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@@ -1,38 +1,4 @@
-The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Philippines Past and Present (Volume 2
-of 2), by Dean Conant Worcester
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with
-almost no restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or
-re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included
-with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org/license
-
-
-Title: The Philippines Past and Present (Volume 2 of 2)
-
-Author: Dean Conant Worcester
-
-Release Date: January 26, 2013 [EBook #41918]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE PHILIPPINES V.2/2 ***
-
-
-
-
-Produced by Jeroen Hellingman and the Online Distributed
-Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net/ for Project
-Gutenberg (This book was produced from scanned images of
-public domain material from the Google Print project.)
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 41918 ***
 
                     THE PHILIPPINES PAST AND PRESENT
 
@@ -145,7 +111,7 @@ VOL. II
     A Typical Peon                                                  722
     The Penalty for Loyalty to the United States                    728
     The Philippine Assembly in Session                              738
-    Señor Sergio Osmeña, Speaker of the Philippine Assembly         742
+    Señor Sergio Osmeña, Speaker of the Philippine Assembly         742
     The Manila Hotel                                                750
     Mayon Volcano                                                   756
     The Crater of Taal Volcano                                      764
@@ -168,7 +134,7 @@ VOL. II
     The Old Way of Crossing a River                                 868
     The New Way of Crossing a River                                 868
     A Typical Old-style Bridge                                      878
-    A Typical Reënforced Concrete Bridge                            878
+    A Typical Reënforced Concrete Bridge                            878
     A Collapsible Bridge                                            886
     Map: Manila, the Future Distributing Centre for the Far East    888
     Preparing Rice Land for Planting                                892
@@ -227,8 +193,8 @@ were offered to, and embraced by, Filipinos. It is probable, too,
 that in certain localities the most generous of the Spaniards opened
 private schools.
 
-The College of San José was founded in 1601, the University of Santo
-Tomás in 1619. Neither made provision for educating natives. They were
+The College of San José was founded in 1601, the University of Santo
+Tomás in 1619. Neither made provision for educating natives. They were
 established for the children of Spaniards only, although both later
 admitted Filipinos. But in the rules for the short-lived college of San
 Felipe (1641-1645), [4] Corcuera lays down the following: "The college
@@ -268,7 +234,7 @@ the work. Naturally the latter were few. Between 1863 and 1893,
 the Normal School had enrolled two thousand and one students.
 
 This may be contrasted with the number of schools which, under the
-present régime, prepare the pupils for teaching, as well as for other
+present régime, prepare the pupils for teaching, as well as for other
 occupations. Including the students of the Philippine Normal School,
 the Philippine School of Arts and Trades, the Provincial High and
 Intermediate Schools, nearly thirty-seven thousand pupils are now
@@ -460,7 +426,7 @@ constituted widespread local industries. American teachers were quick
 to see how these vagrant arts could be organized and commercialized. An
 intense rivalry sprang up between supervising teachers, and as a
 result the arts of pillow lace-making, embroidery, Irish crochet,
-hat weaving, basketry and macramé work have been introduced and
+hat weaving, basketry and macramé work have been introduced and
 standardized throughout the primary and intermediate schools. The
 excellence of the output is truly astonishing.
 
@@ -876,7 +842,7 @@ safe, the undiscriminating and ignorant Filipino public, which does
 not draw fine distinctions, will be encouraged to continue to eat it,
 will eat it in excess, and will pay the penalty.
 
-The Bureau of Education has coöperated with the Bureau of Lands
+The Bureau of Education has coöperated with the Bureau of Lands
 in instructing the people as to the right to acquire homesteads
 and free patents. It has also given the Bureau of Public Works
 assistance in promoting the campaign for good roads. Its system of
@@ -1044,9 +1010,9 @@ hard cash necessary to make intelligent, well-trained citizens out of
 the three hundred thousand children who are now annually left without
 educational advantages which they earnestly desire, and greatly need.
 
-Under the Spanish régime private education as distinguished from that
+Under the Spanish régime private education as distinguished from that
 provided for by the government attained considerable importance. At the
-time of the American occupation, Santo Tomás, the oldest university
+time of the American occupation, Santo Tomás, the oldest university
 under the American flag, had colleges of medicine and surgery,
 theology, law, engineering and philosophy. There were also numerous
 private so-called "colleges" for boys and girls and very numerous
@@ -1064,7 +1030,7 @@ the Philippine private schools with those of South America, very much
 to the disadvantage of the former. It notes particularly the lack of
 manual training in boys' schools and the lack of standardization in
 the manual training of girls' schools; and speaks of the allegiance
-of the Filipino institution to the classical programme of mediæval
+of the Filipino institution to the classical programme of mediæval
 institutions of learning. It is a notable fact, however, that English
 is gaining. Thirty-four private schools are giving their entire primary
 and intermediate courses in that language; nine are giving primary,
@@ -1326,7 +1292,7 @@ Blumentritt, an Austrian ethnological writer; but Blumentritt had never
 set foot in the Philippines, and I suspected at the outset what later
 proved to be the case, that his statements were very inaccurate. He
 recognized more than eighty tribes of which thirty-six were said by
-him to be found in northern Luzón.
+him to be found in northern Luzón.
 
 As it was obviously impossible to draft adequate legislation for
 the control and civilization of numerous savage or barbarous peoples
@@ -1394,7 +1360,7 @@ and having first taken a drink to show me that it was not poisoned,
 handed it to me. I did my duty, and we were friends.
 
 We then proceeded on our way to Banaue, being obliged to plunge down
-through the rice terraces to the bottom of a deep cañon and then climb
+through the rice terraces to the bottom of a deep cañon and then climb
 two almost perpendicular earthen walls before reaching the house of
 the chief.
 
@@ -1441,9 +1407,9 @@ more friendly settlements.
 
 The day before we left, people came in haste from a neighbouring
 village to advise us that one of their men had lost his head to
-the Ifugaos of Cambúlo, and begged us to join them in a punitive
+the Ifugaos of Cambúlo, and begged us to join them in a punitive
 expedition, assuring us that there were numerous pigs and chickens
-at Cambúlo and that our combined forces would have no difficulty
+at Cambúlo and that our combined forces would have no difficulty
 in whipping the people of that place, after which we could have a
 most enjoyable time plundering the town, while they would secure
 a goodly toll of heads which might be advantageously employed in
@@ -1472,7 +1438,7 @@ through the Agno River valley, stopping at numerous settlements of
 the Benguet Igorots on the way.
 
 It was not possible for me to make further explorations in the
-territory of the Luzón wild people until 1905. In this year I
+territory of the Luzón wild people until 1905. In this year I
 set out, accompanied by Mr. Samuel E. Kane, an American who spoke
 Ilocano exceptionally well, and Colonel Blas Villamor, a former
 Insurgent officer, who was more familiar with the territory which
@@ -1558,7 +1524,7 @@ Standing in a conspicuous place in front of Saking's house were two
 baskets filled with flowers which were wet with blood. We surmised,
 rightly, as it later proved, that these baskets had contained
 human heads just before our arrival, and that we had interrupted a
-head-cañao. [17]
+head-cañao. [17]
 
 One did not need to be an expert in the moods of wild men to see that
 the people of this place were feeling ugly, and after shaking hands
@@ -1630,8 +1596,8 @@ with our backs to half of them. They instantly concluded that we had,
 concealed about our persons, some new and strange device with which
 we could annihilate a crowd, hence they were afraid!
 
-Here, as at Saking's place, we had interrupted a head-cañao. The head
-had been smuggled out of sight just before our arrival. The cañao
+Here, as at Saking's place, we had interrupted a head-cañao. The head
+had been smuggled out of sight just before our arrival. The cañao
 was now renewed and continued all night, although the head was not
 again put in evidence. It is needless to say that we attended. We
 witnessed one of the weirdest sights I have ever seen.
@@ -1682,7 +1648,7 @@ down. If he did, we might accept the invitation. Otherwise we must
 plead an urgent engagement farther down the valley and move on.
 
 Things came out exactly as he had foretold. In several villages we
-heard noises decidedly suggestive of head cañaos, and discreetly
+heard noises decidedly suggestive of head cañaos, and discreetly
 circled these places. We declined all invitations seconded by Bakidan
 when he did not seat himself, and rested comfortably for a time in
 several villages where he did.
@@ -1710,7 +1676,7 @@ carriers for our baggage, had come with his fighting men to help
 us out.
 
 The people of his village received us in a most friendly spirit,
-and after attending a bit of a cañao organized in our honour, and
+and after attending a bit of a cañao organized in our honour, and
 doing our best to entertain the crowd with a few simple experiments in
 physics, and some sleight-of-hand tricks, we retired, as we supposed,
 for a peaceful night's rest.
@@ -1745,7 +1711,7 @@ Took-Took people, greatly outnumbered, were evidently on the fence,
 and Bakidan was our only advocate. He still insisted that any one
 who wished to kill us must kill him first. His reputation stood
 him in good stead, and no one tackled the job. The uproar continued
-until nearly morning. Bási, a strong native liquor, was constantly
+until nearly morning. Bási, a strong native liquor, was constantly
 passed. Indeed, every one but Bakidan had been drunk when we were
 first awakened. Finally food was handed around, and when the excited
 warriors stopped yelling in order to eat it the liquor had a chance
@@ -1816,10 +1782,10 @@ Apayao head-hunters.
 
 We accordingly proceeded to Tuguegarao, the capital of Cagayan,
 intending to descend the Cagayan River to Aparri, go overland to
-Abulúg or Pamplona and there get guides and carriers.
+Abulúg or Pamplona and there get guides and carriers.
 
 At Tuguegarao, however, we found assembled the presidentes of all the
-Cagayan towns. Those from Abulúg and Pamplona positively assured me
+Cagayan towns. Those from Abulúg and Pamplona positively assured me
 that there were no trails thence into the Apayao country, and that
 guides and carriers would be absolutely unobtainable. I insisted that
 I would visit their towns and ask them to accompany me, whereupon they
@@ -1827,7 +1793,7 @@ actually wrung their hands and wept, complaining that the people of
 Apayao used bows and poisoned arrows.
 
 In disgust I told them that I would abandon the trip for that year,
-but the following year would go to Laoág in North Ilocos, cross the
+but the following year would go to Laoág in North Ilocos, cross the
 "Cordillera Central" and come out through the Apayao country, taking
 with me Ilocano guides and carriers, as the Ilocanos were real men.
 
@@ -1835,7 +1801,7 @@ I then proceeded up the river to Ilagan and went overland through Nueva
 Vizcaya, ultimately crossing Ifugao from east to west and thoroughly
 exploring the territory from which I had been excluded on my previous
 trip; proceeding thence to Bontoc and Cervantes over a route new to me,
-and finally returning through Benguet and Pangasinán to the railroad,
+and finally returning through Benguet and Pangasinán to the railroad,
 where I took train for Manila.
 
 The following year I carried out my promise, taking with me Colonel
@@ -1943,7 +1909,7 @@ men were able to bring in some of their fellow tribesmen who lived
 in the vicinity, and we made friends with them.
 
 From this point a half day's march brought us to the head-waters of the
-Abulúg River at a point where it was navigable for bamboo rafts. We
+Abulúg River at a point where it was navigable for bamboo rafts. We
 delayed at a little village until we could construct rafts enough to
 float our large party, and then started downstream, knowing that we
 should meet plenty of people, for the Tingians of Apayao are fond of
@@ -1967,9 +1933,9 @@ were waiting in the river bed to attack us, but only once were we in
 any real danger of being molested, and even then diplomacy prevailed.
 
 We were careful to respect local customs. One town was reported to be
-cañao, which is equivalent to "taboo," because of the death of the
+cañao, which is equivalent to "taboo," because of the death of the
 wife of the headman, and we religiously kept away from it. Another
-was cañao because of a virulent epidemic of smallpox, and we were
+was cañao because of a virulent epidemic of smallpox, and we were
 more than willing to keep away from that one!
 
 We bumped down rapids and shot over several low falls. Again and again
@@ -2001,7 +1967,7 @@ cloth, we were able to establish very friendly relations with the
 Negritos encountered, some of whom gave us in exchange deer meat
 enough for a feast, which was highly appreciated by all concerned.
 
-On arrival at Abulúg we were received with great surprise by the
+On arrival at Abulúg we were received with great surprise by the
 people, who had heard that we had been attacked and killed. There I
 developed malaria and contracted bronchitis.
 
@@ -2022,7 +1988,7 @@ a half days. The trip took five days. Much of the way horses were
 worse than useless. Before we reached our destination my bronchitis
 had developed into pneumonia and I was very ill. My white companions
 on the Apayao trip had long since left me, but at Ilagan I had been
-joined by Señor Claraval, who was later elected governor of Isabela,
+joined by Señor Claraval, who was later elected governor of Isabela,
 and by an American school-teacher. Colonel Villamor had stayed with
 me. Now all my companions turned back and I continued my journey
 accompanied only by Ifugaos and by a young lieutenant of constabulary
@@ -2074,7 +2040,7 @@ should get to a doctor at once, I made what was then record time to
 Banaue, Bontoc, Cervantes and Baguio, and on arrival at the latter
 place proceeded to go to bed and be comfortably ill.
 
-Tramping over the northern Luzón mountains with my lungs partly
+Tramping over the northern Luzón mountains with my lungs partly
 solidified left my pumping machinery in such shape that I have never
 since been able to make a hard trip on foot, but that is no longer
 necessary. Splendid horse trails now make travel through this region
@@ -2082,15 +2048,15 @@ a pleasure.
 
 When we crossed Apayao only one other white man had achieved the
 feat. This was a good missionary priest who in 1741 traversed the
-country between Abulúg and one of the North Ilocos towns.
+country between Abulúg and one of the North Ilocos towns.
 
 Lieutenant Gilmore's [18] Filipino captors took him and his companions
 across a corner of Apayao, and instead of murdering them in the forest,
 as they had been ordered to do, turned them loose. They made their way
 across a portion of the territory traversed by us, and had reached
-the Abulúg River and were attempting to build rafts when overtaken
+the Abulúg River and were attempting to build rafts when overtaken
 by a rescue party of American soldiers. All hands then descended the
-river to the town of Abulúg, and proceeded overland to Aparri.
+river to the town of Abulúg, and proceeded overland to Aparri.
 
 Colonel Hood, who was commanding the United States forces there,
 declined to let them enter the town until they had been provided with
@@ -2098,12 +2064,12 @@ decent clothing, thinking that the sight of American soldiers clad
 in clouts might be too much of a shock to the inhabitants!
 
 In 1907 I was able to land at various points along the then absolutely
-unknown Pacific coast of northeastern Luzón, but failed to get
+unknown Pacific coast of northeastern Luzón, but failed to get
 into touch with the Negritos, who constitute its sole inhabitants,
 until near Palanan, the northernmost settlement of Filipinos on the
 east coast.
 
-With this trip my exploration work in northern Luzón ended, although
+With this trip my exploration work in northern Luzón ended, although
 I have ever since made extended annual trips through the non-Christian
 territory of the island.
 
@@ -2185,7 +2151,7 @@ province and its settlements was accordingly passed on November 23,
 1900, Benguet being thus the first province to pass from the control
 of the military.
 
-In drafting this act I was fortunate in having the coöperation of
+In drafting this act I was fortunate in having the coöperation of
 Mr. Otto Scheerer, a German citizen who had lived for a number of
 years among the Benguet Igorots, understood them fully and was most
 kindly disposed toward them.
@@ -2235,12 +2201,12 @@ out of territory which had previously belonged to Surigao and Misamis,
 and organizing it under the Special Provincial Government Act.
 
 Finally, on August 18, 1908, the Mountain Province was established
-in northern Luzón.
+in northern Luzón.
 
 At the same time that the Ifugao territory was separated from
 Nueva Vizcaya there was added to the latter province the Ilongot
 territory previously divided between Isabela, Tayabas, Nueva Ecija
-and Pangasinán.
+and Pangasinán.
 
 Before considering the details of the work accomplished in the
 several special government provinces and sub-provinces, I will state
@@ -2254,7 +2220,7 @@ communication an indispensable prerequisite to the control and
 development of any country, and this is especially true of the
 territory of the wild man. No matter how unruly he may be, he is apt
 to become good when one can call on him at 2.30 A.M., since that is
-the hour when devils, anítos and asuáng are abroad, and he therefore
+the hour when devils, anítos and asuáng are abroad, and he therefore
 wants to stay peaceably in his own house! Again and again we have
 built a trail to an ugly, fighting, head-hunting settlement whose
 people have at first thrown spears at our road labourers, but later,
@@ -2277,7 +2243,7 @@ of insular funds.
 Another principle to which I have steadfastly adhered is never to
 impose taxes on a wild man until he can be made to realize that direct
 good to him will result from their collection. One of several reasons
-why the Spaniards never could dominate the hill people of Luzón was
+why the Spaniards never could dominate the hill people of Luzón was
 that they insisted at the very outset upon exacting "tribute" from
 them. The hill people regarded the money thus contributed as a present
 to the man who collected it, and rebelled against making presents to
@@ -2371,7 +2337,7 @@ provincial government act has become very important in the control
 and advancement of the non-Christian tribes.
 
 It is now customary to hold fiestas, or as they are locally designated,
-cañaos, at central points, to which are invited great numbers of
+cañaos, at central points, to which are invited great numbers of
 the wild people from the neighbouring country. At the outset these
 gatherings served to bring together men who had hardly seen each other
 except over the tops of their shields when lances were flying. They
@@ -2416,7 +2382,7 @@ while the main line of communication with Bontoc on the one hand and
 the capital of Nueva Vizcaya on the other is open for cart travel
 from the western to the eastern boundary of the sub-province.
 
-At many of the cañaos we have athletic contests, which the wild
+At many of the cañaos we have athletic contests, which the wild
 men, with their splendid physical development, greatly enjoy. It
 is much better for two hostile towns to settle their differences
 by a tug-of-war, or a wrestling match, than by fighting over them,
@@ -2425,7 +2391,7 @@ means provided the audience is sufficiently large and enthusiastic,
 for the average wild man has a very human love of playing to the
 gallery. He takes to the athletic contests of the American like a
 duck to the water, and soon learns to excel in them. No sooner is a
-cañao over than those who have taken part in it begin to look forward
+cañao over than those who have taken part in it begin to look forward
 to the next one, and the small expense involved is repaid a thousand
 fold in the good feeling produced.
 
@@ -2475,7 +2441,7 @@ followed in the work for the non-Christian tribes of the special
 government provinces, I will set forth some of the more important
 results which have been obtained.
 
