of the south corridor of the post-office +building, which bears the inscription:</p> + +<h4>ON THE COMMON OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK,</h4> + +<h4>NEAR WHERE THIS BUILDING NOW STANDS, THERE</h4> + +<h4>STOOD FROM 1766 TO 1776 A LIBERTY POLE</h4> + +<h4>ERECTED TO COMMEMORATE THE REPEAL OF THE</h4> + +<h4>STAMP ACT. IT WAS REPEATEDLY DESTROYED BY</h4> + +<h4>THE VIOLENCE OF THE TORIES AND AS REPEATEDLY</h4> + +<h4>REPLACED BY THE SONS OF LIBERTY, WHO ORGANIZED</h4> + +<h4>A CONSTANT WATCH AND GUARD. IN ITS</h4> + +<h4>DEFENCE THE FIRST MARTYR BLOOD OF THE AMERICAN</h4> + +<h4>REVOLUTION WAS SHED ON JAN. 18, 1770.</h4> + +<p>The cutting down of this pole led to the battle of Golden Hill.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">City Hall Park</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Potter's Field In City Hall Park</div> + +<p>The post-office building was erected on a portion of the City Hall Park.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> +This park, like all of the Island of Manhattan, was a wilderness a few +hundred years ago. By 1661, where the park is there was a clearing in +which cattle were herded. In time the clearing was called The Fields; +later The Commons. On The Commons, in Dutch colonial days, criminals +were executed. Still later a Potter's Field occupied what is now the +upper end of the Park; above it, and extending over the present Chambers +Street was a negro burying-ground. On these commons, in 1735, a +poor-house was built, the site of which is covered by the present City +Hall. From time to time other buildings were erected.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 177px;"><a name="ILL_005" id="ILL_005"></a> +<img src="images/ill_005.jpg" width="177" height="300" alt="" /> +</div> + +<p>The new Jail was finished in 1763, and, having undergone but few +alterations, is now known as the Hall of Records. It was a military +prison during the Revolution, and afterwards a Debtors' Prison. In 1830<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> +it became the Register's Office. It was long considered the most +beautiful building in the city, being patterned after the temple of +Diana of Ephesus.</p> + +<p>The Bridewell, or City Prison, was built on The Commons in 1775, close +by Broadway, on a line with the Debtors' Prison. It was torn down in +1838.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Third City Hall</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Governor's Room</div> + +<p>The present City Hall was finished in 1812. About that time The Commons +were fenced in and became a park, taking in besides the present space, +that now occupied by the post-office building. The constructors of the +City Hall deemed it unnecessary to use marble for the rear wall as they +had for the sides and front, and built this wall of freestone, it being +then almost inconceivable that traffic could ever extend so far up-town<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span> +as to permit a view of the rear of the building. The most noted spot in +the City Hall is the Governor's Room, an apartment originally intended +for the use of the Governor when in the city. In time it became the +municipal portrait gallery, and a reception room for the distinguished +guests of the city. The bodies of Abraham Lincoln and of John Howard +Payne lay in state in this room. With it is also associated the visit of +Lafayette when he returned to this country in 1824 and made the room his +reception headquarters. The room was also the scene of the celebration +after the capture of the "Guerrière" by the "Constitution"; the +reception to Commodore Perry after his Lake Erie victory; the +celebration in connection with the laying of the Atlantic cable; and at +the completion of the Erie Canal. It contains a large gilt punch-bowl, +showing scenes in New York a hundred years ago. This was presented to +the city by General Jacob Morton, Secretary of the Committee of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span> +Defense, at the opening of the City Hall.</p> + +<p>At the western end of the front wall of City Hall is a tablet reading:</p> + +<h4>NEAR THIS SPOT IN THE PRESENCE OF</h4> + +<h4>GEN. GEORGE WASHINGTON</h4> + +<h4>THE DECLARATION OF</h4> + +<h4>INDEPENDENCE</h4> + +<h4>WAS READ AND PUBLISHED</h4> + +<h4>TO THE</h4> + +<h4>AMERICAN ARMY</h4> + +<h4>JULY 9TH, 1776</h4> + +<div class="sidenote">First Savings Bank</div> + +<p>Other buildings erected in the Park were The Rotunda, 1816, on the site +of the brown stone building afterwards occupied by the Court of General +Sessions, where works of art were exhibited; and the New York Institute +on the site of the Court House, occupied in 1817 by the American, or +Scudder's Museum, the first in the city. The Chambers Street Bank, the +first bank for savings in the city, opened in the basement of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> +Institute building in 1818. In 1841 Philip Hone was president of this +bank. It afterwards moved to the north side of Bleecker Street, between +Broadway and Crosby, and became the Bleecker Street Bank. Now it is at +Twenty-second Street and Fourth Avenue, and is called The Bank for +Savings.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 199px;"><a name="ILL_006" id="ILL_006"></a> +<img src="images/ill_006.jpg" width="199" height="300" alt="" /> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Fences of City Hall Park</div> + +<p>The statue of Nathan Hale was erected in City Hall Park by the Sons of +the Revolution. Some authorities still insist that the Martyr Spy was +hanged in this park. Until 1821 +there were fences of wooden pickets about the park. In that year iron +railings, which had been imported from England, were set up, with four +marble pillars at the southern entrance. The next year trees were set<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span> +out within the enclosure, and just within the railing were planted a +number of rose-bushes which had been supplied by two ladies who had an +eye to landscape gardening. Frosts and vandals did not allow the bushes +more than a year of life. Four granite balls, said to have been dug from +the ruins of Troy, were placed on the pillars at the southern entrance, +May 8, 1827. They were given to the city by Captain John B. Nicholson, +U. S. N.</p> + +<p>The building 39 and 41 Chambers Street, opposite the Court House, stands +on the site of the pretty little Palmo Opera House, built in 1844 for +the production of Italian opera, by F. Palmo, the wealthy proprietor of +the Café des Mille Colonnes on Broadway at Duane Street. He lost his +fortune in the operatic venture and became a bartender. In 1848 the +house became Burton's Theatre. About 1800, this site was occupied by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> +the First Reformed Presbyterian Church, a frame building which was +replaced by a brick structure in 1818. The church was moved to Prince +and Marion Streets in 1834.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 168px;"><a name="ILL_007" id="ILL_007"></a> +<img src="images/ill_007.jpg" width="168" height="300" alt="" /> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Office of Aaron Burr</div> + +<p>At No. 11 Reade Street is a dingy little house, now covered with signs +and given over to half a dozen small business concerns, about which +hover memories of Aaron Burr. It was here he had a law office in 1832, +and here when he was seventy-eight years old he first met Mme. Jumel +whom he afterwards married. The house is to be torn down to make way for +new municipal buildings.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">An Historic Window</div> + +<p>At Rose and Duane Streets stands the Rhinelander building, and on the +Rose Street side close by the main entrance is a small grated window. +This is the last trace of a sugar-house, which, during the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span> +Revolutionary War, was used as a British military prison. The building +was not demolished until 1892, and the window, retaining its original +position in the old house, was built into the new.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 300px;"><a name="ILL_008" id="ILL_008"></a> +<img src="images/ill_008.jpg" width="300" height="214" alt="" /> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">The Tombs Prison</div> + +<div class="sidenote">The Collect</div> + +<p>Where the Tombs prison stands was once the Collect, or Fresh Water Pond. +This deep body of water took up, approximately, the space between the +present Baxter, Elm, Canal and Pearl Streets. When the Island of +Manhattan was first inhabited, a swamp stretched in a wide belt across +it from where Roosevelt Slip is now to the end of Canal Street on the +west side. The Collect was the centre of this stretch, with a stream +called the Wreck Brook flowing from it across a marsh to the East River. +At a time near the close of the eighteenth century a drain was cut from +the Collect to the North River, on a line with the present Canal Street.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span> +With the progress of the city to the north, the pond was drained, and +the swamp made into firm ground. In 1816, the Corporation Yards occupied +the block of Elm, Centre, Leonard and Franklin Streets, on the ground +which had filled in the pond. The Tombs, or City Prison, was built on +this block in 1838.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">The Five Points</div> + +<p>The Five Points still exists where Worth, Baxter and Park Streets +intersect, but it is no longer the centre of a community of crime that +gained international notoriety. It was once the gathering-point for +criminals and degraded persons of both sexes and of all nationalities, a +rookery for thieves and murderers. Its history began more than a century +and a half ago. During the so-called Negro Insurrection of 1741, when +many negroes were hanged, the severest punishment was the burning at<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span> +the stake of fourteen negroes in this locality.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Mulberry Bend Slum</div> + +<p>One of the five "Points" is now formed by a pleasant park which a few +years ago took the place of the last remnant of the old-time locality. +In no single block of the city was there ever such a record for crime as +in this old "Mulberry Bend" block. Set low in a hollow, it was a refuge +for the outcasts of the city and of half a dozen countries. The slum +took its name, as the park does now, from Mulberry Street, which on one +side of it makes a deep and sudden bend. In this slum block the houses +were three deep in places, with scarcely the suggestion of a courtyard +between them. Narrow alleys, hardly wide enough to permit the passage of +a man, led between houses to beer cellars, stables and time-blackened, +tumbledown tenements. Obscure ways honeycombed the entire block—ways +that led beneath houses, over low sheds, through fragments of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span> +wall—ways that were known only to the thief and the tramp. There +"Bottle Alley," "Bandit's Roost" and "Rag-picker's Row" were the scenes +of many wild fights, and many a time the ready stiletto ended the lives +of men, or the heavy club dashed out brains.</p> + +<p>The Five Points House of Industry's work was begun in 1850, and has been +successful in ameliorating the moral and physical condition of the +people of the vicinity. The institution devoted to this work stands on +the site of the "Old Brewery," the most notorious criminal resort of the +locality.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 285px;"><a name="ILL_009" id="ILL_009"></a> +<img src="images/ill_009.jpg" width="285" height="300" alt="" /> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">An Ancient Church</div> + +<p>At Mott and Park Streets is now the Church of the Transfiguration +(Catholic). On a hill, the suggestion of which is still to be seen in +steep Park Street, the Zion Lutheran Church was erected in 1797. In<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span> +1810 it was changed to Zion Episcopal Church. It was burned in 1815; +rebuilt 1819, and sold in 1853 to the Church of the Transfiguration, +which has occupied it since. This last church had previously been in +Chambers Street, and before that it had occupied several quarters. It +was founded in 1827, and is the fourth oldest church in the diocese. +Zion Episcopal Church moved in 1853 to Thirty-eighth Street and Madison +Avenue, and in 1891 consolidated with St. Timothy's Church at No. 332 +West Fifty-seventh Street. The Madison Avenue building was sold to the +South (Reformed) Dutch Church.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Chatham Square</div> + +<p>Chatham Square has been the open space it is now ever since the time +when a few houses clustered about Fort Amsterdam. The road that +stretched the length of the island in 1647 formed the only connecting +link between the fort and six large bouweries or farms on the east +side.</p> + +<p>The bouwerie settlers in the early days were harassed by Indians, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span> +spent as much time defending themselves and skurrying off to the +protection of the Fort as they did in improving the land. The earliest +settlement in the direction of these bouweries, which had even a +suggestion of permanency, was on a hill which had once been an Indian +outlook, close by the present Chatham Square. Emanuel de Groot, a giant +negro, with ten superannuated slaves, were permitted to settle here upon +agreeing to pay each a fat hog and 22½ bushels of grain a year, their +children to remain slaves.</p> + +<p>North of this settlement stretched a primeval forest through which +cattle wandered and were lost. Then the future Chatham Square was fenced +in as a place of protection for the cattle.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Bouwerie Lane</div> + +<p>The lane leading from this enclosure to the outlying bouweries, during +the Revolution was used for the passage of both armies. At that period<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span> +the highway changed from the Bouwerie Lane of the Dutch to the English +Bowery Road. In 1807 it became "The Bowery."</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Kissing Bridge</div> + +<p>The earliest "Kissing Bridge" was over a small creek, on the Post Road, +close by the present Chatham Square. Travelers who left the city by this +road parted with their friends on this bridge, it being the custom to +accompany the traveler thus far from the city on his way.</p> + +<p>What is now Park Row, from City Hall Park to Chatham Square, was for +many years called Chatham Street, in honor of William Pitt, Earl of +Chatham. In 1886 the aldermen of the city changed the name to Park Row, +and in so doing seemed to stamp approval of an event just one hundred +years before which had stirred American manhood to acts of valor. This<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span> +was the dragging down by British soldiers in 1776 of a statue of the +Earl of Chatham which had stood in Wall Street.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Tea Water Pump</div> + +<p>The most celebrated pump in the city was the Tea Water Pump, on Chatham +Street (now Park Row) near Queen (now Pearl) Street. The water was +supplied from the Collect and was considered of the rarest quality for +the making of tea. Up to 1789 it was the chief water-works of the city, +and the water was carted about the city in casks and sold from carts.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Home of Charlotte Temple</div> + +<p>Within a few steps of the Bowery, on the north side of Pell Street, in a +frame house, Charlotte Temple died. The heroine of Mrs. Rowson's "Tale +of Truth," whose sorrowful life was held up as a moral lesson a +generation ago, had lived first in a house on what is now the south side +of Astor Place close to Fourth Avenue. Her tomb is in Trinity<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span> +churchyard.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Bull's Head Tavern</div> + +<p>The Bull's Head Tavern was built on the site of the present Thalia +Theatre, formerly the Bowery Theatre, just above Chatham Square, some +years before 1763. It was frequented by drovers and butchers, and was +the most popular tavern of its kind in the city for many years. +Washington and his staff occupied it on the day the British evacuated +the city in 1783. It was pulled down in 1826, making way for the Bowery +Theatre.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">First Bowery Theatre</div> + +<p>The Bowery Theatre was opened in 1826, and during the course or its +existence was the home of broad melodrama, that had such a large +following that the theatre obtained a national reputation. Many +celebrated actors appeared in the house. It was burned in 1828, rebuilt<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span> +and burned again in 1836, again in 1838, in 1845 and in 1848.</p> + +<p>New Bowery Street was opened from the south side of Chatham Square in +1856. The street carried away a part of a Jewish burying-ground, a +portion of which, crowded between tenement-houses and shut off from the +street by a wall and iron fence, is still to be seen a few steps from +Chatham Square. The first synagogue of the Jews was in Mill Street (now +South William). The graveyard mentioned was the first one used by this +congregation, and was opened in 1681, so far from the city that it did +not seem probable that the latter could ever reach it. Early in the +nineteenth century the graveyard was moved to a site which is now Sixth +Avenue and Eleventh Street.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Washington's Home on Cherry Hill</div> + +<p>The Franklin House was the first Cherry Hill place of residence of +George Washington in the city, when he became President in 1789. It<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span> +stood at the corner of Franklin Square (then St. George Square) and +Cherry Street. A portion of the East River Bridge structure rests on the +site. Pearl Street, passing the house, was a main thoroughfare in those +days. The house was built in 1770 by Walter Franklin, an importing +merchant. It was torn down in 1856. The site is marked by a tablet on +the Bridge abutment, which reads:</p> + +<h4>THE FIRST</h4> + +<h4>PRESIDENTIAL MANSION</h4> + +<h4>NO. 1 CHERRY STREET</h4> + +<h4>OCCUPIED BY</h4> + +<h4>GEORGE WASHINGTON</h4> + +<h4>FROM APRIL 23, 1789</h4> + +<h4>TO FEBRUARY 23, 1790</h4> + +<h4>ERECTED BY THE</h4> + +<h4>MARY WASHINGTON COLONIAL CHAPTER, D.A.R.</h4> + +<h4>APRIL 30, 1899</h4> + +<p>At No. 7 Cherry Street gas was first introduced into the city in 1825. +This is the Cherry Hill district, sadly deteriorated from the merry<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span> +days of its infancy. Its name is still preserved in Cherry Street, which +is hemmed in by tenement-houses which the Italian population crowd in +almost inconceivable numbers. At the top of the hill, where these +Italians drag out a crowded existence, Richard Sackett, an Englishman, +established a pleasure garden beyond the city in 1670, and because its +chief attraction was an orchard of cherry trees, called it the Cherry +Garden—a name that has since clung to the locality.</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 184px;"> +<img src="images/ill_010.jpg" width="184" height="300" alt="" /> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span></p> + +<hr class="chap" /> + +<h2><a name="II" id="II">II</a></h2> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span></p> + +<hr class="chap" /> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"><a name="ILL_011" id="ILL_011"></a> +<img src="images/ill_011.jpg" width="400" height="123" alt="" /> +</div> + +<h2>II</h2> + +<div class="sidenote">The Origin of Broadway</div> + +<p>From New Amsterdam, which centered about the Fort, the only road which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span> +led through the island branched out from Bowling Green. It took the line +of what is now Broadway, and during a period of one hundred years was +the only road which extended the length of the island.</p> + +<p>That Broadway, beyond St. Paul's Chapel, ever became a greatly traveled +thoroughfare, was due more to accident than design, for to all +appearances the road which turned to the east was to be the main artery +for the city's travel, and all calculations were made to that end. +Broadway really ended at St. Paul's.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">The First Graveyard</div> + +<p>Morris Street was called Beaver Lane before the name was changed in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span> +1829. On this street, near Broadway, the first graveyard of the city was +situated. It was removed and the ground sold at auction in 1676, when a +plot was acquired opposite Wall Street. This last was used in +conjunction with Trinity Church until city interment was prohibited.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">The First House Built</div> + +<p>On the office building at 41 Broadway there is fixed a tablet which +bears the inscription:</p> + +<h4>THIS TABLET MARKS THE SITE OF THE</h4> + +<h4>FIRST HABITATIONS OF WHITE MEN</h4> + +<h4>ON THE ISLAND OF MANHATTAN</h4> + +<h4>ADRIAN BLOCK</h4> + +<h4>COMMANDER OF THE "TIGER"</h4> + +<h4>ERECTED HERE FOUR HOUSES OR HUTS</h4> + +<h4>AFTER HIS VESSEL WAS BURNED</h4> + +<h4>NOVEMBER, 1613</h4> + +<h4>HE BUILT THE RESTLESS, THE FIRST VESSEL</h4> + +<h4>MADE BY EUROPEANS IN THIS COUNTRY</h4> + +<h4>THE RESTLESS WAS LAUNCHED</h4> + +<h4>IN THE SPRING OF 1614</h4> + +<p>Adrian Block was one of the earliest fur traders to visit the island<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span> +after Henry Hudson returned to Holland with the news of his discovery. +The "Tiger" took fire in the night while anchored in the bay, and Block +and his crew reached the shore with difficulty. They were the only white +men on the island. Immediately they set about building a new vessel, +which was named the "Restless."</p> + +<p>Next door, at No. 39, President Washington lived in the Macomb's +Mansion, moving there from the Franklin House in 1790. Subsequently the +house became a hotel.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Tin Pot Alley</div> + +<p>There is a rift in the walls between the tall buildings at No. 55 +Broadway, near Rector Street, a cemented way that is neither alley nor +street. It was a green lane before New Amsterdam became New York, and +for a hundred years has been called Tin Pot Alley. With the growth of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span> +the city the little lane came near being crowded out, and the name, not +being of proper dignity, would be forgotten but for a terra cotta tablet +fixed in a building at its entrance. This was placed there by Rev. +Morgan Dix, the pastor of Trinity Church.</p> + +<p>At the southwest corner of Broadway and Rector Street, where a +sky-scraper is now, Grace Church once stood with a graveyard about it. +The church was completed in 1808, and was there until 1846, when the +present structure was erected at Broadway and Tenth Street. Upon the +Rector Street site, the Trinity Lutheran Church, a log structure, was +built in 1671. It was rebuilt in 1741, and was burned in the great fire +of 1776.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Trinity Churchyard</div> + +<p>Trinity churchyard is part of a large tract of land, granted to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span> +Trinity Corporation in 1705, that was once the Queen's Farm.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Annetje Jans's Farm</div> + +<p>In 1635 there were a number of bouweries or farms above the Fort. The +nearest—one extending about to where Warren Street is—was set apart +for the Dutch West India Company, and called the Company's Farm. Above +this was another, bounded approximately by what are now Warren and +Charlton Streets, west of Broadway. This last was given by the company, +in 1635, to Roelof Jansz (contraction of Jannsen), a Dutch colonist. He +died the following year, and the farm became the property of his wife, +Annetje Jans. (In the feminine, the z being omitted, the form became +Jans.) The farm was sold to Francis Lovelace, the English Governor, in +1670, and he added it to the company's farm, and it became thereafter +the Duke's Farm. In 1674 it became the King's Farm. When Queen Anne +began her reign it became the Queen's Farm, and it was she who granted<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span> +it to Trinity, making it the Church Farm.</p> + +<p>In 1731, which was sixty-one years after the Annetje Jans's farm was +sold to Governor Lovelace, the descendants of Annetje Jans for the first +time decided that they had yet some interest in the farm, and made an +unsuccessful protest. From time to time since protests in the form of +lawsuits have been made, but no court has sustained the claims.</p> + +<p>The city's growth was retarded by church ownership of land, as no one +wanted to build on leasehold property. It was not until the greater part +of available land on the east side of the island was built upon that the +church property was made use of on the only terms it could be had. Not +until 1803 were the streets from Warren to Canal laid out.</p> + +<p>Trinity Church was built in 1697. For years before, however, there had +been a burying-ground beyond the city and the city's wall that became<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span> +the Trinity graveyard of to-day. The waving grass extended to a bold +bluff overlooking Hudson River, which was about where Greenwich Street +now is. Through the bluff a street was cut, its passage being still +plainly to be seen in the high wall on the Trinity Place side of the +graveyard.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Oldest Grave In Trinity Churchyard</div> + +<p>The oldest grave of which there is a record is in the northern section +of the churchyard, on the left of the first path. It is that of a child, +and is marked with a sandstone slab, with a skull, cross-bones and +winged hour-glass cut in relief on the back, the inscription on the +front reading:</p> + +<h4>W. C.</h4> + +<h4>HEAR . LYES . THE . BODY</h4> + +<h4>OF . RICHARD . CHVRCH</h4> + +<h4>ER . SON . OF . WILLIA</h4> + +<h4>M . CHVRCHER . WHO .</h4> + +<h4>DIED . THE . 5 OF . APRIL</h4> + +<h4>1681 . OF . AGE 5 YEARS</h4> + +<h4>AND . 5 . MONTHS</h4> + +<p>The records tell nothing of the Churcher family.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span></p> + +<p>Within a few feet of this stone is another that countless eyes have +looked at through the iron fence from Broadway, which says:</p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 27em;">HA, SYDNEY, SYDNEY!</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 27em;">LYEST THOU HERE?</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 30em;">I HERE LYE,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 27em;">'TIL TIME IS FLOWN</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 27em;">TO ITS EXTREMITY.</span><br /> +</p> + +<p>It is the grave of a merchant—once an officer of the British +army—Sydney Breese, who wrote his epitaph and directed that it be +placed on his tombstone. He died in 1767.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 227px;"><a name="ILL_012" id="ILL_012"></a> +<img src="images/ill_012.jpg" width="227" height="300" alt="" /> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Grave of Charlotte Temple</div> + +<p>On the opposite side of the path, nearer to Broadway, is a marble slab +lying flat on the ground and each year sinking deeper into the earth.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span> +It was placed there by one of the sextons of Trinity more than a century +ago, in memory of Charlotte Temple.</p> + +<p>Close by the porch of the north entrance to the church is the stone that +marks the grave of William Bradford, who set up the first printing-press +in the colony and was printer to the Colonial Government for fifty +years. He was ninety-two years old when he died in 1752. The original +stone was crumbling to decay when, in 1863, the Vestry of Trinity Church +replaced it by the present stone, renewing the original inscription (see +page <a href='#Page_14'><b>14</b></a>).</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Martyr's Monument</div> + +<p>The tall freestone Gothic shaft, the only monumental pile in the +northern section of the churchyard, serves to commemorate the unknown +dead of the Revolution. Trinity Church with all its records, together +with a large section of the western part of the city, was burned in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span> +1776 when the British army occupied the city. During the next seven +years the only burials in the graveyard were the American prisoners from +the Provost Jail in The Commons and the other crowded prisons of the +city, who were interred at night and without ceremony. No record was +kept of who the dead were.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">A Churchyard Cryptograph</div> + +<p>Close to the Martyrs' Monument is a stone so near the fence that its +inscription can be read from Broadway:</p> + +<h4>HERE LIES</h4> + +<h4>DEPOSITED THE BODY OF</h4> + +<h4>JAMES LEESON,</h4> + +<h4>WHO DEPARTED THIS LIFE ON</h4> + +<h4>THE 28TH DAY OF SEPTEMBER, 1794,</h4> + +<h4>AGED 38 YEARS.</h4> + +<p>And above the inscription are cut these curious characters:</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/ill_013.jpg" width="400" height="35" alt="" /> +</div> + +<p>It is a cryptograph, but a simple one, familiar to school children. In<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span> +its solution three diagrams are drawn and lettered thus:</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 400px;"> +<img src="images/ill_014.jpg" width="400" height="120" alt="" /> +</div> + +<p>The lines which enclose the letters are separated from the design, and +each section used instead of the letters. For example, the letters A, B, +C, become:</p> + +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"> +<img src="images/ill_015.jpg" width="300" height="73" alt="" /> +</div> + +<p>The second series begins with K, because the I sign is also used for J. +The letters of the three series are distinguished by dots; one dot being +placed with the lines of the first series; two dots with the second, but +none with the third. If this be tried, any one can readily decipher the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span> +meaning of the cryptograph, and read "REMEMBER DEATH."</p> + +<p>Close to the north door of the church are interred the remains of Lady +Cornbury, who could call England's Queen Anne cousin. She was the wife +of Edward Hyde, Lord Cornbury, who was Governor of New York in 1702. He +was a grandson of the Earl of Clarendon, Prime Minister of Charles II; +and son of that Earl of Clarendon who was brother-in-law of James II. So +Lady Cornbury was first cousin of Queen Anne. She was Baroness of +Clifton in her own right, and a gracious lady. She died in 1706.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 300px;"><a name="ILL_016" id="ILL_016"></a> +<img src="images/ill_016.jpg" width="300" height="279" alt="" /> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Alexander Hamilton's Tomb</div> + +<p>The tomb of Alexander Hamilton, patriot, soldier and statesman, stands +conspicuously in the southern half of the churchyard, about forty feet<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span> +from Broadway and ten feet from the iron railing on Rector Street.</p> + +<p>In the same part of the churchyard are interred the remains of Philip, +eldest son of Alexander Hamilton. The son in 1801 fell in a duel with +George L. Eacker, a young lawyer, when the two disagreed over a +political matter. Three years later Eacker died and was buried in St. +Paul's churchyard, and the same year Alexander Hamilton fell before the +duelling pistol of Aaron Burr.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Last Friend Of Aaron Burr</div> + +<p>Close by Hamilton's tomb, a slab almost buried in the earth bears the +inscription "Matthew L. Davis' Sepulchre." Strange that this "last +friend that Aaron Burr possessed on earth" should rest in death so close +to his friend's great enemy. He went to the Jersey shore in a row-boat +with Burr on the day the duel was fought with Hamilton, and stood not +far away with Dr. Hosack to await the outcome. He was imprisoned for<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span> +refusing to testify before the Coroner. Afterwards he wrote a life of +Burr. He was a merchant, with a store at 49 Stone Street, and was highly +respected.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Tomb of Capt. James Lawrence</div> + +<p>Within a few steps of Broadway, at the southern entrance to the church, +is the tomb of Captain James Lawrence, U. S. N., who was killed on board +the frigate Chesapeake during the engagement with H. B. M. frigate +"Shannon." His dying words, "Don't give up the ship!" are now known to +every school-boy. The handsome mausoleum close by the church door, and +the surrounding eight cannon, first attract the eye. These cannon, +selected from arms captured from the English in the War of 1812, are +buried deep, according to the directions of the Vestry of Trinity, in +order that the national insignia, and the inscription telling of the +place and time of capture, might be hidden and no evidence of triumph<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span> +paraded in that place—where all are equal, where peace reigns and +enmity is unknown. The monument was erected August 22, 1844. Before that +the remains of Captain Lawrence had been interred in the southwest +corner of the churchyard, beneath a shaft of white marble. This first +resting-place was selected in September, 1813, when the body was brought +to the city and interred, after being carried in funeral procession from +the Battery.</p> + +<p>"D. Contant" is the inscription on the first vault at the south +entrance, one of the first victims of the revocation of the Edict of +Nantes to be buried in the city. There are many Huguenot memorials in +the churchyard, the oddest being a tombstone with a Latin inscription +telling that Withamus de Marisco, who died in 1765, was "most noble on +the side of his father's mother."</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span></p> + +<div class="sidenote">Cresap, the Indian Fighter</div> + +<p>At the rear of the church, to the north, is a small headstone:</p> + +<h4>IN MEMORY OF</h4> + +<h4>MICHAEL CRESAP</h4> + +<h4>FIRST CAPTAIN OF THE</h4> + +<h4>RIFLE BATTALIONS</h4> + +<h4>AND SON OF COLONEL THOMAS CRESAP</h4> + +<h4>WHO DEPARTED THIS LIFE</h4> + +<h4>OCT. 18, A. D. 1775.</h4> + +<p>His father had been a friend and neighbor of Washington in Virginia, and +he himself was a brilliant Indian fighter on the frontier of his native +State. It was the men under his command who, unordered, exterminated the +family of Logan, the Indian chief, "the friend of the white man." Many a +boy, who in school declaimed, unthinkingly, "Who is there to mourn for +Logan? Not one!" grown to manhood, cannot but look with interest on the +grave of Logan's foe. Tradition has been kind to Cresap's memory, +insisting that his heart broke over the accusation of responsibility<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span> +for the death of Logan's family.</p> + +<p>There is another slab, close by the grave of Captain Cresap, which +tells:</p> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 24em;">"HERE LIETH YE BODY OF SUSANNAH</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 24em;">NEAN, WIFE OF ELIAS NEAN, BORN</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 24em;">IN YE CITY OF ROCHELLE, IN FRANCE,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 24em;">IN YE YEAR 1660, WHO DEPARTED</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 24em;">THIS LIFE 25 DAY OF DECEMBER,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 24em;">1720, AGE 60 YEARS." "HERE LIETH</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 24em;">ENTERRED YE BODY OF ELIAS NEAN,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 24em;">CATECHIST IN NEW YORK, BORN IN</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 24em;">SOUBISE, IN YE PROVINCE OF CAENTONGE</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 24em;">IN FRANCE IN YE YEAR 1662,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 24em;">WHO DEPARTED THIS LIFE 8 DAY OF</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 24em;">SEPTEMBER 1722 AGED 60 YEARS."</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 24em;">"THIS INSCRIPTION WAS RESTORED BY</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 24em;">ORDER OF THEIR DESCENDANT OF THE</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 24em;">6TH GENERATION, ELIZABETH CHAMPLIN</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 24em;">PERRY, WIDOW OF THE LATE</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 24em;">COM'R O. H. PERRY, OF THE U. S.</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 24em;">NAVY, MAY, ANNO DOMINI, 1846."</span><br /> +</p> + +<p>But the stone does not tell that the Huguenot refugee was for many +years a vestryman of Trinity Church, and that among his descendants are<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span> +the Belmonts and a dozen distinguished families. Before coming to +America, Elias Nean was condemned to the galleys in France because he +refused to renounce the reformed religion.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Where Gov De Lancy Was buried</div> + +<p>Beneath the middle aisle in the church lie the bones of the eldest son +of Stephen (Etienne) De Lancey—James De Lancey. He was Chief Justice of +the Colony of New York in 1733, and Lieutenant-Governor in 1753. He died +suddenly in 1760 at his country house which was at the present northwest +corner of Delancey and Chrystie Streets. A lane led from the house to +the Bowery.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Home of The De Lanceys</div> + +<p>Thames Street is as narrow now as it was one hundred and fifty years +ago, when it was a carriageway that led to the stables of Etienne De +Lancey. The Huguenot nobleman left his Broad Street house for the new<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span> +home he had built at Broadway and Cedar Street in 1730. In 1741, +at his death, it became the property of his son, James, the +Lieutenant-Governor. It was the most imposing house in the town, +elegantly decorated, encircled by broad balconies, with an uninterrupted +garden extending to the river at the back.</p> + +<p>After the death of Lieutenant-Governor De Lancey in 1760, the house +became a hotel, and was known under many names. It was a favorite place +for British officers during the Revolution, and in 1789 was the scene of +the first "inauguration ball" in honor of President Washington.</p> + +<p>The house was torn down in 1793. In 1806 the City Hotel was erected on +its site and became the most fashionable in town. It was removed in 1850 +and a line of shops set up. In 1889 the present buildings were erected.</p> + +<p>A tablet on the building at 113 Broadway, corner of Cedar Street, marks<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span> +the site, reading:</p> + +<h4>THE SITE OF</h4> + +<h4>LIEUT. GOVE. DE LANCEY'S HOUSE,</h4> + +<h4>LATER THE CITY HOTEL.</h4> + +<h4>IT WAS HERE THAT THE NON-IMPORTATION</h4> + +<h4>AGREEMENT, IN OPPOSITION TO THE STAMP</h4> + +<h4>ACT, WAS SIGNED, OCT. 15TH, 1766. THE</h4> + +<h4>TAVERN HAD MANY PROPRIETORS BY WHOSE</h4> + +<h4>NAMES IT WAS SUCCESSIVELY CALLED. IT</h4> + +<h4>WAS ALSO KNOWN AS THE PROVINCE ARMS, THE</h4> + +<h4>CITY ARMS AND BURNS COFFEE HOUSE OR TAVERN.</h4> + +<p>Opposite Liberty (then Crown) Street, in the centre of Broadway, there +stood in 1789 a detached building 42 x 25 feet. It was the +"up-town market," patronized by the wealthy, who did their own marketing +in those days, their black slaves carrying the purchases home.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Washington Market</div> + +<p>Washington Market, at the foot of Fulton Street, was built in 1833. The +water washed the western side of it then, and ships sailed to it to +deliver their freight. Since then the water has been crowded back year<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span> +by year with the growing demand for land. In its early days it was +variously called Country Market, Fish Market and Exterior Market.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">St. Paul's Chapel</div> + +<p>At the outskirts of the city, in a field that the same year had been +sown with wheat, the cornerstone of St. Paul's Chapel was laid on May +14, 1764. The church was opened two years later, and the steeple added +in 1794. It fronted the river which came up then as far as to where +Greenwich Street is now, and a grassy lawn sloped down to a beach of +pebbles. During the days of English occupancy, Major André, Lord Howe +and Sir Guy Carleton worshipped there. Another who attended services +there was the English midshipman who afterwards became William IV.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 295px;"><a name="ILL_017" id="ILL_017"></a> +<img src="images/ill_017.jpg" width="295" height="300" alt="" /> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">The Washington Pew in St. Paul's</div> + +<p>President Washington, on the day of his inauguration, marched at the +head of the representative men of the new nation to attend service in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span> +St. Paul's, and thereafter attended regularly. The pew he occupied has +been preserved and is still to be seen next the north wall, midway +between the chancel and the vestry room. Directly opposite is the pew +occupied at the same period by Governor George Clinton.</p> + +<p>Back of the chancel is the monument to Major-General Richard Montgomery, +who fell before Quebec in 1775, crying, "Men of New York, you will not +fail to follow where your general leads!" Congress decided on the +monument, and Benjamin Franklin bought it in France for 300 guineas. A +privateer bringing it to this country was captured by a British gunboat, +which in turn was taken, and the monument, arriving safe here, was set<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span> +in place. The body was removed from its first resting-place in Quebec, +and interred close beside the monument in 1818.</p> + +<p>In the burying-ground, which has been beside the church since it was +built, are the monuments of men whose names are associated with the +city's history: Dr. William James Macneven, who raised chemistry to a +science; Thomas Addis Emmet, an eminent jurist and brother of Robert +Emmet; Christopher Collis, who established the first water works in the +city, and who first conceived the idea of constructing the Erie Canal; +and a host of others.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 240px;"><a name="ILL_018" id="ILL_018"></a> +<img src="images/ill_018.jpg" width="240" height="300" alt="" /> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">The Actor Cooke's Grave</div> + +<p>The tomb of George Frederick Cooke, the tragedian, is conspicuous in the +centre of the yard, facing the main door of the church. Cooke was born<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span> +in England in 1756, and died in New York in 1812. Early in life he was a +printer's apprentice. By 1800 he had taken high rank among tragic +actors.</p> + +<p>The grave of George L. Eacker, who killed the eldest son of Alexander +Hamilton in a duel, is near the Vesey Street railing.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Astor House</div> + +<p>The Astor House, occupying the Broadway block between Vesey and Barclay +Streets, was opened in 1836 by Boyden, a hotel keeper of Boston. This +site had been part of the Church Farm, and as early as 1729, when there +were only a few scattered farm houses on the island above what is now +Liberty Street, there was a farm house on the Astor House site; and from +there extended, on the Broadway line, a rope-walk. Prior to the erection +of the hotel in 1830, the site for the most part had been occupied by +the homes of John Jacob Astor, John G. Coster and David Lydig. On a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span> +part of the site, at 221 Broadway, in 1817, M. Paff, popularly known as +"Old Paff," kept a bric-à-brac store. He dealt especially in paintings, +having the reputation of buying worthless and old ones and "restoring" +them into masterpieces. His was the noted curiosity-shop of the period.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 300px;"><a name="ILL_019" id="ILL_019"></a> +<img src="images/ill_019.jpg" width="300" height="255" alt="" /> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">A House of Other Days</div> + +<p>Where Vesey and Greenwich Streets and West Broadway come together is a +low, rough-hewn rock house. It has been used as a shoe store since the +early part of the century. On its roof is a monster boot bearing the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span> +date of 1832, which took part in the Croton water parade and a dozen +other celebrations. In pre-revolutionary days, when the ground where the +building stands was all Hudson River, and the water extended as far as +the present Greenwich Street, according to tradition, this was a +lighthouse. There have been many changes in the outward appearance, but +the foundation of solid rock is the same as when the waters swept around +it.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">The Road To Greenwich</div> + +<p>Greenwich Street follows the line of a road which led from the city to +Greenwich Village. This road was on the waterside. It was called +Greenwich Road. South of Canal Street, west of Broadway, was a marshy +tract known as Lispenard's Meadows. Over this swamp Greenwich Road +crossed on a raised causeway. When the weather was bad for any length of +time, the road became heavy and in places was covered by the strong<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span> +tide from the river. At such times travel took an inland route, along +the Post Road (now the Bowery) and by Obelisk Lane (now Astor Place and +Greenwich Avenue).</p> + +<div class="sidenote">St. Peter's Church</div> + +<p>St. Peter's Church, at the southeast corner of Barclay and Church +Streets, the home of the oldest Roman Catholic congregation in the city, +was built in 1786, and rebuilt in 1838. The congregation was formed in +1783, although mass was celebrated in private houses before that for the +few scattered Catholic families.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Columbia College</div> + +<p>The two blocks included between Barclay and Murray Streets, West +Broadway and Church Street, were occupied until 1857 by the buildings +and grounds of Columbia College. That part of the Queen's Farm lying +west of Broadway between the present Barclay and Murray Streets—a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span> +strip of land then in the outskirts of the city—in 1754 was given to +the governors of King's College. During the Revolution the college +suspended exercises, resuming in 1784 as Columbia College under an act +passed by the Legislature of the State. In 1814, in consideration of +lands before granted to the college which had been ceded to New +Hampshire in settlement of the boundary, the college was granted by the +State a tract of farming land known as the Hosack Botanical Garden. This +is the twenty acres lying between Forty-seventh and Forty-ninth Streets, +Fifth and Sixth Avenues. At that time the city extended but little above +the City Hall Park, and this land was unprofitable and for many years of +considerable expense to the college. By 1839 the city had crept past the +college and the locality being built up the college grounds were cramped +between the limits of two blocks. In 1854, Park Place was opened<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span> +through the grounds of the college from Church Street to West Broadway +(then called College Place). Until about 1816 the section of Park Place +west of the college grounds was called Robinson Street. In 1857 the +college was moved to Madison Avenue, between Forty-ninth and Fiftieth +Streets, and in 1890 it was re-organized on a university basis.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Chapel Place</div> + +<p>West Broadway was originally a lane which wound from far away Canal +Street to the Chapel of Columbia College, and was called Chapel Place. +Later it became College Place. In 1892 the street was widened south of +Chambers Street, in order to relieve the great traffic from the north, +and extended through the block from Barclay to Greenwich Street. +Evidence of the former existence of the old street can be seen in the +pillars of the elevated road on the west side of West Broadway at Murray +Street, for these pillars, once on the sidewalk, are now several feet<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span> +from it in the street.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Bowling Green Garden And First Vauxhall</div> + +<p>In the vicinity of what is now Greenwich and Warren Streets, the Bowling +Green Garden was established in the early part of the eighteenth +century. It was a primitive forest, for there were no streets above +Crown (now Liberty) Street on the west side, and none above Frankfort on +the east. The land on which the Garden stood was a leasehold on the +Church Farm. The place was given the name of the Vauxhall Garden before +the middle of the same century, and for forty years thereafter was a +fashionable resort and sought to be a copy of the Vauxhall in London. +There was dancing and music, and groves dimly lighted where visitors +could stroll, and where they might sit at tables and eat. By the time +the city stretched past the locality, all that was left of the resort +was what would now be called a low saloon, and its pretty garden had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span> +been sold for building lots. The second Vauxhall was off the Bowery, +south of Astor Place.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">A. T. Stewart's Store</div> + +<p>The Stewart Building, on the east side of Broadway, between Chambers and +Reade Streets, has undergone few external changes since it was the dry +goods store of Alexander T. Stewart. On this site stood Washington Hall, +which was erected in 1809. It was a hotel of the first class, and +contained the fashionable ball room and banqueting-hall of the city. The +building was destroyed by fire July 5, 1844. The next year Stewart, +having purchased the site from the heirs of John G. Coster, began the +construction of his store. Stewart came from Ireland in 1823, at the age +of twenty. For a time after his arrival he was an assistant teacher in a +public school. He opened a small dry goods store, and was successful. +The Broadway store was opened in 1846. Four years later Stewart<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span> +extended his building so that it reached Reade Street. All along +Broadway by this year business houses were taking the place of +residences. The Stewart residence at the northwest corner of +Thirty-fourth Street and Fifth Avenue, was, at the time it was built, +considered the finest house in America. Mr. Stewart died in 1876, +leaving a fortune of fifty millions. His body was afterwards stolen from +St. Mark's Churchyard at Tenth Street and Second Avenue.</p> + +<p>At Broadway and Duane Street, roasted chestnuts were first sold in the +street. A Frenchman stationed himself at this corner in 1828, and sold +chestnuts there for so many years that he came to be reckoned as a +living landmark.</p> + +<p>At the same corner was the popular Café des Mille Colonnes, the +proprietor of which, F. Palmo, afterwards built and conducted Palmo's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span> +Opera House in Chambers Street.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">First Sewing Machine</div> + +<p>In a store window on Broadway, close to Duane Street, the first +sewing-machine was exhibited. A young woman sat in the window to exhibit +the working of the invention to passers-by. It was regarded as an +impracticable toy, and was looked at daily by many persons who +considered it a curiosity unworthy of serious attention.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Masonic Hall</div> + +<p>At Nos. 314 and 316 Broadway, on the east side of the street just south +of Pearl Street, stood Masonic Hall, the cornerstone of which was laid +June 24, 1826. It looked imposing among the structures of the street, +over which it towered, and was of the Gothic style of architecture. +While it was in course of erection, William Morgan published his book +which claimed to reveal the secrets of masonry. His mysterious +disappearance followed, and shortly after, the rise of the anti-Masonic<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span> +party and popular excitement put masonry under such a ban that the house +was sold by the Order, and the name of the building was changed to +Gothic Hall. On the second floor was a room looked upon as the most +elegant in the United States: an imitation of the Chapel of Henry VIII, +it was of Gothic architecture, furnished in richness of detail and +appropriateness of design, and was one hundred feet long, fifty wide and +twenty-five high. In it were held public gatherings of social and +political nature.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">New York Hospital</div> + +<p>The two blocks now enclosed by Duane, Worth, Broadway and Church +Streets, were occupied by the buildings and grounds of the New York +Hospital. Thomas Street was afterwards cut through the grounds. As the +City Hospital, the institution had been projected before the War of the +Revolution. The building was completed about 1775. During the war it<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span> +was used as a barrack. In 1791 it was opened for the admission of +patients. On the lawn, which extended to Broadway, various societies +gathered on occasions of annual parades and celebrations. The hospital +buildings were in the centre of the big enclosure. At the northern end +of the lawn, the present corner of Broadway and Worth Street, was the +New Jerusalem Church.