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diff --git a/42430-0.txt b/42430-0.txt index db3c079..4d891e6 100644 --- a/42430-0.txt +++ b/42430-0.txt @@ -1,36 +1,4 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Colonel Washington, by Archer Butler Hulbert - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: Colonel Washington - -Author: Archer Butler Hulbert - -Release Date: March 29, 2013 [EBook #42430] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK COLONEL WASHINGTON *** - - - - -Produced by Greg Bergquist, Matthew Wheaton and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) - - - - - - +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 42430 *** Colonel Washington. @@ -1925,362 +1893,4 @@ Washington first touched hands with fortune. 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You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: Colonel Washington - -Author: Archer Butler Hulbert - -Release Date: March 29, 2013 [EBook #42430] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK COLONEL WASHINGTON *** - - - - -Produced by Greg Bergquist, Matthew Wheaton and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) - - - - - - - - Colonel Washington. - - By Archer Butler Hulbert. - - - Published from the Income - _of_ the Francis G. Butler Publication - Fund _of_ Western - Reserve University. 1902. - - - - - COLONEL WASHINGTON - - BY ARCHER BUTLER HULBERT - - - WITH MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS - - - PUBLISHED FROM THE INCOME - OF THE FRANCIS G. BUTLER - PUBLICATION FUND OF WESTERN - RESERVE UNIVERSITY. - 1902 - - - Entered according to Act of Congress - in the year 1902 by - ARCHER BUTLER HULBERT - in the Office of the Librarian of Congress - at Washington, D. C. - - - - -NOTE. - - -The following pages contain a glimpse of the youth Washington when he -first stepped into public view. It is said the President and General -are known to us but "George Washington is an unknown man." Those, to -whom the man is lost in the official, may well consider Edward -Everett's oration in which the conduct of the youth Washington is -carefully described--that the orator's audience might see "not an -ideal hero, wrapped in cloudy generalities and a mist of vogue -panegyric, but the real identical man." - - A. B. H. - Marietta, Ohio, Nov. 28, 1901. - - - - - CONTENTS. - - - I. A Prologue: The Governor's Envoy. - - II. The Story of the Campaign. - - III. Fort Necessity and Its Hero. - - - - - ILLUSTRATIONS. - - - Site of Fort Necessity Frontispiece - The Route Through the Alleghanies Page 26 - "Lowdermilk's Map of Fort Necessity" " 32 - "Washington's Rock," " 34 - Grape Shot Found Near Fort Necessity " 40 - Spark's Map of Fort Necessity " 42 - Lewis's Map of Fort Necessity " 48 - "Frontier Forts" Map " 50 - Views of Remains of Fort Necessity " 52 - Diagrams of Fort Necessity " 54 - - [Illustration: SITE OF FORT NECESSITY. - - The outline of the Southern embankment is in the fore-ground. - The hill is locally known as Mount Washington; the brick mansion - stands on the old National road and was known as Sampey's - Tavern. From this hill the French first attacked the little - Virginian army under Washington in the fort.] - - - - -COLONEL WASHINGTON. - - - - -I. - -A PROLOGUE; THE GOVERNOR'S ENVOY. - - -A thousand vague rumors came over the Allegheny mountains during the -year 1753 to Governor Dinwiddie of Virginia, of French aggressions -into the Ohio River valley, the more alarming because vague and -uncertain. - -Orders were soon at hand from London authorizing the Virginian -Governor to erect a fort on the Ohio which would hold that river for -England and tend to conciliate the Indians to English rule. But the -Governor was too much in the dark as to the operations of the French -to warrant any decisive step, and he immediately cast about him for an -envoy whom he could trust to find out what was really happening in the -valley of the Ohio. - -Who was to be this envoy? The mission called for a person of unusual -capacity; a diplomat, a soldier and a frontiersman. Five hundred miles -were to be threaded on Indian trails in the dead of winter. This was -woodman's work. There were cunning Indian chieftains and French -officers, trained to intrigue, to be met, influenced, conciliated. -This, truly, demanded a diplomat. There were forts to be marked and -mapped, highways of approach to be considered and compared, vantage -sites on river and mountain to be noted and valued. This was work for -a soldier and a strategist. - -After failing to induce one or two gentlemen to undertake this -perilous but intrinsically important task, the services of a youthful -Major George Washington, one of the four adjutant-generals of -Virginia, were offered, and the despairing Scotch Governor, whose zeal -always approached rashness, accepted them. - -But there was something more to the credit of this audacious youth -than his temerity. The best of Virginian blood ran in his veins, and -he had shown already a taste for adventurous service quite in line -with such a hazardous business. Acquiring, when a mere lad, a -knowledge of mathematics, he had gone surveying in Lord Fairfax's -lands on the south branch of the Potomac. There he spent the best of -three years, far beyond the settled limits of Virginia, fortifying his -splendid physique against days of stress to come. In other ways this -life on his country's frontier was of advantage. Here he had met the -Indians--that race upon which no man ever wielded a greater influence -than Washington. Here he learned to know frontier life, its charms, -its deprivations, its fears and its toils--a life for which he was -ever to entertain so much sympathy and so much consideration. Here he -studied the Indian traders, a class of men of much more importance, in -peace or war, than any or all others in the border land; men whose -motives of action were as hard to read as an Indian's, and whose -flagrant and oft practiced deceptions on their fellow white men were -fraught with disaster. - -It was of utmost fortune for his country that this youth went into the -West in his teens, for he was to be, under Providence, a champion of -that West worthy of its influence on human affairs. Thus he had come -to it early and loved it; he learned to know its value, to foresee -something of its future, to think for and with its pioneer developers, -to study its roads and rivers and portages: thus he was fortified -against narrow purposes, and made as broad in his sympathies and -ambitions as the great West was broad itself. No statesman of his day -came to know and believe in the West as Washington did; and it is not -difficult to think that had he not so known and loved it, the -territory west of the Allegheny mountains would never have become a -portion of the United States of America. There were far too many -serious men like Thomas Jefferson who knew little about the West and -boasted that they cared less. Yet today the seaboard states are more -dependent commercially and politically on the states between the -Alleghenies and Mississippi than are these central commonwealths -dependent on them. - -The same divine Providence which directed this youth's steps into the -Alleghenies had brought him speedily to his next post of duty, for -family influence secured him an appointment as adjutant-general (with -rank of major) over one of the four military districts into which -Virginia had been divided for purposes of defense, a position for -which he was as fitted by inclination as by frontier experience. - -This lad now received Dinwiddie's appointment. As a practical surveyor -in the wilderness he possessed the frontiersman's qualifications; as -an apt and diligent student of military science, with a -brother--trained under Admiral Vernon--as a practical tutor, he had -in a degree a soldier's qualifications; if not a diplomat, he was as -shrewd a lad as chivalrous old Virginia had within her borders; still, -at twenty-one, that boy of the sixty maxims, but hardened, steadied -and made exceeding thoughtful by his life on Virginia's great black -forest-bound horizon. His keen eyes, quick perception and daring -spirit were now to be turned to something of more moment than a -tripod's reading or a shabby line of Virginia militia. All in all, he -was far better fitted for this mission than anyone could have known or -guessed. - -It is not to be doubted that George Washington knew the dangers he -courted, at least very much better than we can appreciate them today. -He had not lived three years on the frontier for nothing. He had heard -of these French--of their bold invasion of the West, their growing -trade, their cunning conciliation of the Indian, their sudden passion -for fort building when they heard of the grant of land to the Ohio -Company to which his brothers belonged. Who can doubt that he looked -with envious eyes upon those fearless fleets of _coureur de bois_ and -their woodland pilgrimaging; who can doubt that the few stolid English -traders who went over the mountains on poor Indian ponies made a sorry -showing beside the roistering, picturesque, irrepressible Frenchmen -who knew and sailed those sweet, clear rivers that flowed through the -dark, green forests of the great West? But the forests were filled -with their sly, redskinned proselytes. One swift rifle ball might -easily be sent from a hidden covert to meet the stripling envoy from -the English who had come to spy out the land and report both its -giants and its grapes. Yet after one day's preparation he was ready -to leave a home rich in comfort and culture, a host of warm friends, -and bury himself six hundred miles deep in the western forests, to -sleep on the ground in the dead of winter, wade rivers running with -ice and face a hundred known and a thousand unknown risks. - -"Faith, you're a brave lad," broke out the old Scotch Governor, "and, -if you play your cards well, you shall have no cause to repent your -bargain," and the Major Washington departed from Williamsburg on the -last day of October, but one, 1753. The first sentence in the -_Journal_ he now began suggests his avidity and promptness: "I was -commissioned and appointed by the Honourable _Robert Dinwiddie_, Esq; -Governor, _&c_ of _Virginia_, to visit and deliver a Letter to the -Commandant of the _French_ Forces on the _Ohio_, and set out on the -intended Journey the same Day." At Fredericksburg he employed his old -fencing tutor, Jacob van Braam, as his interpreter, and pushed on -westward over the new road built by the Ohio Company to Will's Creek -(Fort Cumberland, Maryland) on the upper Potomac, where he arrived -November 14th. - -Will's Creek was the last Virginian outpost, where Fort Cumberland was -soon erected. Already the Ohio Company had located a store house at -this point. Onward the Indian trail wound in and out through the -Alleghenies, over the successive ranges known as Wills', Savage and -Meadow Mountains. From the latter it dropped down into Little Meadows. -Here in the open ground, covered with rank grasses, the first of the -western waters was crossed, a branch of the Youghiogeny River. From -"Little Crossings," as the ford was called, the narrow trail vaulted -Negro Mountain and came down upon the upper Youghiogeny, this ford -here being named "Big Crossings." Another climb over Briery Mountain -brought the traveller down into Great Meadows, the largest tract of -open land in the Alleghenies. By a zig-zag climb of five miles the -summit of the last of the Allegheny ranges--Laurel Hill--was reached, -where the path turned northward and followed the line of hills, by -Christopher Gist's clearing on what is known as Mount Braddock, toward -the lower Youghiogeny, at "Stewart's Crossing." Thence the trail ran -down the point of land where Pittsburg now lies in its clouds of smoke -between the "Forks of the Ohio." - -This trace of the buffalo and portage path of the Indian had no name -until it took that of a Delaware Indian, Nemacolin, who blazed its -course, under the direction of Captain Thomas Cresap, for the Ohio -Company. To those who love to look back to beginnings, and read great -things in small, this Indian path, with its border of wounded trees, -leading across the first great divide into the central west, is worthy -of contemplation. Each tree starred whitely by the Indian's axe spoke -of Saxon conquest and commerce, one and inseparable. In every act of -the great world-drama now on the boards this little trail with its -blazed trees lies in the foreground. - -And the rise of the curtain shows the lad Washington and his party of -seven horsemen, led by the bold guide Christopher Gist, setting out -from Will's Creek on the 15th of November, 1753. The character of the -journey is nowhere better described than in Washington's words when he -engaged Gist's services: "I engaged Mr. _Gist_ to pilot us out." - -It proved a rough voyage! A fierce, early winter came out of the -north, as though in league with the French to intimidate, if not drive -back, these spies of French aggression. It rained and snowed, and the -little roadway became well nigh impassable. The brown mountain ranges, -which until recently had been burnished with the glory of a mountain -autumn, were wet and black. Scarce eighteen miles were covered a day, -a whole week being exhausted in reaching the Monongahela. But this was -not altogether unfortunate. A week was not too long for the future -Father of the West to study the hills and valleys which were to bear -forever the precious favor of his devoted and untiring zeal. And in -this week this youth conceived a dream and a purpose, the dearest, if -not the most dominant, of his life--the union, commercial as well as -political, of the East and the West. Yet he passed Great Meadows -without seeing Fort Necessity, Braddock's Run without seeing -Braddock's unmarked grave, and Laurel Hill without a premonition of -the covert in the valley below, where shortly he should shape the -stones above a Frenchman's grave. But could he have seen it all--the -wasted labor, nights spent in agony of suspense, humiliation, defeat -and the dead and dying--would it have turned him back? - -The first roof to offer Washington hospitable shelter was the cabin of -the trader Frazier at the mouth of Turtle Creek, on the Monongahela, -near the death-trap where soon that desperate horde of French and -Indians should put to flight an army five times its own number. Here -information was at hand, for it was none other than this Frazier who -had been driven from Venango but a few weeks before by the French -force sent there to build a fort. Joncaire was spending the winter in -Frazier's old cabin, and no doubt the young Virginian heard this -irrepressible French officer's title read clear in strong German -oaths. Here too was a Speech, with a string of wampum accompanying, on -its way from the anti-French Indians on the Ohio to Governor -Dinwiddie, bringing the ominous news that the Chippewas, Ottawas and -Wyandots had taken up the hatchet against the English. - -Washington took the Speech and the wampum and pushed on undismayed. -Sending the baggage down the Monongahela by boat he pushed on overland -to the "Forks" where he chose a site for a fort, the future site, -first, of Fort Duquesne, and later, Fort Pitt. But his immediate -destination was the Indian village of Loggstown, fifteen miles down -the Ohio. On his way thither he stopped at the lodge of Shingiss, a -Delaware King, and secured the promise of his attendance upon the -council of anti-French (though not necessarily pro-English) Indians. -For this was the Virginian envoy's first task--to make a strong bid -for the allegiance of the redmen; it was not more than suggested in -his instructions, but was none the less imperative, as he well knew -whether his superiors did or not. - -It is extremely difficult to construct anything like a clear statement -of Indian affiliations at this crisis. This territory west of the -Alleghenies, nominally purchased from the Six Nations, was claimed by -the Shawanese and Delawares who had since come into it, and also by -many fugitives from the Six Nations, known generally as Mingoes, who -had come to make their hunting grounds their home. Though the Delaware -King was only a "Half-King" (because subject to the Council of the -Six Nations) yet they claimed the land and had even resisted French -encroachment. "Half-King" and his Delawares believed that the English -only desired commercial intercourse and favored them as compared with -the French who had already built forts in the West. The northern -nations who were nearer the French soon surrendered to their -blandishments; and soon the Delawares (called _Loups_ by the French) -and the Shawanese were overcome by French allurements and were -generally found about the French forts and forces. In the spring of -the year Half-King had gone to Presque Isle and spoken firmly to -Marin, declaring that the land was not theirs but the Indians'. - -Insofar as the English were more backward than the French in occupying -the land the unprejudiced Delawares and Mingoes were inclined to -further English plans. When, a few years later, it became clear that -the English cared not a whit for the rights of the redmen, the latter -hated and fought them as they never had the French. Washington was -well fitted for handling this delicate matter of sharpening Indian -hatred of the French and of keeping very still about English plans. - -Here at Loggstown unexpected information was received. Certain French -deserters from the Mississippi gave the English envoy a description of -French operations on that river between New Orleans and Illinois. The -latter word "Illinois" was taken by Washington's old Dutch interpreter -to be the French words "_Isle Noire_," and Washington speaks of -Illinois as the "Black Islands" in his _Journal_. But this was not to -be old