-In Benguet, which under the Spanish régime was organized
+In Benguet, which under the Spanish régime was organized
 as a comandancia, [23] there dwell a kindly, industrious,
 self-respecting, silent tribe of agriculturists known as the Benguet
 Igorots. Governmental control was established over them by the
@@ -2532,7 +2498,7 @@ Road and the erection of buildings at Baguio made it possible for every
 one desiring it to secure remunerative employment. In the old Spanish
 days they had been forced to build trails without compensation, and
 to feed themselves while doing it. When they realized that the new
-régime had come to stay, their gratitude knew no bounds.
+régime had come to stay, their gratitude knew no bounds.
 
 For a time they could not be persuaded to try the white man's
 medicines, but ultimately the wife of the most important chief
@@ -2625,7 +2591,7 @@ long tables were seated a representative gathering of decently clad
 Benguet Igorot head-men, the hosts of the occasion. They understood
 the use of knives, forks and spoons. At the close of the luncheon they
 presented Governor Eckman with a beautiful silver cup. The presentation
-speech was made by an Igorot named Juan Cariño, who had been shot and
+speech was made by an Igorot named Juan Cariño, who had been shot and
 badly wounded by American soldiers from whom he foolishly endeavoured
 to escape in 1900!
 
@@ -2806,7 +2772,7 @@ As the years went by, the Ifugaos came to regard him as but little
 less than a god. He had extraordinary success in training them
 for service as constabulary soldiers. On the occasion of the first
 general rifle competition between all the constabulary organizations
-in northern Luzón ten Ifugao soldiers were sent to the lowlands to
+in northern Luzón ten Ifugao soldiers were sent to the lowlands to
 participate. Gallman, who had trained them, was travelling with me at
 the time, so they were taken down by a comparatively inexperienced
 officer who, instead of selecting the best ten men from among the
@@ -2913,12 +2879,12 @@ constabulary command a few weeks later. He managed to get into a fight
 and was whipped and chased out of the country. A so-called punitive
 expedition was then sent in, which came near meeting a similar fate,
 but finally withdrew in fairly good order after having inflicted
-slight damage on the town of Guennéd, the people of which made the
+slight damage on the town of Guennéd, the people of which made the
 original attack.
 
 Apayao was at first organized as a subprovince of Cagayan, and
 Colonel Blas Villamor, who had accompanied me on my two longest
-exploration trips through northern Luzón, was appointed its
+exploration trips through northern Luzón, was appointed its
 lieutenant-governor. The attitude of the provincial officials of
 Cagayan toward the difficult task which confronted them in Apayao was
 most unsatisfactory. Indeed, the governor of that province informed me
@@ -2962,12 +2928,12 @@ dealing with the Apayao Tingians in a fashion differing at all from
 that invariably followed in our relations with non-Christians in the
 special government provinces.
 
-Mr. Norman G. Connor was appointed to succeed Señor
+Mr. Norman G. Connor was appointed to succeed Señor
 Villamor. Mr. Connor had been acting governor of Nueva Vizcaya and
 had rendered very satisfactory service. He has made material progress
 in establishing control over the people of Apayao, where the work
 of trail construction has now begun. At the outset communication
-was maintained by boats on the Abulúg River and its branches, near
+was maintained by boats on the Abulúg River and its branches, near
 which most of the wild Tingian villages are situated, but it is a
 dangerous stream to navigate, especially when in flood, and lines of
 land communication must therefore be opened up.
@@ -3198,7 +3164,7 @@ who had strayed over the boundary line. With the transfer of the
 Ifugao territory to the Mountain Province, the Filipinos were left
 in the decided majority. Later all of the Ilongot territory which
 had previously belonged to the provinces of Isabela, Tayabas, Nueva
-Ecija and Pangasinán was added to Nueva Vizcaya, in order that the
+Ecija and Pangasinán was added to Nueva Vizcaya, in order that the
 members of this wild and primitive tribe might be brought under one
 provincial administration.
 
@@ -3216,14 +3182,14 @@ the settlements which it does not reach.
 
 A special assistant to the Provincial Governor of Nueva Vizcaya for
 work among the Ilongots has been appointed and assigned to duty at
-Baler, on the Pacific coast of Luzón, from which place he can more
+Baler, on the Pacific coast of Luzón, from which place he can more
 conveniently reach the Ilongots east of the coast range. These people
 were very wild at the outset, and it proved difficult to establish
 friendly relations with them, but this has now been successfully
 accomplished, and their fear of the white man is largely a thing of
 the past.
 
-There is a school for Ilongot children at Campoté. They prove to be
+There is a school for Ilongot children at Campoté. They prove to be
 bright, capable pupils.
 
 At the same place there has been established a government exchange,
@@ -3244,8 +3210,8 @@ THE GOVERNMENT OF THE NON-CHRISTIAN TRIBES (continued)
 
 
 The province of Mindoro includes numerous small islands, all peopled
-by Tagálogs, and the main island of Mindoro, which has a narrow broken
-fringe of Tagálog settlements along its coast. Its whole interior
+by Tagálogs, and the main island of Mindoro, which has a narrow broken
+fringe of Tagálog settlements along its coast. Its whole interior
 is populated, so far as it is inhabited at all, by the Mangyans,
 a primitive semi-nomadic tribe which is of Malayan origin but has
 considerable Negrito blood. No one knows even approximately how many
@@ -3258,11 +3224,11 @@ that the Mangyans number something like 15,000.
 The Filipino settlements were so disorderly, filthy, and unhealthy
 that the energies of the first governor, Captain R. G. Offley, and
 those of his successor, Captain Louis G. Van Schaick, were to a large
-extent expended in efforts for the betterment of the Tagálogs. It
+extent expended in efforts for the betterment of the Tagálogs. It
 is a pleasure to record the fact that these efforts met with a very
 large degree of success.
 
-The condition of most of the Tagálog towns is now good. Mangarin
+The condition of most of the Tagálog towns is now good. Mangarin
 is the chief exception to this statement. Its surroundings are such
 as to make it impossible successfully to combat malaria, from which
 every one of its inhabitants suffers. We are still endeavouring to
@@ -3287,20 +3253,20 @@ quite presentable. The neighbouring fields are planted with corn and
 rice. It has a school, and the children prove to be apt pupils.
 
 Another Mangyan village, organized near the west coast, was
-short-lived. The Tagálog Filipinos look with great disfavour on
+short-lived. The Tagálog Filipinos look with great disfavour on
 the gathering of the Mangyans into settlements where they can be
 protected, as this renders it difficult to hold them in a state of
 peonage. Whenever Governor Offley got a little group together, they
 did their best to scatter it. In this instance they passed the word
-that smallpox had broken out in a neighbouring Tagálog village. All
+that smallpox had broken out in a neighbouring Tagálog village. All
 Mangyans are deathly afraid of this disease, and this particular set
 built a great fire, jumped through the flames to purify themselves
 from contagion, took to the hills, and have not been seen since!
 
 While in hearty sympathy with the admirable work which was being
-done among the Tagálogs, I was dissatisfied with the failure to push
+done among the Tagálogs, I was dissatisfied with the failure to push
 explorations in the interior more actively and to get more closely
-in touch with the wild inhabitants. When the Tagálog settlements
+in touch with the wild inhabitants. When the Tagálog settlements
 had at last been put in really good condition, I gave Governor Van
 Schaick, who had succeeded Governor Offley, positive instructions
 that more attention must be paid to the Mangyans. He then began
@@ -3316,7 +3282,7 @@ by unprecedented rains.
 Road and trail construction began several years ago and is going
 forward as rapidly as limited funds will permit.
 
-The great trouble with the Tagálogs of Mindoro is that nature has
+The great trouble with the Tagálogs of Mindoro is that nature has
 been too kind to them. They have only to plough a bit of ground
 at the beginning of the rainy season, scatter a little rice on it,
 and harvest the crop when ripe, to be able to live idly the rest of
@@ -3326,7 +3292,7 @@ from Marinduque.
 
 Two great services have been rendered to the more orderly of the
 inhabitants of Mindoro, which was, in Spanish days, a rendezvous
-for evil-doers from Luzón. Indeed, it was the most disorderly
+for evil-doers from Luzón. Indeed, it was the most disorderly
 province north of Mindanao. An excellent state of public order has
 been established, and there has not been an armed ladrone [27] in
 the province for years. It was famous for its "bad climate." We have
@@ -3355,7 +3321,7 @@ from the east coast to the west in the region north of Bahia Honda.
 Until within a short time there have been Moro settlements scattered
 along both east and west coasts of the southern third of the main
 island. The Moro population of Palawan is largely composed of renegades
-who have been driven out of Joló, Tawi Tawi, Cagayan de Joló, British
+who have been driven out of Joló, Tawi Tawi, Cagayan de Joló, British
 North Borneo and Banguey by their own people because of infractions of
 the laws of their tribe. When the province was organized, they were
 not cultivating a hectare of land amongst them. They lived in part
@@ -3367,8 +3333,8 @@ products with or without giving compensation, as seemed to them good.
 The hill people, who occupy the higher mountains in the interior of
 southern Palawan, and who in the central and northern portions of the
 island extend down to the very coast, are known as Paluanes in the
-south and as Tagbanuas elsewhere. Tagbanuas are also found on Dumarán
-and Linapácan, and quite generally throughout the Calamianes Islands,
+south and as Tagbanuas elsewhere. Tagbanuas are also found on Dumarán
+and Linapácan, and quite generally throughout the Calamianes Islands,
 especially on Culion and Busuanga. I have failed to discover any real
 tribal differences between the Paluanes and the Tagbanuas and believe
 that they should be classed as one people, although the Paluanes are
@@ -3439,12 +3405,12 @@ or four soldiers, and Mrs. Miller feared that he might be killed.
 
 I hastened down the coast of the island at the full speed of my
 steamer, keeping a close watch for his boat, and finally located
-it at Bonabóna, where he had succeeded in arresting several of the
+it at Bonabóna, where he had succeeded in arresting several of the
 criminals. On his way down he had stopped at Lara and had learned
 that a brother of the local chief, Dato Pula, was responsible for the
 murder, having ordered it and paid the assassins who committed it,
 one of whom was lurking in the vicinity, while others had gone to
-Bonabóna. Governor Miller called upon Dato Pula to deliver both his
+Bonabóna. Governor Miller called upon Dato Pula to deliver both his
 brother and the murderer, who was then at Lara, and stated that he
 would be back on a certain day to receive them. As he insisted on
 returning at the appointed time and attempting to arrest these men,
@@ -3495,7 +3461,7 @@ the crowd while our negotiations continued, I communicated with
 the captain of our steamer, advising him of the facts. He got out
 ammunition for his two one-pounder rapid-fire guns and took up a
 position immediately in front of the town. We did not ask him for
-reënforcements, believing that any attempt on his part to send them
+reënforcements, believing that any attempt on his part to send them
 would precipitate an attack on us.
 
 Never did I pass a more peculiar, or a more unpleasant, day. Miller
@@ -3573,7 +3539,7 @@ board Captain Moynihan of the Philippine Scouts, with thirty of his
 soldiers. The report proved unfounded, but nevertheless the soldiers
 came in very handily.
 
-I landed at Culasián Bay on the west coast, meaning to ascend a river
+I landed at Culasián Bay on the west coast, meaning to ascend a river
 to the settlement of Dato Tumay, the man whose people had on a former
 occasion fought Governor Miller with captured constabulary rifles and
 been soundly whipped. Finding no one on the beach, we walked up the
@@ -3635,7 +3601,7 @@ up a second one, trailed them behind him until he reached a position
 in front of me and dropped them on the ground. Both had the sheaths
 removed from their long steel heads. Another soldier kicked around
 in the grass a bit and produced a serpent kriss which had been drawn
-from its scabbard. Still another fished up a baróng. [28]
+from its scabbard. Still another fished up a baróng. [28]
 
 I asked the ranking Moro present what was the meaning of these weapons,
 concealed at our very feet. He said that they were afraid that we
@@ -3662,7 +3628,7 @@ assistant to the provincial governor for work among the Moros, had
 been taking a hasty look back of the houses and was returning to
 tell me that they were full of armed men. The Moro above mentioned,
 just before meeting Bondurant, reached into a bush and drew out two
-of the cruel fighting knives known as baróngs. They were in their flat
+of the cruel fighting knives known as baróngs. They were in their flat
 sheaths, and lay one on top of the other. Snatching the upper one from
 its scabbard, he struck a wicked blow at Bondurant as the latter passed
 him on the trail. Bondurant, who was quick as a cat, dodged the blow,
@@ -3762,7 +3728,7 @@ an opportunity to engage in this or in other honest labor for a good
 wage payable either in money or in rice.
 
 At the end of a year I visited these Moros at their new homes near
-Bonabóna, going ashore without a weapon of any sort, and finding them
+Bonabóna, going ashore without a weapon of any sort, and finding them
 more friendly than could reasonably have been anticipated. I sent for
 old Tumay and had a very frank talk with him about past differences,
 in the course of which I asked him if he had had enough. He assured me
@@ -3833,7 +3799,7 @@ inaugurated an active campaign to compel these people to clean up,
 and anticipate success. One thing which renders it difficult to deal
 with some of the Filipinos of this province is that in its more remote
 districts they are showing a marked tendency to scatter out into the
-forests where they make caiñgins, or forest clearings, and live in tiny
+forests where they make caiñgins, or forest clearings, and live in tiny
 huts. Little by little they are gravitating back to the barbarism from
 which they originally emerged, and under existing laws they are free
 to do this if they like. I regret that this tendency is by no means
@@ -4021,8 +3987,8 @@ manipulations on his part the engine began to "put, put, put" again
 most cheerfully, and we ascended the rapid without difficulty.
 
 On the evening of the third day we reached a Filipino settlement
-called Talacógon, seventy miles up the river. Wantz began to complain
-that he was sick, and as Talacógon would have been a very comfortable
+called Talacógon, seventy miles up the river. Wantz began to complain
+that he was sick, and as Talacógon would have been a very comfortable
 place to lie over, I opined that his ailment would become acute before
 morning. At four o'clock I sneaked down to the river bank by a back
 street to see what was going on. He was whistling cheerfully. I beat
@@ -4038,7 +4004,7 @@ trip his symptoms became less alarming, and he expressed hope of
 ultimate recovery. Interrogated as to the probable date when he would
 be prepared to continue the journey, he put it three days ahead. I
 told him that I could not wait so long. Gradually he reduced to half
-a day the time which the reëstablishment of his health would require,
+a day the time which the reëstablishment of his health would require,
 but I told him that I could not wait, and that his recovery must be
 immediate if he was to continue with us. This was too much of a jolt
 to his pride, and when we were ready to embark he was still too ill
@@ -4072,7 +4038,7 @@ uncomprehending hopelessness to our story of better days to come,
 and it soon became evident that nothing but practical experience
 would convince these helpless people that times were going to change.
 
-The Filipinos of Talacógon were an especially lazy, vicious lot,
+The Filipinos of Talacógon were an especially lazy, vicious lot,
 who did no work themselves, but sponged or stole a living from their
 non-Christian neighbours. Forest trees were springing up on the plaza
 of this town. Its streets were deep in mud, and its sanitary condition
@@ -4213,11 +4179,11 @@ to fear that I had taken leave of my senses. Nothing which has
 ever befallen me has given me such a curious sensation. However,
 one tangible thing remained; to wit, a well-marked trail through
 the grass. I followed it, and before I had gone three hundred yards
-came to the brink of a precipitous cañon down the wall of which my
+came to the brink of a precipitous cañon down the wall of which my
 companions were zigzagging. From the point where I had taken my
 photographs it was absolutely impossible to detect the existence
 of this narrow crack in the earth. We soon learned, to our sorrow,
-that this first cañon was only one of many.
+that this first cañon was only one of many.
 
 At its bottom was a raging torrent which we forded with difficulty. My
 fool horse got frightened and turned down-stream where the current was
@@ -4264,7 +4230,7 @@ report of a lieutenant of the United States army that Nanca was
 distant from Sumilao about two hours' ride. We reached it after dark,
 having travelled steadily throughout the day except for some thirty
 minutes taken for lunch, and having, I firmly believe, broken the
-world's record for the number of cañons encountered in the course of
+world's record for the number of cañons encountered in the course of
 a fourteen-hour ride.
 
 Nanca proved to be a very interesting Bukidnon village, as its
@@ -4339,11 +4305,11 @@ and have never changed my mind. The progress which they have since
 made is almost unbelievable.
 
 Efforts to destroy the government which we had established in
-Bukidnon, and to reëstablish the system of peonage under which
+Bukidnon, and to reëstablish the system of peonage under which
 its peaceful, industrious inhabitants had so long groaned, were
 persistently continued. During my third annual inspection trip,
 I found that there was a plan on foot to trump up criminal charges
-against Lieutenant-Governor Lewis and Señor Manuel Fortich, whose
+against Lieutenant-Governor Lewis and Señor Manuel Fortich, whose
 services I had meanwhile secured as an assistant to Mr. Lewis upon
 his severing his connection with the constabulary. The efforts of
 the mischief-makers had become so persistent and so vicious that I
@@ -4367,7 +4333,7 @@ was called to Washington to be investigated by the Committee on
 Insular Affairs with reference to my administration of public and
 friar lands, and the enemies of the Bukidnon government promptly
 became active. Governor Lewis was arrested and tried on two criminal
-charges, while his assistant, Señor Fortich, was charged with murder,
+charges, while his assistant, Señor Fortich, was charged with murder,
 no less. If the charges of estafa and falsification of public documents
 brought against Lewis failed, it was proposed to prosecute him for
 adultery, the minimum penalty for which in the Philippine Islands is
@@ -4391,7 +4357,7 @@ Bukidnon people.
 
 The progress which has been made in Bukidnon is really wonderful. At
 the outset there was not a decent trail in the subprovince. Now
-one can go nineteen miles inland to the Mañgima River cañon in an
+one can go nineteen miles inland to the Mañgima River cañon in an
 automobile, and it will be soon possible so to continue the journey
 ten miles further to Maluco. Excellent low-grade horse trails,
 many miles of which are already wide enough to serve as automobile
@@ -4453,7 +4419,7 @@ firearms so that they might protect themselves. Some twenty-five old
 carbines were furnished them, and they organized an effective force
 which pursued the evil-doers and policed them up very effectively.
 
