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diff --git a/42305-8.txt b/42305-0.txt index c7a7928..3094a90 100644 --- a/42305-8.txt +++ b/42305-0.txt @@ -1,38 +1,4 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook, All about Ferrets and Rats, by Adolph Isaacsen - - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - - - - -Title: All about Ferrets and Rats - A Complete History of Ferrets, Rats, and Rat Extermination from Personal Experiences and Study. Also a Practical Hand-Book on the Ferret. - - -Author: Adolph Isaacsen - - - -Release Date: March 11, 2013 [eBook #42305] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - - -***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ALL ABOUT FERRETS AND RATS*** - - -E-text prepared by Chris Curnow, Paul Clark, and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net) from page images generously made -available by Internet Archive (https://archive.org) - - +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 42305 *** Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this file which includes the original illustrations. @@ -1523,8 +1489,8 @@ mankind sported tails and was protected against the wind and weather by a long, hairy covering, and when both animals and man had a language of their own--in those times it was that two fair-sized buck Martens, one of the Beech and the other of the Stone species, stood on the southern -point of what is now called Cape Farewell, in Greenland, longitude 30° -30´ east, latitude 60° 2´ north. They trembled violently from +point of what is now called Cape Farewell, in Greenland, longitude 30° +30´ east, latitude 60° 2´ north. They trembled violently from excitement, because they had just finished a friendly set-to of 64 rounds, lasting 3 hours 10 minutes, New York time, and which both had so far survived. The referee, an old good-natured fox, saw with his keen @@ -1884,362 +1850,4 @@ possible, including unusual spelling and inconsistent hyphenation. "skarks' fins" has been changed to "sharks' fins". - - -***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ALL ABOUT FERRETS AND RATS*** - - -******* This file should be named 42305-8.txt or 42305-8.zip ******* - - -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: -http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/4/2/3/0/42305 - - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. Special rules, -set forth in the General Terms of Use part of this license, apply to -copying and distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works to -protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm concept and trademark. 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You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at <a -href="http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></p> -<p>Title: All about Ferrets and Rats</p> -<p> A Complete History of Ferrets, Rats, and Rat Extermination from Personal Experiences and Study. Also a Practical Hand-Book on the Ferret.</p> -<p>Author: Adolph Isaacsen</p> -<p>Release Date: March 11, 2013 [eBook #42305]</p> -<p>Language: English</p> -<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p> -<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ALL ABOUT FERRETS AND RATS***</p> <p> </p> -<h4>E-text prepared by Chris Curnow, Paul Clark,<br /> - and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br /> - (<a href="http://www.pgdp.net">http://www.pgdp.net</a>)<br /> - from page images generously made available by<br /> - Internet Archive<br /> - (<a href="http://archive.org">http://archive.org</a>)</h4> <p> </p> <table border="0" style="background-color: #ccccff;margin: 0 auto;" cellpadding="10"> <tr> @@ -1701,8 +1684,8 @@ mankind sported tails and was protected against the wind and weather by a long, hairy covering, and when both animals and man had a language of their own—in those times it was that two fair-sized buck Martens, one of the Beech and the other of the Stone species, stood on the southern -point of what is now called Cape Farewell, in Greenland, longitude 30° -30´ east, latitude 60° 2´ north. They trembled violently from +point of what is now called Cape Farewell, in Greenland, longitude 30° +30´ east, latitude 60° 2´ north. They trembled violently from excitement, because they had just finished a friendly set-to of 64 rounds, lasting 3 hours 10 minutes, New York time, and which both had so far survived. The referee, an old good-natured fox, saw with his keen @@ -2065,360 +2048,6 @@ possible, including unusual spelling and inconsistent hyphenation.</p> </div> <p> </p> -<hr class="full" /> -<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ALL ABOUT FERRETS AND RATS***</p> -<p>******* This file should be named 42305-h.txt or 42305-h.zip *******</p> -<p>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/4/2/3/0/42305">http://www.gutenberg.org/4/2/3/0/42305</a></p> -<p> -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed.</p> - -<p> -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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Thus, we do not necessarily -keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper edition.</p> - -<p>Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search facility: -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a></p> - -<p>This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.</p> - +<div>*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 42305 ***</div> </body> </html> diff --git a/42305.txt b/42305.txt deleted file mode 100644 index a83be75..0000000 --- a/42305.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2245 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook, All about Ferrets and Rats, by Adolph Isaacsen - - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - - - - -Title: All about Ferrets and Rats - A Complete History of Ferrets, Rats, and Rat Extermination from Personal Experiences and Study. Also a Practical Hand-Book on the Ferret. - - -Author: Adolph Isaacsen - - - -Release Date: March 11, 2013 [eBook #42305] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII) - - -***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ALL ABOUT FERRETS AND RATS*** - - -E-text prepared by Chris Curnow, Paul Clark, and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net) from page images generously made -available by Internet Archive (https://archive.org) - - - -Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this - file which includes the original illustrations. - See 42305-h.htm or 42305-h.zip: - (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/42305/42305-h/42305-h.htm) - or - (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/42305/42305-h.zip) - - - Images of the original pages are available through - Internet Archive. See - https://archive.org/details/allaboutferretsr01isaa - - -Transcriber's note: - - Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_). - - Text enclosed by equal signs is in bold face (=bold=). - - - - - -ALL ABOUT FERRETS AND RATS - -A Complete History of Ferrets, Rats, and Rat Extermination -from Personal Experiences and Study. -Also -A Practical Hand-Book on the Ferret. - -by - -"SURE POP." -(ADOLPH ISAACSEN.) - -Second Edition. - - - - - - - -PRICE, TWENTY-FIVE CENTS. - -New York: -Adolph Isaacsen, Publisher, -No. 92 Fulton Street. - -Entered, according to act of Congress, in the year 1890, -By Adolph Isaacsen, -In the Office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. - - - - -CONTENTS. - - PAGE. - - INTRODUCTORY 5 - - - THE FERRET. - - I. What a Ferret Is 7 - - II. Character and Appearance 9 - - III. Rat Hunting 11 - - IV. Food 14 - - V. Ferret Houses 15 - - VI. Diseases 16 - - VII. Hardiness 17 - - VIII. Breeding and Training 19 - - IX. Strength and Bite 20 - - X. Handling 21 - - XI. With Cats and Dogs 21 - - XII. Advantages as a Rat Exterminator 22 - - XIII. Miscellaneous 23 - - - THE RAT. - - I. The Rat Family and its Varieties 27 - - II. Rat History 27 - - III. The King's Own Rat-Catcher 29 - - IV. Rat Society, Cannibalism, and Friendship 30 - - V. Multiplying Powers 33 - - VI. Unabridged Bill of Fare 34 - - VII. Ferocity 35 - - VIII. Rats in Breweries, Slaughter Houses, Markets, - Stables, and Barn-yards 36 - - IX. Rats as Wine Drinkers 38 - - X. Destructiveness 39 - - XI. Rats as Food 40 - - XII. Rat Nests 43 - - XIII. The Rat's Musical Talents and Eyesight 45 - - XVI. Rats as Moralists 46 - - XV. Rats in the Good Old Days, and the Modern Rat - Superstitions 47 - - XVI. Review of the Rat, and Conclusion 49 - - - RAT EXTERMINATION. - - I. Traps 51 - - II. Poisons 54 - - III. Dogs, Cats, and Ferrets 56 - - IV. Human Rat Catchers 56 - - - THE ORIGIN OF THE FERRET, with hints to Darwin. 57 - - - - -INTRODUCTORY. - - -In the following pages we have given a complete review of the -ever-important rat exterminating subject, from a practical man's point -of view. The essay on the Ferret has been exhaustively treated, is a -special feature of the work, and will be found of great value to the -rat-ridden part of the community, as well as to the fancier and -naturalist. "The Rat" has been handled from a universal point of view, -and the book has been prepared from the writer's practical notes during -his thirty years' study of Rats and Rat Extermination. - - - - -THE FERRET. - -[Illustration] - - -I.--WHAT A FERRET IS. - -Our dictionaries say that "ferret" as a verb active means to search out -carefully. This is certainly an important function of the animal, but, -as it belongs to the Musteline or flesh-eating weasel family, it has -also inherited these animals' boldness and savageness, though tempered -and exercised in a very useful direction, i. e., of killing off the -most bothersome and numerous of our vermin for us. It is rather a -well-known family, the one to which the ferret belongs, including such -animals as the sable, which furnishes the highly-prized fur, the skunk, -with its not as greatly valued perfume, the ermine, the color of which -is likened to the driven snow and whose dress forms the badge of -royalty, the weasel, from which artists obtain their finest brushes, the -marten, the badger, and the otter. The shape of these animals, the -characteristics being strongly marked in the ferret, is long, slender, -and serpentine (snake-like and winding), their teeth are very sharp, the -muzzle and legs short. Their average food is rats, rabbits, and birds. -Members of this class are found in all climates and parts of the earth. - -It is necessary to state, primarily, that there is no such thing as a -wild ferret; it is domesticated in the same degree as a cat or a dog. -The wild animal from which the ferret is bred is the weasel, just as the -dog is originally of wolf extraction, and the cat of the same class as -the tiger or lion. The ferret is also interbred with the different -species of the musteline tribe, such as the mink, marten, polecat, and -fitch. These are nevertheless all weasels in the same way that terriers, -black and tans, Newfoundlands, and poodles all belong to the family of -dogs. The ferret's origin has been traced by some to Spain, by others -again to the northwestern part of Africa, and by still different writers -as far away from us as Egypt, but it was first used authentically for -ratting and rabbiting in Great Britain, where it is most highly prized, -its merits understood, and where almost every one is as familiar with it -as he is with the nature of his house cat. The public here in America is -yet but indifferently acquainted with the ferret. At an exhibition of -ferrets made by the writer at Madison Square Garden there was about one -out of every fifteen persons that knew the name of the animal at all, -and the ferrets were alternately designated as skunks, weasels, -guinea-pigs, raccoons, monkeys, woodchucks, kittens, puppies, squirrels, -rabbits, chipmunks, rats (an animal for which they are commonly -mistaken), hares, martens, otters, small kangaroos, muskrats, beavers, -seals, and, ridiculous as it may seem, small bears. The American race of -ferrets has been bred to a high degree of intelligence, as the proper -medium of wildness in the hunt and docility to its keeper has been -obtained principally through the efforts of the present writer. This, -however, has only been brought about after a great deal of close study -and experiment in cross breeding, until now the American animal is -greatly preferable to its more sluggish and vicious English brother. - - -II.