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Riley's Fifth Ward Hotel</div> + +<p>On the corner of West Broadway and Franklin Street was Riley's Fifth +Ward Hotel, which was a celebrated place in its day. It was the +prototype of the modern elaborately fitted saloon, but was then a place +of instruction and a moral resort. In a large room, reached by wide +stairs from the street, were objects of interest and art in glass +cases—pictures of statesmen, uniforms of the soldiers of all nations, +Indian war implements, famous belongings of celebrated men, as well as +such simple curiosities as a two-headed calf. On Franklin Street,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span> +before Riley's door, was a marble statue minus a head, one arm and +sundry other parts. It was all that remained of the statue of the Earl +of Chatham, William Pitt, which had stood in Wall Street until dragged +down by British soldiers. For twenty-five years the battered wreck had +lain in the corporation yard, until found and honored with a place +before his door by Riley. At the latter's death the Historical Society +took the remains of the statue, and it is in its rooms yet.</p> + +<p>The passage of Washington through the island is commemorated by a tablet +on a warehouse at 255 West Street, near Laight, which is inscribed:</p> + +<h4>TO MARK THE LANDING PLACE OF</h4> + +<h4>GENERAL GEORGE WASHINGTON,</h4> + +<h4>JUNE 25, 1775,</h4> + +<h4>ON HIS WAY TO CAMBRIDGE</h4> + +<h4>TO COMMAND</h4> + +<h4>THE AMERICAN ARMY.</h4> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span></p> + +<div class="sidenote">St. John's Church</div> + +<p>St. John's Church of Trinity Parish, in Varick Street close to Beach, +was built in 1807. When the church was finished St. John's Park, +occupying the entire block opposite—between Varick and Hudson, Laight +and Beach Streets—was established for the exclusive use of residents +whose houses faced it. Before it was established, the place had been a +sandy beach that stretched to the river. The locality became the most +fashionable of the city in 1825. By 1850 there had begun a gradual +decline, for persons of wealth were moving up-town, and it degenerated +to a tenement-house level after 1869, when the park disappeared beneath +the foundations of the big freight depot which now occupies the site.</p> + +<p>Around the corner from the church, a block away in Beach Street, is a +tiny park, one of the last remnants of the Annetje Jans Farm. The bit of +farm is carefully guarded now, much more so than was the entire<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span> +beautiful tract. It forms a triangle and is fenced in by an iron +railing, with one gate, that is fast barred and never opened. There is +one struggling tree, wrapped close in winter with burlap, but it seems +to feel its loneliness and does not thrive.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">The Red Fort</div> + +<p>From the centre of St. John's Park on the west, Hubert Street extends to +the river. This street, now given over to manufacturers, was, in 1824, +the chief promenade of the city next to the Battery Walk. It led +directly to the Red Fort at the river. The fort was some distance from +the shore. It was built early in the century, was round and of brick, +and a bridge led to it. It was never of any practical use, but, like +Castle Garden, was used as a pleasure resort.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Lispenard's Meadows</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Cows on Broadway</div> + +<p>Early in the eighteenth century, Anthony Rutgers held under lease from +Trinity a section of the Church Farm which took in the Dominie's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span> +Bouwerie, a property lying between where Broadway is and the Hudson +River. The southern and northern lines were approximately the present +Reade and Canal Streets. It was a wild spot, remaining in a primitive +condition—part marsh, part swamp—covered with dwarf trees and tangled +underbrush. Cattle wandered into this region and were lost. It was a +dangerous place, too, for men who wandered into it. To live near it was +unhealthy, because of the foul gases which abounded. It seemed to be a +worthless tract. About the year 1730, Anthony Rutgers suggested to the +King in Council that he would have this land drained and made wholesome +and useful provided it was given to him. His argument was so strong and +sensible that the land—seventy acres, now in the business section of +the city—was given him and he improved it. At the northern edge of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span> +improved waste lived Leonard Lispenard, in a farm house which was then +in a northern suburb of the city, bounded by what is Hudson, Canal and +Vestry Streets. Lispenard married the daughter of Rutgers, and the land +falling to him it became Lispenard's Meadows. In Lispenard's time +Broadway ended where White Street is now and a set of bars closed the +thoroughfare against cows that wandered along it. The one bit of the +meadows that remains is the tiny park at the foot of Canal Street on the +west side. Anthony Rutgers' homestead was close by what is Broadway and +Thomas Street. After his death in 1750 it became a public house, and, +with the surrounding grounds, was called Ranelagh Garden, a popular +place in its time.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Canal Street</div> + +<p>On a line with the present Canal Street, a stream ran from the Fresh +Water Pond to the Hudson River, at the upper edge of Lispenard's<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span> +Meadows. A project, widely and favorably considered in 1825, but which +came to nothing, advocated the extension of Canal Street, as a canal, +from river to river. The street took its name naturally from the little +stream which was called a canal. When the street was filled in and +improved, the stream was continued through a sewer leading from Centre +Street. The locality at the foot of the street has received the local +title of "Suicide Slip" because of the number of persons in recent years +who have ended their lives by jumping into Hudson River at that point.</p> + +<p>In Broadway, between Grand and Howard Streets, in 1819, West's circus +was opened. In 1827 this was converted into a theatre called the +Broadway. Later it was occupied by Tattersall's horse market.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span></p> + +<div class="sidenote">Original Olympic Theatre</div> + +<p>Next door to Tattersall's, at No. 444 Broadway, the original Olympic +Theatre was built in 1837. W. R. Blake and Henry E. Willard built and +managed the house. It was quite small and their aim had been to present +plays of a high order of merit by an exceptionally good company. The +latter included besides Blake, Mrs. Maeder and George Barrett. After a +few months of struggle against unprofitable business, prices were +lowered. Little success was met with, the performances being of too +artistic a nature to be popular, and Blake gave up the effort and the +house. In December, 1839, Wm. Mitchell leased the house and gave +performances at low prices.</p> + +<p>At No. 453 Broadway, between Grand and Howard Streets, in 1844 John +Littlefield, a corn doctor, set up a place, designating himself as a +chiropodist—an occupation before unknown under that title.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span></p> + +<p>At No. 485 Broadway, near Broome Street, Brougham's Lyceum was built in +1850, and opened in December with an "occasional rigmarole" and a farce. +In 1852 the house was opened, September 8, as Wallack's Lyceum, having +been acquired by James W. Wallack. Wallack ended his career as an actor +in this house. In 1861 he removed to his new theatre, corner Thirteenth +Street and Broadway. Still later the Lyceum was called the Broadway +Theatre.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 152px;"><a name="ILL_020" id="ILL_020"></a> +<img src="images/ill_020.jpg" width="152" height="300" alt="" /> +</div> + +<p>"Murderers' Row" has its start where Watts Street ends at Sullivan, +midway of the block between Grand and Broome Streets. It could not be +identified by its name, for it is not a "row" at all, merely an +ill-smelling alley, an arcade extending through a block of battered +tenements. After running half its course through the block, the alley<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span> +is broken by an intersecting space between houses—a space that is taken +up by push carts, barrels, tumbledown wooden balconies and lines of +drying clothes. "Murderers' Row" is celebrated in police annals as a +crime centre. But the evil doers were driven out long years ago and the +houses given over to Italians. These people are excessively poor, and +have such a hard struggle for life as to have no desire to regard the +laws of the Health Board. Constant complaints are made that the houses +are hovels and the alley a breeding-place for disease.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Greenwich Village</div> + +<p>Greenwich Village sprang from the oldest known settlement on the Island +of Manhattan. It was an Indian village, clustering about the site of the +present West Washington Market, at the foot of Gansevoort Street, when +Hendrick Hudson reached the island, in 1609.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span></p> + +<p>The region was a fertile one, and its natural drainage afforded it +sanitary advantages which even to this day make it a desirable place of +residence. There was abundance of wild fowl and the waters were alive +with half a hundred varieties of fish. There were sand hills, sometimes +rising to a height of a hundred feet, while to the south was a marsh +tenanted by wild fowl and crossed by a brook flowing from the north. It +was this Manetta brook which was to mark the boundary of Greenwich +Village when Governor Kieft set aside the land as a bouwerie for the +Dutch West India Company. The brook arose about where Twenty-first +Street now crosses Fifth Avenue, flowed to the southwest edge of Union +Square, thence to Fifth Avenue and Eighth Street, across where +Washington Square is, along the line of Minetta Street, and then to +Hudson River, between Houston and Charlton Streets.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span></p> + +<div class="sidenote">Sir Peter Warren</div> + +<p>The interests of the little settlement were greatly advanced in 1744, +when Sir Peter Warren, later the hero of Louisburg, married Susannah De +Lancey and went to live there, purchasing three hundred acres of land.</p> + +<p>Epidemics in the city from time to time drove many persons to Greenwich +as a place of refuge. But it remained for the fatal yellow-fever +epidemic of 1822, when 384 persons died in the city, to make Greenwich a +thriving suburb instead of a struggling village. Twenty thousand persons +fled the city, the greater number settling in Greenwich. Banks, public +offices, stores of every sort were hurriedly opened, and whole blocks of +buildings sprang up in a few days. Streets were left where lanes had +been, and corn-fields were transformed into business and dwelling +blocks.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Evolution of Greenwich Streets</div> + +<p>The sudden influx of people and consequent trade into the village +brought about the immediate need for street improvements. Existing<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span> +streets were lengthened, footpaths and alleys were widened, but all was +done without any regard to regularity. The result was the jumble of +streets still to be met with in that region, where the thoroughfares are +often short and often end in a cul-de-sac.</p> + +<p>In time the streets of the City Plan crept up to those of Greenwich +Village, and the village was swallowed up by the city. But it was not +swallowed up so completely but that the irregular lines of the village +streets are plainly to be seen on any city map.</p> + +<p>Near where Spring Street crosses Hudson there was established, about +1765, Brannan's Garden, on the northern edge of Lispenard's Meadows. It +was like the modern road-house. Greenwich Road was close to it, and +pleasure-seekers, who thronged the road on the way from the city to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span> +Greenwich Village, were the chief guests of the house.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Duane Street Church</div> + +<p>Crowded close between dwellings on the east side of Hudson Street, fifty +feet south of Spring, is the Duane M. E. Church, a quaint-looking +structure, half church, half business building. This is the successor of +the North Church, the North River Church and the Duane Street Church, +founded in 1797, which, before it moved to Hudson Street, in 1863, was +in Barley (now Duane) Street, between Hudson and Greenwich Streets.</p> + +<p>In Spring Street, near Varick, is the Spring Street Presbyterian Church, +which was built in 1825. Before its erection the "old" Spring Street +Presbyterian Church stood on the site, having been built in 1811.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Richmond Hill</div> + +<p>Although the leveling vandalism of a great city has removed every trace +of Richmond Hill, the block encircled by Macdougal, Charlton, Varick<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span> +and Vandam Streets, is crowded thick with memories of men and events of +a past generation.</p> + +<p>Long before there was a thought of the city getting beyond the wall that +hemmed in a few scattering houses, and when the Indian settlement, which +afterwards became Greenwich Village, kept close to the water's edge, a +line of low sand hills called the Zandtberg, stretched their curved way +from where now Eighth Street crosses Broadway, ending where Varick +Street meets Vandam. At the base of the hill to the north was Manetta +Creek.</p> + +<p>The final elevation became known as Richmond Hill, and that, with a +considerable tract of land, was purchased by Abraham Mortier, +commissioner of the forces of George III. of England. In 1760 he built +his home on the hill and called it also Richmond Hill.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span></p> + +<div class="sidenote">Burr's Pond</div> + +<p>The house was occupied by General Washington as his headquarters in +1776, and by Vice-President Adams in 1788. Aaron Burr obtained it in +1797, entertained lavishly there, improved the grounds, constructed an +artificial lake long known as Burr's Pond, and set up a beautiful +entrance gateway at what is now Macdougal and Spring Streets, which he +passed through in 1804 when he went to fight his duel with Alexander +Hamilton.</p> + +<p>Burr gave up the house in 1807, and, the hill being cut away in the +opening of streets in 1817, the house was lowered and rested on the +north side of Charlton Street just east of Varick. It became a theatre +later and remained such until it was torn down in 1849. A quiet row of +brick houses occupies the site now.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">St. John's Burying Ground</div> + +<p>What is now a pleasant little park enclosed by Hudson, Leroy and +Clarkson Streets, was part of a plot set aside for a graveyard when St.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span> +John's Chapel was built. It was called St. John's Burying-Ground. Its +early limits extended to Carmine Street on one side and to Morton Street +on the other. Under the law burials ceased there about 1850. There were +10,000 burials in the grounds, which, unlike the other Trinity +graveyards, came to be neglected. The tombstones crumbled to decay, the +weeds grew rank about them and the trees remained untrimmed and +neglected.</p> + +<p>About 1890 property owners in the vicinity began steps to have the +burying-ground made into a park. Conservative Trinity resisted the +project until the city won a victory in the courts and the property was +bought. Relatives of the dead were notified and some of the bodies were +removed. In September, 1897, the actual work of transforming the +graveyard into a park was begun. Laborers with crowbars knocked over<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span> +the tombstones that still remained and putting the fragments in a pit at +the eastern end of the grounds covered them with earth to make a +play-spot for children.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Bedford Street Church</div> + +<p>At Morton and Bedford Streets is the Bedford Street M. E. Church. The +original structure was built in 1810 in a green pasture. Beside it was a +quiet graveyard, reduced somewhat in 1830 when the church was enlarged, +and wiped out when the land became valuable and the present structure +was set up in 1840. The church was built for the first congregation of +Methodists in Greenwich Village, formed in 1808 at the house of Samuel +Walgrove at the north side of Morton Street close to Bleecker.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Where Thomas Paine Lived And Died</div> + +<p>Thomas Paine—famous for his connection with the American and French +revolutions, but chiefly for his works, "The Age of Reason," favoring<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span> +Deism against Atheism and Christianity; and "Common Sense," maintaining +the cause of the American colonies—died in Greenwich Village June 8, +1809, having retired there in 1802.</p> + +<p>The final years of his life were passed in a small house in Herring (now +Bleecker) Street. On the site is a double tenement numbered No. 293 +Bleecker Street, southeast corner Barrow. This last named street was not +opened until shortly after Paine's death. It was first called Reason +Street, a compliment to the author of "The Age of Reason." This was +corrupted to Raisin Street. In 1828 it was given its present name.</p> + +<p>Shortly before his death Paine moved to a frame building set in the +centre of a nearby field. Grove Street now passes over the site which is +between Bleecker and West Fourth Streets, the back of the building +having been where No. 59 Grove Street is now.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span></p> + +<p>About the time that Barrow Street was opened Grove Street was cut +through. It was called Cozine Street, then Columbia, then Burrows, and +finally, in 1829, was changed to Grove. When the street was widened in +1836, the house in which Paine had died, until then left standing, was +demolished.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Admiral Warren and His Family</div> + +<p>The homestead of Admiral Sir Peter Warren occupied the ground now taken +up in the solidly built block bounded by Charles, Fourth, Bleecker and +Perry Streets. The house was built in 1744, in the midst of green +fields, and for more than a century it was the most important dwelling +in Greenwich. Admiral Warren of the British Navy was, next to the +Governor, the most important person in the Province. His house was the +favorite resort of social and influential New York. The Admiral's +influence and popularity had a marked effect on the village, which, by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span> +his coming, was given an impetus that made it a thriving place.</p> + +<p>Of the three daughters of Admiral Warren, Charlotte, the eldest, married +Willoughby, Earl of Abingdon; the second, Ann, married Charles Fitzroy, +afterwards Baron Southampton, and Susannah, the youngest, married +William Skinner, a Colonel of Foot. These marriages had their effect +also on Greenwich Village, serving to continue the prosperity of the +place. Roads which led through the district, of which the Warren family +controlled a great part, were named in honor of the different family +branches. The only name now surviving is that of Abingdon Square.</p> + +<p>In the later years of his life, Sir Peter Warren represented the City of +Westminster in Parliament. He was buried in Westminster Abbey.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">State Prison</div> + +<p>In 1796 the State Prison was built on about four acres of ground,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span> +surrounded by high walls, and taking in the territory now enclosed by +Washington, West, Christopher and Perry Streets. The site is now, for +the most part, occupied by a brewery, but traces of the prison walls are +yet to be seen in those of the brewery. There was a wharf at the foot of +Christopher Street. In 1826 the prison was purchased by the Corporation +of the State. The construction of a new State Prison had begun at Sing +Sing in 1825. In 1828 the male prisoners were transferred to Sing Sing, +and the female prisoners the next year.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Convict Labor</div> + +<p>The yard of the early prison extended down to the river, there were +fields about and a wide stretch of beach. It was here that the first +system of prison manufactures was organized. A convict named Noah +Gardner, who was a shoemaker, induced the prison officials to permit him +the use of his tools. In a short time he had trained most of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span> +convicts into a skilled body of shoemakers.</p> + +<p>The gathering together of a number of convicts in a workroom was at +first productive of some disorder, owing to the difficulty of keeping +them under proper discipline under the new conditions. In 1799 came the +first riot. The keepers fired upon and killed several convicts. There +was another revolt in 1803.</p> + +<p>Gardner had been found guilty of forgery, but was reprieved on the +gallows through the influence of the Society of Friends, of which he was +a member, and sentenced to life imprisonment. Because of his services in +organizing the prison work, he was liberated after serving seven years. +Becoming then a shoe manufacturer, he was successful for several years, +when he absconded, taking with him a pretty Quakeress, and was never +heard of again.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 300px;"><a name="ILL_021" id="ILL_021"></a> +<img src="images/ill_021.jpg" width="300" height="197" alt="" /> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Quaint Houses in Wiehawken Street</div> + +<p>Although the prison has been swept away, an idea of its locality can be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span> +had from the low buildings at the west side of nearby Wiehawken Street. +These buildings have stood for more than a hundred years, having been +erected before the prison.</p> + +<p>That part of Greenwich Village that was transformed from fields into a +town in a few days, during the yellow fever scare of 1822, centered at +the point where West Eleventh Street crosses West Fourth Street. At this +juncture was a cornfield on which, in two days, a hotel capable of +accommodating three hundred guests was built. At the same time a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span> +hundred other houses sprang up, as if by magic, on all sides.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Bank Street</div> + +<p>Bank Street was named in 1799. The year previous a clerk in the Bank of +New York on Wall Street was one of the earliest victims of yellow fever, +and the officials decided to take precautions in case of the bank being +quarantined at a future time. Eight lots were purchased on a then +nameless lane in Greenwich Village. The bank was erected there, and gave +the lane the name of Bank Street.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Washington Square</div> + +<p>Washington Square was once a Potter's Field. A meadow was purchased by +the city for this purpose in 1789, and the pauper graveyard was +established about where the Washington Arch is now.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 300px;"><a name="ILL_022" id="ILL_022"></a> +<img src="images/ill_022.jpg" width="300" height="264" alt="" /> +</div> + +<p>Manetta Creek, coming from the north, flowed to the west of the arch +site, crossed to what is now the western portion of the Square, ran<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span> +through the present Minetta Street and on to the river. In 1795, during +a yellow fever epidemic, the field was used as a common graveyard. In +1797 the pauper graveyard which had been in the present Madison Square, +was abandoned in favor of this one. There was a gallows on the ground +and criminals were executed and interred on the spot as late as 1822.</p> + +<p>In 1823 the Potter's Field was abandoned and removed to the present +Bryant Park at Forty-second Street and Sixth Avenue. In 1827, three and +one half acres of ground were added to the plot and the present<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span> +Washington Square was opened.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Obelisk Lane</div> + +<p>Past the pauper graveyard ran an inland road to Greenwich Village. This +extended from the Post Road (now the Bowery) at the present Astor Place +near Cooper Union, continued in a direct line to about the position of +the Washington Arch, and from that point to the present Eighth Avenue +just above Fifteenth Street. This road, established through the fields +in 1768, was called Greenwich Lane. It was also known as Monument Lane +and Obelisk Lane. A small section of it still exists in Astor Place from +Bowery to Broadway. A larger section is Greenwich Avenue from Eighth to +Fourteenth Streets. Monument Lane took its name from a monument at +Fifteenth Street where the road ended, which had been erected to the +memory of General Wolfe, the hero of Quebec. The monument disappeared<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span> +in a mysterious way during the British occupation. It is thought to have +been destroyed by soldiers.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Graveyard In a Side Street</div> + +<p>A few feet east of Sixth Avenue, on the south side of Eleventh Street, +is a brick wall and railing, behind which can be seen several battered +tombstones in a triangular plot of ground. This is all that is left of a +Jewish graveyard established almost a century ago.</p> + +<p>Milligan's Lane was the continuation of Amos (now West Tenth) Street, +from Greenwich Avenue to Twelfth Street where it joined the Union Road. +This lane struck the line of Sixth Avenue where Eleventh Street is now. +At the southwest corner of this junction the course of the lane can be +seen yet in the peculiar angle of the side wall of a building there, and +in a similar angle of other houses near by. Close by this corner the +second graveyard of Shearith Israel Synagogue was established early in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span> +this century. It took the place of the Beth Haim, or Place of Rest, down +town, a remnant of which is to be seen in New Bowery off Chatham Square.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Milligan's Lane</div> + +<p>The Eleventh Street graveyard, established in the midst of green fields, +fronted on Milligan's Lane and extended back 110 feet. When Eleventh +Street was cut through under the conditions of the City Plan, in 1830, +it passed directly through the graveyard, cutting it away so that only +the tiny portion now there was left. At that time a new place of burial +was opened in Twenty-first Street west of Sixth Avenue.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Union Road</div> + +<p>At a point just behind the house numbered 23 Eleventh Street, midway of +the block between Fifth and Sixth Avenues, Union Road had its +starting-point. It was a short road, forming a direct communicating line +between Skinner and Southampton Roads. Skinner Road, running from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span> +Hudson River along the line of the present Christopher Street, ended +where Union Road began; and Union Road met Southampton at what is now +the corner of Fifteenth Street and Seventh Avenue. This point was also +the junction of Southampton and Great Kiln Roads.</p> + +<p>Evidences of the Union Road are still to be seen in Twelfth Street, at +the projecting angle of the houses numbered 43 and 45. It was just at +this point that Milligan's Lane ended. On Thirteenth Street, the course +of Union Road is shown by the slanting wall of a big business building, +numbered 36.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">First Presbyterian Church</div> + +<p>In Twelfth Street, between Sixth and Seventh Avenues, is the First +Reformed Presbyterian Church. The congregation was started as a praying +society in 1790 at the house of John Agnew at No. 9 Peck Slip. In 1798 +the congregation worshipped in a school house in Cedar Street. They +soon after built their first church at Nos. 39 and 41 Chambers Street,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span> +where the American News Company building is now. It was a frame +building, and was succeeded in 1818 by a brick building on the same +site. In 1834 a new church was erected at Prince and Marion Streets. The +foundation for the present church was laid in 1848, and the church +occupied it in the following year.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Society Library</div> + +<p>The New York Society Library, at 107 University Place, near Fourteenth +Street, claims to be the oldest institution of its kind in America. It +is certainly the most interesting in historical associations, richness +of old literature and art works. It is the direct outcome of the library +established in 1700, with quarters in the City Hall, in Wall Street, by +Richard, Earl of Bellomont, the Governor of New York.</p> + +<p>In 1754 an association was incorporated for carrying on a library, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span> +their collection, added to the library already in existence, was called +the City Library. The Board of Trustees consisted of the most prominent +men in the city. In 1772 a charter was granted by George III, under the +name of the New York Society Library.</p> + +<p>During the Revolutionary War the books became spoil for British +soldiers. Many were destroyed and many sold. After the war the remains +of the library were gathered from various parts of the city and again +collected in the City Hall. In 1784 the members of the Federal Congress +deliberated in the library rooms. In 1795 the library was moved to +Nassau Street, opposite the Middle Dutch Church; in 1836 to Chambers +Street; in 1841 to Broadway and Leonard Street; in 1853 to the Bible +House, and in 1856 to the present building.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Great Kiln Road</div> + +<p>At the point that is now Seventh Avenue and Fifteenth Street, then<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span> +intersected by the Union Road, the Great Kiln Road ended. Its +continuation was called Southampton Road. From that point it continued +to Nineteenth Street, east of Sixth Avenue, and then parallel with Sixth +Avenue to Love Lane, the present Twenty-first Street.</p> + +<p>The line of this road, where it joined the Great Kiln Road, is still +clearly shown in the oblique side wall of the house at the northwest +corner of Seventh Avenue and Fifteenth Street. Here, also, it has a +marked effect on the east wall of St. Joseph's Home for the Aged. The +first-mentioned house, with the cutting through of the streets, has been +left one of those queer triangular buildings, with full front and +running to a point in the rear.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Weavers' Row</div> + +<p>When the road reached what is now Sixteenth Street, a third of a block +east of Seventh Avenue, it passed through the block in a sweeping curve +to the present corner of Seventeenth Street and Sixth Avenue. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span> +evidence of its passage is still to be seen in the tiny wooden houses +buried in the centre of the block, which are remnants of a row called +Paisley Place, or Weavers' Row. This row was built during the +yellow-fever agitation of 1822, and was occupied by Scotch weavers who +operated their hand machines there.</p> + +<p>The road took its name from Sir Peter Warren's second daughter, who +married Charles Fitzroy, who later became the Baron Southampton.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Graveyard Behind a Store</div> + +<p>In Twenty-first Street, a little west of Sixth Avenue, is the unused +though not uncared-for graveyard of the Shearith Israel Synagogue. The +graveyard cannot be seen from the street, but from the rear windows of a +nearby dry-goods store a glimpse can be had of the ivy-covered +receiving-vault and the time-grayed tombstones.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span></p> + +<p>When this "Place of Rest" was established the locality was all green +fields. The graveyard had been forced from further down town by the +cutting through of Eleventh Street in 1830. Interments were made in this +spot until 1852, when the cemetery was removed to Cypress Hills, L. I., +the Common Council having in that year prohibited burials within the +city limits. But though there were no burials, the congregation have +persistently refused to sell this plot, just as they have the earlier +plots, the remains of which are off Chatham Square and in Eleventh +Street, near Sixth Avenue.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Love Lane</div> + +<p>Abingdon Road in the latter years of its existence was commonly called +Love Lane, and more than a century ago followed close on the line of the +present Twenty-first Street from what is now Broadway to Eighth Avenue. +It was the northern limit of a tract of land given by the city to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span> +Admiral Sir Peter Warren in recognition of his services at the capture +of Louisburg.</p> + +<p>From this road, when the Warren estate was divided among the daughters +of the Admiral, two roads, the Southampton and the Warren, were opened +through this upper part of the estate.</p> + +<p>The name Love Lane was given to the road in the latter part of the +eighteenth century, and was retained until it was swallowed up in +Twenty-first Street. This last was ordered opened in 1827, but was not +actually opened until some years later. There is no record to show where +the name came from. The generally accepted idea is that being a quiet +and little traveled spot, it was looked upon as a lane where happy +couples might drive, far from the city, and amid green fields and +stately trees confide the story of their loves. It was the longest drive +from the town, by way of the Post Road, Bloomingdale Road and so across +the west to Southampton, Great Kiln roads, through Greenwich Village<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span> +and by the river road back to town.</p> + +<p>The road originally took its name from the oldest daughter of Admiral +Warren, who married the Earl of Abingdon.</p> + +<p>There are still traces of Love Lane in Twenty-first Street. The two +houses numbered 25 and 27 stood on the road. The houses 51, 53 and 55, +small and odd appearing, are more closely identified with the lane. When +built, these houses were conspicuous and alone, at the junction where +Southampton Road from Greenwich Village ran into Love Lane. They are +thought to have been a single house serving as a tavern.</p> + +<p>Close by, at the northeast corner of Twenty-first Street and Sixth +Avenue, the house with the gable roof is one that also stood on the old +road, though built at a later date than the three next to it.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span></p> + +<p>The road ended for many years about on the line with the present Eighth +Avenue, where it ran into the Fitzroy Road. Some years previous to the +laying out of the streets under the City Plan in 1811, Love Lane was +continued to Hudson River. Before it reached the river it was crossed, a +little east of Seventh Avenue, by the Warren Road, although there is no +trace of the crossing now.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Chelsea Village</div> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 300px;"><a name="ILL_023" id="ILL_023"></a> +<img src="images/ill_023.jpg" width="300" height="227" alt="" /> +</div> + +<p>Although Chelsea Village was long ago swallowed up by the city, and its +boundaries blotted out by the rectangular lines of the plan under which +the streets were mapped out in 1811, there is still a suggestion of it +in the green lawns and gray buildings of the General Theological +Seminary of the Protestant Episcopal Church, which occupies the block<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span> +between Twentieth and Twenty-first Streets, Ninth and Tenth Avenues.</p> + +<p>Chelsea got its name in 1750, when Captain Thomas Clarke, an old +soldier, gave the name to his country seat, in remembrance of the +English home for invalided soldiers. It was between two and three miles +from the city, a stretch of country land along the Hudson River with not +another house anywhere near it. The house stood, as streets are now, at +the south side of Twenty-third Street, about two hundred feet west of +Ninth Avenue, on a hill that sloped to the river. The captain had hoped +to die in his retreat, but his home was burned to the ground during his +severe illness, and he died in the home of his nearest neighbor. Soon +after his death the house was rebuilt by his widow, Mrs. Mollie Clarke. +The latter dying in 1802, a portion of the estate with the house went to +Bishop Benjamin Moore, who had married Mrs. Clarke's daughter, Charity.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span> +It passed from him in 1813 to his son, Clement C. Moore. The latter +reconstructed the house, and it stood until 1850.</p> + +<p>Clement C. Moore's estate was included within the present lines of +Eighth Avenue, Nineteenth to Twenty-fourth Streets and Hudson River. +These are approximately the bounds of Chelsea Village which grew up +around the old Chelsea homestead. It came to be a thriving village, +conveniently reached by the road to Greenwich and then by Fitzroy Road; +or by the Bowery Road, Bloomingdale, and then along Love Lane.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">London Terrace</div> + +<p>In 1831 the streets were cut through and the village thereafter grew up +on the projected lines of the City Plan. It was for this reason that +Chelsea, when the city reached it, was merged into it so perfectly that +there is not an imperfect street line to tell where the village had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span> +been and where the city joined it. There are houses of the old village +still standing; notably those still called the Chelsea Cottages in +Twenty-fourth Street west of Ninth Avenue, and the row called the London +Terrace in Twenty-third Street between Ninth and Tenth Avenues.</p> + +<p>The block on which the General Theological Seminary stands was given to +the institution by Clement C. Moore, and was long called Chelsea Square. +The cornerstone of the East Building was laid in 1825, and of the West +Building, which still stands, in 1835.</p> + +<p>It was this Clement C. Moore, living quietly in the village that had +grown up around him, who wrote the child's poem which will be remembered +longer than its writer—"'Twas the Night before Christmas."</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span></p> + +<hr class="chap" /> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 300px;"> +<img src="images/ill_024.jpg" width="300" height="201" alt="" /> +</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span></p> + +<hr class="chap" /> +<h2>III</h2> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span></p> + +<hr class="chap" /> +<h2><a name="III" id="III">III</a></h2> + +<div class="sidenote">Oliver Street Baptist Church</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span></p> + +<p>The Oliver Street Baptist Church was built on the northwest corner of +Oliver and Henry Streets in 1795. It was rebuilt in 1800, and again in +1819. Later it was burned, and finally restored in 1843. The structure +is now occupied by the Mariners' Temple, and the record of its burning +is to be seen on a marble tablet on the front wall.</p> + +<p>Oliver Street—that is, the two blocks from Chatham Square to Madison +Street—was called Fayette Street before the name was changed to Oliver +in 1825.</p> + +<p>James Street was once St. James Street. The change was made prior to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span> +1816.</p> + +<p>Mariners' Church, at 46 Catherine Street, was erected in 1854, on the +southeast corner of Madison Street. Prior to that, and as far back as +1819, it had been at 76 Roosevelt Street.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Madison Street</div> + +<p>Banker Street having become a byword, because of the objectionable +character of its inhabitants, the name was changed to Madison Street in +1826.</p> + +<p>Between Jefferson and Clinton Streets, and south of Henry, was a pond, +the only bit of water which, in early days, emptied into the East River +between what afterward became Roosevelt Street and Houston Street. A wet +meadow, rather than a distinct stream, extended from this pond to the +river as an outlet. This became later the region of shipyards.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 299px;"><a name="ILL_025" id="ILL_025"></a> +<img src="images/ill_025.jpg" width="299" height="300" alt="" /> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Where Nathan Hale Was Hanged</div> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span></p> + +<p>On what is now Cherry Street, between Clinton and Jefferson Streets, was +the house of Col. Henry Rutgers, the Revolutionary patriot, and his farm +extended from that point in all directions. On a tree of this farm +Nathan Hale, the martyr spy of the Revolution, was hanged, September 22, +1776. On this same farm the Church of the Sea and Land, still standing +with its three-foot walls, at Market and Henry Streets, was built in +1817.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span></p> + +<p>In 1828, at the corner of Henry and Scammel Streets, was erected All +Saints' Church (Episcopal). It still stands, now hemmed in by +dwelling-houses. It is a low rock structure. A bit of green, a stunted +tree and some shrubs still struggle through the bricks at the rear of +the church, and can be seen through a tall iron railing from narrow +Scammel Street. In 1825 the church occupied a chapel on Grand Street at +the corner of Columbia.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">First Tenement House</div> + +<p>The first house designed especially for many tenants was built in 1833, +in Water Street just east of Jackson, on which site is now included +Corlears Hook Park. It was four stories in height, and arranged for one +family on each floor. It was built by Thomas Price, and owned by James +P. Allaire, whose noted engine works were close by in Cherry Street, +between Walnut (now Jackson) and Corlears Street.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span></p> + +<p>Where Grand and Pitt Streets cross is the top of a hill formerly known +as Mount Pitt. On this hill the building occupied by the Mount Pitt +Circus was built in 1826. It was burned in 1828.</p> + +<p>At Grand, corner of Ridge Street, is the St. Mary's Church (Catholic), +which was built in 1833, a rough stone structure with brick front and +back. In 1826 it was in Sheriff, between Broome and Delancey Streets. It +had the first Roman Catholic bell in the city. In 1831 the church was +burned by a burglar, and the new structure was built in Grand Street.</p> + +<p>Actual work on the pier for the new East River Bridge, at the foot of +Delancey Street, was begun in the spring of 1897.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Manhattan Island</div> + +<p>Much confusion has arisen, and still exists, in the designation of the +territory under the names of Manhattan Island and Island of Manhattan.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span> +The two islands a hundred years ago were widely different bodies. They +are joined now.</p> + +<p>Manhattan Island was the name given to a little knoll of land which lay +within the limits of what is now Third, Houston and Lewis Streets and +the East River. At high tide the place was a veritable island. There +seems to be still a suggestion of it in the low buildings which occupy +the ground of the former island. About the ancient boundary, as though +closing it in, are tall tenements and factory buildings. On the grounds +of this old island the first recreation pier was built, in 1897, at the +foot of Third Street.</p> + +<p>The Island of Manhattan has always been the name applied to the land +occupied by the old City of New York, now the Borough of Manhattan.</p> + +<p>In the heart of the block surrounded by Rivington, Stanton, Goerck and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span> +Mangin Streets, there is still to be seen the remains of a +slanting-roofed market, closed in by the houses which have been built +about it. It was set up in 1827, and named Manhattan Market after the +nearby island.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 256px;"><a name="ILL_026" id="ILL_026"></a> +<img src="images/ill_026.jpg" width="256" height="400" alt="" /> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Bone Alley</div> + +<p>Work on the Hamilton Fish Park was begun in 1896, in the space bounded<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span> +by Stanton, Houston, Pitt and Sheriff Streets, then divided into two +blocks by Willett Street. This was a congested, tenement-house vicinity, +where misery and poverty pervaded most of the dingy dwellings. In wiping +out the two solidly built-up blocks, Bone Alley, well known in police +history for a generation, was effaced. On the west side of Willett +Street, midway of the block, Bone Alley had its start and extended sixty +feet into the block—a twenty-five-foot space between tall tenements, +running plump into a row of houses extending horizontal with it. When +these houses were erected they each had long gardens, which were built +upon when the land became too valuable to be spared for flower-beds or +breathing-spots. In time they became the homes of rag-and bone-pickers, +and thus the alley which led to them got its name, which it kept even +after the rag-pickers and the law-breakers who succeeded them had been<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span> +driven away by the police.</p> + +<p>There was, forty years ago, a well of good, drinkable water at the point +where Rivington and Columbia Streets now cross.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">"Mother Mandelbaum"</div> + +<p>The little frame house at the northwest corner or Rivington and Clinton +Streets was the home of "Mother" Frederica Mandelbaum for many years, +until she was driven from the city in 1884. This "Queen of the Crooks," +receiver of stolen goods and friend of all the criminal class, +compelled, in a sense, the admiration of the police, who for years +battled in vain to outwit her cleverness. When the play, "The Two +Orphans," was first produced, Mrs. Wilkins, as the "Frochard," copied +the character of "Mother" Mandelbaum and gave a representation of the +woman that all who knew the original recognized. Other plays were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span> +written, and also many stories, having her as a central figure. She died +at Hamilton, Ontario, in 1894.</p> + +<p>At the crossing of Rivington and Suffolk Streets was the source of +Stuyvesant's Creek. From there, as the streets exist now, it crossed +Stanton Street, near Clinton; Houston, at Sheriff; Second, near Houston; +then wound around to the north of Manhattan Island, and emptied into the +East River at Third Street.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Allen Street Memorial Church</div> + +<p>In Rivington Street, between Ludlow and Orchard, is the Allen Street +Memorial Church (M. E.), built in 1888. The original Church, which was +built in 1810, is two blocks away, in Allen Street, between Delancey and +Rivington Streets. It was rebuilt in 1836, and when the new Rivington +Street structure was erected the old house was sold to a Jewish<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span> +congregation, who still occupy it as a synagogue.</p> + +<p>In Grand Street, between Essex and Ludlow Streets, the Essex Market was +built in 1818. The court next to it, in Essex Street, was built in 1856.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 300px;"><a name="ILL_027" id="ILL_027"></a> +<img src="images/ill_027.jpg" width="300" height="282" alt="" /> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Mile Stone On the Bowery</div> + +<p>On the Bowery, opposite Rivington Street, is a milestone (one of three +that yet remain) which formerly marked the distance from the City Hall, +in Wall Street, on the Post Road. The land to the east of the Bowery +belonged to James De Lancey, who was Chief Justice of the Colony in +1733, and in 1753 became Lieutenant-Governor. A lane led from the +Bowery, close by the milestone, to his country house, which was at the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span> +present northwest corner of Delancey and Chrystie Streets. It was in +this house that he died suddenly in 1760. James De Lancey was the eldest +son of Etienne (Stephen) De Lancey, who built the house which afterwards +was known as Fraunces' Tavern, and which still stands at Broad and Pearl +Streets. He later built the homestead at Broadway and Cedar Street. +Originally the name was "de Lanci." It became "de Lancy" in the +seventeenth century, and was Anglicized in the eighteenth century to "De +Lancey."</p> + +<p>Where Grand Street crosses Mulberry was, until 1802, the family +burial-vault of the Bayard family, it having been the custom of early +settlers to bury their dead near their homesteads. The locality was +called Bunker Hill.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">St. Patrick's Church</div> + +<p>St. Patrick's Church, enclosed now by the high wall at Mott and Prince<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span> +Streets, was completed in 1815, the cornerstone having been laid in +1809. It was surrounded by meadows and great primitive trees. This +region was so wild that in 1820 a fox was killed in the churchyard. In +1866 the interior of the church was destroyed by fire. It was at once +reconstructed in its present form. Amongst others buried in the vaults +are "Boss" John Kelly, Vicar-General Starr and Bishop Connelly, first +resident bishop of New York.</p> + +<p>At Prince and Marion Streets, northwest corner, the house in which +President James Monroe lived while in the city still stands.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">An Unsolved Crime</div> + +<p>The St. Nicholas Hotel was at Broadway and Spring Street, and on the +ground floor John Anderson kept a tobacco store, to which the attention +of the entire country was directed in July, 1842, because of the murder +of Mary Rogers. This tragedy gave Edgar Allan Poe material for his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span> +story "The Mystery of Marie Roget," into which he introduced every +detail of the actual happening. Mary Rogers was a saleswoman in the +tobacco store, and being young and pretty she attracted considerable +attention. She disappeared one July day, and, soon after, her body was +found drowned near the Sibyl's Cave at Hoboken. The deepest mystery +surrounded her evident murder, and much interest was taken in attempts +at a solution, but it remained an unsolved crime.</p> + +<p>On the east side of Broadway, between Prince and Houston Streets, on +July 4, 1828, William Niblo opened his Garden, Hotel and Theatre, to be +known for many years thereafter as Niblo's Garden. Prior to that, he had +kept the Bank Coffee House, at William and Pine Streets.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span></p> + +<div class="sidenote">Niblo's Garden</div> + +<p>The Metropolitan Hotel was built in Niblo's Garden, on the corner that +is now Broadway and Prince Street, in 1852, at a cost of a million +dollars. The theatre in the hotel building was called Niblo's Garden. +The building was demolished in 1894, and a business block was put up on +the site.</p> + +<p>Across the street from Niblo's, on Broadway, in a modest brick house, +lived, at one time, James Fenimore Cooper, the novelist.</p> + +<p>At No. 624 Broadway, between Houston and Bleecker Streets, was Laura +Keene's theatre. On March 1, 1858, Polly Marshall made her first +appearance on any stage at that theatre. Later it became the Olympic +Theatre.</p> + +<p>At Broadway and Bleecker Streets, a well was drilled, in 1832, which was +four hundred and forty-eight feet deep, and which yielded forty-four<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span> +thousand gallons of water a day.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Tripler Hall</div> + +<p>Tripler Hall was at No. 677 Broadway, near Bond Street. Adelina Patti +appeared there on September 22, 1852, when ten years old, giving +evidence of her future greatness. She sang there for some time, usually +accompanied by the boy violinist, Paul Julien.</p> + +<p>Tripler Hall had been renamed the Metropolitan Hall, when it was +destroyed by fire in 1854. Lafarge House, which stood next it, was also +burned. The house was rebuilt on the site, and opened in September, +1854, under the name of the New York Theatre and Metropolitan Opera +House.</p> + +<p>Rachel the great was first seen in America at this house, September 3, +1855. Later the house became the Winter Garden.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">First Marble-Fronted Houses</div> + +<p>The first marble-fronted houses in the city were built on Broadway,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span> +opposite Bond Street, in 1825. They were called the Marble Houses, and +attracted much attention. Being far out of the city, excursions were +made to view them. Afterwards they became the Tremont House, and are +still in use as a hotel.</p> + +<p>A pipe for a well was sunk in Broadway, opposite Bond Street, in April, +1827, it being thought that enough water for the supply of the immediate +neighborhood could be obtained therefrom. The water was not found, +however.