van Braam's only blunder in the role of interpreter! - -Half-King was ready with the story of his journey to Presque Isle, -which, he affirmed, Washington could not reach "in less than five or -six nights' sleep, good traveling." Little wonder, at such a season, a -journey was measured by the number of nights to be spent in the frozen -forests! Marin's answer to Half-King was not less spirited because of -his own dying condition. The Frenchman frankly stated that two English -traders had been taken to Canada "_to get intelligence of what the -English were doing in Virginia_." So far as Indian possession of the -land was concerned Marin was quickly to the point: "_You say this Land -belongs to you, but there is not the Black of my Nail yours. I saw -that Land sooner than you did, before the Shannoahs and you were at -War_: Lead _was the Man who went down, and took Possession of that -River: It is my Land, and I will have it, let who will stand-up for, -or say-against, it. I'll buy and sell with the_ English, (mockingly). -_If People will be rul'd by me, they may expect Kindness, but not -else._" La Salle had gone down the Ohio and claimed possession of it -long before Delaware or Shawanese, Ottawa or Wyandot had built a -single fire in the valley! The claim of the Six Nations, only, -antedated that of the French--but the Six Nations had sold their claim -to the English for 400 pounds at Lancaster in 1744. And there was the -rub! - -At the Council on the following day (26th), Washington delivered an -address, asking for guides and guards on his trip up the Allegheny and -Riviere aux Boeufs, adroitly implying, in word and gesture, that his -audience was the warmest allies of the English and equally desirous to -oppose French aggression. The Council was for granting each request -but the absence of the hunters necessitated a detention; undoubtedly -fear of the French also provoked delay and counselling. Little -wonder: Washington would soon be across the mountain again and the -rough Frenchman who claimed even the earth beneath his finger nails -and had won over Ottawas, Chippewas, and fierce Wyandots, would make -short work with those who housed and counselled with the English -envoy! And--perhaps more ominous than all--Washington did not announce -his business in the West, undoubtedly fearing the Indians would not -aid him if they knew it. When at last they asked the nature of his -mission he answered just the best an honest-hearted lad could. "This -was a Question I all along expected," he wrote in his _Journal_, "and -had provided as satisfactory Answers to, as I could; which allayed -their Curiosity a little." This youthful diplomat would have allayed -the burning curiosity of hundreds of others had he mentioned the -reasons he gave those suspicious chieftains for this five-hundred-mile -journey in the winter season to a miserable little French fort on the -Riviere aux Boeufs! It is safe to assume that could he have given the -real reasons he would have been saved the difficulty of providing -"satisfactory" ones. - -For four days Washington remained, but on the 30th. he set out -northward accompanied only by the faithful Half-King and three other -Indians, and five days later (after four "nights sleep") the party -arrived at the mouth of the Riviere aux Boeufs where Joncaire was -wintering in Frazier's cabin. The seventy miles from Loggstown were -traversed at about the same poor rate as the one hundred and twenty -five from Will's Creek. To Joncaire's cabin, over which floated the -French flag, the Virginian envoy immediately repaired. He was -received with much courtesy, though, as he well knew, Legardeur de St -Piere, at Fort La Boeuf, the successor to the dead Marin, was the -French commandant to whom his letter from Dinwiddie must go. - -However Washington was treated "with the greatest Complaisance" by -Joncaire. During the evening the Frenchmen "dosed themselves pretty -plentifully," wrote the sober, keen-eyed Virginian, "and gave a -Licence to their Tongues. They told me, That it was their absolute -Design to take Possession of the _Ohio_, and by G-- they would do it: -For that altho' they were sensible the _English_ could raise two Men -for their one; yet they knew, their Motions were too slow and dilatory -to prevent any Undertaking of theirs." For a true picture of the man -Washington (who is said to be forgotten) what one would be chosen -before this: the youth sitting before the log fire in an Englishman's -cabin, from which the French had driven its owner, on the Allegheny -river; about him sit leering, tipsy Gauls, bragging, with oaths, of a -conquest they were never to make; dress him for a five-hundred-mile -ride through a wilderness in winter, and rest his sober eyes -thoughtfully upon the crackling logs while oaths and boasts and the -rank smell of foreign liquor fill the heavy air. No picture could show -better the three commanding traits of this youth who was father of the -man: hearty daring, significant, homespun shrewdness, dogged, -resourceful patience. Basic traits of character are often displayed -involuntarily in the effervescence of youthful zest. These this lad -had shown and was showing in this brave ride into a dense wilderness -and a braver inspection of his country's enemies, their works, their -temper, and their boasts. Let this picture hang on the walls of every -home where the lad in the fore-ground before the blazing logs is -unknown save in the role of the general or statesman he became in -later life. - -How those French officers must have looked this tall, stern boy up and -down! How they enjoyed sneering in his face at English backwardness in -coming over the Alleghenies into the great West which their explorers -had honeycombed with a thousand swift canoes! As they even plotted his -assassination, how, in turn, that young heart must have burned to stop -their mouths with his hand. Little wonder that when the time came his -voice first ordered "Fire," and his finger first pulled the trigger in -the great war which won the west from those bragging Frenchmen! - -But with the boasts came no little information concerning the French -operations on the great lakes, the number of their forts and men. -Washington did not get off for Fort La Boeuf the next day for the -weather was exceedingly rough. This gave the wily Joncaire a chance to -tamper with his Indians, and the opportunity was not neglected! Upon -learning that Indians were in the envoy's retinue he professed great -regret that Washington had not "made free to bring them in before." -The Virginian was quick with a stinging retort: for since he had heard -Joncaire "say a good deal in Dispraise of the _Indians_ in general" he -did not "think their Company agreeable." But Joncaire had his way and -"applied the Loquor so fast," that lo! the poor Indians "were soon -rendered incapable of the Business they came about." - -In the morning Half-King came to Washington's tent hopefully sober but -urging that another day be spent at Venango since "the Management of -the _Indians_ Affairs was left solely to Monsieur _Joncaire_." To this -the envoy reluctantly acquiesced. But on the day after the embassy got -on its way, thanks to Christopher Gist's influence over the Indians. -When Joncaire found them going, he forwarded their plans "in the -heartiest way in the world" and detailed Monsieur la Force (with whom -this Virginian was to meet under different circumstances inside half a -year!) to accompany them. Four days were spent in floundering over the -last sixty miles of this journey, the party being driven into "Mires -and Swamps" to avoid crossing the swollen Riviere aux Boeufs. On the -11th of December Washington reached his destination, having traveled -over 500 miles in forty-two days. - -Legardeur St. Piere, the one-eyed commander at Fort La Boeuf, had -arrived but one week before Washington. To him the Virginian envoy -delivered Governor Dinwiddie's letter the day after his arrival. Its -contents read: - - "Sir, - - The Lands upon the River _Ohio_, in the Western Parts of the - Colony of _Virginia_, are so notoriously known to be the - Property of the Crown of _Great-Britain_; that it is a Matter - of equal Concern and Surprise to me, to hear that a Body of - _French_ Forces are erecting Fortresses, and making Settlements - upon that River, within his Majesty's Dominions. - - The many and repeated Complaints I have received of these Acts - of Hostility, lay me under the Necessity, of sending, in the - Name of the King my Master, the Bearer hereof, _George - Washington_, Esq; one of the Adjutants General of the Forces of - this Dominion; to complain to you of the Encroachments thus - made, and of the Injuries done to the Subjects of - _Great-Britain_, in the open Violation of the Law of Nations, - and the Treaties now subsisting between the two Crowns. - - If these Facts are true, and you shall think fit to justify - your Proceedings, I must desire you to acquaint me, by whose - Authority and Instructions you have lately marched from - _Canada_, with an armed Force; and invaded the King of - _Great-Britain's_ Territories, in the Manner complained of? - that according to the Purport and Resolution of your Answer, I - may act agreeably to the Commission I am honored with, from the - King my Master. - - However, Sir, in Obedience to my Instructions, it becomes my - Duty to require your peaceable Departure; and that you would - forbear prosecuting a Purpose so interruptive of the Harmony - and good Understanding, which his Majesty is desirous to - continue and cultivate with the most Christian King. - - I persuade myself you will receive and entertain Major - _Washington_ with the Candour and Politeness natural to your - Nation; and it will give me the greatest Satisfaction, if you - return him with an Answer suitable to my Wishes for a very long - and lasting Peace between us. I have the Honour to subscribe - myself, - - _SIR_, - Your most obedient, - Humble Servant, - ROBERT DINWIDDIE." - -While an answer was being prepared the envoy had an opportunity to -take careful note of the fort and its hundred defenders. The fortress -which Washington carefully described in his _Journal_ was not so -significant as the host of canoes along the river shore. It was French -canoes the English feared more than French forts. The number at Fort -La Boeuf at this time was over two hundred, and others were being -made. And every stream flowed south to the land "notoriously known" to -belong to the British Crown! - -On the 14th. Washington was planning his homeward trip. His horses, -lacking proper nourishment, exhausted by the hard trip northward, were -totally unfit for service, and were at once set out on the road to -Venango, since canoes had been offered the little embassy for the -return trip. Anxious as Washington was to be off, neither his business -nor that of Half-King's had been forwarded with any celerity until -now; but this day Half-King secured an audience with St. Piere and -offered him the wampum which was promptly refused, though with many -protestations of friendship and an offer to send a load of goods to -Loggstown. Every effort possible was being put forth to alienate -Half-King and the Virginian frankly wrote: "I can't say that ever in -my Life I suffered so much Anxiety as I did in this Affair." This day -and the next the French officers out did themselves in hastening -Washington's departure and retarding Half-King's. At last Washington -complained frankly to St. Piere, who denied his duplicity--and doubled -his bribes! But on the day following Half-King was lured away, Venango -being reached in six long days, a large part of the time being spent -in dragging the canoes over icy shoals. - -Four days were spent with Joncaire, when abandoning both horses and -Indians, Washington and Gist set out alone and afoot by the shortest -course to the Forks of the Ohio. It was a daring alternative but -altogether the preferable one. At Murdering Town, a fit place for -Joncaire's assassin to lie in wait, some French Indians were -overtaken, one of whom offered to guide the travelers across to the -Forks. At the first good chance he fired upon them, was disarmed and -sent away. The two, building a raft, reached an island in the -Allegheny after heroic suffering but were unable to cross to the -eastern shore until the following morning. Then they passed over on -the ice which had formed and went directly to Frazier's cabin. There -they arrived December 29th. On the first day of the new year, 1754, -Washington set out for Virginia. On the sixth he met seventeen horses -loaded with materials and stores, "for a Fort at the Forks of the -_Ohio_." Governor Dinwiddie, indefatigable if nothing else, had -commissioned Captain Trent to raise a company of an hundred men to -erect a fort on the Ohio for the protection of the Ohio Company. - -On the sixteenth of January the youthful envoy rode again into -Williamsburg, one month from the day he left Fort La Boeuf. St. -Piere's reply to Governor Dinwiddie's letter read as follows: - - "_SIR_, - - As I have the Honour of commanding here in Chief, Mr. - _Washington_ delivered me the Letter which you wrote to the - Commandant of the _French_ Troops. - - I should have been glad that you had given him Orders, or that - he had been inclined to proceed to _Canada_, to see our - General; to whom it better belongs than to me to set-forth the - Evidence and Reality of the Rights of the King, my Master, upon - the Lands situated along the River _Ohio_, and to contest the - Pretentions of the King of _Great-Britain_ thereto. - - I shall transmit your Letter to the Marquis _Duguisne_. His - Answer will be a Law to me; and if he shall order me to - communicate it to you, Sir, you may be assured I shall not fail - to dispatch it to you forthwith. - - As to the Summons you send me to retire, I do not think myself - obliged to obey it. What-ever may be your Instructions, I am - here by Virtue of the Orders of my General; and I entreat you, - Sir, not to doubt one Moment, but that I am determin'd to - conform myself to them with all the Exactness and Resolution - which can be expected from the best Officer. - - I don't know that in the Progress of this Campaign any Thing - has passed which can be reputed an Act of Hostility, or that is - contrary to the Treaties which subsist between the two Crowns; - the Continuation whereof as much interests, and is as pleasing - to us, as the _English_. Had you been pleased, Sir, to have - descended to particularize the Facts which occasioned your - Complaint, I should have had the Honour of answering you in the - fullest, and, I am persuaded, most satisfactory Manner. - - I made it my particular Care to receive Mr _Washington_, with a - Distinction suitable to your Dignity, as well as his own - Quality and great Merit. I flatter myself that he will do me - this Justice before you, Sir; and that he will signify to you - in the Manner I do myself, the profound Respect with which I - am, - - _SIR_, - Your most humble, and - most obedient Servant, - LEGARDEUR DE ST. PIERE." - -Washington found the Governor's council was to meet the day following -and that his report was desired. Accordingly he rewrote his _Journal_ -from the "rough minutes" he had made. From any point of view this -document of ten thousand words, hastily written by a lad of twenty-one -who had not seen a school desk since his seventeenth year, is far more -creditable and remarkable than any of the feats of physical endurance -for which the lad is idolized by the youthful readers of our school -histories. It is safe to say that many a college bred man of today -could not prepare from rough notes such a succinct and polite document -as did this young surveyor, who had read few books and studied neither -his own nor any foreign language. The author did not "in the least -conceive ... that it would ever be published." Speaking afterward of -its "numberless imperfections" he said that all that could recommend -it to the public was its truthfulness of fact. Certain features of -this first literary work of Washington's are worthy of remark: his -frankness, as in criticising Shingiss' village as a site for a fort as -proposed by the Ohio Company; his exactness in giving details (where -he could obtain them) of forts, men, and guns; his estimates of -distances; his wise conforming to Indian custom; his careful note of -the time of day of important events; his frequent observations of the -kinds of the land through which he passed; his knowlege of Indian -character. - -This mission prosecuted with such rare tact and skill was an utter -failure, considered from the standpoint of its nominal purpose. St. -Piere's letter was firm, if not defiant. Yet Dinwiddie, despairing of -French withdrawal, had secured the information he desired. Already the -French had reached the Forks of the Ohio where an English fort was -being erected. Peaceful measures were exhausted with the failure of -Washington's embassy. - -England's one hope was--war. - - - - -II. - -THE STORY OF THE CAMPAIGN. - - -No literary production of a youth of twenty-one ever electrified the -world as did the publication of the _Journal_ of this dauntless envoy -of the Virginian Governor. No young man more instantly sprang into the -notice of the world than George Washington. The _Journal_ was copied -far and wide in the newspapers of the other colonies. It sped across -the sea, and was printed in London by the British government. In a -manly, artless way it told the exact situation on the Ohio frontier -and announced the first positive proof the world had had of hostile -French aggression into the great river valley of the West. Despite -certain youthful expressions, the prudence, tact, capacity and modesty -of the author were recognized by a nation and by a world. - -Without waiting for the House of Burgesses to convene, Governor -Dinwiddie's Council immediately advised the enlistment of two hundred -men to be sent to build forts on the Monongahela and Ohio rivers. The -business of recruiting two companies of one hundred men each was given -to the tried though youthful Major Washington, since they were to be -recruited from the northern district over which he had been -adjutant-general. His instructions read as follows: - - "_Instruct's to be observ'd by Maj'r Geo. Washington, on the - Expedit'n to the Ohio._ - - Maj'r Geo. Washington: You are forthwith to repair to the Co'ty - of Frederick and there to take under Y'r Com'd 50 Men of the - Militia who will be deliver'd to You by the Comd'r of the s'd - Co'ty pursuant to my Orders. You are to send Y'r Lieut. at the - same Time to the Co'ty of Augusta, to receive 50 Men from the - Comd'r of that Co'ty as I have order'd, and with them he is to - join You at Alexandria, to which Place You are to proceed as - soon as You have rec'd the Men in Frederick. Having rec'd the - Detachm't, You are to train and discipline them in the best - Manner You can, and for all Necessaries You are to apply - Y'rself to Mr. Jno. Carlisle at Alex'a who has my Orders to - supply You. Having all Things in readiness You are to use all - Expedition in proceeding to the Fork of Ohio with the Men under - Com'd and there you are to finish and compleat in the best - Manner and as soon as You possibly can, the Fort w'ch I expect - is there already begun by the Ohio Comp'a. You are to act on - the Defensive, but in Case any Attempts are made to obstruct - the Works or interrupt our Settlem'ts by any Persons whatsoever - You are to restrain all such Offenders, and in Case of - resistance to make Prisoners of or kill and destroy them. For - the rest You are to conduct Y'rself as the Circumst's of the - Service shall require and to act as You shall find best for the - Furtherance of His M'y's Service and the Good of His Dom'n. - Wishing You Health and Success I bid you Farewell." - -The general command of the expedition was given to Colonel Joshua Fry, -formerly professor of mathematics in William and Mary College and a -geographer and Indian commissioner of note. His instructions were as -follows: - - "_Instruction's to Joshua Fry, Esqr., Colo. and the - Com'r-in-Chief of the Virg'a Regiment._ - - March, 1754. - - "Sir: The Forces under Y'r Com'd are rais'd to protect our - frontier Settlements from the incursions of the French and the - Ind's in F'dship with them. I therefore desire You will with - all possible Expedition repair to Alexandria on the Head of the - Poto. River, and there take upon You the com'd of the Forces - accordingly; w'ch I Expect will be at that Town the Middle of - next Mo. You are to march them to will's Creek, above the Falls - of Poto. from thence with the Great Guns, Amunit'n and - Provisions. You are to proceed to Monongahela, when ariv'd - there, You are to make Choice of the best Place to erect a - Fort for mounting y'r Cannon and ascertain'g His M'y the King - of G. B's undoubt'd right to those Lands. My Orders to You is - to be on the Defensive and if any foreign Force sh'd come to - annoy You or interrupt Y'r quiet Settlem't, and building the - Fort as afores'd, You are in that Case to represent to them the - Powers and Orders You have from me, and I desire they w'd - imediately retire and not to prevent You in the discharge of - your Duty. If they sh'd continue to be obstinate after your - desire to retire, you are then to repell Force by Force. I - expect a Number of the Southern Indians will join you on this - expedit'n, w'ch with the Indians on the Ohio, I desire You will - cultivate a good Understanding and Correspondence with, - supplying them with what Provisions and other Necessaries You - can spare; and write to Maj'r Carlyle w'n You want Provisions, - who has my Orders to purchase and Keep a proper Magazine for - Your dem'ds. Keep up a good Com'd and regular Discipline, - inculcate morality and Courage in Y'r Soldiers that they may - answer the Views on w'ch they are rais'd. You are to constitute - a Court Martial of the Chief of Your Officers, with whom You - are to advise and consult on all Affairs of Consequence; and as - the Fate of this Expedition greatly depends on You, from the - Opinion I have of Your good Sense and Conduct, I refer the - Management of the whole to You with the Advice of the Court - Martial. Sincerely recommending You to the Protection of God, - wishing Success to our just Designs, I heartily wish You - farewell." - -This expedition was in no sense the result of general agitation -against French encroachment. And, as in Virginia, so it was in other -colonies to which Governor Dinwiddie appealed; the Governors said they -had received no instructions; the validity of English title to the -lands upon which the French were alleged to have encroached was -doubted; no one wished to precipitate a war through rash zeal. - -Before the bill voting ten thousand pounds "for the encouragement and -protection of the settlers on the Mississippi," as it was called, -passed the House of Burgesses, Governor Dinwiddie had his patience -well-nigh exhausted, but he overlooked both the doubts raised as to -England's rights in the West, and personal slights, and signed the -bill which provided the expenses of this memorable expedition of the -Virginia Regiment in 1754. - -Major Washington was located at Alexandria, on the upper Potomac, in -February where he superintended the rendezvous and the transportation -of supplies and cannon. It was found necessary to resort to -impressments to raise the required quota of men. As early as February -19th, so slow were the drafts and enlistments, Governor Dinwiddie -issued a proclamation granting two hundred thousand acres of land on -the Ohio to be divided among the officers and men who would serve in -the expedition. This had its effect. - -By April 20th Washington arrived at Will's Creek (Cumberland, -Maryland) with three companies, one under Captain Stephen joining him -on the way. The day previous, however, he met a messenger sent from -Captain Trent on the Ohio announcing that the arrival of a French army -was hourly expected. And on the day following, at Will's Creek, he was -informed of the arrival of the French on what is now the site of -Pittsburg and the withdrawal of the Virginian force under Trent from -the junction of the Allegheny and Monongahela whither they had been -sent to build a fort for the protection of the Ohio Company. This -information he immediately forwarded to the Governors of Virginia, -Pennsylvania and Maryland. - -Fancy the state of mind of this vanguard of the Virginian army at the -receipt of this news. It was, then, at the last frontier fort, eleven -companies strong. Their order was to push on to the Ohio, drive off -the French (which was then reported to number a thousand men) and -build a fort. Before it the only road was the Indian path hardly wide -enough to admit the passage of a pack-horse. - -A ballot was cast among Washington's Captains--the youngest of whom -was old enough to have been his father--and the decision was to -advance. The Indian path could at least be widened and bridges built -as far as the Monongahela. There they determined to erect a fort and -await orders and reinforcements. The reasons for this decision are -given as follows in Washington's _Journal_ of 1754:[1]. - -"_1st._ That the mouth of _Red-Stone_ is the first convenient place on -the River _Monongahela_. - -_2nd._ The stores are already built at that place for the provisions -of the Company, wherein the Ammunition may be laid up, our great guns -may also be sent by water whenever we shall think it convenient to -attack the Fort. - -_3rd._ We may easily (having all these conveniences) preserve our men -from the ill consequences of inaction, and encourage the _Indians_ our -Allies to remain in our interests." - - [1] The private _Journal_ kept by Washington on the expedition - of the Virginia Regiment in 1754 was composed of rough notes - only. It was lost with other papers at the Battle of Fort - Necessity and was captured by the French and sent to Paris. Two - years later it was published by the French government, after - being thoroughly "edited" by a French censor. It was titled - "MEMOIRE _contenant le Precis des Faits, avec leurs Pieces - Justificatives, pour servir de Reponse aux_ OBSERVATIONS - _envoyees, par les Ministres d'Angleterre, dans les Cours de - l'Europe. A Paris; de l'Imprimerie Royale, 1756._" - - In this MEMOIRE, together with portions of Washington's - _Journal_ appear papers, instructions, etc., captured at - Braddock's defeat in 1755. Of the portion of Washington's - _Journal_ published, Washington himself said; "I kept no regular - one (Journal) during the Expedition; rough notes of occurrences - I certainly took, and find them as certainly and strangely - metamorphised, some parts left out which I remember were - entered, and many things added that never were thought of, the - names of men and things egregiously miscalled, and the whole of - what I saw Englished is very incorrect and nonsensical." The - last entry on the _Journal_ is on June 27th., six days previous - to the Battle of Fort Necessity. - -Thus Washington's march westward in 1754 must be looked upon only as -the advance of a van-guard to open the road, bridge the streams and -prepare the way for the commanding officer and his army. Nor was -there, now, need of haste--had it been possible or advisable to -hasten. The landing of the French at the junction of the Allegheny and -Monongahela already thwarted Governor Dinwiddie's purpose in sending -out the expedition "To prevent their (French) building any Forts or -making any Settlem's on that river (Ohio) and more particularly so -nigh us as that of Loggstown (fifteen miles below the forks of the -Ohio.)" Now that a fort was building, with a French army of a thousand -men (as Washington had been erroneously informed) encamped about it, -nothing more was to be thought of than a cautious advance. - -And so Washington gave the order to march on the 29th. of April, three -score men having been sent ahead to widen the Indian trail. The -progress was difficult, and exceedingly slow. In the first ten days -the hundred and fifty men covered but twenty miles. Yet each mile must -have been anticipated seriously by the young commander. He knew not -whether the enemy or his Colonel with reinforcements was nearest. -Governor Dinwiddie wrote him (May 4) concerning reinforcements, as -follows: - - "The Independ't Compa., from So. Car. arriv'd two days ago; is - compleat; 100 Men besides Officers, and will re-embark for Alexa - next Week, thence proceed imediately to join Colo. Fry and You. - The two Independ't Compa's from N. York may be Expected in ab't - ten days. The N. Car. Men, under the Com'd of Colo. Innes, are - imagin'd to be on their March, and will probably be at the - Randezvous ab't the 15th. Itst." ... "I hope Capt. McKay, who - Com'ds the Independ't Compa., will soon be with You And as he - appears to be an Officer of some Experience and Importance, You - will, with Colo. Fry and Colo. Innes, so well agree as not to - let some Punctillios ab't Com'd render the Service You are all - engag'd in, perplex'd or obstructed." - -Relying implicitly on Dinwiddie, Washington pushed on and on into the -wilderness, opening a road and building bridges for a Colonel and an -army that was never to come! As he advanced into the Alleghenies he -found the difficulty of hauling wagons very serious, and, long before -he reached the Youghiogheny, he determined to test the possibility of -transportation down that stream and the Monongahela to his destination -at the mouth of the Redstone Creek. May 11th. he sent a reconnoitering -force forward to Gist's, on Laurel Hill, the last spur of the -Alleghenies, to locate a French party, which, the Indians reported, -had left Fort Duquesne, and to find if there was possibility of water -transportation to the mouth of Redstone Creek, where a favorable site -for a fort was to be sought. - -Slowly the frail detachment felt its way along to Little Meadows and -across the smaller branch of the Youghiogheny which it bridged at -"Little Crossings." On the 16th, according to the French version of -Washington's _Journal_, he met traders who informed him of the -appearance of French at Gist's and who expressed doubts as to the -possibility of building a wagon road from Gist's to the mouth of -Redstone Creek. This made it imperatively necessary for the young -Lieutenant-Colonel to attempt to find a water passage down the -Youghiogheny. - -The day following much information was received, both from the front -and the rear, vividly stated in the _Journal_ as follows: - - "The Governor informs me that Capt. McKay, with an independent - company of 100 men, excluding the officers, had arrived, and - that we might expect them daily; and that the men from New-York - would join us within ten days. - - This night also came two _Indians_ from the _Ohio_ who left the - French fort five days ago: They relate that the French forces - are all employed in building their Fort, that it is already - breast-high, and of the thickness of twelve feet, and filled - with Earth, stones, etc. They have cut down and burnt up all - the trees which were about it and sown grain instead thereof. - The _Indians_ believe they were only 600 in number, although - they say themselves they are 800. They expect a greater number - in a few days, which may amount to 1600. Then they say they can - defy the _English_." - - [Illustration: THE ROUTE THROUGH THE ALLEGHENIES] - -Arriving on the eastern bank of the Youghiogheny the next day, 18th, -the river being too wide to bridge and too high to ford, Washington -put himself "in a position of defence against any immediate attack -from the Enemy" and went straightway to work on the problem of water -transportation. - -By the 20th., a canoe having been provided, Washington set out on the -Youghiogheny with four men and an Indian. By nightfall they reached -"Turkey Foot," (Confluence, Pennsylvania,) which Washington mapped as -a possible site for a fort. Below "Turkey Foot" the stream was found -too rapid and rocky to admit any sort of navigation and Washington -returned to camp on the 24th. with the herculean hardships of an -overland march staring him in the face. Information was now at hand -from Half-King, concerning alleged movements of the French; thus the -letter read; - - "To any of his Majesty's officers whom this May Concern. - - As 'tis reported that the French army is set out to meet M. - George Washington, I exhort you my brethren, to guard against - them, for they intend to fall on the first _English_ they meet; - They have been on their march these two days, the Half-King and - the other chiefs will join you within five days, to hold a - council, though we know not the number we shall be. I shall say - no more, but remember me to my brethren the English. - - Signed The Half-King." - -At two o'clock of that same May day (24th.) the little army came down -the eastern wooded hills that surrounded Great Meadows, and looked -across the waving grasses and low bushes which covered the field they -were soon to make classic ground. Immediately upon arriving at the -future battle-field information was secured from a trader confirming -Half-King's alarming letter. Below the roadway, which passed the -meadow on the hillside, the Lieutenant-Colonel found two natural -intrenchments near a branch of Great Meadows run, perhaps old courses -of the brook through the swampy land. Here the troops and wagons were -placed. - -Great Meadows may be described as two large basins the smaller lying -directly westward of the larger and connected with it by a narrow neck -of swampy ground. Each is a quarter of a mile wide and the two a mile -and a half in length. - -The old roadway descends from the southern hills, coming out upon the -meadows at the eastern extremity of the western basin. It traverses -the hill-side south of the western meadow. The natural intrenchments -or depressions behind which Washington huddled his army on this May -afternoon were at the eastern edge of the western basin. Behind him -was the narrow neck of low-land which soon opened into the eastern -basin. Before him to his left on the hillside his newly-made road -crawled eastward into the hills. The Indian trail followed the edge of -the forest westward to Laurel Hill, five miles distant, and on to Fort -Duquesne. - -On this faint opening into the western forest the little army and its -youthful commander kept their eyes as the sun dropped behind the hills -closing an anxious day and bringing a dreaded night. How large the -body of French might have been, not one of the one hundred and fifty -men knew. How far away they might be no one could guess. Here in this -forest meadow the little van-guard slept on their arms, surrounded by -watchful sentinels, with fifty-one miles of forest and mountain -between them and the nearest settlement at Will's Creek. The darkling -forests crept down the hills on either side as though to hint by their -portentous shadows of the dead and dying that were to be. - -But the night waned and morning came. With increasing energy, as -though nerved to duty by the dangers which surrounded him, the -twenty-two year old commander Washington gave his orders promptly. A -scouting party was sent on the Indian trail in search of the coming -French. Squads were set to threshing the forest for spies. Horsemen -were ordered to scour the country and keep look-out for the French -from neighboring points of vantage. - -At night all returned, none the wiser for their vigilance and labor. -The French force had disappeared from the face of the earth! It may be -believed that this lack of information did not tend to ease the -intense strain of the hour. It must have