--CHARACTER AND APPEARANCE. - -Every individual ferret has a character and distinct look of its own, -although there are some ugly, scarred, and bony specimens with game legs -and glass eyes, still the ferret, when in good condition, is a pretty -little animal, with soft fur and kittenish ways, and can be handled and -fondled after you have become mutually acquainted, the same as a cat. It -can never be made as trustworthy as a dog, because it does not possess -as much intelligence. The general colors are white, yellow, and a -mixture of black, brown, gray, and tan, varied with gray and white -patches over and under the neck and body. _The tint runs according to -the predominance of either mink, marten, fitch, or polecat blood._ The -ferret is essentially a _useful_ animal, and is not valued for its good -looks, but the purely colored, pink-eyed, white ferret, with its plump -form and beautiful, glossy coat of a creamy shade, does certainly not -present an ungainly appearance. The dark ones are a sprightly company, -too, with their friendly, sparkling black eyes and social nature. There -is no standard size--there are large and small breeds, the age having -nothing to do with its inches. Some ferrets never get to be bigger than -a size beyond a dock rat, while I have had others as large as a full -grown cat. There are ferrets more valuable as hunters than others on -account of their wiry forms, their age, experience, and intelligence. I -have small, homely ferrets, which persons not understanding ferret -peculiarities would pick out as the most miserable and stupid of a lot, -but which in reality are choice hunting stock. There is no preference -for small or large ferrets, as they are both good for different -purposes. Ferrets are cleanly animals both in appearance and in their -habits. Their jumping and climbing powers are limited. There is a -curious thing about the ferret that reminds us of its kinsmanship with -the gentle-tempered skunk, for _when it is teased or aggravated_ -(showing this also by bristling up the hair of its tail) it emits a -pungent odor from a gland it has underneath the tail. This only happens -in extreme cases, otherwise it is peaceful enough except toward its -natural prey. _Different lots of ferrets, strangers to each other, will -not agree, and should not be put together, as there is a risk of a -deadly battle._ It is a pleasant enough thing to watch a number of -healthy ferrets at their antics. On the writer's breeding grounds, where -the pens are always kept neatly painted and the sawdust carefully -leveled on the floor, making it look like a lawn in yellow, they -generally huddle up in a snug heap, presenting a confused jumble of -heads, tails, blinking eyes, and indistinguishable masses of fur. This -is during the daytime, after they have been fed. Toward dusk, or when -they are hungry again, they disentangle themselves from the bunch, one -by one, and after they have properly yawned and stretched themselves -they are very lively. They frisk and gambol about like lambs in a -pasture, without the odd, long-legged appearance of the lamb, but they -make up for this by humping up their backs like small dromedaries. They -get to tumbling over one another in a comic, clown-like way, they run, -galop, trot, and hop, and sit erect on their haunches. This latter -action they perform in expectation of a mouse, a special delicacy with -them, though but a mouthful, from the keepers leaning over the pens -above. Upon the whole they seem to be enjoying life immensely, -presenting quite a study of animal contentment and happiness. - - -III.--RAT HUNTING. - -When the word rat is mentioned in connection with the ferret, our -pacific scene is changed to one of war and bloodshed. The savage -instincts of the animal are then aroused, and the rat itself knows, when -it has caught the ferret's scent, that its time has come. There are no -two animals more deadly enemies than these, the ferret being constructed -in such a way that it is best adapted to hunt the rat in the rat's own -haunts. Wherever a rat can go a ferret can go, because the latter's body -is as flexible as rubber, and it can squeeze itself up, draw itself -out, and flatten its limbs into a likeness of a New England buckwheat -cake, as if there wasn't a bone in its body. The weasels, and nearly all -wild animals of this division, after killing the prey suck the blood, -eat the brain, leave the rest of the body untouched, and then proceed to -annihilate the next victim, repeating the operation. Here is where the -difference between the ferret and the other animals of its tribe comes -in, for it does not content itself with brain food and such ethereal -substances, but devours the whole carcass with a fine relish, not even -leaving the tail or the skin. It bolts the bones and everything else -thereto appertaining. It is rather an appalling experience for the first -time to hear the hungry ferret's teeth go crunch, crunch, as they meet -in the neck of some fat rodent. This sound bears a resemblance to a -cowboy chewing radishes. A very hungry ferret would commence to devour -the rat before it had thoroughly made its exit into the sweet -subsequently. In using ferrets to clear a house of rats, they should be -allowed to nose through the building during the night with the same -freedom accorded a domestic animal. During the day they are kept in the -pen. The reason a ferret should be hunted with in the night is that it -sees better then, and that it is instinctively better fitted for -hunting. The rats also become more venturesome at this time. When the -ferrets are to be hunted with, feed them slightly, as feeding blunts -their hunting capabilities and makes them worthless. After a good feed a -ferret will sleep harder than any other domestic animal. Sometimes you -will find a ferret so hard asleep that you can take him up, shake him, -and then put him down again without waking him. If you are inexperienced -in the ways of the ferret, you will imagine you have a corpse on your -hands. But the corpse will in a short time open its eyes, shake itself, -wag its tail, and then trot around with the others. When a ferret sleeps -he will let his companions tramp all over his head and body without -allowing himself to be disturbed in the least. When they have been fed -too well they will sleep and be of no further use. If these over-fed -ferrets are in a pen and you put rats in for them to kill, they will not -wake up even if the rats crawl all over them, although the rodents are -scared into fits and are trying to get away with all their might and -main. A hungry ferret around a house will go scenting around as hunting -dogs do, to discover any trace or hiding-place of his natural prey. This -in itself is enough to drive all the rats to Jericho and make them stay -there as long as the ferrets are kept around, for the rodents have an -acute bodily fear of these prowling detectives. A ferret's being bitten -by a rat happens only in extreme cases, but sometimes in cellars and -other places that are swarming with rats, ferrets that have first been -put in have to contend with great odds, and come out with some bruises. -_Therefore if even a good, old hunting ferret should be bitten by a rat, -he should not be used until the wound is perfectly healed again, even if -it should take two or three weeks._ The ferret is very peculiar in this -respect, and if this rule is not observed he may be spoiled as a hunter -forever afterwards. The ferrets hunt downward, and if put on the upper -or top floors in the evening they will turn up in the morning down in -the cellar driving the rats before them. They should be kept in a dry -place, and they rapidly get to know their pens, returning to them and -waiting to be put in when through hunting. With a moderate amount of -attention they will thrive and prosper in their work of extermination. - - -IV.--FOOD. - -Ferrets should always be anxious for their meals. Rats are good ferret -food; but never feed dead rats, as you run the risk of the rats having -been previously poisoned, this also transmitting itself to the ferrets. -If there are plenty of rats in the place the ferrets will be able to do -their own choice marketing; otherwise, when not hunting, feed them -either crackers and milk or bread and milk, with a pan of water always -at hand in warm weather. Raw meat can be given them two or three times a -week, but never feed liver or salt meat. When milk is not handy use -water instead. For a pair of ferrets use a shallow pan for their food, -the pan to be as large as an ordinary saucer. Once a day is enough to -feed them. When you wish to hunt your ferrets at night feed them in the -morning, and they will be in the proper hunting condition when night -comes. Particular relishes are chicken heads, duck heads, rabbit heads, -and sparrows. Dilute the milk occasionally, and change off with the -bread or crackers soaked in water instead of milk. Besides this you can -feed your ferrets the same as you do your cat, with the exception above -mentioned. Ferrets enjoy their meals heartily--they grunt and smack -their lips with much satisfaction when fed; particularly so when -feasting off a rat, as there is nothing they enjoy more than a good, -big, healthy one--turning the rodent inside out and ploughing out the -interior with great exactness. - - -V.--FERRET HOUSES. - -Ferrets must have plenty of good air, as they cannot stand being boxed -up closely for a great length of time without getting diseased. I have, -since the first edition of this book was printed, invented a model -ferret-cage, in which I keep my stock in perfect health and in prime -condition. I now make a specialty of manufacturing this contrivance, and -have dubbed it "The Sure Pop Ferret Cage." It is of a solid build, but -of a convenient size for expressage to any point. It is divided into two -sections: (A) for sleeping and (B) for exercise and feeding; connected -by an aperture just big enough for a ferret to get through. A -(sleeping-room) is one-fourth the size of B and is kept dark, except -that it has two small wire windows at each side which furnish perfect -ventilation. B (for exercise and feeding) is constructed of wire on the -top and the sides around a solid frame; the same flooring serving the -two apartments. There is a wide door on the end of the larger section -and also one on the roof of the smaller, so that the ferrets can be -conveniently taken out or handled and the cage cleaned at any time. In -winter it is best to keep the smaller division full of hay; it keeps the -ferrets warm and clean. In the larger part you can use sawdust or earth; -and another big advantage I wish to call attention to is the peculiar -manner in which the connecting aperture is placed, so that the ferrets -cannot carry out the hay, but can conveniently get from one apartment to -the other. The price at which I am now disposing of these cages ($5.00) -is merely nominal, but I prefer to have my stock housed in a comfortable -and correct manner, as the ferrets will then do better work and get -attached to their new master a great deal quicker than if their quarters -were neglected. The above cage is, as I have said, of a very convenient -size, and can be stored in the cellar of a house--if the cellar is -dry--or can be placed in a barn or stable, or, if needs be, can be put -into service as an independent out-of-door house. For the latter use the -larger apartment should be boarded up, so that the ferrets are not -completely exposed to the rough weather; it should also be kept three or -four inches above the ground. If sawdust is used, it should be cleaned -out at least every other day and replaced with a fresh supply. The hay -need not be changed for one week. - - -VI.--DISEASES. - -On the topic of ferret diseases, all the advice I can give is of a -preventive, rather than of a curative, nature. My experience has been -that, when a ferret is sick, it is the wisest policy to kill it -immediately, as in all my practice I have never cured a sick ferret yet. -Of course there are numerous remedies advocated by persons who claim to -"know it all"; but experiment with these is simply a waste of time and -material. The common diseases of ferrets are foot-rot, distemper, -diphtheria, and influenza. Foot-rot is caused by dirt and neglect, and -is the most common, dangerous, and devastating. It makes the feet swell -out to twice their natural size, and become spongy; the nose and snout -get dirty; the eyes commence to run, become perceptibly weaker, and -then close. The tail also changes to a sandy and gravelly texture. -Distemper is only a case of foot-rot aggravated. In influenza the nose -runs violently, and there is the same affection of the eyes, accompanied -by incessant sneezing. Diphtheria is a throat trouble, indicated by -swelling of the neck, much heavy coughing, and nearly the same other -accompaniments as the above diseases. To prevent disease, cleanliness -and moderation are the simple antidotes: this is not such a hard thing -to accomplish, as the ferret is a strong animal for its size, and very -cleanly itself. Ferrets are sometimes run down by overwork in hunting, -and get to be dull and sluggish; but they will soon regain their vigor, -by letting them rest for awhile, and giving them plenty of food. Pure -air, fresh, raw, bloody meat, and good milk, will soon bring the ferrets -back to their natural state inside of a week. - -Ferrets are sometimes troubled with fleas of a large size, that use the -animals up greatly if they are not checked immediately. A little Sure -Pop Insect Powder rubbed in dry with the hand will settle the insects -effectively in a very short time. - - -VII.