-Marámag, one of the most recently established villages, is in the very
+Marámag, one of the most recently established villages, is in the very
 heart of Mindanao. Two years ago a good many of its leading citizens
 were living in tree-houses. During August, 1912, I found them cutting
 the grass on their plaza with a lawn-mower!
@@ -4608,7 +4574,7 @@ act. They have discovered that efforts to improve the condition of
 the ignorant and primitive peoples intrusted to their charge can be
 very effectively nullified if they merely sit still and do nothing,
 and almost with one accord they have adopted this policy. Exception
-should be made in favour of North Ilocos, South Ilocos, Pangasinán,
+should be made in favour of North Ilocos, South Ilocos, Pangasinán,
 Ambos Camarines, Iloilo and Zambales. No other provinces have made any
 real effort to help their non-Christian population, and the funds set
 aside by law to be expended for this end simply go on accumulating
@@ -4621,8 +4587,8 @@ The organization of the Moro Province was provided for by an act
 passed on June 1, 1903. It is the largest single province in the
 Philippine Islands, including within its limits more than half of
 the great island of Mindanao with various small islands adjacent
-thereto, and Basilan, Joló, Siassi, Tawi Tawi, Sibutu, Cagayan de
-Joló and the very numerous other small islands stretching between
+thereto, and Basilan, Joló, Siassi, Tawi Tawi, Sibutu, Cagayan de
+Joló and the very numerous other small islands stretching between
 Mindanao and North Borneo. It is divided into five districts, each
 with a district governor. The province has a governor, a secretary,
 a treasurer, an attorney, an engineer and a superintendent of schools.
@@ -4631,7 +4597,7 @@ The four officials first named constitute a legislative council the
 acts of which are subject to the approval of the Philippine Commission.
 
 The province is allowed to expend the moneys accruing from the
-customs dues paid at Joló and Zamboanga, which are ports of entry,
+customs dues paid at Joló and Zamboanga, which are ports of entry,
 but is not fully self-supporting. The insular government pays for
 the Philippine constabulary serving there. Until within a very short
 time the provincial officials have been almost exclusively officers
@@ -4648,7 +4614,7 @@ short of what might have been expected when one considers the splendid
 body of men from which the provincial officials have been drawn.
 
 Noteworthy public improvements have been made in places like Zamboanga
-and Joló, but the country of the hill people, which ought to have
+and Joló, but the country of the hill people, which ought to have
 been crisscrossed with trails long ere this, is still not opened
 up. Tribes like the Mandayas would, if given the opportunity, advance
 as rapidly as have the Bukidnons, but such opportunity has not been
@@ -4688,11 +4654,11 @@ The Moros, with their fanatical religious beliefs and prejudices,
 present a very grave problem. Conditions have undoubtedly greatly
 improved in Davao, Cotabato and Zamboanga. I am not sufficiently
 familiar with affairs in the Lanao district to express an intelligent
-opinion concerning them. So far as concerns Joló, it is my opinion
+opinion concerning them. So far as concerns Joló, it is my opinion
 that things have come to a bad pass there; that life and property
 are not as safe to-day as they were during the early days of the
 American occupation, and that we have progressed backward for some
-time. However, Joló pirates have at least been pretty effectively
+time. However, Joló pirates have at least been pretty effectively
 kept off the sea, and that in itself is a very important result.
 
 It is idle to suppose that the Moros can be subdued and made into
@@ -4716,7 +4682,7 @@ redeeming qualities. The same old policy that has won with the Ifugaos,
 Bontoc Igorots and Kalingas, and is winning with the wild Tingians
 and Ilongots, has been tried in dealing with the renegade Moros of
 Palawan with a considerable degree of success. It is my firm belief
-that it will work with the Moros of Mindanao, Basilan, Joló and Tawi
+that it will work with the Moros of Mindanao, Basilan, Joló and Tawi
 Tawi, but substantial and permanent progress cannot now be anticipated
 for many years. The Moros must be given more than a square deal, or
 results will not differ essentially from those which have attended
@@ -4984,7 +4950,7 @@ in this work, and have felt free to tell them so!
 
 Blount complains bitterly over the exhibition of members of
 non-Christian tribes at the Louisiana Purchase Exposition. For a wonder
-he admits that Tagálog and Visayan Filipinos were also exhibited. He
+he admits that Tagálog and Visayan Filipinos were also exhibited. He
 fails to record the fact that a commission of highly educated and
 cultured Filipino men and women were sent to the exposition and
 travelled quite widely in the United States, so that they were seen,
@@ -5009,7 +4975,7 @@ eighth of the population of the Islands, I also object to the attempt
 of certain Filipino politicians to conceal the fact of their existence,
 and to the efforts of certain misguided Americans to minimize the
 importance of the problems which their existence presents. Let us
-look the facts in the face. The Moros are as "real" as the Tagálogs.
+look the facts in the face. The Moros are as "real" as the Tagálogs.
 
 The average Filipino does not object in the least to the exhibition of
 wild people. On the contrary, he is just as much interested in them as
@@ -5127,7 +5093,7 @@ them. He says:--
 
             Island     Civilized      Wild       Total
 
-            Luzón      3,575,001   223,506   3,798,507
+            Luzón      3,575,001   223,506   3,798,507
             Panay        728,713    14,933     743,646
             Cebu         592,247               592,247
             Bohol        243,148               243,148
@@ -5144,7 +5110,7 @@ them. He says:--
     million people. Half of these are civilized Christians, and the
     other half are the wild, crudely Mohammedan Moro tribes. Above
     Mindanao on the above list, you behold what practically is the
-    Philippine archipelago (except Mindanao), viz. Luzón and the six
+    Philippine archipelago (except Mindanao), viz. Luzón and the six
     main Visayan Islands. If you will turn back to pages 225 et seq.,
     especially to page 228, where the student of world politics was
     furnished with all he needs or will ever care to know about the
@@ -5152,10 +5118,10 @@ them. He says:--
     rocks sticking out of the water and all the little daubs you see
     on the map eliminated from the equation as wholly unessential to a
     clear understanding of the problem of governing the Islands. That
-    process of elimination left us Luzón and the six main Visayan
+    process of elimination left us Luzón and the six main Visayan
     Islands above as constituting, for all practical governmental
     purposes all the Philippine archipelago except the Moro country
-    Mindanao (i.e. parts of it), and its adjacent islets. Luzón and
+    Mindanao (i.e. parts of it), and its adjacent islets. Luzón and
     the Visayan Islands contain nearly 7,000,000 of people, and of
     these the wild tribes, as you can see by a glance at the above
     table constitute less than 300,000, sprinkled in the pockets of
@@ -5180,23 +5146,23 @@ following is the table which you will find:--
     Ambos Camarines                    239,405     233,472     5,933
     Antique                            134,166     131,245     2,921
     Basilan                             30,179       1,331    28,848
-    Bataán                              46,787      45,166     1,621
+    Bataán                              46,787      45,166     1,621
     Batangas                           257,715     257,715     ----
     Benguet                             22,745         917    21,828
     Bohol                              269,223     269,223     ----
-    Bulacán                            223,742     223,327       415
-    Cagayán                            156,239     142,825    13,414
-    Cápiz                              230,721     225,092     5,629
+    Bulacán                            223,742     223,327       415
+    Cagayán                            156,239     142,825    13,414
+    Cápiz                              230,721     225,092     5,629
     Cavite                             134,779     134,779     ----
-    Cebú                               653,727     653,727     ----
+    Cebú                               653,727     653,727     ----
     Cotabato                           125,875       2,313   123,562
     Dapitan                             23,577      17,154     6,423
-    Dávao                               65,496      20,224    45,272
+    Dávao                               65,496      20,224    45,272
     Ilocos Norte                       178,995     176,785     2,210
     Ilocos Sur                         187,411     173,800    13,611
-    Iloílo                             410,315     403,932     6,383
+    Iloílo                             410,315     403,932     6,383
     Isabela                             76,431      68,793     7,638
-    Joló                                51,389       1,270    50,119
+    Joló                                51,389       1,270    50,119
     La Laguna                          148,606     148,606     ----
     La Union                           137,839     127,789    10,050
     Lepanto-Bontoc                      72,750       2,467    70,283
@@ -5211,14 +5177,14 @@ following is the table which you will find:--
     Nueva Ecija                        134,147     132,999     1,148
     Nueva Vizcaya                       62,541      16,026    46,515
     Pampanga                           223,754     222,656     1,098
-    Pangasinán                         397,902     394,516     3,386
+    Pangasinán                         397,902     394,516     3,386
     Paragua                             29,351      27,493     1,858
     Paragua Sur                          6,345       1,359     4,986
     Rizal                              150,923     148,502     2,421
-    Romblón                             52,848      52,848     ----
-    Sámar                              266,237     265,549       688
+    Romblón                             52,848      52,848     ----
+    Sámar                              266,237     265,549       688
     Siassi                              24,562         297    24,265
-    Sorsogón                           120,495     120,454        41
+    Sorsogón                           120,495     120,454        41
     Surigao                            115,112      99,298    15,814
     Tarlac                             135,107     133,513     1,594
     Tawi Tawi                           14,638          93    14,545
@@ -5258,7 +5224,7 @@ for him to ignore them.
 
 In spite of his suggestion that it is not necessary to use the pencil
 in connection with his table, I ventured to do so, in connection
-with his statement that "Luzón and the Visayan Islands contain nearly
+with his statement that "Luzón and the Visayan Islands contain nearly
 7,000,000 of people." On his own showing they contain 6,158,311.
 
 And now for the real facts. At the time the census enumeration was
@@ -5279,29 +5245,29 @@ for several provinces for which the present estimates are admittedly
 too low will raise the total slightly.
 
 Blount has made a further statement relative to the non-Christian
-population of Luzón which is indeed extraordinary. He says:--
+population of Luzón which is indeed extraordinary. He says:--
 
 
     "Of the 7,600,000 people of the Philippines almost exactly
-    one-half, i.e. 3,800,000, live on Luzón, and these are practically
+    one-half, i.e. 3,800,000, live on Luzón, and these are practically
     all civilized." [45]
 
 
 The table on the opposite page, giving the census estimate of the
-non-Christian population of Luzón and the present accepted estimate,
+non-Christian population of Luzón and the present accepted estimate,
 shows how erroneous is this statement.
 
 It will be seen that the census estimate of non-Christian inhabitants
-in the province of Luzón was 224,106 and the present accepted estimate
+in the province of Luzón was 224,106 and the present accepted estimate
 is 440,926.
 
 In explanation of his extraordinary statement that practically all of
-the people of Luzón are civilized Blount has inserted the following
+the people of Luzón are civilized Blount has inserted the following
 foot-note:--
 
 
     "223,506 is the total of the uncivilized tribes still extant in
-    Luzón, Philippine Census, vol. ii., p. 125, but they live in the
+    Luzón, Philippine Census, vol. ii., p. 125, but they live in the
     mountains, and you might live in the Philippines a long lifetime
     without ever seeing a sample of them, unless you happen to be an
     energetic ethnologist fond of mountain climbing." [46]
@@ -5334,7 +5300,7 @@ foot-note:--
             Nueva Ecija           1,148        862
             Nueva Vizcaya        46,515      6,000
             Pampanga              1,098      1,098
-            Pangasinán            3,386      3,386
+            Pangasinán            3,386      3,386
             Rizal                 2,421      2,421
             Sorsogon                 41         41
             Tarlac                1,594      1,594
@@ -5435,7 +5401,7 @@ cut him down, unclasp the bayonet and, leaving it in the wound to
 prevent hemorrhage, go on fighting. I have known two Moros armed
 with bamboo lances to attack a column of two thousand soldiers armed
 with rifles. It is an historic fact that Moro juramentados [51] once
-attempted to rush the walls of Joló and kept up the fruitless effort
+attempted to rush the walls of Joló and kept up the fruitless effort
 until they blocked with their dead bodies the rifle slits, so that it
 became necessary for the Spanish soldiers to take positions on top
 of the walls in order to fire. I have known a Moro, shot repeatedly
@@ -5450,10 +5416,10 @@ consideration. Their number has for centuries borne substantially
 the same proportion to the total population of the Philippines which
 it now bears, yet no one can deny that it is but a short time since
 they harried the archipelago from south to north and from east to
-west. The shores of Northern Luzón and the neighbouring islands are
+west. The shores of Northern Luzón and the neighbouring islands are
 to-day dotted with the forts which were built for defence against
 them. The town of Polillo, on the northernmost island off the east
-coast of Luzón, is still surrounded by a high wall built to protect
+coast of Luzón, is still surrounded by a high wall built to protect
 its inhabitants from the Moros. The churches at Cuyo, Agutaya, Culion,
 Linapacan and Taytay stand inside of strong stone fortresses in which
 the people took refuge when the Moros descended on their towns. Back
@@ -5619,7 +5585,7 @@ Tingians of Apayao, were fierce, war-like, unsubdued head-hunting
 savages at the time of the American occupation.
 
 Friendly as is our present relationship with the former head-hunters
-of Luzón, and excellent as is now the condition of public order in
+of Luzón, and excellent as is now the condition of public order in
 their territory, we still often have the fact brought home to us that
 the blood-lust of these sturdy and brave fighters is only dormant. A
 steady hand must be held on them for many a year to come.
@@ -5710,7 +5676,7 @@ Americans have adopted a firm but kindly policy in dealing with
 the non-Christian tribes and have met with extraordinary success in
 winning their good-will and weaning them from the worst of their evil
 customs. Even with those of the Moros who live outside of the island
-of Joló considerable progress has been made. Head-hunting has been
+of Joló considerable progress has been made. Head-hunting has been
 abolished among the Ifugaos, Igorots and Kalingas with an ease which
 was wholly unanticipated.
 
@@ -5869,7 +5835,7 @@ so that water cannot stand in them. Then you must keep it clean."
 
 "What is the use of that?"
 
-"The búsaos [60] who cause sickness do not like clean places and stay
+"The búsaos [60] who cause sickness do not like clean places and stay
 away from them."
 
 "I never heard of that."
@@ -5945,7 +5911,7 @@ During my last trip through Bukidnon I learned that a long-haired
 mountaineer who had been encouraged to plant coffee and Manila hemp
 had acted on the suggestion, working very hard and establishing an
 excellent plantation which had prospered. When he had products ready
-for market he had taken them to the coast town of Balingasák. He did
+for market he had taken them to the coast town of Balingasák. He did
 not speak the language of the Visayan Filipino inhabitants of that
 place, so fell into the hands of one of them who knew his dialect. This
 rascal helped him to sell his produce, but took a heavy commission
@@ -5959,7 +5925,7 @@ them with his mark, in the presence of witnesses.
 
 A few months later he sent a valuable shipment of coffee and hemp
 to his "partner." When weeks had passed without his hearing from
-it, he went to Balingasák to find out what was wrong, whereupon his
+it, he went to Balingasák to find out what was wrong, whereupon his
 "partner" stated that he was greatly obliged to him for his trouble
 in cultivating and harvesting the products of the farm. The hillman
 demanded his share of the returns and the "partner" calmly assured
@@ -6044,7 +6010,7 @@ reason to believe that the Filipinos would adopt toward such hostile
 primitive peoples the policy of extermination which the Japanese have
 been so vigorously carrying out in dealing with the hill people of
 northern Formosa, who do not differ in any important respect from the
-hill people of northern Luzón, with whom such helpful and friendly
+hill people of northern Luzón, with whom such helpful and friendly
 relations have now been established.
 
 We have encouraged the primitive Philippine peoples to stand up for
@@ -6346,7 +6312,7 @@ from Spain, it continued to exist as an unauthorized practice, so
 that Rizal, writing at the close of the nineteenth century could say
 that slaves still existed in many parts of the country.
 
-In a statement recently published in the New York Evening Post, Señor
+In a statement recently published in the New York Evening Post, Señor
 Quezon, Resident Delegate from the Philippines to Congress, has said:--
 
 
@@ -6372,10 +6338,10 @@ The Spanish Penal Code did not prohibit or penalize slavery, or the
 purchase or sale of human beings. It did contain provisions against
 forcible detention of individuals and the abduction of minors, but
 in the Philippines at least they were more honoured in the breach
-than in the observance during the Spanish régime.
+than in the observance during the Spanish régime.
 
 The Moros raided the towns of the peaceful Filipino inhabitants of
-the Visayan Islands and of Luzón until within quite recent times. An
+the Visayan Islands and of Luzón until within quite recent times. An
 unhappy fate awaited the prisoners whom they took. Men were frequently
 compelled to harvest for their captors the crops which they themselves
 had planted, and were then mercilessly butchered. Women, girls and
@@ -6390,7 +6356,7 @@ the outset largely populated by escaped Moro slaves who had sought
 the protection of the Spanish garrison there. Coming originally from
 widely separated parts of the archipelago, these unfortunates had no
 common native dialect, hence there arose among them a Spanish patois
-now known as Zamboangueño.
+now known as Zamboangueño.
 
 The American occupation brought many and brusque changes in political
 conditions. The attitude of Americans toward slavery and peonage was
@@ -6443,11 +6409,11 @@ in a report written on August 25 of that year. He said:--
     physical force, might, and power."
 
 
-Señor Quezon, in describing conditions in the Moro country, has said:
+Señor Quezon, in describing conditions in the Moro country, has said:
 [65]--
 
 
-    "American authorities made treaties with the Sultan of Joló whereby
+    "American authorities made treaties with the Sultan of Joló whereby
     slavery was legalized and recognized among the non-Christian
     Moros and received the protection of the United States army and
     civil authorities. This state of things continued for a long time
@@ -6457,7 +6423,7 @@ Señor Quezon, in describing conditions in the Moro country, has said:
 
 
 It is true that General Bates attempted to negotiate a treaty with
-the Sultan of Joló, in which he felt himself compelled to recognize
+the Sultan of Joló, in which he felt himself compelled to recognize
 slavery as an existing Moro custom. This action was unauthorized and
 was disapproved by his superiors. It did not legalize slavery. Neither
 Moro nor any other kind of slavery was ever protected by the civil
@@ -6475,7 +6441,7 @@ resulted very successfully, and persons who have captured others to
 be held or sold as slaves, as well as persons who have actually sold,
 bought or kept slaves, have been convicted and punished.
 
-Señor Quezon's statement relative to the attitude of the civil
+Señor Quezon's statement relative to the attitude of the civil
 authorities in this matter is therefore recklessly false.
 
 The existence of slavery in the Moro Province was well known from
@@ -6659,7 +6625,7 @@ full, omitting only the titles of the governor:--
     of the fellow-men which now prevails.
 
     "Caciquism is still existing in parts of this province, but I
-    am confident that with the coöperation of sensible persons in my
+    am confident that with the coöperation of sensible persons in my
     continuous efforts it will be completely eradicated, and personal
     liberty will reign supreme, as in every republic where the laws
     assure complete and real liberty, the liberty from slavery."
@@ -6700,7 +6666,7 @@ I give it in its entirety:--
     "In the year of 1903 the deponent sold a boy and a girl of the
     Ifugao tribe, who, judging by their physical development, were
     about 6 and 8 years old; the boy, six years of age, he sold to
-    Pascual Paguirigan, late municipal president, and the girl to Doña
+    Pascual Paguirigan, late municipal president, and the girl to Doña
     Rufina Gangan, for the sum of 180 Mexican dollars each. This was
     in January, but deponent does not remember the day.
 