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Burdell Murder</div> + +<p>No. 31 Bond Street was the scene of a celebrated murder. The house is +torn down now, but it was identical with the one which now stands at No. +29. On January 3, 1857, Dr. Harvey Burdell, a dentist, was literally +butchered there, being stabbed fifteen times. A portion of the house had +been occupied by a widow named Cunningham, and her two daughters. After<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span> +the murder, Mrs. Cunningham claimed a widow's share of the Doctor's +estate, on the ground that she had been married to him some months +before. This claim started an investigation, which resulted in Mrs. +Cunningham's being suspected of the crime, arrested, tried and +acquitted. Soon after her acquittal, she attempted to secure control of +the entire Burdell estate, by claiming that she had given birth to an +heir to the property. The scheme failed, for the physician through whom +she obtained a new-born child from Bellevue Hospital, disclosed the plot +to District Attorney A. Oakey Hall. The woman and her daughters left the +city suddenly, and were not heard of again. The mystery of the murder +was never solved.</p> + +<p>The part of Houston Street east of the Bowery was, prior to November, +1833, called North Street. At the time the change in names was made the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span> +street was raised. Between Broadway and the Bowery had been a wet tract +of land many feet below the grade. In 1844 the street was extended from +Lewis Street to the East River.</p> + +<p>The Bleecker Street Bank, which was just east of Broadway, on the north +side of Bleecker Street, was moved in October, 1897, to Twenty-first +Street and Fourth Avenue, and called The Bank for Savings. It had +originally been in the New York Institute Building in City Hall Park.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 261px;"><a name="ILL_028" id="ILL_028"></a> +<img src="images/ill_028.jpg" width="261" height="300" alt="" /> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Marble Cemetery</div> + +<p>In the heart of the block inclosed by the Bowery, Second Avenue, Second +and Third Streets, is a hidden graveyard. It is the New York Marble +Cemetery, and so completely has it been forgotten that its name no +longer appears in the City Directory. On four sides it is hemmed about<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span> +by tenements and business buildings, so that one could walk past it for +a lifetime without knowing that it was there. On the Second Avenue side, +the entrance is formed by a narrow passage between houses, which is +closed by an iron gateway. But the gate is always locked, and at the +opposite end of the passage is another gate of wood set in a brick<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span> +wall, so high that nothing but the tops of trees can be seen beyond it. +From the upper rear windows of the neighboring tenements a view of the +place can be had. It is a wild spot, four hundred feet by one hundred, +covered by a tangled growth of bushes and weeds, crossed by neglected +paths, and enclosed by a wall seventeen feet high. There is no sign of a +tombstone. In the southwest corner is a deadhouse of rough hewn stone. +On the south wall the names of vault owners are chiseled. Among these +were some of the best known New Yorkers fifty years ago. The records of +the city show that this land was owned by Henry Eckford and Marion, his +wife. They deeded it to Anthony Dey and George W. Strong when the +cemetery corporation was organized, July 30, 1830. There were one +hundred and fifty-six vaults, and fifteen hundred persons were buried +there. This cemetery is forgotten almost as completely as its own dead,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span> +and its memories do not molest the dwellers in the surrounding tenements +who overlook it from their rear windows, and use it as a sort of +dumping-ground for all useless things that can readily be thrown into +it.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">The Second Marble Cemetery</div> + +<p>There is another Marble Cemetery which historians sometimes confuse with +this hidden graveyard, namely, one on Second Street, between First and +Second Avenues. Some of the larger merchants of the city bought the +ground in 1832, and created the New York City Marble Cemetery. Among the +original owners was Robert Lenox. When he died, in 1839, his body was +placed in a vault of the First Presbyterian Church at 16 Wall Street. +When that church was removed to Fifth Avenue and Twelfth Street the +remains of Lenox with others were removed to this Marble Cemetery. The<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span> +body of President James Monroe was first interred here, but was removed +in 1859 to Virginia. Thomas Addis Emmet, the famous jurist, is also +buried here. One of the most conspicuous monuments in St. Paul's +churchyard, the shaft at the right of the church, was erected to the +memory of Emmet. A large column on the other side of the church +preserves the memory of another man whose body does not lie in the +churchyard, for William James Macneven was interred in the +burying-ground of the Riker family at Bowery Bay, L. I.</p> + +<p>In Second Street, between Avenue A and First Avenue, stood a Methodist +church, and beside it a graveyard, until 1840; when the building was +turned into a public school. There were fifteen hundred bodies in the +yard, but they were not removed to Evergreen Cemetery until 1860. Only<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span> +fifteen bodies were claimed by relatives. One man who applied for his +father's body refused that offered him, claiming that the skull was too +small, and that some mistake had been made in disinterment.</p> + +<p>Second Street Methodist Episcopal Church, between Avenues C and D, was +built in 1832, the congregation having previously worshipped in private +houses in the vicinity. At one time this was the most prominent and +wealthiest church on the eastern side of the city.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Bouwerie Village</div> + +<p>The Bouwerie Village was another of the little settlements—once a busy +spot, but now so effaced that every outline of its existence is blotted +out. It centred about the site of the present St. Mark's Church, Second +Avenue and Tenth Street. In 1651, when Peter Stuyvesant, the last of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span> +the Dutch Governors, had ruled four years, he purchased the Great +Bouwerie, a tract of land extending two miles along the river north of +what is now Grand Street, taking in a section of the present Bowery and +Third Avenue. As there was, from time to time, trouble with the Indians, +the Governor ordered the dwellers on his bouwerie, as well as those on +adjoining bouweries, to form a village and gather there for mutual +protection at the first sign of an outbreak. Very soon the settlement +included a blacksmith's shop, a tavern and a dozen houses. In this way +the Bouwerie Village was started. Peter Stuyvesant in time built a +chapel, and in it Hermanus Van Hoboken, the schoolmaster, after whom the +city of Hoboken is named, preached. Years after the founding of the +village, when New Amsterdam had become New York, and when the old +Governor had returned from Holland, where he had, before the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span> +States-General, fought for vindication in so readily giving up the +province to the English, Stuyvesant returned to end his days in the +Bouwerie Village. He died there at the age of eighty, and was buried in +the graveyard of the Bouwerie Church. St. Mark's Church, at Tenth Street +and Second Avenue, stands on the site of the old church, and a memorial +stone to Peter Stuyvesant is still to be seen under the porch. It reads:</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Grave of Peter Stuyvesant</div> + +<h4>IN THIS VAULT LIES BURIED</h4> + +<h4>PETRUS STUYVESANT,</h4> + +<h4>LATE CAPTAIN-GENERAL AND GOVERNOR IN CHIEF</h4> + +<h4>OF AMSTERDAM IN NEW NETHERLAND</h4> + +<h4>NOW CALLED NEW YORK</h4> + +<h4>AND THE DUTCH WEST INDIES, DIED IN A. D. 1671/2</h4> + +<h4>AGED 80 YEARS.</h4> + +<p>When Judith, the widow of Peter Stuyvesant, died, in 1692, she left the +church in which the old Governor had worshipped to the Dutch Reformed +Church. A condition was that the Stuyvesant vault should be forever<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span> +protected. By 1793 the church had fallen into decay. Then another Peter +Stuyvesant, great-grandson of the Dutch Governor, who was a vestryman of +Trinity Church, gave the site and surrounding lots, together with +$2,000, and the Trinity Corporation added $12,500, and erected the +present St. Mark's Church. The cornerstone was laid in 1795 and the +building completed in 1799. It had no steeple until 1829, when that +portion was added. In 1858 the porch was added. In the churchyard were +buried the remains of Mayor Philip Hone and of Governor Daniel D. +Tompkins. It was here that the body of Alexander T. Stewart rested until +stolen. Close by the church was the mansion of Governor Stuyvesant. It +was an imposing structure for those days, built of tiny bricks brought +from Holland. A fire destroyed the house at the time of the Revolution.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span></p> + +<p>When Peter Stuyvesant returned from Holland he brought with him a pear +tree, which he planted in a garden near his Bouwerie Village house. This +tree flourished for more than two hundred years. At Thirteenth Street +and Third Avenue, on the house at the northeast corner, is a tablet +inscribed:</p> + +<h4>ON THIS CORNER GREW</h4> + +<h4>PETRUS STUYVESANT'S PEAR TREE</h4> + +<hr class="tb" /> + +<h4>RECALLED TO HOLLAND IN 1664,</h4> + +<h4>ON HIS RETURN</h4> + +<h4>HE BROUGHT THE PEAR TREE</h4> + +<h4>AND PLANTED IT</h4> + +<h4>AS HIS MEMORIAL,</h4> + +<h4>"BY WHICH," SAID HE, "MY NAME</h4> + +<h4>MAY BE REMEMBERED."</h4> + +<h4>THE PEAR TREE FLOURISHED</h4> + +<h4>AND BORE FRUIT FOR OVER</h4> + +<h4>TWO HUNDRED YEARS.</h4> + +<h4>THIS TABLET IS PLACED HERE BY</h4> + +<h4>THE HOLLAND SOCIETY</h4> + +<h4>OF NEW YORK</h4> + +<h4>SEPTEMBER, 1890.</h4> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span></p> + +<div class="sidenote">First Sunday School</div> + +<p>In 1785 half a dozen persons in the First Bouwerie Village, then +scattering to the school east from the site of Cooper Union, met at the +"Two Mile Stone"—so called from being two miles from Federal Hall—in +the upper room of John Coutant's house, on the site where Cooper +Institute stands now. The room was used as a shoe store during the week. +Here, on Sundays, ministers from the John Street Church instructed +converts. Peter Cooper, who was a member of the church, a few years +later conceived the idea of connecting the school with the church. The +organization was perfected, and he was chosen Superintendent of this, +the first Sunday School of New York.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Bowery Village Church</div> + +<p>The quarters becoming cramped, in 1795 the congregation moved to a +two-story building a block away, on Nicholas William Street. This +street, long since blotted out, extended from what is now Fourth Avenue +and Seventh Street, across the Cooper Institute site and part of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span> +adjoining block, to Eighth (now St. Mark's Place), midway of the block +between Third and Second Avenues. The street was named after Nicholas +William Stuyvesant. When the old John Street Church was taken down, in +1817, the timber from it was used to erect a church next to the Sunday +School (called the Academy). This church was called the Bowery Village +Church. In 1830, the Bowery Village Church having been wiped out by the +advancing streets of the City Plan, Nicholas William Street went with +it, and a church was then established a short distance to the east, on +the line of what is now Seventh Street, north side, and this became the +Seventh Street Church. In 1837 persons living near by who objected to +the church revivals presented the trustees with two lots, nearer Third +Avenue. There a new church was built, which still stands.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span></p> + +<div class="sidenote">Second Vauxhall Garden</div> + +<p>Vauxhall Garden occupied (according to the present designation of the +streets) the space south of Astor Place, between Fourth Avenue and +Broadway, to the line of Fifth Street. Fourth Avenue was then Bowery +Road, and the main entrance to the Garden was on that side, opposite the +present Sixth Street. At Broadway the Garden narrowed down to a V shape. +On this ground, for many years, John Sperry, a Swiss, cultivated fruits +and flowers, and when he had grown old he sold his estate, in 1799, to +John Jacob Astor. The latter leased it to a Frenchman named Delacroix, +who had previously conducted the Vauxhall Garden on the Bayard Estate, +close by the present Warren and Greenwich Streets. During the next eight +years Delacroix transformed his newly-acquired possession into a +pleasure garden, by erecting a small theatre and summer-house, and by +setting out tables and seats under the trees on the grounds, and booths<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span> +with benches around the inside close up to the high board fence that +enclosed the Garden. He called the place Vauxhall, thereby causing some +confusion to historians, who often confound this Garden with the earlier +one of the same name. This last Vauxhall was situated a mile out of town +on the Bowery Road. It was an attractive retreat, and the tableaux were +so fine, the ballets so ingenius and the singing of such excellence, +that the resort became immensely popular, and remained so continuously +until the Garden was swept out of existence in 1855. Admission to the +grounds was free, and to the theatre two shillings. In its last years it +was a favorite place for the holding of large public meetings.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Cooper Union</div> + +<p>Cooper Union, at the upper end of the Bowery, was built in 1854. Peter +Cooper, merchant and philanthropist, made the object of his life the +establishment of an institution designed especially to give the working<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span> +classes opportunity for self-education better than the existing +institutions afforded. His store was on the site of the present +building, which he founded. By a deed executed in 1859 the institution, +with its incomes, he devoted to the instruction and improvement of the +people of the United States forever. The institution has been taxed to +its full capacity since its inception. From time to time it has been +enriched by gifts from Mr. Cooper's heirs and friends. The statue of +Peter Cooper, in the little park in front of the building, was unveiled +May 28th, 1897. It is the work of Augustus St. Gaudens, once a pupil in +the Institute.</p> + +<p>On a part of the site of Cooper Union, at the east side of what was then +the Bowery, and what is now Fourth Avenue, stood a house which was said +to have been haunted. It was demolished to make way for Cooper Union.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span> +No permanent tenant, it is said, had occupied it for sixty years. It was +a peaked-roofed brick structure, two stories high.</p> + +<p>The house of Peter Cooper was on the site of the present Bible House, at +Eighth Street and Third Avenue. He removed in 1820 to Twenty-eighth +Street and Fourth Avenue, and his dwelling may still be seen there.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Astor Place</div> + +<p>Astor Place is part of old Greenwich Lane, which led from the Bowery +Lane past the pauper cemetery, where Washington Square is now, over the +sand hills where University Place now is, and took the line of the +present Greenwich Avenue. This was also called Monument Lane, because of +a monument to the memory of General Wolfe erected on the spot where the +road ended, at the junction of Eighth Avenue and Fifteenth Street.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span></p> + +<p>Astor Place, as far as Fifth Avenue, was called Art Street when it was +changed from a road to a street. The continuation of Astor Place to the +east, now Stuyvesant Street, was originally Stuyvesant Road, and +extended to the river at about Fifteenth Street. It was also called Art +when it became a street. On the south side of this thoroughfare, just +west of Fourth Avenue, Charlotte Temple lived in a small stone house.</p> + +<p>At the head of Lafayette Place, fronting on Astor Place, is a building +used at this time as a German Theatre. It was built for Dr. Schroeder, +once the favorite preacher of the city, of whom it was said that if +anyone desired to know where Schroeder preached, he had only to follow +the crowds on Sunday. But he became dissatisfied and left Trinity for a +church of his own. He very soon gave up this church, and for a time the +building was occupied by St. Ann's Roman Catholic congregation.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span> +Afterward it became a theatre and failed to succeed.</p> + +<p>The ground at the junction of Astor Place and Eighth Street was made a +public square in 1836. In the midst of it may now be seen a statue of +Samuel S. Cox.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Scene of Forrest-Macready Riots</div> + +<p>Astor Place Opera House, at the junction of Eighth Street and Astor +Place, where Clinton Hall stands now, was built in 1847. It was a +handsome theatre for those days, and contained eighteen hundred seats. +It was opened on November 22nd with "Ernani." On May 7th, 1849, at this +house occurred the first of the Macready riots. The bitter jealousy +existing between William Charles Macready, the English actor, and Edwin +Forrest, which had assumed the proportions of an international quarrel, +so far as the two actors and their friends were concerned, was the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span> +cause. The admirers of Forrest sought, on this night, to prevent the +performance of "Macbeth," and a riot ensued in which no particular +damage was done. On May 10th, in response to a petition signed by many +prominent citizens, Macready again sought to play "Macbeth." An effort +was made to keep all Forrest sympathizers from the house. Many, however, +gained admission, and the performance was again frustrated. The +ringleaders were arrested. A great crowd blocked Astor Place, and an +assault upon the theatre was attempted. Macready escaped by a rear door. +The Seventh Regiment and a troop of cavalry cleared Eighth Street and +reached Astor Place. The mob resisted. The Riot Act was read. That +producing no effect, and the assault upon the building and the soldiers +defending it becoming more violent each moment, the mob was fired upon. +Three volleys were fired. Thirty-four persons were killed and some<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span> +hundred injured. Over one hundred soldiers and many policemen were also +hurt.</p> + +<p>On August 30th, 1852, the name of the house was changed to the New York +Theatre, under the direction of Charles R. Thorne. In a month's time he +gave up the venture and Frank Chanfrau took it up. He also abandoned it +after a few weeks.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Clinton Hall</div> + +<p>In 1854 the Opera House was reconstructed and occupied by the Mercantile +Library. It was given the name of Clinton Hall, which had been the name +of the library's first home in Beekman Street. This building in time +gave way to the present Clinton Hall on the same site.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Lafayette Place</div> + +<p>Lafayette Place was opened through the Vauxhall Garden in 1826.</p> + +<p>The Astor Library, in Lafayette Place, was completed in 1853, and was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span> +opened in 1854. The site cost $25,000.</p> + +<p>The Middle Dutch Reformed Church was built in Lafayette Place in 1839, +at the northwest corner of Fourth Street after its removal from Nassau +and Cedar Streets. A new church was built at Seventh Street and Second +Avenue in 1844. In the Lafayette Place building was a bell which had +been cast in Holland in 1731, and which had first been used when the +church was in Nassau Street. It was the gift of Abraham de Peyster, and +now hangs in the Reformed Church at Fifth Avenue and Forty-eighth +Street.</p> + +<p>Next to this church, for many years, lived Madam Canda, who kept the +most fashionable school for ladies of a generation ago. Her beautiful +daughter was dashed from a carriage, and killed on her eighteenth +birthday—the age at which she was to make her début into society. The +entire city mourned her loss.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span></p> + +<div class="sidenote">La Grange Terrace</div> + +<p>Soon after Lafayette Place was opened, La Grange Terrace was built. It +was named after General Lafayette's home in France. The row is still +prominent on the west side of the thoroughfare, and is known as +Colonnade Row. A riot occurred at the time it was built, the masons of +the city being aroused because the stone used in the structure was cut +by the prisoners in Sing Sing prison.</p> + +<p>John Jacob Astor lived on this street. He died March 29th, 1848, and was +buried from the home of his son, William B. Astor, just south of the +library building.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Sailors' Snug Harbor</div> + +<p>A line drawn through Astor Place and continued to the Washington Arch in +Washington Square, through Fifth Avenue to the neighborhood of Tenth +Street, with Fourth Avenue as an eastern boundary, would roughly enclose +what used to be the Eliot estate in the latter part of the eighteenth<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span> +century. It was a farm of about twenty-one acres in 1790, when it was +purchased for five thousand pounds from "Baron" Poelnitz, by Captain +Robert Richard Randall, who had been a ship-master and a merchant. +Randall dying in 1801, bequeathed the farm for the founding of an asylum +for superannuated sailors, together with the mansion house in which he +had lived. The house stood, approximately, at the present northwest +corner of Ninth Street and Broadway. It was the intention of Captain +Randall that the Sailors' Snug Harbor should be built on the property, +and the farming land used to raise all vegetables, fruit and grain +necessary for the inmates. There were long years of litigation, however, +for relatives contested the will. When the case was settled in 1831, the +trustees had decided to lease the land, and to purchase the Staten +Island property where the Asylum is now located. The estate, at the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span> +time of Captain Randall's death, yielded an annual income of $4,000. At +present the income is about $400,000 a year. It is conceded that the +property would have increased more rapidly in value had it been sold +outright, instead of becoming leasehold property in perpetuity.</p> + +<p>Many efforts have been made to cut through Eleventh Street from Fourth +Avenue to Broadway. The first was in 1830, when the street was open on +the lines of the City Plan. Hendrick Brevoort, whose farm adjoined the +Sailors' Snug Harbor property, had a homestead directly in the line of +the proposed street, between Fourth Avenue and Broadway. He resisted the +attempted encroachment on his home so successfully that the street was +not opened through that block. He was again similarly successful in +1849, when an ordinance was passed for the removal of his house and the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span> +opening of the street.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Grace Church</div> + +<p>Grace Church, at Tenth Street and Broadway, was completed in 1846. +Previous to that date it had been on the southwest corner of Broadway +and Rector Street, opposite Trinity Church.</p> + +<p>There is a reason for the sudden bend in Broadway at Tenth Street, close +by Grace Church. The Bowery Lane, which is now Fourth Avenue, curved in +passing through what is now Union Square until, at the line of the +present Seventeenth Street it turned and took a direct course north and +was from thereon called the Bloomingdale Road. This road to Bloomingdale +was opened long before Broadway, and it was in order to let the latter +connect as directly as possible with the straight road north that the +direction of Broadway was changed about 1806 by the Tenth Street bend<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span> +and a junction effected with the other road at the Seventeenth Street +line.</p> + +<p>At Thirteenth Street and Fourth Avenue there was constructed in 1834 a +tank which was intended to furnish water for extinguishing fires. It had +a capacity of 230,000 gallons, and was one hundred feet above tide +water. Water was forced into it by a 12-horse power engine from a well +and conducting galleries at the present Tenth Street and Sixth Avenue, +on the site of the Jefferson Market Prison.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Wallack's Theatre</div> + +<p>In 1861 James W. Wallack moved from Wallack's Lyceum at Broome Street, +and occupied the new Wallack's, now the Star Theatre, at Thirteenth +Street and Broadway. His last appearance was when he made a little +speech at the close of the season of 1862. He died in 1864.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span></p> + +<div class="sidenote">Union Square</div> + +<p>Union Square was provided for in the City Plan, under the name of Union +Place. The Commissioners decided that the Place was necessary, as an +opening for fresh air would be needed when the city should be built up. +Furthermore, the union of so many roads intersecting at that point +required space for convenience; and if the roads were continued without +interruption the land would be divided into such small portions as to be +valueless for building purposes.</p> + +<p>The fountain in the square was operated for the first time in 1842, on +the occasion of the great Croton Water celebration.</p> + +<p>The bronze equestrian statue of Washington was erected in the square +close by where the citizens had received the Commander of the Army when +he entered the city on Evacuation Day, November 25, 1783. The statue is +the work of Henry K. Brown. The dedication occurred on July 4, 1856,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span> +and was an imposing ceremony. Rev. George W. Bethune delivered an +oration, and there was a military parade.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Academy of Music</div> + +<p>The Academy of Music, at Fourteenth Street and Irving Place, was built +in 1854 by a number of citizens who desired a permanent home for opera. +On October 2nd of that year, Hackett took his company, headed by Grisi +and Matio, there, the weather being too cold to continue the season at +Castle Garden. The building was burned in 1866 and rebuilt in 1868.</p> + +<p>In Third Avenue, between Sixteenth and Seventeenth Streets, is an old +milestone which marked the third mile from Federal Hall on the Post +Road.</p> + +<p>The Friends' Meeting House, at East Sixteenth Street and Rutherford +Place, has existed since 1860. In 1775 it was in Pearl Street, near<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span> +Franklin Square. In 1824 it was taken down and rebuilt in 1826 in Rose +Street, near Pearl.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">St. George's Church</div> + +<p>St. George's (Episcopal) Church, at Rutherford Place and Sixteenth +Street, was built in 1845. The church was organized in 1752, and before +occupying the present site was in Beekman Street.</p> + +<p>Early in the century a stream of water ran from Stuyvesant's Pond, close +by what is now Fourteenth Street and Second Avenue, to First Avenue and +Nineteenth Street, having an outlet into the East River at about +Sixteenth Street. In winter this furnished an excellent skating-ground.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Gramercy Park</div> + +<p>Gramercy Park, at Twentieth and Twenty-first Streets and Lexington +Avenue, was originally part of the Gramercy Farm. In 1831 it was given +by Samuel B. Ruggles to be used exclusively by the owners of lots<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span> +fronting on it. It was laid out and improved in 1840. In the pavement, +in front of the park gate on the west side, is a stone bearing this +inscription:</p> + +<h4>GRAMERCY PARK</h4> + +<h4>FOUNDED BY</h4> + +<h4>SAMUEL B. RUGGLES</h4> + +<h4>1831</h4> + +<h4>COMMEMORATED BY THIS TABLET</h4> + +<h4>IMBEDDED IN</h4> + +<h4>THE GRAMERCY FARM BY</h4> + +<h4>JOHN RUGGLES STRONG.</h4> + +<h4>1875.</h4> + +<div class="sidenote">Madison Square</div> + +<p>There was no evidence during the last part of the eighteenth century +that the town would ever creep up to and beyond the point where +Twenty-third Street crosses Broadway. This point was the junction of the +Post Road to Boston and the Bloomingdale Road. The latter was the +fashionable out-of-town driveway, and it followed the course that<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span> +Broadway and the Boulevard take now. The Post Road extended to the +northeast. At this point, in 1794, a Potter's Field was established. +There were many complaints at its being located there, where pauper +funerals clashed with the vehicles of the well-to-do, and there was much +rejoicing three years later, when the burying-ground was removed to the +spot that is now Washington Square.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Arsenal in Madison Square</div> + +<p>In 1797 was built, where the burying-ground had been, an arsenal which +extended from Twenty-fourth Street and over the site of the Worth +Monument.</p> + +<p>In the City Plan, completed in 1811, provision was made for a +parade-ground to extend from Twenty-third to Thirty-fourth Streets, and +Seventh to Third Avenue. The Commissioners decided that such a space was +needed for military exercises, and where, in case of necessity, there<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span> +could be assembled a force to defend the city. In 1814, the limits of +the parade-ground were reduced to the space between Twenty-third and +Thirty-first Streets, Sixth and Fourth Avenues, and given the name of +Madison Square.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">House of Refuge</div> + +<p>The Arsenal in Madison Square was turned into a House of Refuge in 1824, +and opened January 1, 1825. This was the result of the work of an +association of citizens who formed a society to improve the condition of +juvenile delinquents. The House of Refuge was burned in 1839, and +another institution built at the foot of Twenty-third Street the same +year. A portion of the old outer wall of this last structure is still to +be seen on the north side of Twenty-third Street, between First Avenue +and Avenue A.</p> + +<p>In 1845, at the suggestion of Mayor James Harper, Madison Square was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span> +reduced to its present limits and laid out as a public park. Up to this +time a stream of water had crossed the square, fed by springs in the +district about Sixth Avenue, between Twenty-first and Twenty-seventh +Streets. It spread out into a pond in Madison Square, and emptied into +the East River at Seventeenth Street. It was suggested that a street be +created over its bed from Madison Avenue to the river. This was not +carried out, and the stream was simply buried.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Post Road</div> + +<p>The road which branched out of the Bloomingdale Road at Twenty-third +Street, sometimes called the Boston Post Road, sometimes the Post Road, +sometimes the Boston Turnpike, ran across the present Madison Square, +striking Fourth Avenue at Twenty-ninth Street; went through Kipsborough +which hugged the river between Thirty-third and Thirty-seventh Streets,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span> +swept past Turtle Bay at Forty-seventh Street and the East River, +crossed Second Avenue at Fifty-second Street, recrossed at Sixty-third +Street, reached the Third Avenue line at Sixty-fifth Street, and at +Seventy-seventh Street crossed a small stream over the Kissing Bridge. +Then proceeded irregularly on this line to One Hundred and Thirtieth +Street, where it struck the bridge over the Harlem River at Third +Avenue. The road was closed in 1839.</p> + +<p>The monument to Major-General William J. Worth, standing to the west of +Madison Square, was dedicated November 25, 1857. General Worth was the +main support of General Scott in the campaign of Mexico. His body was +first interred in Greenwood Cemetery. On November 23rd the remains were +taken to City Hall, where they lay in state for two days, then were +taken, under military escort, and deposited beside the monument.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span></p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 240px;"><a name="ILL_029" id="ILL_029"></a> +<img src="images/ill_029.jpg" width="240" height="400" alt="" /> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Fifth Avenue Hotel</div> + +<p>For twenty years, or more, prior to 1853, the site of the present Fifth +Avenue Hotel, at Twenty-third Street and Broadway, was occupied by a +frame cottage with a peaked roof, and covered veranda reached by a +flight of wooden stairs. This was the inn of Corporal Thompson, and a +favorite stopping-place on the Bloomingdale Road. An enclosed lot, +extending as far as the present Twenty-fourth Street, was used at +certain times of the year for cattle exhibitions. In 1853 the cottage +made way for Franconi's Hippodrome, a brick structure, two stories high, +enclosing an open space two hundred and twenty-five feet in diameter. +The performances given here were considered of great merit and received +with much favor. In 1856 the Hippodrome was removed, and in 1858 the +present Fifth Avenue Hotel was opened.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span></p> + +<p>The Madison Square Presbyterian Church, at Madison Avenue and +Twenty-fourth Street, was commenced in 1853, the earlier church of the +congregation having been in Broome Street. It was opened December, 1854, +with Rev. Dr. William Adams as pastor.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">College of City of New York</div> + +<p>At the southeast corner of Twenty-third Street and Lexington Avenue, the +College of the City of New York has stood since 1848, the opening +exercises having taken place in 1849. In 1847 the Legislature passed an +Act authorizing the establishment of a free academy for the benefit of +pupils who had been educated in the public schools of this city. The +name Free Academy was given to the institution, and under that name it<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span> +was incorporated. It had the power to confer degrees and diplomas. In +1866 the name was changed to its present title, and all the privileges +and powers of a college were conferred upon it. In 1882 the college was +thrown open to all young men, whether educated in the public schools of +this city or not. In 1898 ground was set aside in the northern part of +the city, overlooking the Hudson River, for the erection of modern +buildings suitable to meet the growth of the college.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 300px;"><a name="ILL_030" id="ILL_030"></a> +<img src="images/ill_030.jpg" width="300" height="294" alt="" /> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Old House of Refuge Wall</div> + +<p>The House of Refuge in Madison Square was, after the fire in 1839, +rebuilt on the block bounded by Twenty-third and Twenty-fourth Streets, +First Avenue and the East River. It was surrounded by a high wall, a +section of which is still standing on the north side of Twenty-third +Street, between First Avenue and Avenue A. The river at that time +extended west to beyond the Avenue A line. The old gateway is there<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span> +yet, and is used now as the entrance to a coal-yard. Some of the barred +windows of the wall can still be seen. In 1854 the inmates were removed +to Randall's Island, and were placed in charge of the State.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Bellevue Hospital</div> + +<p>Bellevue Hospital has occupied its present site; at the foot of East +Twenty-sixth Street, since about 1810. The hospital really had its +beginning in 1736, in the buildings of the Public Work-house and House<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span> +of Correction in City Hall Park. There were six beds there, in charge of +the medical officer, Dr. John Van Beuren. About the beginning of the +nineteenth century, yellow fever patients were sent to a building known +as Belle Vue, on the Belle Vue Farm, close by the present hospital +buildings. In about 1810 it was decided to establish a new almshouse, +penitentiary and hospital on the Belle Vue Farm. Work on this was +completed in 1816. The almshouse building was three stories high, +surmounted by a cupola, and having a north and south wing each one +hundred feet long. This original structure stands to-day, and is part of +the present hospital building, other branches having been added to it +from time to time. The water line, at that time, was within half a block +of where First Avenue is now.</p> + +<p>In 1848 the Almshouse section of the institution was transferred to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span> +Blackwell's Island. The ambulance service was started in 1869, and was +the first service of its kind in the world.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Bull's Head Village</div> + +<p>Bull's Head Village was located in the district now included within +Twenty-third and Twenty-seventh Streets, Fourth and Second Avenues. It +became a centre of importance in 1826, when the old Bull's Head Tavern +was moved from its early home on the Bowery, near Bayard Street, to the +point which is now marked by Twenty-sixth Street and Third Avenue. It +continued to be the headquarters of drovers and stockmen. As at that +time there was no bank north of the City Hall Park, the Bull's Head +Tavern served as inn, bank and general business emporium for the +locality. For more than twenty years this district was the great cattle +market of the city. As business increased, stores and business houses +were erected, until, toward the year 1850, the cattle mart, which was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span> +the source of all business, was crowded out. It was moved up-town to the +neighborhood of Forty-second Street; later to Ninety-fourth Street, and +in the early 80's to the Jersey shore. The most celebrated person +connected with the management of the Bull's Head Tavern was Daniel Drew. +He afterwards operated in Wall Street, became a director of the New York +and Erie Railroad upon its completion in 1851, and accumulated a fortune +by speculation.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Peter Cooper's House</div> + +<p>At Twenty-eighth Street and Fourth Avenue, on the southeast corner, the +house numbered 399-401, stands the old "Cooper Mansion," in which Peter +Cooper lived. It was formerly on the site where the Bible House is now, +at the corner of Eighth Street and Fourth Avenue. Peter Cooper himself +superintended the removal of the house in 1820, and directed its<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span> +establishment on the new site so that it should be reconstructed in a +manner that should absolutely preserve its original form. Now it +presents an insignificant appearance crowded about by modern structures, +and it is occupied by a restaurant.</p> + +<p>This corner of Twenty-eighth Street and Fourth Avenue was directly on +the line of the Boston Post Road. Just at that point the Middle Road ran +from it, and extended in a direct line to Fifth Avenue and Forty-second +Street.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 300px;"><a name="ILL_031" id="ILL_031"></a> +<img src="images/ill_031.jpg" width="300" height="217" alt="" /> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Little Church Around the Corner</div> + +<p>The Little Church Around the Corner, a low, rambling structure, +seemingly all angles and corners, is on the north side of Twenty-ninth +Street, midway of the block between Fifth and Madison Avenues. It is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span> +the Episcopal Church of The Transfiguration. Its picturesque title was +bestowed upon it in 1871, when Joseph Holland, an English actor, the +father of E. M. and Joseph Holland, the players known to the present +generation, died. Joseph Jefferson, when arranging for the funeral, went +to a church which stood then at Madison Avenue and Twenty-eighth Street, +to arrange for the services. The minister said that his congregation +would object to an actor being buried from their church, adding: "But +there is a little church around the corner where they have such +funerals." Mr. Jefferson, astonished that such petty and unjust +distinctions should be persisted in even in the face of death, +exclaimed: "All honor to that Little Church Around the Corner!" From +that time until the present day, "The Little Church Around the Corner" +has been the religious refuge of theatrical folk. For twenty-six years<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span> +of that time, and until his death, the Rev. Dr. George H. Houghton, who +conducted the services over the remains of actor Holland, was the firm +friend of the people of the stage in times of trouble, of sickness and +of death.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Lich Gate</div> + +<p>The lich gate at the entrance of the church is unique in this country, +and is considered the most elaborate now in existence anywhere. It was +erected in 1895, at a cost of $4,000.</p> + +<p>The congregation worshipped first in a house at No. 48 East +Twenty-fourth Street, in 1850. The present building was opened in 1856. +Lester Wallack was buried from this church, as were Dion Boucicault, +Edwin Booth, and a host of others. In the church is a memorial window to +the memory of Edwin Booth, which was unveiled in 1898. It represents a +mediæval histrionic student, his gaze fixed on a mask in his hand. Below +the figure is the favorite quotation of Booth, from "Henry II": "As<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span> +one, in suffering all, that suffers nothing; a man that fortune's +buffets and rewards has taken with equal thanks." And the further +inscription: "To the glory of God and in loving memory of Edwin Booth +this window has been placed here by 'The Players.'"</p> + +<p>At Lexington Avenue and Thirtieth Street is the First Moravian Church, +which has occupied the building since 1869. This congregation was +established in 1749. In 1751 their first church was built at No. 108 +Fair (now Fulton) Street. In 1829 a second house was erected on the same +site. In 1849 a new building was erected at the southwest corner of +Houston and Mott Streets. This property was sold in 1865, and the +congregation then worshipped in the Medical College Hall, at the +northwest corner of Twenty-third Street and Fourth Avenue, until the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span> +purchase of the present building from the Episcopalians. It was erected +by the Baptists in 1825.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Brick Presbyterian Church</div> + +<p>At Fifth Avenue and Thirty-seventh Street is the Brick Presbyterian +Church, which stood at the junction of Park Row and Nassau Street until +1858, when the present structure was erected. The locality was a very +different one then, and the square quaintness of the church looks out of +place amid its present modern surroundings. There is an air of solitude +about it, as though it mourned faithfully for the green fields that shed +peace and quietness about its walls when it was first built there.</p> + +<p>It is related of William C. H. Waddell, who, in 1845, built a residence +on the same site, that when he went to look at the plot, with a view to +purchase, his wife waited for him near by, under the shade of an apple +tree. The ground there was high above the city grade.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span></p> + +<div class="sidenote">Bryant Park</div> + +<p>The ground between Fifth and Sixth Avenues, Fortieth and Forty-second +Streets, now occupied by Bryant Park and the old reservoir, was +purchased by the city in 1822, and in 1823 a Potter's Field was +established there, the one in Washington Square having been abandoned in +its favor. The reservoir, of Egyptian architecture, was finished in +1842. Its cost was about $500,000. On July 5th water was introduced into +it through the new Croton aqueduct, with appropriate ceremonies. The +water is brought from the Croton lakes, forty-five miles above the city, +through conduits of solid masonry. The first conduit, which was begun in +1835, is carried across the Harlem River through the High Bridge, which +was erected especially to accommodate it. At the time the reservoir was +put in use the locality was at the northern limits of the city. On +Sundays and holidays people went on journeys to the reservoir, and from +the promenades at the top of the structure had a good view from river to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span> +river, and of the city to the south. The reservoir has not been in use +for many years.</p> + +<p>The park was called Reservoir Square until 1884, when the name was +changed to Bryant Park.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">A World's Fair</div> + +<p>On July 4, 1853, a World's Fair, in imitation of the Crystal Palace, +near London, was opened in Reservoir Square, when President Pierce made +an address. The fair was intended to set forth the products of the +world, but it attracted but little attention outside the city. It was +opened as a permanent exposition on May 14, 1854, but proved a failure. +One of the attractions was a tower 280 feet high, which stood just north +of the present line of Forty-second Street and Fifth Avenue. In August, +1856, it was burned, and as a great pillar of flame it attracted more +attention than ever before. The exposition buildings and their contents<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span> +were in the hands of a receiver when they were destroyed by fire October +5, 1858.</p> + +<p>Bryant Park has been selected as the site for the future home of the +consolidated Tilden, Astor and Lenox Libraries.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Murray Hill</div> + +<p>Murray Hill derives its name from the possessions of Robert Murray, +whose house, Inclenberg, stood at the corner of what is now Thirty-sixth +Street and Park Avenue, on a farm which lay between the present +Thirty-third and Thirty-seventh Streets, Bloomingdale Road (now +Broadway) and the Boston Post Road (the present Third Avenue). The house +was destroyed by fire in 1834. On September 15, 1776, after the defeat +on Long Island, the Americans were marching northward from the lower end +of the island, when the British, marching toward the west, reached the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span> +Murray House. There the officers were well entertained by the Murrays, +who, at the same time, managed to get word to the American Army: the +latter hurried on and joined Washington at about Forty-third Street and +Broadway, before the English suspected that they were anywhere within +reach.</p> + +<p>The Murray Farm extended down to Kip's Bay at Thirty-sixth Street. The +Kip mansion was the oldest house on the Island of Manhattan when it was +torn down in 1851. Where it stood, at the crossing of Thirty-fifth +Street and Second Avenue, there is now not a trace. Jacob Kip built the +house in 1655, of brick which he imported from Holland. The locality +between the Murray Hill Farm and the river, that is, east of what is now +Third Avenue between Thirty-third and Thirty-seventh Streets, was called +Kipsborough in Revolutionary times.</p> + +<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span></p> + +<div class="sidenote">Turtle Bay</div> + +<p>The British forces landed, on the day of the stop at the Murray House, +in Turtle Bay, that portion of the East River between Forty-sixth and +Forty-seventh Streets. It was a safe harbor and a convenient one. +Overlooking the bay, on a great bluff at the present Forty-first Street, +was the summer home of Francis Bayard Winthrop. He owned the Turtle Bay +Farm. The bluff is there yet, and subsequent cutting through of the +streets has left it in appearance like a small mountain peak. Winthrop's +house is gone, and in its place is Corcoran's Roost, far up on the +height, whose grim wall of stone on the Fortieth Street side at First +Avenue became in modern times the trysting-place for members of the "Rag +Gang."</p> + +<div class="sidenote">The Elgin Garden</div> + +<p>Forty-seventh and Forty-ninth Streets, between Fifth and Sixth Avenues, +enclose the tract formerly known as the Elgin Garden. This was a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span> +botanical garden founded by David Hosack, M. D., in 1801, when he was +Professor of Botany in Columbia College. In 1814 the land was purchased +by the State from Dr. Hosack and given to Columbia College, in +consideration of lands which had been owned by the College but ceded to +New Hampshire after the settlement of the boundary dispute. The ground +is still owned by Columbia University.</p> + +<p>The block east of Madison Avenue, between Forty-ninth and Fiftieth +Streets, was occupied in 1857 by Columbia College, when the latter moved +from its down-town site at Church and Murray Streets. The College +occupied the building which had been erected in 1817 by the founders of +the Institute for the Instruction of the Deaf and Dumb—the first asylum +for mutes in the United States. The original intention had been to erect<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span> +the college buildings on a portion of the Elgin Garden property, but +the expense involved was found to be too great. The asylum property, +consisting of twenty lots and the buildings, was purchased in 1856. +Subsequently the remainder of the block was also bought up.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">St. Patrick's Cathedral</div> + +<p>At Fiftieth Street and Fifth Avenue is St. Patrick's Cathedral, the +cornerstone of which was laid in 1858. The entire block on which it +stands was, the preceding year, given to the Roman Catholics for a +nominal sum—one dollar—by the city.</p> + +<p>The Roman Catholic Orphan Asylum in the adjoining block, on Fifth +Avenue, between Fifty-first and Fifty-second Streets, was organized in +1825, but not incorporated until 1852, when the present buildings were +erected.</p> + +<div class="figleft" style="width: 265px;"><a name="ILL_032" id="ILL_032"></a> +<img src="images/ill_032.jpg" width="265" height="400" alt="" /> +</div> + +<div class="sidenote">Four Mile Stone</div> + +<p>There is still standing, in Third Avenue, just above Fifty-seventh<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span> +Street, a milestone. It was once on the Post Road, four miles from +Federal Hall in Wall Street.</p> + +<p>Close by Fiftieth Street and Third Avenue, a Potter's Field was +established about 1835. Near it was a spring of exceptionally pure +water. This water was carried away in carts and supplied to the city. +Even after the introduction of Croton water the water from this spring +commanded a price of two cents a pail from many who were strongly +prejudiced against water that had been supplied through pipes.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Beekman House</div> + +<p>Memories of Nathan Hale, the Martyr Spy of the Revolution, hover about<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span> +the neighborhood of Fifty-first Street and First Avenue. The Beekman +House stood just west of the Avenue, between Fifty-first and +Fifty-second Streets, on the site where Grammar School No. 135 is now. +It was in a room of this house that Major André slept, and in the +morning passed out to dishonor; and it was in a greenhouse on these +grounds that Nathan Hale passed the last of his nights upon earth. The +house was built in 1763 by a descendant of the William Beekman who came +from Holland in 1647 with Peter Stuyvesant. During the Revolution it was +the headquarters of General Charles Clinton and Sir William Howe. It +stood until 1874, by which time it had degenerated into a crumbling +tenement, and was demolished when it threatened to fall of natural +decay.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">An Old Shot Tower</div> + +<p>A very few steps from the East River, at Fifty-third Street, stands an<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span> +old brick shot tower; a lonely and neglected sentinel now, but still +proudly looking skyward and bearing witness to its former usefulness. It +was built in 1821 by a Mr. Youle. On October 9th it was nearing +completion when it collapsed. It was at once rebuilt, and, as has been +said, still stands. In 1827 Mr. Youle advertised the sale of the lots +near the tower, and designated the location as being "close by the Old +Post Road near the four mile stone."</p> + +<div class="sidenote">The De Voor Farm</div> + +<p>Within half a dozen steps of the old tower, in the same lumber yard, is +a house said to be the oldest in the city. It is of Dutch architecture, +with sloping roof and a wide porch. The cutting through and grading of +Fifty-third Street have forced it higher above the ground than its +builders intended it to be. The outer walls, in part, have been boarded +over, and some "modern improvements" have made it somewhat unsightly;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span> +but inside, no vandal's art has been sufficient to hide its solid oak +beams and its stone foundations that have withstood the shocks of time +successfully. It was a farm-house, and its site was the Spring Valley +Farm of the Revolution. It is thought to have been built by some member +of the De Voor family, who, after 1677, had a grant of sixty acres of +land along the river, and gave their name to a mill-stream long since +forgotten, save for allusion in the pages of history.