--HARDINESS. - -There are numerous remarkable examples of ferret toughness on record. -Not long since, the following came under my notice: A couple of ferrets -were used in a warehouse, and one of them, a handsome, dark-coated, -mink-bred animal, accidently fell through a hatchway from the fourth -story. He was brought to me in a horrible condition, the hinder part of -the body being entirely smashed out of shape, and completely paralyzed. -The poor brute was forced to drag along its useless trunk with the help -of its forefeet only. I thought myself the animal was assuredly done -for; but in a fortnight it had quite recovered the use of its limbs, -which also assumed their natural form and function. It was again enabled -to hop about as well as the rest; in fact, no trace of its former -complete demolition remained. Another noteworthy example was this: A -friend of mine, M---- was out rabbit-hunting with a companion carrying -his ferret, which had been muzzled, in his pocket, a common way of -transporting it. After he had bagged half a dozen rabbits in one place, -he secured his ferret again, and went on walking some distance through a -snowed-over part of the woods, chatting with his friend. He suddenly -felt in his pocket, and found his ferret had got away. They retraced -their steps, carefully searching for two or three hours high and low, -but without success. M---- went home, satisfied his ferret was lost. -Eight days afterwards, coming over the same ground, he saw a shadowy, -thin spot of dirty fur under a ridge, which, after he had more closely -examined, turned out to be the long-lost animal. It was completely -exhausted and reduced to a skeleton, but still showed some signs of -life. It had probably crawled in under some small opening in a ridge at -the time of its being dropped, and so had escaped M----'s attention. As -he found his ferret with the muzzle still on, it could not have procured -either food or drink. The poor brute must have suffered agonies, showing -_what horrible cruelty the practice of muzzling is_. M---- took his -ferret home, fed it well, and inside of a month it was entirely -restored, and just as good a ferret, in every respect, as ever. If -ferrets are together, and are kept strictly without food for a length of -time, they will devour one another quite readily, in lieu of better -fodder. - - -VIII.--BREEDING AND TRAINING. - -Ferrets are rather difficult animals to raise in numbers--it requires a -large amount of patience, great care, and scrupulous neatness, although -when full grown they are very hardy. The writer's ferret breeding -grounds consist of special farms, on which are erected numbers of small -barn-like structures, each furnished inside with a dozen pens, and an -aisle running through the middle. Every pen is as large as a horse's -stall, the boarding and other accessories are kept clean by vigorous -scrubbing, the sawdust on the floor is changed once a day, and the pens -and the ferrets are otherwise attended by experienced ferret men. Here -the ferrets are taught to do their work of killing and hunting by -practical experiment on live rats. Although it is in the nature of -ferrets to hunt and kill rats, the same as it is for a bird to fly, yet -we find a little extra course of training is necessary in both cases. - -It will not do to hunt with ferrets until they are at least seven months -old. Ferrets breed but once a year, and have from four to nine at a -litter on the average--it is very rarely they have two litters a year. -They are trained to the whistle by feeding them every time this -instrument is used, so that after awhile they promptly respond. The -ferret is ruled through his stomach. The time of the ferret's getting in -heat is in March, nine weeks after which they breed. The male invariably -takes hold of the female as if he were going to strangle her. The young -are born without hair, and must, therefore, be kept warm. They have -their eyes open in thirty days, and should be fed on as much milk as -they want.[A] The male should be removed from the female before the -littering, the symptoms of which are exactly like a cat or a dog, or -else he will destroy the entire brood. Care should be taken to have the -female well supplied with food during the period of copulation, or else -she may casually munch up the young herself, and the writer has lost -many a pretty litter by this little habit of the unnatural mother. As in -crops, there are years for raising ferrets which are more fortunate than -others, some seasons having a fatal effect on the young ones. - -[A] They ought not to be handled before they are one month old. - - -IX.--STRENGTH AND BITE. - -The great strength of the ferret is in the teeth, neck, and forefeet. -One ferret can hold up eight times its own weight with its teeth. Twenty -or thirty ferrets when hungry will fasten their teeth in a piece of meat -and can be picked up in this way and swung around without ever causing -them to think of letting go. They will hang to an object which they have -been provoked against with a persistence which would make a Bill Sykes -bull-dog blush with shame. The only way to loosen their hold is to grasp -them firmly around the neck with the pressure on the skull, and to -shove them _towards_ the object, not _from_ it, for if you try the -latter way you can pull for a day and a night without any perceptible -result on the ferret. - -The bite of a ferret is not dangerous; they will only bite a human being -out of mistake, because they don't see well in the daytime. They imagine -you are kindly holding down some bit of meat for them to chew at, and -they don't bite because they are at all viciously inclined towards you. -Of course you don't want to tease, annoy, or step on them, or you may -find them loaded. If a ferret bites you, he will let go immediately, and -you and the ferret both will quickly realize the mistake. - - -X.--HANDLING. - -Ferrets should at first be handled by the back of the neck. The tail is -the natural handle for lifting up a ferret, in the same degree that the -ears are of a rabbit. The ferret should only be _lifted_ by the tail and -should be handled by the back of the neck. After a wild ferret has been -handled this way for some time he will get to be very tame and you can -handle him in any way. He will get so that he will hop up in his pen at -your approach and want you to play with and caress him, although it is -never advisable to give him your perfect confidence, such as putting him -to your face, etc. - - -XI.--WITH CATS AND DOGS. - -Ferrets are easily kept with cats and dogs, and after a little training -and discipline they will hunt together, the ferret being generally used -to drive out the rats from the holes in a barn, etc., and the dog doing -the killing. When they are first introduced to each other there will be -a little sparring, _and the dog's master must strictly forbid his dog to -touch the ferret or else the dog may kill it at the first wrestle_, but -after the novelty of each other's appearance has worn off they will lie -down together in one corner and be the best of friends, as I have -witnessed scores of times. The writer has cats and ferrets on his farm -that regularly feed and play together. Ferrets should not be kept in a -place with sick dogs or cats, as the disease will surely be transmitted -to them. - - -XII.--THE FERRET'S ADVANTAGES AS A RAT EXTERMINATOR. - -Ferrets have been brought forward, chiefly by the labors of the present -writer, to be regarded within the last few years as domestic animals. -There is certainly, yet, a great degree of prejudice against the -ferret--a natural result of ignorance of its ways; but we firmly believe -that the more it comes in contact with man, and is bred in captivity, -the more readily it will be put by him in the division of common -domestic animals, and he will, furthermore, find it his best remedy in -rat extermination, making the latter worthies as scarce as the ordinary -rat has made its black-complexioned cousin. - -For this latter purpose the ferret's most apparent advantages are as -follows: - - _First._ There is nothing a rat is more afraid of, by nature, than a - ferret, so that the rats are driven off by acute bodily fear. - - _Second._ The body of the ferret, and its small head also, is - remarkably flexible, thus enabling it to get into and drive out the - vermin from their holes and breeding-places. - - _Third._ When through hunting they do not stray off, but return to - their pens, and wait there till they are put in. - - _Fourth._ They devour the entire carcass of the rat, after killing - it, and do not leave the slightest trace of it around. - - _Fifth._ The ferrets can be trained to obey the whistle somewhat - like a dog, and, by attaching a bell to their necks, they can always - be traced to whatever part of the building they may stray. - - _Sixth._ After they get acquainted, and have been handled for some - time, they become affectionate pets, and can be fondled and caressed - freely. - - _Seventh._ They are very cleanly, peaceful, and nondestructive in - other ways. - - -XIII.--MISCELLANEOUS. - -Ferrets are extensively used to drive out rabbits from their holes, -although the laws are very stringent against this sport. For this -purpose they are generally muzzled, which is a cruel and unnecessary -practice. All that is required of the ferret is to drive and scare -out--the rabbit being then caught or shot. A bell around the ferret's -neck will scare off the rabbit immediately, because the ferret is slow, -and the rabbit will hear him coming from a distance. A properly trained -and handled ferret needs no harness of any kind. Never muzzle a ferret -for rats, as he may be savagely attacked where the rats are thick, and -then be unable to defend himself. Ferrets are muzzled by tying their -jaws, so that they can not bite, with waxed cords, etc. There are also -muzzles like those made for dogs, only fitted to the ferret's size. - -A writer in a certain New York paper has put the ferrets to a peculiar -use, on account of their flexible bodies. The following is quoted from a -supposititious interview with the present writer: "A gentleman purchased -a ferret, and became greatly attached to it. To show me how well he had -trained him since the purchase, he called Pet (as he had dubbed him) to -his side, and, dropping his pencil behind a large immovable desk, where -it would be almost impossible to get it again, he merely said, "Get it!" -In an instant the ferret was off, and soon back again with the pencil in -his mouth. The gentleman said that he had been of great service to him -in that way, and he recommended them to all old ladies who are in the -habit of losing thimbles and spectacles in out-of-the-way nooks and -holes." We can not help remarking, that this certainly imputes a trifle -too much intelligence to the animal. - -There seems to be a curious superstition regarding the ferret amongst -the lower classes of people from England, Ireland, and Scotland, to the -effect that the ferret possesses healing properties. I have numbers of -people come to me with pans of milk, part of which they want the ferrets -to lap up, reserving the other half for medicine. They firmly believe -this an infallible cure for whooping-cough in children. On some days so -many people come for this purpose, with milk in all sorts of vessels, -that the ferrets would certainly have burst their buttons, if they had -any, in trying to do justice to all of it. The people wait their turn -patiently, and come any day I appoint to have the ferrets drink some of -the milk. I have heard many miraculous accounts from them of Mrs. -So-and-so's baby who was down "that sick" with the whooping-cough, and -the "doctors givin' her up, and she comin' to directly by a drop o' the -milk the blessed little craythurs had been lappin' at; and it's the only -rale rimedy yer can put intire faith in." - -The following is an extract from a Kansas newspaper: "An old Englishman -is now traveling through the country with two pair of ferrets, with -which he is making money by killing prairie-dogs. He has his pets in a -wire cage, and, going to a ranch where there are indications of -prairie-dogs, he offers to clean out the dog-town for 1 cent per dog. -The price appears so very small, that the ranchman does not hesitate to -accept the offer. One ferret will clean out from twenty to fifty dogs -before he tires out, or, rather, before he gets so full of blood of his -victims that he can't work well. When one is tired out, a fresh one is -put into service; and so on until the town is rid of dogs." - -[Illustration] - - - - -THE RAT. - - -I.--THE RAT FAMILY AND ITS VARIETIES. - -The cynical, and, as he is generally acknowledged, villainous old rat, -is a near kinsman of as innocent and peaceful a community as the -squirrels, rabbits, and hares are, at least the natural histories unite -in telling us that they all belong to the Rodentia or gnawing animal -family. The three great subdivisions of rat are the Black, Brown and -Water varieties. With the latter we have nothing to do, as it is an -innocent field animal that never goes near man or his works, and is not -properly one of the "whiskered vermin race" or rat breed. The dock rats -belong to the Brown brigade. - - -II.