@@ -6715,7 +6681,7 @@ I give it in its entirety:--
     and that he state where they reside, deponent replied that the
     persons who are engaged in the same business as he, are Modesto
     Sibal, Lorenzo Monte-Virgen, and Lorenzo Montalvo, residents of
-    the pueblo of Gamú, and Andres Castro and Cosme Ferrer, residents
+    the pueblo of Gamú, and Andres Castro and Cosme Ferrer, residents
     of this provincial capital.
 
     "Upon being asked whether he knew if these persons are like
@@ -6966,7 +6932,7 @@ I returned the papers, together with the opinion, to the governor
 of Nueva Vizcaya and three test suits were brought as promptly as
 possible.
 
-One of them has become historic. It was brought against Tomás Cabanag,
+One of them has become historic. It was brought against Tomás Cabanag,
 a well-known slave dealer who made a business of buying and selling
 Ifugao children. He was charged with illegal detention in connection
 with the admitted sale, by him, of an Ifugao girl named Gamaya. [73]
@@ -7019,10 +6985,10 @@ and held further that:--
 
 
     "Under the complaint for this crime it is possible to convict for
-    coacción under proof of the requisites of that offence ... but
+    coacción under proof of the requisites of that offence ... but
     among those requisites is that of violence through force or
     intimidation, even under the liberal rule of our jurisprudence
-    ...; consequently the charge of coacción against the accused
+    ...; consequently the charge of coacción against the accused
     cannot be sustained upon the evidence."
 
 
@@ -7193,7 +7159,7 @@ This report, if adopted, would have emasculated the bill by striking
 out the minimum penalties, but it was not adopted. On May 19 the
 assembly laid the bill on the table without discussion.
 
-So began a long struggle to secure the coöperation of the assembly
+So began a long struggle to secure the coöperation of the assembly
 in the enactment of legislation on this important subject.
 
 I did not feel that the assembly ought to be allowed to make a joke of
@@ -7309,7 +7275,7 @@ in this important subject.
 
     "The Secretary. [reading]....
 
-    "Señor Sotto. The Committee on Revision of Laws proposes that
+    "Señor Sotto. The Committee on Revision of Laws proposes that
     this bill be laid on the table.
 
     "The Speaker. Is there any objection?
@@ -7507,7 +7473,7 @@ I will here only briefly summarize them.
 The Negritos are savages of low mentality, and most of them lead a
 nomadic or semi-nomadic life. They constantly get the worst of it in
 the struggle for existence and to-day are found only on the islands of
-Mindanao, Palawan, Tablas, Negros, Panay and Luzón, where for the most
+Mindanao, Palawan, Tablas, Negros, Panay and Luzón, where for the most
 part they inhabit very remote and inaccessible mountain regions. Owing
 to their stupidity and their extreme timidity it is comparatively easy
 to hold them in slavery, and they are probably thus victimized more
@@ -7608,7 +7574,7 @@ following letter:--
 
 In this case one of the kidnappers was convicted of murder, but
 nothing could be done to him for selling the Negrito children nor could
-anything be done to Señor Ambrocio David for buying the children or
+anything be done to Señor Ambrocio David for buying the children or
 for claiming that they were his property.
 
 Like many primitive peoples, the Negritos are inordinately fond
@@ -7654,7 +7620,7 @@ been followed:--
     district, Lubao, Province of Pampanga, baptized solemnly, and put
     on the blessed Oleos in this church in my charge on one Negrita
     ten and eight years of age (18), and have given the name of Juana,
-    daughter of a father poor and unknown. The foster mother, Doña
+    daughter of a father poor and unknown. The foster mother, Doña
     Pia Vitug, married in this town received the charge as a parent
     to care for the spiritual welfare and other obligations.
 
@@ -7691,22 +7657,22 @@ the sub-province of Ifugao in the Mountain Province and for Nueva
 Vizcaya. The Ifugaos have been especially victimized. The following
 kinds of servitude are recognized by them:--
 
-Jim-bút. This is the name applied to real slaves. The Jim-bút becomes
+Jim-bút. This is the name applied to real slaves. The Jim-bút becomes
 an article of commerce and often changes owners several times before
 reaching the country of the Ba-li-uon (Christians).
 
-Nij-cóp. This is the name applied to children who have been really
+Nij-cóp. This is the name applied to children who have been really
 adopted under a formal contract made with their parents or nearest
-relatives in case the parents are dead. The Nij-cóp acquire certain
+relatives in case the parents are dead. The Nij-cóp acquire certain
 property rights from their new parents-by-adoption.
 
-Baj-ál. This is the name given to orphan children who have been
+Baj-ál. This is the name given to orphan children who have been
 formally taken in charge by some well-to-do Ifugao and who are unable
-to support themselves. The Baj-ál is a tentative Nij-cóp, for if he
+to support themselves. The Baj-ál is a tentative Nij-cóp, for if he
 turns out to be bright and industrious, he may become a member of
 the family and acquire property rights.
 
-Ta-gá-la. This is the name applied to servants who receive regular
+Ta-gá-la. This is the name applied to servants who receive regular
 compensation.
 
 It is a matter of common knowledge throughout the sub-province that
@@ -7840,9 +7806,9 @@ judge of the court of land registration.
     back and shortly before I left Lingayen I learned that the girl,
     though scarcely fifteen years old, had given birth to a child."
 
-    "In 1907 a woman from the town of Balincaguin in Pangasinán
+    "In 1907 a woman from the town of Balincaguin in Pangasinán
     came to my office and stated that she, about six years before had
-    'mortgaged' [the terms 'salda' in Ilocano and 'sanla' in Pangasinán
+    'mortgaged' [the terms 'salda' in Ilocano and 'sanla' in Pangasinán
     are usually translated mortgage, but also imply pledge, as the
     creditor generally takes possession of the mortgaged property] her
     twelve-year old son for some twenty pesos to Don Cirilio Braganza,
@@ -7878,7 +7844,7 @@ of a debtor held by his creditor in a form of qualified servitude to
 work out a debt." Of its prevalence the judge says:--
 
 
-    "While practising law in the Province of Pangasinán, during
+    "While practising law in the Province of Pangasinán, during
     the years 1905 to 1909, hardly a week passed but what cases of
     involuntary servitude, as defined in the within communication,
     came under my observation."
@@ -7899,7 +7865,7 @@ does not increase one's popularity:--
     end of which period the debt had increased to over sixty pesos,
     according to Mr. Sison's accounts. In the meantime the woman became
     a Protestant, and Rev. E. S. Lyons, the Methodist missionary
-    in Pangasinán, advised her to leave Mr. Sison's service. Upon
+    in Pangasinán, advised her to leave Mr. Sison's service. Upon
     her doing so Mr. Sison became very indignant not only at her,
     but also at Mr. Lyons, and for some time thought seriously of
     having the latter criminally prosecuted. He appeared to be very
@@ -7952,7 +7918,7 @@ In this connection the following letter is of interest:--
     "The Superintendent, Information Division, P. C.,
     "Manila, P. I.
 
-    "(Thru' Adjutant, District of Central Luzón.)
+    "(Thru' Adjutant, District of Central Luzón.)
 
     "Sir: Reference to the prosecution of Maria Guzman before the
     Justice of the Peace of Apalit for 'Infraction of Law 2098'
@@ -8205,7 +8171,7 @@ describing the sale of Filipino children into slavery to Chinese;
 in Isabela; [76] of that of the American Governor Knight, describing
 slavery in Nueva Vizcaya; [77] of that of the Filipino Governor Sanz,
 [78] describing the enticing from their homes of numerous Filipino
-children of Romblón and the disposal of them as peons or slaves; of the
+children of Romblón and the disposal of them as peons or slaves; of the
 reports of army, constabulary and police officers; and of the records
 of courts on slavery and peonage? Under the circumstances explanation
 or retraction would seem to be in order, but we have had from him only
@@ -8259,7 +8225,7 @@ has rested on the assembly alone.
 
 I have given two of the reasons for its refusal to act. There is
 another, but I should have hesitated to give it, as it would have
-been hard to prove, had not Speaker Osmeña furnished the necessary
+been hard to prove, had not Speaker Osmeña furnished the necessary
 evidence. He is commonly considered to be the leading Filipino
 statesman of the day, so special importance attaches to his utterances
 and he, if any one, can speak with authority concerning the attitude
@@ -8397,7 +8363,7 @@ help many thousands of unfortunate human beings.
 Good old Arcadio del Rosario, at one time insurgent governor of
 Benguet, who has a kindly feeling for the wild-men and was glad to
 note certain immediate results which followed the publication of
-my report, has said: "Would that Sr. Osmeña [81] might have had the
+my report, has said: "Would that Sr. Osmeña [81] might have had the
 glory of doing what Sr. Worcester has done."
 
 What is needed to end slavery and peonage is congressional legislation
@@ -8447,7 +8413,7 @@ So far as concerns his own people, however, he displayed a very
 different spirit from the outset.
 
 As we have already noted there exists among the Insurgent records
-a document written in Tagálog by him, and therefore obviously
+a document written in Tagálog by him, and therefore obviously
 not intended for the information of Americans, which contains the
 following:--
 
@@ -8483,7 +8449,7 @@ tells a significant tale of the course finally decided upon:--
     "Office of the Military Governor,
     "Malolos, February 17, 1899.
 
-    "Señor Secretary of War:--
+    "Señor Secretary of War:--
 
     "Referring to your note in regard to an unhealthy town or place
     in the province of Nueva Ecija fit for the concentration there of
@@ -8506,7 +8472,7 @@ for among the papers of the Insurgent government is a memorandum,
 [86] apparently in Aguinaldo's handwriting, stating that--
 
 
-    "there were 297 Spanish friars held prisoners in Luzón, and that
+    "there were 297 Spanish friars held prisoners in Luzón, and that
     on February 17, 1899, those in Nueva Ecija, Tarlac, and Pampanga,
     111 in all, had been ordered by him to be concentrated in La Paz"!
 
@@ -8593,7 +8559,7 @@ time passed and the common people had an opportunity to contrast the
 brutality of their own soldiers with the kindly treatment usually
 accorded them by the American troops, they welcomed the latter. Weary
 of danger to life and property, the better men in the towns became
-very desirous to see the reëstablishment of local governments, and
+very desirous to see the reëstablishment of local governments, and
 ready to assist in the work. The answer of the Insurgent leaders took
 the form of wholesale orders for the murder or assassination of all
 persons friendly to the Americans. I shall cite enough such orders
@@ -8601,15 +8567,15 @@ to show that this policy was duly provided for throughout the length
 and breadth of the Insurgent territory.
 
 Many of the Visayans were friendly toward the Americans from the
-outset. On March 24, 1900, "General in Chief" Maxilom, of Cebú, issued
+outset. On March 24, 1900, "General in Chief" Maxilom, of Cebú, issued
 an order providing for the execution, after a most summary trial,
 of the presidentes of all towns which subscribed to and recognized
 American sovereignty. This rule was to apply to Filipino citizens,
 including even the wealthy, a most unusual arrangement! Failure to
-be "subject to the will of the Honourable President Señor Emilio
+be "subject to the will of the Honourable President Señor Emilio
 Aguinaldo" spelled death. [92]
 
-Outside the Cebú towns occupied by the Americans the guerillas
+Outside the Cebú towns occupied by the Americans the guerillas
 commanded by Maxilom were able to collect tribute by the employment of
 such methods as were provided for on June 22, 1900, by Maxilom's order
 fixing the duties of the magdudukuts, or secret avengers, who were
@@ -8618,18 +8584,18 @@ This was, in practice, a general warrant to commit murder.
 
 Pursuant to these instructions Pablo Mejia, a Filipino of high
 character and conspicuous ability, was assassinated in a street of
-Cebú in August, 1899. The Visayans had reason to be proud of him and
+Cebú in August, 1899. The Visayans had reason to be proud of him and
 to execrate his assassins.
 
 On January 31, 1900, Pio Claveria, delegate to the Military Government
-of Iloílo province, Panay Island, wrote the presidente of Tigbauan,
+of Iloílo province, Panay Island, wrote the presidente of Tigbauan,
 that if it was true that he and various other residents of that
 town had taken an oath recognizing American sovereignty and did not
 retract it the town would be razed to the ground, and they would be
 "deserving of the terrible penalties prescribed by the laws of the
 revolution!" [94]
 
-On April 3, 1900, General Leandro Fullón, who signed himself
+On April 3, 1900, General Leandro Fullón, who signed himself
 "Political and Military Governor" of Antique, and was one of
 Aguinaldo's emissaries, wrote a circular letter, to be sent "by
 the fastest carriers from one town to the other," imposing sentence
@@ -8637,7 +8603,7 @@ of death and confiscation of property on people who had taken out
 certificates of citizenship issued by the Americans, together with
 annihilation of their towns. [95]
 
-On July 11, 1900, Fullón issued a more sweeping order, containing
+On July 11, 1900, Fullón issued a more sweeping order, containing
 the following provisions:--
 
 
@@ -8677,7 +8643,7 @@ individual:--
 
     "Confidential.
 
-    "To the Local Chiefs of Sogod, Kabalián, Anajauan, Hinundayan,
+    "To the Local Chiefs of Sogod, Kabalián, Anajauan, Hinundayan,
     and Hinunangan (Leyte):
 
     "Immediately upon the appearance in the town under your
@@ -8705,13 +8671,13 @@ individual:--
     "The undersigned, Local Chief, notes the orders contained in the
     present circular and will strictly comply therewith.
 
-    "Kabalián, October 6, 1900.
+    "Kabalián, October 6, 1900.
 
     "B. Veloso,
     "Local Chief." [99]
 
 
-In Negros, the Tagálogs long failed to effect a lodgement. Ultimately,
+In Negros, the Tagálogs long failed to effect a lodgement. Ultimately,
 however, they managed to stir up trouble, and to secure the help
 of "Pope" Isio, a noted outlaw. On May 19, 1900, he suggested the
 advisability of punishing "by decapitation all those who go with
@@ -8720,7 +8686,7 @@ real spies of the enemy they must be beheaded immediately without
 any pretext whatsoever against it." To be considered a "real spy,"
 it was necessary only to be seen talking to Americans.
 
-The letter from which I quote was addressed to Señor Rufo Oyos,
+The letter from which I quote was addressed to Señor Rufo Oyos,
 General of Operations. [100]
 
 Evidently he obeyed orders, for he was still alive in November, 1901,
@@ -8743,7 +8709,7 @@ Isio's agents collected blackmail according to a regular tariff,
 based roughly on the value of estates, threatening that those who
 did not pay up would be regarded as spies of the heretics. [103]
 
-And now let us briefly review conditions in Luzón. Here many of
+And now let us briefly review conditions in Luzón. Here many of
 the common people were at first hostile to the Americans, but flesh
 and blood could not endue what they had to suffer at the hands of
 vicious Insurgent officers and ignorant soldiers, and ultimately,
@@ -8754,7 +8720,7 @@ everywhere the same,--death. On March 20, 1900, Tinio ordered the
 killing of all officials who did not report to the nearest guerilla
 commander the movements and plans of the American troops. [104]
 
-It has been claimed that there was no opposition to the Katipúnan
+It has been claimed that there was no opposition to the Katipúnan
 Society, and that the Filipinos everywhere joined it gladly. This
 was not the case. At different times there were a number of similar
 organizations opposed to it, and most important of these was the
@@ -8801,7 +8767,7 @@ brutal frankness than in the following letter:--
     that four or five lives be taken in each town. I believe that
     what ought to be done to those towns is to make a new conquest of
     them, especially the town of San Juan de Guimba; it is difficult
-    there to set straight the Tagálogs and Ilocanos of importance,
+    there to set straight the Tagálogs and Ilocanos of importance,
     as they are badly inclined and they care to do nothing but pervert
     our soldiers.
 
@@ -8859,7 +8825,7 @@ by him:--
     you with much satisfaction of the end in this world of the villain,
     of the great traitor, Salvador Reyes, in the following manner:--
 
-    "This morning at 8 o'clock, according to the reports of Srs. Lázaro
+    "This morning at 8 o'clock, according to the reports of Srs. Lázaro
     Alfonzo and Modesto de los Reyes, who would gladly give their lives
     for our honour and glory, your coachman told them that the traitor
     was proceeding to the northern part of the town. They followed
@@ -8867,7 +8833,7 @@ by him:--
     Jacinto Talcon, the aforementioned Sr. Modesto attacked him with
     a bolo like a tiger, with all the strength of his body and soul,
     hitting by chance his left jaw, when the other, that is to say,
-    Sr. Lázaro Alfonso, followed the first, catching the traitor by
+    Sr. Lázaro Alfonso, followed the first, catching the traitor by
     the throat with his right hand and with the other fired three
     pistol shots at him, one of which missed and the other two took
     effect in the traitor's shoulder, from the effects of which he
@@ -8880,10 +8846,10 @@ by him:--
 
     "On January 6, 1901, 'the lieutenant-general of the Philippine
     Islands' ordered that all persons who disobeyed the orders of
-    the Katipúnan were to be tried and sentenced. A member of the
+    the Katipúnan were to be tried and sentenced. A member of the
     organization who found that any person was contemplating taking
     action opposed to the purposes of that venerable society was
-    authorized to kidnap him, and when the Katipúnan laid hold upon
+    authorized to kidnap him, and when the Katipúnan laid hold upon
     a man he was henceforth seen no more among the living." [114]
 
 
@@ -8901,7 +8867,7 @@ adherents of this truly patriotic organization:--
 
     "March 22, 1901.
 
-    "Señor Emilio Zurbano y Kajigal,
+    "Señor Emilio Zurbano y Kajigal,
 
     "Lieutenant Colonel and Military Governor of the Province of
     Tayabas.
@@ -9064,7 +9030,7 @@ The following are sample communications of this sort:
 
 
     "In Nagcarlang it appears that there will be soon a spy, one Juan,
-    a native of Biñang, for he has already commenced to disobey the
+    a native of Biñang, for he has already commenced to disobey the
     committee, and so I with much prudence have ordered his eternal
     rest. The inhabitants have left the town and no one will serve
     either as barber or laundry-man to the Americans.
@@ -9086,7 +9052,7 @@ The following are sample communications of this sort:
     afternoon. They were shot on the plaza of the town of Sampaloc....
 
     "Vivencio Villarosa, for assassination of eleven foreigners and
-    for disloyalty; Pedro Cordero, for disloyalty and spying; Remigío
+    for disloyalty; Pedro Cordero, for disloyalty and spying; Remigío
     Aviosa, for improper exercise of authority, for many assaults
     and robbery in a band; Segundo Granada, for many assaults and
     stealing many animals, and Rufino Sabala for being addicted to and
@@ -9152,7 +9118,7 @@ of the Province of Leyte as follows:--
     known and tried, let it be used in such a way as to undermine the
     constitution of the man, until some day death occurs; for which
     purpose you ought to have persons, wherever there are Americans,
-    to poison them. These things are now being done in Luzón, Cebu
+    to poison them. These things are now being done in Luzón, Cebu
     and Panay.
 