</p> + +<p>A block away in Fifty-fourth Street, between First Avenue and the river, +is another Dutch house, though doubtless of much later origin. It stands +back from the street and has become part of a brewery, being literally +surrounded by buildings.</p> + +<div class="sidenote">Central Park</div> + +<p>The first suggestion of a Central Park was made in the fall of 1850, +when Andrew J. Downing, writing to the <i>Horticulturist</i>, advocated<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</a></span> +the establishment of a large park because of the lack of +recreation-grounds in the city. On April 5, 1851, Mayor Ambrose C. +Kingsland, in a special message to the Common Council, suggested the +necessity for the new park, pointing out the limited extent and +inadequacy of the existing ones. The Common Council, approving of the +idea, asked the Legislature for authority to secure the necessary land. +The ground suggested for the new park was the property known as "Jones' +Woods," which lay between Sixty-sixth and Seventy-fifth Streets, Third +Avenue and the East River. At an extra session of the Legislature in +July, 1851, an Act known as the "Jones' Woods Park Bill" was passed, +under which the city was given the right to acquire the land. The +passage of this Act opened a discussion as to whether there was no other +location better adapted for a public park than Jones' Woods. In August<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</a></span> +a committee was appointed by the Board of Aldermen to examine the +proposed plot and others. This committee reported in favor of what they +considered a more central site, namely, the ground lying between +Fifty-ninth and One Hundred and Sixth Streets, Fifth and Eighth Avenues. +On July 23, 1853, the Legislature passed an Act giving authority for the +acquirement of the land, afterward occupied by Central Park, to +Commissioners appointed by the Supreme Court. The previous Jones' Woods +Act was repealed. These Commissioners awarded for damages $5,169,369.69, +and for benefits $1,657,590.00, which report was confirmed by the court +in February, 1856.</p> + +<p>In May, 1856, the Common Council appointed a commission which took +charge of the work of construction. On this commission were William C. +Bryant, Washington Irving and George Bancroft. In 1857, however, a new<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</a></span> +Board was appointed by the Legislature, because of the inactivity of the +first one. Under the new Board, in April of the year in which they were +appointed, the designs of Calvert Vaux and Frederick L. Olmsted were +accepted and actual work was begun.</p> + +<p>The plans for the improvement of the park, which have been consistently +adhered to, were based upon the natural configuration of the land. As +nearly as possible the hills, valleys and streams were preserved +undisturbed. Trees, shrubs and vines were arranged with a view to an +harmonious blending of size, shape and color—all that would attract the +eye and make the park as beautiful in every detail as in its entirety.</p> + +<p>The year 1857 was one of much distress to the poor, and work on the park +being well under way, the Common Council created employment for many<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span> +laborers by putting them to work grading the new park.</p> + +<p>The original limits were extended from One Hundred and Sixth to One +Hundred and Tenth Street in 1859.</p> + +<p>As it exists to-day, Central Park contains eight hundred and sixty-two +acres, of which one hundred and eighty-five and one-quarter are water. +It is two and a half miles long and half a mile wide. Five hundred +thousand trees have been set out since the acquisition of the land. +There are nine miles of carriageway, five and a half miles of +bridle-path, twenty-eight and one half miles of walk, thirty buildings, +forty-eight bridges, tunnels and archways, and out-of-door seats for ten +thousand persons. It is assessed at $87,000,000 and worth twice that +amount. More than $14,000,000 have been spent on improvements.</p> + +<hr class="chap" /> +<div class="figcenter" style="width: 231px;"> +<img src="images/ill_033.jpg" width="231" height="300" alt="" /> +</div> + +<hr class="chap" /> +<h2>INDEX</h2> + +<hr class="chap" /> +<h2>INDEX</h2> + +<p> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Abingdon, Earl of, <a href='#Page_109'><b>109</b></a>, <a href='#Page_125'><b>125</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Abingdon Road, <a href='#Page_123'><b>123</b></a>, <a href='#Page_124'><b>124</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Abingdon Square, <a href='#Page_109'><b>109</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Academy of Music, <a href='#Page_178'><b>178</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">All Saints' Church, <a href='#Page_136'><b>136</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Allen Street Memorial Church, <a href='#Page_142'><b>142</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">American Museum, <a href='#Page_37'><b>37</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">André, Major, <a href='#Page_205'><b>205</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Aquarium, Public, <a href='#Page_5'><b>5</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Arsenal in Madison Square, <a href='#Page_182'><b>182</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Art Street, <a href='#Page_167'><b>167</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Astor House, <a href='#Page_78'><b>78</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Astor, John Jacob, <a href='#Page_163'><b>163</b></a>, <a href='#Page_172'><b>172</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Astor Library, <a href='#Page_170'><b>170</b></a>, <a href='#Page_171'><b>171</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Astor Place, <a href='#Page_172'><b>172</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Astor Place Opera House, <a href='#Page_168'><b>168</b></a>, <a href='#Page_169'><b>169</b></a>, <a href='#Page_170'><b>170</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Astor, William B., <a href='#Page_172'><b>172</b></a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bank Coffee House, <a href='#Page_146'><b>146</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bank Street, <a href='#Page_113'><b>113</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Banker Street, <a href='#Page_134'><b>134</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bank for Savings, The, <a href='#Page_38'><b>38</b></a>, <a href='#Page_151'><b>151</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Barnum, P. T., <a href='#Page_5'><b>5</b></a>, <a href='#Page_30'><b>30</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Barnum's Museum, <a href='#Page_30'><b>30</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Barrow Street, <a href='#Page_108'><b>108</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Battery, <a href='#Page_4'><b>4</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Battery Park, <a href='#Page_4'><b>4</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Battery Place, <a href='#Page_9'><b>9</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bayard Family Vault, <a href='#Page_144'><b>144</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Beaver Lane, <a href='#Page_56'><b>56</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Beaver's Path, <a href='#Page_8'><b>8</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Beaver Street, <a href='#Page_8'><b>8</b></a>, <a href='#Page_9'><b>9</b></a>, <a href='#Page_10'><b>10</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bedford Street M. E. Church, <a href='#Page_106'><b>106</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Beekman House, <a href='#Page_205'><b>205</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Belle Vue Farm, <a href='#Page_189'><b>189</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bellevue Hospital, <a href='#Page_188'><b>188</b></a>, <a href='#Page_189'><b>189</b></a>, <a href='#Page_190'><b>190</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bible House, <a href='#Page_166'><b>166</b></a>, <a href='#Page_191'><b>191</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bleecker Street Bank, <a href='#Page_151'><b>151</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Block, Adrian, <a href='#Page_56'><b>56</b></a>, <a href='#Page_57'><b>57</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bloomingdale Road, <a href='#Page_124'><b>124</b></a>, <a href='#Page_128'><b>128</b></a>, <a href='#Page_175'><b>175</b></a>, <a href='#Page_180'><b>180</b></a>, <a href='#Page_185'><b>185</b></a>, <a href='#Page_199'><b>199</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bond Street, <a href='#Page_149'><b>149</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bone Alley, <a href='#Page_139'><b>139</b></a>, <a href='#Page_140'><b>140</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Booth, Edwin, <a href='#Page_194'><b>194</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Boston Post Road, <a href='#Page_183'><b>183</b></a>, <a href='#Page_192'><b>192</b></a>, <a href='#Page_199'><b>199</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Boston Turnpike, <a href='#Page_183'><b>183</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Boulevard, <a href='#Page_181'><b>181</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bouwerie Lane, <a href='#Page_46'><b>46</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bouwerie Village, <a href='#Page_156'><b>156</b></a>, <a href='#Page_157'><b>157</b></a>, <a href='#Page_158'><b>158</b></a>, <a href='#Page_159'><b>159</b></a>, <a href='#Page_160'><b>160</b></a>, <a href='#Page_161'><b>161</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bowery, The, <a href='#Page_47'><b>47</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bowery Lane, <a href='#Page_166'><b>166</b></a>, <a href='#Page_175'><b>175</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bowery Road, <a href='#Page_47'><b>47</b></a>, <a href='#Page_128'><b>128</b></a>, <a href='#Page_163'><b>163</b></a>, <a href='#Page_164'><b>164</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bowery Theatre, <a href='#Page_49'><b>49</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bowery Village Church, <a href='#Page_162'><b>162</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bowling Green, <a href='#Page_3'><b>3</b></a>, <a href='#Page_55'><b>55</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bowling Green Garden, <a href='#Page_84'><b>84</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bradford, William, <a href='#Page_14'><b>14</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Grave of, <a href='#Page_63'><b>63</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Brannan's Garden, <a href='#Page_101'><b>101</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Breese, Sydney, grave of, <a href='#Page_62'><b>62</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Brevoort, Hendrick, <a href='#Page_174'><b>174</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Brick Presbyterian Church, <a href='#Page_31'><b>31</b></a>, <a href='#Page_196'><b>196</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bridewell, <a href='#Page_35'><b>35</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bridge Street, <a href='#Page_9'><b>9</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Broad Street, <a href='#Page_9'><b>9</b></a>, <a href='#Page_10'><b>10</b></a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Broadway, <a href='#Page_12'><b>12</b></a>, <a href='#Page_55'><b>55</b></a>, <a href='#Page_175'><b>175</b></a>, <a href='#Page_180'><b>180</b></a>, <a href='#Page_181'><b>181</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Broadway Theatre, <a href='#Page_97'><b>97</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Brougham's Lyceum, <a href='#Page_97'><b>97</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Brouwer Street, <a href='#Page_15'><b>15</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bryant Park, <a href='#Page_114'><b>114</b></a>, <a href='#Page_197'><b>197</b></a>, <a href='#Page_198'><b>198</b></a>, <a href='#Page_199'><b>199</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bull's Head Tavern, <a href='#Page_49'><b>49</b></a>, <a href='#Page_190'><b>190</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bull's Head Village, <a href='#Page_190'><b>190</b></a>, <a href='#Page_191'><b>191</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Bunker Hill, <a href='#Page_144'><b>144</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Burdell Murder, The, <a href='#Page_149'><b>149</b></a>, <a href='#Page_150'><b>150</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Burr, Aaron, home of, <a href='#Page_18'><b>18</b></a>, <a href='#Page_104'><b>104</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Office of, <a href='#Page_40'><b>40</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Last Friend of, <a href='#Page_67'><b>67</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Burton's Theatre, <a href='#Page_39'><b>39</b></a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Café des Mille Colonnes, <a href='#Page_39'><b>39</b></a>, <a href='#Page_86'><b>86</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Canal Street, <a href='#Page_41'><b>41</b></a>, <a href='#Page_42'><b>42</b></a>, <a href='#Page_94'><b>94</b></a>, <a href='#Page_95'><b>95</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Canda, Madam, <a href='#Page_171'><b>171</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Castle Garden, <a href='#Page_5'><b>5</b></a>, <a href='#Page_178'><b>178</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cedar Street, <a href='#Page_21'><b>21</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cemetery, New York City Marble, <a href='#Page_154'><b>154</b></a>, <a href='#Page_155'><b>155</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cemetery, New York Marble, <a href='#Page_151'><b>151</b></a>, <a href='#Page_152'><b>152</b></a>, <a href='#Page_153'><b>153</b></a>, <a href='#Page_154'><b>154</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Central Park, <a href='#Page_207'><b>207</b></a>, <a href='#Page_208'><b>208</b></a>, <a href='#Page_209'><b>209</b></a>, <a href='#Page_210'><b>210</b></a>, <a href='#Page_211'><b>211</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chambers Street, <a href='#Page_34'><b>34</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chambers Street Bank, <a href='#Page_37'><b>37</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chanfrau, Frank, <a href='#Page_170'><b>170</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chapel Place, <a href='#Page_83'><b>83</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chatham, Earl of, <a href='#Page_18'><b>18</b></a>, <a href='#Page_47'><b>47</b></a>, <a href='#Page_90'><b>90</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chatham Square, <a href='#Page_45'><b>45</b></a>, <a href='#Page_46'><b>46</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chatham Street, <a href='#Page_47'><b>47</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chelsea Cottages, <a href='#Page_129'><b>129</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Chelsea Village, <a href='#Page_126'><b>126</b></a>, <a href='#Page_127'><b>127</b></a>, <a href='#Page_128'><b>128</b></a>, <a href='#Page_129'><b>129</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cherry Hill, <a href='#Page_51'><b>51</b></a>, <a href='#Page_52'><b>52</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cherry Street, <a href='#Page_51'><b>51</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Church, All Saints', <a href='#Page_136'><b>136</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" Allen Street Memorial, <a href='#Page_142'><b>142</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" Bedford Street Memorial, <a href='#Page_106'><b>106</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" Bowery Village, <a href='#Page_162'><b>162</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" Brick Presbyterian, <a href='#Page_31'><b>31</b></a>, <a href='#Page_196'><b>196</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" Dr. Schroeder's, <a href='#Page_167'><b>167</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" Duane M. E., <a href='#Page_102'><b>102</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" First French Huguenot, <a href='#Page_9'><b>9</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" First Moravian, <a href='#Page_195'><b>195</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" First Presbyterian, <a href='#Page_154'><b>154</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" First Reformed Presbyterian, <a href='#Page_40'><b>40</b></a>, <a href='#Page_118'><b>118</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" Friends' Meeting House, <a href='#Page_178'><b>178</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" Grace, <a href='#Page_58'><b>58</b></a>, <a href='#Page_175'><b>175</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" John Street, <a href='#Page_26'><b>26</b></a>, <a href='#Page_161'><b>161</b></a>, <a href='#Page_162'><b>162</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" Little, Around the Corner, <a href='#Page_192'><b>192</b></a>, <a href='#Page_193'><b>193</b></a>, <a href='#Page_194'><b>194</b></a>, <a href='#Page_195'><b>195</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" Madison Square Presbyterian, <a href='#Page_186'><b>186</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" Mariners', <a href='#Page_133'><b>133</b></a>, <a href='#Page_134'><b>134</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" Dutch Middle Reformed, <a href='#Page_21'><b>21</b></a>, <a href='#Page_22'><b>22</b></a>, <a href='#Page_171'><b>171</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" New Jerusalem, <a href='#Page_89'><b>89</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" Oliver Street Baptist, <a href='#Page_133'><b>133</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" St. Ann's, <a href='#Page_167'><b>167</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" St. George's, <a href='#Page_29'><b>29</b></a>, <a href='#Page_179'><b>179</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" St. John's, <a href='#Page_91'><b>91</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" St. Mark's, <a href='#Page_86'><b>86</b></a>, <a href='#Page_156'><b>156</b></a>, <a href='#Page_157'><b>157</b></a>, <a href='#Page_158'><b>158</b></a>, <a href='#Page_159'><b>159</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" St. Mary's, <a href='#Page_137'><b>137</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" St. Patrick's, <a href='#Page_144'><b>144</b></a>, <a href='#Page_145'><b>145</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" St. Patrick's Cathedral, <a href='#Page_203'><b>203</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" St. Paul's, <a href='#Page_75'><b>75</b></a>, <a href='#Page_76'><b>76</b></a>, <a href='#Page_77'><b>77</b></a>, <a href='#Page_78'><b>78</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" St. Peter's, <a href='#Page_81'><b>81</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" Sea and Land, of, <a href='#Page_135'><b>135</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" Second Street Methodist, <a href='#Page_156'><b>156</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" Spring Street Presbyterian, <a href='#Page_102'><b>102</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" Transfiguration, of the (Episcopal), <a href='#Page_192'><b>192</b></a>, <a href='#Page_193'><b>193</b></a>, <a href='#Page_194'><b>194</b></a>, <a href='#Page_195'><b>195</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" Transfiguration, of the (Catholic), <a href='#Page_44'><b>44</b></a>, <a href='#Page_45'><b>45</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" Trinity, <a href='#Page_20'><b>20</b></a>, <a href='#Page_56'><b>56</b></a>, <a href='#Page_58'><b>58</b></a>, <a href='#Page_60'><b>60</b></a>, <a href='#Page_61'><b>61</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Church Farm, <a href='#Page_59'><b>59</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Churchyard, St. Paul's, <a href='#Page_155'><b>155</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" Trinity, <a href='#Page_58'><b>58</b></a>, <a href='#Page_59'><b>59</b></a>, <a href='#Page_60'><b>60</b></a>, <a href='#Page_61'><b>61</b></a>, <a href='#Page_62'><b>62</b></a>, <a href='#Page_63'><b>63</b></a>, <a href='#Page_64'><b>64</b></a>, <a href='#Page_65'><b>65</b></a>, <a href='#Page_66'><b>66</b></a>, <a href='#Page_67'><b>67</b></a>, <a href='#Page_68'><b>68</b></a>, <a href='#Page_69'><b>69</b></a>, <a href='#Page_70'><b>70</b></a>, <a href='#Page_71'><b>71</b></a>, <a href='#Page_72'><b>72</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Churcher, Richard, Grave of, <a href='#Page_61'><b>61</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">City Hall, <a href='#Page_35'><b>35</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">City Hall (first) Site of, <a href='#Page_7'><b>7</b></a>, <a href='#Page_8'><b>8</b></a>, <a href='#Page_12'><b>12</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">City Hall in Wall Street, <a href='#Page_17'><b>17</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">City Hall Park, <a href='#Page_34'><b>34</b></a>, <a href='#Page_35'><b>35</b></a>, <a href='#Page_36'><b>36</b></a>, <a href='#Page_37'><b>37</b></a>, <a href='#Page_38'><b>38</b></a>, <a href='#Page_39'><b>39</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">City Hospital, <a href='#Page_88'><b>88</b></a>, <a href='#Page_89'><b>89</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">City Hotel, <a href='#Page_73'><b>73</b></a>, <a href='#Page_74'><b>74</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">City Library, <a href='#Page_120'><b>120</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">City Prison in City Hall Park, <a href='#Page_35'><b>35</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Clarke, Capt. Thomas, <a href='#Page_127'><b>127</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cliff Street, <a href='#Page_24'><b>24</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Clinton, Gen. Charles, <a href='#Page_205'><b>205</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Clinton Hall, <a href='#Page_28'><b>28</b></a>, <a href='#Page_168'><b>168</b></a>, <a href='#Page_169'><b>169</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Coenties Lane, <a href='#Page_13'><b>13</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Coenties Slip, <a href='#Page_12'><b>12</b></a>, <a href='#Page_13'><b>13</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Collect, The, <a href='#Page_41'><b>41</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">College of the City of New York, <a href='#Page_186'><b>186</b></a>, <a href='#Page_187'><b>187</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">College Place, <a href='#Page_83'><b>83</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Collis, Christopher, Tomb of, <a href='#Page_77'><b>77</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Colonnade Row, <a href='#Page_172'><b>172</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Columbia College, <a href='#Page_81'><b>81</b></a>, <a href='#Page_82'><b>82</b></a>, <a href='#Page_83'><b>83</b></a>, <a href='#Page_202'><b>202</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Commons, The, <a href='#Page_34'><b>34</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Company's Farm, <a href='#Page_59'><b>59</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cooke, George Frederick, Grave of, <a href='#Page_77'><b>77</b></a>, <a href='#Page_78'><b>78</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cooper, James Fenimore, House of, <a href='#Page_147'><b>147</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cooper Mansion, <a href='#Page_191'><b>191</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cooper, Peter, <a href='#Page_164'><b>164</b></a>, <a href='#Page_165'><b>165</b></a>, <a href='#Page_166'><b>166</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">House of, <a href='#Page_191'><b>191</b></a>, <a href='#Page_192'><b>192</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">Statue of, <a href='#Page_165'><b>165</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cooper Union, <a href='#Page_161'><b>161</b></a>, <a href='#Page_164'><b>164</b></a>, <a href='#Page_165'><b>165</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Corcoran's Roost, <a href='#Page_201'><b>201</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cornbury, Lady, <a href='#Page_66'><b>66</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Corlears Hook Park, <a href='#Page_136'><b>136</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Country Market, <a href='#Page_75'><b>75</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Coutant, John, House of, <a href='#Page_161'><b>161</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cox, Samuel S., Statue of, <a href='#Page_168'><b>168</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cresap, Michael, Grave of, <a href='#Page_70'><b>70</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Croton Water Celebration, <a href='#Page_177'><b>177</b></a>, <a href='#Page_197'><b>197</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cryptograph in Trinity Churchyard, <a href='#Page_64'><b>64</b></a>, <a href='#Page_65'><b>65</b></a>, <a href='#Page_66'><b>66</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Crystal Palace, <a href='#Page_198'><b>198</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Custom House, <a href='#Page_16'><b>16</b></a>, <a href='#Page_18'><b>18</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Cuyler's Alley, <a href='#Page_15'><b>15</b></a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Debtors' Prison, <a href='#Page_34'><b>34</b></a>, <a href='#Page_35'><b>35</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Delacroix, <a href='#Page_163'><b>163</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">De Lancey, Etienne, <a href='#Page_10'><b>10</b></a>, <a href='#Page_72'><b>72</b></a>, <a href='#Page_73'><b>73</b></a>, <a href='#Page_74'><b>74</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">De Lancey, James, <a href='#Page_72'><b>72</b></a>, <a href='#Page_73'><b>73</b></a>, <a href='#Page_143'><b>143</b></a>, <a href='#Page_144'><b>144</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">De Lancey, Susannah, <a href='#Page_100'><b>100</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Delmonico's, <a href='#Page_16'><b>16</b></a>, <a href='#Page_25'><b>25</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">De Voor House, <a href='#Page_207'><b>207</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dickens, Charles, <a href='#Page_31'><b>31</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Drew, Daniel, <a href='#Page_191'><b>191</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duane M. E. Church, <a href='#Page_102'><b>102</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Duke's Farm, <a href='#Page_59'><b>59</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Dutch West India Company, <a href='#Page_2'><b>2</b></a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Eacker, George, Grave of, <a href='#Page_78'><b>78</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">East River Bridge (second), <a href='#Page_137'><b>137</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Eleventh Street, <a href='#Page_174'><b>174</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Elgin Garden, <a href='#Page_201'><b>201</b></a>, <a href='#Page_202'><b>202</b></a>, <a href='#Page_203'><b>203</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Eliot Estate, <a href='#Page_172'><b>172</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Emmet, Thomas Addis, <a href='#Page_77'><b>77</b></a>, <a href='#Page_155'><b>155</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Essex Market, <a href='#Page_143'><b>143</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Exterior Market, <a href='#Page_75'><b>75</b></a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fayette Street, <a href='#Page_133'><b>133</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Federal Hall, <a href='#Page_17'><b>17</b></a>, <a href='#Page_18'><b>18</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fields, The, <a href='#Page_34'><b>34</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fifth Avenue Hotel, <a href='#Page_185'><b>185</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fire of 1835, <a href='#Page_14'><b>14</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">First French Huguenot Church, <a href='#Page_9'><b>9</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">First Graveyard, <a href='#Page_56'><b>56</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">First House Built, <a href='#Page_56'><b>56</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">First Moravian Church, <a href='#Page_195'><b>195</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">First Presbyterian Church, <a href='#Page_154'><b>154</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">First Prison Labor, <a href='#Page_110'><b>110</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">First Reformed Presbyterian Church, <a href='#Page_40'><b>40</b></a>, <a href='#Page_118'><b>118</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">First Savings Bank, <a href='#Page_37'><b>37</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">First Sunday School, <a href='#Page_161'><b>161</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">First Tenement House, <a href='#Page_136'><b>136</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fish, Hamilton, Park, <a href='#Page_139'><b>139</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fish Market, <a href='#Page_75'><b>75</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fitzroy Road, <a href='#Page_126'><b>126</b></a>, <a href='#Page_128'><b>128</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Five Points, <a href='#Page_42'><b>42</b></a>, <a href='#Page_43'><b>43</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Five Points House of Industry, <a href='#Page_44'><b>44</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Flat and Barrack Hill", <a href='#Page_16'><b>16</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fly Market, <a href='#Page_23'><b>23</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Forrest, Edwin, <a href='#Page_168'><b>168</b></a>, <a href='#Page_169'><b>169</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Forrest-Macready Riots, <a href='#Page_168'><b>168</b></a>, <a href='#Page_169'><b>169</b></a>, <a href='#Page_170'><b>170</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fort Amsterdam, <a href='#Page_1'><b>1</b></a>, <a href='#Page_2'><b>2</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fort Clinton, <a href='#Page_4'><b>4</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fort George, <a href='#Page_2'><b>2</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fort James, <a href='#Page_2'><b>2</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fort Manhattan, <a href='#Page_2'><b>2</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fountain in Union Square, <a href='#Page_177'><b>177</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Franconi's Hippodrome, <a href='#Page_185'><b>185</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Franklin House, <a href='#Page_50'><b>50</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Franklin Square, <a href='#Page_51'><b>51</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fraunces' Tavern, <a href='#Page_10'><b>10</b></a>, <a href='#Page_11'><b>11</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Free Academy, <a href='#Page_186'><b>186</b></a>, <a href='#Page_187'><b>187</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fresh Water Pond, <a href='#Page_41'><b>41</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Friends' Meeting House, <a href='#Page_178'><b>178</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Fulton Street, <a href='#Page_20'><b>20</b></a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Garden, Bowling Green, <a href='#Page_84'><b>84</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" Brannan's, <a href='#Page_101'><b>101</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" Castle, <a href='#Page_5'><b>5</b></a>, <a href='#Page_178'><b>178</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" Elgin, <a href='#Page_201'><b>201</b></a>, <a href='#Page_202'><b>202</b></a>, <a href='#Page_203'><b>203</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" Niblo's, <a href='#Page_146'><b>146</b></a>, <a href='#Page_147'><b>147</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" Ranelagh, <a href='#Page_94'><b>94</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" Vauxhall (first), <a href='#Page_84'><b>84</b></a>, <a href='#Page_163'><b>163</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" Vauxhall (last), <a href='#Page_163'><b>163</b></a>, <a href='#Page_164'><b>164</b></a>, <a href='#Page_170'><b>170</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" Winter, <a href='#Page_148'><b>148</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Garden Street, <a href='#Page_16'><b>16</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gardner, Noah, <a href='#Page_110'><b>110</b></a>, <a href='#Page_111'><b>111</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">General Theological Seminary, <a href='#Page_126'><b>126</b></a>, <a href='#Page_127'><b>127</b></a>, <a href='#Page_129'><b>129</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">George III, Statue of, <a href='#Page_3'><b>3</b></a>, <a href='#Page_19'><b>19</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gold Street, <a href='#Page_23'><b>23</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Golden Hill, <a href='#Page_23'><b>23</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Golden Hill, Battle of, <a href='#Page_24'><b>24</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Golden Hill Inn, <a href='#Page_24'><b>24</b></a>, <a href='#Page_25'><b>25</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Government House, <a href='#Page_1'><b>1</b></a>, <a href='#Page_2'><b>2</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Governor's Room, City Hall, <a href='#Page_36'><b>36</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Grace Church, <a href='#Page_58'><b>58</b></a>, <a href='#Page_175'><b>175</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Gramercy Park, <a href='#Page_179'><b>179</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Graveyard, Jewish, <a href='#Page_50'><b>50</b></a>, <a href='#Page_116'><b>116</b></a>, <a href='#Page_117'><b>117</b></a>, <a href='#Page_122'><b>122</b></a>, <a href='#Page_123'><b>123</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" Paupers', <a href='#Page_34'><b>34</b></a>, <a href='#Page_114'><b>114</b></a>, <a href='#Page_115'><b>115</b></a>, <a href='#Page_181'><b>181</b></a>, <a href='#Page_197'><b>197</b></a>, <a href='#Page_204'><b>204</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" St. John's, <a href='#Page_105'><b>105</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" St. Paul's, <a href='#Page_155'><b>155</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" Trinity, <a href='#Page_59'><b>59</b></a>, <a href='#Page_60'><b>60</b></a>, <a href='#Page_61'><b>61</b></a>, <a href='#Page_62'><b>62</b></a>, <a href='#Page_63'><b>63</b></a>, <a href='#Page_64'><b>64</b></a>, <a href='#Page_65'><b>65</b></a>, <a href='#Page_66'><b>66</b></a>, <a href='#Page_67'><b>67</b></a>, <a href='#Page_68'><b>68</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" New York City Marble, <a href='#Page_154'><b>154</b></a>, <a href='#Page_155'><b>155</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" New York Marble, <a href='#Page_151'><b>151</b></a>, <a href='#Page_152'><b>152</b></a>, <a href='#Page_153'><b>153</b></a>, <a href='#Page_154'><b>154</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Great Bouwerie, <a href='#Page_157'><b>157</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Great Kiln Road, <a href='#Page_118'><b>118</b></a>, <a href='#Page_121'><b>121</b></a>, <a href='#Page_122'><b>122</b></a>, <a href='#Page_125'><b>125</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Great Queen Street, <a href='#Page_12'><b>12</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Greenwich Avenue, <a href='#Page_116'><b>116</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" Lane, <a href='#Page_116'><b>116</b></a>, <a href='#Page_166'><b>166</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" Road, <a href='#Page_80'><b>80</b></a>, <a href='#Page_81'><b>81</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" Street, <a href='#Page_80'><b>80</b></a>, <a href='#Page_81'><b>81</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" Village, <a href='#Page_98'><b>98</b></a>, <a href='#Page_99'><b>99</b></a>, <a href='#Page_100'><b>100</b></a>, <a href='#Page_101'><b>101</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Grove Street, <a href='#Page_108'><b>108</b></a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hale, Nathan, <a href='#Page_38'><b>38</b></a>, <a href='#Page_135'><b>135</b></a>, <a href='#Page_204'><b>204</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hall of Records, <a href='#Page_34'><b>34</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hamilton, Alexander, Grave of, <a href='#Page_66'><b>66</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hamilton, Alexander, Home of, <a href='#Page_18'><b>18</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hamilton, Philip, <a href='#Page_67'><b>67</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Haunted House, <a href='#Page_165'><b>165</b></a>, <a href='#Page_166'><b>166</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Holland, Joseph, <a href='#Page_193'><b>193</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Holt's Hotel, <a href='#Page_21'><b>21</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hone, Philip, <a href='#Page_159'><b>159</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Horse and Cart Street, <a href='#Page_26'><b>26</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hosack Botanical Garden, <a href='#Page_82'><b>82</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hosack, David, <a href='#Page_202'><b>202</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Hotel, Astor, <a href='#Page_78'><b>78</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" City, <a href='#Page_73'><b>73</b></a>, <a href='#Page_74'><b>74</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" Fifth Avenue, <a href='#Page_185'><b>185</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" Holt's, <a href='#Page_21'><b>21</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" Metropolitan, <a href='#Page_147'><b>147</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" Riley's Fifth Ward, <a href='#Page_89'><b>89</b></a>, <a href='#Page_90'><b>90</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" St. Nicholas, <a href='#Page_145'><b>145</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" Tremont, <a href='#Page_149'><b>149</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" United States, <a href='#Page_20'><b>20</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Houghton, Rev. Dr. George H., <a href='#Page_194'><b>194</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">House of Aaron Burr, <a href='#Page_18'><b>18</b></a>, <a href='#Page_104'><b>104</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">House, First, of White Men, <a href='#Page_56'><b>56</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">House of James Fenimore Cooper, <a href='#Page_147'><b>147</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">House of Peter Cooper, <a href='#Page_191'><b>191</b></a>, <a href='#Page_192'><b>192</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">House of John Coutant, <a href='#Page_161'><b>161</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">House of the De Lanceys, <a href='#Page_10'><b>10</b></a>, <a href='#Page_72'><b>72</b></a>, <a href='#Page_73'><b>73</b></a>, <a href='#Page_74'><b>74</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">House of Alexander Hamilton, <a href='#Page_18'><b>18</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">House of Thomas Paine, <a href='#Page_107'><b>107</b></a>, <a href='#Page_108'><b>108</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">House of President Monroe, <a href='#Page_145'><b>145</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">House of Refuge, <a href='#Page_182'><b>182</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">House of Charlotte Temple, <a href='#Page_48'><b>48</b></a>, <a href='#Page_167'><b>167</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">House of Francis Bayard Winthrop, <a href='#Page_201'><b>201</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Houston Street, <a href='#Page_150'><b>150</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Howe, Sir William, <a href='#Page_205'><b>205</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Huguenot Memorials in Trinity Churchyard, <a href='#Page_69'><b>69</b></a>, <a href='#Page_71'><b>71</b></a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Inclenberg, <a href='#Page_199'><b>199</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Institution for the Instruction of the Deaf and Dumb, <a href='#Page_202'><b>202</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Island of Manhattan, <a href='#Page_138'><b>138</b></a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Jack-knife," The, <a href='#Page_23'><b>23</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jail in City Hall Park, <a href='#Page_34'><b>34</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">James Street, <a href='#Page_133'><b>133</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jans' Farm, <a href='#Page_59'><b>59</b></a>, <a href='#Page_60'><b>60</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jeanette Park, <a href='#Page_13'><b>13</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jefferson, Joseph, <a href='#Page_193'><b>193</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jewish Graveyard in New Bowery, <a href='#Page_50'><b>50</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jewish Graveyard in Eleventh Street, <a href='#Page_116'><b>116</b></a>, <a href='#Page_117'><b>117</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jewish Graveyard in Twenty-first Street, <a href='#Page_117'><b>117</b></a>, <a href='#Page_122'><b>122</b></a>, <a href='#Page_123'><b>123</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John Street, <a href='#Page_26'><b>26</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John Street Church, <a href='#Page_26'><b>26</b></a>, <a href='#Page_161'><b>161</b></a>, <a href='#Page_162'><b>162</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">John Street Theatre, <a href='#Page_26'><b>26</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jones' Woods,<a href='#Page_208'><b>208</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Jumel, Mme., <a href='#Page_40'><b>40</b></a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Keene, Laura, Theatre of, <a href='#Page_147'><b>147</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">King's College, <a href='#Page_82'><b>82</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">King's Farm, <a href='#Page_59'><b>59</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kip's Bay, <a href='#Page_200'><b>200</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kip, Jacob, <a href='#Page_200'><b>200</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kipsborough, <a href='#Page_183'><b>183</b></a>, <a href='#Page_200'><b>200</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Kissing Bridge, <a href='#Page_47'><b>47</b></a>, <a href='#Page_184'><b>184</b></a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lawrence, Capt., Grave of, <a href='#Page_68'><b>68</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lafarge House, <a href='#Page_148'><b>148</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lafayette, General, <a href='#Page_172'><b>172</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lafayette Place, <a href='#Page_167'><b>167</b></a>, <a href='#Page_170'><b>170</b></a>, <a href='#Page_171'><b>171</b></a>, <a href='#Page_172'><b>172</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">La Grange Terrace, <a href='#Page_172'><b>172</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Leeson, James, Grave of, <a href='#Page_64'><b>64</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Leisler, Jacob, Where Hanged, <a href='#Page_31'><b>31</b></a>, <a href='#Page_32'><b>32</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lich Gate of Little Church Around the Corner, <a href='#Page_194'><b>194</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Light Guards, <a href='#Page_7'><b>7</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lind, Jenny, <a href='#Page_5'><b>5</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Lispenard's Meadows, <a href='#Page_80'><b>80</b></a>, <a href='#Page_93'><b>93</b></a>, <a href='#Page_94'><b>94</b></a>, <a href='#Page_95'><b>95</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Little Church Around the Corner, <a href='#Page_192'><b>192</b></a>, <a href='#Page_193'><b>193</b></a>, <a href='#Page_194'><b>194</b></a>, <a href='#Page_195'><b>195</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Logan, the Friend of the White Man, <a href='#Page_70'><b>70</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">London Terrace, <a href='#Page_129'><b>129</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Love Lane, <a href='#Page_121'><b>121</b></a>, <a href='#Page_124'><b>124</b></a>, <a href='#Page_125'><b>125</b></a>, <a href='#Page_126'><b>126</b></a>, <a href='#Page_128'><b>128</b></a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Macneven, William James, <a href='#Page_77'><b>77</b></a>, <a href='#Page_155'><b>155</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Macomb's Mansion, <a href='#Page_57'><b>57</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Macready-Forrest Riots, <a href='#Page_168'><b>168</b></a>, <a href='#Page_169'><b>169</b></a>, <a href='#Page_170'><b>170</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Macready, William Charles, <a href='#Page_168'><b>168</b></a>, <a href='#Page_169'><b>169</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Madison Square, <a href='#Page_182'><b>182</b></a>, <a href='#Page_183'><b>183</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Madison Square Presbyterian Church, <a href='#Page_186'><b>186</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Madison Street, <a href='#Page_134'><b>134</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Maiden Lane, <a href='#Page_13'><b>13</b></a>, <a href='#Page_22'><b>22</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mandelbaum, "Mother", <a href='#Page_141'><b>141</b></a>, <a href='#Page_142'><b>142</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Manetta Brook, <a href='#Page_99'><b>99</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Manetta Creek, <a href='#Page_113'><b>113</b></a>, <a href='#Page_114'><b>114</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Manhattan Island, <a href='#Page_137'><b>137</b></a>, <a href='#Page_138'><b>138</b></a>, <a href='#Page_142'><b>142</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Manhattan Market, <a href='#Page_139'><b>139</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marble Houses on Broadway, <a href='#Page_148'><b>148</b></a>, <a href='#Page_149'><b>149</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mariners' Church, <a href='#Page_133'><b>133</b></a>, <a href='#Page_134'><b>134</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mariners' Temple, <a href='#Page_133'><b>133</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Market, Country, <a href='#Page_75'><b>75</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" Essex, <a href='#Page_143'><b>143</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" Exterior, <a href='#Page_75'><b>75</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" Fish, <a href='#Page_75'><b>75</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" Fly, <a href='#Page_23'><b>23</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" Manhattan, <a href='#Page_139'><b>139</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" Meal, <a href='#Page_20'><b>20</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" Uptown, <a href='#Page_74'><b>74</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" Washington, <a href='#Page_74'><b>74</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Marketfield Street, <a href='#Page_8'><b>8</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Martyrs' Monument, <a href='#Page_63'><b>63</b></a>, <a href='#Page_64'><b>64</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Masonic Hall, <a href='#Page_87'><b>87</b></a>, <a href='#Page_88'><b>88</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Meal Market, <a href='#Page_20'><b>20</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Medical College Hall, <a href='#Page_195'><b>195</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mercantile Library, <a href='#Page_28'><b>28</b></a>, <a href='#Page_29'><b>29</b></a>, <a href='#Page_170'><b>170</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Merchants' Exchange, <a href='#Page_16'><b>16</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Metropolitan Hall, <a href='#Page_148'><b>148</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Metropolitan Hotel, <a href='#Page_147'><b>147</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Middle Dutch Reformed Church, <a href='#Page_21'><b>21</b></a>, <a href='#Page_22'><b>22</b></a>, <a href='#Page_171'><b>171</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Middle Road, <a href='#Page_192'><b>192</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mile Stone, <a href='#Page_143'><b>143</b></a>, <a href='#Page_178'><b>178</b></a>, <a href='#Page_204'><b>204</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Military Prison Window, <a href='#Page_41'><b>41</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Milligan's Lane, <a href='#Page_117'><b>117</b></a>, <a href='#Page_118'><b>118</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Minetta Street, <a href='#Page_99'><b>99</b></a>, <a href='#Page_113'><b>113</b></a>, <a href='#Page_114'><b>114</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Monroe, President James, <a href='#Page_145'><b>145</b></a>, <a href='#Page_155'><b>155</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Montgomery, General, <a href='#Page_76'><b>76</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Monument Lane, <a href='#Page_115'><b>115</b></a>, <a href='#Page_166'><b>166</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Moore, Bishop Benjamin, <a href='#Page_127'><b>127</b></a>, <a href='#Page_128'><b>128</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Moore, Clement C., <a href='#Page_128'><b>128</b></a>, <a href='#Page_129'><b>129</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Morris Street, <a href='#Page_56'><b>56</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Morse, Samuel F. B., <a href='#Page_5'><b>5</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Morton, General Jacob, <a href='#Page_7'><b>7</b></a>, <a href='#Page_37'><b>37</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Morton, John, <a href='#Page_6'><b>6</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mount Pitt, <a href='#Page_137'><b>137</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mount Pitt Circus, <a href='#Page_137'><b>137</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Mulberry Bend, <a href='#Page_43'><b>43</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Murder of Dr. Burdell, <a href='#Page_149'><b>149</b></a>, <a href='#Page_150'><b>150</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Murder of Mary Rogers, <a href='#Page_145'><b>145</b></a>, <a href='#Page_146'><b>146</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Murderers' Row, <a href='#Page_97'><b>97</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Murray Family, <a href='#Page_199'><b>199</b></a>, <a href='#Page_200'><b>200</b></a>, <a href='#Page_201'><b>201</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Murray Farm, <a href='#Page_200'><b>200</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Murray Hill, <a href='#Page_199'><b>199</b></a>, <a href='#Page_200'><b>200</b></a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nassau Street, <a href='#Page_17'><b>17</b></a>, <a href='#Page_18'><b>18</b></a>, <a href='#Page_21'><b>21</b></a>, <a href='#Page_22'><b>22</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nean, Elias, Grave of, <a href='#Page_71'><b>71</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nean, Susannah, Grave of, <a href='#Page_71'><b>71</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Negro Insurrection, <a href='#Page_42'><b>42</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">New Jerusalem Church, <a href='#Page_89'><b>89</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">New York City Marble Cemetery, <a href='#Page_154'><b>154</b></a>, <a href='#Page_155'><b>155</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">New York Hospital, <a href='#Page_88'><b>88</b></a>, <a href='#Page_89'><b>89</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">New York Institute, <a href='#Page_37'><b>37</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">New York Marble Cemetery, <a href='#Page_151'><b>151</b></a>, <a href='#Page_152'><b>152</b></a>, <a href='#Page_153'><b>153</b></a>, <a href='#Page_154'><b>154</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">New York Society Library, <a href='#Page_119'><b>119</b></a>, <a href='#Page_120'><b>120</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">New York Theatre, <a href='#Page_170'><b>170</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">New York Theatre and Metropolitan Opera House, <a href='#Page_148'><b>148</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Niblo's Garden, <a href='#Page_146'><b>146</b></a>, <a href='#Page_147'><b>147</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Niblo's Theatre, <a