--RAT HISTORY. - -Regarding the rat's history and antecedents we are informed in some -books on this subject, very positively, that the common or Brown rat was -brought from Norway, while other naturalists insist with a pertinacity -peculiar to the tribe that the animal originally comes from Persia and -India. We feel justified in believing with the majority that this kind -of vermin has its origin in Asia, that venerable continent of cholera, -Heathen-Chinee, and Old Testament. But again, whatsoever the different -opinions may be, it is certainly found that this species of rodent is -distributed over every country on the face of the earth in a very near -equal way, because every ship that leaves port takes in its cargo of -rats just as regularly as it does its cargo of provisions and -merchandise, and thus it can be readily seen how this delicate tender -blossom is carefully though unwittingly transplanted. In this way the -Brown rat, which is now the strongly predominant rat party, was brought -to New York and America in 1775 from England, which would doubtless give -great pleasure to that part of the population with an Anglo-maniac -tendency and would probably reconcile them much more to this sect of -vermin. In Europe the latter made their appearance in 1730, and then -spread out to every inhabitable country. "For men may come and men may -go, but I go on forever" would at the first glance seem to be the case -with the rat tribe as well as with the musical brooklet of Tennyson, yet -the history of the rat nations is like unto the history of man--one clan -waging a long and bitter war of conquest and extermination against the -other until hardly any trace of the conquered but once mighty and -ambitious race remains. The Black or Indigenous rat had things all its -own way in North America as well as through the rest of the civilized -earth, before the Brown species' sweeping invasion, the former having -been entirely subdued and are now very scarce. It was easy enough for -the brown rats to do this, because they were bigger, bolder, and more -ferocious. Their multiplying powers, too, were sixteen times greater -than the vanquished nation whose origin is shrouded in the darkest and -most complete mystery. - -The writer has on several occasions observed a dark colored rat on -vessels coming from Brazil and other States of South and Central America -that was unlike any specimen of this animal he had remembered ever -seeing before. It was of a deep bluish tint, had an abnormally long -tail, very large ears, and sharp, fiery, bead-like eyes, that looked in -the dark like small electric lamps. Its agility and desperate -nervousness was something marvelous, and its bump of destructiveness was -largely developed also. This is probably a stray representative from -some struggling colony of the dethroned black rat nation. Small numbers -of them are occasionally brought to our own shores by these vessels. The -rats generally escape from the ships, whereupon, as soon as the vessel -is about to sail away again, their places are promptly filled by their -brown brethren. Then the desolate black rats stray to the sewers of the -city, where they are speedily overwhelmed and dispatched by members of -the other faction, their inveterate foes and conquerors. - - -III.--THE KING'S OWN RAT CATCHER. - -Although this black rat is inferior to the brown tribe in strength, -size, and breeding powers, yet it must have been formidable also, for it -was formerly thought necessary in England to institute the queer court -position of rat catcher to the King. This was probably the case in other -countries, too, but no records of it have been kept. According to an old -historian this English rat catcher was a very dignified and mysterious -individual, generally with gypsy blood in his veins, as it was thought -necessary for him to know something of the Dark Science to properly -perform his duties. He was attired in a rich manner, wearing a scarlet -coat embroidered with yellow worsted on which were designed figures of -rats and mice destroying wheatsheaves. He was looked at with much awe -by the populace, as he turned out with a stately tread and great pomp, -carrying a heavy staff with the insignia of his exalted office, whenever -he took part in the royal pageants. This he did regularly, and it is -also stated that he had an attendant, who never took part in the -processions but who did the main part of the work, always with as much -mystery as possible, upon the munificent stipend of tuppence a month, -while the gentleman in the red coat superintended the job and received -the glory--differing radically in this respect from the rat catchers of -the present day. - - -IV.--RAT SOCIETY, CANNIBALISM, AND FRIENDSHIP. - -Animals of nearly all kinds are fond of each other's society, and in -their natural wild state are always found in herds. The city rats live -in tribes or colonies of from twenty-five to sixty individuals, in the -winter more and in the summer less. In the cold weather, when they are -idle or at rest, they lie in one heap for the purpose of mutually -heating each other. They change from the bottom to the top and alternate -their positions very frequently, so as to give each one an opportunity -to enjoy the warmer place at the bottom. The warmer the locality the -less individuals there are in a heap. These rats live peacefully enough -amongst themselves when they have enough to eat, but the minute they are -apprised of a slightly vacant feeling in the region of the stomach they -become the most savage of animals. - -The mother rat is very careful and fussy about her young until they get -to a certain age. When they have passed this period, however, and the -mother should, on some bright day, feel a trifle hungry, she would as -readily devour her offspring as the children would make a meal of her, -thus returning the compliment neatly. Individual cases of this kind -occur also amongst the canine family, where dog-bitches have dined -royally on a majority of their newly born pups. This tends to show that -man is not the only intelligent animal who occasionally uses his -fellow's carcass for fodder. Cannibalism, in the rat's case, takes place -generally when they are unable to get any other diet, but then they will -devour one another with gusto, skin, tail, bones, feathers, and all; the -stronger killing the weaker and sucking the blood first. Hot blood is -one of their greatest delicacies. The rats are born blind and naked, and -their bodies are at this time of their life in a wobbly and unformed -state. In this condition they would probably not be looked on by -outsiders as things of beauty or delicate morsels, yet they are eagerly -sought after by the old male rat to furnish him with his Sunday dinner -dessert. The male pigs, cats, ferrets, and rabbits also indulge in the -same pastime. This is made still more of a highly prized food for the -old man rat by its rarity, as the mother will fight to protect her young -with the boldness and savageness of a lioness defending her cubs. She -will even go to the pathetic extent of chewing up her young ones herself -rather than let them fall into the hands of her oppressor. The rats have -an arrangement amongst them similar to the old Greek health law of -killing off all sickly infants, that is, they eat their dead and infirm. -This accounts for the fact that rats are never found at large sick, -diseased, or disabled. Although, as a rule, it isn't considered the -correct thing with us to dine or breakfast from our departed -fathers-in-law or uncles, yet in the present case, peculiar as it may -seem, it is the only admirable trait about the rat. It forms a safeguard -to man against their increase, yet we must add, in a hurry, that the -check put upon their growth by their cannibalism is lamentably small -when compared to their enormous multiplying powers, which surpass those -of any other animal. - -The writer had a curious experience in regard to the rat's sociability -and companionship. He had once confined in a cage a company of twelve -big slaughter-house rats and happened to neglect feeding them one -evening. The next morning he was rather astonished to find a well -polished backbone, a stubby remnant of tail, and only eleven other rats, -all huddled up together compactly, in the congregation. He then gave -them some food to stop them from further feeding on each other, but they -rudely refused this, and he was again surprised to see ten of the number -make a combined attack, that looked as if agreed upon, upon one -unfortunate but especially large sized rat. The latter tried desperately -enough to hold his own against such fearful odds, with much horrible -squealing and screaming among them and a great deal of severe -scratching, dashing, and tumbling against the tin-lined sides and the -wire roofing of the cage. In a few seconds they were ranged all around -in a circle feeding ravenously on the remains of the brave but ill-fated -warrior. The writer has noticed, in numerous instances where numbers of -rats were kept together in a cage, that they would on some occasions, -just as the humor seemed to strike them, prefer their relatives and -brethren as food to anything else. It did not matter, either, what -other form of diet or delicacy had been set before them. - - -V.--MULTIPLYING POWERS. - -Great quantities of rats are trapped and poisoned and hunted down by all -animals larger than themselves; they are driven out of their homes, and -systematically destroyed by paid vermin-destroyers; still all this seems -to make but very slight impression on their numbers as they constantly -pop up serenely from below just as if "Sure Pop" and rat-traps had only -a mythic existence in fairy tales. They multiply prodigiously, the -female breeding on the average about eight times a year, and having as -many as fourteen at a litter, though in some instances this record has -been badly beaten. A writer on this subject calculates that from a -single pair of New York rats, living in moderately good circumstances, -there will spring in three years' time a snug, happy little family of -650,000 rodents, including mother, father, children, grandchildren, -great-grandchildren, etc., and making due allowance for emergencies, -accidents, and for a few hundred of them having been overpowered and -used for food by the rest of this most worshipful company. He allows an -average of eight young at a litter, half male and half female, the young -ones having a litter at six months old. One cause of their being so -prolific is that they flourish and breed as well on an abundance of -swill, refuse, and garbage, as if they were carefully and tenderly fed -three times a day. - - -VI.--THE RAT'S UNABRIDGED BILL OF FARE. - -Next to the ostrich, the rat possesses the most capacious and -accommodating kind of stomach. He will swallow anything, digestible -or otherwise, although he can appreciate good things with much -intelligence, when he comes across them. His bill of fare ranges all the -way up from tallow-candles and shingles to roast-partridge and old -boots. Rats are broadly omnivorous, and their food varies widely with -their situation. They will eat soap, from the harsh and strong smelling -washerwoman's kind to the richly perfumed and tinted toilet variety. -With a vast and admirable toleration, they will feed upon bacon, -sponges, ham, roots, flour, pork, roast-fowl, from boarding-house -chicken to the microscopic quail; they will consume confectionery, -potatoes, tomatoes, turnips, other vegetables, fruit of every -description, from huckleberries to watermelons, raw, boiled, broiled, or -fried fish, suet, eggs, bread, mutton, cheese, and butter. Also raw, -cooked, boiled, broiled, fried, smoked, or roast-beef, and they swallow -with keen relish wines of all brands and vintages, beer, whisky, gin, -and brandy, and evince a loving fondness for all grades of oil, from the -dirtiest, coarsest whale's blubber to the finest olive. The rat is -verily a most cosmopolitan glutton, and enjoys the favorite dishes of -the various nations with much the same hearty appreciation throughout, -hugely delighting himself with frog's hind-legs in France, pickled -herrings in Holland, potatoes roasted on the hearth in Ireland, -pumpernickel and sourkrout in Germany, anise-seed, garlic, and olla -podrida in Spain, birds'-nest, sharks' fins, and meat furnished by the -rat's own brethren in China, caviare and candles with the Russians, -roast-beef and ale in England, and pork-and-beans and peanuts with the -people of a certain division of North America. - -Drawing the line at a particular point in the rats' endeavors to obtain -"belly timber," as Sancho puts it, is an obsolete custom with them, for -they devour putrid carrion, and human flesh, too, comes within this -category, a further account of which will be found in the course of the -next chapter. - - -VII.