been plain to the dullest -that serious things were ahead. Two flags, silken emblems of an -immemorial hatred, were being brought together in the Alleghenies. It -was a moment of utmost importance to Europe and America. Quebec and -Jamestown were met on Laurel Hill; and a spark struck here and now was -to "set the world on fire." - -However clearly this may have been seen, Washington was not the man to -withdraw. Indeed, the celerity with which he precipitated England and -France into war made him a criticised man on both continents. - -Another day passed--and the French could not be found. On the -following day Christopher Gist arrived at Great Meadows with the -information that M. la Force (whose tracks he had seen within five -miles of Great Meadows) had been at his house, fifteen miles distant. -Acting on this reliable information Washington at once dispatched a -scouting party in pursuit. - -The day passed and no word came to the anxious men in their trenches -in the meadows. Another night, silent and cheerless, came over the -mountains upon the valley, and with the night came rain. Fresh fears -of strategy and surprise must have arisen as the cheerless sun went -down. - -Suddenly, at eight in the evening, a runner brought word that the -French were run to cover! Half-King, while coming to join Washington, -had found la Force's party in "a low, obscure place." - -It was now time for a daring man to show himself. Such was the young -commander at Great Meadows. - -"That very moment," wrote Washington in his _Journal_, "I sent out -forty men and ordered my ammunition to be put in a place of safety, -fearing it to be a stratagem of the French to attack our camp; I left -a guard to defend it, and with the rest of my men set out in a heavy -rain, and in a night as dark as pitch." - -Perhaps a war was never precipitated under stranger circumstances. -Contrecoeur, commanding at Fort Duquesne, was made aware by his Indian -scouts of Washington's progress all the way from the Potomac. The day -before Washington arrived at Great Meadows Contrecoeur ordered M. de -Jumonville to leave Fort Duquesne with a detachment of thirty-four -men, commanded by la Force, and go toward the advancing English. To -the English (when he met them) he was to explain he had come to order -them to retire. To the Indians he was to pretend he was "travelling -about to see what is transacting in the King's Territories, and to -take notice of the different roads." In the eyes of the English the -party was to be an embassy. In the eyes of the Indians, a party of -scouts reconnoitering. This is clear from the orders given by -Contrecoeur to Jumonville. - -Three days before, on the 26th, this "embassy" was at Gist's -plantation where, according to Gist's report to Washington, they -"would have killed a cow and broken everything in the house, if two -_Indians_, whom he (Gist) had left in charge of the home, had not -prevented them." - -From Gist's la Force had advanced within five miles of Great Meadows, -as Gist ascertained by their tracks on the Indian trail. -Then--although the English commander was within an hour's march--the -French retraced their steps to the summit of Laurel Hill and, -descending deep into the obscure valley on the east, built a hut under -the lea of the precipice and rested from their labors. Here they -remained throughout the 27th, while Washington's scouts were running -their legs off in the attempt to locate them and the young -Lieutenant-colonel was in a fever of anxiety at their sudden, ominous -disappearance. Now they were found. - -What a march was that! The darkness was intense. The path, Washington -wrote, was "scarce broad enough for one man." Now and then it was lost -completely and a quarter of an hour was wasted in finding it. Stones -and roots impeded the way, and were made trebly treacherous by the -torrents of rain which fell. The men struck the trees. They fell over -each other. They slipped from the narrow track and slid downward -through the soaking leafy carpet of the forests. - -Enthusiastic tourists make the journey today from Great Meadows to the -summit of Laurel Hill on the track over which Washington and his -hundred men floundered and stumbled that wet May night a century and a -half ago. It is a hard walk but exceedingly fruitful to one of -imaginative vision. From Great Meadows the trail holds fast to the -height of ground until Braddock's Run is crossed near "Braddock's -Grave." Picture that little group of men floundering down into this -mountain stream, swollen by the heavy rain, in the utter darkness of -that night! From Braddock's Run the trail begins its long climb on the -sides of the foot-hills, by picturesque Peddler's Rocks, to the top of -Laurel Hill, two thousand feet above. - -Washington left Great Meadows about eight o'clock. It was not until -sunrise that Half-King's sentries at "Washington's Spring," saw the -van-guard file out on the narrow ridge, which, dividing the headwaters -of Great Meadow Run and Cheat River, made an easy ascent to the summit -of the mountain. The march of five miles had been accomplished, with -great difficulty, in a little less than two hours--or at the rate of -_one mile in two hours_. - -Forgetting all else for the moment, consider the young leader of this -floundering, stumbling army. There is not another episode in all -Washington's long, eventful, life that shows more clearly his strength -of personal determination and daring. Beside this all-night march from -Great Meadows to Washington's Spring, Wolf's ascent to the Plains of -Abraham at Quebec, was a past-time. The climb up from Wolf's Cove (all -romantic accounts and pictures to the contrary notwithstanding) was an -exceedingly easy march up a valley that hardly deserved to be -called steep. A child can run along Wolfe's path at any point from top -to bottom. A man in full daylight today, can walk over Washington's -five mile course to Laurel Hill in half the time the little army -needed on that black night. If a more difficult ten-hour night march -has been made in the history of warfare in America, who led it and -where was it made? No feature of the campaign shows more clearly the -unmatched, irresistible energy of this twenty-two-year-old boy. For -those to whom Washington, the man, is "unknown," there are lessons in -this little briery path today of value far beyond their cost. - - [Illustration: MAP OF FORT NECESSITY IN LOWDERMILK'S "HISTORY OF - CUMBERLAND", FROM FREEMAN LEWIS' SURVEY.] - -Whether Washington intended to attack the French before he reached -Half-King is not known; at the Spring a conference was held and it was -immediately decided to attack. Washington did not know and could not -have known that Jumonville was an embassador. The action of the French -in approaching Great Meadows and then withdrawing and hiding was not -the behavior of an embassy. Half-King and his Indians were of the -opinion that the French party entertained evil designs, and, as -Washington afterwards wrote, "If we had been such fools as to let them -(the French) go, they (the Indians) would never have helped us to take -any other Frenchmen." - -Two scouts were sent out in advance; then, in Indian file, Washington -and his men with Half-King and a few Indians followed and "prepared to -surround them." - -Laurel Hill, the most westerly range of the Alleghenies, trends north -and south through Pennsylvania. In Fayette county, about one mile on -the summit northward from the National Road, lies Washington's Spring -where Half-King encamped. The Indian trail coursed along the summit -northward fifteen miles to Gist's. On the eastern side, Laurel Hill -descends into a valley varying from a hundred to five hundred feet -deep. Nearly two miles from the Spring, in the bottom of a valley four -hundred feet deep, lay Jumonville's "embassy." The attacking party, -guided by Indians, who had previously wriggled down the hillside on -their bellies and found the French, advanced along the Indian trail -and then turned off and began stealthily creeping down the -mountain-side. - -Washington's plan was, clearly, to surround and capture the French. It -is plain he did not understand the ground. They were encamped in the -bottom of a valley two hundred yards wide and more than a mile long. -Moreover the hillside on which the English were descending abruptly -ended on a narrow ledge of rocks thirty feet high and a hundred yards -long. - -Coming suddenly out on the rocks, Washington leading the right -division and Half-King the left, it was plain in the twinkling of an -eye that it would not be possible to achieve a bloodless victory. -Washington therefore gave and received first fire. It was fifteen -minutes before the astonished but doughty French, probably now -surrounded by Half-King's Indians, were compelled to surrender. Ten of -their number, including their "Embassador" Jumonville, were killed -outright and one wounded. Twenty-one prisoners were taken. One -Frenchman escaped, running half clothed through the forests to Fort -Duquesne with the evil tidings. - - "We killed," writes Washington, "Mr. de Jumonville, the - Commander of that party, as also nine others; we wounded one and - made twenty-one prisoners, among whom were _M. la Force, and M. - Drouillon_ and two cadets. The Indians scalped the dead and - took away the greater part of their arms, after which we marched - on with the prisoners under guard to the _Indian_ camp.... I - marched on with the prisoners. _They informed me that they had - been sent with a summons to order me to retire._ A plausible - pretense to discover our camp and to obtain knowlege of our - forces and our situation! It was so clear that they were come to - reconnoiter what we were, that I admired their assurance, when - they told me they were come as an Embassy; their instructions - were to get what knowledge they could of the roads, rivers, and - all the country as far as the Potomac; and instead of coming as - an Embassador, publicly and in an open manner, they came - secretly, and sought the most hidden retreats more suitable for - deserters than for Embassadors; they encamped there and remained - hidden for whole days together, at a distance of not more than - five miles from us; they sent spies to reconnoiter our camp; the - whole body turned back 2 miles; they sent the two messengers - mentioned in the instruction, to inform M. de Contrecoeur of the - place where we were, and of our disposition, that he might send - his detachments to enforce the summons as soon as it should be - given. Besides, an Embassador has princely attendants, whereas - this was only a simple petty _French_ officer, an Embassador has - no need of spies, his person being always sacred: and seeing - their intention was so good, why did they tarry two days at five - miles distance from us without acquainting me with the summons, - or at least, with something that related to the Embassy? That - alone would be sufficient to excite the strongest suspicions, - and we must do them the justice to say, that, as they wanted to - hide themselves, they could not have picked out better places - than they had done. The summons was so insolent, and savored of - so much Gasonade that if it had been brought openly by two men - it would have been an excessive Indulgence to have suffered them - to return.... They say they called to us as soon as they had - discovered us; which is an absolute falsehood, for I was then - marching at the head of the company going towards them, and can - positively affirm, that, when they first saw us, they ran to - their arms, without calling, as I must have heard them had they - so done." - - [Illustration: Ledge from which Washington opened fire upon - Jumonville's party.] - -In a letter to his brother, Washington wrote "I fortunately escaped -without any wound; for the right wing where I stood, was exposed to, -and received all the enemy's fire; and it was the part where the man -was killed and the rest wounded. I heard the bullets whistle; and, -believe me, there is something charming in the sound." The letter was -published in the London Magazine. It is said George II. read it and -commented dryly: "He would not say so if he had been used to hear -many." In later years Washington heard too much of the fatal music, -and once, when asked if he had written such rodomontade, is said to -have answered gravely, "If I said so, it was when I was young." Aye, -but it is memorials of that daring, young Virginian, to whom whistling -bullets were charming, that we seek in the Alleghenies today. We catch -a similar glimpse of this ardent, boyish spirit in a letter written -from Fort Necessity later. Speaking of strengthening the -fortifications Washington writes: "We have, with nature's assistance, -made a good entrenchment, and by clearing the bushes out of these -meadows, prepared a charming field for an encounter." Over and above -the anxieties with which he was ever beset there shines out clearly -the exuberance of youthful zest and valor--soon to be hardened and -quenched by innumerable cares and heavy responsibilities. - -Thus the first blow of that long, bloody, seven year's war was struck -by the red-uniformed Virginians under Washington, at the bottom of -that Allegheny valley. He immediately returned to Great Meadows and -sent eastward to the belated Fry for reinforcements. On the 30th, the -French prisoners were sent eastward to Virginia, and the construction -of a fort was begun at Great Meadows, by erecting "small palisades." -This was completed by the following day, June 1st. Washington speaks -of this fort in his Journal as "Fort Necessity" under date of June -25th. The name suggests the exigencies which led to its erection; lack -of troops and provisions. On June 2nd Washington wrote in his Journal: -"We had prayers in the Fort"; the name Necessity may not have been -used at first. On the 6th Gist arrived from Will's Creek bringing the -news of Colonel Fry's death from injuries sustained by being thrown -from his horse. Thus the command now devolved upon Washington who had -been in actual command from the beginning. On the 9th the remainder of -the Virginia regiment arrived from Will's Creek, with the swivels, -under Colonel Muse. On the day following Captain Mackaye arrived with -the independent company of South Carolinians. - -This reinforcement put a new face on affairs, and it is clear that the -new Colonel commanding secretly hoped to capture Fort Duquesne -forthwith. The road was finished to Great Meadows. For two weeks, now, -the work went on completing it as far as Gist's, on Mount Braddock. In -the meantime a sharp lookout for the French was maintained and spies -were continually sent toward Fort Duquesne. Among all else that taxed -the energies of the young Colonel was the Indian question. At one time -he received and answered a deputation of Delawares and Shawanese which -he knew was sent by the French. Yet the answer of this youth to the -"treacherous devils," as he calls them in his private record of the -day, was as bland and diplomatic as that of Indian Chieftain bred to -hypocrisy and deceit. He put little faith in the redskins, but made -good use of those he had as spies. He also did all in his power to -restrain the vagrant tribes from joining the French, and offered to -all who came or would come to him a hospitality he could ill afford. - -On the 28th the road was completed to Gist's, and eight of the sixteen -miles from Gist's to the mouth of Redstone Creek. On this day the -scouts brought word of reinforcements at Fort Duquesne and of -preparations for sending out an army. Immediately Washington summoned -Mackaye's company from Fort Necessity, and the building of a fort was -begun by throwing up entrenchments on Mount Braddock. All outlying -squads were called in. But on the 30th, fresher information being at -hand, it was decided at a council of war to retreat to Virginia rather -than oppose the strong force which was reported to be advancing up the -Monongahela. - -The consternation at Fort Duquesne upon the arrival of that single, -barefoot fugitive from Jumonville's company can be imagined. Relying -on the pompous pretenses of the embassadorship and desiring to avoid -an indefensible violation of the Treaty of Utrecht--though its spirit -and letter were "already infringed by his very presence on the -ground"--Contrecoeur (one of the best representatives of his proud -King that ever came to America) assembled a council of war and ordered -each opinion to be put in writing. Mercier gave moderate advice; -Coulon-Villiers, half-brother of Jumonville, burning with rage, urged -violent measures. Mercier prevailed, and an army of five hundred -French and as many, or more, Indians, among whom were many Delawares, -formerly friends of the English, was raised to march and -meet Washington. At his request, the command was given to -Coulon-Villiers--_Le Grande Villiers_, so called from his prowess -among the Indians. Mercier was second in command. This was the army -before which Washington was now slowly, painfully, retreating from -Mount Braddock toward Virginia. - -It was a sad hour--that in which the Virginian retreat was ordered by -its daring Colonel, eager for a fight. But, even if he secretly -wished to stay and defend the splendid site on Mount Braddock where he -had entrenched his army, the counsel of older heads prevailed. It -would have been better had the army stuck to those breastworks--but -the suffering and humiliation to come was not foreseen. - -Backward over the rough, new road, the little army plodded, the -Virginians hauling the swivels by hand. Two teams and a few -pack-horses were all that remained of horse-flesh equal to the -occasion. Even Washington and his officers walked. For a week there -had been no bread. In two days Fort Necessity was reached, where, -quite exhausted, the little army went into camp. There were