href='#Page_146'><b>146</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Nicholas William Street, <a href='#Page_161'><b>161</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">North Street, <a href='#Page_150'><b>150</b></a>, <a href='#Page_151'><b>151</b></a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Obelisk Lane, <a href='#Page_115'><b>115</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Old Brewery", <a href='#Page_44'><b>44</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Oldest Grave in Trinity Churchyard, <a href='#Page_61'><b>61</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Old Guard, <a href='#Page_7'><b>7</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Oliver Street, <a href='#Page_133'><b>133</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Oliver Street Baptist Church, <a href='#Page_133'><b>133</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Orphan Asylum, Roman Catholic, <a href='#Page_203'><b>203</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Olympic Theatre, <a href='#Page_96'><b>96</b></a>, <a href='#Page_147'><b>147</b></a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Paine, Thomas, Home of, <a href='#Page_107'><b>107</b></a>, <a href='#Page_108'><b>108</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Paisley Place, <a href='#Page_122'><b>122</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Palmo Opera House, <a href='#Page_39'><b>39</b></a>, <a href='#Page_87'><b>87</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Parade-Ground, <a href='#Page_181'><b>181</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Park, Battery, <a href='#Page_4'><b>4</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">" Bryant, <a href='#Page_114'><b>114</b></a>, <a href='#Page_197'><b>197</b></a>, <a href='#Page_198'><b>198</b></a>, <a href='#Page_199'><b>199</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">" Central, <a href='#Page_207'><b>207</b></a>, <a href='#Page_208'><b>208</b></a>, <a href='#Page_209'><b>209</b></a>, <a href='#Page_210'><b>210</b></a>, <a href='#Page_211'><b>211</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">" City Hall, <a href='#Page_34'><b>34</b></a>, <a href='#Page_35'><b>35</b></a>, <a href='#Page_36'><b>36</b></a>, <a href='#Page_37'><b>37</b></a>, <a href='#Page_38'><b>38</b></a>, <a href='#Page_39'><b>39</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">" Corlears Hook, <a href='#Page_136'><b>136</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">" Gramercy, <a href='#Page_179'><b>179</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">" Hamilton Fish, <a href='#Page_139'><b>139</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">" Jeanette, <a href='#Page_13'><b>13</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1.5em;">" St. John's, <a href='#Page_91'><b>91</b></a>, <a href='#Page_92'><b>92</b></a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Park Row, <a href='#Page_47'><b>47</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Park Theatre (first), <a href='#Page_30'><b>30</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Patti, Adelina, <a href='#Page_148'><b>148</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Payne, John Howard, <a href='#Page_36'><b>36</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pauper Graveyard, <a href='#Page_34'><b>34</b></a>, <a href='#Page_114'><b>114</b></a>, <a href='#Page_115'><b>115</b></a>, <a href='#Page_181'><b>181</b></a>, <a href='#Page_197'><b>197</b></a>, <a href='#Page_204'><b>204</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pearl Street, <a href='#Page_9'><b>9</b></a>, <a href='#Page_11'><b>11</b></a>, <a href='#Page_12'><b>12</b></a>, <a href='#Page_13'><b>13</b></a>, <a href='#Page_14'><b>14</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Peck Slip, <a href='#Page_12'><b>12</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Petticoat Lane, <a href='#Page_8'><b>8</b></a>, <a href='#Page_9'><b>9</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pie Woman's Lane, <a href='#Page_22'><b>22</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Pitt, William, Statue of, <a href='#Page_18'><b>18</b></a>, <a href='#Page_47'><b>47</b></a>, <a href='#Page_90'><b>90</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Platt Street, <a href='#Page_23'><b>23</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Poelnitz, "Baron", <a href='#Page_173'><b>173</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Poor House in City Hall Park, <a href='#Page_34'><b>34</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Post Office, <a href='#Page_21'><b>21</b></a>, <a href='#Page_33'><b>33</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Post Road, <a href='#Page_47'><b>47</b></a>, <a href='#Page_124'><b>124</b></a>, <a href='#Page_125'><b>125</b></a>, <a href='#Page_180'><b>180</b></a>, <a href='#Page_181'><b>181</b></a>, <a href='#Page_182'><b>182</b></a>, <a href='#Page_204'><b>204</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Potter's Field, Bryant Park, <a href='#Page_114'><b>114</b></a>, <a href='#Page_197'><b>197</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Potter's Field, City Hall Park, <a href='#Page_34'><b>34</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Potter's Field, Madison Square, <a href='#Page_181'><b>181</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Potter's Field, Third Avenue, <a href='#Page_204'><b>204</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Potter's Field, Washington Square, <a href='#Page_114'><b>114</b></a>, <a href='#Page_115'><b>115</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Printing-Press, First in Colony, <a href='#Page_13'><b>13</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prison Manufactures, <a href='#Page_110'><b>110</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prison Riots, <a href='#Page_111'><b>111</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Prison, State, <a href='#Page_109'><b>109</b></a>, <a href='#Page_110'><b>110</b></a>, <a href='#Page_111'><b>111</b></a>, <a href='#Page_112'><b>112</b></a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Queen's Farm, <a href='#Page_59'><b>59</b></a>, <a href='#Page_81'><b>81</b></a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rachel, the Actress, <a href='#Page_148'><b>148</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Rag Gang", <a href='#Page_201'><b>201</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Randall, Robert Richard, <a href='#Page_173'><b>173</b></a>, <a href='#Page_174'><b>174</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ranelagh Garden, <a href='#Page_94'><b>94</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Red Fort, <a href='#Page_92'><b>92</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Reservoir Square, <a href='#Page_198'><b>198</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Revolutionary House, <a href='#Page_79'><b>79</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Revolutionary War, First Blood of, <a href='#Page_24'><b>24</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Richmond Hill, <a href='#Page_103'><b>103</b></a>, <a href='#Page_104'><b>104</b></a>, <a href='#Page_105'><b>105</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Riley's Fifth Ward Hotel, <a href='#Page_89'><b>89</b></a>, <a href='#Page_90'><b>90</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Road, Abingdon, <a href='#Page_123'><b>123</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" Boston Post, <a href='#Page_183'><b>183</b></a>, <a href='#Page_192'><b>192</b></a>, <a href='#Page_199'><b>199</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" Bowery, <a href='#Page_47'><b>47</b></a>, <a href='#Page_128'><b>128</b></a>, <a href='#Page_163'><b>163</b></a>, <a href='#Page_164'><b>164</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" Fitzroy, <a href='#Page_126'><b>126</b></a>, <a href='#Page_128'><b>128</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" Great Kiln, <a href='#Page_118'><b>118</b></a>, <a href='#Page_121'><b>121</b></a>, <a href='#Page_122'><b>122</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" Greenwich, <a href='#Page_80'><b>80</b></a>, <a href='#Page_81'><b>81</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" Middle, <a href='#Page_192'><b>192</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" Post, <a href='#Page_47'><b>47</b></a>, <a href='#Page_124'><b>124</b></a>, <a href='#Page_125'><b>125</b></a>, <a href='#Page_180'><b>180</b></a>, <a href='#Page_181'><b>181</b></a>, <a href='#Page_182'><b>182</b></a>, <a href='#Page_204'><b>204</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" Skinner, <a href='#Page_117'><b>117</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" Southampton, <a href='#Page_117'><b>117</b></a>, <a href='#Page_120'><b>120</b></a>, <a href='#Page_125'><b>125</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" Union, <a href='#Page_117'><b>117</b></a>, <a href='#Page_118'><b>118</b></a>, <a href='#Page_119'><b>119</b></a>, <a href='#Page_120'><b>120</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" Warren, <a href='#Page_126'><b>126</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rogers, Mary, Murder of, <a href='#Page_145'><b>145</b></a>, <a href='#Page_146'><b>146</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rotunda in City Hall Park, <a href='#Page_37'><b>37</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ruggles, Samuel B., <a href='#Page_180'><b>180</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rutgers, Anthony, <a href='#Page_92'><b>92</b></a>, <a href='#Page_93'><b>93</b></a>, <a href='#Page_94'><b>94</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rutgers, Col. Henry, <a href='#Page_135'><b>135</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Rutgers Farm, <a href='#Page_135'><b>135</b></a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sailors' Snug Harbor, <a href='#Page_173'><b>173</b></a>, <a href='#Page_174'><b>174</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">St. Ann's Church, <a href='#Page_167'><b>167</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">St. Gaudens, Augustus, <a href='#Page_165'><b>165</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">St. George's Church, <a href='#Page_29'><b>29</b></a>, <a href='#Page_179'><b>179</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">St. George Square, <a href='#Page_51'><b>51</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">St. James Street, <a href='#Page_133'><b>133</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">St. John's Burying-Ground, <a href='#Page_105'><b>105</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">St. John's Church, <a href='#Page_91'><b>91</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">St. John's Park, <a href='#Page_91'><b>91</b></a>, <a href='#Page_92'><b>92</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">St. Mark's Church, <a href='#Page_86'><b>86</b></a>, <a href='#Page_156'><b>156</b></a>, <a href='#Page_158'><b>158</b></a>, <a href='#Page_159'><b>159</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">St. Mary's Church, <a href='#Page_137'><b>137</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">St. Nicholas Hotel, <a href='#Page_145'><b>145</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">St. Patrick's Cathedral, <a href='#Page_203'><b>203</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">St. Patrick's Church, <a href='#Page_144'><b>144</b></a>, <a href='#Page_145'><b>145</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">St. Paul's Chapel, <a href='#Page_75'><b>75</b></a>, <a href='#Page_76'><b>76</b></a>, <a href='#Page_77'><b>77</b></a>, <a href='#Page_78'><b>78</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">St. Paul's Churchyard, <a href='#Page_155'><b>155</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">St. Peter's Church, <a href='#Page_81'><b>81</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Savings Bank, the First, <a href='#Page_37'><b>37</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Schroeder, Rev. Dr., <a href='#Page_167'><b>167</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Scudder's Museum, <a href='#Page_37'><b>37</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Second East River Bridge, <a href='#Page_137'><b>137</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Second Street Methodist Church, <a href='#Page_156'><b>156</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sewing Machine Exhibited, <a href='#Page_87'><b>87</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Shakespeare Tavern, <a href='#Page_27'><b>27</b></a>, <a href='#Page_28'><b>28</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Shearith Israel Graveyard, <a href='#Page_50'><b>50</b></a>, <a href='#Page_116'><b>116</b></a>, <a href='#Page_122'><b>122</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sheep Pasture, <a href='#Page_8'><b>8</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Shot Tower, <a href='#Page_206'><b>206</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Shipyards, <a href='#Page_134'><b>134</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Skinner Road, <a href='#Page_117'><b>117</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Smit's V'lei, <a href='#Page_22'><b>22</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Southampton, Baron, <a href='#Page_109'><b>109</b></a>, <a href='#Page_122'><b>122</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Southampton Road, <a href='#Page_117'><b>117</b></a>, <a href='#Page_120'><b>120</b></a>, <a href='#Page_125'><b>125</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sperry, John, <a href='#Page_163'><b>163</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Spring Street Presbyterian Church, <a href='#Page_102'><b>102</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Spring Valley Farm, <a href='#Page_207'><b>207</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stadhuis Site, <a href='#Page_7'><b>7</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stadt Huys, <a href='#Page_12'><b>12</b></a>, <a href='#Page_15'><b>15</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">State Prison, <a href='#Page_109'><b>109</b></a>, <a href='#Page_110'><b>110</b></a>, <a href='#Page_111'><b>111</b></a>, <a href='#Page_112'><b>112</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">State Street, <a href='#Page_5'><b>5</b></a>, <a href='#Page_6'><b>6</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stewart, Alexander T., <a href='#Page_85'><b>85</b></a>, <a href='#Page_86'><b>86</b></a>, <a href='#Page_159'><b>159</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stewart Mansion, <a href='#Page_86'><b>86</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stone Street, <a href='#Page_15'><b>15</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stuyvesant's Creek, <a href='#Page_142'><b>142</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stuyvesant's Pear Tree, <a href='#Page_160'><b>160</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stuyvesant, Peter, <a href='#Page_16'><b>16</b></a>, <a href='#Page_156'><b>156</b></a>, <a href='#Page_157'><b>157</b></a>, <a href='#Page_158'><b>158</b></a>, <a href='#Page_159'><b>159</b></a>, <a href='#Page_160'><b>160</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stuyvesant's Pond, <a href='#Page_179'><b>179</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Stuyvesant Street, <a href='#Page_167'><b>167</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sub-Treasury Building, <a href='#Page_18'><b>18</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">"Suicide Slip", <a href='#Page_95'><b>95</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Sunday School, the First, <a href='#Page_161'><b>161</b></a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tammany Hall, <a href='#Page_32'><b>32</b></a>, <a href='#Page_33'><b>33</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tattersall's, <a href='#Page_95'><b>95</b></a>, <a href='#Page_96'><b>96</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tea Water Pump, <a href='#Page_48'><b>48</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Temple, Charlotte, Tomb of, <a href='#Page_62'><b>62</b></a>, <a href='#Page_63'><b>63</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Temple, Charlotte, Home of, <a href='#Page_48'><b>48</b></a>, <a href='#Page_167'><b>167</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tenement House, the First, <a href='#Page_136'><b>136</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Ten Eyck, Conraet, <a href='#Page_13'><b>13</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tompkins, Daniel D., <a href='#Page_159'><b>159</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thames Street, <a href='#Page_72'><b>72</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Theatre Alley, <a href='#Page_31'><b>31</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Theatre, Academy of Music, <a href='#Page_178'><b>178</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" Astor Place Opera House, <a href='#Page_168'><b>168</b></a>, <a href='#Page_169'><b>169</b></a>, <a href='#Page_170'><b>170</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Theatre, Bowery, <a href='#Page_49'><b>49</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" Broadway, <a href='#Page_97'><b>97</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" Brougham's, <a href='#Page_97'><b>97</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" Burton's, <a href='#Page_39'><b>39</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" Laura Keene's, <a href='#Page_147'><b>147</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" John Street, <a href='#Page_26'><b>26</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" Metropolitan Hall, <a href='#Page_148'><b>148</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" New York, <a href='#Page_170'><b>170</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" New York Theatre and Metropolitan Opera House, <a href='#Page_148'><b>148</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" Niblo's, <a href='#Page_146'><b>146</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" Olympic, <a href='#Page_96'><b>96</b></a>, <a href='#Page_147'><b>147</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" Palmo's, <a href='#Page_39'><b>39</b></a>, <a href='#Page_87'><b>87</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" Park, <a href='#Page_30'><b>30</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" Tripler Hall, <a href='#Page_148'><b>148</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" Wallack's, <a href='#Page_97'><b>97</b></a>, <a href='#Page_176'><b>176</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 2em;">" Winter Garden, <a href='#Page_148'><b>148</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thompson's Inn, Corporal, <a href='#Page_185'><b>185</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Thorne, Charles R., <a href='#Page_170'><b>170</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tilden, Astor and Lenox Libraries, <a href='#Page_199'><b>199</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tin Pot Alley, <a href='#Page_57'><b>57</b></a>, <a href='#Page_58'><b>58</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tombs, <a href='#Page_41'><b>41</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tompkins Blues, <a href='#Page_7'><b>7</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tontine Coffee House, <a href='#Page_19'><b>19</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tontine Society, <a href='#Page_19'><b>19</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tremont House, <a href='#Page_149'><b>149</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Trinity Church, <a href='#Page_20'><b>20</b></a>, <a href='#Page_56'><b>56</b></a>, <a href='#Page_58'><b>58</b></a>, <a href='#Page_60'><b>60</b></a>, <a href='#Page_61'><b>61</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Trinity Churchyard, <a href='#Page_58'><b>58</b></a>, <a href='#Page_59'><b>59</b></a>, <a href='#Page_60'><b>60</b></a>, <a href='#Page_61'><b>61</b></a>, <a href='#Page_62'><b>62</b></a>, <a href='#Page_63'><b>63</b></a>, <a href='#Page_64'><b>64</b></a>, <a href='#Page_65'><b>65</b></a>, <a href='#Page_66'><b>66</b></a>, <a href='#Page_67'><b>67</b></a>, <a href='#Page_68'><b>68</b></a>, <a href='#Page_69'><b>69</b></a>,</span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 3em;"><a href='#Page_70'><b>70</b></a>, <a href='#Page_71'><b>71</b></a>, <a href='#Page_72'><b>72</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Tripler Hall, <a href='#Page_148'><b>148</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Turtle Bay, <a href='#Page_184'><b>184</b></a>, <a href='#Page_201'><b>201</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Turtle Bay Farm, <a href='#Page_201'><b>201</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Twenty-first Street, <a href='#Page_124'><b>124</b></a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Union Place, <a href='#Page_177'><b>177</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Union Road, <a href='#Page_117'><b>117</b></a>, <a href='#Page_118'><b>118</b></a>, <a href='#Page_119'><b>119</b></a>, <a href='#Page_120'><b>120</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Union Square, <a href='#Page_175'><b>175</b></a>, <a href='#Page_177'><b>177</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">United New Netherland Company, <a href='#Page_2'><b>2</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">United States Hotel, <a href='#Page_20'><b>20</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Uptown Market, <a href='#Page_74'><b>74</b></a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Van Hoboken, Hermanus, <a href='#Page_157'><b>157</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vauxhall Garden (first), <a href='#Page_84'><b>84</b></a>, <a href='#Page_163'><b>163</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Vauxhall Garden (last), <a href='#Page_163'><b>163</b></a>, <a href='#Page_164'><b>164</b></a>, <a href='#Page_170'><b>170</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Virgin's Path, <a href='#Page_22'><b>22</b></a></span><br /> +<br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wall, City's, <a href='#Page_16'><b>16</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wall Street, <a href='#Page_9'><b>9</b></a>, <a href='#Page_13'><b>13</b></a>, <a href='#Page_16'><b>16</b></a>, <a href='#Page_17'><b>17</b></a>, <a href='#Page_19'><b>19</b></a>, <a href='#Page_20'><b>20</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wall Street, Trees in, <a href='#Page_20'><b>20</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wallack, James W., <a href='#Page_176'><b>176</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wallack's Lyceum, <a href='#Page_97'><b>97</b></a>, <a href='#Page_176'><b>176</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Warren, Ann, <a href='#Page_109'><b>109</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Warren, Charlotte, <a href='#Page_109'><b>109</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Warren Road, <a href='#Page_126'><b>126</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Warren, Sir Peter, <a href='#Page_100'><b>100</b></a>, <a href='#Page_108'><b>108</b></a>, <a href='#Page_109'><b>109</b></a>, <a href='#Page_124'><b>124</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Warren, Susannah, <a href='#Page_109'><b>109</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Washington Inaugurated, <a href='#Page_17'><b>17</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Washington Inauguration Ball, <a href='#Page_73'><b>73</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Washington's Broadway Home, <a href='#Page_57'><b>57</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Washington Hall, <a href='#Page_85'><b>85</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Washington's Headquarters, <a href='#Page_11'><b>11</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Washington's Headquarters at Richmond Hill, <a href='#Page_104'><b>104</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Washington's Home in Franklin House, <a href='#Page_50'><b>50</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Washington's Pew in St. Paul's Chapel, <a href='#Page_76'><b>76</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Washington Market, <a href='#Page_74'><b>74</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Washington Statue in Union Square, <a href='#Page_177'><b>177</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Washington Tablet, <a href='#Page_37'><b>37</b></a>, <a href='#Page_90'><b>90</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Washington Square, <a href='#Page_113'><b>113</b></a>, <a href='#Page_115'><b>115</b></a>, <a href='#Page_172'><b>172</b></a>, <a href='#Page_181'><b>181</b></a>, <a href='#Page_197'><b>197</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Water Tank, <a href='#Page_176'><b>176</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Weavers' Row, <a href='#Page_122'><b>122</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Well in Broadway, <a href='#Page_149'><b>149</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Well in Rivington Street, <a href='#Page_141'><b>141</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Well of William Cox, <a href='#Page_13'><b>13</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">West Broadway, <a href='#Page_83'><b>83</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">West's Circus, <a href='#Page_95'><b>95</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">West India Co., <a href='#Page_2'><b>2</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Whitehall Street, <a href='#Page_8'><b>8</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wiehawken Street, <a href='#Page_112'><b>112</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">William Street, <a href='#Page_16'><b>16</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Window of Military Prison, <a href='#Page_40'><b>40</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Winter Garden, <a href='#Page_148'><b>148</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Winthrop, Francis Bayard, <a href='#Page_201'><b>201</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wolfe, Gen., Statue of, <a href='#Page_115'><b>115</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">World's Fair Grounds, <a href='#Page_198'><b>198</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Worth Monument, <a href='#Page_184'><b>184</b></a>, <a href='#Page_185'><b>185</b></a></span><br /> +<span style="margin-left: 1em;">Wreck Brook, <a href='#Page_41'><b>41</b></a></span><br /> +</p> + + + + + + + + +<pre> + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Nooks and Corners of Old New York, by +Charles Hemstreet + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOOKS AND CORNERS OF OLD NEW YORK *** + +***** This file should be named 39789-h.htm or 39789-h.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/9/7/8/39789/ + +Produced by Annie R. 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You may copy it, give it away or +re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included +with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org + + +Title: Nooks and Corners of Old New York + +Author: Charles Hemstreet + +Illustrator: E. C. Peixotto + +Release Date: May 25, 2012 [EBook #39789] + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + +*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOOKS AND CORNERS OF OLD NEW YORK *** + + + + +Produced by Annie R. McGuire. This book was produced from +scanned images of public domain material from the Internet +Archive. + + + + + + + + + +_Nooks & Corners_ +_of_ +Old New York + + +By +Charles Hemftreet + + +_Illustrated_ +_By_ +E. C. Peixotto + + +New York +Charles Scribner's Sons +MDCCCCV + + + + +COPYRIGHT, 1899 +BY CHARLES SCRIBNER'S SONS +NEW YORK + + + + +_INTRODUCTORY NOTE_ + + +The points of interest referred to in this book are to be found in the +lower part of the Island of Manhattan. + +Settlements having early been made in widely separated parts of the +island, streets were laid out from each settlement as they were needed +without regard to the city as a whole; with the result that as the city +grew the streets lengthened and those of the various sections met at +every conceivable angle. This resulted in a tangle detrimental to the +city's interests, and in 1807 a Commission was appointed to devise a +City Plan that should protect the interests of the _whole_ community. + +A glance at a city map will show the confusion of streets at the lower +end of the island and the regularity brought about under the City Plan +above Houston Street on the east, and Fourteenth Street on the west +side. + +The plan adopted by the Commission absolutely disregarded the natural +topography of the island, and resulted in a city of straight lines and +right angles. + + + + +LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS + + + PAGE + No. 7 State Street 6 + Fraunces' Tavern 11 + The "Jack Knife," Gold and Platt Streets 23 + Golden Hill Inn 24 + Cell in the Prison under the Hall of Records 35 + Statue of Nathan Hale, City Hall Park 38 + No. 11 Reade Street, where Aaron Burr had an office 40 + The Tombs 41 + Park Street, with Church of the Transfiguration 44 + Hudson and Watts Streets 55 + Grave of Charlotte Temple 62 + Tomb of Alexander Hamilton 66 + Washington's Pew, St. Paul's Chapel 76 + Montgomery's Tomb 77 + A House of Other Days 79 + "Murderers' Row" 97 + Old Houses, Wiehawken Street 112 + Looking South from Minetta Lane 114 + Old Theological Seminary, Chelsea Square 126 + Church of Sea and Land 135 + Bone Alley 139 + Milestone on the Bowery 143 + Entrance to Marble Cemetery 152 + College of the City of New York 186 + Gate of Old House of Refuge 188 + The Little Church Around the Corner 192 + Milestone on Third Avenue 204 + + + + +NOOKS AND CORNERS +OF OLD NEW YORK + + + + +I + + +[Sidenote: Fort Amsterdam] + +On the centre building of the row which faces bowling Green Park on the +south there is a tablet bearing the words: + + THE SITE OF FORT AMSTERDAM, + BUILT IN 1626. + WITHIN THE FORTIFICATIONS + WAS ERECTED THE FIRST + SUBSTANTIAL CHURCH EDIFICE + ON THE ISLAND OF MANHATTAN. + IN 1787 THE FORT + WAS DEMOLISHED + AND THE GOVERNMENT HOUSE + BUILT UPON THIS SITE + +[Sidenote: Dutch West India Co.] + +This was the starting-point of the settlement which gradually became New +York. In 1614 a stockade, called Fort Manhattan, was built as a +temporary place of shelter for representatives of the United New +Netherland Co., which had been formed to trade with the Indians. This +company was replaced by the Dutch West India Co., with chartered rights +to trade on the American coast, and the first step towards the forming +of a permanent settlement was the building of Fort Amsterdam on the site +of the stockade. + +In 1664 New Amsterdam passed into British possession and became New +York, while Fort Amsterdam became Fort James. Under Queen Anne it was +Fort George, remaining so until demolished in 1787. + +On the Fort's site was built the Government House, intended for +Washington and the Presidents who should follow him. But none ever +occupied it as the seat of government was removed to Philadelphia before +the house was completed. After 1801 it became an office building, and +was demolished in 1815 to make room for the present structures. + +[Sidenote: Bowling Green] + +The tiny patch of grass at the starting-point of Broadway, now called +Bowling Green Park, was originally the centre of sports for colonists, +and has been the scene of many stirring events. The iron railing which +now surrounds it was set up in 1771, having been imported from England +to enclose a lead equestrian statue of King George III. On the posts of +the fence were representations of heads of members of the Royal family. +In 1776, during the Revolution, the statue was dragged down and molded +into bullets, and where the iron heads were knocked from the posts the +fracture can still be seen. + +[Sidenote: The Battery] + +When the English took possession of the city, in 1664, the Fort being +regarded as useless, it was decided to build a Battery to protect the +newly acquired possession. Thus the idea of the Battery was conceived, +although the work was not actually carried out until 1684. + +Beyond the Fort there was a fringe of land with the water reaching to a +point within a line drawn from Water and Whitehall Streets to Greenwich +Street. Sixty years after the Battery was built fifty guns were added, +it having been lightly armed up to that time. + +The Battery was demolished about the same time as the Fort. The land on +which it stood became a small park, retaining the name of the Battery, +and was gradually added to until it became the Battery Park of to-day. + +[Sidenote: Castle Garden] + +A small island, two hundred feet off the Battery, to which it was +connected by a drawbridge, was fortified in 1811 and called Fort +Clinton. The armament was twenty-eight 32-pounders, none of which was +ever fired at an enemy. In 1822 the island was ceded back to the city by +the Federal Government--when the military headquarters were transferred +to Governor's Island--and became a place of amusement under the name of +Castle Garden. It was the first real home of opera in America. General +Lafayette was received there in 1824, and there Samuel F. B. Morse first +demonstrated the possibility of controlling an electric current in 1835. +Jenny Lind, under the management of P. T. Barnum, appeared there in +1850. In 1855 it became a depot for the reception of immigrants; in 1890 +the offices were removed to Ellis Island, and in 1896, after many +postponements, Castle Garden was opened as a public aquarium. + +[Illustration: No. 7 State Street] + +[Sidenote: State Street] + +State Street, facing the Battery, during the latter part of the +eighteenth and the early part of the nineteenth century, was the +fashionable quarter of the city, and on it were the homes of the +wealthy. Several of the old houses still survive. No. 7, now a home for +immigrant Irish girls, was the most conspicuous on the street, and is in +about its original state. At No. 9 lived John Morton, called the "rebel +banker" by the British, because he loaned large sums to the Continental +Congress. His son, General Jacob Morton, occupied the mansion after his +marriage in 1791, and commanded the militia. Long after he became too +infirm to actually command, from the balcony of his home he reviewed on +the Battery parade grounds the Tompkins Blues and the Light Guards. The +veterans of these commands, by legislative enactment in 1868, were +incorporated as the "Old Guard." + +[Sidenote: The "Stadhuis"] + +On the building at 4 and 6 Pearl Street, corner State Street, is a +tablet which reads: + + 1636 1897 + ON THIS SITE STOOD THE "STADHUIS" + OF NEW AMSTERDAM----ERECTED 1636 + THIS TABLET IS PLACED HERE IN LOVING MEMORY + OF THE FIRST DUTCH SETTLERS BY THE + HOLLAND DAMES OF THE NEW + NETHERLANDS AND THE + KNIGHTS OF THE LEGION OF THE CROWN + LAVINIA + KONIGIN + +It was set up October 7, 1897, and marks the supposed site of the first +City Hall. What is claimed by most authorities to be the real site is +at Pearl Street, opposite Coenties Slip. + +Whitehall Street was one of the earliest thoroughfares of the city, and +was originally the open space left on the land side of the Fort. + +[Sidenote: The Beaver's Path] + +Beaver Street was first called the Beaver's Path. It was a ditch, on +either side of which was a path. When houses were built along these +paths they were improved by a rough pavement. At the end of the Beaver's +Path, close to where Broad Street is now, was a swamp, which, before the +pavements were made, had been reclaimed and was known as the Sheep +Pasture. + +[Sidenote: Petticoat Lane] + +Marketfield Street, whose length is less than a block, opens into Broad +Street at No. 72, a few feet from Beaver Street. This is one of the +lost thoroughfares of the city. Almost as old as the city itself, it +once extended past the Fort and continued to the river in what is now +Battery Place. It was then called Petticoat Lane. The first French +Huguenot church was built on it in 1688. Now the Produce Exchange cuts +the street off short and covers the site of the church. + +[Sidenote: Broad Street] + +Through Broad Street, when the town was New Amsterdam, a narrow, +ill-smelling inlet extended to about the present Beaver Street, then +narrowed to a ditch close to Wall Street. The water-front was then at +Pearl Street. Several bridges crossed the inlet, the largest at the +point where Stone Street is. Another gave Bridge Street its name. In +1660 the ways on either side were paved, and soon became a market-place +for citizens who traded with farmers for their products, and with the +Indians who navigated the inlet in their canoes. The locality has ever +since been a centre of exchange. When the inlet was finally filled in it +left the present "Broad" Street. + +Where Beaver Street crosses this thoroughfare, on the northwest corner, +is a tablet: + + TO COMMEMORATE THE GALLANT AND PATRIOTIC + ACT OF MARINUS WILLETT IN HERE SEIZING + JUNE 6, 1775, FROM THE BRITISH FORCES THE + MUSKETS WITH WHICH HE ARMED HIS + TROOPS. THIS TABLET IS ERECTED BY + THE SOCIETY OF THE SONS OF THE + REVOLUTION, NEW YORK, NOV. 12, 1892 + +On one side of the tablet is a bas-relief of the scene showing the +patriots stopping the ammunition wagons. + +[Illustration: Fraunces' Tavern] + +[Sidenote: Fraunces' Tavern] + +Fraunces' Tavern, standing at the southeast corner of Broad and Pearl +Streets, is much the same outwardly as it was when built in 1700, except +that it has two added stories. Etienne De Lancey, a Huguenot nobleman, +built it as his homestead and occupied it for a quarter of a century. It +became a tavern under the direction of Samuel Fraunces in 1762. It was +Washington's headquarters in 1776, and in 1783 he delivered there his +farewell address to his generals. + +[Sidenote: Pearl Street] + +Pearl Street was one of the two early roads leading from the Fort. It +lay along the water front, and extended to a ferry where Peck Slip is +now. The road afterwards became Great Queen Street, and was lined with +shops of store-keepers who sought the Long Island trade. The other road +in time became Broadway. + +On a building at 73 Pearl Street, facing Coenties Slip, is a tablet +which reads: + + THE SITE OF THE + FIRST DUTCH HOUSE OF ENTERTAINMENT + ON THE ISLAND OF MANHATTAN + LATER THE SITE OF THE OLD "STADT HUYS" + OR CITY HALL + THIS TABLET IS PLACED HERE BY + THE HOLLAND SOCIETY OF NEW YORK + SEPTEMBER, 1890 + +[Sidenote: The First City Hall] + +This is the site of the first City Hall of New Amsterdam, built 1642. It +stood by the waterside, for beyond Water Street all the land has been +reclaimed. There was a court room and a prison in the building. Before +it, where the pillars of the elevated road are now, was a cage and a +whipping-post. There was also the public "Well of William Cox." + +Beside the house ran a lane. It is there yet, still called Coenties Lane +as in the days of old. But it is no longer green. Now it is narrow, +paved, and almost lost between tall buildings. + +Opposite Coenties Lane is Coenties Slip, which was an inlet in the days +of the Stadt Huys. The land about was owned by Conraet Ten Eyck, who was +nicknamed Coentje. This in time became Coonchy and was finally +vulgarized to "Quincy." The filling in of this waterway began in 1835 +and the slip is now buried beneath Jeanette Park. The filled-in slip +accounts for the width of the street. For the same reason there is +considerable width at Wall, Maiden Lane and other streets leading to the +water front. + +[Sidenote: First Printing Press in the Colony] + +At 81 Pearl Street, close by Coenties Slip, the first printing-press was +set up by William Bradford, after he was appointed Public Printer in +1693. A tablet marks the site, with the inscription: + + ON THIS SITE + WILLIAM BRADFORD + APPOINTED + PUBLIC PRINTER + APRIL 10, A. D. 1693 + ESTABLISHED THE FIRST + PRINTING PRESS + IN THE + COLONY OF NEW YORK + ERECTED BY THE + NEW YORK + HISTORICAL SOCIETY + APRIL 10, A. D. 1893 + IN COMMEMORATION OF + THE 200TH ANNIVERSARY + OF THE INTRODUCTION + OF PRINTING IN + NEW YORK + +[Sidenote: Fire of 1835] + +Across the way, on a warehouse at 88 Pearl Street, is a marble tablet of +unique design, to commemorate the great fire of 1835, which started in +Merchant Street, burned for nineteen hours, extended over fifty acres +and consumed 402 buildings. + +Directly through the block from this point is Cuyler's Alley, a narrow +way between the houses running off Water Street. Although it is a +hundred years old the only incident connected with its existence that +has crept into the city's history, is a murder. In 1823, a Boston +merchant was waylaid and murdered for his money, and was dragged through +this street for final disposition in the river, but the murderer made so +much noise in his work that the constable heard him and came upon the +abandoned corpse. + +[Sidenote: Stone Street] + +Through a pretty garden at the back of the Stadt Huys, Stone Street was +reached. It was the first street to be laid with cobble-stones (1657), +and so came by its name, which originally had been Brouwer Street. + +Delmonico's establishment at Beaver and William Streets is on the site +of the second of the Delmonico restaurants. (See Fulton and William +Streets.) + +[Sidenote: Flat and Barrack Hill] + +Exchange Place took its name from the Merchants' Exchange, which was +completed in William Street, fronting on Wall, in 1827 (the present +Custom House). Before that date it had been called Garden Street. From +Hanover to Broad Street was a famous place for boys to coast in winter, +and the grade was called "Flat and Barrack Hill." Scarcely more than an +alley now, the street was even narrower once and was given its present +width in 1832. + +[Sidenote: Wall Street] + +Wall Street came by its name naturally, for it was a walled street once. +When war broke out between England and Holland in 1653, Governor Peter +Stuyvesant built the wall along the line of the present street, from +river to river. His object was to form a barrier that should enclose +the city. It was a wall of wood, twelve feet high, with a sloping +breastwork inside. After the wall was removed in 1699, the street came +to be a chief business thoroughfare. + +[Sidenote: Federal Hall] + +A new City Hall, to replace the Stadt Huys, was built in 1699, at Nassau +Street, on the site of the present Sub-Treasury building. In front of +the building was the cage for criminals, stocks and whipping-post. When +independence was declared, this building was converted into a capitol +and was called Federal Hall. The Declaration of Independence was read +from the steps in 1776. President Washington was inaugurated there in +1789. The wide strip of pavement on the west side of Nassau Street at +Wall Street bears evidence of the former existence of Federal Hall. The +latter extended across to the western house line of the present Nassau +Street, and so closed the thoroughfare that a passage-way led around the +building to Nassau Street. When the Sub-Treasury was built in 1836, on +the site of Federal Hall, Nassau Street was opened to Wall, and the +little passage-way was left to form the wide pavement of to-day. + +[Sidenote: Where Alexander Hamilton Lived] + +Alexander Hamilton, in 1789, lived in a house on the south side of Wall +Street at Broad. His slayer, Aaron Burr, then lived back of Federal Hall +in Nassau Street. + +The Custom House at William Street and Wall was completed in 1842. At +this same corner once stood a statue of William Pitt, Earl of Chatham. +In 1776, during the Revolution, the statue was pulled down by British +soldiers, the head cut off and the remainder dragged in the mud. The +people petitioned the Assembly in 1766 to erect the statue to Pitt, as +a recognition of his zealous defence of the American colonies and his +efforts in securing the repeal of the Stamp Act. At the same time +provision was made for the erection of the equestrian statue of George +III in Bowling Green. The statue of Pitt was of marble, and was erected +in 1770. + +[Sidenote: Tontine Coffee House] + +The Tontine Building at the northwest corner of Wall and Water Streets +marks the site of the Tontine Coffee House, a celebrated house for the +interchange of goods and of ideas, and a political centre. It was a +prominent institution in the city, resorted to by the wealthy and +influential. The building was erected in 1794, and conducted by the +Tontine Society of two hundred and three members, each holding a $200 +share. Under their plan all property was to revert to seven survivors of +the original subscribers. The division was made in 1876. + +[Sidenote: Meal Market] + +Close to where the coffee house was built later, a market was set up in +the middle of Wall Street in 1709, and being the public market for the +sale of corn and meal was called the "Meal Market." Cut meat was not +sold there until 1740. In 1731 this market became the only public place +for the sale and hiring of slaves. + +Trinity Church has stood at the head of Wall Street since 1697. Before +1779 the street was filled with tall trees, but during the intensely +cold winter of that year most of them were cut down and used for +kindling. + +The ferry wharf has been at the foot of the street since 1694, when the +water came up as far as Pearl Street. It was here that Washington +landed, coming from Elizabethport after his journey from Virginia, April +23, 1789, to be inaugurated. + +The United States Hotel, Fulton, between Water and Pearl Streets, was +built in 1823 as Holt's Hotel. It was the headquarters for captains of +whaling ships and merchants. A semaphore, or marine telegraph, was on +the cupola, the windmill-like arms of which served to indicate the +arrival of vessels. + +[Sidenote: Middle Dutch Church] + +On the building at the northeast corner of Nassau and Cedar Streets is a +tablet reading: + + HERE STOOD + THE MIDDLE DUTCH CHURCH + DEDICATED A. D. 1729 + MADE A BRITISH MILITARY PRISON 1776 + RESTORED 1790 + OCCUPIED AS THE UNITED STATES POST-OFFICE + 1845-1875 + TAKEN DOWN 1882 + +This church was a notable place of worship; the last in the city to +represent strict simplicity of religious service as contrasted with +modern ease and elegance. The post-office occupied the building until +its removal to the structure it now occupies. The second home of the +Middle Dutch Church was in Lafayette Place. + +[Sidenote: Pie Woman's Lane] + +Nassau Street was opened in 1696, when Teunis de Kay was given the right +to make a cartway from the wall to the commons (now City Hall Park). At +first the street was known as Pie Woman's Lane. + +[Sidenote: The Maiden's Lane] + +Where Maiden Lane is there was once a narrow stream or spring water, +which flowed from about the present Nassau Street. Women went there to +wash their clothing, so that it came to be called the Virgin's Path, and +from that the Maiden's Lane. A blacksmith having set up a shop at the +edge of the stream near the river, the locality took the name of Smit's +V'lei, or the Smith's Valley, afterwards shortened to the V'lei, and +then readily corrupted to "Fly." It was natural, then, when a market +was built on the Maiden's Lane, from Pearl to South Streets, to call it +the Fly Market. This was pulled down in 1823. + +[Illustration: The Jack Knife, Gold & Platt Sts.] + +[Sidenote: The Jack-Knife] + +On Gold Street, northwest corner of Platt Street, is a wedge-shaped +house of curious appearance. It is best seen from the Platt Street side. +When this street was opened in 1834 by Jacob S. Platt, who owned much of +the neighboring land and wanted a street of his own, the house was large +and square and had been a tavern for a great many years. The new street +cut the house to its present strange shape, and it came to be called the +"Jack-knife." + +[Illustration: Golden Hill Inn] + +[Sidenote: Golden Hill] + +Golden Hill, celebrated since the time of the Dutch, is still to be +seen in the high ground around Cliff and Gold Streets. Pearl street near +John shows a sweeping curve where it circled around the hill's base, and +the same sort of curve is seen in Maiden Lane on the south and Fulton +Street on the north. The first blood of the Revolution was shed on this +hill in January, 1770, after the British soldiers had cut down a liberty +pole set up by the Liberty Boys. The fight occurred on open ground back +of an inn which still stands at 122 William Street, and is commemorated +in a tablet on the wall of a building at the corner of John and William +Streets. It reads: + + "GOLDEN HILL" + HERE, JAN. 18, 1770 + THE FIGHT TOOK PLACE BETWEEN THE + "SONS OF LIBERTY" AND THE + BRITISH REGULARS, 16TH FOOT + FIRST BLOODSHED IN THE + WAR OF THE REVOLUTION + +The inn is much the same as in early days, except that many buildings +crowd about it now, and modern paint has made it hideous to antiquarian +eyes. + +[Sidenote: Delmonico's] + +On the east side of William Street, a few doors south of Fulton, John +Delmonico opened a dingy little bake shop in 1823, acted as chef and +waiter, and built up the name and business which to-day is synonymous +with good eating. In 1832 he removed to 23 William Street. Burned out +there in 1835, he soon opened on a larger scale with his brother at +William and Beaver Streets, on which site is still an establishment +under the Delmonico name. In time he set up various places--at Chambers +Street and Broadway; Fourteenth Street and Fifth Avenue; Twenty-sixth +Street and Broadway, and finally at Forty-fourth Street and Fifth +Avenue. + +[Sidenote: John Street Church] + +John Street Church, between Nassau and William Streets, was the first +Methodist Church in America. In 1767 it was organized in a loft at 120 +William Street, then locally known as Horse and Cart Street. In 1768 the +church was built in John Street. It was rebuilt in 1817 and again in +1841. John Street perpetuates the name of John Harpendingh, who owned +most of the land thereabout. + +[Sidenote: John Street Theatre] + +At what is now 17, 19 and 21 John Street, in 1767 was built the old John +Street Theatre, a wooden structure, painted red, standing sixty feet +back from the street and reached by a covered way. An arcade through the +house at No. 17 still bears evidence of the theatre. The house was +closed in 1774, when the Continental Congress recommended suspension of +amusements. Throughout the Revolutionary War, however, performances were +given, the places of the players being filled by British officers. +Washington frequently attended the performances at this theatre after he +became President. The house was torn down in 1798. + +The site of the Shakespeare Tavern is marked by a tablet at the +southwest corner of Nassau and Fulton Streets. The words of the tablet +are: + + ON THIS SITE IN THE + OLD SHAKESPEARE TAVERN + WAS ORGANIZED + THE SEVENTH REGIMENT + NATIONAL GUARD, S. N. Y. + AUG. 25, 1824 + +[Sidenote: Shakespeare Tavern] + +This tavern, low, old-fashioned, built of small yellow bricks with +dormer windows in the roof, was constructed before the Revolution. In +1808 it was bought by Thomas Hodgkinson, an actor, and was henceforth a +meeting-place for Thespians. It was resorted to--in contrast to the +business men guests of the Tontine Coffee House--by the wits of the day, +the poets and the writers. In 1824 Hodgkinson died, and the house was +kept up for a time by his son-in-law, Mr. Stoneall. + +[Sidenote: First Clinton Hall] + +At the southwest corner of Beekman and Nassau Streets was built, in +1830, the first home of the Mercantile Library, called Clinton Hall. In +1820 the first steps were taken by the merchants of the city to +establish a reading room for their clerks. The library was opened the +following year with 700 volumes. In 1823 the association was +incorporated. It was located first in a building in Nassau Street, but +in 1826 was moved to Cliff Street, and in 1830 occupied its new building +in Beekman Street. De Witt Clinton, Governor of the State, had presented +a History of England as the first volume for the library. The new +building was called Clinton Hall in his honor. In 1850, the building +being crowded, the Astor Place Opera House was bought for $250,000, and +remodeled in 1854 into the second Clinton Hall. The third building of +that name is now on the site at the head of Lafayette Place. + +[Sidenote: St. George's Church] + +The St. George Building, on the north side of Beekman Street, just west +of Cliff Street, stands on the site of St. George's Episcopal Church, a +stately stone structure which was erected in 1811. In 1814 it was +burned; in 1816 rebuilt, and in 1845 removed to Rutherford Place and +Sixteenth Street, where it still is. Next to the St. George Building is +the tall shot-tower which may be so prominently seen from the windows of +tall buildings in the lower part of the city, but is so difficult to +find when search is made for it. + +[Sidenote: Barnum's Museum] + +Barnum's Museum, opened in 1842, was on the site of the St. Paul +Building, at Broadway and Ann Street. There P. T. Barnum brought out Tom +Thumb, the Woolly Horse and many other curiosities that became +celebrated. On the stage of a dingy little amphitheatre in the house +many actors played who afterwards won national recognition. + +[Sidenote: Original Park Theatre] + +The original Park Theatre was built in 1798, and stood on Park Row, +between Ann and Beekman Streets, facing what was then City Hall Park and +what is now the Post Office. It was 200 feet from Ann Street, and +extended back to the alley which has ever since been called Theatre +Alley. John Howard Payne, author of "Home, Sweet Home," appeared there +for the first time on any stage, in 1809, as the "Young American +Roscius." In 1842 a ball in honor of Charles Dickens was given there. +Many noted actors played at this theatre, which was the most important +in the city at that period. It was rebuilt in 1820 and burned in 1848. + +[Sidenote: First Brick Presbyterian Church] + +At the junction of Park Row and Nassau Street, where the _Times_ +Building is, the Brick Presbyterian Church was erected in 1768. There +was a small burying-ground within the shadow of its walls, and green +fields stretched from it in all directions. It was sold in 1854, and a +new church was built at Fifth Avenue and Thirty-seventh Street. + +[Sidenote: Where Leisler Was Hanged] + +Within a few steps of where the statue of Benjamin Franklin is in +Printing House