--FEROCITY. - -The rat is dangerously ferocious when aroused, and is capable of being -wrought up to a pitch of white heat fury. If he should be caught, his -tail cut, his hair burnt, or if he should be wounded in any other way, -but not sufficiently to weaken his system or momentary capacity, and he -is then let loose, he will, through sheer madness and pure "cussedness," -hunt up, fight, and overpower his brethren individually, or else put -them to flight in a body, without much ado. In fact, when he is worked -up to this state, he wouldn't hesitate for a moment to attack an entire -army of rats, or of other far bigger and more terrible objects. In many -cases like this, rats have often obligingly rid premises of their own -kind. If the tortured or maimed rat is in a weak condition afterwards, -he will be promptly overpowered by the other members of the rat -community upon general principles. - -We are often regaled in the newspapers with "brutally frank" accounts of -people leaving their babies alone at home, and, upon returning, finding -them frightfully lacerated by rats, slowly and reluctantly escaping from -the scene. In like manner, they have become bold enough to attack -solitary invalids in houses, who had work enough to defend themselves -from, and to drive off, these ferocious little beasts, driven on by -hunger like the true wolves of the wilderness. - -Living or dead, man is bound to furnish food for the rat; and in -church-yards, where, ghoul-like, they choose the night as their time of -appearing, they demolish the skeletons, littering the ground with -remnants of the white, shining bones. - - -VIII.--RATS IN BREWERIES, SLAUGHTER-HOUSES, MARKETS, STABLES, AND -BARN-YARDS. - -The writer, in the course of his many rat-hunting expeditions, has had -occasion to observe the rats in the lower cellars of many large New York -breweries, where beer was about all they could get to live on. The sage -old rodents, I observed, that had become accustomed to this diet--and -had noted scientifically its queer effects in large doses on the rat -system--indulged in a moderate way, and became aged, good-natured, and -fat, like some jovial, bald-headed old merchant of the human type. The -young rats, however, that had been recruited from the neighboring -houses, would proceed immediately to paint a limited part of the town -quite crimson with much hilariousness and quantities of beer, after -which they could be killed or caught without much bother, lying around -through the passage-ways in a beastly intoxicated state. Here they lay, -squealing faintly, and without concern, on their backs. We may find in -this, if we care to look for it, a really valuable temperance lesson; -for, when the rodents imbibed with moderation, they were of a strong and -healthy race, and greatly looked up to in the gnawing community; but, -when they quaffed too heavily, they became poets, and cared not for the -affairs of this small earth, whereupon they were ignobly killed with a -club by some base son of man. In slaughter-houses, they become so -unconscious after having gorged themselves with a hearty dinner of hot -blood and other warm offal, that hundreds of them could be picked up and -massacred with but very faint resistance on the otherwise cautious rat's -part. - -In old markets, rats yet do valuable service as sanitary inspectors, by -demolishing the amount of refuse and garbage; but in other channels they -are the very demons of destruction. They are especially fond of cheese; -and in the cheese-dealers' stalls they go at their work of procuring -this in a highly artistic way. They drill holes through the flooring -beneath the largest cheeses, and then work their way up and eat into -them, consuming pounds upon pounds in a single night. The men sometimes -find a large cheese with the interior scooped entirely out, leaving the -rind, in hollow mockery, simply an empty, worthless shell. In the -butchers' shops, the rats are connoisseurs in the quality of meat, -always seeking out the primest portions of the beef in preference to any -others. - -Around barn-yards they destroy the grain, oats, and every species of -fowl, from the smallest to the largest specimen. In going at their work -of destruction, they spring upon the neck of the victims, and pierce and -bite it through with their teeth. They then suck the blood first, or -else eat into the flesh as they would into a cheese, often contenting -themselves with the blood and leaving the carcass. In stables the -harness and the axle grease, even, suffice to make a square meal for -them in default of better fodder; they also make the horses frantic by -fiendishly gnawing at their hoofs. - - -IX.--RATS AS WINE DRINKERS. - -In a neat and cleverly written little book on Spain, it is observed that -"in the wine cellars the bungs in the heads of the butts containing -sweet wines had little square pieces of tin nailed over them. This was -to protect them from the rats who otherwise get upon the edge of the -butt, and lick the sweet wine which oozes through, then begin to nibble -the bung, and go on, if they are let alone, till out rushes the wine in -a stream." The effects of the rats' ingenuity seems to bear rather a -kind intention toward his two-legged brother, described in the -following: "This happened not long ago to a large _tonel_ of the finest -Pedro Jimenez, which, was stored with others in the ground-floor of a -house, the owner of which was away in Seville, with the key, which he -would trust to no one, in his pocket. One morning out came the bung, -long nibbled by rats, and, about three hundred gallons of the wine ran -out into the gutter. It was a queer sight, people rushing to dip it up -with any vessel that came to hand, some of them presently using mops, -and the small boys, who had found it was sweet, and lapped up as much as -they could get at, lying around the street in various stages of -intoxication," after the manner of our frisky friends, the joyous rats -of the brewery cellars. - - -X.--DESTRUCTIVENESS. - -The rat's bite, and especially that of old rats, is very poisonous, and -its teeth are finely adapted for severe, quick, sharp, and deep cutting. -It forms an urgent natural necessity for them, owing to the peculiar -structure and growth of their teeth, to keep them incessantly working. -The idea never comes to the rats of a possible breaking off of their -tusks in attacking such flexible objects as bricks or lead, and the -writer has seen cases in which the rats cheerfully went to work gnawing -off corners of bricks and granite, in a persistent manner, so that they -could make an opening large enough for their admission into a house. -Nothing is exempt from their merciless teeth. They mutilate the woodwork -on the valuable drawing-room chair just as readily as they would the -dingiest, most plebeian sort of washtub, and they make sad havoc of -upholstery of all kinds. They seem to have an especially lasting grudge -against the transmission of knowledge, for books are gnawed and -mutilated by them in immense quantities. They gnaw paper, from legal -documents of the highest value (and many an important writing has been -hopelessly destroyed by their agency), to the most worthless treatise on -"Four-Fingered Mike; or, The Terror of Hoboken." Our clothing, shoes, -hat-gear, etc., is turned out by the rats in a pitifully dilapidated -condition. They also eat into lead pipes for the purpose of obtaining -water, which it is hard for them to do without, although we have found -that they can be without food for a much greater length of time. When -the rats are pressed for drink on board ship, they lay low in the -day-time, but in the evening they stealthily come out on the deck from -the hold, in a long row, single file, in order to sip the moisture from -the rigging. - -By examining the Fire Marshal's Report of New York City from 1868 to -1882, we learn that rats have been the cause of 79 fires during 12 -years, making an average of five fires a year. This is on account of the -rats' strong propensity for nibbling matches. In the same report is a -warning against the loose and careless manner in which matches are left -in pantries and closets infested by rats and mice with a fondness for -this kind of diet. The great attraction for the rodents in the matches -is the phosphorus, which these useful articles contain in abundance, and -which the rats are able to scent out from a great distance. - - -XI.--RATS AS FOOD. - -If you were lunching on something similar in taste to roast partridge, -and some one told you, after you had finished, that it was only domestic -house rat, your interior machinery would probably be disarranged--to -such an extent is the bare mention of the word rat repugnant to our -senses and stomachs. - -In the course of an experiment, the writer has cooked and boiled rats, -and has found that their meat is of a very tender quality, and of a -white, inviting appearance, withal, although he never went the length of -partaking of it. Our objection to the rat's serving as food is too -deeply rooted and profound to be removed, although there are a great -many animals whose flesh forms our staple food that have habits much -dirtier, and who do not nearly live upon as cleanly a diet (and this is -a broad statement) as our despised house rat. From this eulogium we -gently but firmly exclude the rat gentry of the sewers. We must give the -Chinese credit for having overcome the effete European prejudice against -the rat as food. Seemingly, it is the most highly prized dish that the -sons of leprosy have in their bill of fare. The crews of the American -and English vessels lying in Canton harbor used to amuse themselves -greatly in catching a rat, and then holding the kicking animal by the -tail so that the Celestials in the junks alongside could get a good view -of it. The Mongolians would then get very much excited, utter -exclamations of a gobbling, clucking sound, and as soon as the -spluttering, frightened rat was flung from the ship an uproarious -scramble followed, that made them look like so many monkeys quarreling -over a cocoanut. - -A writer tell us, in a well-written magazine article, that he has lived -fifteen years in China, and has had "experience at public banquets, -social dinners, and ordinary meals, in company with all classes of -people, but was exceedingly surprised at never having seen cat, dog, or -rat served up in any form whatsoever." We are sorry the gentleman -neglects to state _whether he'd know the difference_. The odds are -twenty to one that he wouldn't; because, as he knows himself, the -Chinese are excellent cooks, and can prepare a good meal from what in -other countries would be thought offal. He makes the admission, -however, that "there are some peculiar people in China, as well as -elsewhere--credulous and superstitious--some of whom believe that the -flesh of dogs, cats, and rats, possesses medicinal properties. For -instance, some silly women believe that the flesh of rats restores the -hair; some believe that dog meat and cat meat renews the blood, and -quacks often prescribe it. What the Chinese really do eat does not vary -much from that found on American tables; but there are certain dishes -not on our programmes that are considered delicacies by everybody--such -as edible bird's-nests and sharks' fins." To this we can add -conscientiously, and upon weighty private authority--fried split rat, -stewed dog, and curried cat with rice. In this place it would be -appropriate of us to say something of the peculiarities of Chinese -food--of the way the dogs and cats are carefully bred for the palates of -the Chinese epicures; how these former animals are invitingly exposed -for sale in the marketplaces; and we would willingly describe the -methods of the dog and cat breeders, and the manner of curing and -cooking the rats--but want of space forbids. We will merely state that -there are many cases in which rats were eaten much nearer home than -China; but, as the persons undertaking the experiment were slowly -starving to death, and would have quickly eaten each other rather than -accept the jolly alternative of dying by hunger, these instances are not -of a remarkable nature, and are consequently unworthy of note in the -present annals. - - -XII.