only a few -bags of flour here. It was plain, now, that the retreat to Virginia -was ill-advised. Human strength was not equal to it. So there was -nothing to do but send post-haste to Will's Creek for help. But, if -strength were lacking--there was courage and to spare! For after a -"full and free" conference of the officers it was determined to -enlarge the stockade, strengthen the fortifications, and await the -enemy, whatever his number or power. - -The day following was spent in this work, and famed Fort Necessity was -completed. It was the shape of an irregular square situated upon a -small height of land near the center of the swampy meadow. "The -natural entrenchments" of which Washington speaks in his _Journal_ may -have been merely this height of ground, or old courses of the two -brooks which flow by it on the north and on the east. At any rate the -fort was built on an "island," so to speak, in the wet lowland. A -narrow neck of solid land connected it with the southern hillside, -along which the road ran. A shallow ditch surrounded the earthen -palisaded sides of the fort. Parallel with the southeastern and -southwestern palisades rifle pits were dug. Bastion gateways offered -entrance and exit. The work embraced less than a sixth of an acre of -land. All day long skirmishers and double picket lines were kept out -and the steady advance of the French force, three times the size of -the army fearlessly awaiting it, was reported by hurrying scouts. - -No army ever slept on its arms of a night surer of a battle on the -morrow than did this first English army that ever came into the west. -_Le Grande Villiers_, thirsting for revenge, lay not five miles off, -with a thousand followers who had caught his spirit. - -By earliest morning light on Wednesday, July third, an English sentry -was brought in wounded. The French were then descending Laurel Hill, -four miles distant. They had attacked the entrenchments on Mount -Braddock the morning before only to find their bird had flown, and now -were pressing after the retreating redcoats and their "buckskin -Colonel." - -Little is known of the story of this day within that earthen fort save -as it is told in the meagre details of the general battle. There was -great lack of food, but, to compensate for this, as the soldiers no -doubt thought, there was much to drink! By eleven o'clock the French -and Indians, spreading throughout the forests on the northwest, began -firing at six hundred yards distance. Finally they circled to the -southeast where the forests approach nearer to the English trenches. -Washington at once drew his little army out of the fort and boldly -challenged assault on that narrow neck of solid land on the south -which formed the only approach to the fort. - - [Illustration: Grape Shot found near Fort Necessity. Actual - size.] - -But the crafty Villiers, not to be tempted, kept well within the -forest shadows to the south and east--cutting off all retreat to -Virginia! Realizing at last that the French would not give battle, -Washington withdrew again behind his entrenchments, Mackaye's South -Carolinians occupying the rifle-pits which paralleled the two sides of -the fortification. - -Here the all-day's battle was fought between the Virginians behind -their breastworks and in their trenches, and the French and Indians on -the ascending wooded hill-sides. The rain which began to fall soon -flooded Mackaye's men out of their trenches. No other change of -position was made. And, so far as the battle went, the English -doggedly held their own. In the contest with hunger and rain however, -they were fighting a losing battle. The horses and cattle escaped and -were slaughtered by the enemy. The provisions were being exhausted and -the ammunition was spending fast. As the afternoon waned, though there -was some cessation of musketry fire, many guns being rendered useless -by the rain, the smoking little swivels were made to do double duty. -They bellowed their fierce defiance with unwonted zest as night came -on, giving to the English an appearance of strength which they were -far from possessing. The hungry soldiers made up for the lack of food -from the abundance of liquor, which, in their exhausted state had more -than its usual effect. By nightfall half the little doomed army was -intoxicated. No doubt, had Villiers dared to rush the entrenchments, -the English would have been annihilated. The hopelessness of their -condition could not have been realized by the foe on the hills. - -But it was realized by the young Colonel commanding. And as he looked -about him in the wet twilight of that July day, what a dismal ending -of his first campaign it must have seemed. Fifty-four of his three -hundred and four men were killed or wounded in that little palisaded -enclosure. Provisions and ammunition were about gone. Horses and -cattle were gone. Many of the small arms were useless. The army was -surrounded by _Le Grande Villiers_, watchfully abiding his time. And -there was comedy with the tragedy--half the tired men were under the -influence of the only stimulant that could be spared. What mercy could -be hoped for from the brother of the dead Jumonville? A fight to the -death, or at least a captivity at Fort Duquesne or Quebec was all that -could be expected--for had not Jumonville's party already been sent -into Virginia as captives? - - [Illustration: - Battle - at the - Great Meadows - July 3^d 1751 - JARED SPARK'S - DRAWING IN - "WRITINGS OF - WASHINGTON"] - -At eight in the evening the French requested a parley and Washington -refused to consider the suggestion. Why should a parley be desired -with an enemy in such a hopeless strait as they? It was clear that -Villiers had resorted to this strategy to gain better information of -their condition. But the request was soon repeated, and this time -Villiers asked for a parley between the lines. To this Washington -readily acceded, and Captain van Braam went to meet le Mercier, who -brought a verbal proposition for the capitulation of Fort Necessity -from Villiers. To this proposition Washington and his officers -listened. Twice the commissioners were sent to Villiers to submit -modifications demanded by Washington. They returned a third time -with the articles reduced to writing--but in French. Washington -depended upon van Braam's poor knowledge of French and mongrel English -for a verbal translation. Jumonville's death was referred to as an -assassination though van Braam Englished the word "death"--perhaps -thinking there was no other translation of the French _l'assassinat_. -By the light of a flickering candle, which the mountain wind -frequently extinguished, the rain falling upon the company, George -Washington signed this, his first and last capitulation. - - ARTICLE 1st. We permit the English Commander to withdraw with - all the garrison, in order that he may return peaceably to his - country, and to shield him from all insult at the hands of our - French, and to restrain the savages who are with us as much as - may be in our power. - - ART. 2nd. He shall be permitted to withdraw and to take with - him whatever belongs to his troops, _except the artillery, - which we reserve for ourselves_. - - ART. 3d. We grant them the honors of war; they shall withdraw - with beating drums, and with a small piece of cannon, wishing - by this means to show that we consider them friends. - - ART. 4th. As soon as these articles shall be signed by both - parties, they shall take down the English flag. - - ART. 5th. Tomorrow at daybreak a detachment of French shall - lead forth the garrison and take possession of the aforesaid - fort. - - ART. 6th. Since the English have scarcely any horses or oxen - left, they shall be allowed to hide their property, in order - that they may return to seek for it after they shall have - recovered their horses; for this purpose they shall be - permitted to leave such number of troops as guards as they may - think proper, _under this condition, that they give their word - of honor that they will work on no establishment either in the - surrounding country or beyond the Highlands during one year - beginning from this day_. - - ART. 7th. Since the English have in their power an officer and - two cadets, and, in general, all the prisoners whom they took - _when they murdered Lord Jumonville_, they now promise to send - them, with an escort to Fort Duquesne, situated on Belle River; - and to secure the safe performance of this treaty article, _as - well as of the treaty_, Messrs. Jacob van Braam and Robert - Stobo, both Captains, shall be delivered to us as hostages - until the arrival of our French and Canadians herein before - mentioned. - - We on our part declare that we shall give an escort to send - back in safety the two officers who promise us our French in - two months and a half at the latest. - - Copied on one of the posts of our block-house the same day and - year as before. - - (Signed.) MESSRS. JAMES MACKAYE, GO. - GO. WASHINGTON, - COULON VILLIER. - -The parts printed in italics were those misrepresented by van Braam. -The words "_pendent une annee a compter de ce jour_" are not found in -the articles printed by the French government, as though it repudiated -Villier's intimation that the English should ever return. Yet within a -year--lacking nine days--an English army, eight times as great as the -one now capitulating, marched across this battle-field. The nice -courtesy shown by the young Colonel in allowing Captain Mackaye's name -to take precedence over his own, is significant, as Mackaye, a King's -officer, had never considered himself amenable to Washington's orders, -and his troops had steadily refused to bear the brunt of the -campaign--working on the road or transporting guns and baggage. In the -trenches, however, the Carolinians did their duty. - -And so, on the morning of July 4th, the red-uniformed Virginians and -the King's troops marched out from Fort Necessity between the files of -French, with all the honors of war and _tambour battant_. Much baggage -had to be destroyed to save it from the Indians whom the French could -not restrain. Such was the condition of the men--the wounded being -carried on stretchers--that only three miles could be made on the -homeward march the first day. However glorious later July Fourths may -have seemed to Washington, memories of this distress and gloom and -humiliation served to temper his transports. The report of the -officers of the Virginia regiment made at Will's Creek, where they -arrived July 9th, shows thirteen killed, fifty-three wounded, thirteen -left lame on the road, twenty-one sick, and one hundred sixty-five fit -for duty. - -On August 30th, the Virginian House of Burgesses passed a vote of -thanks to "Colonel George Washington, Captain Mackaye of his Majesty's -Independent Company, and the officers under his command," for their -"gallant and brave Behavior in Defence of their Country." The sting of -defeat was softened by a public realization of the odds of the contest -and the failure of Dinwiddie to forward reinforcements and supplies. - -But the young hero was deeply chagrined at his being duped to -recognize Jumonville's death as an assassination. Captain van Braam, -being held in disrepute for what was probably nothing more culpable -than carelessness, was not named in the vote of thanks tendered -Washington's officers. But this chagrin was no more cutting than the -obstinacy of Dinwiddie in refusing to fulfil the article of the treaty -concerning the return of the French prisoners. For this there was -little or no valid excuse, and Dinwiddie's action in thus playing fast -and loose with Washington's reputation was as galling to the young -Colonel as it was heedless of his country's honor and the laws of war. - -Washington's first visit to the Ohio had proven French occupation of -that great valley. This, his second mission, had proven their power. -With this campaign began his military career. "Although as yet a -youth," writes Sparks, "with small experience, unskilled in war, and -relying on his own resources, he had behaved with the prudence, -address, courage, and firmness of a veteran commander. Rigid in -discipline, but sharing the hardships and solicitous for the welfare -of his soldiers, he had secured their obedience and won their esteem -amidst privations, sufferings and perils that have seldom been -surpassed." - - - - -III. - -FORT NECESSITY AND ITS HERO. - - -On a plateau surrounded by low ground at the western extremity of -classic Great Meadows, Fort Necessity was built, and there may be seen -today the remains of its palisades. - -The site was not chosen because of its strategic location but because, -late in that May day, a century and a half ago, a little army hurrying -forward to find any spot where it could defend itself, selected it -because of the supply of water afforded by the brooks. - -From the hill to the east the young Commander no doubt looked with -anxious eyes upon this well watered meadow, and perhaps he decided -quickly to make his resistance here. As he neared the spot his hopes -rose, for he found that the plateau was surrounded by wet ground and -able to be approached only from the southern side. Moreover the -plateau contained "natural fortifications," as Washington termed them, -possibly gullies torn through it sometime when the brooks were out of -banks. - -Here Washington quickly ensconced his men. From their trenches, as -they looked westward for the French, lay the western extremity of -Great Meadows covered with bushes and rank grasses. To their -right--the north--the meadow marsh stretched more than a hundred -yards to the gently ascending wooded hillside. Behind them lay the -eastern sweep of meadows, and to their left, seventy yards distant, -the wooded hillside to the south. The high ground on which they lay -contained about forty square rods, and was bounded on the north by -Great Meadows brook and on the east by a brooklet which descended from -the valley between the southern hills. - -When, in the days following, Fort Necessity was raised, the palisades, -it is said, were made by erecting logs on one end, side by side, and -throwing dirt against them from both sides. As there were no trees in -the meadow, the logs were brought from the southern hillside over the -narrow neck of solid ground to their place. On the north the palisade -was made to touch the waters of the brook. Without its embankments on -the south and west sides, two trenches were dug parallel with the -embankments, to serve as rifle-pits. Bastion gateways, three in -number, were made in the western palisade. - -The first recorded survey of Fort Necessity was made by Mr. Freeman -Lewis, senior author, with Mr. James Veech, of "The Monongahela of -Old," in 1816. This survey was first reproduced in Lowdermilk's -"History of Cumberland"; it is described by Mr. Veech in "The -Monongahela of Old," and has been reproduced, as authoritative, by the -authors of "Frontier Forts of Pennsylvania" published in 1895 by the -State of Pennsylvania. The embankments are described thus by Mr. Veech -on the basis of his collaborator's survey: "It (Fort Necessity) was in -the form of an obtuse-angled triangle of 105 degrees, having its base -or hypothenuse upon the run. The line of the base was about midway, -sected or broken, and about two perches of it thrown across the run, -connecting with the base by lines of the triangle. One line of the -angle was six, the other seven perches; the base line eleven perches -long, including the section thrown across the run. The lines embraced -in all about fifty square perches of land on (or?) nearly one third of -an acre." - -This amusing statement has been seriously quoted by the authorities -mentioned, and a map is made according to it and published in the -"Frontier Forts of Pennsylvania" without a word as to its -inconsistencies! How could a triangle, the sides of which measure six, -seven and eleven rods, contain fifty square rods or one third of an -acre? It could not contain half that amount. - -The present writer went to Fort Necessity armed with this two page map -of Fort Necessity in the "Frontier Forts of Pennsylvania" which he -trusted as authoritative. The present owner of the land, Mr. Lewis -Fazenbaker objected to the map, and it was only in trying to prove its -correctness that its inconsistencies were discovered. - -The mounds now standing on the ground are drawn on the appended chart -"Diagrams of Fort Necessity" as lines C A B E. By a careful survey of -them by Mr. Robert McCracken C. E., sides C A and A B are found to be -the identical mounds surveyed by Mr. Lewis, the variation in direction -being exceedingly slight and easily accounted for by erosion. The -direction of Mr. Lewis' sides were N 25 W and S 80 W: their direction -by Mr. McCracken's survey are N 22 W and S 80.30 W. This proves beyond -a shadow of a doubt that the embankments surveyed in 1816 and 1901 -are identical. - -But the third mound B E runs utterly at variance with Mr. Lewis' -figure. By him its direction was 59¼ E; its present direction is S -76 E. The question then arises; Is this mound the one that Mr. Lewis -surveyed? Nothing could be better evidence that it is than the very -egregious error Mr. Lewis made concerning the area contained within -his triangular embankment. He affirms that the area of Fort Necessity -was fifty square rods. Now take the line of B E for the hypothenuse of -the triangle and extend it to F where it would meet the projection of -side A C. _That triangle contains almost exactly 50 square rods or -one-third of an acre!