Square, Jacob Leisler was hanged in his own garden in +1691, the city's first martyr to constitutional liberty. A wealthy +merchant, after James III fled and William III ascended the throne, +Leisler was called by the Committee of Safety to act as Governor. He +assembled a Continental Congress, whose deliberations were cut short by +the arrival of Col. Henry Sloughter as Governor. Enemies of Leisler +decided on his death. The new Governor refused to sign the warrant, but +being made drunk signed it unknowingly and Leisler was hanged and his +body buried at the foot of the scaffold. A few years later, a royal +proclamation wiped the taint of treason from Leisler's memory and his +body was removed to a more honored resting-place. + +[Sidenote: Tammany Hall] + +The walls of the _Sun_ building at Park Row and Frankfort Street, are +those of the first permanent home of Tammany Hall. Besides the hall it +contained the second leading hotel in the city, where board was $7 a +week. Tammany Hall, organized in 1789 by William Mooney, an upholsterer, +occupied quarters in Borden's tavern in lower Broadway. In 1798 it +removed to Martling's tavern, at the southeast corner of Nassau and +Spruce, until its permanent home was erected in 1811. + +[Sidenote: A Liberty Pole] + +There is a tablet on the wall of the south corridor of the post-office +building, which bears the inscription: + + ON THE COMMON OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK, + NEAR WHERE THIS BUILDING NOW STANDS, THERE + STOOD FROM 1766 TO 1776 A LIBERTY POLE + ERECTED TO COMMEMORATE THE REPEAL OF THE + STAMP ACT. IT WAS REPEATEDLY DESTROYED BY + THE VIOLENCE OF THE TORIES AND AS REPEATEDLY + REPLACED BY THE SONS OF LIBERTY, WHO ORGANIZED + A CONSTANT WATCH AND GUARD. IN ITS + DEFENCE THE FIRST MARTYR BLOOD OF THE AMERICAN + REVOLUTION WAS SHED ON JAN. 18, 1770. + +The cutting down of this pole led to the battle of Golden Hill. + +[Sidenote: City Hall Park] + +[Sidenote: Potter's Field In City Hall Park] + +The post-office building was erected on a portion of the City Hall Park. +This park, like all of the Island of Manhattan, was a wilderness a few +hundred years ago. By 1661, where the park is there was a clearing in +which cattle were herded. In time the clearing was called The Fields; +later The Commons. On The Commons, in Dutch colonial days, criminals +were executed. Still later a Potter's Field occupied what is now the +upper end of the Park; above it, and extending over the present Chambers +Street was a negro burying-ground. On these commons, in 1735, a +poor-house was built, the site of which is covered by the present City +Hall. From time to time other buildings were erected. + +[Illustration: Cell in the Prison under the Hall of Records] + +The new Jail was finished in 1763, and, having undergone but few +alterations, is now known as the Hall of Records. It was a military +prison during the Revolution, and afterwards a Debtors' Prison. In 1830 +it became the Register's Office. It was long considered the most +beautiful building in the city, being patterned after the temple of +Diana of Ephesus. + +The Bridewell, or City Prison, was built on The Commons in 1775, close +by Broadway, on a line with the Debtors' Prison. It was torn down in +1838. + +[Sidenote: Third City Hall] + +[Sidenote: Governor's Room] + +The present City Hall was finished in 1812. About that time The Commons +were fenced in and became a park, taking in besides the present space, +that now occupied by the post-office building. The constructors of the +City Hall deemed it unnecessary to use marble for the rear wall as they +had for the sides and front, and built this wall of freestone, it being +then almost inconceivable that traffic could ever extend so far up-town +as to permit a view of the rear of the building. The most noted spot in +the City Hall is the Governor's Room, an apartment originally intended +for the use of the Governor when in the city. In time it became the +municipal portrait gallery, and a reception room for the distinguished +guests of the city. The bodies of Abraham Lincoln and of John Howard +Payne lay in state in this room. With it is also associated the visit of +Lafayette when he returned to this country in 1824 and made the room his +reception headquarters. The room was also the scene of the celebration +after the capture of the "Guerriere" by the "Constitution"; the +reception to Commodore Perry after his Lake Erie victory; the +celebration in connection with the laying of the Atlantic cable; and at +the completion of the Erie Canal. It contains a large gilt punch-bowl, +showing scenes in New York a hundred years ago. This was presented to +the city by General Jacob Morton, Secretary of the Committee of +Defense, at the opening of the City Hall. + +At the western end of the front wall of City Hall is a tablet reading: + + NEAR THIS SPOT IN THE PRESENCE OF + GEN. GEORGE WASHINGTON + THE DECLARATION OF + INDEPENDENCE + WAS READ AND PUBLISHED + TO THE + AMERICAN ARMY + JULY 9TH, 1776 + +[Sidenote: First Savings Bank] + +Other buildings erected in the Park were The Rotunda, 1816, on the site +of the brown stone building afterwards occupied by the Court of General +Sessions, where works of art were exhibited; and the New York Institute +on the site of the Court House, occupied in 1817 by the American, or +Scudder's Museum, the first in the city. The Chambers Street Bank, the +first bank for savings in the city, opened in the basement of the +Institute building in 1818. In 1841 Philip Hone was president of this +bank. It afterwards moved to the north side of Bleecker Street, between +Broadway and Crosby, and became the Bleecker Street Bank. Now it is at +Twenty-second Street and Fourth Avenue, and is called The Bank for +Savings. + +[Illustration: Statue of NATHAN HALE City Hall Park] + +[Sidenote: Fences of City Hall Park] + +The statue of Nathan Hale was erected in City Hall Park by the Sons of +the Revolution. Some authorities still insist that the Martyr Spy was +hanged in this park. Until 1821 there were fences of wooden pickets +about the park. In that year iron railings, which had been imported from +England, were set up, with four marble pillars at the southern entrance. +The next year trees were set out within the enclosure, and just within +the railing were planted a number of rose-bushes which had been supplied +by two ladies who had an eye to landscape gardening. Frosts and vandals +did not allow the bushes more than a year of life. Four granite balls, +said to have been dug from the ruins of Troy, were placed on the pillars +at the southern entrance, May 8, 1827. They were given to the city by +Captain John B. Nicholson, U. S. N. + +The building 39 and 41 Chambers Street, opposite the Court House, stands +on the site of the pretty little Palmo Opera House, built in 1844 for +the production of Italian opera, by F. Palmo, the wealthy proprietor of +the Cafe des Mille Colonnes on Broadway at Duane Street. He lost his +fortune in the operatic venture and became a bartender. In 1848 the +house became Burton's Theatre. About 1800, this site was occupied by +the First Reformed Presbyterian Church, a frame building which was +replaced by a brick structure in 1818. The church was moved to Prince +and Marion Streets in 1834. + +[Illustration: No. 11 Reade St. where Aaron Burr had an office....] + +[Sidenote: Office of Aaron Burr] + +At No. 11 Reade Street is a dingy little house, now covered with signs +and given over to half a dozen small business concerns, about which +hover memories of Aaron Burr. It was here he had a law office in 1832, +and here when he was seventy-eight years old he first met Mme. Jumel +whom he afterwards married. The house is to be torn down to make way for +new municipal buildings. + +[Sidenote: An Historic Window] + +At Rose and Duane Streets stands the Rhinelander building, and on the +Rose Street side close by the main entrance is a small grated window. +This is the last trace of a sugar-house, which, during the +Revolutionary War, was used as a British military prison. The building +was not demolished until 1892, and the window, retaining its original +position in the old house, was built into the new. + +[Illustration: The Tombs] + +[Sidenote: The Tombs Prison] + +[Sidenote: The Collect] + +Where the Tombs prison stands was once the Collect, or Fresh Water Pond. +This deep body of water took up, approximately, the space between the +present Baxter, Elm, Canal and Pearl Streets. When the Island of +Manhattan was first inhabited, a swamp stretched in a wide belt across +it from where Roosevelt Slip is now to the end of Canal Street on the +west side. The Collect was the centre of this stretch, with a stream +called the Wreck Brook flowing from it across a marsh to the East River. +At a time near the close of the eighteenth century a drain was cut from +the Collect to the North River, on a line with the present Canal Street. +With the progress of the city to the north, the pond was drained, and +the swamp made into firm ground. In 1816, the Corporation Yards occupied +the block of Elm, Centre, Leonard and Franklin Streets, on the ground +which had filled in the pond. The Tombs, or City Prison, was built on +this block in 1838. + +[Sidenote: The Five Points] + +The Five Points still exists where Worth, Baxter and Park Streets +intersect, but it is no longer the centre of a community of crime that +gained international notoriety. It was once the gathering-point for +criminals and degraded persons of both sexes and of all nationalities, a +rookery for thieves and murderers. Its history began more than a century +and a half ago. During the so-called Negro Insurrection of 1741, when +many negroes were hanged, the severest punishment was the burning at +the stake of fourteen negroes in this locality. + +[Sidenote: Mulberry Bend Slum] + +One of the five "Points" is now formed by a pleasant park which a few +years ago took the place of the last remnant of the old-time locality. +In no single block of the city was there ever such a record for crime as +in this old "Mulberry Bend" block. Set low in a hollow, it was a refuge +for the outcasts of the city and of half a dozen countries. The slum +took its name, as the park does now, from Mulberry Street, which on one +side of it makes a deep and sudden bend. In this slum block the houses +were three deep in places, with scarcely the suggestion of a courtyard +between them. Narrow alleys, hardly wide enough to permit the passage of +a man, led between houses to beer cellars, stables and time-blackened, +tumbledown tenements. Obscure ways honeycombed the entire block--ways +that led beneath houses, over low sheds, through fragments of +wall--ways that were known only to the thief and the tramp. There +"Bottle Alley," "Bandit's Roost" and "Rag-picker's Row" were the scenes +of many wild fights, and many a time the ready stiletto ended the lives +of men, or the heavy club dashed out brains. + +The Five Points House of Industry's work was begun in 1850, and has been +successful in ameliorating the moral and physical condition of the +people of the vicinity. The institution devoted to this work stands on +the site of the "Old Brewery," the most notorious criminal resort of the +locality. + +[Illustration: Park St. with Church of the Transfiguration] + +[Sidenote: An Ancient Church] + +At Mott and Park Streets is now the Church of the Transfiguration +(Catholic). On a hill, the suggestion of which is still to be seen in +steep Park Street, the Zion Lutheran Church was erected in 1797. In +1810 it was changed to Zion Episcopal Church. It was burned in 1815; +rebuilt 1819, and sold in 1853 to the Church of the Transfiguration, +which has occupied it since. This last church had previously been in +Chambers Street, and before that it had occupied several quarters. It +was founded in 1827, and is the fourth oldest church in the diocese. +Zion Episcopal Church moved in 1853 to Thirty-eighth Street and Madison +Avenue, and in 1891 consolidated with St. Timothy's Church at No. 332 +West Fifty-seventh Street. The Madison Avenue building was sold to the +South (Reformed) Dutch Church. + +[Sidenote: Chatham Square] + +Chatham Square has been the open space it is now ever since the time +when a few houses clustered about Fort Amsterdam. The road that +stretched the length of the island in 1647 formed the only connecting +link between the fort and six large bouweries or farms on the east +side. + +The bouwerie settlers in the early days were harassed by Indians, and +spent as much time defending themselves and skurrying off to the +protection of the Fort as they did in improving the land. The earliest +settlement in the direction of these bouweries, which had even a +suggestion of permanency, was on a hill which had once been an Indian +outlook, close by the present Chatham Square. Emanuel de Groot, a giant +negro, with ten superannuated slaves, were permitted to settle here upon +agreeing to pay each a fat hog and 22-1/2 bushels of grain a year, their +children to remain slaves. + +North of this settlement stretched a primeval forest through which +cattle wandered and were lost. Then the future Chatham Square was fenced +in as a place of protection for the cattle. + +[Sidenote: Bouwerie Lane] + +The lane leading from this enclosure to the outlying bouweries, during +the Revolution was used for the passage of both armies. At that period +the highway changed from the Bouwerie Lane of the Dutch to the English +Bowery Road. In 1807 it became "The Bowery." + +[Sidenote: Kissing Bridge] + +The earliest "Kissing Bridge" was over a small creek, on the Post Road, +close by the present Chatham Square. Travelers who left the city by this +road parted with their friends on this bridge, it being the custom to +accompany the traveler thus far from the city on his way. + +What is now Park Row, from City Hall Park to Chatham Square, was for +many years called Chatham Street, in honor of William Pitt, Earl of +Chatham. In 1886 the aldermen of the city changed the name to Park Row, +and in so doing seemed to stamp approval of an event just one hundred +years before which had stirred American manhood to acts of valor. This +was the dragging down by British soldiers in 1776 of a statue of the +Earl of Chatham which had stood in Wall Street. + +[Sidenote: Tea Water Pump] + +The most celebrated pump in the city was the Tea Water Pump, on Chatham +Street (now Park Row) near Queen (now Pearl) Street. The water was +supplied from the Collect and was considered of the rarest quality for +the making of tea. Up to 1789 it was the chief water-works of the city, +and the water was carted about the city in casks and sold from carts. + +[Sidenote: Home of Charlotte Temple] + +Within a few steps of the Bowery, on the north side of Pell Street, in a +frame house, Charlotte Temple died. The heroine of Mrs. Rowson's "Tale +of Truth," whose sorrowful life was held up as a moral lesson a +generation ago, had lived first in a house on what is now the south side +of Astor Place close to Fourth Avenue. Her tomb is in Trinity +churchyard. + +[Sidenote: Bull's Head Tavern] + +The Bull's Head Tavern was built on the site of the present Thalia +Theatre, formerly the Bowery Theatre, just above Chatham Square, some +years before 1763. It was frequented by drovers and butchers, and was +the most popular tavern of its kind in the city for many years. +Washington and his staff occupied it on the day the British evacuated +the city in 1783. It was pulled down in 1826, making way for the Bowery +Theatre. + +[Sidenote: First Bowery Theatre] + +The Bowery Theatre was opened in 1826, and during the course or its +existence was the home of broad melodrama, that had such a large +following that the theatre obtained a national reputation. Many +celebrated actors appeared in the house. It was burned in 1828, rebuilt +and burned again in 1836, again in 1838, in 1845 and in 1848. + +New Bowery Street was opened from the south side of Chatham Square in +1856. The street carried away a part of a Jewish burying-ground, a +portion of which, crowded between tenement-houses and shut off from the +street by a wall and iron fence, is still to be seen a few steps from +Chatham Square. The first synagogue of the Jews was in Mill Street (now +South William). The graveyard mentioned was the first one used by this +congregation, and was opened in 1681, so far from the city that it did +not seem probable that the latter could ever reach it. Early in the +nineteenth century the graveyard was moved to a site which is now Sixth +Avenue and Eleventh Street. + +[Sidenote: Washington's Home on Cherry Hill] + +The Franklin House was the first Cherry Hill place of residence of +George Washington in the city, when he became President in 1789. It +stood at the corner of Franklin Square (then St. George Square) and +Cherry Street. A portion of the East River Bridge structure rests on the +site. Pearl Street, passing the house, was a main thoroughfare in those +days. The house was built in 1770 by Walter Franklin, an importing +merchant. It was torn down in 1856. The site is marked by a tablet on +the Bridge abutment, which reads: + + THE FIRST + PRESIDENTIAL MANSION + NO. 1 CHERRY STREET + OCCUPIED BY + GEORGE WASHINGTON + FROM APRIL 23, 1789 + TO FEBRUARY 23, 1790 + ERECTED BY THE + MARY WASHINGTON COLONIAL CHAPTER, D.A.R. + APRIL 30, 1899 + +At No. 7 Cherry Street gas was first introduced into the city in 1825. +This is the Cherry Hill district, sadly deteriorated from the merry +days of its infancy. Its name is still preserved in Cherry Street, which +is hemmed in by tenement-houses which the Italian population crowd in +almost inconceivable numbers. At the top of the hill, where these +Italians drag out a crowded existence, Richard Sackett, an Englishman, +established a pleasure garden beyond the city in 1670, and because its +chief attraction was an orchard of cherry trees, called it the Cherry +Garden--a name that has since clung to the locality. + +[Illustration] + + + + +II + + + + +[Illustration: Hudson & Watts Sts.] + + + + +II + + +[Sidenote: The Origin of Broadway] + +From New Amsterdam, which centered about the Fort, the only road which +led through the island branched out from Bowling Green. It took the line +of what is now Broadway, and during a period of one hundred years was +the only road which extended the length of the island. + +That Broadway, beyond St. Paul's Chapel, ever became a greatly traveled +thoroughfare, was due more to accident than design, for to all +appearances the road which turned to the east was to be the main artery +for the city's travel, and all calculations were made to that end. +Broadway really ended at St. Paul's. + +[Sidenote: The First Graveyard] + +Morris Street was called Beaver Lane before the name was changed in +1829. On this street, near Broadway, the first graveyard of the city was +situated. It was removed and the ground sold at auction in 1676, when a +plot was acquired opposite Wall Street. This last was used in +conjunction with Trinity Church until city interment was prohibited. + +[Sidenote: The First House Built] + +On the office building at 41 Broadway there is fixed a tablet which +bears the inscription: + + THIS TABLET MARKS THE SITE OF THE + FIRST HABITATIONS OF WHITE MEN + ON THE ISLAND OF MANHATTAN + ADRIAN BLOCK + COMMANDER OF THE "TIGER" + ERECTED HERE FOUR HOUSES OR HUTS + AFTER HIS VESSEL WAS BURNED + NOVEMBER, 1613 + HE BUILT THE RESTLESS, THE FIRST VESSEL + MADE BY EUROPEANS IN THIS COUNTRY + THE RESTLESS WAS LAUNCHED + IN THE SPRING OF 1614 + +Adrian Block was one of the earliest fur traders to visit the island +after Henry Hudson returned to Holland with the news of his discovery. +The "Tiger" took fire in the night while anchored in the bay, and Block +and his crew reached the shore with difficulty. They were the only white +men on the island. Immediately they set about building a new vessel, +which was named the "Restless." + +Next door, at No. 39, President Washington lived in the Macomb's +Mansion, moving there from the Franklin House in 1790. Subsequently the +house became a hotel. + +[Sidenote: Tin Pot Alley] + +There is a rift in the walls between the tall buildings at No. 55 +Broadway, near Rector Street, a cemented way that is neither alley nor +street. It was a green lane before New Amsterdam became New York, and +for a hundred years has been called Tin Pot Alley. With the growth of +the city the little lane came near being crowded out, and the name, not +being of proper dignity, would be forgotten but for a terra cotta tablet +fixed in a building at its entrance. This was placed there by Rev. +Morgan Dix, the pastor of Trinity Church. + +At the southwest corner of Broadway and Rector Street, where a +sky-scraper is now, Grace Church once stood with a graveyard about it. +The church was completed in 1808, and was there until 1846, when the +present structure was erected at Broadway and Tenth Street. Upon the +Rector Street site, the Trinity Lutheran Church, a log structure, was +built in 1671. It was rebuilt in 1741, and was burned in the great fire +of 1776. + +[Sidenote: Trinity Churchyard] + +Trinity churchyard is part of a large tract of land, granted to the +Trinity Corporation in 1705, that was once the Queen's Farm. + +[Sidenote: Annetje Jans's Farm] + +In 1635 there were a number of bouweries or farms above the Fort. The +nearest--one extending about to where Warren Street is--was set apart +for the Dutch West India Company, and called the Company's Farm. Above +this was another, bounded approximately by what are now Warren and +Charlton Streets, west of Broadway. This last was given by the company, +in 1635, to Roelof Jansz (contraction of Jannsen), a Dutch colonist. He +died the following year, and the farm became the property of his wife, +Annetje Jans. (In the feminine, the z being omitted, the form became +Jans.) The farm was sold to Francis Lovelace, the English Governor, in +1670, and he added it to the company's farm, and it became thereafter +the Duke's Farm. In 1674 it became the King's Farm. When Queen Anne +began her reign it became the Queen's Farm, and it was she who granted +it to Trinity, making it the Church Farm. + +In 1731, which was sixty-one years after the Annetje Jans's farm was +sold to Governor Lovelace, the descendants of Annetje Jans for the first +time decided that they had yet some interest in the farm, and made an +unsuccessful protest. From time to time since protests in the form of +lawsuits have been made, but no court has sustained the claims. + +The city's growth was retarded by church ownership of land, as no one +wanted to build on leasehold property. It was not until the greater part +of available land on the east side of the island was built upon that the +church property was made use of on the only terms it could be had. Not +until 1803 were the streets from Warren to Canal laid out. + +Trinity Church was built in 1697. For years before, however, there had +been a burying-ground beyond the city and the city's wall that became +the Trinity graveyard of to-day. The waving grass extended to a bold +bluff overlooking Hudson River, which was about where Greenwich Street +now is. Through the bluff a street was cut, its passage being still +plainly to be seen in the high wall on the Trinity Place side of the +graveyard. + +[Sidenote: Oldest Grave In Trinity Churchyard] + +The oldest grave of which there is a record is in the northern section +of the churchyard, on the left of the first path. It is that of a child, +and is marked with a sandstone slab, with a skull, cross-bones and +winged hour-glass cut in relief on the back, the inscription on the +front reading: + + W. C. + HEAR . LYES . THE . BODY + OF . RICHARD . CHVRCH + ER . SON . OF . WILLIA + M . CHVRCHER . WHO . + DIED . THE . 5 OF . APRIL + 1681 . OF . AGE 5 YEARS + AND . 5 . MONTHS + +The records tell nothing of the Churcher family. + +Within a few feet of this stone is another that countless eyes have +looked at through the iron fence from Broadway, which says: + + HA, SYDNEY, SYDNEY! + LYEST THOU HERE? + I HERE LYE, + 'TIL TIME IS FLOWN + TO ITS EXTREMITY. + +It is the grave of a merchant--once an officer of the British +army--Sydney Breese, who wrote his epitaph and directed that it be +placed on his tombstone. He died in 1767. + +[Illustration] + +[Sidenote: Grave of Charlotte Temple] + +On the opposite side of the path, nearer to Broadway, is a marble slab +lying flat on the ground and each year sinking deeper into the earth. +It was placed there by one of the sextons of Trinity more than a century +ago, in memory of Charlotte Temple. + +Close by the porch of the north entrance to the church is the stone that +marks the grave of William Bradford, who set up the first printing-press +in the colony and was printer to the Colonial Government for fifty +years. He was ninety-two years old when he died in 1752. The original +stone was crumbling to decay when, in 1863, the Vestry of Trinity Church +replaced it by the present stone, renewing the original inscription (see +page 14). + +[Sidenote: Martyr's Monument] + +The tall freestone Gothic shaft, the only monumental pile in the +northern section of the churchyard, serves to commemorate the unknown +dead of the Revolution. Trinity Church with all its records, together +with a large section of the western part of the city, was burned in +1776 when the British army occupied the city. During the next seven +years the only burials in the graveyard were the American prisoners from +the Provost Jail in The Commons and the other crowded prisons of the +city, who were interred at night and without ceremony. No record was +kept of who the dead were. + +[Sidenote: A Churchyard Cryptograph] + +Close to the Martyrs' Monument is a stone so near the fence that its +inscription can be read from Broadway: + + HERE LIES + DEPOSITED THE BODY OF + JAMES LEESON, + WHO DEPARTED THIS LIFE ON + THE 28TH DAY OF SEPTEMBER, 1794, + AGED 38 YEARS. + +And above the inscription are cut these curious characters: + +[Illustration] + +It is a cryptograph, but a simple one, familiar to school children. In +its solution three diagrams are drawn and lettered thus: + +[Illustration] + +The lines which enclose the letters are separated from the design, and +each section used instead of the letters. For example, the letters A, B, +C, become: + +[Illustration] + +The second series begins with K, because the I sign is also used for J. +The letters of the three series are distinguished by dots; one dot being +placed with the lines of the first series; two dots with the second, but +none with the third. If this be tried, any one can readily decipher the +meaning of the cryptograph, and read "REMEMBER DEATH." + +Close to the north door of the church are interred the remains of Lady +Cornbury, who could call England's Queen Anne cousin. She was the wife +of Edward Hyde, Lord Cornbury, who was Governor of New York in 1702. He +was a grandson of the Earl of Clarendon, Prime Minister of Charles II; +and son of that Earl of Clarendon who was brother-in-law of James II. So +Lady Cornbury was first cousin of Queen Anne. She was Baroness of +Clifton in her own right, and a gracious lady. She died in 1706. + +[Illustration: Tomb of Alexander Hamilton] + +[Sidenote: Alexander Hamilton's Tomb] + +The tomb of Alexander Hamilton, patriot, soldier and statesman, stands +conspicuously in the southern half of the churchyard, about forty feet +from Broadway and ten feet from the iron railing on Rector Street. + +In the same part of the churchyard are interred the remains of Philip, +eldest son of Alexander Hamilton. The son in 1801 fell in a duel with +George L. Eacker, a young lawyer, when the two disagreed over a +political matter. Three years later Eacker died and was buried in St. +Paul's churchyard, and the same year Alexander Hamilton fell before the +duelling pistol of Aaron Burr. + +[Sidenote: Last Friend Of Aaron Burr] + +Close by Hamilton's tomb, a slab almost buried in the earth bears the +inscription "Matthew L. Davis' Sepulchre." Strange that this "last +friend that Aaron Burr possessed on earth" should rest in death so close +to his friend's great enemy. He went to the Jersey shore in a row-boat +with Burr on the day the duel was fought with Hamilton, and stood not +far away with Dr. Hosack to await the outcome. He was imprisoned for +refusing to testify before the Coroner. Afterwards he wrote a life of +Burr. He was a merchant, with a store at 49 Stone Street, and was highly +respected. + +[Sidenote: Tomb of Capt. James Lawrence] + +Within a few steps of Broadway, at the southern entrance to the church, +is the tomb of Captain James Lawrence, U. S. N., who was killed on board +the frigate Chesapeake during the engagement with H. B. M. frigate +"Shannon." His dying words, "Don't give up the ship!" are now known to +every school-boy. The handsome mausoleum close by the church door, and +the surrounding eight cannon, first attract the eye. These cannon, +selected from arms captured from the English in the War of 1812, are +buried deep, according to the directions of the Vestry of Trinity, in +order that the national insignia, and the inscription telling of the +place and time of capture, might be hidden and no evidence of triumph +paraded in that place--where all are equal, where peace reigns and +enmity is unknown. The monument was erected August 22, 1844. Before that +the remains of Captain Lawrence had been interred in the southwest +corner of the churchyard, beneath a shaft of white marble. This first +resting-place was selected in September, 1813, when the body was brought +to the city and interred, after being carried in funeral procession from +the Battery. + +"D. Contant" is the inscription on the first vault at the south +entrance, one of the first victims of the revocation of the Edict of +Nantes to be buried in the city. There are many Huguenot memorials in +the churchyard, the oddest being a tombstone with a Latin inscription +telling that Withamus de Marisco, who died in 1765, was "most noble on +the side of his father's mother." + +[Sidenote: Cresap, the Indian Fighter] + +At the rear of the church, to the north, is a small headstone: + + IN MEMORY OF + MICHAEL CRESAP + FIRST CAPTAIN OF THE + RIFLE BATTALIONS + AND SON OF COLONEL THOMAS CRESAP + WHO DEPARTED THIS LIFE + OCT. 18, A. D. 1775. + +His father had been a friend and neighbor of Washington in Virginia, and +he himself was a brilliant Indian fighter on the frontier of his native +State. It was the men under his command who, unordered, exterminated the +family of Logan, the Indian chief, "the friend of the white man." Many a +boy, who in school declaimed, unthinkingly, "Who is there to mourn for +Logan? Not one!" grown to manhood, cannot but look with interest on the +grave of Logan's foe. Tradition has been kind to Cresap's memory, +insisting that his heart broke over the accusation of responsibility +for the death of Logan's family. + +There is another slab, close by the grave of Captain Cresap, which +tells: + + "HERE LIETH YE BODY OF SUSANNAH + NEAN, WIFE OF ELIAS NEAN, BORN + IN YE CITY OF ROCHELLE, IN FRANCE, + IN YE YEAR 1660, WHO DEPARTED + THIS LIFE 25 DAY OF DECEMBER, + 1720, AGE 60 YEARS." "HERE LIETH + ENTERRED YE BODY OF ELIAS NEAN, + CATECHIST IN NEW YORK, BORN IN + SOUBISE, IN YE PROVINCE OF CAENTONGE + IN FRANCE IN YE YEAR 1662, + WHO DEPARTED THIS LIFE 8 DAY OF + SEPTEMBER 1722 AGED 60 YEARS." + "THIS INSCRIPTION WAS RESTORED BY + ORDER OF THEIR DESCENDANT OF THE + 6TH GENERATION, ELIZABETH CHAMPLIN + PERRY, WIDOW OF THE LATE + COM'R O. H. PERRY, OF THE U. S. + NAVY, MAY, ANNO DOMINI, 1846." + +But the stone does not tell that the Huguenot refugee was for many +years a vestryman of Trinity Church, and that among his descendants are +the Belmonts and a dozen distinguished families. Before coming to +America, Elias Nean was condemned to the galleys in France because he +refused to renounce the reformed religion. + +[Sidenote: Where Gov De Lancy Was buried] + +Beneath the middle aisle in the church lie the bones of the eldest son +of Stephen (Etienne) De Lancey--James De Lancey. He was Chief Justice of +the Colony of New York in 1733, and Lieutenant-Governor in 1753. He died +suddenly in 1760 at his country house which was at the present northwest +corner of Delancey and Chrystie Streets. A lane led from the house to +the Bowery. + +[Sidenote: Home of The De Lanceys] + +Thames Street is as narrow now as it was one hundred and fifty years +ago, when it was a carriageway that led to the stables of Etienne De +Lancey. The Huguenot nobleman left his Broad Street house for the new +home he had built at Broadway and Cedar Street in 1730. In 1741, +at his death, it became the property of his son, James, the +Lieutenant-Governor. It was the most imposing house in the town, +elegantly decorated, encircled by broad balconies, with an uninterrupted +garden extending to the river at the back. + +After the death of Lieutenant-Governor De Lancey in 1760, the house +became a hotel, and was known under many names. It was a favorite place +for British officers during the Revolution, and in 1789 was the scene of +the first "inauguration ball" in honor of President Washington. + +The house was torn down in 1793. In 1806 the City Hotel was erected on +its site and became the most fashionable in town. It was removed in 1850 +and a line of shops set up. In 1889 the present buildings were erected. + +A tablet on the building at 113 Broadway, corner of Cedar Street, marks +the site, reading: + + THE SITE OF + LIEUT. GOVE. DE LANCEY'S HOUSE, + LATER THE CITY HOTEL. + IT WAS HERE THAT THE NON-IMPORTATION + AGREEMENT, IN OPPOSITION TO THE STAMP + ACT, WAS SIGNED, OCT. 15TH, 1766. THE + TAVERN HAD MANY PROPRIETORS BY WHOSE + NAMES IT WAS SUCCESSIVELY CALLED. IT + WAS ALSO KNOWN AS THE PROVINCE ARMS, THE + CITY ARMS AND BURNS COFFEE HOUSE OR TAVERN. + +Opposite Liberty (then Crown) Street, in the centre of Broadway, there +stood in 1789 a detached building 42 x 25 feet. It was the "up-town +market," patronized by the wealthy, who did their own marketing in those +days, their black slaves carrying the purchases home. + +[Sidenote: Washington Market] + +Washington Market, at the foot of Fulton Street, was built in 1833. The +water washed the western side of it then, and ships sailed to it to +deliver their freight. Since then the water has been crowded back year +by year with the growing demand for land. In its early days it was +variously called Country Market, Fish Market and Exterior Market. + +[Sidenote: St. Paul's Chapel] + +At the outskirts of the city, in a field that the same year had been +sown with wheat, the cornerstone of St. Paul's Chapel was laid on May +14, 1764. The church was opened two years later, and the steeple added +in 1794. It fronted the river which came up then as far as to where +Greenwich Street is now, and a grassy lawn sloped down to a beach of +pebbles. During the days of English occupancy, Major Andre, Lord Howe +and Sir Guy Carleton worshipped there. Another who attended services +there was the English midshipman who afterwards became William IV. + +[Illustration: Washington Pew St. Paul's Chapel] + +[Sidenote: The Washington Pew in St. Paul's] + +President Washington, on the day of his inauguration, marched at the +head of the representative men of the new nation to attend service in +St. Paul's, and thereafter attended regularly. The pew he occupied has +been preserved and is still to be seen next the north wall, midway +between the chancel and the vestry room. Directly opposite is the pew +occupied at the same period by Governor George Clinton. + +Back of the chancel is the monument to Major-General Richard Montgomery, +who fell before Quebec in 1775, crying, "Men of New York, you will not +fail to follow where your general leads!" Congress decided on the +monument, and Benjamin Franklin bought it in France for 300 guineas. A +privateer bringing it to this country was captured by a British gunboat, +which in turn was taken, and the monument, arriving safe here, was set +in place. The body was removed from its first resting-place in Quebec, +and interred close beside the monument in 1818. + +In the burying-ground, which has been beside the church since it was +built, are the monuments of men whose names are associated with the +city's history: Dr. William James Macneven, who raised chemistry to a +science; Thomas Addis Emmet, an eminent jurist and brother of Robert +Emmet; Christopher Collis, who established the first water works in the +city, and who first conceived the idea of constructing the Erie Canal; +and a host of others. + +[Illustration] + +[Sidenote: The Actor Cooke's Grave] + +The tomb of George Frederick Cooke, the tragedian, is conspicuous in the +centre of the yard, facing the main door of the church. Cooke was born +in England in 1756, and died in New York in 1812. Early in life he was a +printer's apprentice. By 1800 he had taken high rank among tragic +actors. + +The grave of George L. Eacker, who killed the eldest son of Alexander +Hamilton in a duel, is near the Vesey Street railing. + +[Sidenote: Astor House] + +The Astor House, occupying the Broadway block between Vesey and Barclay +Streets, was opened in 1836 by Boyden, a hotel keeper of Boston. This +site had been part of the Church Farm, and as early as 1729, when there +were only a few scattered farm houses on the island above what is now +Liberty Street, there was a farm house on the Astor House site; and from +there extended, on the Broadway line, a rope-walk. Prior to the erection +of the hotel in 1830, the site for the most part had been occupied by +the homes of John Jacob Astor, John G. Coster and David Lydig. On a +part of the site, at 221 Broadway, in 1817, M. Paff, popularly known as +"Old Paff," kept a bric-a-brac store. He dealt especially in paintings, +having the reputation of buying worthless and old ones and "restoring" +them into masterpieces. His was the noted curiosity-shop of the period. + +[Illustration] + +[Sidenote: A House of Other Days] + +Where Vesey and Greenwich Streets and West Broadway come together is a +low, rough-hewn rock house. It has been used as a shoe store since the +early part of the century. On its roof is a monster boot bearing the +date of 1832, which took part in the Croton water parade and a dozen +other celebrations. In pre-revolutionary days, when the ground where the +building stands was all Hudson River, and the water extended as far as +the present Greenwich Street, according to tradition, this was a +lighthouse. There have been many changes in the outward appearance, but +the foundation of solid rock is the same as when the waters swept around +it. + +[Sidenote: The Road To Greenwich] + +Greenwich Street follows the line of a road which led from the city to +Greenwich Village. This road was on the waterside. It was called +Greenwich Road. South of Canal Street, west of Broadway, was a marshy +tract known as Lispenard's Meadows. Over this swamp Greenwich Road +crossed on a raised causeway. When the weather was bad for any length of +time, the road became heavy and in places was covered by the strong +tide from the river. At such times travel took an inland route, along +the Post Road (now the Bowery) and by Obelisk Lane (now Astor Place and +Greenwich Avenue). + +[Sidenote: St. Peter's Church] + +St. Peter's Church, at the southeast corner of Barclay and Church +Streets, the home of the oldest Roman Catholic congregation in the city, +was built in 1786, and rebuilt in 1838. The congregation was formed in +1783, although mass was celebrated in private houses before that for the +few scattered Catholic families. + +[Sidenote: Columbia College] + +The two blocks included between Barclay and Murray Streets, West +Broadway and Church Street, were occupied until 1857 by the buildings +and grounds of Columbia College. That part of the Queen's Farm lying +west of Broadway between the present Barclay and Murray Streets--a +strip of land then in the outskirts of the city--in 1754 was given to +the governors of King's College. During the Revolution the college +suspended exercises, resuming in 1784 as Columbia College under an act +passed by the Legislature of the State. In 1814, in consideration of +lands before granted to the college which had been ceded to New +Hampshire in settlement of the boundary, the college was granted by the +State a tract of farming land known as the Hosack Botanical Garden. This +is the twenty acres lying between Forty-seventh and Forty-ninth Streets, +Fifth and Sixth Avenues. At that time the city extended but little above +the City Hall Park, and this land was unprofitable and for many years of +considerable expense to the college. By 1839 the city had crept past the +college and the locality being built up the college grounds were cramped +between the limits of two blocks. In 1854, Park Place was opened +through the grounds of the college from Church Street to West Broadway +(then called College Place). Until about 1816 the section of Park Place +west of the college grounds was called Robinson Street. In 1857 the +college was moved to Madison Avenue, between Forty-ninth and Fiftieth +Streets, and in 1890 it was re-organized on a university basis. + +[Sidenote: Chapel Place] + +West Broadway was originally a lane which wound from far away Canal +Street to the Chapel of Columbia College, and was called Chapel Place. +Later it became College Place. In 1892 the street was widened south of +Chambers Street, in order to relieve the great traffic from the north, +and extended through the block from Barclay to Greenwich Street. +Evidence of the former existence of the old street can be seen in the +pillars of the elevated road on the west side of West Broadway at Murray +Street, for these pillars, once on the sidewalk, are now several feet +from it in the street. + +[Sidenote: Bowling Green Garden And First Vauxhall] + +In the vicinity of what is now Greenwich and Warren Streets, the Bowling +Green Garden was established in the early part of the eighteenth +century. It was a primitive forest, for there were no streets above +Crown (now Liberty) Street on the west side, and none above Frankfort on +the east. The land on which the Garden stood was a leasehold on the +Church Farm. The place was given the name of the Vauxhall Garden before +the middle of the same century, and for forty years thereafter was a +fashionable resort and sought to be a copy of the Vauxhall in London. +There was dancing and music, and groves dimly lighted where visitors +could stroll, and where they might sit at tables and eat. By the time +the city stretched past the locality, all that was left of the resort +was what would now be called a low saloon, and its pretty garden had +been sold for building lots. The second Vauxhall was off the Bowery, +south of Astor Place. + +[Sidenote: A. T. Stewart's Store] + +The Stewart Building, on the east side of Broadway, between Chambers and +Reade Streets, has undergone few external changes since it was the dry +goods store of Alexander T. Stewart. On this site stood Washington Hall, +which was erected in 1809. It was a hotel of the first class, and +contained the fashionable ball room and banqueting-hall of the city. The +building was destroyed by fire July 5, 1844. The next year Stewart, +having purchased the site from the heirs of John G. Coster, began the +construction of his store. Stewart came from Ireland in 1823, at the age +of twenty. For a time after his arrival he was an assistant teacher in a +public school. He opened a small dry goods store, and was successful. +The Broadway store was opened in 1846. Four years later Stewart +extended his building so that it reached Reade Street. All along +Broadway by this year business houses were taking the place of +residences. The Stewart residence at the northwest corner of +Thirty-fourth Street and Fifth Avenue, was, at the time it was built, +considered the finest house in America. Mr. Stewart died in 1876, +leaving a fortune of fifty millions. His body was afterwards stolen from +St. Mark's Churchyard at Tenth Street and Second Avenue. + +At Broadway and Duane Street, roasted chestnuts were first sold in the +street. A Frenchman stationed himself at this corner in 1828, and sold +chestnuts there for so many years that he came to be reckoned as a +living landmark. + +At the same corner was the popular Cafe des Mille Colonnes, the +proprietor of which, F. Palmo, afterwards built and conducted Palmo's +Opera House in Chambers Street. + +[Sidenote: First Sewing Machine] + +In a store window on Broadway, close to Duane Street, the first +sewing-machine was exhibited. A young woman sat in the window to exhibit +the working of the invention to passers-by. It was regarded as an +impracticable toy, and was looked at daily by many persons who +considered it a curiosity unworthy of serious attention. + +[Sidenote: Masonic Hall] + +At Nos. 314 and 316 Broadway, on the east side of the street just south +of Pearl Street, stood Masonic Hall, the cornerstone of which was laid +June 24, 1826. It looked imposing among the structures of the street, +over which it towered, and was of the Gothic style of architecture. +While it was in course of erection, William Morgan published his book +which claimed to reveal the secrets of masonry. His mysterious +disappearance followed, and shortly after, the rise of the anti-Masonic +party and popular excitement put masonry under such a ban that the house +was sold by the Order, and the name of the building was changed to +Gothic Hall. On the second floor was a room looked upon as the most +elegant in the United States: an imitation of the Chapel of Henry VIII, +it was of Gothic architecture, furnished in richness of detail and +appropriateness of design, and was one hundred feet long, fifty wide and +twenty-five high. In it were held public gatherings of social and +political nature. + +[Sidenote: New York Hospital] + +The two blocks now enclosed by Duane, Worth, Broadway and Church +Streets, were occupied by the buildings and grounds of the New York +Hospital. Thomas Street was afterwards cut through the grounds. As the +City Hospital, the institution had been projected before the War of the +Revolution. The building was completed about 1775. During the war it +was used as a barrack. In 1791 it was opened for the admission of +patients. On the lawn, which extended to Broadway, various societies +gathered on occasions of annual parades and celebrations. The hospital +buildings were in the centre of the big enclosure. At the northern end +of the lawn, the present corner of Broadway and Worth Street, was the +New Jerusalem Church. + +[Sidenote: Riley's Fifth Ward Hotel] + +On the corner of West Broadway and Franklin Street was Riley's Fifth +Ward Hotel, which was a celebrated place in its day. It was the +prototype of the modern elaborately fitted saloon, but was then a place +of instruction and a moral resort. In a large room, reached by wide +stairs from the street, were objects of interest and art in glass +cases--pictures of statesmen, uniforms of the soldiers of all nations, +Indian war implements, famous belongings of celebrated men, as well as +such simple curiosities as a two-headed calf. On Franklin Street, +before Riley's door, was a marble statue minus a head, one arm and +sundry other parts. It was all that remained of the statue of the Earl +of Chatham, William Pitt, which had stood in Wall Street until dragged +down by British soldiers. For twenty-five years the battered wreck had +lain in the corporation yard, until found and honored with a place +before his door by Riley. At the latter's death the Historical Society +took the remains of the statue, and it is in its rooms yet. + +The passage of Washington through the island is commemorated by a tablet +on a warehouse at 255 West Street, near Laight, which is inscribed: + + TO MARK THE LANDING PLACE OF + GENERAL GEORGE WASHINGTON, + JUNE 25, 1775, + ON HIS WAY TO CAMBRIDGE + TO COMMAND + THE AMERICAN ARMY. + +[Sidenote: St. John's Church] + +St. John's Church of Trinity Parish, in Varick Street close to Beach, +was built in 1807. When the church was finished St. John's Park, +occupying the entire block opposite--between Varick and Hudson, Laight +and Beach Streets--was established for the exclusive use of residents +whose houses faced it. Before it was established, the place had been a +sandy beach that stretched to the river. The locality became the most +fashionable of the city in 1825. By 1850 there had begun a gradual +decline, for persons of wealth were moving up-town, and it degenerated +to a tenement-house level after 1869, when the park disappeared beneath +the foundations of the big freight depot which now occupies the site. + +Around the corner from the church, a block away in Beach Street, is a +tiny park, one of the last remnants of the Annetje Jans Farm. The bit of +farm is carefully guarded now, much more so than was the entire +beautiful tract. It forms a triangle and is fenced in by an iron +railing, with one gate, that is fast barred and never opened. There is +one struggling tree, wrapped close in winter with burlap, but it seems +to feel its loneliness and does not thrive. + +[Sidenote: The Red Fort] + +From the centre of St. John's Park on the west, Hubert Street extends to +the river. This street, now given over to manufacturers, was, in 1824, +the chief promenade of the city next to the Battery Walk. It led +directly to the Red Fort at the river. The fort was some distance from +the shore. It was built early in the century, was round and of brick, +and a bridge led to it. It was never of any practical use, but, like +Castle Garden, was used as a pleasure resort. + +[Sidenote: Lispenard's Meadows] + +[Sidenote: Cows on Broadway] + +Early in the eighteenth century, Anthony Rutgers held under lease from +Trinity a section of the Church Farm which took in the Dominie's +Bouwerie, a property lying between where Broadway is and the Hudson +River. The southern and northern lines were approximately the present +Reade and Canal Streets. It was a wild spot, remaining in a primitive +condition--part marsh, part swamp--covered with dwarf trees and tangled +underbrush. Cattle wandered into this region and were lost. It was a +dangerous place, too, for men who wandered into it. To live near it was +unhealthy, because of the foul gases which abounded. It seemed to be a +worthless tract. About the year 1730, Anthony Rutgers suggested to the +King in Council that he would have this land drained and made wholesome +and useful provided it was given to him. His argument was so strong and +sensible that the land--seventy acres, now in the business section of +the city--was given him and he improved it. At the northern edge of the +improved waste lived Leonard Lispenard, in a farm house which was then +in a northern suburb of the city, bounded by what is Hudson, Canal and +Vestry Streets. Lispenard married the daughter of Rutgers, and the land +falling to him it became Lispenard's Meadows. In Lispenard's time +Broadway ended where White Street is now and a set of bars closed the +thoroughfare against cows that wandered along it. The one bit of the +meadows that remains is the tiny park at the foot of Canal Street on the +west side. Anthony Rutgers' homestead was close by what is Broadway and +Thomas Street. After his death in 1750 it became a public house, and, +with the surrounding grounds, was called Ranelagh Garden, a popular +place in its time. + +[Sidenote: Canal Street] + +On a line with the present Canal Street, a stream ran from the Fresh +Water Pond to the Hudson River, at the upper edge of Lispenard's +Meadows. A project, widely and favorably considered in 1825, but which +came to nothing, advocated the extension of Canal Street, as a canal, +from river to river. The street took its name naturally from the little +stream which was called a canal. When the street was filled in and +improved, the stream was continued through a sewer leading from Centre +Street. The locality at the foot of the street has received the local +title of "Suicide Slip" because of the number of persons in recent years +who have ended their lives by jumping into Hudson River at that point. + +In Broadway, between Grand and Howard Streets, in 1819, West's circus +was opened. In 1827 this was converted into a theatre called the +Broadway. Later it was occupied by Tattersall's horse market. + +[Sidenote: Original Olympic Theatre] + +Next door to Tattersall's, at No. 444 Broadway, the original Olympic +Theatre was built in 1837. W. R. Blake and Henry E. Willard built and +managed the house. It was quite small and their aim had been to present +plays of a high order of merit by an exceptionally good company. The +latter included besides Blake, Mrs. Maeder and George Barrett. After a +few months of struggle against unprofitable business, prices were +lowered. Little success was met with, the performances being of too +artistic a nature to be popular, and Blake gave up the effort and the +house. In December, 1839, Wm. Mitchell leased the house and gave +performances at low prices. + +At No. 453 Broadway, between Grand and Howard Streets, in 1844 John +Littlefield, a corn doctor, set up a place, designating himself as a +chiropodist--an occupation before unknown under that title. + +At No. 485 Broadway, near Broome Street, Brougham's Lyceum was built in +1850, and opened in December with an "occasional rigmarole" and a farce. +In 1852 the house was opened, September 8, as Wallack's Lyceum, having +been acquired by James W. Wallack. Wallack ended his career as an actor +in this house. In 1861 he removed to his new theatre, corner Thirteenth +Street and Broadway. Still later the Lyceum was called the Broadway +Theatre. + +[Illustration] + +"Murderers' Row" has its start where Watts Street ends at Sullivan, +midway of the block between Grand and Broome Streets. It could not be +identified by its name, for it is not a "row" at all, merely an +ill-smelling alley, an arcade extending through a block of battered +tenements. After running half its course through the block, the alley +is broken by an intersecting space between houses--a space that is taken +up by push carts, barrels, tumbledown wooden balconies and lines of +drying clothes. "Murderers' Row" is celebrated in police annals as a +crime centre. But the evil doers were driven out long years ago and the +houses given over to Italians. These people are excessively poor, and +have such a hard struggle for life as to have no desire to regard the +laws of the Health Board. Constant complaints are made that the houses +are hovels and the alley a breeding-place for disease. + +[Sidenote: Greenwich Village] + +Greenwich Village sprang from the oldest known settlement on the Island +of Manhattan. It was an Indian village, clustering about the site of the +present West Washington Market, at the foot of Gansevoort Street, when +Hendrick Hudson