--RAT NESTS. - -Rats are impartial in their building sites--they have contentedly built -their nests in the wretched and filthy peasant's hovel and in the most -palatial and luxurious residences of kings, and a human habitation must -indeed be in the extreme of squalor, dirt and decay where they are not -found sprawling. Shakespeare pithily expresses this in the "Tempest:" - - "In few they hurried us aboard a bark, - Bore us some leagues to sea, where they prepar'd - A rotten carcass of a boat, not rigg'd, - Nor tackle, sail nor mast--_the very rats_ - Instinctively had quit it." - -The rat living in a house prefers warm, soft quarters, and invariably -gets within comfortable distances of stoves, ranges, heaters, -steam-pipes, etc. This is a very dangerous habit, because his nest is -always constructed of inflammable materials. At times he also lugs -matches into it, and then if the steam-pipes should become overheated, -the matches blaze up and spread the flames. We have read in the -newspapers of a great many fires afterwards found to have been caused in -this way. The rat's nest is made of black and colored silk, of linen, -woolen and cotton materials, bits of canvas, dirty rags, fur, silk -stockings, and antique lace of much value jumbled together with string -and crumpled paper. In one instance we knew of a rat to make use of a -building material more out of the ordinary run than these, as it -consisted simply of fifteen hundred dollars in greenbacks that had been -put under the carpet of a room for safe keeping, and which was -afterwards found in mutilated fragments, thatched together, forming this -queer old mercenary rat's abode. The rat uses his nest too as a -storehouse, and here he lays by quantities of edibles for a rainy day. -The writer came across a nest, once upon a time, the sole building -materials of which were those undergarments, both masculine and -feminine, fashioned so slenderly, but which we dare not mention. This -nest contained a peck or so of beans, though in the house where it was -built beans had not been stored nor used, the writer found out, for at -least three months. Out of doors or in fields the rats' nests are built -of hay, leaves, shavings, and wool. The rat is, besides his other -praiseworthy qualities, an inveterate old thief, and in decorating his -dwelling picturesquely he becomes quite lavish, as gold rings, diamonds, -jewels of every value, and gold and silver watches, that had been -missed, were found in rat nests. Here they were generally discovered set -off with much taste by a piece of salt bag. In one rat's nest I found a -set of false teeth in perfect condition. The rat could not have wanted -to use them himself, because they were several sizes too big for him. He -probably wanted them for a tool-box or jewel-case or some other equally -useful object. The writer remembers reading in some odd book of a -good-natured person who had discovered a family of young rats in a piano -that stood in a room for some time unfrequented. They had made -themselves so much at home in the interior of the instrument that the -owner was unwilling to disturb them by playing upon it. The female rat -probably wanted to get her young to some safe place away from her liege -lord, and had succeeded in gnawing up through the leg of the piano. She -had brought with her, in which to build a nest, a dirty striped -stocking big enough to have belonged to some distinguished Dime Museum -fat lady. - - -XIII.--THE RAT'S MUSICAL TALENTS AND EYESIGHT. - -Rats love sweet, soft, melodious tones, and a great many experiments -have been made in taming rats thereby, but only with indifferent success -upon the sharp-witted rodents, in spite of all the pretty stories to -the contrary in the reading-books. So high is the rat's musical -understanding rated, that there is a proverb among the people that rats -immediately disappear from the house as soon as a young lady begins -taking lessons on the piano. A mouth-harmonica seems to be the rat's -favorite musical instrument, and its gentle strains exert the most power -over him, far more than the tones of any other instrument. If the music -be soft, mild, and pathetic, the rat will listen and come very near, for -he is a very susceptible sort of beast, and, if closely observed, tears -of sorrow, or of sad and tender reminiscence, will be seen coursing -slowly down his cheeks. But if, on the contrary, the music be harsh, -shrill, and discordant, such as would most likely be ground out by -beginners, or if it proceed from a brass instrument, or drum, or if it -be occasioned by a shotgun report, or explosion, it may drive the -impressionable animals from places where they had been used to frequent. -If, however, one is unsuccessful in trying to scare off the rats by -noise at the first inning, a repetition will be of no avail. - -The rat will take up his nest in all and any out-of-the way places, as -he shuns the light and lives wholly in the dark and gloom. This is the -cause of his poor sight; he can hardly see at all in the daytime, and in -the night a little better. If you should meet with a rat by day, looking -square in your face, depend upon it he isn't able to see you at all, in -spite of the pretty gleam in his black eyes. His minutely acute ears, -however, do him good service instead of eyes, so that he has very little -occasion to miss the latter at all. - -The rat is generally very timid, and extremely nervous, the slightest -disturbance repelling him and making him shrink into obscurity and -shadow. Yet it is his great peculiarity that he can adapt himself to any -extremity of climate or description of place; he is found making himself -at home in hotels, factories, public gardens, and other haunts of loud -and constant noise, bustle, and confusion. - - -XIV.--RATS AS MORALISTS. - -The Lord in making the rats is imputed to have done so to have them -serve as scavengers for his wandering, wasteful tribes of children. But -in our own day, as the majority of us do not wander, nor have wandered -continually for the last two or three thousand years or so, and have -slapped up many supposedly permanent villages like London, New York, or -Paris, the restless, ambitious rat took into his head not to limit -himself to such dirty kind of work exclusively. He then formed the -resolution, and further carried out the purposes of his creator by -taking upon himself the philosophic office of keeping man's pride in -check. This he did by literally chipping a large proportion of the gilt -off man's earthy grandeur, and by destroying his works and belongings at -every possible opportunity, with right hearty good-will and much -perseverance. "Therefore," says a writer, "whatever man does, rat always -takes a share in the proceedings. Whether it be building a ship, -erecting a church, digging a grave, plowing a field, storing a pantry, -taking a journey, or planting a distant colony, rat is sure to have -something to do in the matter; man and his gear can no more get -transplanted from place to place without him, than without the ghost in -the wagon that 'flitted too'." - - -XV.--RATS IN THE GOOD OLD DAYS, AND THE MODERN RAT SUPERSTITIONS. - -In the merry days of old, rats were regarded as undisputed signs of -witchcraft, and even scholars acknowledged this--at least they were -compelled to, by the help of a blazing pile of faggots, or similar mild -means known only to the good old times. What caused this belief among -the people was, that an animal appearing to them so small should be the -cause of such intense and continual annoyance to them. There was no -barrier through which the rat could not effect its way to get at a -certain object, thanks to its wonderful powers of gnawing. It was so -omnivorous, ferocious, and destructive, that the people endowed the rat -with superhuman qualities, and regarded it as a true child of the Devil, -put upon this earth to be always pestering them. In regard to the rat's -superhuman qualities, it appears to have certainly displayed more -reason and acuteness, fighting in the daily battle of life, than any one -of these thick-skulled humans could lay claim to. It was looked on with -a great and most unreasonable aversion and loathing, born of -superstition and fear, and which we find vehemently expressed in all the -ancient books on the subject. This feeling, we cannot help believing, is -not dead yet, according to the astounding anecdotes brought forth and -widely copied in a great many of our American newspapers. The facts and -data given in these learned articles about the rat's size, weight, and -habits, in general, would make his hair stand on end with horror if he -were to read them. As a matter of fact, the ordinary brown rat, which we -find everywhere near man, is a pretty black-eyed, softly robed, and -delicately constructed little animal; and although his fur may be -plainly colored, like the plumage of the sparrow amongst birds, yet it -is of the finest texture, and, when possible, is always kept -scrupulously clean. In solitary captivity he is continually sitting on -his haunches, cleaning his fur like a cat; and the writer has found, by -actual experiment, the weight of twelve full-grown, well-fed New York -city rats to amount to exactly twelve and a half pounds. - -Formerly, in European countries, there was a general belief in the -existence of strange and mysterious relations between this great slimy -monster and the high-priests of witchcraft and sorcery. It was thought -that this was the animal best adapted to carry out the diabolical plots -of his Satanic majesty. In one part of Norway, the peasants used -devoutly to hold a fast day once a year, trusting thereby to get rid of -the pests of rats and mice. They had a Latin exorcism which they used -on these occasions, beginning with the words, "Exerciso nos pestiferos, -vermes mures," etc. Anything a rat left its trace upon was an omen of -ill to the owner; and when by any chance a rat was ever seen on a cow's -back the poor animal was doomed to pine slowly to death in consequence. -In Ireland it was believed that premises could be rid of rats by -reciting a rhyme over their holes, which was commonly called "rhyming -rats to death." - - -XVI.--REVIEW OF THE RAT, AND CONCLUSION. - -But since these times the people have succeeded in getting rid of a -great quantity of superstition attached to the subject. It has also been -learned gradually that the actions of the rat are prompted much more by -natural than by diabolical instinct. However timorous and innocent -looking we have found the rat to be upon impartial observation, yet his -is a case of wolf in sheep's clothing, for he is the one of the whole -brute creation that does the most undermining damage in every way to the -homes, workshops, counting-rooms, store-houses and cultivated fields and -acres of man. The rat is also at times his very ferocious personal -enemy. The rat's code of morals will be found rather deficient, as we -have tried to explain in the preceding rambling remarks. In fact, there -are condensed in this small animal all the vices of the animal world. We -have shown him in the pleasant light of a cannibal briefly making an end -of all family ties by transferring his relatives down his stomach. We -have traced a faint outline of his great food greediness and his -intemperance in strong drink, which is pretty near up to the human -standard. We have pictured his strong liking for the hot blood of man -and his utterly lacking an organ of veneration, digging up man's bones -from their final resting-place to have them serve as food. - -The strongest weapon the rats have against man, ranking even above their -wonderfully constructed teeth, are their prodigious multiplying powers, -"and," says Richardson, "if the rats were suffered to increase in -numbers, unchecked, the time would not be far distant when the entire -globe would but suffice to furnish food for their rapacious appetites to -the exclusion of the human race." The only way man can hold his own -against their mighty ravages and prevent his whole social organization -from being undermined by them, is to wage a steady and unrelenting war, -by the help of his own arts and the animals specially assigned by nature -to do service for him as police, against the most bloodthirsty, cruel, -and acute of enemies. - - - - -RAT EXTERMINATION. - - -There are four distinct methods of rat extermination, viz.: 1. Traps. 2. -Poisons. 3. Cats, Dogs, and Ferrets. 4. Human Rat-catchers. We will -first give some practical hints on - - -I.