     "There is a tree here in the province whose leaves inflame the
@@ -9292,7 +9258,7 @@ which she has undertaken to defend."
 
     "'The document was found among the baggage left by Colonel Leyba
     to Teodoro de los Santos at Malolos, and which the latter had
-    remitted to a certain Tolo Quesada at Alava, Pangasinán.
+    remitted to a certain Tolo Quesada at Alava, Pangasinán.
 
     "'I am sincerely happy that said document, which is the clear
     proof of General Luna's iniquitous methods, should have been
@@ -9376,7 +9342,7 @@ which she has undertaken to defend."
     lived there and whose house had probably been a centre of insurgent
     intrigue. In 1899 or 1900 Colonel Leyba, a trusted and confidential
     aid of Aguinaldo, had been murdered by 'The Guards of Honour'
-    in Pangasinán Province, and Burgos seems to have had access to
+    in Pangasinán Province, and Burgos seems to have had access to
     his papers. This, at least to me, seems a plausible explanation
     of the incomplete form in which this first order appeared, and
     why it appeared at all. It is true that I have found no record of
@@ -9499,7 +9465,7 @@ him with the other.
 We shall never know how many men were murdered in accordance with
 the orders which I have cited, and other similar ones.
 
-On February 10, 1900, General P. García wrote to General Isidoro
+On February 10, 1900, General P. García wrote to General Isidoro
 Torres advising him to inform the inhabitants of Bulacan, among
 whom it was understood that the Americans were about to establish
 municipal governments, "of what occurred in the Island of Negros
@@ -9617,7 +9583,7 @@ an election law previously passed on January 9 of the same year. This
 law provided for eighty-one delegates proportioned among thirty-five
 provinces according to population, except that each province entitled
 to representation was allotted at least one delegate, no matter how
-few people it might have. Cebú, the most populous of all, was given
+few people it might have. Cebú, the most populous of all, was given
 seven. The Mountain Province, the Moro Province, Nueva Vizcaya and
 Agusan were left without representation because of the predominance of
 Moros or other non-Christians among their people. On April 1, 1907,
@@ -9637,7 +9603,7 @@ desire to conceal or misrepresent them. As we have already seen, the
 trouble in Samar was stirred up by abuses among the hill people. It
 has been claimed that they were not members of any non-Christian
 tribe. There are a limited number of genuine wild people in Samar,
-but the great majority of the so-called pulájanes were in reality
+but the great majority of the so-called pulájanes were in reality
 remontados [150] or the descendants of remontados.
 
 In La Laguna and Cavite disorder caused by wandering ladrone bands
@@ -9664,7 +9630,7 @@ should be considered public disorder within the meaning of the act of
 Congress. Furthermore, we were all anxious to encourage the Filipinos
 and to give them a chance to show what they could do. I for one hoped
 that by this act of liberality we might win the good-will, and secure
-the real coöperation, of many of the Filipino politicians. It is always
+the real coöperation, of many of the Filipino politicians. It is always
 easy to look back and see one's mistakes. I now know that nothing could
 have been more futile than the hope of gaining the good-will of the
 men with whom we were dealing by any concessions whatsoever, yet the
@@ -9912,7 +9878,7 @@ Assembly Bill 197 abolished the Bureau of Civil Service and organized
 in its stead a division attached to the Bureau of Audits. This bill,
 ostensibly an economy measure, was designed to minimize the usefulness
 of one of the most important bureaus of the government. In the early
-days of the American régime Filipinos who had served the government
+days of the American régime Filipinos who had served the government
 were often deeply offended that appointments were not given to members
 of their families or to their near relatives, absolutely irrespective
 of their fitness for office. Naturally they disapproved of the civil
@@ -10056,7 +10022,7 @@ Numbered 1979," took away from the governor-general authority to
 approve suspension of the additional cedula tax for road purposes,
 and gave it to provincial boards. The need of improved highways
 was very great as the inadequate system which had existed under the
-Spanish régime had gone to pieces during the war. A comprehensive
+Spanish régime had gone to pieces during the war. A comprehensive
 plan of highways for the islands had been worked out and was being
 put into effect as rapidly as possible. This act would have allowed
 provincial boards to determine whether funds should be collected for
@@ -10362,8 +10328,8 @@ them. Big and little they number thirty-one hundred forty-one, of which
 ten hundred ninety-five are large and fertile enough to be inhabited.
 
 The total land area is a hundred fifteen thousand twenty-six square
-miles. The Philippines lie between 5° and 22° North Latitude and 117°
-and 127° East Longitude. It follows that the lowlands throughout the
+miles. The Philippines lie between 5° and 22° North Latitude and 117°
+and 127° East Longitude. It follows that the lowlands throughout the
 archipelago have a tropical climate, and in the past those two words
 have been very generally considered to spell danger for people of
 the white race. In this connection it should be said, first, that the
@@ -10415,7 +10381,7 @@ the lowest temperature and the average temperature recorded at Manila
 from 1885 until 1912:--
 
 
-    Month       Highest ° F.   Lowest ° F.   Average ° F.
+    Month       Highest ° F.   Lowest ° F.   Average ° F.
 
     January             93.0          59.0           76.8
     February            96.1          60.3           77.5
@@ -10431,8 +10397,8 @@ from 1885 until 1912:--
     December            92.3          60.3           77.4
 
 
-The highest temperature ever recorded at Manila is 103.5° Fahrenheit,
-in May, 1878; the next highest, 101.9° in May, 1912.
+The highest temperature ever recorded at Manila is 103.5° Fahrenheit,
+in May, 1878; the next highest, 101.9° in May, 1912.
 
 It should be remembered that there are no abrupt changes either
 between day and night or from season to season, and that one can
@@ -10553,7 +10519,7 @@ above the lake being only 369 feet, and the ascent gentle.
 
 Other important active volcanoes are Apo, in Mindanao; Catarman, on
 the island of Camiguin; Canlaon, sometimes also called Malaspina, on
-Negros; Caua, in northeastern Luzón; and Claro Babuyan, on the island
+Negros; Caua, in northeastern Luzón; and Claro Babuyan, on the island
 of the same name. A considerable number of the volcanic peaks of the
 Philippines, including the one last named, have never been ascended.
 
@@ -10565,7 +10531,7 @@ and "the carabao killer," on account of the supposed destructive
 powers of their waters. The Tiwi Spring, near the base of Mayon
 Volcano, is famous. The water of Sibul Spring, in Bulacan Province,
 has medicinal properties of undoubted value, as do the waters of
-various other mineral springs, including those at Itogon and Daklán in
+various other mineral springs, including those at Itogon and Daklán in
 Benguet. The scenic surroundings of some of them are most attractive,
 and doubtless important watering places will be established in their
 vicinity in the course of time.
@@ -10644,7 +10610,7 @@ and a trip through either of them will not soon be forgotten, for
 here tropical vegetation is seen at its very best.
 
 During a portion of the year one may ascend the Rio Grande de Cagayan,
-the great river of northern Luzón, in a good-sized stern-wheel steamer
+the great river of northern Luzón, in a good-sized stern-wheel steamer
 for a distance of one hundred twenty miles, passing through a sparsely
 settled but potentially very rich agricultural district which now
 produces the best tobacco grown in the islands.
@@ -10662,11 +10628,11 @@ the whole forest fragrant when in flower.
 Some of the birds are sweet singers, while others brighten the
 landscape with their vivid colours. A row of snowy egrets, perched
 on the back of a carabao, presents a striking picture. One constantly
-hears by day the plaint of the limócon, a wood pigeon which exercises
+hears by day the plaint of the limócon, a wood pigeon which exercises
 a most extraordinary influence over the lives of many of the wild
 people, for they believe that the direction and the nature of its notes
 augur good or ill for the enterprises which they have in hand. The
-crescendo shriek of a great black cuckoo, called by the natives bahów,
+crescendo shriek of a great black cuckoo, called by the natives bahów,
 commonly heard at night, is likely to cause alarm to one not cognizant
 of its origin, and has led many a sentry on a wild goose chase into
 a mangrove swamp in the belief that he was hastening to the rescue
@@ -10709,13 +10675,13 @@ churches are of especial interest. The acoustic properties of the
 cathedral are excellent, and if an opportunity to hear fine music
 there presents itself it should not be missed.
 
-At the University of Santo Tomás and at the Jesuit convento there are
+At the University of Santo Tomás and at the Jesuit convento there are
 good museums. The insular government has a museum on Calle Anloague,
 where may be seen very interesting ethnological collections and an
 important and striking exhibit of the products of the Philippine
 forests.
 
-In the botanical and zoölogical collections of the Bureau of Science
+In the botanical and zoölogical collections of the Bureau of Science
 specialists will find a wealth of material.
 
 The Philippine General Hospital richly repays a visit. It is the
@@ -10734,7 +10700,7 @@ Filipino health officers have not been idle.
 
 To the south the automobile road runs straight away to Atimonan
 on the Pacific coast, distant one hundred twelve miles. It passes
-near Banájao, one of the most beautiful extinct volcanoes of the
+near Banájao, one of the most beautiful extinct volcanoes of the
 Philippines; is bordered for long distances by cocoanut groves,
 and extends for many miles through a most beautiful forest.
 
@@ -10770,7 +10736,7 @@ unless he is fortunate enough to see the boys at work.
 From this point one may return to Baguio by way of Sapao, and the
 Agno River valley, or may continue his journey to the eastward, coming
 out on the fertile plains of Nueva Vizcaya. Before the return to the
-lowlands of Pangasinán from this province one may make a short side
+lowlands of Pangasinán from this province one may make a short side
 trip of half a day into the country of the Ilongots, but I do not
 recommend such an expedition to persons not familiar with the ways
 of savages who are sometimes inclined to be a bit treacherous. The
@@ -10942,7 +10908,7 @@ all events they are found in great numbers during April and May in
 the vicinity of Fortune Island, a short distance south of Manila Bay,
 but are very scarce, or entirely absent, there during the remainder of
 the year. I once visited the famous fishing grounds around Tanguingui
-Island, north of Cebú, in August, only to be assured by a light-keeper
+Island, north of Cebú, in August, only to be assured by a light-keeper
 that I would find no fish at that season. He said that the barracuda
 would return in November and the tanguingui in February. His prediction
 as to the fishing in August promptly came true.
@@ -11025,7 +10991,7 @@ commonly run from five to fifteen pounds in weight, but occasionally
 reach eighteen or twenty pounds.
 
 The Philippine giant sea-bass, or jewfish, belongs to the same family
-as does the California species. While I was on shore at Mæander Reef in
+as does the California species. While I was on shore at Mæander Reef in
 August, 1911, numerous hand lines with which sailors were fishing from
 the Polillo were carried away by jewfish. With the permission of the
 captain, the ship's log line was then pressed into service. I returned
@@ -11074,7 +11040,7 @@ that if the fish is landed, it makes a meal for a whole village. What
 this species may be we do not know.
 
 One of the charms of fishing in the Philippines lies in the fact
-that one can never tell what one is going to strike next. At Mæander
+that one can never tell what one is going to strike next. At Mæander
 Reef I took the first yellowtail ever caught in the islands with
 rod and line. Doubtless there are plenty more where that one came
 from. Indeed, yellowtails are common in the market at Zamboanga at
@@ -11084,7 +11050,7 @@ a large porgy of a species new to the Philippines and likely to prove
 new to science. As yet we have hardly begun to explore the fishing
 grounds. What shall we find among the swift currents of the Batanes
 Islands, and what along the barrier reef of the unexplored east coast
-of northern Luzón? No one knows!
+of northern Luzón? No one knows!
 
 Although some 1400 species of fish have already been reported from
 the Philippines, new ones are constantly being added to the list, and
@@ -11287,7 +11253,7 @@ the Batanes Islands.
 
 Jacksnipe come to the islands in enormous numbers from Asia,
 usually arriving about the middle of August in northern and central
-Luzón and gradually working their way south to Mindanao. The return
+Luzón and gradually working their way south to Mindanao. The return
 migration commonly comes during February. The flight of the Asiatic
 jacksnipe is exactly like that of his American brother. In fact only
 an ornithologist can distinguish between the two species. A bag of
@@ -11331,7 +11297,7 @@ so do not offer much sport.
 
 Wild hogs are abundant throughout the archipelago. Deer are found on
 nearly all of the islands, but there are several noteworthy exceptions,
-such as Palawan and Cebú. The Filipinos are very fond of hunting
+such as Palawan and Cebú. The Filipinos are very fond of hunting
 deer. Sometimes they run them down with dogs and drive them into
 nets where they lance them--a most unsportsman-like proceeding. The
 wealthier Filipinos like to take up their stations at good strategic
@@ -11343,14 +11309,14 @@ It is very good sport, on occasion, to still-hunt deer. The best deer
 shooting I have ever had was at what is called the Cogonal Grande in
 the center of the island of Culion. It is a great circular valley
 sloping very gradually toward the center. Its higher portions are
-overgrown with cógon grass which gives the valley its name. Probably
+overgrown with cógon grass which gives the valley its name. Probably
 it was once the bed of a lake. At all events its center is swampy at
 the present time and has grown up into a hopeless jungle of pandanus,
 bamboo grass, etc., through which runs a maze of deer paths. Numerous
-little cañons lead down from the neighbouring hills to this valley
+little cañons lead down from the neighbouring hills to this valley
 and each of them has forest in it.
 
-In the month of December, when the cógon is dry, if fired it burns
+In the month of December, when the cógon is dry, if fired it burns
 toward the centre on all sides until the blaze reaches the wet
 swampy portion where the vegetation is not dry enough to burn. If
 dogs are then put into the little stretches of forest which run down
@@ -11445,11 +11411,11 @@ or, in other words, that we have both a native wild race and other
 carabaos just as wild and just as fierce which are the descendants of
 tame individuals. The ordinary wild bulls have comparatively short and
 thick horns, while the bulls of the species found in Nueva Ecija and
-in northern Luzón generally have long, slender, very sharp, strongly
+in northern Luzón generally have long, slender, very sharp, strongly
 curved horns. I believe that the latter animals belong to the true
 native race.
 
-Wild carabaos are found not only at various points in Luzón,
+Wild carabaos are found not only at various points in Luzón,
 but abundantly in Mindoro and the Calamianes Islands. They appear
 in considerable numbers in Masbate, Negros and elsewhere in the
 archipelago.
@@ -11550,7 +11516,7 @@ succeeded in killing a tamarau. Finally a party of officers went to
 Canturai and the first morning they shot seven! Various other persons
 who have since gone there have had extraordinary luck, although several
 have narrowly escaped being killed, owing to their folly in following
-wounded animals into the cógon grass.
+wounded animals into the cógon grass.
 
 A tamarau pursued under such circumstances will almost invariably
 back off at right angles to its own trail, wait for its pursuers to
@@ -11635,7 +11601,7 @@ reason that the mineral land and foreshore have never been segregated.
 
 The condition in which private land titles were found at the time of
 the American occupation was very distressing. It had been a difficult
-matter to secure title under the Spanish régime and the very large
+matter to secure title under the Spanish régime and the very large
 majority of the common people had accordingly put it off until a
 mythical to-morrow which never came. Even those who had succeeded
 in obtaining formal documents had in many instances lost them as a
@@ -11686,7 +11652,7 @@ of the failure of the poor to take advantage of its very liberal
 provisions. Every known resource was exhausted in endeavouring to
 enlighten them. Pamphlets informing them of their rights were published
 in all important native dialects, and widely circulated. The schools
-coöperated in this good work. Provincial and municipal officials
+coöperated in this good work. Provincial and municipal officials
 were instructed to inform the people of their rights, but in very
 many cases these instructions were disregarded.
 
@@ -11742,9 +11708,9 @@ set aside long ago as a source of income for the support of lepers,
 but the so-called friar lands, which have a history of their own,
 are its most important holdings.
 
-Under the Spanish régime several of the religious orders acquired
+Under the Spanish régime several of the religious orders acquired
 large wealth in the form of estates, most of which were brought under
-high cultivation, although several of the largest, like the San José
+high cultivation, although several of the largest, like the San José
 Estate in Mindoro, and the Isabela Estate in the province of the same
 name, were nearly or quite uncultivated, and a number of the others
 contained large uncultivated areas.
@@ -11773,7 +11739,7 @@ but the majority of those captured were in effect held for a long
 time for ransom, their liberty being offered on condition of a large
 cash payment.
 
-Upon the inauguration of civil government and the reëstablishment
+Upon the inauguration of civil government and the reëstablishment
 of law and order the friars naturally endeavoured to reassert their
 rights. With few exceptions their former tenants absolutely refused
 to pay rent. The friars threatened action in the courts, and would
@@ -11870,7 +11836,7 @@ obviously it was best for the government, which had to administer
 them, and for the people, who had to pay the bill, that they should
 be disposed of as soon as possible.
 
-Ultimately an opportunity presented itself to sell the San José Estate
+Ultimately an opportunity presented itself to sell the San José Estate
 of some fifty-eight thousand acres in its entirety to an individual,
 and it was thus sold after consultation with the attorney-general of
 the Philippines and the attorney-general of the United States as to
@@ -11905,7 +11871,7 @@ imposed certain restrictions on the size of the areas of vacant friar
 land which might be sold and had then removed them, having the same
 right to do the one thing that it exercised in doing the other.
 
-The San José Estate was sold to an individual. By him it was sold
+The San José Estate was sold to an individual. By him it was sold
 in part to other individuals who had the undoubted right to acquire
 as much land as they could get, and in part to a corporation not
 authorized to engage in agriculture which acquired only such land as
@@ -12029,8 +11995,8 @@ and modern agricultural methods are employed are greatly needed. The
 methods employed by Filipino owners of such estates are primitive. The
 natives believe what they see, and learn far better by example than in
 any other way. Absolutely no harm has resulted from the establishment
-of large sugar plantations on the San José Estate in Mindoro and the
-Calamba Estate in Luzón. On the contrary, both of these great farms
+of large sugar plantations on the San José Estate in Mindoro and the
+Calamba Estate in Luzón. On the contrary, both of these great farms
 have supplied abundant labour at increased wages to a very large number
 of needy people; have taught labourers much about sanitary living,
 and have given them very valuable object lessons in agriculture. Both
@@ -12133,7 +12099,7 @@ stirred. At times they are vocal with songs of birds and ceaseless
 din of insects, and again they are as silent as the grave. Who could
 do justice to the endless variety and beauty of tree-trunk, leaf
 and flower; the exquisite drapery of vines, ferns and orchids which
-covers the older forest monarchs; the weird masses of aërial roots
+covers the older forest monarchs; the weird masses of aërial roots
 which lead superstitious natives to believe some trees to be haunted,
 and small wonder; the ever changing light and shade bringing out new
 beauties where one least expects to find them; the endless differences
@@ -12141,7 +12107,7 @@ in the flora due to variations in altitude and in the distribution
 of moisture?
 