reached the island, in 1609. + +The region was a fertile one, and its natural drainage afforded it +sanitary advantages which even to this day make it a desirable place of +residence. There was abundance of wild fowl and the waters were alive +with half a hundred varieties of fish. There were sand hills, sometimes +rising to a height of a hundred feet, while to the south was a marsh +tenanted by wild fowl and crossed by a brook flowing from the north. It +was this Manetta brook which was to mark the boundary of Greenwich +Village when Governor Kieft set aside the land as a bouwerie for the +Dutch West India Company. The brook arose about where Twenty-first +Street now crosses Fifth Avenue, flowed to the southwest edge of Union +Square, thence to Fifth Avenue and Eighth Street, across where +Washington Square is, along the line of Minetta Street, and then to +Hudson River, between Houston and Charlton Streets. + +[Sidenote: Sir Peter Warren] + +The interests of the little settlement were greatly advanced in 1744, +when Sir Peter Warren, later the hero of Louisburg, married Susannah De +Lancey and went to live there, purchasing three hundred acres of land. + +Epidemics in the city from time to time drove many persons to Greenwich +as a place of refuge. But it remained for the fatal yellow-fever +epidemic of 1822, when 384 persons died in the city, to make Greenwich a +thriving suburb instead of a struggling village. Twenty thousand persons +fled the city, the greater number settling in Greenwich. Banks, public +offices, stores of every sort were hurriedly opened, and whole blocks of +buildings sprang up in a few days. Streets were left where lanes had +been, and corn-fields were transformed into business and dwelling +blocks. + +[Sidenote: Evolution of Greenwich Streets] + +The sudden influx of people and consequent trade into the village +brought about the immediate need for street improvements. Existing +streets were lengthened, footpaths and alleys were widened, but all was +done without any regard to regularity. The result was the jumble of +streets still to be met with in that region, where the thoroughfares are +often short and often end in a cul-de-sac. + +In time the streets of the City Plan crept up to those of Greenwich +Village, and the village was swallowed up by the city. But it was not +swallowed up so completely but that the irregular lines of the village +streets are plainly to be seen on any city map. + +Near where Spring Street crosses Hudson there was established, about +1765, Brannan's Garden, on the northern edge of Lispenard's Meadows. It +was like the modern road-house. Greenwich Road was close to it, and +pleasure-seekers, who thronged the road on the way from the city to +Greenwich Village, were the chief guests of the house. + +[Sidenote: Duane Street Church] + +Crowded close between dwellings on the east side of Hudson Street, fifty +feet south of Spring, is the Duane M. E. Church, a quaint-looking +structure, half church, half business building. This is the successor of +the North Church, the North River Church and the Duane Street Church, +founded in 1797, which, before it moved to Hudson Street, in 1863, was +in Barley (now Duane) Street, between Hudson and Greenwich Streets. + +In Spring Street, near Varick, is the Spring Street Presbyterian Church, +which was built in 1825. Before its erection the "old" Spring Street +Presbyterian Church stood on the site, having been built in 1811. + +[Sidenote: Richmond Hill] + +Although the leveling vandalism of a great city has removed every trace +of Richmond Hill, the block encircled by Macdougal, Charlton, Varick +and Vandam Streets, is crowded thick with memories of men and events of +a past generation. + +Long before there was a thought of the city getting beyond the wall that +hemmed in a few scattering houses, and when the Indian settlement, which +afterwards became Greenwich Village, kept close to the water's edge, a +line of low sand hills called the Zandtberg, stretched their curved way +from where now Eighth Street crosses Broadway, ending where Varick +Street meets Vandam. At the base of the hill to the north was Manetta +Creek. + +The final elevation became known as Richmond Hill, and that, with a +considerable tract of land, was purchased by Abraham Mortier, +commissioner of the forces of George III. of England. In 1760 he built +his home on the hill and called it also Richmond Hill. + +[Sidenote: Burr's Pond] + +The house was occupied by General Washington as his headquarters in +1776, and by Vice-President Adams in 1788. Aaron Burr obtained it in +1797, entertained lavishly there, improved the grounds, constructed an +artificial lake long known as Burr's Pond, and set up a beautiful +entrance gateway at what is now Macdougal and Spring Streets, which he +passed through in 1804 when he went to fight his duel with Alexander +Hamilton. + +Burr gave up the house in 1807, and, the hill being cut away in the +opening of streets in 1817, the house was lowered and rested on the +north side of Charlton Street just east of Varick. It became a theatre +later and remained such until it was torn down in 1849. A quiet row of +brick houses occupies the site now. + +[Sidenote: St. John's Burying Ground] + +What is now a pleasant little park enclosed by Hudson, Leroy and +Clarkson Streets, was part of a plot set aside for a graveyard when St. +John's Chapel was built. It was called St. John's Burying-Ground. Its +early limits extended to Carmine Street on one side and to Morton Street +on the other. Under the law burials ceased there about 1850. There were +10,000 burials in the grounds, which, unlike the other Trinity +graveyards, came to be neglected. The tombstones crumbled to decay, the +weeds grew rank about them and the trees remained untrimmed and +neglected. + +About 1890 property owners in the vicinity began steps to have the +burying-ground made into a park. Conservative Trinity resisted the +project until the city won a victory in the courts and the property was +bought. Relatives of the dead were notified and some of the bodies were +removed. In September, 1897, the actual work of transforming the +graveyard into a park was begun. Laborers with crowbars knocked over +the tombstones that still remained and putting the fragments in a pit at +the eastern end of the grounds covered them with earth to make a +play-spot for children. + +[Sidenote: Bedford Street Church] + +At Morton and Bedford Streets is the Bedford Street M. E. Church. The +original structure was built in 1810 in a green pasture. Beside it was a +quiet graveyard, reduced somewhat in 1830 when the church was enlarged, +and wiped out when the land became valuable and the present structure +was set up in 1840. The church was built for the first congregation of +Methodists in Greenwich Village, formed in 1808 at the house of Samuel +Walgrove at the north side of Morton Street close to Bleecker. + +[Sidenote: Where Thomas Paine Lived And Died] + +Thomas Paine--famous for his connection with the American and French +revolutions, but chiefly for his works, "The Age of Reason," favoring +Deism against Atheism and Christianity; and "Common Sense," maintaining +the cause of the American colonies--died in Greenwich Village June 8, +1809, having retired there in 1802. + +The final years of his life were passed in a small house in Herring (now +Bleecker) Street. On the site is a double tenement numbered No. 293 +Bleecker Street, southeast corner Barrow. This last named street was not +opened until shortly after Paine's death. It was first called Reason +Street, a compliment to the author of "The Age of Reason." This was +corrupted to Raisin Street. In 1828 it was given its present name. + +Shortly before his death Paine moved to a frame building set in the +centre of a nearby field. Grove Street now passes over the site which is +between Bleecker and West Fourth Streets, the back of the building +having been where No. 59 Grove Street is now. + +About the time that Barrow Street was opened Grove Street was cut +through. It was called Cozine Street, then Columbia, then Burrows, and +finally, in 1829, was changed to Grove. When the street was widened in +1836, the house in which Paine had died, until then left standing, was +demolished. + +[Sidenote: Admiral Warren and His Family] + +The homestead of Admiral Sir Peter Warren occupied the ground now taken +up in the solidly built block bounded by Charles, Fourth, Bleecker and +Perry Streets. The house was built in 1744, in the midst of green +fields, and for more than a century it was the most important dwelling +in Greenwich. Admiral Warren of the British Navy was, next to the +Governor, the most important person in the Province. His house was the +favorite resort of social and influential New York. The Admiral's +influence and popularity had a marked effect on the village, which, by +his coming, was given an impetus that made it a thriving place. + +Of the three daughters of Admiral Warren, Charlotte, the eldest, married +Willoughby, Earl of Abingdon; the second, Ann, married Charles Fitzroy, +afterwards Baron Southampton, and Susannah, the youngest, married +William Skinner, a Colonel of Foot. These marriages had their effect +also on Greenwich Village, serving to continue the prosperity of the +place. Roads which led through the district, of which the Warren family +controlled a great part, were named in honor of the different family +branches. The only name now surviving is that of Abingdon Square. + +In the later years of his life, Sir Peter Warren represented the City of +Westminster in Parliament. He was buried in Westminster Abbey. + +[Sidenote: State Prison] + +In 1796 the State Prison was built on about four acres of ground, +surrounded by high walls, and taking in the territory now enclosed by +Washington, West, Christopher and Perry Streets. The site is now, for +the most part, occupied by a brewery, but traces of the prison walls are +yet to be seen in those of the brewery. There was a wharf at the foot of +Christopher Street. In 1826 the prison was purchased by the Corporation +of the State. The construction of a new State Prison had begun at Sing +Sing in 1825. In 1828 the male prisoners were transferred to Sing Sing, +and the female prisoners the next year. + +[Sidenote: Convict Labor] + +The yard of the early prison extended down to the river, there were +fields about and a wide stretch of beach. It was here that the first +system of prison manufactures was organized. A convict named Noah +Gardner, who was a shoemaker, induced the prison officials to permit him +the use of his tools. In a short time he had trained most of the +convicts into a skilled body of shoemakers. + +The gathering together of a number of convicts in a workroom was at +first productive of some disorder, owing to the difficulty of keeping +them under proper discipline under the new conditions. In 1799 came the +first riot. The keepers fired upon and killed several convicts. There +was another revolt in 1803. + +Gardner had been found guilty of forgery, but was reprieved on the +gallows through the influence of the Society of Friends, of which he was +a member, and sentenced to life imprisonment. Because of his services in +organizing the prison work, he was liberated after serving seven years. +Becoming then a shoe manufacturer, he was successful for several years, +when he absconded, taking with him a pretty Quakeress, and was never +heard of again. + +[Illustration: Old Houses Wiehawken St.] + +[Sidenote: Quaint Houses in Wiehawken Street] + +Although the prison has been swept away, an idea of its locality can be +had from the low buildings at the west side of nearby Wiehawken Street. +These buildings have stood for more than a hundred years, having been +erected before the prison. + +That part of Greenwich Village that was transformed from fields into a +town in a few days, during the yellow fever scare of 1822, centered at +the point where West Eleventh Street crosses West Fourth Street. At this +juncture was a cornfield on which, in two days, a hotel capable of +accommodating three hundred guests was built. At the same time a +hundred other houses sprang up, as if by magic, on all sides. + +[Sidenote: Bank Street] + +Bank Street was named in 1799. The year previous a clerk in the Bank of +New York on Wall Street was one of the earliest victims of yellow fever, +and the officials decided to take precautions in case of the bank being +quarantined at a future time. Eight lots were purchased on a then +nameless lane in Greenwich Village. The bank was erected there, and gave +the lane the name of Bank Street. + +[Sidenote: Washington Square] + +Washington Square was once a Potter's Field. A meadow was purchased by +the city for this purpose in 1789, and the pauper graveyard was +established about where the Washington Arch is now. + +[Illustration: Looking South from Minetta Lane] + +Manetta Creek, coming from the north, flowed to the west of the arch +site, crossed to what is now the western portion of the Square, ran +through the present Minetta Street and on to the river. In 1795, during +a yellow fever epidemic, the field was used as a common graveyard. In +1797 the pauper graveyard which had been in the present Madison Square, +was abandoned in favor of this one. There was a gallows on the ground +and criminals were executed and interred on the spot as late as 1822. + +In 1823 the Potter's Field was abandoned and removed to the present +Bryant Park at Forty-second Street and Sixth Avenue. In 1827, three and +one half acres of ground were added to the plot and the present +Washington Square was opened. + +[Sidenote: Obelisk Lane] + +Past the pauper graveyard ran an inland road to Greenwich Village. This +extended from the Post Road (now the Bowery) at the present Astor Place +near Cooper Union, continued in a direct line to about the position of +the Washington Arch, and from that point to the present Eighth Avenue +just above Fifteenth Street. This road, established through the fields +in 1768, was called Greenwich Lane. It was also known as Monument Lane +and Obelisk Lane. A small section of it still exists in Astor Place from +Bowery to Broadway. A larger section is Greenwich Avenue from Eighth to +Fourteenth Streets. Monument Lane took its name from a monument at +Fifteenth Street where the road ended, which had been erected to the +memory of General Wolfe, the hero of Quebec. The monument disappeared +in a mysterious way during the British occupation. It is thought to have +been destroyed by soldiers. + +[Sidenote: Graveyard In a Side Street] + +A few feet east of Sixth Avenue, on the south side of Eleventh Street, +is a brick wall and railing, behind which can be seen several battered +tombstones in a triangular plot of ground. This is all that is left of a +Jewish graveyard established almost a century ago. + +Milligan's Lane was the continuation of Amos (now West Tenth) Street, +from Greenwich Avenue to Twelfth Street where it joined the Union Road. +This lane struck the line of Sixth Avenue where Eleventh Street is now. +At the southwest corner of this junction the course of the lane can be +seen yet in the peculiar angle of the side wall of a building there, and +in a similar angle of other houses near by. Close by this corner the +second graveyard of Shearith Israel Synagogue was established early in +this century. It took the place of the Beth Haim, or Place of Rest, down +town, a remnant of which is to be seen in New Bowery off Chatham Square. + +[Sidenote: Milligan's Lane] + +The Eleventh Street graveyard, established in the midst of green fields, +fronted on Milligan's Lane and extended back 110 feet. When Eleventh +Street was cut through under the conditions of the City Plan, in 1830, +it passed directly through the graveyard, cutting it away so that only +the tiny portion now there was left. At that time a new place of burial +was opened in Twenty-first Street west of Sixth Avenue. + +[Sidenote: Union Road] + +At a point just behind the house numbered 23 Eleventh Street, midway of +the block between Fifth and Sixth Avenues, Union Road had its +starting-point. It was a short road, forming a direct communicating line +between Skinner and Southampton Roads. Skinner Road, running from +Hudson River along the line of the present Christopher Street, ended +where Union Road began; and Union Road met Southampton at what is now +the corner of Fifteenth Street and Seventh Avenue. This point was also +the junction of Southampton and Great Kiln Roads. + +Evidences of the Union Road are still to be seen in Twelfth Street, at +the projecting angle of the houses numbered 43 and 45. It was just at +this point that Milligan's Lane ended. On Thirteenth Street, the course +of Union Road is shown by the slanting wall of a big business building, +numbered 36. + +[Sidenote: First Presbyterian Church] + +In Twelfth Street, between Sixth and Seventh Avenues, is the First +Reformed Presbyterian Church. The congregation was started as a praying +society in 1790 at the house of John Agnew at No. 9 Peck Slip. In 1798 +the congregation worshipped in a school house in Cedar Street. They +soon after built their first church at Nos. 39 and 41 Chambers Street, +where the American News Company building is now. It was a frame +building, and was succeeded in 1818 by a brick building on the same +site. In 1834 a new church was erected at Prince and Marion Streets. The +foundation for the present church was laid in 1848, and the church +occupied it in the following year. + +[Sidenote: Society Library] + +The New York Society Library, at 107 University Place, near Fourteenth +Street, claims to be the oldest institution of its kind in America. It +is certainly the most interesting in historical associations, richness +of old literature and art works. It is the direct outcome of the library +established in 1700, with quarters in the City Hall, in Wall Street, by +Richard, Earl of Bellomont, the Governor of New York. + +In 1754 an association was incorporated for carrying on a library, and +their collection, added to the library already in existence, was called +the City Library. The Board of Trustees consisted of the most prominent +men in the city. In 1772 a charter was granted by George III, under the +name of the New York Society Library. + +During the Revolutionary War the books became spoil for British +soldiers. Many were destroyed and many sold. After the war the remains +of the library were gathered from various parts of the city and again +collected in the City Hall. In 1784 the members of the Federal Congress +deliberated in the library rooms. In 1795 the library was moved to +Nassau Street, opposite the Middle Dutch Church; in 1836 to Chambers +Street; in 1841 to Broadway and Leonard Street; in 1853 to the Bible +House, and in 1856 to the present building. + +[Sidenote: Great Kiln Road] + +At the point that is now Seventh Avenue and Fifteenth Street, then +intersected by the Union Road, the Great Kiln Road ended. Its +continuation was called Southampton Road. From that point it continued +to Nineteenth Street, east of Sixth Avenue, and then parallel with Sixth +Avenue to Love Lane, the present Twenty-first Street. + +The line of this road, where it joined the Great Kiln Road, is still +clearly shown in the oblique side wall of the house at the northwest +corner of Seventh Avenue and Fifteenth Street. Here, also, it has a +marked effect on the east wall of St. Joseph's Home for the Aged. The +first-mentioned house, with the cutting through of the streets, has been +left one of those queer triangular buildings, with full front and +running to a point in the rear. + +[Sidenote: Weavers' Row] + +When the road reached what is now Sixteenth Street, a third of a block +east of Seventh Avenue, it passed through the block in a sweeping curve +to the present corner of Seventeenth Street and Sixth Avenue. The +evidence of its passage is still to be seen in the tiny wooden houses +buried in the centre of the block, which are remnants of a row called +Paisley Place, or Weavers' Row. This row was built during the +yellow-fever agitation of 1822, and was occupied by Scotch weavers who +operated their hand machines there. + +The road took its name from Sir Peter Warren's second daughter, who +married Charles Fitzroy, who later became the Baron Southampton. + +[Sidenote: Graveyard Behind a Store] + +In Twenty-first Street, a little west of Sixth Avenue, is the unused +though not uncared-for graveyard of the Shearith Israel Synagogue. The +graveyard cannot be seen from the street, but from the rear windows of a +nearby dry-goods store a glimpse can be had of the ivy-covered +receiving-vault and the time-grayed tombstones. + +When this "Place of Rest" was established the locality was all green +fields. The graveyard had been forced from further down town by the +cutting through of Eleventh Street in 1830. Interments were made in this +spot until 1852, when the cemetery was removed to Cypress Hills, L. I., +the Common Council having in that year prohibited burials within the +city limits. But though there were no burials, the congregation have +persistently refused to sell this plot, just as they have the earlier +plots, the remains of which are off Chatham Square and in Eleventh +Street, near Sixth Avenue. + +[Sidenote: Love Lane] + +Abingdon Road in the latter years of its existence was commonly called +Love Lane, and more than a century ago followed close on the line of the +present Twenty-first Street from what is now Broadway to Eighth Avenue. +It was the northern limit of a tract of land given by the city to +Admiral Sir Peter Warren in recognition of his services at the capture +of Louisburg. + +From this road, when the Warren estate was divided among the daughters +of the Admiral, two roads, the Southampton and the Warren, were opened +through this upper part of the estate. + +The name Love Lane was given to the road in the latter part of the +eighteenth century, and was retained until it was swallowed up in +Twenty-first Street. This last was ordered opened in 1827, but was not +actually opened until some years later. There is no record to show where +the name came from. The generally accepted idea is that being a quiet +and little traveled spot, it was looked upon as a lane where happy +couples might drive, far from the city, and amid green fields and +stately trees confide the story of their loves. It was the longest drive +from the town, by way of the Post Road, Bloomingdale Road and so across +the west to Southampton, Great Kiln roads, through Greenwich Village +and by the river road back to town. + +The road originally took its name from the oldest daughter of Admiral +Warren, who married the Earl of Abingdon. + +There are still traces of Love Lane in Twenty-first Street. The two +houses numbered 25 and 27 stood on the road. The houses 51, 53 and 55, +small and odd appearing, are more closely identified with the lane. When +built, these houses were conspicuous and alone, at the junction where +Southampton Road from Greenwich Village ran into Love Lane. They are +thought to have been a single house serving as a tavern. + +Close by, at the northeast corner of Twenty-first Street and Sixth +Avenue, the house with the gable roof is one that also stood on the old +road, though built at a later date than the three next to it. + +The road ended for many years about on the line with the present Eighth +Avenue, where it ran into the Fitzroy Road. Some years previous to the +laying out of the streets under the City Plan in 1811, Love Lane was +continued to Hudson River. Before it reached the river it was crossed, a +little east of Seventh Avenue, by the Warren Road, although there is no +trace of the crossing now. + +[Sidenote: Chelsea Village] + +[Illustration: Old Theological Seminary Chelsea Square] + +Although Chelsea Village was long ago swallowed up by the city, and its +boundaries blotted out by the rectangular lines of the plan under which +the streets were mapped out in 1811, there is still a suggestion of it +in the green lawns and gray buildings of the General Theological +Seminary of the Protestant Episcopal Church, which occupies the block +between Twentieth and Twenty-first Streets, Ninth and Tenth Avenues. + +Chelsea got its name in 1750, when Captain Thomas Clarke, an old +soldier, gave the name to his country seat, in remembrance of the +English home for invalided soldiers. It was between two and three miles +from the city, a stretch of country land along the Hudson River with not +another house anywhere near it. The house stood, as streets are now, at +the south side of Twenty-third Street, about two hundred feet west of +Ninth Avenue, on a hill that sloped to the river. The captain had hoped +to die in his retreat, but his home was burned to the ground during his +severe illness, and he died in the home of his nearest neighbor. Soon +after his death the house was rebuilt by his widow, Mrs. Mollie Clarke. +The latter dying in 1802, a portion of the estate with the house went to +Bishop Benjamin Moore, who had married Mrs. Clarke's daughter, Charity. +It passed from him in 1813 to his son, Clement C. Moore. The latter +reconstructed the house, and it stood until 1850. + +Clement C. Moore's estate was included within the present lines of +Eighth Avenue, Nineteenth to Twenty-fourth Streets and Hudson River. +These are approximately the bounds of Chelsea Village which grew up +around the old Chelsea homestead. It came to be a thriving village, +conveniently reached by the road to Greenwich and then by Fitzroy Road; +or by the Bowery Road, Bloomingdale, and then along Love Lane. + +[Sidenote: London Terrace] + +In 1831 the streets were cut through and the village thereafter grew up +on the projected lines of the City Plan. It was for this reason that +Chelsea, when the city reached it, was merged into it so perfectly that +there is not an imperfect street line to tell where the village had +been and where the city joined it. There are houses of the old village +still standing; notably those still called the Chelsea Cottages in +Twenty-fourth Street west of Ninth Avenue, and the row called the London +Terrace in Twenty-third Street between Ninth and Tenth Avenues. + +The block on which the General Theological Seminary stands was given to +the institution by Clement C. Moore, and was long called Chelsea Square. +The cornerstone of the East Building was laid in 1825, and of the West +Building, which still stands, in 1835. + +It was this Clement C. Moore, living quietly in the village that had +grown up around him, who wrote the child's poem which will be remembered +longer than its writer--"'Twas the Night before Christmas." + +[Illustration] + + + + +III + + + + +III + + +[Sidenote: Oliver Street Baptist Church] + +The Oliver Street Baptist Church was built on the northwest corner of +Oliver and Henry Streets in 1795. It was rebuilt in 1800, and again in +1819. Later it was burned, and finally restored in 1843. The structure +is now occupied by the Mariners' Temple, and the record of its burning +is to be seen on a marble tablet on the front wall. + +Oliver Street--that is, the two blocks from Chatham Square to Madison +Street--was called Fayette Street before the name was changed to Oliver +in 1825. + +James Street was once St. James Street. The change was made prior to +1816. + +Mariners' Church, at 46 Catherine Street, was erected in 1854, on the +southeast corner of Madison Street. Prior to that, and as far back as +1819, it had been at 76 Roosevelt Street. + +[Sidenote: Madison Street] + +Banker Street having become a byword, because of the objectionable +character of its inhabitants, the name was changed to Madison Street in +1826. + +Between Jefferson and Clinton Streets, and south of Henry, was a pond, +the only bit of water which, in early days, emptied into the East River +between what afterward became Roosevelt Street and Houston Street. A wet +meadow, rather than a distinct stream, extended from this pond to the +river as an outlet. This became later the region of shipyards. + +[Illustration: Church of Sea & Land] + +[Sidenote: Where Nathan Hale Was Hanged] + +On what is now Cherry Street, between Clinton and Jefferson Streets, was +the house of Col. Henry Rutgers, the Revolutionary patriot, and his farm +extended from that point in all directions. On a tree of this farm +Nathan Hale, the martyr spy of the Revolution, was hanged, September 22, +1776. On this same farm the Church of the Sea and Land, still standing +with its three-foot walls, at Market and Henry Streets, was built in +1817. + +In 1828, at the corner of Henry and Scammel Streets, was erected All +Saints' Church (Episcopal). It still stands, now hemmed in by +dwelling-houses. It is a low rock structure. A bit of green, a stunted +tree and some shrubs still struggle through the bricks at the rear of +the church, and can be seen through a tall iron railing from narrow +Scammel Street. In 1825 the church occupied a chapel on Grand Street at +the corner of Columbia. + +[Sidenote: First Tenement House] + +The first house designed especially for many tenants was built in 1833, +in Water Street just east of Jackson, on which site is now included +Corlears Hook Park. It was four stories in height, and arranged for one +family on each floor. It was built by Thomas Price, and owned by James +P. Allaire, whose noted engine works were close by in Cherry Street, +between Walnut (now Jackson) and Corlears Street. + +Where Grand and Pitt Streets cross is the top of a hill formerly known +as Mount Pitt. On this hill the building occupied by the Mount Pitt +Circus was built in 1826. It was burned in 1828. + +At Grand, corner of Ridge Street, is the St. Mary's Church (Catholic), +which was built in 1833, a rough stone structure with brick front and +back. In 1826 it was in Sheriff, between Broome and Delancey Streets. It +had the first Roman Catholic bell in the city. In 1831 the church was +burned by a burglar, and the new structure was built in Grand Street. + +Actual work on the pier for the new East River Bridge, at the foot of +Delancey Street, was begun in the spring of 1897. + +[Sidenote: Manhattan Island] + +Much confusion has arisen, and still exists, in the designation of the +territory under the names of Manhattan Island and Island of Manhattan. +The two islands a hundred years ago were widely different bodies. They +are joined now. + +Manhattan Island was the name given to a little knoll of land which lay +within the limits of what is now Third, Houston and Lewis Streets and +the East River. At high tide the place was a veritable island. There +seems to be still a suggestion of it in the low buildings which occupy +the ground of the former island. About the ancient boundary, as though +closing it in, are tall tenements and factory buildings. On the grounds +of this old island the first recreation pier was built, in 1897, at the +foot of Third Street. + +The Island of Manhattan has always been the name applied to the land +occupied by the old City of New York, now the Borough of Manhattan. + +In the heart of the block surrounded by Rivington, Stanton, Goerck and +Mangin Streets, there is still to be seen the remains of a +slanting-roofed market, closed in by the houses which have been built +about it. It was set up in 1827, and named Manhattan Market after the +nearby island. + +[Illustration: Bone Alley] + +[Sidenote: Bone Alley] + +Work on the Hamilton Fish Park was begun in 1896, in the space bounded +by Stanton, Houston, Pitt and Sheriff Streets, then divided into two +blocks by Willett Street. This was a congested, tenement-house vicinity, +where misery and poverty pervaded most of the dingy dwellings. In wiping +out the two solidly built-up blocks, Bone Alley, well known in police +history for a generation, was effaced. On the west side of Willett +Street, midway of the block, Bone Alley had its start and extended sixty +feet into the block--a twenty-five-foot space between tall tenements, +running plump into a row of houses extending horizontal with it. When +these houses were erected they each had long gardens, which were built +upon when the land became too valuable to be spared for flower-beds or +breathing-spots. In time they became the homes of rag-and bone-pickers, +and thus the alley which led to them got its name, which it kept even +after the rag-pickers and the law-breakers who succeeded them had been +driven away by the police. + +There was, forty years ago, a well of good, drinkable water at the point +where Rivington and Columbia Streets now cross. + +[Sidenote: "Mother Mandelbaum"] + +The little frame house at the northwest corner or Rivington and Clinton +Streets was the home of "Mother" Frederica Mandelbaum for many years, +until she was driven from the city in 1884. This "Queen of the Crooks," +receiver of stolen goods and friend of all the criminal class, +compelled, in a sense, the admiration of the police, who for years +battled in vain to outwit her cleverness. When the play, "The Two +Orphans," was first produced, Mrs. Wilkins, as the "Frochard," copied +the character of "Mother" Mandelbaum and gave a representation of the +woman that all who knew the original recognized. Other plays were +written, and also many stories, having her as a central figure. She died +at Hamilton, Ontario, in 1894. + +At the crossing of Rivington and Suffolk Streets was the source of +Stuyvesant's Creek. From there, as the streets exist now, it crossed +Stanton Street, near Clinton; Houston, at Sheriff; Second, near Houston; +then wound around to the north of Manhattan Island, and emptied into the +East River at Third Street. + +[Sidenote: Allen Street Memorial Church] + +In Rivington Street, between Ludlow and Orchard, is the Allen Street +Memorial Church (M. E.), built in 1888. The original Church, which was +built in 1810, is two blocks away, in Allen Street, between Delancey and +Rivington Streets. It was rebuilt in 1836, and when the new Rivington +Street structure was erected the old house was sold to a Jewish +congregation, who still occupy it as a synagogue. + +In Grand Street, between Essex and Ludlow Streets, the Essex Market was +built in 1818. The court next to it, in Essex Street, was built in 1856. + +[Illustration] + +[Sidenote: Mile Stone On the Bowery] + +On the Bowery, opposite Rivington Street, is a milestone (one of three +that yet remain) which formerly marked the distance from the City Hall, +in Wall Street, on the Post Road. The land to the east of the Bowery +belonged to James De Lancey, who was Chief Justice of the Colony in +1733, and in 1753 became Lieutenant-Governor. A lane led from the +Bowery, close by the milestone, to his country house, which was at the +present northwest corner of Delancey and Chrystie Streets. It was in +this house that he died suddenly in 1760. James De Lancey was the eldest +son of Etienne (Stephen) De Lancey, who built the house which afterwards +was known as Fraunces' Tavern, and which still stands at Broad and Pearl +Streets. He later built the homestead at Broadway and Cedar Street. +Originally the name was "de Lanci." It became "de Lancy" in the +seventeenth century, and was Anglicized in the eighteenth century to "De +Lancey." + +Where Grand Street crosses Mulberry was, until 1802, the family +burial-vault of the Bayard family, it having been the custom of early +settlers to bury their dead near their homesteads. The locality was +called Bunker Hill. + +[Sidenote: St. Patrick's Church] + +St. Patrick's Church, enclosed now by the high wall at Mott and Prince +Streets, was completed in 1815, the cornerstone having been laid in +1809. It was surrounded by meadows and great primitive trees. This +region was so wild that in 1820 a fox was killed in the churchyard. In +1866 the interior of the church was destroyed by fire. It was at once +reconstructed in its present form. Amongst others buried in the vaults +are "Boss" John Kelly, Vicar-General Starr and Bishop Connelly, first +resident bishop of New York. + +At Prince and Marion Streets, northwest corner, the house in which +President James Monroe lived while in the city still stands. + +[Sidenote: An Unsolved Crime] + +The St. Nicholas Hotel was at Broadway and Spring Street, and on the +ground floor John Anderson kept a tobacco store, to which the attention +of the entire country was directed in July, 1842, because of the murder +of Mary Rogers. This tragedy gave Edgar Allan Poe material for his +story "The Mystery of Marie Roget," into which he introduced every +detail of the actual happening. Mary Rogers was a saleswoman in the +tobacco store, and being young and pretty she attracted considerable +attention. She disappeared one July day, and, soon after, her body was +found drowned near the Sibyl's Cave at Hoboken. The deepest mystery +surrounded her evident murder, and much interest was taken in attempts +at a solution, but it remained an unsolved crime. + +On the east side of Broadway, between Prince and Houston Streets, on +July 4, 1828, William Niblo opened his Garden, Hotel and Theatre, to be +known for many years thereafter as Niblo's Garden. Prior to that, he had +kept the Bank Coffee House, at William and Pine Streets. + +[Sidenote: Niblo's Garden] + +The Metropolitan Hotel was built in Niblo's Garden, on the corner that +is now Broadway and Prince Street, in 1852, at a cost of a million +dollars. The theatre in the hotel building was called Niblo's Garden. +The building was demolished in 1894, and a business block was put up on +the site. + +Across the street from Niblo's, on Broadway, in a modest brick house, +lived, at one time, James Fenimore Cooper, the novelist. + +At No. 624 Broadway, between Houston and Bleecker Streets, was Laura +Keene's theatre. On March 1, 1858, Polly Marshall made her first +appearance on any stage at that theatre. Later it became the Olympic +Theatre. + +At Broadway and Bleecker Streets, a well was drilled, in 1832, which was +four hundred and forty-eight feet deep, and which yielded forty-four +thousand gallons of water a day. + +[Sidenote: Tripler Hall] + +Tripler Hall was at No. 677 Broadway, near Bond Street. Adelina Patti +appeared there on September 22, 1852, when ten years old, giving +evidence of her future greatness. She sang there for some time, usually +accompanied by the boy violinist, Paul Julien. + +Tripler Hall had been renamed the Metropolitan Hall, when it was +destroyed by fire in 1854. Lafarge House, which stood next it, was also +burned. The house was rebuilt on the site, and opened in September, +1854, under the name of the New York Theatre and Metropolitan Opera +House. + +Rachel the great was first seen in America at this house, September 3, +1855. Later the house became the Winter Garden. + +[Sidenote: First Marble-Fronted Houses] + +The first marble-fronted houses in the city were built on Broadway, +opposite Bond Street, in 1825. They were called the Marble Houses, and +attracted much attention. Being far out of the city, excursions were +made to view them. Afterwards they became the Tremont House, and are +still in use as a hotel. + +A pipe for a well was sunk in Broadway, opposite Bond Street, in April, +1827, it being thought that enough water for the supply of the immediate +neighborhood could be obtained therefrom. The water was not found, +however. + +[Sidenote: Burdell Murder] + +No. 31 Bond Street was the scene of a celebrated murder. The house is +torn down now, but it was identical with the one which now stands at No. +29. On January 3, 1857, Dr. Harvey Burdell, a dentist, was literally +butchered there, being stabbed fifteen times. A portion of the house had +been occupied by a widow named Cunningham, and her two daughters. After +the murder, Mrs. Cunningham claimed a widow's share of the Doctor's +estate, on the ground that she had been married to him some months +before. This claim started an investigation, which resulted in Mrs. +Cunningham's being suspected of the crime, arrested, tried and +acquitted. Soon after her acquittal, she attempted to secure control of +the entire Burdell estate, by claiming that she had given birth to an +heir to the property. The scheme failed, for the physician through whom +she obtained a new-born child from Bellevue Hospital, disclosed the plot +to District Attorney A. Oakey Hall. The woman and her daughters left the +city suddenly, and were not heard of again. The mystery of the murder +was never solved. + +The part of Houston Street east of the Bowery was, prior to November, +1833, called North Street. At the time the change in names was made the +street was raised. Between Broadway and the Bowery had been a wet tract +of land many feet below the grade. In 1844 the street was extended from +Lewis Street to the East River. + +The Bleecker Street Bank, which was just east of Broadway, on the north +side of Bleecker Street, was moved in October, 1897, to Twenty-first +Street and Fourth Avenue, and called The Bank for Savings. It had +originally been in the New York Institute Building in City Hall Park. + +[Illustration: Entrance to Marble Cemetery] + +[Sidenote: Marble Cemetery] + +In the heart of the block inclosed by the Bowery, Second Avenue, Second +and Third Streets, is a hidden graveyard. It is the New York Marble +Cemetery, and so completely has it been forgotten that its name no +longer appears in the City Directory. On four sides it is hemmed about +by tenements and business buildings, so that one could walk past it for +a lifetime without knowing that it was there. On the Second Avenue side, +the entrance is formed by a narrow passage between houses, which is +closed by an iron gateway. But the gate is always locked, and at the +opposite end of the passage is another gate of wood set in a brick +wall, so high that nothing but the tops of trees can be seen beyond it. +From the upper rear windows of the neighboring tenements a view of the +place can be had. It is a wild spot, four hundred feet by one hundred, +covered by a tangled growth of bushes and weeds, crossed by neglected +paths, and enclosed by a wall seventeen feet high. There is no sign of a +tombstone. In the southwest corner is a deadhouse of rough hewn stone. +On the south wall the names of vault owners are chiseled. Among these +were some of the best known New Yorkers fifty years ago. The records of +the city show that this land was owned by Henry Eckford and Marion, his +wife. They deeded it to Anthony Dey and George W. Strong when the +cemetery corporation was organized, July 30, 1830. There were one +hundred and fifty-six vaults, and fifteen hundred persons were buried +there. This cemetery is forgotten almost as completely as its own dead, +and its memories do not molest the dwellers in the surrounding tenements +who overlook it from their rear windows, and use it as a sort of +dumping-ground for all useless things that can readily be thrown into +it. + +[Sidenote: The Second Marble Cemetery] + +There is another Marble Cemetery which historians sometimes confuse with +this hidden graveyard, namely, one on Second Street, between First and +Second Avenues. Some of the larger merchants of the city bought the +ground in 1832, and created the New York City Marble Cemetery. Among the +original owners was Robert Lenox. When he died, in 1839, his body was +placed in a vault of the First Presbyterian Church at 16 Wall Street. +When that church was removed to Fifth Avenue and Twelfth Street the +remains of Lenox with others were removed to this Marble Cemetery. The +body of President James Monroe was first interred here, but was removed +in 1859 to Virginia. Thomas Addis Emmet, the famous jurist, is also +buried here. One of the most conspicuous monuments in St. Paul's +churchyard, the shaft at the right of the church, was erected to the +memory of Emmet. A large column on the other side of the church +preserves the memory of another man whose body does not lie in the +churchyard, for William James Macneven was interred in the +burying-ground of the Riker family at Bowery Bay, L. I. + +In Second Street, between Avenue A and First Avenue, stood a Methodist +church, and beside it a graveyard, until 1840; when the building was +turned into a public school. There were fifteen hundred bodies in the +yard, but they were not removed to Evergreen Cemetery until 1860. Only +fifteen bodies were claimed by relatives. One man who applied for his +father's body refused that offered him, claiming that the skull was too +small, and that some mistake had been made in disinterment. + +Second Street Methodist Episcopal Church, between Avenues C and D, was +built in 1832, the congregation having previously worshipped in private +houses in the vicinity. At one time this was the most prominent and +wealthiest church on the eastern side of the city. + +[Sidenote: Bouwerie Village] + +The Bouwerie Village was another of the little settlements--once a busy +spot, but now so effaced that every outline of its existence is blotted +out. It centred about the site of the present St. Mark's Church, Second +Avenue and Tenth Street. In 1651, when Peter Stuyvesant, the last of +the Dutch Governors, had ruled four years, he purchased the Great +Bouwerie, a tract of land extending two miles along the river north of +what is now Grand Street, taking in a section of the present Bowery and +Third Avenue. As there was, from time to time, trouble with the Indians, +the Governor ordered the dwellers on his bouwerie, as well as those on +adjoining bouweries, to form a village and gather there for mutual +protection at the first sign of an outbreak. Very soon the settlement +included a blacksmith's shop, a tavern and a dozen houses. In this way +the Bouwerie Village was started. Peter Stuyvesant in time built a +chapel, and in it Hermanus Van Hoboken, the schoolmaster, after whom the +city of Hoboken is named, preached. Years after the founding of the +village, when New Amsterdam had become New York, and when the old +Governor had returned from Holland, where he had, before the +States-General, fought for vindication in so readily giving up the +province to the English, Stuyvesant returned to end his days in the +Bouwerie Village. He died there at the age of eighty, and was buried in +the graveyard of the Bouwerie Church. St. Mark's Church, at Tenth Street +and Second Avenue, stands on the site of the old church, and a memorial +stone to Peter Stuyvesant is still to be seen under the porch. It reads: + +[Sidenote: Grave of Peter Stuyvesant] + + IN THIS VAULT LIES BURIED + PETRUS STUYVESANT, + LATE CAPTAIN-GENERAL AND GOVERNOR IN CHIEF + OF AMSTERDAM IN NEW NETHERLAND + NOW CALLED NEW YORK + AND THE DUTCH WEST INDIES, DIED IN A. D. 1671/2 + AGED 80 YEARS. + +When Judith, the widow of Peter Stuyvesant, died, in 1692, she left the +church in which the old Governor had worshipped to the Dutch Reformed +Church. A condition was that the Stuyvesant vault should be forever +protected. By 1793 the church had fallen into decay. Then another Peter +Stuyvesant, great-grandson of the Dutch Governor, who was a vestryman of +Trinity Church, gave the site and surrounding lots, together with +$2,000, and the Trinity Corporation added $12,500, and erected the +present St. Mark's Church. The cornerstone was laid in 1795 and the +building completed in 1799. It had no steeple until 1829, when that +portion was added. In 1858 the porch was added. In the churchyard were +buried the remains of Mayor Philip Hone and of Governor Daniel D. +Tompkins. It was here that the body of Alexander T. Stewart rested until +stolen. Close by the church was the mansion of Governor Stuyvesant. It +was an imposing structure for those days, built of tiny bricks brought +from Holland. A fire destroyed the house at the time of the Revolution. + +When Peter Stuyvesant returned from Holland he brought with him a pear +tree, which he planted in a garden near his Bouwerie Village house. This +tree flourished for more than two hundred years. At Thirteenth Street +and Third Avenue, on the house at the northeast corner, is a tablet +inscribed: + + ON THIS CORNER GREW + PETRUS STUYVESANT'S PEAR TREE + * * * * * + RECALLED TO HOLLAND IN 1664, + ON HIS RETURN + HE BROUGHT THE PEAR TREE + AND PLANTED IT + AS HIS MEMORIAL, + "BY WHICH," SAID HE, "MY NAME + MAY BE REMEMBERED." + THE PEAR TREE FLOURISHED + AND BORE FRUIT FOR OVER + TWO HUNDRED YEARS. + THIS TABLET IS PLACED HERE BY + THE HOLLAND SOCIETY + OF NEW YORK + SEPTEMBER, 1890. + +[Sidenote: First Sunday School] + +In 1785 half a dozen persons in the First Bouwerie Village, then +scattering to the school east from the site of Cooper Union, met at the +"Two Mile Stone"--so called from being two miles from Federal Hall--in +the upper room of John Coutant's house, on the site where Cooper +Institute stands now. The room was used as a shoe store during the week. +Here, on Sundays, ministers from the John Street Church instructed +converts. Peter Cooper, who was a member of the church, a few years +later conceived the idea of connecting the school with the church. The +organization was perfected, and he was chosen Superintendent of this, +the first Sunday School of New York. + +[Sidenote: Bowery Village Church] + +The quarters becoming cramped, in 1795 the congregation moved to a +two-story building a block away, on Nicholas William Street. This +street, long since blotted out, extended from what is now Fourth Avenue +and Seventh Street, across the Cooper Institute site and part of the +adjoining block, to Eighth (now St. Mark's Place), midway of the block +between Third and Second Avenues. The street was named after Nicholas +William Stuyvesant. When the old John Street Church was taken down, in +1817, the timber from it was used to erect a church next to the Sunday +School (called the Academy). This church was called the Bowery Village +Church. In 1830, the Bowery Village Church having been wiped out by the +advancing streets of the City Plan, Nicholas William Street went with +it, and a church was then established a short distance to the east, on +the line of what is now Seventh Street, north side, and this became the +Seventh Street Church. In 1837 persons living near by who objected to +the church revivals presented the trustees with two lots, nearer Third +Avenue. There a new church was built, which still stands. + +[Sidenote: Second Vauxhall Garden] + +Vauxhall Garden occupied (according to the present designation of the +streets) the space south of Astor Place, between Fourth Avenue and +Broadway, to the line of Fifth Street. Fourth Avenue was then Bowery +Road, and the main entrance to the Garden was on that side, opposite the +present Sixth Street. At Broadway the Garden narrowed down to a V shape. +On this ground, for many years, John Sperry, a Swiss, cultivated fruits +and flowers, and when he had grown old he sold his estate, in 1799, to +John Jacob Astor. The latter leased it to a Frenchman named Delacroix, +who had previously conducted the Vauxhall Garden on the Bayard Estate, +close by the present Warren and Greenwich Streets. During the next eight +years Delacroix transformed his newly-acquired possession into a +pleasure garden, by erecting a small theatre and summer-house, and by +setting out tables and seats under the trees on the grounds, and booths +with benches around the inside close up to the high board fence that +enclosed the Garden. He called the place Vauxhall, thereby causing some +confusion to historians, who often confound this Garden with the earlier +one of the same name. This last Vauxhall was situated a mile out of town +on the Bowery Road. It was an attractive retreat, and the tableaux were +so fine, the ballets so ingenius and the singing of such excellence, +that the resort became immensely popular, and remained so continuously +until the Garden was swept out of existence in 1855. Admission to the +grounds was free, and to the theatre two shillings. In its last years it +was a favorite place for the holding of large public meetings. + +[Sidenote: Cooper Union] + +Cooper Union, at the upper end of the Bowery, was built in 1854. Peter +Cooper, merchant and philanthropist, made the object of his life the +establishment of an institution designed especially to give the working +classes opportunity for self-education better than the existing +institutions afforded. His store was on the site of the present +building, which he founded. By a deed executed in 1859 the institution, +with its incomes, he devoted to the instruction and improvement of the +people of the United States forever. The institution has been taxed to +its full capacity since its inception. From time to time it has been +enriched by gifts from Mr. Cooper's heirs and friends. The statue of +Peter Cooper, in the little park in front of the building, was unveiled +May 28th, 1897. It is the work of Augustus St. Gaudens, once a pupil in +the Institute. + +On a part of the site of Cooper Union, at the east side of what was then +the Bowery, and what is now Fourth Avenue, stood a house which was said +to have been haunted. It was demolished to make way for Cooper Union. +No permanent tenant, it is said, had occupied it for sixty years. It was +a peaked-roofed brick structure, two stories high. + +The house of Peter Cooper was on the site of the present Bible House, at +Eighth Street and Third Avenue. He removed in 1820 to Twenty-eighth +Street and Fourth Avenue, and his dwelling may still be seen there. + +[Sidenote: Astor Place] + +Astor Place is part of old Greenwich Lane, which led from the Bowery +Lane past the pauper cemetery, where Washington Square is now, over the +sand hills where University Place now is, and took the line of the +present Greenwich Avenue. This was also called Monument Lane, because of +a monument to the memory of General Wolfe erected on the spot where the +road ended, at the junction of Eighth Avenue and Fifteenth Street. + +Astor Place, as far as Fifth Avenue, was called Art Street when it was +changed from a road to a street. The continuation of Astor Place to the +east, now Stuyvesant Street, was originally Stuyvesant Road, and +extended to the river at about Fifteenth Street. It was also called Art +when it became a street. On the south side of this thoroughfare, just +west of Fourth Avenue, Charlotte Temple lived in a small stone house. + +At the head of Lafayette Place, fronting on Astor Place, is a building +used at this time as a German Theatre. It was built for Dr. Schroeder, +once the favorite preacher of the city, of whom it was said that if +anyone desired to know where Schroeder preached, he had only to follow +the crowds on Sunday. But he became dissatisfied and left Trinity for a +church of his own. He very soon gave up this church, and for a time the +building was occupied by St. Ann's Roman Catholic congregation. +Afterward it became a theatre and failed to succeed. + +The ground at the junction of Astor Place and Eighth Street was made a +public square in 1836. In the midst of it may now be seen a statue of +Samuel S. Cox. + +[Sidenote: Scene of Forrest-Macready