--TRAPS. - -The rat is by no means one of the least intelligent of quadrupeds, and -there is one thing we feel solid about--when he knows you really want to -trap him he'll do his level best to avoid your kind intentions. There -are shoals of ingenious rat-traps with plenty of mechanism in them which -are certainly good as long as you don't plainly advertise them to the -rats, which is about equal to saying "Look out, rats, this is a trap for -you, with a bait!" After you have put out this charitable notice nary a -rodent will you catch. We will now show how most simple people, after -catching a lone specimen, give themselves "dead away," to speak -classically, to all the rats there are in the neighborhood. Get a trap, -no matter of what shape, material or brand--but by all means get one -that doesn't let the rat out again after he has been once caught. Bait -it with anything nice and tempting, and put it near the rat-hole, just -where they come out, any time before you go to bed. In the morning you -probably find you have caught a rat--maybe a big, grizzled old -fellow with a scabby tail, or else a young one, half frightened to -death--anyway it _is_ a rat, and a real live one at that, and you can -forthwith proceed to kill him. Now clean your trap and smoke it out. -Bait it again with the same care and, hundred to one, you find--_no -rat_. The mystery of it is this: The first rat that came out of the hole -on the first night saw you had put down something for him, so he sniffed -the dainty bait and remarked under his breath that he was a devilish -lucky dog and that he had struck a superior sort of a free lunch all to -himself. With that he entered--the trap snapped harshly and cruelly, and -the nervous little animal became frightened and sought to escape from -his seeming abode of luxury. He couldn't get out, squealed long and -plaintively, and worked hard against the sides of his prison. Bye and -bye all the other rats came out to see the cause of all the racket. -After investigating they find their young friend has been dolefully -sold, and together make and keep a vow to steer clear of your traps ever -afterwards. This is why you catch but one rat and no more; for a much -more stupid and less nervous animal than a rat is would keep away from a -similar arrangement in the future. We shall now try the experiment over -again, but in a different fashion. Suppose we select a big round trap -with falling doors at the sides and a hole on top. First be sure that -the doors lift up and fall down very easily. If the bottom of the trap -is of wire place it on sawdust, so that the rats are comfortable in it. -Put the trap _away_ from the hole, near the wall of the cellar, if in -winter near the warmest place, always in a dark spot. As our friend -likes comfort so much, put a bag over the trap, so that he can find the -falling doors easily. Get some rags scented with about fifteen drops of -either oil of rhodium, oil of carraway, oil of aniseed, or a mixture of -these oils. First tie a string around them and swab them around the -rat-holes, then drag them on the ground near the wall, to the place -where the rat-trap is and rub the rags well over it, then put them in. -Have some nice tempting bait in the trap, either carrots, meat, broiled -bacon, or cheese--anything fresh will do--but be careful to put in -enough of it. If the trap is placed as we have above directed the rat -will get in and not try to escape. _Make the trap as much unlike a trap -and as much like a natural hiding-place as possible._ If this is done, -it is highly probable you will have your cage chock-full of rats the -next morning. It is very seldom this fails, but if it should not succeed -the first night proceed as follows: Put the trap exactly as I have told -you, with the exception to tie up the sliding doors. Let it stand there -until the rats have eaten it out several times, replacing the bait. -After the rats get used to frequent the place and think they have a -"soft snap" on you, let down your falling doors again and you have them -all! - -After all is said and done, the most practical of all rat-traps is my -little "Special Steel Trap," which catches one rat at a time, but its -cost is so reasonable that you can have a dozen of them for the price of -one of the big wire ones. It is an utter impossibility for the rats to -avoid being caught if the traps are properly placed, and it can, with -ease, be so nicely adjusted that the gentlest touch of a rat's paw will -insure his immediate capture. And when Mister Rat has put down that -little paw of his he is as securely held as if he were nailed to -the floor. I have over ten thousand of these traps in use in my -professional rat-exterminating operations and sell barrels of them. The -larger the space to be covered the more traps are required, and, where -it is possible, remove your rat as soon as caught. Place the traps in -the natural run of the rats; around swill-barrels, along the walls, etc. -Its chief practical beauty is its innocent appearance, as there is -nothing about its placid surface which tells the rats of its unerring -aim. With every trap we furnish a chain-attachment and fastener; the -latter is for the purpose of securing it to the flooring and prevents -the rats from dragging the trap. As this Special Steel Trap is a boon to -large institutions, ships, shops, factories, stores, hotels, -office-buildings, flat-houses, warehouses, private dwellings, -slaughter-houses, etc., etc., I quote the following prices on it, which -are net: - - Per dozen $3.00 - Per hundred 20.00 - - -II.--POISONS. - -The common rat poisons are Arsenic, Strychnine and Paris-green. These -are put up by enterprising people under a multitude of suggestive names, -without specifying the kind of poisons used, however, or even a warning -of their being poisonous, as the law implicitly directs. There is, -indeed, a great deal of criminal negligence in the way these poisons are -put upon the market, as in some the proportion of poison is so great -that it would kill an elephant--whereas it should be exactly -graded to the rat's capacity. The proportion of arsenic in one -very-much-advertised rat-poison now in use, as analyzed by Dr. Otto -Grothe, a Brooklyn chemist, consists of 98.19 per cent. pure arsenic -and 1.81 per cent. admixtures (coal, etc.). Would-be suicides and -murderers have made use of these poisons extensively. Poisons in powdery -form--such as arsenic and strychnine--are liable, very easily, indeed, -to get mixed up with food, and have in that way been a powerful -death-dealing agency. Their peculiar effect on the rats is to allow them -to get over-doses, causing violent vomiting, followed by complete -failure to kill or drive out. The Phosphoric Paste, the "Sure Pop" brand -of which is very carefully manufactured by the present writer, is free -from all of these objections, as it is in salve form and very hard to be -accidentally mixed up with edibles of any kind. It is impossible for the -rats to receive overdoses of it; and the phosphorus has the effect of -burning and irritating them internally and forcing them to run for fresh -air. Arsenic and strychnine rat-poisons are usually prepared in such -heavy quantities that the rats prematurely die in the holes. On the -other hand, the amount of actual poisonous matter in this "Sure Pop" -Phosphoric Paste has been exactly proportioned to the rat's system, -making the amount of poison very slight. There is no secret at all in -the compounding of this preparation, but it requires much experience and -study of the rat's nature, preferences and habits to make it so that it -will work with proper effect. The utmost daintiness is also required in -the handling of all its ingredients. We have practically shown on page -40 how the smell of phosphorus is the most powerful of attractions known -to the rat, and how it will operate when everything else fails. - - -III.--DOGS, CATS AND FERRETS. - -The claims of cats as one of the rat remedies we shall have to dismiss -in very short order, as the exceptional cases in which they do good work -are altogether too few and far between. The only domestic animal which -really possesses value in _hunting_ rats is the ferret, as, by reason of -its india-rubber joints, it can pursue its prey home. Any terrier--no -matter what variety--having a fair amount of intelligence can be broken -in with ferrets, so that your ferret can do the hunting out and the -dog--at the proper moment--can do the killing. The fox-terrier is by far -the best ratting-terrier. He is quick, understands and remembers what is -taught him, is full of ambition, and readily learns to regard the -ferrets as his partners in the rat-hunt. - - -IV.--HUMAN RAT-CATCHERS. - -The directions given with each of the remedies advocated by me are so -plain that anyone can successfully put them into use. Where the rats -have got altogether too thick, or where they hold possession of a place -in such a way that there appears no clue to dislodging them, it is quite -advisable to call in an expert. To this effect I have perfected a -regular system of rat-exterminating in which the remedies I mention in -this book are systematically applied--under my own superintendence--by a -corps of experts. Through this improved system I am enabled to take -contracts to exterminate rats (and also other vermin) from any kind of -building in any city or town in the United States, providing the job is -large enough. Correspondence on the subject given prompt attention. - - - - -THE ORIGIN OF THE FERRET. - -WITH HINTS TO DARWIN. - - -We have stated, in the first chapter of this book, that the verb -"ferret" is derived from the animal of the same name, but many -_savants_, and even "plain people," as Lincoln said, have cudgeled their -brains trying to trace from whence the _animal_ has derived its name. -After long and tedious delving into histories and musty tomes having -even the slightest bearing on the subject, we are able herewith to -enlighten these gentlemen. For this illumination they have long been -waiting, we have no doubt, with the utmost anxiety and impatience. This -requires us to go at length into the matter, and entails upon us the -writing of the ferret's development from prehistoric times until merged -into the animal of to-day, with its present shape, instincts, and -habits. In the course of the essay we also prove conclusively that the -animal originally comes from America. Many scientists will no doubt deem -it peculiar to find us using many modern and untechnical terms in the -following history, but let them rest assured that if we were to make use -of our extensive scientific knowledge of the subject it would compel -them to hunt up all the lexicons that had ever been compiled! - -In the very good and very old days before our present reckoning, when -mankind sported tails and was protected against the wind and weather by -a long, hairy covering, and when both animals and man had a language of -their own--in those times it was that two fair-sized buck Martens, one -of the Beech and the other of the Stone species, stood on the southern -point of what is now called Cape Farewell, in Greenland, longitude 30 -deg. 30' east, latitude 60 deg. 2' north. They trembled violently from -excitement, because they had just finished a friendly set-to of 64 -rounds, lasting 3 hours 10 minutes, New York time, and which both had so -far survived. The referee, an old good-natured fox, saw with his keen -off-eye that there was no more fight in either of them, and pronounced -the battle a _draw_, telling them to try it again on some future day, -whereupon he speedily took his departure, as he was very busy just at -that time umpiring base-ball games. The contestants then shook forepaws, -a custom which has survived the centuries, and after a little cold water -and rest had restored them they mended their broken friendship and made -solemn pledges not to try harming each other any more. They further made -a bargain to set up a business firm, which meant in those days, as it -does now, division of spoils. In the language of that time the Beech -Marten was called _Ver_, and his partner, the Stone Marten, _Rect_, -therefore the firm was called "The Ver and Rect Bill-of-Fare Improving -Co." This title explains part of their object in making the trip -described in the following pages. The other agreements were to do it in -perfect harmony, and at the end of their pilgrimage to stick forever by -that particular diet that had suited them best. They were both very -glad of their compact, because each one had formed a high opinion of -the other's powers evidenced in the pummeling of one another's ribs. -Talking things over leisurely, they found themselves getting hungry, and -as their stomach was and is yet the Mainspring of their actions, they -resolved to start immediately on the expedition. After they had traveled -48 hours due south-east (a direction which they instinctively followed -all through their wanderings) they had the good luck to stumble upon a -small but very fat pig, snoring comfortably on the banks of a river, -known then as the Atlantic river, but since developed into the ocean of -the same name, a further account of which is given further on. Ver and -Rect found the stream about the size of our present Hudson as it flows -by Weehawken. The partners accordingly killed the pig without much -bother, ate it, and took a short nap (for those times) of three days, -and after waking they stretched themselves, hopped around, and took a -drink from the river, but no sooner had they swallowed a little of the -water than they commenced spitting, spluttering, and twisting their -faces into all shapes, as the water was very salt and brackish. Eating -the very fat pig and drinking the salt water had not agreed with Ver and -Rect, and they put down the following on the tablets of their minds for -future reference: "Fat pig bad feed--salt water ditto." Hence all their -descendants, right up to this day, never indulge in pork or use salt at -all. - -[Illustration] - -Ver, who wore spectacles, then took the reckoning, and found they had -just traveled 1910 prehistoric miles, quite a distance for those days. -The firm resolved lazily to start again, and after yawning a good deal, -and lying in the sun a little while longer, they still felt unpleasant -fat-pig and salt-water sensations. They paddled across the Atlantic -river, and by the time they had arrived on _the other side_ they had no -objection to lunching again, and as fortune seemed to favor them, they -spied in the distance a very big woodchuck. After an exciting chase, Ver -and Rect captured him, and at first devoured