 In Mindoro, Palawan and Mindanao we find tropical vegetation in its
-absolute perfection; in the highlands of northern Luzón we meet our
+absolute perfection; in the highlands of northern Luzón we meet our
 old friends, the pine and oak, while beside them grow strawberries,
 raspberries, huckleberries, jacks-in-the-pulpit and other friends of
 our childhood days.
@@ -12194,32 +12160,32 @@ best estimates which it has thus far been possible to make, only about
 fifteen per cent of the land from which the original forests have
 been stripped is to-day under any form of cultivation. The remainder
 is covered with commercially worthless second-growth forest, and with
-several giant grasses which are collectively known as cógon.
+several giant grasses which are collectively known as cógon.
 
-The cogonáles [162] make up approximately sixty per cent of the
+The cogonáles [162] make up approximately sixty per cent of the
 deforested area, or forty per cent of the land area of the entire
 archipelago. They are not good for grazing unless fed down very
 closely. They are difficult to bring under cultivation because of the
 vitality of the grass roots and the acidity which they impart to the
-soil. Cogonáles are often the breeding places of swarms of locusts
+soil. Cogonáles are often the breeding places of swarms of locusts
 which devour growing crops in neighbouring fields. They have been
-produced by the shiftless form of agriculture known as caiñgin making.
+produced by the shiftless form of agriculture known as caiñgin making.
 
 A large majority of the inhabitants of the Philippines will not fight,
 for any length of time, the tropical weeds and grasses which invade
 their cultivated fields, and rather than attempt to do so prefer
 to clear forest lands, slaughtering the trees indiscriminately
 and burning them where they fall. An area so cleared is known as
-a caiñgin. It is usually planted with camotes, corn, rice or some
+a caiñgin. It is usually planted with camotes, corn, rice or some
 similar quick-growing crop. Cultivation is carried on in a haphazard
 way, but is soon abandoned when a jungle growth of grass, weeds and
 seedling trees begins to spring up. At the end of the first, the
-second or, at latest the third year the caiñgin maker abandons his
+second or, at latest the third year the caiñgin maker abandons his
 clearing and starts a new one. Fires sweep over the abandoned areas,
-killing everything except the cógon grass which takes possession and
+killing everything except the cógon grass which takes possession and
 holds it against all comers. The forest destruction thus wrought in
 the past is appalling. Within limits, it still continues, although
-unlicensed caiñgin making is now forbidden by law.
+unlicensed caiñgin making is now forbidden by law.
 
 In cutting timber for domestic use and for the market, the Filipinos
 have in the past been absolutely indifferent to the matter of
@@ -12230,7 +12196,7 @@ Six weeks after the Philippine Commission became the legislative
 body of the islands, it passed an act for the reorganization of the
 Forestry Bureau, which had previously been created by military order,
 continuing as its chief Major George P. Ahern, who had held this
-position under the military régime, and who is to-day in length of
+position under the military régime, and who is to-day in length of
 service the ranking bureau chief of the insular government.
 
 Major Ahern was thus intrusted with the management of some fifty-four
@@ -12342,7 +12308,7 @@ him over the tracts in question so that he may size up conditions for
 himself. All maps, estimates and other detailed information which
 may have been collected on the tracts will, of course, be placed
 at his disposal, and he can count upon the heartiest governmental
-coöperation and assistance in making a success of his enterprise. It
+coöperation and assistance in making a success of his enterprise. It
 should be understood, however, that in no case does the director of
 forestry guarantee the correctness of the estimates or other data
 which he furnishes. These are given to the applicant for what they
@@ -12436,28 +12402,28 @@ destruction, not only on the part of the persons guilty of it but on
 that of the municipal, provincial and judicial officials who should
 prevent it by enforcing the law. Even when the employees of the
 Bureau of Forestry have laboriously gathered conclusive evidence
-against caiñgin makers it often proves excessively difficult, or
+against caiñgin makers it often proves excessively difficult, or
 impossible, to secure conviction. The existing opposition to forest
 protection springs from a desire on the part of the Filipinos to
 consume their capital as well as their interest, without thought of
 the morrow, or of the permanent advantage to their country as a whole
 which would result from conservation of its forest wealth. If they
 were left to their own devices the forests would once more blaze
-with caiñgin fires set by the poor peasant at the command of the
+with caiñgin fires set by the poor peasant at the command of the
 influential cacique. Unfortunately that is now only too often the way
-in which caiñgins come to be made. The rich landowners compel ignorant
+in which caiñgins come to be made. The rich landowners compel ignorant
 dependents to make them, furnishing seed for the first agricultural
 crop. Under this arrangement the poor labourer runs all the risk of
 being prosecuted, does all the work, and often gives half or more of
 his crop to the cacique as a return for the seed loaned him. After
-the caiñgin is abandoned the cacique claims the land as his own,
+the caiñgin is abandoned the cacique claims the land as his own,
 and through his influence in provincial politics can often succeed in
 delaying, or avoiding, prosecution even if detected in his wrong-doing.
 
 What the result would be were all restraint withdrawn, and were
 the Filipinos permitted to destroy their forest resources at will,
 may easily be inferred from what has happened in the past, as well as
-from the difficulties encountered in enforcing the present law. Cebú,
+from the difficulties encountered in enforcing the present law. Cebú,
 the most thickly populated large island in the archipelago, is already
 practically deforested, and until recently many other islands have
 been rapidly approaching the same unfortunate condition.
@@ -12561,13 +12527,13 @@ ought to become holders of forest concessions instead of labourers
 on the concessions of others. Whether any considerable number of
 them will care to do so remains to be seen, but at all events their
 forests should be conserved, so that the opportunity may be ever
-before them. At the present time caiñgin makers destroy far more
+before them. At the present time caiñgin makers destroy far more
 timber in the course of a year than lumbermen use.
 
 In the hope of awakening an interest among Filipinos in forest
 conservation and development, and of being able to train an adequate
 Filipino working force, a forest school has been started at Los
-Baños, in the immediate vicinity of one of our forest reserves, where
+Baños, in the immediate vicinity of one of our forest reserves, where
 practical instruction can advantageously be given. It is anticipated
 that the graduates of this school will be of great use in bringing
 about a radical change in the attitude of the Filipinos toward forest
@@ -12622,7 +12588,7 @@ he was fortunate to get his letters at all. They would be forwarded
 from place to place by irresponsible native carriers, and under the
 most favourable circumstances were likely to be greatly delayed in
 transmission. There was little respect for the privacy of letters. On
-one occasion I arrived at Joló, confidently expecting a large mail,
+one occasion I arrived at Joló, confidently expecting a large mail,
 only to be disappointed. A week later my companion, Dr. Bourns, was
 calling upon a German resident of that place. Lying in a waste-basket
 he saw a letter written in a hand which he recognized as that of
@@ -12639,7 +12605,7 @@ received no letters, and my companion no newspapers or magazines. Then
 the arrangement was reversed. I got my letters but no papers or
 magazines, while he had papers but no letters.
 
-Under the Spanish régime letter carriers in Manila received the
+Under the Spanish régime letter carriers in Manila received the
 munificent salary of $46 per annum, but were authorized to collect a
 charge of three-quarters of a cent on every article of mail delivered
 by them, except letters from foreign countries and letters passing
@@ -12685,7 +12651,7 @@ mails were carried a total of 873,957 miles at a cost of $40,440.75.
 
 So far as can be judged from the figures available the mails despatched
 from the islands during the fiscal year 1912 were about five times
-those annually despatched during the late years of the Spanish régime.
+those annually despatched during the late years of the Spanish régime.
 
 In 1893 nine parcel post packages were sent to foreign countries. In
 1912, 2640 such parcels went abroad. In 1893 the number of registered
@@ -12694,7 +12660,7 @@ articles transmitted between Philippine post-offices was 29,078. In
 fact that in 1893 the weight of the newspapers mailed for delivery
 within the Philippines was 121,070 pounds, while in 1912 it was
 687,568 pounds. This difference is no doubt largely due to the severe
-restrictions imposed on the press under the Spanish régime as compared
+restrictions imposed on the press under the Spanish régime as compared
 with the freedom which it enjoys to-day.
 
 The Spanish postal administration paid little attention to complaints
@@ -12704,7 +12670,7 @@ and only in rare cases is there failure to recover the value of
 lost or stolen articles from the postal employee responsible. The
 sanctity of the mails which now prevails is an important factor in
 the increased use which the people make of them. It is claimed that
-under the Spanish régime few matters of importance were intrusted
+under the Spanish régime few matters of importance were intrusted
 to the mails by Filipinos because their letters were so frequently
 opened and inspected by government officials.
 
@@ -12729,8 +12695,8 @@ payments amounting to $1,128,229.79.
 
 The improvement in the telegraph service has been quite as marked as
 that in the mail service. In 1897 there were only 65 telegraph offices
-in the islands, 49 of which were on the island of Luzón, 9 on Panay,
-4 on Negros and 3 on Cebú. The total length of all telegraph lines was
+in the islands, 49 of which were on the island of Luzón, 9 on Panay,
+4 on Negros and 3 on Cebú. The total length of all telegraph lines was
 some 1750 miles. There were no cables or other means of telegraphic
 communication between the islands.
 
@@ -12743,7 +12709,7 @@ provincial capital, with the exception of Basco in the remote
 Batanes Islands, and Butuan in Agusan Province, now has telegraphic
 facilities as does almost every other place of commercial importance
 in the Philippines. The advantage of prompt telegraphic communication
-with such outlying points as Puerto Princesa, Joló, Zamboanga, Davao,
+with such outlying points as Puerto Princesa, Joló, Zamboanga, Davao,
 Surigao and the east coast of Samar is enormous, while the extension
 of the cable service to Catanduanes has been a great boon to the
 hemp growers of that island. The latest available figures relative to
@@ -12763,7 +12729,7 @@ $500 per year, most of which were filled by Spaniards. There are
 now 96 positions paying salaries of more than $500 per year filled
 by Filipinos. Filipino post-office employees receive salaries 50 to
 100 per cent larger than those of employees of similar rank during
-the Spanish régime. Think how much these figures mean in increased
+the Spanish régime. Think how much these figures mean in increased
 opportunity for employment of Filipinos, and in increased communication
 not only between the people in the islands but between them and the
 outside world.
@@ -12846,8 +12812,8 @@ available to a constantly increasing extent for commercial service.
 
 Prior to July, 1906, there were practically no established
 steamship routes over which commercial vessels operated on regular
-schedules. With the exception of the service between Manila, Cebú and
-Iloílo, vessels traded here and there without regular ports of call
+schedules. With the exception of the service between Manila, Cebú and
+Iloílo, vessels traded here and there without regular ports of call
 or fixed dates of arrival or departure. The policy which guided their
 owners was one of privilege and monopoly, and by agreement between
 them competition was rigidly excluded. Trade was discouraged and the
@@ -12960,18 +12926,18 @@ funds permit, includes two more piers; and bulkheads to connect the
 inner ends of the present piers, so as to give inter-island steamers
 opportunity to unload.
 
-At Cebú the sea-wall has been completed to a length of two thousand
+At Cebú the sea-wall has been completed to a length of two thousand
 sixty feet and the channel in front of it dredged in part to ten and a
 half and in part to twenty-three feet at low water. Some ten and a half
 acres of land have been reclaimed with the material removed. Streets
 and roadways have been built on the reclaimed area, and a wharf eight
 hundred twelve feet in length, designed as an extension to the wall,
-is now fifty per cent completed. The harbour at Cebú should ultimately
+is now fifty per cent completed. The harbour at Cebú should ultimately
 be dredged so as to give thirty feet of water along the piers.
 
-At Iloílo the dredging of a fifteen-foot channel up to the custom-house
+At Iloílo the dredging of a fifteen-foot channel up to the custom-house
 was completed in March, 1907. Seven hundred and eighty-three feet
-of river wall and twelve hundred ninety feet of reënforced concrete
+of river wall and twelve hundred ninety feet of reënforced concrete
 wharf, both to accommodate vessels of eighteen feet draft at low
 water, have been built along the south bank of the middle reach of
 the river. The lower reach has been dredged to twenty-four feet at
@@ -12981,7 +12947,7 @@ have been reclaimed and two hundred six thousand improved with the
 dredged material. Wharves for ocean-going steamers should ultimately
 be constructed at this important port.
 
-At Paracale, in Ambos Camarines, a reënforced concrete pier four
+At Paracale, in Ambos Camarines, a reënforced concrete pier four
 hundred ninety feet in length has been built. It extends out to a
 depth of fifteen feet at low water.
 
@@ -13145,11 +13111,11 @@ Blanca in Pampanga; Montalban in Rizal, and Antipolo in Rizal.
 
 The main south line of this road extends from Manila to Lucena in
 Tayabas. It has branches to Cavite in the province of the same name;
-to Naic in Cavite; to Pagsanján in La Laguna, and to Batangas in the
+to Naic in Cavite; to Pagsanján in La Laguna, and to Batangas in the
 Province of Batangas.
 
 The Philippine Railway Company has built and is now operating a
-line on Panay which extends from Iloilo to Capiz, and a line on Cebú
+line on Panay which extends from Iloilo to Capiz, and a line on Cebú
 which extends north from the city of the same name to Danao and south
 to Argao.
 
@@ -13240,7 +13206,7 @@ the faithful beasts to extricate the ambulance from the morasses into
 which the two unsurfaced stretches had been converted.
 
 Needless to say, the surfacing was completed as soon as possible, and
-then came what the Filipinos call a great desengaño. [177] I venture to
+then came what the Filipinos call a great desengaño. [177] I venture to
 say that from the time the road was finished until it was completely
 destroyed there was never a shovelful of dirt nor a basketful of
 gravel placed upon it. In 1908 I attempted to drive over it in one
@@ -13320,7 +13286,7 @@ Years ago a good automobile road was constructed from Cagayan
 de Misamis to and beyond the barrio of Agusan, which is the
 point of departure for the main trail into the sub-province of
 Bukidnon. Numerous small streams on this road were bridged with
-reënforced concrete, but proper allowance was not made for their
+reënforced concrete, but proper allowance was not made for their
 terrific rise during heavy rains in the highlands and almost
 without exception the bridges were destroyed during the first
 severe typhoon. Funds are not yet available for their reconstruction
@@ -13401,7 +13367,7 @@ To be sure, the Filipino politicians loudly assert that they are
 heartily in sympathy with the present road policy of the government,
 but this is largely because the securing of government aid for roads
 in their respective provinces increases their popularity with the
-people, and the probability that they will be reëlected. If it were
+people, and the probability that they will be reëlected. If it were
 left for them to determine whether money should be expended for this
 purpose or for some other which would more immediately inure to their
 private benefit, there can be no two opinions as to the result.
@@ -13429,7 +13395,7 @@ and to markets is also an important consideration.
 
 The present [178] government of the Philippines is highly effective
 and the state of public order leaves little to be desired. Doubt has
-been expressed as to the stability of the existing régime, but it is
+been expressed as to the stability of the existing régime, but it is
 at the very least safe to assume that the United States will never
 withdraw from the islands without leaving behind a government which
 will assure to the residents of the archipelago, foreign and native,
@@ -13447,7 +13413,7 @@ improving. The seas are well lighted and the main lines of sea travel
 have been carefully surveyed.
 
 The islands have many beautiful harbors and, as we have seen, at
-Manila, Cebú and Iloílo extensive harbour improvements have already
+Manila, Cebú and Iloílo extensive harbour improvements have already
 been made. There are no special difficulties attendant upon the
 loading or unloading of ships anywhere in the archipelago. The rapid
 extension of highways, and the construction of additional railways,
@@ -13464,7 +13430,7 @@ flourishing gold mine is now giving handsome returns, and several
 others seem to lack only the capital needed to develop them on a
 considerable scale in order to make them pay; dredges are operating
 for gold with great success in the vicinity of Paracale in eastern
-Luzón, and there are other gold placer fields in the islands which
+Luzón, and there are other gold placer fields in the islands which
 are worthy of careful investigation. The prospect of obtaining in
 quantity a high-grade petroleum with paraffine base rich in low-boiling
 constituents is very good.
@@ -13492,11 +13458,11 @@ year. In some provinces the heaviest rains come in January, while
 in others they come in July or August. The Philippine Weather Bureau
 has gathered an immense amount of very valuable rainfall statistics
 and is constantly adding to its present store of knowledge. Father
-José Algué, its distinguished director, can always be depended upon
+José Algué, its distinguished director, can always be depended upon
 to furnish any obtainable information.
 
 But this is not all. We are not confined to tropical products. In the
-highlands of Luzón and of Mindanao practically all the vegetables and
+highlands of Luzón and of Mindanao practically all the vegetables and
 many of the grains and fruits of the temperate zone may be produced.
 
 When well fed, properly directed and paid a reasonable wage, the
@@ -13661,18 +13627,18 @@ short, rice can be grown in Bukidnon as wheat is grown in the United
 States, and the company which goes into this business on a large
 scale should make money.
 
-Abacá, commonly called Manila hemp, was for many years the most
+Abacá, commonly called Manila hemp, was for many years the most
 important Philippine export. The plants from which it is produced
 resemble bananas so closely that the uninitiated cannot distinguish
 them. They furnish the longest and strongest cordage fibre in
 the world. The Philippines have practically a monopoly on its
-production. Abacá culture is carried on in a very primitive way. The
+production. Abacá culture is carried on in a very primitive way. The
 plants require well-drained soil and for this reason the Filipino
 often puts them out on steep mountain sides. The forest is felled,
 the timber is burned on the ground and the young plants are set
 before weeds have time to encroach. The bolo is usually employed for
 subsequent "cultivation," which consists in the occasional chopping
-down of weeds. Fortunately the shade in an abacá plantation is so deep
+down of weeds. Fortunately the shade in an abacá plantation is so deep
 that it materially impedes the growth of other plants. The fibre is
 obtained from the leaf petioles which make up the stem. At the present
 time practically all of it is stripped by hand. This is a slow and
@@ -13687,7 +13653,7 @@ strength owing to decay of the cellular matter left attached to it.
 The production of high-grade fibre or of comparatively worthless
 stuff is chiefly a matter of good or bad stripping.
 