Riots] + +Astor Place Opera House, at the junction of Eighth Street and Astor +Place, where Clinton Hall stands now, was built in 1847. It was a +handsome theatre for those days, and contained eighteen hundred seats. +It was opened on November 22nd with "Ernani." On May 7th, 1849, at this +house occurred the first of the Macready riots. The bitter jealousy +existing between William Charles Macready, the English actor, and Edwin +Forrest, which had assumed the proportions of an international quarrel, +so far as the two actors and their friends were concerned, was the +cause. The admirers of Forrest sought, on this night, to prevent the +performance of "Macbeth," and a riot ensued in which no particular +damage was done. On May 10th, in response to a petition signed by many +prominent citizens, Macready again sought to play "Macbeth." An effort +was made to keep all Forrest sympathizers from the house. Many, however, +gained admission, and the performance was again frustrated. The +ringleaders were arrested. A great crowd blocked Astor Place, and an +assault upon the theatre was attempted. Macready escaped by a rear door. +The Seventh Regiment and a troop of cavalry cleared Eighth Street and +reached Astor Place. The mob resisted. The Riot Act was read. That +producing no effect, and the assault upon the building and the soldiers +defending it becoming more violent each moment, the mob was fired upon. +Three volleys were fired. Thirty-four persons were killed and some +hundred injured. Over one hundred soldiers and many policemen were also +hurt. + +On August 30th, 1852, the name of the house was changed to the New York +Theatre, under the direction of Charles R. Thorne. In a month's time he +gave up the venture and Frank Chanfrau took it up. He also abandoned it +after a few weeks. + +[Sidenote: Clinton Hall] + +In 1854 the Opera House was reconstructed and occupied by the Mercantile +Library. It was given the name of Clinton Hall, which had been the name +of the library's first home in Beekman Street. This building in time +gave way to the present Clinton Hall on the same site. + +[Sidenote: Lafayette Place] + +Lafayette Place was opened through the Vauxhall Garden in 1826. + +The Astor Library, in Lafayette Place, was completed in 1853, and was +opened in 1854. The site cost $25,000. + +The Middle Dutch Reformed Church was built in Lafayette Place in 1839, +at the northwest corner of Fourth Street after its removal from Nassau +and Cedar Streets. A new church was built at Seventh Street and Second +Avenue in 1844. In the Lafayette Place building was a bell which had +been cast in Holland in 1731, and which had first been used when the +church was in Nassau Street. It was the gift of Abraham de Peyster, and +now hangs in the Reformed Church at Fifth Avenue and Forty-eighth +Street. + +Next to this church, for many years, lived Madam Canda, who kept the +most fashionable school for ladies of a generation ago. Her beautiful +daughter was dashed from a carriage, and killed on her eighteenth +birthday--the age at which she was to make her debut into society. The +entire city mourned her loss. + +[Sidenote: La Grange Terrace] + +Soon after Lafayette Place was opened, La Grange Terrace was built. It +was named after General Lafayette's home in France. The row is still +prominent on the west side of the thoroughfare, and is known as +Colonnade Row. A riot occurred at the time it was built, the masons of +the city being aroused because the stone used in the structure was cut +by the prisoners in Sing Sing prison. + +John Jacob Astor lived on this street. He died March 29th, 1848, and was +buried from the home of his son, William B. Astor, just south of the +library building. + +[Sidenote: Sailors' Snug Harbor] + + +A line drawn through Astor Place and continued to the Washington Arch in +Washington Square, through Fifth Avenue to the neighborhood of Tenth +Street, with Fourth Avenue as an eastern boundary, would roughly enclose +what used to be the Eliot estate in the latter part of the eighteenth +century. It was a farm of about twenty-one acres in 1790, when it was +purchased for five thousand pounds from "Baron" Poelnitz, by Captain +Robert Richard Randall, who had been a ship-master and a merchant. +Randall dying in 1801, bequeathed the farm for the founding of an asylum +for superannuated sailors, together with the mansion house in which he +had lived. The house stood, approximately, at the present northwest +corner of Ninth Street and Broadway. It was the intention of Captain +Randall that the Sailors' Snug Harbor should be built on the property, +and the farming land used to raise all vegetables, fruit and grain +necessary for the inmates. There were long years of litigation, however, +for relatives contested the will. When the case was settled in 1831, the +trustees had decided to lease the land, and to purchase the Staten +Island property where the Asylum is now located. The estate, at the +time of Captain Randall's death, yielded an annual income of $4,000. At +present the income is about $400,000 a year. It is conceded that the +property would have increased more rapidly in value had it been sold +outright, instead of becoming leasehold property in perpetuity. + +Many efforts have been made to cut through Eleventh Street from Fourth +Avenue to Broadway. The first was in 1830, when the street was open on +the lines of the City Plan. Hendrick Brevoort, whose farm adjoined the +Sailors' Snug Harbor property, had a homestead directly in the line of +the proposed street, between Fourth Avenue and Broadway. He resisted the +attempted encroachment on his home so successfully that the street was +not opened through that block. He was again similarly successful in +1849, when an ordinance was passed for the removal of his house and the +opening of the street. + +[Sidenote: Grace Church] + +Grace Church, at Tenth Street and Broadway, was completed in 1846. +Previous to that date it had been on the southwest corner of Broadway +and Rector Street, opposite Trinity Church. + +There is a reason for the sudden bend in Broadway at Tenth Street, close +by Grace Church. The Bowery Lane, which is now Fourth Avenue, curved in +passing through what is now Union Square until, at the line of the +present Seventeenth Street it turned and took a direct course north and +was from thereon called the Bloomingdale Road. This road to Bloomingdale +was opened long before Broadway, and it was in order to let the latter +connect as directly as possible with the straight road north that the +direction of Broadway was changed about 1806 by the Tenth Street bend +and a junction effected with the other road at the Seventeenth Street +line. + +At Thirteenth Street and Fourth Avenue there was constructed in 1834 a +tank which was intended to furnish water for extinguishing fires. It had +a capacity of 230,000 gallons, and was one hundred feet above tide +water. Water was forced into it by a 12-horse power engine from a well +and conducting galleries at the present Tenth Street and Sixth Avenue, +on the site of the Jefferson Market Prison. + +[Sidenote: Wallack's Theatre] + +In 1861 James W. Wallack moved from Wallack's Lyceum at Broome Street, +and occupied the new Wallack's, now the Star Theatre, at Thirteenth +Street and Broadway. His last appearance was when he made a little +speech at the close of the season of 1862. He died in 1864. + +[Sidenote: Union Square] + +Union Square was provided for in the City Plan, under the name of Union +Place. The Commissioners decided that the Place was necessary, as an +opening for fresh air would be needed when the city should be built up. +Furthermore, the union of so many roads intersecting at that point +required space for convenience; and if the roads were continued without +interruption the land would be divided into such small portions as to be +valueless for building purposes. + +The fountain in the square was operated for the first time in 1842, on +the occasion of the great Croton Water celebration. + +The bronze equestrian statue of Washington was erected in the square +close by where the citizens had received the Commander of the Army when +he entered the city on Evacuation Day, November 25, 1783. The statue is +the work of Henry K. Brown. The dedication occurred on July 4, 1856, +and was an imposing ceremony. Rev. George W. Bethune delivered an +oration, and there was a military parade. + +[Sidenote: Academy of Music] + +The Academy of Music, at Fourteenth Street and Irving Place, was built +in 1854 by a number of citizens who desired a permanent home for opera. +On October 2nd of that year, Hackett took his company, headed by Grisi +and Matio, there, the weather being too cold to continue the season at +Castle Garden. The building was burned in 1866 and rebuilt in 1868. + +In Third Avenue, between Sixteenth and Seventeenth Streets, is an old +milestone which marked the third mile from Federal Hall on the Post +Road. + +The Friends' Meeting House, at East Sixteenth Street and Rutherford +Place, has existed since 1860. In 1775 it was in Pearl Street, near +Franklin Square. In 1824 it was taken down and rebuilt in 1826 in Rose +Street, near Pearl. + +[Sidenote: St. George's Church] + +St. George's (Episcopal) Church, at Rutherford Place and Sixteenth +Street, was built in 1845. The church was organized in 1752, and before +occupying the present site was in Beekman Street. + +Early in the century a stream of water ran from Stuyvesant's Pond, close +by what is now Fourteenth Street and Second Avenue, to First Avenue and +Nineteenth Street, having an outlet into the East River at about +Sixteenth Street. In winter this furnished an excellent skating-ground. + +[Sidenote: Gramercy Park] + +Gramercy Park, at Twentieth and Twenty-first Streets and Lexington +Avenue, was originally part of the Gramercy Farm. In 1831 it was given +by Samuel B. Ruggles to be used exclusively by the owners of lots +fronting on it. It was laid out and improved in 1840. In the pavement, +in front of the park gate on the west side, is a stone bearing this +inscription: + + GRAMERCY PARK + FOUNDED BY + SAMUEL B. RUGGLES + 1831 + COMMEMORATED BY THIS TABLET + IMBEDDED IN + THE GRAMERCY FARM BY + JOHN RUGGLES STRONG. + 1875. + +[Sidenote: Madison Square] + +There was no evidence during the last part of the eighteenth century +that the town would ever creep up to and beyond the point where +Twenty-third Street crosses Broadway. This point was the junction of the +Post Road to Boston and the Bloomingdale Road. The latter was the +fashionable out-of-town driveway, and it followed the course that +Broadway and the Boulevard take now. The Post Road extended to the +northeast. At this point, in 1794, a Potter's Field was established. +There were many complaints at its being located there, where pauper +funerals clashed with the vehicles of the well-to-do, and there was much +rejoicing three years later, when the burying-ground was removed to the +spot that is now Washington Square. + +[Sidenote: Arsenal in Madison Square] + +In 1797 was built, where the burying-ground had been, an arsenal which +extended from Twenty-fourth Street and over the site of the Worth +Monument. + +In the City Plan, completed in 1811, provision was made for a +parade-ground to extend from Twenty-third to Thirty-fourth Streets, and +Seventh to Third Avenue. The Commissioners decided that such a space was +needed for military exercises, and where, in case of necessity, there +could be assembled a force to defend the city. In 1814, the limits of +the parade-ground were reduced to the space between Twenty-third and +Thirty-first Streets, Sixth and Fourth Avenues, and given the name of +Madison Square. + +[Sidenote: House of Refuge] + +The Arsenal in Madison Square was turned into a House of Refuge in 1824, +and opened January 1, 1825. This was the result of the work of an +association of citizens who formed a society to improve the condition of +juvenile delinquents. The House of Refuge was burned in 1839, and +another institution built at the foot of Twenty-third Street the same +year. A portion of the old outer wall of this last structure is still to +be seen on the north side of Twenty-third Street, between First Avenue +and Avenue A. + +In 1845, at the suggestion of Mayor James Harper, Madison Square was +reduced to its present limits and laid out as a public park. Up to this +time a stream of water had crossed the square, fed by springs in the +district about Sixth Avenue, between Twenty-first and Twenty-seventh +Streets. It spread out into a pond in Madison Square, and emptied into +the East River at Seventeenth Street. It was suggested that a street be +created over its bed from Madison Avenue to the river. This was not +carried out, and the stream was simply buried. + +[Sidenote: Post Road] + +The road which branched out of the Bloomingdale Road at Twenty-third +Street, sometimes called the Boston Post Road, sometimes the Post Road, +sometimes the Boston Turnpike, ran across the present Madison Square, +striking Fourth Avenue at Twenty-ninth Street; went through Kipsborough +which hugged the river between Thirty-third and Thirty-seventh Streets, +swept past Turtle Bay at Forty-seventh Street and the East River, +crossed Second Avenue at Fifty-second Street, recrossed at Sixty-third +Street, reached the Third Avenue line at Sixty-fifth Street, and at +Seventy-seventh Street crossed a small stream over the Kissing Bridge. +Then proceeded irregularly on this line to One Hundred and Thirtieth +Street, where it struck the bridge over the Harlem River at Third +Avenue. The road was closed in 1839. + +The monument to Major-General William J. Worth, standing to the west of +Madison Square, was dedicated November 25, 1857. General Worth was the +main support of General Scott in the campaign of Mexico. His body was +first interred in Greenwood Cemetery. On November 23rd the remains were +taken to City Hall, where they lay in state for two days, then were +taken, under military escort, and deposited beside the monument. + +[Sidenote: Fifth Avenue Hotel] + +For twenty years, or more, prior to 1853, the site of the present Fifth +Avenue Hotel, at Twenty-third Street and Broadway, was occupied by a +frame cottage with a peaked roof, and covered veranda reached by a +flight of wooden stairs. This was the inn of Corporal Thompson, and a +favorite stopping-place on the Bloomingdale Road. An enclosed lot, +extending as far as the present Twenty-fourth Street, was used at +certain times of the year for cattle exhibitions. In 1853 the cottage +made way for Franconi's Hippodrome, a brick structure, two stories high, +enclosing an open space two hundred and twenty-five feet in diameter. +The performances given here were considered of great merit and received +with much favor. In 1856 the Hippodrome was removed, and in 1858 the +present Fifth Avenue Hotel was opened. + +The Madison Square Presbyterian Church, at Madison Avenue and +Twenty-fourth Street, was commenced in 1853, the earlier church of the +congregation having been in Broome Street. It was opened December, 1854, +with Rev. Dr. William Adams as pastor. + +[Illustration: College of the City of New York] + +[Sidenote: College of City of New York] + +At the southeast corner of Twenty-third Street and Lexington Avenue, the +College of the City of New York has stood since 1848, the opening +exercises having taken place in 1849. In 1847 the Legislature passed an +Act authorizing the establishment of a free academy for the benefit of +pupils who had been educated in the public schools of this city. The +name Free Academy was given to the institution, and under that name it +was incorporated. It had the power to confer degrees and diplomas. In +1866 the name was changed to its present title, and all the privileges +and powers of a college were conferred upon it. In 1882 the college was +thrown open to all young men, whether educated in the public schools of +this city or not. In 1898 ground was set aside in the northern part of +the city, overlooking the Hudson River, for the erection of modern +buildings suitable to meet the growth of the college. + +[Illustration: Gate of Old House of Refuge] + +[Sidenote: Old House of Refuge Wall] + +The House of Refuge in Madison Square was, after the fire in 1839, +rebuilt on the block bounded by Twenty-third and Twenty-fourth Streets, +First Avenue and the East River. It was surrounded by a high wall, a +section of which is still standing on the north side of Twenty-third +Street, between First Avenue and Avenue A. The river at that time +extended west to beyond the Avenue A line. The old gateway is there +yet, and is used now as the entrance to a coal-yard. Some of the barred +windows of the wall can still be seen. In 1854 the inmates were removed +to Randall's Island, and were placed in charge of the State. + +[Sidenote: Bellevue Hospital] + +Bellevue Hospital has occupied its present site; at the foot of East +Twenty-sixth Street, since about 1810. The hospital really had its +beginning in 1736, in the buildings of the Public Work-house and House +of Correction in City Hall Park. There were six beds there, in charge of +the medical officer, Dr. John Van Beuren. About the beginning of the +nineteenth century, yellow fever patients were sent to a building known +as Belle Vue, on the Belle Vue Farm, close by the present hospital +buildings. In about 1810 it was decided to establish a new almshouse, +penitentiary and hospital on the Belle Vue Farm. Work on this was +completed in 1816. The almshouse building was three stories high, +surmounted by a cupola, and having a north and south wing each one +hundred feet long. This original structure stands to-day, and is part of +the present hospital building, other branches having been added to it +from time to time. The water line, at that time, was within half a block +of where First Avenue is now. + +In 1848 the Almshouse section of the institution was transferred to +Blackwell's Island. The ambulance service was started in 1869, and was +the first service of its kind in the world. + +[Sidenote: Bull's Head Village] + +Bull's Head Village was located in the district now included within +Twenty-third and Twenty-seventh Streets, Fourth and Second Avenues. It +became a centre of importance in 1826, when the old Bull's Head Tavern +was moved from its early home on the Bowery, near Bayard Street, to the +point which is now marked by Twenty-sixth Street and Third Avenue. It +continued to be the headquarters of drovers and stockmen. As at that +time there was no bank north of the City Hall Park, the Bull's Head +Tavern served as inn, bank and general business emporium for the +locality. For more than twenty years this district was the great cattle +market of the city. As business increased, stores and business houses +were erected, until, toward the year 1850, the cattle mart, which was +the source of all business, was crowded out. It was moved up-town to the +neighborhood of Forty-second Street; later to Ninety-fourth Street, and +in the early 80's to the Jersey shore. The most celebrated person +connected with the management of the Bull's Head Tavern was Daniel Drew. +He afterwards operated in Wall Street, became a director of the New York +and Erie Railroad upon its completion in 1851, and accumulated a fortune +by speculation. + +[Sidenote: Peter Cooper's House] + +At Twenty-eighth Street and Fourth Avenue, on the southeast corner, the +house numbered 399-401, stands the old "Cooper Mansion," in which Peter +Cooper lived. It was formerly on the site where the Bible House is now, +at the corner of Eighth Street and Fourth Avenue. Peter Cooper himself +superintended the removal of the house in 1820, and directed its +establishment on the new site so that it should be reconstructed in a +manner that should absolutely preserve its original form. Now it +presents an insignificant appearance crowded about by modern structures, +and it is occupied by a restaurant. + +This corner of Twenty-eighth Street and Fourth Avenue was directly on +the line of the Boston Post Road. Just at that point the Middle Road ran +from it, and extended in a direct line to Fifth Avenue and Forty-second +Street. + +[Illustration: The Little Church around the Corner] + +[Sidenote: Little Church Around the Corner] + +The Little Church Around the Corner, a low, rambling structure, +seemingly all angles and corners, is on the north side of Twenty-ninth +Street, midway of the block between Fifth and Madison Avenues. It is +the Episcopal Church of The Transfiguration. Its picturesque title was +bestowed upon it in 1871, when Joseph Holland, an English actor, the +father of E. M. and Joseph Holland, the players known to the present +generation, died. Joseph Jefferson, when arranging for the funeral, went +to a church which stood then at Madison Avenue and Twenty-eighth Street, +to arrange for the services. The minister said that his congregation +would object to an actor being buried from their church, adding: "But +there is a little church around the corner where they have such +funerals." Mr. Jefferson, astonished that such petty and unjust +distinctions should be persisted in even in the face of death, +exclaimed: "All honor to that Little Church Around the Corner!" From +that time until the present day, "The Little Church Around the Corner" +has been the religious refuge of theatrical folk. For twenty-six years +of that time, and until his death, the Rev. Dr. George H. Houghton, who +conducted the services over the remains of actor Holland, was the firm +friend of the people of the stage in times of trouble, of sickness and +of death. + +[Sidenote: Lich Gate] + +The lich gate at the entrance of the church is unique in this country, +and is considered the most elaborate now in existence anywhere. It was +erected in 1895, at a cost of $4,000. + +The congregation worshipped first in a house at No. 48 East +Twenty-fourth Street, in 1850. The present building was opened in 1856. +Lester Wallack was buried from this church, as were Dion Boucicault, +Edwin Booth, and a host of others. In the church is a memorial window to +the memory of Edwin Booth, which was unveiled in 1898. It represents a +mediaeval histrionic student, his gaze fixed on a mask in his hand. Below +the figure is the favorite quotation of Booth, from "Henry II": "As +one, in suffering all, that suffers nothing; a man that fortune's +buffets and rewards has taken with equal thanks." And the further +inscription: "To the glory of God and in loving memory of Edwin Booth +this window has been placed here by 'The Players.'" + +At Lexington Avenue and Thirtieth Street is the First Moravian Church, +which has occupied the building since 1869. This congregation was +established in 1749. In 1751 their first church was built at No. 108 +Fair (now Fulton) Street. In 1829 a second house was erected on the same +site. In 1849 a new building was erected at the southwest corner of +Houston and Mott Streets. This property was sold in 1865, and the +congregation then worshipped in the Medical College Hall, at the +northwest corner of Twenty-third Street and Fourth Avenue, until the +purchase of the present building from the Episcopalians. It was erected +by the Baptists in 1825. + +[Sidenote: Brick Presbyterian Church] + +At Fifth Avenue and Thirty-seventh Street is the Brick Presbyterian +Church, which stood at the junction of Park Row and Nassau Street until +1858, when the present structure was erected. The locality was a very +different one then, and the square quaintness of the church looks out of +place amid its present modern surroundings. There is an air of solitude +about it, as though it mourned faithfully for the green fields that shed +peace and quietness about its walls when it was first built there. + +It is related of William C. H. Waddell, who, in 1845, built a residence +on the same site, that when he went to look at the plot, with a view to +purchase, his wife waited for him near by, under the shade of an apple +tree. The ground there was high above the city grade. + +[Sidenote: Bryant Park] + +The ground between Fifth and Sixth Avenues, Fortieth and Forty-second +Streets, now occupied by Bryant Park and the old reservoir, was +purchased by the city in 1822, and in 1823 a Potter's Field was +established there, the one in Washington Square having been abandoned in +its favor. The reservoir, of Egyptian architecture, was finished in +1842. Its cost was about $500,000. On July 5th water was introduced into +it through the new Croton aqueduct, with appropriate ceremonies. The +water is brought from the Croton lakes, forty-five miles above the city, +through conduits of solid masonry. The first conduit, which was begun in +1835, is carried across the Harlem River through the High Bridge, which +was erected especially to accommodate it. At the time the reservoir was +put in use the locality was at the northern limits of the city. On +Sundays and holidays people went on journeys to the reservoir, and from +the promenades at the top of the structure had a good view from river to +river, and of the city to the south. The reservoir has not been in use +for many years. + +The park was called Reservoir Square until 1884, when the name was +changed to Bryant Park. + +[Sidenote: A World's Fair] + +On July 4, 1853, a World's Fair, in imitation of the Crystal Palace, +near London, was opened in Reservoir Square, when President Pierce made +an address. The fair was intended to set forth the products of the +world, but it attracted but little attention outside the city. It was +opened as a permanent exposition on May 14, 1854, but proved a failure. +One of the attractions was a tower 280 feet high, which stood just north +of the present line of Forty-second Street and Fifth Avenue. In August, +1856, it was burned, and as a great pillar of flame it attracted more +attention than ever before. The exposition buildings and their contents +were in the hands of a receiver when they were destroyed by fire October +5, 1858. + +Bryant Park has been selected as the site for the future home of the +consolidated Tilden, Astor and Lenox Libraries. + +[Sidenote: Murray Hill] + +Murray Hill derives its name from the possessions of Robert Murray, +whose house, Inclenberg, stood at the corner of what is now Thirty-sixth +Street and Park Avenue, on a farm which lay between the present +Thirty-third and Thirty-seventh Streets, Bloomingdale Road (now +Broadway) and the Boston Post Road (the present Third Avenue). The house +was destroyed by fire in 1834. On September 15, 1776, after the defeat +on Long Island, the Americans were marching northward from the lower end +of the island, when the British, marching toward the west, reached the +Murray House. There the officers were well entertained by the Murrays, +who, at the same time, managed to get word to the American Army: the +latter hurried on and joined Washington at about Forty-third Street and +Broadway, before the English suspected that they were anywhere within +reach. + +The Murray Farm extended down to Kip's Bay at Thirty-sixth Street. The +Kip mansion was the oldest house on the Island of Manhattan when it was +torn down in 1851. Where it stood, at the crossing of Thirty-fifth +Street and Second Avenue, there is now not a trace. Jacob Kip built the +house in 1655, of brick which he imported from Holland. The locality +between the Murray Hill Farm and the river, that is, east of what is now +Third Avenue between Thirty-third and Thirty-seventh Streets, was called +Kipsborough in Revolutionary times. + +[Sidenote: Turtle Bay] + +The British forces landed, on the day of the stop at the Murray House, +in Turtle Bay, that portion of the East River between Forty-sixth and +Forty-seventh Streets. It was a safe harbor and a convenient one. +Overlooking the bay, on a great bluff at the present Forty-first Street, +was the summer home of Francis Bayard Winthrop. He owned the Turtle Bay +Farm. The bluff is there yet, and subsequent cutting through of the +streets has left it in appearance like a small mountain peak. Winthrop's +house is gone, and in its place is Corcoran's Roost, far up on the +height, whose grim wall of stone on the Fortieth Street side at First +Avenue became in modern times the trysting-place for members of the "Rag +Gang." + +[Sidenote: The Elgin Garden] + +Forty-seventh and Forty-ninth Streets, between Fifth and Sixth Avenues, +enclose the tract formerly known as the Elgin Garden. This was a +botanical garden founded by David Hosack, M. D., in 1801, when he was +Professor of Botany in Columbia College. In 1814 the land was purchased +by the State from Dr. Hosack and given to Columbia College, in +consideration of lands which had been owned by the College but ceded to +New Hampshire after the settlement of the boundary dispute. The ground +is still owned by Columbia University. + +The block east of Madison Avenue, between Forty-ninth and Fiftieth +Streets, was occupied in 1857 by Columbia College, when the latter moved +from its down-town site at Church and Murray Streets. The College +occupied the building which had been erected in 1817 by the founders of +the Institute for the Instruction of the Deaf and Dumb--the first asylum +for mutes in the United States. The original intention had been to erect +the college buildings on a portion of the Elgin Garden property, but +the expense involved was found to be too great. The asylum property, +consisting of twenty lots and the buildings, was purchased in 1856. +Subsequently the remainder of the block was also bought up. + +[Sidenote: St. Patrick's Cathedral] + +At Fiftieth Street and Fifth Avenue is St. Patrick's Cathedral, the +cornerstone of which was laid in 1858. The entire block on which it +stands was, the preceding year, given to the Roman Catholics for a +nominal sum--one dollar--by the city. + +The Roman Catholic Orphan Asylum in the adjoining block, on Fifth +Avenue, between Fifty-first and Fifty-second Streets, was organized in +1825, but not incorporated until 1852, when the present buildings were +erected. + +[Illustration: Milestone 3rd Ave. near 47th St.] + +[Sidenote: Four Mile Stone] + +There is still standing, in Third Avenue, just above Fifty-seventh +Street, a milestone. It was once on the Post Road, four miles from +Federal Hall in Wall Street. + +Close by Fiftieth Street and Third Avenue, a Potter's Field was +established about 1835. Near it was a spring of exceptionally pure +water. This water was carried away in carts and supplied to the city. +Even after the introduction of Croton water the water from this spring +commanded a price of two cents a pail from many who were strongly +prejudiced against water that had been supplied through pipes. + +[Sidenote: Beekman House] + +Memories of Nathan Hale, the Martyr Spy of the Revolution, hover about +the neighborhood of Fifty-first Street and First Avenue. The Beekman +House stood just west of the Avenue, between Fifty-first and +Fifty-second Streets, on the site where Grammar School No. 135 is now. +It was in a room of this house that Major Andre slept, and in the +morning passed out to dishonor; and it was in a greenhouse on these +grounds that Nathan Hale passed the last of his nights upon earth. The +house was built in 1763 by a descendant of the William Beekman who came +from Holland in 1647 with Peter Stuyvesant. During the Revolution it was +the headquarters of General Charles Clinton and Sir William Howe. It +stood until 1874, by which time it had degenerated into a crumbling +tenement, and was demolished when it threatened to fall of natural +decay. + +[Sidenote: An Old Shot Tower] + +A very few steps from the East River, at Fifty-third Street, stands an +old brick shot tower; a lonely and neglected sentinel now, but still +proudly looking skyward and bearing witness to its former usefulness. It +was built in 1821 by a Mr. Youle. On October 9th it was nearing +completion when it collapsed. It was at once rebuilt, and, as has been +said, still stands. In 1827 Mr. Youle advertised the sale of the lots +near the tower, and designated the location as being "close by the Old +Post Road near the four mile stone." + +[Sidenote: The De Voor Farm] + +Within half a dozen steps of the old tower, in the same lumber yard, is +a house said to be the oldest in the city. It is of Dutch architecture, +with sloping roof and a wide porch. The cutting through and grading of +Fifty-third Street have forced it higher above the ground than its +builders intended it to be. The outer walls, in part, have been boarded +over, and some "modern improvements" have made it somewhat unsightly; +but inside, no vandal's art has been sufficient to hide its solid oak +beams and its stone foundations that have withstood the shocks of time +successfully. It was a farm-house, and its site was the Spring Valley +Farm of the Revolution. It is thought to have been built by some member +of the De Voor family, who, after 1677, had a grant of sixty acres of +land along the river, and gave their name to a mill-stream long since +forgotten, save for allusion in the pages of history. + +A block away in Fifty-fourth Street, between First Avenue and the river, +is another Dutch house, though doubtless of much later origin. It stands +back from the street and has become part of a brewery, being literally +surrounded by buildings. + +[Sidenote: Central Park] + +The first suggestion of a Central Park was made in the fall of 1850, +when Andrew J. Downing, writing to the _Horticulturist_, advocated the +establishment of a large park because of the lack of recreation-grounds +in the city. On April 5, 1851, Mayor Ambrose C. Kingsland, in a special +message to the Common Council, suggested the necessity for the new park, +pointing out the limited extent and inadequacy of the existing ones. The +Common Council, approving of the idea, asked the Legislature for +authority to secure the necessary land. The ground suggested for the new +park was the property known as "Jones' Woods," which lay between +Sixty-sixth and Seventy-fifth Streets, Third Avenue and the East River. +At an extra session of the Legislature in July, 1851, an Act known as +the "Jones' Woods Park Bill" was passed, under which the city was given +the right to acquire the land. The passage of this Act opened a +discussion as to whether there was no other location better adapted for +a public park than Jones' Woods. In August a committee was appointed by +the Board of Aldermen to examine the proposed plot and others. This +committee reported in favor of what they considered a more central site, +namely, the ground lying between Fifty-ninth and One Hundred and Sixth +Streets, Fifth and Eighth Avenues. On July 23, 1853, the Legislature +passed an Act giving authority for the acquirement of the land, +afterward occupied by Central Park, to Commissioners appointed by the +Supreme Court. The previous Jones' Woods Act was repealed. These +Commissioners awarded for damages $5,169,369.69, and for benefits +$1,657,590.00, which report was confirmed by the court in February, +1856. + +In May, 1856, the Common Council appointed a commission which took +charge of the work of construction. On this commission were William C. +Bryant, Washington Irving and George Bancroft. In 1857, however, a new +Board was appointed by the Legislature, because of the inactivity of the +first one. Under the new Board, in April of the year in which they were +appointed, the designs of Calvert Vaux and Frederick L. Olmsted were +accepted and actual work was begun. + +The plans for the improvement of the park, which have been consistently +adhered to, were based upon the natural configuration of the land. As +nearly as possible the hills, valleys and streams were preserved +undisturbed. Trees, shrubs and vines were arranged with a view to an +harmonious blending of size, shape and color--all that would attract the +eye and make the park as beautiful in every detail as in its entirety. + +The year 1857 was one of much distress to the poor, and work on the park +being well under way, the Common Council created employment for many +laborers by putting them to work grading the new park. + +The original limits were extended from One Hundred and Sixth to One +Hundred and Tenth Street in 1859. + +As it exists to-day, Central Park contains eight hundred and sixty-two +acres, of which one hundred and eighty-five and one-quarter are water. +It is two and a half miles long and half a mile wide. Five hundred +thousand trees have been set out since the acquisition of the land. +There are nine miles of carriageway, five and a half miles of +bridle-path, twenty-eight and one half miles of walk, thirty buildings, +forty-eight bridges, tunnels and archways, and out-of-door seats for ten +thousand persons. It is assessed at $87,000,000 and worth twice that +amount. More than $14,000,000 have been spent on improvements. + +[Illustration] + + + + +INDEX + + + + +INDEX + + + Abingdon, Earl of, 109, 125 + Abingdon Road, 123, 124 + Abingdon Square, 109 + Academy of Music, 178 + All Saints' Church, 136 + Allen Street Memorial Church, 142 + American Museum, 37 + Andre, Major, 205 + Aquarium, Public, 5 + Arsenal in Madison Square, 182 + Art Street, 167 + Astor House, 78 + Astor, John Jacob, 163, 172 + Astor Library, 170, 171 + Astor Place, 172 + Astor Place Opera House, 168, 169, 170 + Astor, William B., 172 + + Bank Coffee House, 146 + Bank Street, 113 + Banker Street, 134 + Bank for Savings, The, 38, 151 + Barnum, P. T., 5, 30 + Barnum's Museum, 30 + Barrow Street, 108 + Battery, 4 + Battery Park, 4 + Battery Place, 9 + Bayard Family Vault, 144 + Beaver Lane, 56 + Beaver's Path, 8 + Beaver Street, 8, 9, 10 + Bedford Street M. E. Church, 106 + Beekman House, 205 + Belle Vue Farm, 189 + Bellevue Hospital, 188, 189, 190 + Bible House, 166, 191 + Bleecker Street Bank, 151 + Block, Adrian, 56, 57 + Bloomingdale Road, 124, 128, 175, 180, 185, 199 + Bond Street, 149 + Bone Alley, 139, 140 + Booth, Edwin, 194 + Boston Post Road, 183, 192, 199 + Boston Turnpike, 183 + Boulevard, 181 + Bouwerie Lane, 46 + Bouwerie Village, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 161 + Bowery, The, 47 + Bowery Lane, 166, 175 + Bowery Road, 47, 128, 163, 164 + Bowery Theatre, 49 + Bowery Village Church, 162 + Bowling Green, 3, 55 + Bowling Green Garden, 84 + Bradford, William, 14 + Grave of, 63 + Brannan's Garden, 101 + Breese, Sydney, grave of, 62 + Brevoort, Hendrick, 174 + Brick Presbyterian Church, 31, 196 + Bridewell, 35 + Bridge Street, 9 + Broad Street, 9, 10 + + Broadway, 12, 55, 175, 180, 181 + Broadway Theatre, 97 + Brougham's Lyceum, 97 + Brouwer Street, 15 + Bryant Park, 114, 197, 198, 199 + Bull's Head Tavern, 49, 190 + Bull's Head Village, 190, 191 + Bunker Hill, 144 + Burdell Murder, The, 149, 150 + Burr, Aaron, home of, 18, 104 + Office of, 40 + Last Friend of, 67 + Burton's Theatre, 39 + + Cafe des Mille Colonnes, 39, 86 + Canal Street, 41, 42, 94, 95 + Canda, Madam, 171 + Castle Garden, 5, 178 + Cedar Street, 21 + Cemetery, New York City Marble, 154, 155 + Cemetery, New York Marble, 151, 152, 153, 154 + Central Park, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211 + Chambers Street, 34 + Chambers Street Bank, 37 + Chanfrau, Frank, 170 + Chapel Place, 83 + Chatham, Earl of, 18, 47, 90 + Chatham Square, 45, 46 + Chatham Street, 47 + Chelsea Cottages, 129 + Chelsea Village, 126, 127, 128, 129 + Cherry Hill, 51, 52 + Cherry Street, 51 + Church, All Saints', 136 + " Allen Street Memorial, 142 + " Bedford Street Memorial, 106 + " Bowery Village, 162 + " Brick Presbyterian, 31, 196 + " Dr. Schroeder's, 167 + " Duane M. E., 102 + " First French Huguenot, 9 + " First Moravian, 195 + " First Presbyterian, 154 + " First Reformed Presbyterian, 40, 118 + " Friends' Meeting House, 178 + " Grace, 58, 175 + " John Street, 26, 161, 162 + " Little, Around the Corner, 192, 193, 194, 195 + " Madison Square Presbyterian, 186 + " Mariners', 133, 134 + " Dutch Middle Reformed, 21, 22, 171 + " New Jerusalem, 89 + " Oliver Street Baptist, 133 + " St. Ann's, 167 + " St. George's, 29, 179 + " St. John's, 91 + " St. Mark's, 86, 156, 157, 158, 159 + " St. Mary's, 137 + " St. Patrick's, 144, 145 + " St. Patrick's Cathedral, 203 + " St. Paul's, 75, 76, 77, 78 + " St. Peter's, 81 + " Sea and Land, of, 135 + " Second Street Methodist, 156 + " Spring Street Presbyterian, 102 + " Transfiguration, of the (Episcopal), 192, 193, 194, 195 + " Transfiguration, of the (Catholic), 44, 45 + " Trinity, 20, 56, 58, 60, 61 + Church Farm, 59 + Churchyard, St. Paul's, 155 + " Trinity, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72 + Churcher, Richard, Grave of, 61 + City Hall, 35 + City Hall (first) Site of, 7, 8, 12 + City Hall in Wall Street, 17 + City Hall Park, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39 + City Hospital, 88, 89 + City Hotel, 73, 74 + City Library, 120 + City Prison in City Hall Park, 35 + Clarke, Capt. Thomas, 127 + Cliff Street, 24 + Clinton, Gen. Charles, 205 + Clinton Hall, 28, 168, 169 + Coenties Lane, 13 + Coenties Slip, 12, 13 + Collect, The, 41 + College of the City of New York, 186, 187 + College Place, 83 + Collis, Christopher, Tomb of, 77 + Colonnade Row, 172 + Columbia College, 81, 82, 83, 202 + Commons, The, 34 + Company's Farm, 59 + Cooke, George Frederick, Grave of, 77, 78 + Cooper, James Fenimore, House of, 147 + Cooper Mansion, 191 + Cooper, Peter, 164, 165, 166 + House of, 191, 192 + Statue of, 165 + Cooper Union, 161, 164, 165 + Corcoran's Roost, 201 + Cornbury, Lady, 66 + Corlears Hook Park, 136 + Country Market, 75 + Coutant, John, House of, 161 + Cox, Samuel S., Statue of, 168 + Cresap, Michael, Grave of, 70 + Croton Water Celebration, 177, 197 + Cryptograph in Trinity Churchyard, 64, 65, 66 + Crystal Palace, 198 + Custom House, 16, 18 + Cuyler's Alley, 15 + + Debtors' Prison, 34, 35 + Delacroix, 163 + De Lancey, Etienne, 10, 72, 73, 74 + De Lancey, James, 72, 73, 143, 144 + De Lancey, Susannah, 100 + Delmonico's, 16, 25 + De Voor House, 207 + Dickens, Charles, 31 + Drew, Daniel, 191 + Duane M. E. Church, 102 + Duke's Farm, 59 + Dutch West India Company, 2 + + Eacker, George, Grave of, 78 + East River Bridge (second), 137 + Eleventh Street, 174 + Elgin Garden, 201, 202, 203 + Eliot Estate, 172 + Emmet, Thomas Addis, 77, 155 + Essex Market, 143 + Exterior Market, 75 + + Fayette Street, 133 + Federal Hall, 17, 18 + Fields, The, 34 + Fifth Avenue Hotel, 185 + Fire of 1835, 14 + First French Huguenot Church, 9 + First Graveyard, 56 + First House Built, 56 + First Moravian Church, 195 + First Presbyterian Church, 154 + First Prison Labor, 110 + First Reformed Presbyterian Church, 40, 118 + First Savings Bank, 37 + First Sunday School, 161 + First Tenement House, 136 + Fish, Hamilton, Park, 139 + Fish Market, 75 + Fitzroy Road, 126, 128 + Five Points, 42, 43 + Five Points House of Industry, 44 + "Flat and Barrack Hill", 16 + Fly Market, 23 + Forrest, Edwin, 168, 169 + Forrest-Macready Riots, 168, 169, 170 + Fort Amsterdam, 1, 2 + Fort Clinton, 4 + Fort George, 2 + Fort James, 2 + Fort Manhattan, 2 + Fountain in Union Square, 177 + Franconi's Hippodrome, 185 + Franklin House, 50 + Franklin Square, 51 + Fraunces' Tavern, 10, 11 + Free Academy, 186, 187 + Fresh Water Pond, 41 + Friends' Meeting House, 178 + Fulton Street, 20 + + Garden, Bowling Green, 84 + " Brannan's, 101 + " Castle, 5, 178 + " Elgin, 201, 202, 203 + " Niblo's, 146, 147 + " Ranelagh, 94 + " Vauxhall (first), 84, 163 + " Vauxhall (last), 163, 164, 170 + " Winter, 148 + Garden Street, 16 + Gardner, Noah, 110, 111 + General Theological Seminary, 126, 127, 129 + George III, Statue of, 3, 19 + Gold Street, 23 + Golden Hill, 23 + Golden Hill, Battle of, 24 + Golden Hill Inn, 24, 25 + Government House, 1, 2 + Governor's Room, City Hall, 36 + Grace Church, 58, 175 + Gramercy Park, 179 + Graveyard, Jewish, 50, 116, 117, 122, 123 + " Paupers', 34, 114, 115, 181, 197, 204 + " St. John's, 105 + " St. Paul's, 155 + " Trinity, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68 + " New York City Marble, 154, 155 + " New York Marble, 151, 152, 153, 154 + Great Bouwerie, 157 + Great Kiln Road, 118, 121, 122, 125 + Great Queen Street, 12 + Greenwich Avenue, 116 + " Lane, 116, 166 + " Road, 80, 81 + " Street, 80, 81 + " Village, 98, 99, 100, 101 + Grove Street, 108 + + Hale, Nathan, 38, 135, 204 + Hall of Records, 34 + Hamilton, Alexander, Grave of, 66 + Hamilton, Alexander, Home of, 18 + Hamilton, Philip, 67 + Haunted House, 165, 166 + Holland, Joseph, 193 + Holt's Hotel, 21 + Hone, Philip, 159 + Horse and Cart Street, 26 + Hosack Botanical Garden, 82 + Hosack, David, 202 + Hotel, Astor, 78 + " City, 73, 74 + " Fifth Avenue, 185 + " Holt's, 21 + " Metropolitan, 147 + " Riley's Fifth Ward, 89, 90 + " St. Nicholas, 145 + " Tremont, 149 + " United States, 20 + Houghton, Rev. Dr. George H., 194 + House of Aaron Burr, 18, 104 + House, First, of White Men, 56 + House of James Fenimore Cooper, 147 + House of Peter Cooper, 191, 192 + House of John Coutant, 161 + House of the De Lanceys, 10, 72, 73, 74 + House of Alexander Hamilton, 18 + House of Thomas Paine, 107, 108 + House of President Monroe, 145 + House of Refuge, 182 + House of Charlotte Temple, 48, 167 + House of Francis Bayard Winthrop, 201 + Houston Street, 150 + Howe, Sir William, 205 + Huguenot Memorials in Trinity Churchyard, 69, 71 + + Inclenberg, 199 + Institution for the Instruction of the Deaf and Dumb, 202 + Island of Manhattan, 138 + + "Jack-knife," The, 23 + Jail in City Hall Park, 34 + James Street, 133 + Jans' Farm, 59, 60 + Jeanette Park, 13 + Jefferson, Joseph, 193 + Jewish Graveyard in New Bowery, 50 + Jewish Graveyard in Eleventh Street, 116, 117 + Jewish Graveyard in Twenty-first Street, 117, 122, 123 + John Street, 26 + John Street Church, 26, 161, 162 + John Street Theatre, 26 + Jones' Woods,208 + Jumel, Mme., 40 + + Keene, Laura, Theatre of, 147 + King's College, 82 + King's Farm, 59 + Kip's Bay, 200 + Kip, Jacob, 200 + Kipsborough, 183, 200 + Kissing Bridge, 47, 184 + + Lawrence, Capt., Grave of, 68 + Lafarge House, 148 + Lafayette, General, 172 + Lafayette Place, 167, 170, 171, 172 + La Grange Terrace, 172 + Leeson, James, Grave of, 64 + Leisler, Jacob, Where Hanged, 31, 32 + Lich Gate of Little Church Around the Corner, 194 + Light Guards, 7 + Lind, Jenny, 5 + Lispenard's Meadows, 80, 93, 94, 95 + Little Church Around the Corner, 192, 193, 194, 195 + Logan, the Friend of the White Man, 70 + London Terrace, 129 + Love Lane, 121, 124, 125, 126, 128 + + Macneven, William James, 77, 155 + Macomb's Mansion, 57 + Macready-Forrest Riots, 168, 169, 170 + Macready, William Charles, 168, 169 + Madison Square, 182, 183 + Madison Square Presbyterian Church, 186 + Madison Street, 134 + Maiden Lane, 13, 22 + Mandelbaum, "Mother", 141, 142 + Manetta Brook, 99 + Manetta Creek, 113, 114 + Manhattan Island, 137, 138, 142 + Manhattan Market, 139 + Marble Houses on Broadway, 148, 149 + Mariners' Church, 133, 134 + Mariners' Temple, 133 + Market, Country, 75 + " Essex, 143 + " Exterior, 75 + " Fish, 75 + " Fly, 23 + " Manhattan, 139 + " Meal, 20 + " Uptown, 74 + " Washington, 74 + Marketfield Street, 8 + Martyrs' Monument, 63, 64 + Masonic Hall, 87, 88 + Meal Market, 20 + Medical College Hall, 195 + Mercantile Library, 28, 29, 170 + Merchants' Exchange, 16 + Metropolitan Hall, 148 + Metropolitan Hotel, 147 + Middle Dutch Reformed Church, 21, 22, 171 + Middle Road, 192 + Mile Stone, 143, 178, 204 + Military Prison Window, 41 + Milligan's Lane, 117, 118 + Minetta Street, 99, 113, 114 + Monroe, President James, 145, 155 + Montgomery, General, 76 + Monument Lane, 115, 166 + Moore, Bishop Benjamin, 127, 128 + Moore, Clement C., 128, 129 + Morris Street, 56 + Morse, Samuel F. B., 5 + Morton, General Jacob, 7, 37 + Morton, John, 6 + Mount Pitt, 137 + Mount Pitt Circus, 137 + Mulberry Bend, 43 + Murder of Dr. Burdell, 149, 150 + Murder of Mary Rogers, 145, 146 + Murderers' Row, 97 + Murray Family, 199, 200, 201 + Murray Farm, 200 + Murray Hill, 199, 200 + + Nassau Street, 17, 18, 21, 22 + Nean, Elias, Grave of, 71 + Nean, Susannah, Grave of, 71 + Negro Insurrection, 42 + New Jerusalem Church, 89 + New York City Marble Cemetery, 154, 155 + New York Hospital, 88, 89 + New York Institute, 37 + New York Marble Cemetery, 151, 152, 153, 154 + New York Society Library, 119, 120 + New York Theatre, 170 + New York Theatre and Metropolitan Opera House, 148 + Niblo's Garden, 146, 147 + Niblo's Theatre, 146 + Nicholas William Street, 161 + North Street, 150, 151 + + Obelisk Lane, 115 + "Old Brewery", 44 + Oldest Grave in Trinity Churchyard, 61 + Old Guard, 7 + Oliver Street, 133 + Oliver Street Baptist Church, 133 + Orphan Asylum, Roman Catholic, 203 + Olympic Theatre, 96, 147 + + Paine, Thomas, Home of, 107, 108 + Paisley Place, 122 + Palmo Opera House, 39, 87 + Parade-Ground, 181 + Park, Battery, 4 + " Bryant, 114, 197, 198, 199 + " Central, 207, 208, 209, 210, 211 + " City Hall, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39 + " Corlears Hook, 136 + " Gramercy, 179 + " Hamilton Fish, 139 + " Jeanette, 13 + " St. John's, 91, 92 + + Park Row, 47 + Park Theatre (first), 30 + Patti, Adelina, 148 + Payne, John Howard, 36 + Pauper Graveyard, 34, 114, 115, 181, 197, 204 + Pearl Street, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14 + Peck Slip, 12 + Petticoat Lane, 8, 9 + Pie Woman's Lane, 22 + Pitt, William, Statue of, 18, 47, 90 + Platt Street, 23 + Poelnitz, "Baron", 173 + Poor House in City Hall Park, 34 + Post Office, 21, 33 + Post Road, 47, 124, 125, 180, 181, 182, 204 + Potter's Field, Bryant Park, 114, 197 + Potter's Field, City Hall Park, 34 + Potter's Field, Madison Square, 181 + Potter's Field, Third Avenue, 204 + Potter's Field, Washington Square, 114, 115 + Printing-Press, First in Colony, 13 + Prison Manufactures, 110 + Prison Riots, 111 + Prison, State, 109, 110, 111, 112 + + Queen's Farm, 59, 81 + + Rachel, the Actress, 148 + "Rag Gang", 201 + Randall, Robert Richard, 173, 174 + Ranelagh Garden, 94 + Red Fort, 92 + Reservoir Square, 198 + Revolutionary House, 79 + Revolutionary War, First Blood of, 24 + Richmond Hill, 103, 104, 105 + Riley's Fifth Ward Hotel, 89, 90 + Road, Abingdon, 123 + " Boston Post, 183, 192, 199 + " Bowery, 47, 128, 163, 164 + " Fitzroy, 126, 128 + " Great Kiln, 118, 121, 122 + " Greenwich, 80, 81 + " Middle, 192 + " Post, 47, 124, 125, 180, 181, 182, 204 + " Skinner, 117 + " Southampton, 117, 120, 125 + " Union, 117, 118, 119, 120 + " Warren, 126 + Rogers, Mary, Murder of, 145, 146 + Rotunda in City Hall Park, 37 + Ruggles, Samuel B., 180 + Rutgers, Anthony, 92, 93, 94 + Rutgers, Col. Henry, 135 + Rutgers Farm, 135 + + Sailors' Snug Harbor, 173, 174 + St. Ann's Church, 167 + St. Gaudens, Augustus, 165 + St. George's Church, 29, 179 + St. George Square, 51 + St. James Street, 133 + St. John's Burying-Ground, 105 + St. John's Church, 91 + St. John's Park, 91, 92 + St. Mark's Church, 86, 156, 158, 159 + St. Mary's Church, 137 + St. Nicholas Hotel, 145 + St. Patrick's Cathedral, 203 + St. Patrick's Church, 144, 145 + St. Paul's Chapel, 75, 76, 77, 78 + St. Paul's Churchyard, 155 + St. Peter's Church, 81 + Savings Bank, the First, 37 + Schroeder, Rev. Dr., 167 + Scudder's Museum, 37 + Second East River Bridge, 137 + Second Street Methodist Church, 156 + Sewing Machine Exhibited, 87 + Shakespeare Tavern, 27, 28 + Shearith Israel Graveyard, 50, 116, 122 + Sheep Pasture, 8 + Shot Tower, 206 + Shipyards, 134 + Skinner Road, 117 + Smit's V'lei, 22 + Southampton, Baron, 109, 122 + Southampton Road, 117, 120, 125 + Sperry, John, 163 + Spring Street Presbyterian Church, 102 + Spring Valley Farm, 207 + Stadhuis Site, 7 + Stadt Huys, 12, 15 + State Prison, 109, 110, 111, 112 + State Street, 5, 6 + Stewart, Alexander T., 85, 86, 159 + Stewart Mansion, 86 + Stone Street, 15 + Stuyvesant's Creek, 142 + Stuyvesant's Pear Tree, 160 + Stuyvesant, Peter, 16, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160 + Stuyvesant's Pond, 179 + Stuyvesant Street, 167 + Sub-Treasury Building, 18 + "Suicide Slip", 95 + Sunday School, the First, 161 + + Tammany Hall, 32, 33 + Tattersall's, 95, 96 + Tea Water Pump, 48 + Temple, Charlotte, Tomb of, 62, 63 + Temple, Charlotte, Home of, 48, 167 + Tenement House, the First, 136 + Ten Eyck, Conraet, 13 + Tompkins, Daniel D., 159 + Thames Street, 72 + Theatre Alley, 31 + Theatre, Academy of Music, 178 + " Astor Place Opera House, 168, 169, 170 + Theatre, Bowery, 49 + " Broadway, 97 + " Brougham's, 97 + " Burton's, 39 + " Laura Keene's, 147 + " John Street, 26 + " Metropolitan Hall, 148 + " New York, 170 + " New York Theatre and Metropolitan Opera House, 148 + " Niblo's, 146 + " Olympic, 96, 147 + " Palmo's, 39, 87 + " Park, 30 + " Tripler Hall, 148 + " Wallack's, 97, 176 + " Winter Garden, 148 + Thompson's Inn, Corporal, 185 + Thorne, Charles R., 170 + Tilden, Astor and Lenox Libraries, 199 + Tin Pot Alley, 57, 58 + Tombs, 41 + Tompkins Blues, 7 + Tontine Coffee House, 19 + Tontine Society, 19 + Tremont House, 149 + Trinity Church, 20, 56, 58, 60, 61 + Trinity Churchyard, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64, 65, 66, 67, 68, 69, 70, + 71, 72 + Tripler Hall, 148 + Turtle Bay, 184, 201 + Turtle Bay Farm, 201 + Twenty-first Street, 124 + + Union Place, 177 + Union Road, 117, 118, 119, 120 + Union Square, 175, 177 + United New Netherland Company, 2 + United States Hotel, 20 + Uptown Market, 74 + + Van Hoboken, Hermanus, 157 + Vauxhall Garden (first), 84, 163 + Vauxhall Garden (last), 163, 164, 170 + Virgin's Path, 22 + + Wall, City's, 16 + Wall Street, 9, 13, 16, 17, 19, 20 + Wall Street, Trees in, 20 + Wallack, James W., 176 + Wallack's Lyceum, 97, 176 + Warren, Ann, 109 + Warren, Charlotte, 109 + Warren Road, 126 + Warren, Sir Peter, 100, 108, 109, 124 + Warren, Susannah, 109 + Washington Inaugurated, 17 + Washington Inauguration Ball, 73 + Washington's Broadway Home, 57 + Washington Hall, 85 + Washington's Headquarters, 11 + Washington's Headquarters at Richmond Hill, 104 + Washington's Home in Franklin House, 50 + Washington's Pew in St. Paul's Chapel, 76 + Washington Market, 74 + Washington Statue in Union Square, 177 + Washington Tablet, 37, 90 + Washington Square, 113, 115, 172, 181, 197 + Water Tank, 176 + Weavers' Row, 122 + Well in Broadway, 149 + Well in Rivington Street, 141 + Well of William Cox, 13 + West Broadway, 83 + West's Circus, 95 + West India Co., 2 + Whitehall Street, 8 + Wiehawken Street, 112 + William Street, 16 + Window of Military Prison, 40 + Winter Garden, 148 + Winthrop, Francis Bayard, 201 + Wolfe, Gen., Statue of, 115 + World's Fair Grounds, 198 + Worth Monument, 184, 185 + Wreck Brook, 41 + + + + + +End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Nooks and Corners of Old New York, by +Charles Hemstreet + +*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK NOOKS AND CORNERS OF OLD NEW YORK *** + +***** This file should be named 39789.txt or 39789.zip ***** +This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: + http://www.gutenberg.org/3/9/7/8/39789/ + +Produced by Annie R. 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