him with vim. The poor -Martens, however, were doomed to disappointment, for when they had -bolted their prize and had taken their usual nap of three days, they -woke up with great pains in their much-abused interior departments. They -thought the woodchuck business over carefully and made this inward -memorandum: "Woodchuck may be very good, but we prefer lead-pipe." - -Four days after the feast of the woodchuck, wandering on rather -discontentedly, they were suddenly delighted by a wonderful change in -the climate, that had previously been harsh and cold, but was now mild -and radiant. Birds were singing from beautiful trees, Nanny and Billy -goats, and sheep were gamboling about cheerfully. Lions and wolves were -doing a thriving business, and, just like the bulls and bears of to-day, -were all living on the poor lambs. The Martens wandered about a mile -through this happy land, and in course of time, bethinking themselves of -their sacred mission, they fell to work on a Billy goat, who was slain, -after a hard fight, as an offering to their great god, The Stomach. It -is evidenced by our records that this goat must have been a huge animal, -for Ver and Rect lived three days on his carcass, although at the end of -this time they felt rather sick. The entry in their inward journal was -as follows: "Disgusted with Billy goat; hopes of finding our steady -feed very gloomy." Rect began to feel discouraged, but Ver cheered him -up, saying unto him: "Rec', I have a feeling within my bones which tells -me our promised land of Good Feed draws near. Brace up thy suspenders, -and let us be of good mien and travail onward, for there is no -philosopher on earth of a cheerful temper with his belly unhinged." -Verily, after a two days' journey, they observed, to their joy, right on -their road, a great mountain overgrown with timber and underbrush. Upon -reaching it, they found it full of game of all kinds, some of which they -began to attack immediately. Among others they caught a little, delicate -gray rabbit, and after critically tasting its flesh, were delighted with -its flavor. They thought now they had found a solid bill-of-fare -material, and made arrangements for staying in the place by digging -themselves comfortable beds under the roots of a big tree. There was -such an abundance of these delicious rabbits that Ver and Rect concluded -they had enough of a wandering life, and that the mission of the -"Bill-of-Fare Improving Co." was fulfilled. They called the land, on -account of the great number of these little animals, _Engelland_, -meaning the land of the Engels, or angels, at present England. Having -kept bachelor's hall for awhile under the big tree, they formed the -acquaintance of some of their rich neighbors, who were very kind to -them, and whom the Martens found to be relatives of theirs. To Ver and -Rect's former pastimes of hunting, eating, drinking (cold water), and -sleeping, they now added courting. Ver acquainted himself with a pretty -young Miss Weasel, a blonde, and paid her attention, and Rect took -fancy to a handsome and stately Miss Mink, a brunette. In two hours -after their first courtship--the thing was done quicker in those -days--Ver and Rect were married men. They begot children, grandchildren, -and great-grandchildren, who in their turn intermarried into the -families of the Sables, the Fitches, and the Ermines, but all the -descendants of Ver and Rect went under the name of Ver-Rects, afterwards -verrects, until it has been gradually mellowed into our present -_ferrets_. The ferrets now lived in the woods of old Engelland, hunting -and eating rabbits and enjoying themselves with all their families on -this only ingredient of their bill-of-fare, which Ver and Rect thought -of making the permanent ferret food by law. Of course the ferrets grew -into the most expert of rabbit-hunters, and they have retained this -ability to the present day. Never after they had been in Engelland did -Ver or Rect or their descendants subsist on pigs, woodchucks, or -billy-goats. One morning a great accident happened, which brought them a -different kind of food, consisting of a large army of black rats. The -way it happened was this: The earth on which we now live, and which -swings around at a pretty good gait on its own axle, broke it right near -the north pole and all the waters spilled out there. They overflowed the -Atlantic river 1500 miles on each side, and thus formed our present -Atlantic Ocean. The high mountain of England was just saved from the -water, making it an island, and just then 750,000 live rats swam on -shore to save themselves from drowning. - -The ferrets killed a few of these rats to experiment upon, and were more -than delighted with the tender meat, Ver and Rect making the ferret's -bill-of-fare for all ages chiefly consist of rabbits and rats. Sometimes -the ferrets went rabbit and sometimes rat-hunting, and were as expert in -the one as in the other, and so it is that the ferret of to-day occupies -itself, by the mandates of its forefathers, Ver and Rect, in the -vigorous hunting throughout all lands of the rat and the rabbit. From -whence the rats came before they arrived in England will be found in the -next chapter. - - -THE CONTINUATION OF THE FORMER CHAPTER. - -Our rats are from China. The proof of this will be found in more -particularly observing the rat's looks, vices and nature, the manner in -which he carries his (pig)tail, and further, the great love of the -Chinaman for him. We contend also that the Chinaman and the rat are -relatives, for it can be said of both, as it has been said of one, - - "That for ways that are dark, - And for tricks that are vain, - The heathen Chinee is peculiar." - -So we say positively that the rat is Chinese, and there is no record -that can prove the contrary. The rats were kept locked up in that great -empire of solid fences before they showed themselves to the other -countries of the earth. Forty years before the great Ver and Rect -battle, 750,000 big rats, with their tails out straight, like real -Chinese pig-tails, concluded to make an exodus out of the heavenly -territory, under the leadership of 75 big chiefs. They didn't want to -leave particularly, but they were afraid of being starved out -altogether, or else murdered for food by the Chinese army. After the -rats had put themselves in battle array, and were duly formed in -procession, the 75 big chiefs, who were distinguished from the others by -their big red noses and muscular forms, held a council. At the end of a -three days' session, during which a great many speeches had been made -and a good deal of fighting had been going on, a very old political -rat-boss arose and made a proposition. His speech was about as follows: -"Honored Rats, and fellow-citizens: I have been a rat for a good many -years, and don't want to change my business. I must say I like being a -rat. But if we are hacked up in soup, or starved out completely, I have -my doubts of our staying powers. Countrymen and lovers, this is what we -are threatened with, and we must move. Where to? is the question that -arises, and I have thought it over. The climate is hot to suffocation -and very unhealthy here; let us trust to luck and go west, as a friend -of mine said on a similar occasion. 'Go West, young man, go West,' I say -unto you now, and I advise you to do so as speedily as possible." This -speech was received with "tremendous applause" for the old rat waxed -very eloquent, and the "go west" resolution was passed unanimously. An -amendment was put in, changing the course to north-west, for the meeting -was held during such hot weather, that some of the radicals wanted to -start out immediately and settle on the North Pole. They were promptly -overruled, of course, and the 750,000 rats, including males and females, -wandered on slowly in their chosen direction, increasing on the road to -a wonderful extent. The council concluded to hold a thorough count or -census of rats, and each male rat, it was provided, should not be -bashful about coming forward and giving the true number of his whole -family--no doctoring of the returns allowed. After the count was -completed, all the rats over and above the original amount, 750,000, -agreed to stay in the country they had arrived at. The originals kept on -moving towards the north-west, but the others filled up every section of -the earth they passed through. The rats made friends with neither man -nor animal on their journey. First they made a stop in a state where all -the owls--although they were countrymen of the rats, having emigrated -from China--fell upon them, and there was a pitched battle, the rats -afterwards hiding themselves in their holes under ground after losing a -great many in dead and wounded. One day they agreed to make an excursion -out of the line of their route and so take in Egypt. In a few weeks they -here ate up all the corn from the fields, stealing and hiding away -anything edible, and quite creating a panic, but always fighting shy of -the daylight. We read in the histories of a great locust plague in -Egypt, about this time, but on this point we have a revelation to make. -The locust was just as innocent of this crime as it is of building the -Brooklyn Bridge--_it was the rats that did it_. When the rats arrived in -Greece they scored a signal victory, because it was there that they -extirminated a whole nation--the mice--and the former have strongly held -this country ever since. We are authentically informed, by reference to -our own private rat historian's notes of this trip, that the first place -the rats met their great enemy, the Dog, was in Ancient Rome, where the -dogs were put on them by man with much success, and here the rats could -get no firm foothold. This caused them a roundabout journey north, and -when they thought they had pretty well established themselves in ancient -Gaul, now France, they were raided by a strange tigerish kind of animal -which proved afterwards a lasting antagonist of theirs--the Cat. The -poor rodents found here the other enemies they had encountered on the -road, the owl and the dog, who were always urged on fiercely by man. -While the rats were struggling along in France, the land was convulsed -by an earthquake, causing the Atlantic river's banks to be overflowed. -This submerged the land on which the rats were, and as they all could -swim they headed their course for England, the nearest dry land. It was -here the ferrets joined man, dogs, cats and owls, but the more the rats -were hunted, the more acute and crafty they got to be, until they found -out innumerable hiding-places and ways of preservation, so we have them -still with us to-day. We thus close our story of research, through which -we have shown America as the birthplace of the ferret, China of the rat, -and England as the first country employing ferrets for rat-hunting. - - - - - FERRETS: - - SURE POP BREED. - - RAISED AND TRAINED - - BY THE - - AUTHOR OF THIS BOOK. - - EVERY FERRET SOLD IS WARRANTED AS - REPRESENTED. - - DEPOT--92 FULTON STREET, - - NEW YORK CITY. - - - - - HOUSES CLEARED - - --OF-- - - RATS - - WITH FERRETS, - - --BY-- - - CONTRACT. - - DEPOT--92 FULTON STREET, - - NEW YORK CITY. - - - - - SURE POP - - PHOSPHORIC PASTE, - - FOR THE - - DESTRUCTION OF - - Rats, Mice, and Roaches, - - MANUFACTURED BY - - "SURE POP" ISAACSEN. - - =PRINCIPAL DEPOT:= - - 92 FULTON STREET, - - NEW YORK CITY. - - - - - SURE POP - - INSECT POWDER - - FOR THE - - DESTRUCTION OF - - Roaches, Bed Bugs, Ants, Fleas, Flies, Mosquitoes - Moths, Spiders, Scorpions, Centipedes, Plant - and Animal Lice, Croton Bugs, etc., etc., etc. - - _OWN IMPORTATION AND WARRANTED THE - BEST IN THE WORLD._ - - =PRINCIPAL DEPOT:= - - 92 FULTON STREET, - - NEW YORK CITY. - - - - - SURE POP - - INSECT POWDER KILLERS. - - - This valuable little instrument was patented by me years ago. - It is a handly little machine for dusting the Insect Powder - around. It is made of vulcanized rubber, having a metallic top. - - =PRINCIPAL DEPOT:= - - 92 FULTON STREET, - - NEW YORK CITY. - - - - - SURE POP - - Patent Insect Powder Bellows. - - PATENTED APRIL 29, 1884. - NUMBER OF PATENT, 297,693. - - THE ADVANTAGES OF THIS MACHINE OVER ALL OTHERS ARE: - - 1. It is easily loaded. - - 2. There is no waste of powder. - - 3. The Powder can not get back into the Bellows. - - 4. The top can not get worked off. - - 5. The Bellows are made under my own supervision, and every one is - guaranteed. - - - - - * * * * * - - - - -Transcriber's note: - -Every effort has been made to replicate this text as faithfully as -possible, including unusual spelling and inconsistent hyphenation. - -"skarks' fins" has been changed to "sharks' fins". - - - -***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ALL ABOUT FERRETS AND RATS*** - - -******* This file should be named 42305.txt or 42305.zip ******* - - -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: -http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/4/2/3/0/42305 - - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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