-Abacá requires evenly distributed rainfall and constant high humidity
+Abacá requires evenly distributed rainfall and constant high humidity
 for its best development, and should not be planted in regions
 subject to severe drought, which greatly reduces the crop and may
 kill the plants outright. Experience has shown that it richly repays
@@ -13709,7 +13675,7 @@ always available. A reasonable number of such plants in successful
 operation would go far toward revolutionizing the hemp industry,
 the development of which is at present greatly handicapped by the
 production of enormous quantities of badly cleaned fibre, which does
-not sell readily, whereas first-class abacá is without a rival and
+not sell readily, whereas first-class abacá is without a rival and
 always sells at a high price.
 
 The table on the opposite page shows the value and amount of hemp
@@ -13785,7 +13751,7 @@ Coconut oil is very extensively used in making high-grade soaps,
 and is now also employed in the manufacture of butter and lard
 substitutes. Their quality is excellent, they keep well in the
 tropics, and being non-animal in their nature are not open to the
-æsthetic or religious objections which some people entertain toward
+æsthetic or religious objections which some people entertain toward
 oleomargarine and true lard. Lard made from coconut oil is of course
 especially appreciated in Mohammedan countries. There is a steady
 demand for the shredded coconut used by confectioners. The press-cake
@@ -13884,7 +13850,7 @@ for the reason that it was constructed of Oregon pine, which speedily
 became soaked with coconut oil, and was ready to flash into flame at
 the touch of a lighted match or of a cigarette butt.
 
-A new mill of iron, steel and reënforced concrete has now been
+A new mill of iron, steel and reënforced concrete has now been
 erected. It is equipped with the latest machinery and labour-saving
 devices, and is reported to be operating on a wide margin of profit.
 
@@ -13919,7 +13885,7 @@ several others are in process of construction. Up-to-date mills could
 well afford to grind cane for Filipinos, giving them outright as much
 sugar as they had previously been able to extract from it and making
 a very handsome profit out of the balance. But as yet most Filipinos
-have not learned the benefit of coöperation, and are too suspicious
+have not learned the benefit of coöperation, and are too suspicious
 to contract their crops of cane to a mill. It follows that mill
 owners must control, in one way or another, land enough to produce
 cane sufficient to keep their mills in profitable operation. As we
@@ -14091,7 +14057,7 @@ considerable proportion were full of tannin and fit only for cooking.
 
 A banana plantation gives returns at the end of a year from the time
 of planting, and the fruit ought to be grown on plantation scale for
-the markets of Cebú, Iloilo, Manila and Hongkong.
+the markets of Cebú, Iloilo, Manila and Hongkong.
 
 Throughout extensive areas conditions are ideal for rubber production,
 and Para, castilloa and ceara trees all thrive. Those of the latter
@@ -14100,7 +14066,7 @@ grow at an astonishing rate and produce hemispheres of foliage which
 look almost solid. A plantation of these trees should be not only
 beautiful to look upon but very profitable.
 
-Conditions in the highlands of Luzón, in the sub-province of Bukidnon,
+Conditions in the highlands of Luzón, in the sub-province of Bukidnon,
 and in other portions of Mindanao, are admirably adapted to the
 production of coffee. Indeed, one of the few known wild varieties
 is indigenous to the Philippines. The coffee at present produced is
@@ -14111,7 +14077,7 @@ Bukidnon the opportunity for growing coffee upon a large scale is
 excellent.
 
 There is little doubt that tea could be advantageously produced in
-the Philippine highlands, especially in northern Luzón.
+the Philippine highlands, especially in northern Luzón.
 
 Throughout extensive regions the soil and climate are ideal for
 growing cacao, from which is made the chocolate of commerce. It has
@@ -14122,7 +14088,7 @@ A determined and very successful effort is being made by the Bureau
 of Education to interest the Filipinos in raising corn, which is a far
 better food than is rice. They are being taught how to grind and cook
 it for human food, and its use, which has long been common in islands
-like Cebú, Negros, Siquijor and Bohol, is rapidly increasing. It can
+like Cebú, Negros, Siquijor and Bohol, is rapidly increasing. It can
 be grown to good advantage in the Philippines, and at existing prices
 its production upon a commercial scale for human consumption would be
 profitable, but there is another good use to which it can be put. The
@@ -14810,7 +14776,7 @@ leader by any officer of the United States, nor was there ever any
 effort to deceive the Filipinos by arousing false hopes that it was
 to be conceded.
 
-The Insurgent force never coöperated with that of the United
+The Insurgent force never coöperated with that of the United
 States. The two had a common enemy and that was practically all that
 they did have in common. Each proceeded against that enemy in its
 own way. Each ignored requests of the other relative to the manner
@@ -14908,7 +14874,7 @@ tribes from the threatened curse of alcoholism.
 Good order was established in Filipino territory through the admirable
 work of the United States Army, assisted toward the close of military
 rule by the second Philippine Commission, which did much toward
-securing the coöperation of the better element among the Filipinos.
+securing the coöperation of the better element among the Filipinos.
 
 Under civil control Filipinos and wild men have been utilized as
 police officers and soldiers in their respective habitats, and have
@@ -14921,7 +14887,7 @@ notably to the Bureau of Health and the Bureau of Agriculture for which
 it has effectively performed very important quarantine work. It has
 furthermore proved to be a reliable and most useful body in meeting
 great public calamities like those caused by the recent eruption of
-Tall volcano, and the Cebú typhoon.
+Tall volcano, and the Cebú typhoon.
 
 Reforms of radical importance in the judicial system have been another
 important factor in making life and property safe, and have resulted
@@ -14969,7 +14935,7 @@ who were previously chained to floors or posts.
 The lepers of the islands have been isolated and are being well cared
 for. A few have apparently been permanently cured.
 
-The scientific work of the insular government has been coördinated in
+The scientific work of the insular government has been coördinated in
 such a way as to insure maximum efficiency at minimum cost. Not only
 has an immense amount of routine work been economically performed but
 there has been a large amount of original investigation, some of which
@@ -15000,7 +14966,7 @@ ignorance and superstition, the remedy for which is to be found,
 we hope, in the generalization of education which is rapidly taking
 place. The hundred and seventy thousand children, who formerly
 took advantage of the meagre educational facilities provided under
-the previous régime, consisting chiefly of very defective primary
+the previous régime, consisting chiefly of very defective primary
 instruction, usually given amidst most unsanitary surroundings,
 and without adequate facilities of any sort, have been replaced
 by a happy throng numbering no less than five hundred and thirty
@@ -15076,7 +15042,7 @@ rendered safe.
 The previous almost complete lack of good roads has been remedied by
 the construction of four thousand four hundred miles of well-built,
 admirably maintained highways in the lowlands, supplemented in the
-highlands of Luzón and Mindanao and in the lowlands of Mindoro and
+highlands of Luzón and Mindanao and in the lowlands of Mindoro and
 Palawan, by some thirteen hundred miles of cart roads and horse
 trails. Hundreds of thousands of small farmers, who previously had
 no inducement to raise more than their families or their immediate
@@ -15202,7 +15168,7 @@ and control.
 I have already called attention to the fact that the Filipinos [197]
 are divided into a number of peoples, sometimes called tribes. The
 census of 1903 recognizes the following: Visayans, numbering 3,219,030;
-Tagálogs, 1,460,695; Ilocanos, 803,942; Bicols, 566,365; Pangasináns,
+Tagálogs, 1,460,695; Ilocanos, 803,942; Bicols, 566,365; Pangasináns,
 343,686; Pampangans, 280,984; Cagayans, 159,648; Zambalans, 48,823.
 
 The loose use of the word "tribe" in designating these peoples
@@ -15225,17 +15191,17 @@ as their passions are not played upon, or their prejudices aroused,
 by the unscrupulous. These are admirable characteristics and afford a
 good foundation on which to build. Such differences as exist between
 these several peoples are steadily diminishing. This is especially
-true of the Tagálogs and the numerically comparatively unimportant
+true of the Tagálogs and the numerically comparatively unimportant
 peoples lying immediately to the north and west of their territory,
-namely, the Pampangans, Pangasináns and Zambalans. The Tagálogs,
+namely, the Pampangans, Pangasináns and Zambalans. The Tagálogs,
 Ilocanos, Cagayans, Bicols and Visayans are distinguished by much
 more marked differences.
 
-In general, the Tagálogs tend to become the dominating Filipino people
+In general, the Tagálogs tend to become the dominating Filipino people
 of the islands, and successfully attempt to assert themselves in their
 dealings with all the other Christian peoples except the Ilocanos, who
 are quite capable of holding their own. The Ilocanos have a reputation
-for orderliness and industry which the Tagálogs lack. The Cagayans
+for orderliness and industry which the Tagálogs lack. The Cagayans
 are, as a people, notoriously lazy and stupid, although there are of
 course numerous conspicuous individual exceptions to this rule. The
 Visayans are comparatively docile and law-abiding. Many of the Bicols
@@ -15247,7 +15213,7 @@ present lack of any common medium of communication. There are more
 quite sharply distinct dialects than there are peoples. The Visayans,
 for instance, speak Cebuano, Ilongo and Cuyuno. The language difficulty
 is of least importance among the peoples immediately north of Manila
-where the use of Tagálog is generalized to a considerable extent,
+where the use of Tagálog is generalized to a considerable extent,
 but even here it is serious.
 
 Mr. Justice Johnson of the Philippine Supreme Court tells me that
@@ -15263,23 +15229,23 @@ growing out of the multiplicity of dialects:--
 "In December, 1898, General Macabulos was the commissioner in Tarlac
 Province. At Camiling the orders prescribing how the elections
 were to be carried on were read in Spanish and then translated into
-Ilocano. General Macabulos next delivered in Tagálog a speech informing
+Ilocano. General Macabulos next delivered in Tagálog a speech informing
 the assemblage of their duties under the new form of government. This
-was translated into Ilocano, as the people did not understand Tagálog
+was translated into Ilocano, as the people did not understand Tagálog
 any more than they did Spanish. [198] When on July 6, 1898, a junta of
 men in favour of the independence of the Philippines met at Gerona,
 Tarlac, to elect among themselves the civil officials for the town,
 the decrees of Aguinaldo, of June 18 and 20, were read in Ilocano,
-in Tagálog, in Pampanga, and Pangasinán, all of which languages were
+in Tagálog, in Pampanga, and Pangasinán, all of which languages were
 spoken in the town." [199]
 
 The head of the town of Antipolo, Morong Province, wrote to the
 secretary of the interior on October 21, 1898, that his delay in
 executing orders had been caused by the fact that they were written
-in Tagálog, which he did not understand. He recommended that Spanish
+in Tagálog, which he did not understand. He recommended that Spanish
 be always used by the central government. [200] Mabini himself at
 one time proposed that English be made the official language. The
-constitution of the "Republic," while making Tagálog the official
+constitution of the "Republic," while making Tagálog the official
 language, provided for instruction in English. [201]
 
 There is no literature worth mentioning written in the native dialects,
@@ -15303,17 +15269,17 @@ the Filipinos into "a people" will have been largely done away with.
 The second important barrier between the several Filipino peoples
 is built up of dislikes and prejudices, in part handed down from
 the days when they were tribally distinct and actively hostile; in
-part resulting from the well-marked tendency of the Tagálogs and the
+part resulting from the well-marked tendency of the Tagálogs and the
 Ilocanos to impose their will upon the others. The actual differences
-between a Tagálog and a Visayan are not so great. The important thing,
-from the American view point, is that every Tagálog and every Visayan
+between a Tagálog and a Visayan are not so great. The important thing,
+from the American view point, is that every Tagálog and every Visayan
 really considers them very great.
 
 There would have been no insurrection of any importance in the Visayas
-and Mindanao if the Tagálogs had kept their hands off. We have seen
+and Mindanao if the Tagálogs had kept their hands off. We have seen
 how they worked their will on the people of the Cagayan valley and the
 Visayas, and what bitter animosities they provoked. We have also seen
-how on various occasions the Ilocanos opposed the Tagálogs as such,
+how on various occasions the Ilocanos opposed the Tagálogs as such,
 and even planned to kill them, while the Visayans did kill them on
 various occasions. However much politicians may declaim about a united
 Filipino people, certain uncomfortable but indisputable facts reduce
@@ -15331,7 +15297,7 @@ condition of public order. I learned from a source which I believe to
 be thoroughly reliable that one of the conclusions actually reached was
 that no Visayan should be allowed to become president of the republic,
 and that one of the real objects of the meeting was to crystallize
-opposition to the candidacy of Señor Osmeña, the speaker of the
+opposition to the candidacy of Señor Osmeña, the speaker of the
 assembly. But the undesirability of giving publicity to such factional
 differences at this time was promptly realized and this attitude on
 the part of Aguinaldo's supporters was not publicly announced.
@@ -15363,7 +15329,7 @@ they agree with all other Malays. Colquhoun has truly said: [202]--
     of his own town or village."
 
 
-More important than the differences which separate the Tagálogs,
+More important than the differences which separate the Tagálogs,
 Ilocanos, Cagayans, and Visayans as such, are those which separate the
 individuals composing these several groups of the population. Very
 few of the present political leaders are of anything approaching
@@ -15372,7 +15338,7 @@ to give offence, and to wound the feelings of men who certainly
 are not to blame for their origin. Suffice it to say that with
 rare exceptions, if one follows their ancestry back a very little
 way he finds indubitable evidence of the admixture of Spanish,
-other European or Chinese blood. The preëminence of these men is
+other European or Chinese blood. The preëminence of these men is
 undoubtedly due in large measure to the fact that through the wealth
 and influence of their fathers they had educational advantages,
 and in many instances enjoyed broadening opportunities for travel,
@@ -15559,12 +15525,12 @@ We have recently had the "colorum," with headquarters on Mt. San
 Cristobal, an extinct volcano. People visited this place and paid large
 sums in order to persuade the god to talk to them. A big megaphone,
 carefully hidden away, was so trained that the voice of the person
-using it would carry across a cañon and strike the trail on the other
+using it would carry across a cañon and strike the trail on the other
 side. If payments were satisfactorily large the god talked to those
 who had made them in a most impressive manner when they reached this
 point in their homeward journey.
 
-We have also had the Cabaruan fiasco in Pangasinán, in the course
+We have also had the Cabaruan fiasco in Pangasinán, in the course
 of which a new town with several thousand inhabitants sprang up in
 a short time. There was a place of worship where the devout were
 at prayer day and night. There was also a full-fledged holy Trinity
@@ -15581,12 +15547,12 @@ ephemeral existence in the islands, and the people invariably flock to
 them in thousands. Conspicuous among this class of imposters was the
 "Queen of Taytay," whose exploits I have already narrated.
 
-The belief of the common people in asuáng and in the black dog which
+The belief of the common people in asuáng and in the black dog which
 causes cholera has also already been mentioned. A very large percentage
 of them are firmly convinced of the efficacy of charms, collectively
 known as anting-anting, supposed to make the bodies of the wearers
 proof against bullets or cutting weapons. Within the past year a
-bright young man of Parañaque, a town immediately adjacent to Manila,
+bright young man of Parañaque, a town immediately adjacent to Manila,
 insisted that a friend should strike him with a bolo in order that
 he might demonstrate the virtues of his anting-anting, and received
 an injury from which he promptly died. Again and again the hapless
@@ -15602,7 +15568,7 @@ in the islands, published the following account of the event referred
 to above:--
 
 
-    "Basilio Aquino, a native of Parañaque, and Timoteo Kariaga, an
+    "Basilio Aquino, a native of Parañaque, and Timoteo Kariaga, an
     Iloko residing in Manila, made a bet as to which of them had the
     better anting-anting, and to settle it Kariaga allowed himself to
     be struck twice on the right arm and once on the abdomen, but as
@@ -15619,7 +15585,7 @@ to above:--
 
 
 From the report of this occurrence in El Ideal, a paper believed to
-be controlled by Speaker Osmeña, I quote the following:--
+be controlled by Speaker Osmeña, I quote the following:--
 
 
     "The trial was made in the presence of a goodly number of
@@ -15629,7 +15595,7 @@ be controlled by Speaker Osmeña, I quote the following:--
     "Timoteo Kariaga, that being the name of one of the actors,
     an Ilocano resident of Manila, was the first to submit to the
     ordeal. His companion and antagonist, named Basilio Aquino, from
-    Parañaque, bolo in hand, aimed slashes at the former, endeavouring
+    Parañaque, bolo in hand, aimed slashes at the former, endeavouring
     to wound him in the arms and abdomen, without success, the amulet
     of Kariaga offering apparently admirable resistance in the trial,
     so that the bolo hardly left a visible mark upon his body."
@@ -15676,7 +15642,7 @@ reported on "Pagloon" as follows during August, 1913:--
 
 
 Serious trouble was made for men investigating the mineral resources
-of the island of Cebú by the circulation of a tale to the effect that
+of the island of Cebú by the circulation of a tale to the effect that
 they needed the blood of children to pour into cracks in the ground.
 
 The following is an extract from a narrative report of the senior
@@ -15706,7 +15672,7 @@ rendered November 23, 1908 (10 Philippine Reports, p. 134).
 
 
     "The accused in this case was convicted in the Court of First
-    Instance of the Province of Pangasinán of the crime of abortion
+    Instance of the Province of Pangasinán of the crime of abortion
     as defined and penalized in paragraph 3 of article 410 of the
     Penal Code.
 
@@ -15856,7 +15822,7 @@ while the Moros with their ability to take to the sea and suddenly
 strike unprotected places would cause endless suffering and loss
 of life.
 
-Under the Spanish régime the penalty which followed a too liberal use
+Under the Spanish régime the penalty which followed a too liberal use
 of "free speech" was very likely to be a sudden and involuntary trip
 to the other world. There was no such thing as a free press. A very
 strict censorship was constantly exercised over all the newspapers. The
@@ -15955,7 +15921,7 @@ swayed by other than humanitarian motives:--
 The attitude of provincial and municipal officials toward very
 necessary sanitary measures has often been exceedingly unfortunate.
 
-In 1910 the officials of the town of Bautista, Pangasinán, voted
+In 1910 the officials of the town of Bautista, Pangasinán, voted
 to have a fiesta, in spite of the fact that the health authorities
 had informed them that this could not be done safely, owing to the
 existence of cholera in the neighbouring towns. The town council
@@ -16046,7 +16012,7 @@ was a wreck, and so was the schoolhouse. There were no teachers for
 the children. The people were rapidly lapsing into barbarism.
 
 In 1910 I visited the town of Malaueg, situated in the province of
-Cagayan. It was one of the first mission stations in northern Luzón. I
+Cagayan. It was one of the first mission stations in northern Luzón. I
 found there the walls of an immense church and convento. These walls
 were approximately forty inches thick, and were intact, though
 roofs and floors had disappeared, in part from decay and in part
@@ -16279,7 +16245,7 @@ Hardly were its terms known in Manila when various politicians
 announced that the Filipinos did not want to wait until 1920, they
 wanted independence right then!
 