_ The natural supposition must be that some one -had surveyed the triangle A F B and computed its area correctly as -about fifty square rods. The mere recording of this area is sufficient -evidence that the triangle A F B had been surveyed in 1816, and this -is sufficient proof that mound B E stood just as it stands today and -was considered in Mr. Lewis' day as one of the embankments of Fort -Necessity. - - [Illustration: MAP OF FORT NECESSITY IN "FRONTIER FORTS OF - PENNSYLVANIA" FOLLOWING SURVEY OF FREEMAN LEWIS.] - -Now, why did Mr. Lewis ignore the embankment B E and the triangle A F -B which contained these fifty square rods he gave as the area of Fort -Necessity? For the very obvious reason that that triangle crossed the -brook and ran far into the marsh beyond. By every account the -palisades of Fort Necessity were made to extend on the north to touch -the brook, therefore it would be quite ridiculous to suppose the -palisades crossed the brook again on the east. Mr. Lewis, prepossessed -with the idea that the embankments must have been triangular in shape, -drew the line B C as the base of his triangle, bisecting it at M -and N, and making the loop M S N touch the brook. This design -(triangle A B C) of Fort Necessity is improbable for the following -reasons: - -1. It has not one half the area Mr. Lewis gives it. - -2. It would not include much more than one-half of the high ground of -the plateau, which was none too large for a fort. - -3. There is no semblance of a mound B C nor any shred of testimony nor -any legend of its existence. - -4. The mound B E is entirely ignored though there is the best of -evidence that it stood in Mr. Lewis' day where it stands today and was -considered an embankment of Fort Necessity. Mr. Lewis gives exactly -the area of a triangle with it as a part of the base line. - -5. Loop M S N would not come near the course of the brook without -extending it far beyond Mr. Lewis' estimate of the length of its -sides. - -6. Its area is only about 5200 square feet which would make Fort -Necessity unconscionably small in face of the fact that more high -ground was available. - -In 1759 Colonel Burd visited the site of Fort Necessity. This was only -five years after it was built. He described its remains as circular in -shape. If it was originally a triangle it is improbable that it could -have appeared round five years later. If, however, it was originally -an irregular square it is not improbable that the rains and frosts of -five winters, combined with the demolition of the Fort by the French, -would have given the mounds a circular appearance. Was Fort Necessity, -then, built in the form of an irregular square? There is the best of -evidence that it was. - -In 1830--fourteen years after Mr. Lewis' "survey,"--Mr. Jared Sparks, -a careful historian and author of the standard work on Washington, -visited Fort Necessity. According to him its remains occupied "an -irregular square, the dimensions of which were about one hundred feet -on each side." Mr. Sparks drew a map of the embankments which is -incorporated in his "Writings of Washington." This drawing has not -been reproduced in any later work, the authors of both "History of -Cumberland" and "Frontier Forts of Pennsylvania" preferring to -reproduce Mr. Lewis' inconsistent survey and speculation rather than -the drawing of what Mr. Sparks, himself, saw. - -It is plain that Mr. Sparks found the embankment B E running in the -direction it does today and not at all in direction of the line B C as -Mr. Lewis drew it. By giving the approximate length of the sides as -one hundred feet, Mr. Sparks gives about the exact length of the line -B E in whatever direction it is extended to the brook. The fact that -such an exact scholar as Mr. Sparks does not mention a sign or -tradition of an embankment at B C, only fourteen years after Mr. Lewis -"surveyed" it, is evidence that it never existed which cannot come far -from convicting the latter of a positive intention to speculate. - -Mr. Sparks gives us four sides for Fort Necessity. Three of these have -been described as C A, A B and the broken line B E D. Is there any -evidence of the fourth side such as indicated by the line C D? There -is. - -When Mr. Fazenbaker first questioned the accuracy of the map of Fort -Necessity in "Frontier Forts of Pennsylvania," he believed the fort -was a four sided construction and pointed to a small mound, -indicated at O, as the remains of the fourth embankment. The mound -would not be noticed in a hasty view of the field but, on examination -proves to be an artificial, not a natural, mound. It is in lower -ground and nearer the old course of the brook than the remains of Fort -Necessity. A mound here would suffer most when the brook was out of -banks, which would account for its disappearance. - - [Illustration: Western embankment of Fort Necessity marked with - a line of white stones.] - - [Illustration: Remains of the Southern embankment of Fort - Necessity. The low ground covered with rank grass, on the right, - marks the rifle-pit. In the distance is the Eastern sweep of - Great Meadows.] - -Excavations in the other mounds had been unsuccessful; nothing had -been discovered of the palisades, though every mound gave certain -proof of having been artificially made. But excavations at mound O -gave a different result. At about four and one-half feet below the -surface of the ground, at the water line, a considerable amount of -bark was found, fresh and red as new bark. It was water-soaked and the -strings lay parallel with the mound above and were not found at a -greater distance than two feet from its center. It was the rough bark -of a tree's trunk--not the skin bark such as grows on roots. Large -flakes, the size of a man's hand, could be removed from it. At a -distance of ten feet away a second trench was sunk, in line with the -mound but quite beyond its northwestern extremity. Bark was found here -entirely similar in color, position, and condition. There is little -doubt that the bark came from the logs of the palisades of Fort -Necessity, though nothing is to be gained by exaggerating the -possibility. Bark, here in the low ground, would last indefinitely, -and water was reached under this mound sooner than at any other point. -No wood was found. It is probable that the French threw down the -palisades, but bark would naturally have been left in the ground. If -wood had been left it would not withstand decay so long as bark. -Competent judges declare the bark to be that of oak. An authority of -great reputation, expresses the opinion that the bark found was -probably from the logs of the palisades erected in 1754. - -If anything is needed to prove that this slight mound O was an -embankment of Fort Necessity, it is to be found in the result of Mr. -McCracken's survey. The mound lies in _exact line_ with the eastern -extremity of embankment C A, the point C, being located seven rods -from the obtuse angle A, in line with the mound C A, which is broken -by Mr. Fazenbaker's lane. Also, the distance from C to D (in line with -the mound O) measures ninety-nine feet and four inches,--almost -exactly Mr. Sparks' estimate of one hundred feet. Thus Fort Necessity -was in the shape of the figure represented by lines K C, C A, A B, and -B E, and the projection of the palisades to the brook is represented -by E D K, E H K, or L W K, (line B E being prolonged to L.) Mr. -Sparks' drawing of the fort is thus proven approximately correct, -although Mr. Veech boldly asserts that it is "inaccurate," (the -quotation being copied in the "Frontier Forts of Pennsylvania") and -despite the fact that two volumes treating of the fort, "History of -Cumberland," and "Frontier Forts of Pennsylvania," refuse to give Mr. -Sparks' map a place in their pages. It is of little practical moment -what the form of the fort may have been, but it is all out of order -that a palpably false description should be given by those who should -be authorities, in preference to Mr. Sparks' description which is -easily proven to be approximately correct. - - [Illustration: Lewis' plan of Fort Necessity: A, B, N, S, M, C. - Enlarged triangle (containing "{~VULGAR FRACTION ONE THIRD~} of an acre"): A, B, F. Sparks - plan: A, B, L, W, K, C. Remains of Eastern embankment: O. - Variation of Lewis' triangle (given in "Fort Cumberland"): A, B, - N, R, P, M, C. Actual shape of Fort Necessity according to last - survey: K, C, A, B, E; the projection to the water may have been - E, D, K, or E, H, K, or L, W, K. This detail is immaterial. The - irregular square A, B, K, C, gives the general outline of the - fortifications, CA, (save where the lane crosses it) AB, BE and - O being still visible in 1901.] - -Relics from Fort Necessity are rare and valuable, for the reason that -no other action save the one Battle of Fort Necessity ever took place -here. The barrel of an old flint-lock musket, a few grape shot, a -bullet mould and ladle, leaden and iron musket balls, comprise the few -silent memorials of the first battle in which Saxon blood was shed -west of the Allegheny Mountains. The swivels, it is said, were taken -to Kentucky to do brave duty there in redeeming the "dark and bloody -ground" to civilization. - - * * * * * - -But, after all--and more precious than all--our study of this historic -spot in the Alleghenies and the memorials left near it becomes, soon, -a study of its hero, that young Virginian Colonel. Even the battles -fought hereabouts seem to have been of little real consequence, for -New France fell, never to rise, with the capture of Quebec--"amid the -proudest monuments of its own glory and on the very spot of its -origin!" - -And it is not of little consequence that there was here a brave -training school for the future heroes of the Revolution. For in what -did Colonel Washington need training more than in the art of -manoeuvring a handful of ill-equipped, discouraged men? What lesson -did that youth need more than the lesson that Right becomes Might in -God's own good time? And here in these Allegheny glades we catch the -most precious pictures of the lithe, keen-eyed, sober lad, who, taking -his lessons of truth and uprightness from his widowed mother's knee, -his strength hardened by the power of the mountain rivers, his heart, -now thrilled by the songs of the mountain birds, now tempered by a St. -Piere's hauteur, a Braddock's blind insolence, or the prejudiced -over-rulings of a Forbes, became the hero of Valley Forge and -Yorktown, the immeasurable superior of Piere, Braddock, Forbes, -Kaunitz or Newcastle. - -For consider the record of that older Washington of 1775 beneath the -Cambridge elm. He had capitulated at Fort Necessity, with the first -army he ever commanded, after the first battle he ever fought! He had -marched with Braddock's ill-starred army, in which he had no official -position whatever until defeat and rout threw upon his shoulders a -large share of the responsibility of saving the army from complete -annihilation. He had marched with Forbes, only to write his Governor -begging to be allowed to go to England to tell the King the sad story -of the campaign--of "how grossly his glory and interest and the public -money, have been prostituted." For the past sixteen years he had led a -quiet life on his farms. - -Why, now, in 1775, should he have had the unstinted confidence of all -men, in the hour of his country's great crisis? Why should his journey -from Mt. Vernon to Cambridge have been a triumphal march? Professor -McMaster asserts that the General and the President are known to us, -"but George Washington is an unknown." How untrue this was in 1775! -How the nation believed it knew the man! How much of reputation he had -gained while those by his side lost all of theirs! What a hero--of -many defeats! What a man to fight England to a standstill, after many -a wary, difficult retreat and dearly fought battle-field! Aye--but he -had been to school with Gates and Mercer, Lewis and Stephen and -Gladewin, on that swath of a road in the Alleghenies which led to Fort -Necessity. - -Half a century ago multitudes were pointed to the man Washington in -the superb oratory of Edward Everett. But how, if not by quoting that -memorable extract from the letter of the _youthful surveyor_, who -boasted of earning an honest dubloon a day? Thus, the orator declared, -he presented to his audience "not an ideal hero, wrapped in cloudy -generalities and a mist of vague panegyric, but the real, identical -man." And, again, did he not quote that pathetic letter from the -_youth_ Washington to Governor Dinwiddie from the bleeding Virginia -border, after Braddock's defeat, that his hearers might "see it -all--see the whole man."? Was Edward Everett mistaken, are these -letters not extant today, or are they unread? Surely the latter -supposition must be the true one if the man Washington is being -forgotten. - -A candid review of the more popular school histories will bring out -the fact that the man Washington is almost forgotten, in so far as the -General and statesman do not portray him. In one of the best known -school histories there seems to be but one line, of five words, which -describes the character of Washington. Could we not forego, for once, -what the Indian chieftain said of his bearing a charmed life at -Braddock's defeat, to make room for one little reason why Washington -was "completer in nature" and of "a nobler human type" than any and -all of the heroes of romance? - -Mr. Otis Kendall Stuart has written a most interesting account of "The -Popular Opinion of Washington" as ascertained by inquiry among persons -of all ages, occupations and conditions. He found that Washington was -held to be a "broad," "brave," "thinking," "practical," man; an -aristocrat, so far as the dignity of his position demanded, but -willing to "work with his hands" and with a credit that was "A 1!" -Also, "when he did a thing, he did it," and, if to the question, "Was -he a great general and statesman?" there was some hesitation, to the -question, "Was he a great man?" the answer was an unhesitating, "Yes." - -One may hold that such opinions as these have been gained from our -school histories, but I think they are not so much from the histories, -as from the popular legends of Washington, which, true and false, will -never be forgotten by the common people, until they cease to -represent,--not the patient, brave and wary general, or the calm, -far-seeing statesman, but the man--"simple, stainless, and robust -character," as President Eliot has so beautifully described it, "which -served with dazzling success the precious cause of human progress -through liberty, and so stands, like the sunlit peak of Matterhorn, -unmatched in all the world." - -The real essence of that "simple, stainless, and robust character" is -nowhere so clearly seen as in these Allegheny vales where Colonel -Washington first touched hands with fortune. 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You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: Colonel Washington - -Author: Archer Butler Hulbert - -Release Date: March 29, 2013 [EBook #42430] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK COLONEL WASHINGTON *** - - - - -Produced by Greg Bergquist, Matthew Wheaton and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) - - - - - - -</pre> - +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 42430 ***</div> <div class="figcenter"> <img src="images/i001.jpg" width="387" height="600" alt="" /> @@ -2327,383 +2289,6 @@ Washington first touched hands with fortune. Here truly, we may still <p class="book-end">THE END.</p> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's Colonel Washington, by Archer Butler Hulbert - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK COLONEL WASHINGTON *** - -***** This file should be named 42430-h.htm or 42430-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/2/4/3/42430/ - -Produced by Greg Bergquist, Matthew Wheaton and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: Colonel Washington - -Author: Archer Butler Hulbert - -Release Date: March 29, 2013 [EBook #42430] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ASCII - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK COLONEL WASHINGTON *** - - - - -Produced by Greg Bergquist, Matthew Wheaton and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) - - - - - - - - Colonel Washington. - - By Archer Butler Hulbert. - - - Published from the Income - _of_ the Francis G. Butler Publication - Fund _of_ Western - Reserve University. 1902. - - - - - COLONEL WASHINGTON - - BY ARCHER BUTLER HULBERT - - - WITH MAPS AND ILLUSTRATIONS - - - PUBLISHED FROM THE INCOME - OF THE FRANCIS G. BUTLER - PUBLICATION FUND OF WESTERN - RESERVE UNIVERSITY. - 1902 - - - Entered according to Act of Congress - in the year 1902 by - ARCHER BUTLER HULBERT - in the Office of the Librarian of Congress - at Washington, D. C. - - - - -NOTE. - - -The following pages contain a glimpse of the youth Washington when he -first stepped into public view. It is said the President and General -are known to us but "George Washington is an unknown man." Those, to -whom the man is lost in the official, may well consider Edward -Everett's oration in which the conduct of the youth Washington is -carefully described--that the orator's audience might see "not an -ideal hero, wrapped in cloudy generalities and a mist of vogue -panegyric, but the real identical man." - - A. B. H. - Marietta, Ohio, Nov. 28, 1901. - - - - - CONTENTS. - - - I. A Prologue: The Governor's Envoy. - - II. The Story of the Campaign. - - III. Fort Necessity and Its Hero. - - - - - ILLUSTRATIONS. - - - Site of Fort Necessity Frontispiece - The Route Through the Alleghanies Page 26 - "Lowdermilk's Map of Fort Necessity" " 32 - "Washington's Rock," " 34 - Grape Shot Found Near Fort Necessity " 40 - Spark's Map of Fort Necessity " 42 - Lewis's Map of Fort Necessity " 48 - "Frontier Forts" Map " 50 - Views of Remains of Fort Necessity " 52 - Diagrams of Fort Necessity " 54 - - [Illustration: SITE OF FORT NECESSITY. - - The outline of the Southern embankment is in the fore-ground. - The hill is locally known as Mount Washington; the brick mansion - stands on the old National road and was known as Sampey's - Tavern. From this hill the French first attacked the little - Virginian army under Washington in the fort.] - - - - -COLONEL WASHINGTON. - - - - -I. - -A PROLOGUE; THE GOVERNOR'S ENVOY. - - -A thousand vague rumors came over the Allegheny mountains during the -year 1753 to Governor Dinwiddie of Virginia, of French aggressions -into the Ohio River valley, the more alarming because vague and -uncertain. - -Orders were soon at hand from London authorizing the Virginian -Governor to erect a fort on the Ohio which would hold that river for -England and tend to conciliate the Indians to English rule. But the -Governor was too much in the dark as to the operations of the French -to warrant any decisive step, and he immediately cast about him for an -envoy whom he could trust to find out what was really happening in the -valley of the Ohio. - -Who was to be this envoy? The mission called for a person of unusual -capacity; a diplomat, a soldier and a frontiersman. Five hundred miles -were to be threaded on Indian trails in the dead of winter. This was -woodman's work. There were cunning Indian chieftains and French -officers, trained to intrigue, to be met, influenced, conciliated. -This, truly, demanded a diplomat. There were forts to be marked and -mapped, highways of approach to be considered and compared, vantage -sites on river and mountain to be noted and valued. This was work for -a soldier and a strategist. - -After failing to induce one or two gentlemen to undertake this -perilous but intrinsically important task, the services of a youthful -Major George Washington, one of the four adjutant-generals of -Virginia, were offered, and the despairing Scotch Governor, whose zeal -always approached rashness, accepted them. - -But there was something more to the credit of this audacious youth -than his temerity. The best of Virginian blood ran in his veins, and -he had shown already a taste for adventurous service quite in line -with such a hazardous business. Acquiring, when a mere lad, a -knowledge of mathematics, he had gone surveying in Lord Fairfax's -lands on the south branch of the Potomac. There he spent the best of -three years, far beyond the settled limits of Virginia, fortifying his -splendid physique against days of stress to come. In other ways this -life on his country's frontier was of advantage. Here he had met the -Indians--that race upon which no man ever wielded a greater influence -than Washington. Here he learned to know frontier life, its charms, -its deprivations, its fears and its toils--a life for which he was -ever to entertain so much sympathy and so much consideration. Here he -studied the Indian traders, a class of men of much more importance, in -peace or war, than any or all others in the border land; men whose -motives of action were as hard to read as an Indian's, and whose -flagrant and oft practiced deceptions on their fellow white men were -fraught with disaster. - -It was of utmost fortune for his country that this youth went into the -West in his teens, for he was to be, under Providence, a champion of -that West worthy of its influence on human affairs. Thus he had come -to it early and loved it; he learned to know its value, to foresee -something of its future, to think for and with its pioneer developers, -to study its roads and rivers and portages: thus he was fortified -against narrow purposes, and made as broad in his sympathies and -ambitions as the great West was broad itself. No statesman of his day -came to know and believe in the West as Washington did; and it is not -difficult to think that had he not so known and loved it, the -territory west of the Allegheny mountains would never have become a -portion of the United States of America. There were far too many -serious men like Thomas Jefferson who knew little about the West and -boasted that they cared less. Yet today the seaboard states are more -dependent commercially and politically on the states between the -Alleghenies and Mississippi than are these central commonwealths -dependent on them. - -The same divine Providence which directed this youth's steps into the -Alleghenies had brought him speedily to his next post of duty, for -family influence secured him an appointment as adjutant-general (with -rank of major) over one of the four military districts into which -Virginia had been divided for purposes of defense, a position for -which he was as fitted by inclination as by frontier experience. - -This lad now received Dinwiddie's appointment. As a practical surveyor -in the wilderness he possessed the frontiersman's qualifications; as -an apt and diligent student of military science, with a -brother--trained under Admiral Vernon--as a practical tutor, he had -in a degree a soldier's qualifications; if not a diplomat, he was as -shrewd a lad as chivalrous old Virginia had within her borders; still, -at twenty-one, that boy of the sixty maxims, but hardened, steadied -and made exceeding thoughtful by his life on Virginia's great black -forest-bound horizon. His keen eyes, quick perception and daring -spirit were now to be turned to something of more moment than a -tripod's reading or a shabby line of Virginia militia. All in all, he -was far better fitted for this mission than anyone could have known or -guessed. - -It is not to be doubted that George Washington knew the dangers he -courted, at least very much better than we can appreciate them today. -He had not lived three years on the frontier for nothing. He had heard -of these French--of their bold invasion of the West, their growing -trade, their cunning conciliation of the Indian, their sudden passion -for fort building when they heard of the grant of land to the Ohio -Company to which his brothers belonged. Who can doubt that he looked -with envious eyes upon those fearless fleets of _coureur de bois_ and -their woodland pilgrimaging; who can doubt that the few stolid English -traders who went over the mountains on poor Indian ponies made a sorry -showing beside the roistering, picturesque, irrepressible Frenchmen -who knew and sailed those sweet, clear rivers that flowed through the -dark, green forests of the great West? But the forests were filled -with their sly, redskinned proselytes. One swift rifle ball might -easily be sent from a hidden covert to meet the stripling envoy from -the English who had come to spy out the land and report both its -giants and its grapes. Yet after one day's preparation he was ready -to leave a home rich in comfort and culture, a host of warm friends, -and bury himself six hundred miles deep in the western forests, to -sleep on the ground in the dead of winter, wade rivers running with -ice and face a hundred known and a thousand unknown risks. - -"Faith, you're a brave lad," broke out the old Scotch Governor, "and, -if you play your cards well, you shall have no cause to repent your -bargain," and the Major Washington departed from Williamsburg on the -last day of October, but one, 1753. The first sentence in the -_Journal_ he now began suggests his avidity and promptness: "I was -commissioned and appointed by the Honourable _Robert Dinwiddie_, Esq; -Governor, _&c_ of _Virginia_, to visit and deliver a Letter to the -Commandant of the _French_ Forces on the _Ohio_, and set out on the -intended Journey the same Day." At Fredericksburg he employed his old -fencing tutor, Jacob van Braam, as his interpreter, and pushed on -westward over the new road built by the Ohio Company to Will's Creek -(Fort Cumberland, Maryland) on the upper Potomac, where he arrived -November 14th. - -Will's Creek was the last Virginian outpost, where Fort Cumberland was -soon erected. Already the Ohio Company had located a store house at -this point. Onward the Indian trail wound in and out through the -Alleghenies, over the successive ranges known as Wills', Savage and -Meadow Mountains. From the latter it dropped down into Little Meadows. -Here in the open ground, covered with rank grasses, the first of the -western waters was crossed, a branch of the Youghiogeny River. From -"Little Crossings," as the ford was called, the narrow trail vaulted -Negro Mountain and came down upon the upper Youghiogeny, this ford -here being named "Big Crossings." Another climb over Briery Mountain -brought the traveller down into Great Meadows, the largest tract of -open land in the Alleghenies. By a zig-zag climb of five miles the -summit of the last of the Allegheny ranges--Laurel Hill--was reached, -where the path turned northward and followed the line of hills, by -Christopher Gist's clearing on what is known as Mount Braddock, toward -the lower Youghiogeny, at "Stewart's Crossing." Thence the trail ran -down the point of land where Pittsburg now lies in its clouds of smoke -between the "Forks of the Ohio." - -This trace of the buffalo and portage path of the Indian had no name -until it took that of a Delaware Indian, Nemacolin, who blazed its -course, under the direction of Captain Thomas Cresap, for the Ohio -Company. To those who love to look back to beginnings, and read great -things in small, this Indian path, with its border of wounded trees, -leading across the first great divide into the central west, is worthy -of contemplation. Each tree starred whitely by the Indian's axe spoke -of Saxon conquest and commerce, one and inseparable. In every act of -the great world-drama now on the boards this little trail with its -blazed trees lies in the foreground. - -And the rise of the curtain shows the lad Washington and his party of -seven horsemen, led by the bold guide Christopher Gist, setting out -from Will's Creek on the 15th of November, 1753. The character of the -journey is nowhere better described than in Washington's words when he -engaged Gist's services: "I engaged Mr. _Gist_ to pilot us out." - -It proved a rough voyage! A fierce, early winter came out of the -north, as though in league with the French to intimidate, if not drive -back, these spies of French aggression. It rained and snowed, and the -little roadway became well nigh impassable. The brown mountain ranges, -which until recently had been burnished with the glory of a mountain -autumn, were wet and black. Scarce eighteen miles were covered a day, -a whole week being exhausted in reaching the Monongahela. But this was -not altogether unfortunate. A week was not too long for the future -Father of the West to study the hills and valleys which were to bear -forever the precious favor of his devoted and untiring zeal. And in -this week this youth conceived a dream and a purpose, the dearest, if -not the most dominant, of his life--the union, commercial as well as -political, of the East and the West. Yet he passed Great Meadows -without seeing Fort Necessity, Braddock's Run without seeing -Braddock's unmarked grave, and Laurel Hill without a premonition of -the covert in the valley below, where shortly he should shape the -stones above a Frenchman's grave. But could he have seen it all--the -wasted labor, nights spent in agony of suspense, humiliation, defeat -and the dead and dying--would it have turned him back? - -The first roof to offer Washington hospitable shelter was the cabin of -the trader Frazier at the mouth of Turtle Creek, on the Monongahela, -near the death-trap where soon that desperate horde of French and -Indians should put to flight an army five times its own number. Here -information was at hand, for it was none other than this Frazier who -had been driven from Venango but a few weeks before by the French -force sent there to build a fort. Joncaire was spending the winter in -Frazier's old cabin, and no doubt the young Virginian heard this -irrepressible French officer's title read clear in strong German -oaths. Here too was a Speech, with a string of wampum accompanying, on -its way from the anti-French Indians on the Ohio to Governor -Dinwiddie, bringing the ominous news that the Chippewas, Ottawas and -Wyandots had taken up the hatchet against the English. - -Washington took the Speech and the wampum and pushed on undismayed. -Sending the baggage down the Monongahela by boat he pushed on overland -to the "Forks" where he chose a site for a fort, the future site, -first, of Fort Duquesne, and later, Fort Pitt. But his immediate -destination was the Indian village of Loggstown, fifteen miles down -the Ohio. On his way thither he stopped at the lodge of Shingiss, a -Delaware King, and secured the promise of his attendance upon the -council of anti-French (though not necessarily pro-English) Indians. -For this was the Virginian envoy's first task--to make a strong bid -for the allegiance of the redmen; it was not more than suggested in -his instructions, but was none the less imperative, as he well knew -whether his superiors did or not. - -It is extremely difficult to construct anything like a clear statement -of Indian affiliations at this crisis. This territory west of the -Alleghenies, nominally purchased from the Six Nations, was claimed by -the Shawanese and Delawares who had since come into it, and also by -many fugitives from the Six Nations, known generally as Mingoes, who -had come to make their hunting grounds their home. Though the Delaware -King was only a "Half-King" (because subject to the Council of the -Six Nations) yet they claimed the land and had even resisted French -encroachment. "Half-King" and his Delawares believed that the English -only desired commercial intercourse and favored them as compared with -the French who had already built forts in the West. The northern -nations who were nearer the French soon surrendered to their -blandishments; and soon the Delawares (called _Loups_ by the French) -and the Shawanese were overcome by French allurements and were -generally found about the French forts and forces. In the spring of -the year Half-King had gone to Presque Isle and spoken firmly to -Marin, declaring that the land was not theirs but the Indians'. - -Insofar as the English were more backward than the French in occupying -the land the unprejudiced Delawares and Mingoes were inclined to -further English plans. When, a few years later, it became clear that -the English cared not a whit for the rights of the redmen, the latter -hated and fought them as they never had the French. Washington was -well fitted for handling this delicate matter of sharpening Indian -hatred of the French and of keeping very still about English plans. - -Here at Loggstown unexpected information was received. Certain French -deserters from the Mississippi gave the English envoy a description of -French operations on that river between New Orleans and Illinois. The -latter word "Illinois" was taken by Washington's old Dutch interpreter -to be the French words "_Isle Noire_," and Washington speaks of -Illinois as the "Black Islands" in his _Journal_. But this was not to -be old van Braam's only blunder in the role of interpreter! - -Half-King was ready with the story of his journey to Presque Isle, -which, he affirmed, Washington could not reach "in less than five or -six nights' sleep, good traveling." Little wonder, at such a season, a -journey was measured by the number of nights to be spent in the frozen -forests! Marin's answer to Half-King was not less spirited because of -his own dying condition. The Frenchman frankly stated that two English -traders had been taken to Canada "_to get intelligence of what the -English were doing in Virginia_." So far as Indian possession of the -land was concerned Marin was quickly to the point: "_You say this Land -belongs to you, but there is not the Black of my Nail yours. I saw -that Land sooner than you did, before the Shannoahs and you were at -War_: Lead _was the Man who went down, and took Possession of that -River: It is my Land, and I will have it, let who will stand-up for, -or say-against, it. I'll buy and sell with the_ English, (mockingly). -_If People will be rul'd by me, they may expect Kindness, but not -else._" La Salle had gone down the Ohio and claimed possession of it -long before Delaware or Shawanese, Ottawa or Wyandot had built a -single fire in the valley! The claim of the Six Nations, only, -antedated that of the French--but the Six Nations had sold their claim -to the English for 400 pounds at Lancaster in 1744. And there was the -rub! - -At the Council on the following day (26th), Washington delivered an -address, asking for guides and guards on his trip up the Allegheny and -Riviere aux Boeufs, adroitly implying, in word and gesture, that his -audience was the warmest allies of the English and equally desirous to -oppose French aggression. The Council was for granting each request -but the absence of the hunters necessitated a detention; undoubtedly -fear of the French also provoked delay and counselling. Little -wonder: Washington would soon be across the mountain again and the -rough Frenchman who claimed even the earth beneath his finger nails -and had won over Ottawas, Chippewas, and fierce Wyandots, would make -short work with those who housed and counselled with the English -envoy! And--perhaps more ominous than all--Washington did not announce -his business in the West, undoubtedly fearing the Indians would not -aid him if they knew it. When at last they asked the nature of his -mission he answered just the best an honest-hearted lad could. "This -was a Question I all along expected," he wrote in his _Journal_, "and -had provided as satisfactory Answers to, as I could; which allayed -their Curiosity a little." This youthful diplomat would have allayed -the burning curiosity of hundreds of others had he mentioned the -reasons he gave those suspicious chieftains for this five-hundred-mile -journey in the winter season to a miserable little French fort on the -Riviere aux Boeufs! It is safe to assume that could he have given the -real reasons he would have been saved the difficulty of