-An editorial in the number of Speaker Osmeña's paper, El Ideal,
+An editorial in the number of Speaker Osmeña's paper, El Ideal,
 for March 19, 1913, contains the following significant sentence:--
 
 
@@ -16367,7 +16333,7 @@ government, were distributed practically without regard to the previous
 political records of the recipients. In taking this high attitude we
 assumed that the generous treatment thus accorded our late enemies
 would be appreciated by them and would win us their confidence and
-coöperation. We showed our ignorance of the men with whom we were
+coöperation. We showed our ignorance of the men with whom we were
 dealing when we allowed ourselves to expect such a result. They
 interpreted our generosity as an evidence of fear, and each new
 concession has served only to whet their appetites. For years we gave
@@ -16787,7 +16753,7 @@ most apt to conduce to their highest welfare, and most conformable
 to their customs, traditions, sentiments and cherished ideals. Both
 in the establishment and maintenance of government in the Philippine
 Islands it will be the policy of the United States to consult the
-views and wishes, and to secure the advice, coöperation and aid,
+views and wishes, and to secure the advice, coöperation and aid,
 of the Philippine people themselves.
 
 In the meantime the attention of the Philippine people is invited
@@ -16937,7 +16903,7 @@ Hon. William H. Taft is designated as president of the board. It is
 probable that the transfer of authority from military commanders
 to civil officers will be gradual and will occupy a considerable
 period. Its successful accomplishment and the maintenance of peace
-and order in the meantime will require the most perfect coöperation
+and order in the meantime will require the most perfect coöperation
 between the civil and military authorities in the island, and both
 should be directed during the transition period by the same Executive
 Department. The commission will therefore report to the secretary of
@@ -17247,13 +17213,13 @@ ISLANDS [217]
 During the last years of Spanish sovereignty the courts in the
 Philippine Islands consisted of superior courts, which were the
 audiencia territorial de Manila, the audiencia de lo criminal de
-Cebú, and the audiencia de lo criminal de Vigan; the courts of first
+Cebú, and the audiencia de lo criminal de Vigan; the courts of first
 instance, and justice of the peace courts.
 
 The audiencia territorial de Manila exercised jurisdiction in civil
 matters over the entire Philippine archipelago; in criminal matters
 it exercised jurisdiction over the central and southern provinces of
-Luzón and over the islands of Catanduanes, Mindoro, Burias, Masbate
+Luzón and over the islands of Catanduanes, Mindoro, Burias, Masbate
 and Ticao.
 
 Its legal personnel consisted of a president of the court; two
@@ -17264,7 +17230,7 @@ three fiscal attorneys; five secretaries and four law clerks who were
 assistant secretaries.
 
 The audiencia de lo criminal of Vigan and that of Cebu had only
-criminal jurisdiction, the former over the northern part of Luzón
+criminal jurisdiction, the former over the northern part of Luzón
 and the Batanes Islands and the latter over the Visayan Islands and
 Mindanao. Each of these courts had a president, two justices, two
 associate justices, one fiscal, one lieutenant-fiscal, a secretary
@@ -17272,7 +17238,7 @@ and one law clerk who was assistant secretary.
 
 There was at least one court of first instance in each province. In
 some, like Batangas, Ambos Camarines, Samar, Leyte, Cebu and Negros,
-there were two. In Iloílo there were three and in Manila four. These
+there were two. In Iloílo there were three and in Manila four. These
 courts were divided into three classes designated as follows: de
 entrada; de ascenso; and de termino.
 
@@ -17303,7 +17269,7 @@ In each province there is a court of first instance. Several such
 courts are usually united to constitute a judicial district, but this
 does not hold for the court of first instance of the city of Manila,
 which is presided over by three judges, each in his own court room,
-nor for the court of first instance of Iloílo, which constitutes
+nor for the court of first instance of Iloílo, which constitutes
 a district by itself. The remaining courts are divided between
 seventeen districts.
 
@@ -17323,7 +17289,7 @@ There further exists the court of land registration, with one judge
 and five auxiliary judges. It has exclusive jurisdiction over all
 applications for the registration of title to land or buildings or
 an interest therein. It also has jurisdiction to confirm the titles
-of persons who under the Spanish régime acquired imperfect titles to
+of persons who under the Spanish régime acquired imperfect titles to
 public lands, provided that such persons fulfill the requirements of
 law for their perfection.
 
@@ -17341,7 +17307,7 @@ the peace ex officio with jurisdiction throughout their respective
 provinces.
 
 In the Moro province, which is divided into five districts, called
-Joló, Zamboanga, Lanao, Cotabato and Davao, there are tribal ward
+Joló, Zamboanga, Lanao, Cotabato and Davao, there are tribal ward
 courts which consider and decide minor civil and criminal actions in
 which the parties in interest, or any of them, are Moros or members
 of other non-Christian tribes. These tribal ward courts have with
@@ -17509,7 +17475,7 @@ attorney and the city attorney of Manila. All of the justices of
 the peace except those who serve ex officio are Filipinos, and the
 secretary of finance and justice is a Filipino as well.
 
-Under the Spanish régime justices of the peace did not receive
+Under the Spanish régime justices of the peace did not receive
 salaries, nor was there any appropriation for the payment of necessary
 clerical assistance, for office supplies, or for rental of their court
 rooms. The fees which the law allowed them to charge were their only
@@ -17569,7 +17535,7 @@ class municipalities receive yearly salaries of $480, $420, $360
 and $300, respectively. The justice of the peace of Manila receives
 $1800. The justices of the peace of Iloilo and Cebu receive $1200 each;
 those of the provincial capitals of Albay, Ambos Camarines, Batangas,
-Bulacan, Ilocos Sur, Occidental Negros, Pampanga, Pangasinán and
+Bulacan, Ilocos Sur, Occidental Negros, Pampanga, Pangasinán and
 Tayabas, $900 each; those of Cagayan, Capiz, Cavite, Ilocos Norte,
 Laguna, Rizal, Samar and Sorsogon, $750 each; those of the remaining
 provincial capitals and of any municipalities considered as capitals
@@ -17649,7 +17615,7 @@ with the census estimate:--
         Nueva Vizcaya      |   46,515 |     6,000
         Palawan            |    6,844 |    20,000
         Pampanga           |    1,098 |     1,098
-        Pangasinán         |    3,386 |     3,386
+        Pangasinán         |    3,386 |     3,386
         Rizal              |    2,421 |     2,421
         Romblon            |      000 |        50
         Samar              |      688 |     1,390
@@ -17736,7 +17702,7 @@ Misamis. This province has lost its non-Christian population to the
 sub-province of Bukidnon.
 
 The Moro Province, as at present constituted, corresponds to the former
-districts of Basilan, Cotabato, Dapitan, Davao, Joló, Siasi, Tawi Tawi
+districts of Basilan, Cotabato, Dapitan, Davao, Joló, Siasi, Tawi Tawi
 and Zamboanga, so that a direct comparison between the census estimate
 and the present estimate is possible. The figures given were recently
 furnished me by the secretary of the province. They are admittedly
@@ -17747,7 +17713,7 @@ Vizcaya.
 
 Nueva Vizcaya. Nueva Vizcaya has lost its Ifugao population to the
 Mountain Province, but has gained those Ilongots formerly credited
-to Isabela, Tayabas, Nueva Ecija and Pangasinán, the net result being
+to Isabela, Tayabas, Nueva Ecija and Pangasinán, the net result being
 a heavy loss in non-Christian population.
 
 Palawan. The province of Palawan corresponds closely to the territory
@@ -17758,11 +17724,11 @@ for the census. Of Moros alone there are some five thousand. There
 are said to be approximately ten thousand Tagbanuas in the country
 tributary to the region along the banks of the Iwahig River, which
 empties into Coral Bay. It is further claimed that there are some
-five thousand more back of Bonabóna Point. This does not take into
+five thousand more back of Bonabóna Point. This does not take into
 account the Tagbanua population on the west coast, nor that of the
 other Iwahig valley near Puerto Princesa; nor does it include the
 Tagbanuas inhabiting the islands of Dumaran, Dinapahan, Bulalacao,
-Peñon de Coron, Culion and Busuanga. I here place the non-Christian
+Peñon de Coron, Culion and Busuanga. I here place the non-Christian
 population of the province at twenty thousand, but believe this figure
 rather low.
 
@@ -17820,7 +17786,7 @@ but failed to bring about their abolition.
 
 [16] A fermented alcoholic beverage made from rice.
 
-[17] Cañao is the word commonly used by the northern Luzón wild men
+[17] Cañao is the word commonly used by the northern Luzón wild men
 in designating a feast or ceremony. In Ahayao it is also used as an
 adjective to designate a place which may not be approached, being
 then equivalent to "taboo."
@@ -17838,7 +17804,7 @@ tribes living near the coast.
 [21] Nearly all our trails are on steep mountain sides.
 
 [22] An untranslatable term of respect and affection given by the
-fighting men of northern Luzón to rulers whom they like.
+fighting men of northern Luzón to rulers whom they like.
 
 [23] A designation applied to a political division of less importance
 than a province, governed by a military officer.
@@ -17988,7 +17954,7 @@ guilty of the offence of illegal detention.
 "If the boy who was stolen and sold, referred to in paragraphs 9, 10,
 11, 12 and 13 of the enclosed letter, was under seven years of age,
 then those who stole him are guilty of the offence of kidnapping
-a minor, and the Igorrote woman, Antonia, and the wife of Señor
+a minor, and the Igorrote woman, Antonia, and the wife of Señor
 Arriola, the Clerk of the Court, are accomplices in the crime. But
 if the child was over seven years old, then the offence would be
 illegal detention. The same may be said of the case recounted in
@@ -18097,7 +18063,7 @@ which will strictly carry out all the prescriptions above-mentioned.
 "As the government which the invaders are endeavoring to establish is
 always provisional, if all the inhabitants of this province are true
 Filipinos, they can easily and simply answer that we are subject to
-the will of the Honorable President Señor Emilio Aguinaldo, whom we
+the will of the Honorable President Señor Emilio Aguinaldo, whom we
 follow and recognize in this new born Republic as the President of
 the Nation."
 
@@ -18105,7 +18071,7 @@ the Nation."
 
 [94] "January, 1900.
 
-"To the Local Presidente, Tigbauan (Iloílo).
+"To the Local Presidente, Tigbauan (Iloílo).
 
 "It is with profound regret that I have to state to you that in
 accordance with reliable information this military delegation has
@@ -18151,7 +18117,7 @@ of the preceding ones.
 
 "Headquarters of Tierra Alta, April 3, 1900.
 
-"Leandro Fullón,
+"Leandro Fullón,
 "General and P. M. Governor."
 --P. I. R., 1047. 2.
 
@@ -18215,7 +18181,7 @@ their inhabitants killed, men and women, children and old people.
 "The circular is to emanate from me, and you will sign it only by
 my order.
 
-"Communicate also to the presidents of Cagayán and other towns that
+"Communicate also to the presidents of Cagayán and other towns that
 they collect the taxes of their respective towns, as soon as possible;
 and a president who shall not have collected the taxes on my arrival in
 the respective town, shall be hung without any hesitation whatsoever.
@@ -18315,7 +18281,7 @@ has been set forth."--P. I. R., 168. 9.
 
 
 "To the local Presidents of Malolos, Bulacan, Guiguinto, Bigaa,
-Bocaue, Marilao, Meycauayan, Polo, Obando, Santa Maria, San José,
+Bocaue, Marilao, Meycauayan, Polo, Obando, Santa Maria, San José,
 Angat, Norzagaray, Bustos, San Rafael, Baliuag, Pulilan, Quingua,
 Santa Isabel, Barasoain, Paombong, Hagonoy, Calumpit, and the military
 commanders Pablo Tecson, Bonifacio Morales, Maximo Angeles and Colonel
@@ -18355,7 +18321,7 @@ Simon Tecson Libuano, Colonel Rosendo Simon, and also Major Dongon.
 [110] P. I. R., 341. 9.
 
 [111] "Two weeks ago a court-martial was held at these headquarters
-presided over by Colonel Aréjola, on you, Tuason, and other civil
+presided over by Colonel Aréjola, on you, Tuason, and other civil
 authorities of this capital, the decision being that you will be shot
 when we get there, which will be very soon.
 
@@ -18409,7 +18375,7 @@ trial. Communicate and publish this order.
 
 [118] "March 6, 1899.
 
-"Señor Presidente: Many complaints have been received here on account
+"Señor Presidente: Many complaints have been received here on account
 of the abuses committed by General Luna. It is said that he has
 lately published a decree in which he warned the people that those
 who disobey his orders shall be shot to death without summary trial,
@@ -18422,7 +18388,7 @@ over Polo, where the General Headquarters is, and over the towns of
 the zones of Manila.
 
 "I am very much surprised that these things are not well understood
-by General Luna. He has no executive power over Bulacán and Pampanga;
+by General Luna. He has no executive power over Bulacán and Pampanga;
 he must have issued his orders through the military chiefs thereof.
 
 "During such time as he is the commander-in-chief of operations of
@@ -18491,7 +18457,7 @@ of his forces by Colonel Macanca, who was his second in command,
 and is at the present time repressing with a firm hand the bandits
 who swarm about the outskirts of the zone under his command, as one
 of the celebrated bandits named Major Eusebio de Rateros, who had
-previously been in Pagsanján was buried alive in the cemetery of
+previously been in Pagsanján was buried alive in the cemetery of
 Taguig by Captain Simplicio Tolentino who is at the present time a
 member of that brigade.
 
@@ -18512,7 +18478,7 @@ by General del Pilar. I send you this news for your information.
 "To the General and Politico-Military Commander and of Operations of
 This Province, General Camp."--P. I. R., 605. 4.
 
-[121] "A commissioner of the Katipúnan society at Ibung, Nueva Vizcaya
+[121] "A commissioner of the Katipúnan society at Ibung, Nueva Vizcaya
 Province, compelled the inhabitants to take the oath of allegiance
 to that organization, and issued orders that all who should refuse
 to follow the dictates of the same should suffer death; and, in
@@ -18751,7 +18717,7 @@ General MacArthur in 1901 had a like result."--Blount, p. 200.
 
     "'Malolos, February 7, 1899.
 
-    "'Colonel José: By order of General Luna, have several copies of
+    "'Colonel José: By order of General Luna, have several copies of
     this made, in order that these instructions may be communicated
     to all.'"--Senate Document 331, part 2, p. 1912, Fifty-seventh
     Congress, First Session.
@@ -18792,7 +18758,7 @@ and delivered to them all the guerillas who dared enter the place
 "Whereas since the completion and publication of said census there
 have been no serious disturbances of the public order save and except
 those caused by the noted outlaws and bandit chieftains Felizardo
-and Montalón, and their followers in the Provinces of Cavite and
+and Montalón, and their followers in the Provinces of Cavite and
 Batangas, and those caused in the Provinces of Samar and Leyte by
 the non-Christian and fanatical pulajanes resident in the mountain
 districts of the said provinces and the barrios contiguous thereto; and
@@ -18828,7 +18794,7 @@ Assembly."--Journal of the Commission, Vol. I, pp. 8-9.
 to the hills to avoid paying taxes or to escape abuses, or punishment
 for crimes.
 
-[151] A Tagálog designation applied to the common people, and
+[151] A Tagálog designation applied to the common people, and
 especially to field labourers.
 
 [152] See p. 699 et seq.
@@ -18838,7 +18804,7 @@ constitutional programme for the Philippine Republic (P. I. R.,
 40. 10) contains the following among other remarkable provisions:--
 
 "Elementary instructions shall comprise reading, speaking and
-writing correctly the official language which is Tagálog, and the
+writing correctly the official language which is Tagálog, and the
 rudimentary principles of English and of the exact physical and
 natural sciences, together with a slight knowledge of the duties of
 man and citizenship."--Taylor, 19 MG.
@@ -18855,8 +18821,8 @@ Of this language matter Taylor says:--
 wanted independence and he wanted the recognition of the right and of
 the ability of the natives to govern themselves; and yet he wanted them
 to adopt a foreign language. By the time this pamphlet was published,
-or shortly afterwards, Tagálog had been tried and found wanting. The
-people of the non-Tagálog provinces did not know it and showed no
+or shortly afterwards, Tagálog had been tried and found wanting. The
+people of the non-Tagálog provinces did not know it and showed no
 desire to learn it, and indeed protested against its use. Spanish,
 and all things Spanish, Mabini was weary of, and would sweep them
 all away. Yet, when he wrote this he did not know English."
@@ -18975,7 +18941,7 @@ have been actually surveyed; their average area is only 5 acres.
 
 [161] Damar.
 
-[162] An extensive open region covered with cógon is called a cogonál.
+[162] An extensive open region covered with cógon is called a cogonál.
 
 [163] First year for which statistics are available.
 
@@ -19136,7 +19102,7 @@ governments in order to formulate a protest."--P. I. R., 849.
 124....
 
 Elementary instruction shall comprise reading, speaking and
-writing correctly the official language which is Tagálog, and the
+writing correctly the official language which is Tagálog, and the
 rudimentary principles of English and of the exact, physical and
 natural sciences, together with a slight knowledge of the duties of
 man and citizen.--Taylor, 19 MG.
@@ -19199,8 +19165,8 @@ masses. Conspicuous efficiency in good government has furnished a
 target for its denunciation. Truth has been garbled, motives maligned,
 race hatred kindled, falsehood fabricated and sedition practised,
 encouraged and lauded. The public school system, the intrinsic
-foundation to free institutions, instituted under the military régime
-and constantly expanded under the civil régime, has been interpreted
+foundation to free institutions, instituted under the military régime
+and constantly expanded under the civil régime, has been interpreted
 by the native press as a pernicious effort to oppress the masses by
 the enforcement of a foreign language upon them. The efforts to stamp
 out cattle disease and for the restoration of draft animals have been
@@ -19219,7 +19185,7 @@ press. Progress of the Philippine people as a whole is retarded."
 [210] On March 15, 1913, the Assistant Executive Secretary had occasion
 to write the following letter to the Governor of Capiz:--
 
-"My Dear Governor Altavás: I have to acknowledge receipt of your
+"My Dear Governor Altavás: I have to acknowledge receipt of your
 communication of the 28th ultimo, complaining against the Justices
 of the Peace of Jamindan and Tapaz for failing 'to salute' you when
 visiting said towns, although your visits were frequently announced
@@ -19272,366 +19238,4 @@ largely based.--D. C. W.
 End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Philippines Past and Present
 (Volume 2 of 2), by Dean Conant Worcester
 
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