providing -"satisfactory" ones. - -For four days Washington remained, but on the 30th. he set out -northward accompanied only by the faithful Half-King and three other -Indians, and five days later (after four "nights sleep") the party -arrived at the mouth of the Riviere aux Boeufs where Joncaire was -wintering in Frazier's cabin. The seventy miles from Loggstown were -traversed at about the same poor rate as the one hundred and twenty -five from Will's Creek. To Joncaire's cabin, over which floated the -French flag, the Virginian envoy immediately repaired. He was -received with much courtesy, though, as he well knew, Legardeur de St -Piere, at Fort La Boeuf, the successor to the dead Marin, was the -French commandant to whom his letter from Dinwiddie must go. - -However Washington was treated "with the greatest Complaisance" by -Joncaire. During the evening the Frenchmen "dosed themselves pretty -plentifully," wrote the sober, keen-eyed Virginian, "and gave a -Licence to their Tongues. They told me, That it was their absolute -Design to take Possession of the _Ohio_, and by G-- they would do it: -For that altho' they were sensible the _English_ could raise two Men -for their one; yet they knew, their Motions were too slow and dilatory -to prevent any Undertaking of theirs." For a true picture of the man -Washington (who is said to be forgotten) what one would be chosen -before this: the youth sitting before the log fire in an Englishman's -cabin, from which the French had driven its owner, on the Allegheny -river; about him sit leering, tipsy Gauls, bragging, with oaths, of a -conquest they were never to make; dress him for a five-hundred-mile -ride through a wilderness in winter, and rest his sober eyes -thoughtfully upon the crackling logs while oaths and boasts and the -rank smell of foreign liquor fill the heavy air. No picture could show -better the three commanding traits of this youth who was father of the -man: hearty daring, significant, homespun shrewdness, dogged, -resourceful patience. Basic traits of character are often displayed -involuntarily in the effervescence of youthful zest. These this lad -had shown and was showing in this brave ride into a dense wilderness -and a braver inspection of his country's enemies, their works, their -temper, and their boasts. Let this picture hang on the walls of every -home where the lad in the fore-ground before the blazing logs is -unknown save in the role of the general or statesman he became in -later life. - -How those French officers must have looked this tall, stern boy up and -down! How they enjoyed sneering in his face at English backwardness in -coming over the Alleghenies into the great West which their explorers -had honeycombed with a thousand swift canoes! As they even plotted his -assassination, how, in turn, that young heart must have burned to stop -their mouths with his hand. Little wonder that when the time came his -voice first ordered "Fire," and his finger first pulled the trigger in -the great war which won the west from those bragging Frenchmen! - -But with the boasts came no little information concerning the French -operations on the great lakes, the number of their forts and men. -Washington did not get off for Fort La Boeuf the next day for the -weather was exceedingly rough. This gave the wily Joncaire a chance to -tamper with his Indians, and the opportunity was not neglected! Upon -learning that Indians were in the envoy's retinue he professed great -regret that Washington had not "made free to bring them in before." -The Virginian was quick with a stinging retort: for since he had heard -Joncaire "say a good deal in Dispraise of the _Indians_ in general" he -did not "think their Company agreeable." But Joncaire had his way and -"applied the Loquor so fast," that lo! the poor Indians "were soon -rendered incapable of the Business they came about." - -In the morning Half-King came to Washington's tent hopefully sober but -urging that another day be spent at Venango since "the Management of -the _Indians_ Affairs was left solely to Monsieur _Joncaire_." To this -the envoy reluctantly acquiesced. But on the day after the embassy got -on its way, thanks to Christopher Gist's influence over the Indians. -When Joncaire found them going, he forwarded their plans "in the -heartiest way in the world" and detailed Monsieur la Force (with whom -this Virginian was to meet under different circumstances inside half a -year!) to accompany them. Four days were spent in floundering over the -last sixty miles of this journey, the party being driven into "Mires -and Swamps" to avoid crossing the swollen Riviere aux Boeufs. On the -11th of December Washington reached his destination, having traveled -over 500 miles in forty-two days. - -Legardeur St. Piere, the one-eyed commander at Fort La Boeuf, had -arrived but one week before Washington. To him the Virginian envoy -delivered Governor Dinwiddie's letter the day after his arrival. Its -contents read: - - "Sir, - - The Lands upon the River _Ohio_, in the Western Parts of the - Colony of _Virginia_, are so notoriously known to be the - Property of the Crown of _Great-Britain_; that it is a Matter - of equal Concern and Surprise to me, to hear that a Body of - _French_ Forces are erecting Fortresses, and making Settlements - upon that River, within his Majesty's Dominions. - - The many and repeated Complaints I have received of these Acts - of Hostility, lay me under the Necessity, of sending, in the - Name of the King my Master, the Bearer hereof, _George - Washington_, Esq; one of the Adjutants General of the Forces of - this Dominion; to complain to you of the Encroachments thus - made, and of the Injuries done to the Subjects of - _Great-Britain_, in the open Violation of the Law of Nations, - and the Treaties now subsisting between the two Crowns. - - If these Facts are true, and you shall think fit to justify - your Proceedings, I must desire you to acquaint me, by whose - Authority and Instructions you have lately marched from - _Canada_, with an armed Force; and invaded the King of - _Great-Britain's_ Territories, in the Manner complained of? - that according to the Purport and Resolution of your Answer, I - may act agreeably to the Commission I am honored with, from the - King my Master. - - However, Sir, in Obedience to my Instructions, it becomes my - Duty to require your peaceable Departure; and that you would - forbear prosecuting a Purpose so interruptive of the Harmony - and good Understanding, which his Majesty is desirous to - continue and cultivate with the most Christian King. - - I persuade myself you will receive and entertain Major - _Washington_ with the Candour and Politeness natural to your - Nation; and it will give me the greatest Satisfaction, if you - return him with an Answer suitable to my Wishes for a very long - and lasting Peace between us. I have the Honour to subscribe - myself, - - _SIR_, - Your most obedient, - Humble Servant, - ROBERT DINWIDDIE." - -While an answer was being prepared the envoy had an opportunity to -take careful note of the fort and its hundred defenders. The fortress -which Washington carefully described in his _Journal_ was not so -significant as the host of canoes along the river shore. It was French -canoes the English feared more than French forts. The number at Fort -La Boeuf at this time was over two hundred, and others were being -made. And every stream flowed south to the land "notoriously known" to -belong to the British Crown! - -On the 14th. Washington was planning his homeward trip. His horses, -lacking proper nourishment, exhausted by the hard trip northward, were -totally unfit for service, and were at once set out on the road to -Venango, since canoes had been offered the little embassy for the -return trip. Anxious as Washington was to be off, neither his business -nor that of Half-King's had been forwarded with any celerity until -now; but this day Half-King secured an audience with St. Piere and -offered him the wampum which was promptly refused, though with many -protestations of friendship and an offer to send a load of goods to -Loggstown. Every effort possible was being put forth to alienate -Half-King and the Virginian frankly wrote: "I can't say that ever in -my Life I suffered so much Anxiety as I did in this Affair." This day -and the next the French officers out did themselves in hastening -Washington's departure and retarding Half-King's. At last Washington -complained frankly to St. Piere, who denied his duplicity--and doubled -his bribes! But on the day following Half-King was lured away, Venango -being reached in six long days, a large part of the time being spent -in dragging the canoes over icy shoals. - -Four days were spent with Joncaire, when abandoning both horses and -Indians, Washington and Gist set out alone and afoot by the shortest -course to the Forks of the Ohio. It was a daring alternative but -altogether the preferable one. At Murdering Town, a fit place for -Joncaire's assassin to lie in wait, some French Indians were -overtaken, one of whom offered to guide the travelers across to the -Forks. At the first good chance he fired upon them, was disarmed and -sent away. The two, building a raft, reached an island in the -Allegheny after heroic suffering but were unable to cross to the -eastern shore until the following morning. Then they passed over on -the ice which had formed and went directly to Frazier's cabin. There -they arrived December 29th. On the first day of the new year, 1754, -Washington set out for Virginia. On the sixth he met seventeen horses -loaded with materials and stores, "for a Fort at the Forks of the -_Ohio_." Governor Dinwiddie, indefatigable if nothing else, had -commissioned Captain Trent to raise a company of an hundred men to -erect a fort on the Ohio for the protection of the Ohio Company. - -On the sixteenth of January the youthful envoy rode again into -Williamsburg, one month from the day he left Fort La Boeuf. St. -Piere's reply to Governor Dinwiddie's letter read as follows: - - "_SIR_, - - As I have the Honour of commanding here in Chief, Mr. - _Washington_ delivered me the Letter which you wrote to the - Commandant of the _French_ Troops. - - I should have been glad that you had given him Orders, or that - he had been inclined to proceed to _Canada_, to see our - General; to whom it better belongs than to me to set-forth the - Evidence and Reality of the Rights of the King, my Master, upon - the Lands situated along the River _Ohio_, and to contest the - Pretentions of the King of _Great-Britain_ thereto. - - I shall transmit your Letter to the Marquis _Duguisne_. His - Answer will be a Law to me; and if he shall order me to - communicate it to you, Sir, you may be assured I shall not fail - to dispatch it to you forthwith. - - As to the Summons you send me to retire, I do not think myself - obliged to obey it. What-ever may be your Instructions, I am - here by Virtue of the Orders of my General; and I entreat you, - Sir, not to doubt one Moment, but that I am determin'd to - conform myself to them with all the Exactness and Resolution - which can be expected from the best Officer. - - I don't know that in the Progress of this Campaign any Thing - has passed which can be reputed an Act of Hostility, or that is - contrary to the Treaties which subsist between the two Crowns; - the Continuation whereof as much interests, and is as pleasing - to us, as the _English_. Had you been pleased, Sir, to have - descended to particularize the Facts which occasioned your - Complaint, I should have had the Honour of answering you in the - fullest, and, I am persuaded, most satisfactory Manner. - - I made it my particular Care to receive Mr _Washington_, with a - Distinction suitable to your Dignity, as well as his own - Quality and great Merit. I flatter myself that he will do me - this Justice before you, Sir; and that he will signify to you - in the Manner I do myself, the profound Respect with which I - am, - - _SIR_, - Your most humble, and - most obedient Servant, - LEGARDEUR DE ST. PIERE." - -Washington found the Governor's council was to meet the day following -and that his report was desired. Accordingly he rewrote his _Journal_ -from the "rough minutes" he had made. From any point of view this -document of ten thousand words, hastily written by a lad of twenty-one -who had not seen a school desk since his seventeenth year, is far more -creditable and remarkable than any of the feats of physical endurance -for which the lad is idolized by the youthful readers of our school -histories. It is safe to say that many a college bred man of today -could not prepare from rough notes such a succinct and polite document -as did this young surveyor, who had read few books and studied neither -his own nor any foreign language. The author did not "in the least -conceive ... that it would ever be published." Speaking afterward of -its "numberless imperfections" he said that all that could recommend -it to the public was its truthfulness of fact. Certain features of -this first literary work of Washington's are worthy of remark: his -frankness, as in criticising Shingiss' village as a site for a fort as -proposed by the Ohio Company; his exactness in giving details (where -he could obtain them) of forts, men, and guns; his estimates of -distances; his wise conforming to Indian custom; his careful note of -the time of day of important events; his frequent observations of the -kinds of the land through which he passed; his knowlege of Indian -character. - -This mission prosecuted with such rare tact and skill was an utter -failure, considered from the standpoint of its nominal purpose. St. -Piere's letter was firm, if not defiant. Yet Dinwiddie, despairing of -French withdrawal, had secured the information he desired. Already the -French had reached the Forks of the Ohio where an English fort was -being erected. Peaceful measures were exhausted with the failure of -Washington's embassy. - -England's one hope was--war. - - - - -II. - -THE STORY OF THE CAMPAIGN. - - -No literary production of a youth of twenty-one ever electrified the -world as did the publication of the _Journal_ of this dauntless envoy -of the Virginian Governor. No young man more instantly sprang into the -notice of the world than George Washington. The _Journal_ was copied -far and wide in the newspapers of the other colonies. It sped across -the sea, and was printed in London by the British government. In a -manly, artless way it told the exact situation on the Ohio frontier -and announced the first positive proof the world had had of hostile -French aggression into the great river valley of the West. Despite -certain youthful expressions, the prudence, tact, capacity and modesty -of the author were recognized by a nation and by a world. - -Without waiting for the House of Burgesses to convene, Governor -Dinwiddie's Council immediately advised the enlistment of two hundred -men to be sent to build forts on the Monongahela and Ohio rivers. The -business of recruiting two companies of one hundred men each was given -to the tried though youthful Major Washington, since they were to be -recruited from the northern district over which he had been -adjutant-general. His instructions read as follows: - - "_Instruct's to be observ'd by Maj'r Geo. Washington, on the - Expedit'n to the Ohio._ - - Maj'r Geo. Washington: You are forthwith to repair to the Co'ty - of Frederick and there to take under Y'r Com'd 50 Men of the - Militia who will be deliver'd to You by the Comd'r of the s'd - Co'ty pursuant to my Orders. You are to send Y'r Lieut. at the - same Time to the Co'ty of Augusta, to receive 50 Men from the - Comd'r of that Co'ty as I have order'd, and with them he is to - join You at Alexandria, to which Place You are to proceed as - soon as You have rec'd the Men in Frederick. Having rec'd the - Detachm't, You are to train and discipline them in the best - Manner You can, and for all Necessaries You are to apply - Y'rself to Mr. Jno. Carlisle at Alex'a who has my Orders to - supply You. Having all Things in readiness You are to use all - Expedition in proceeding to the Fork of Ohio with the Men under - Com'd and there you are to finish and compleat in the best - Manner and as soon as You possibly can, the Fort w'ch I expect - is there already begun by the Ohio Comp'a. You are to act on - the Defensive, but in Case any Attempts are made to obstruct - the Works or interrupt our Settlem'ts by any Persons whatsoever - You are to restrain all such Offenders, and in Case of - resistance to make Prisoners of or kill and destroy them. For - the rest You are to conduct Y'rself as the Circumst's of the - Service shall require and to act as You shall find best for the - Furtherance of His M'y's Service and the Good of His Dom'n. - Wishing You Health and Success I bid you Farewell." - -The general command of the expedition was given to Colonel Joshua Fry, -formerly professor of mathematics in William and Mary College and a -geographer and Indian commissioner of note. His instructions were as -follows: - - "_Instruction's to Joshua Fry, Esqr., Colo. and the - Com'r-in-Chief of the Virg'a Regiment._ - - March, 1754. - - "Sir: The Forces under Y'r Com'd are rais'd to protect our - frontier Settlements from the incursions of the French and the - Ind's in F'dship with them. I therefore desire You will with - all possible Expedition repair to Alexandria on the Head of the - Poto. River, and there take upon You the com'd of the Forces - accordingly; w'ch I Expect will be at that Town the Middle of - next Mo. You are to march them to will's Creek, above the Falls - of Poto. from thence with the Great Guns, Amunit'n and - Provisions. You are to proceed to Monongahela, when ariv'd - there, You are to make Choice of the best Place to erect a - Fort for mounting y'r Cannon and ascertain'g His M'y the King - of G. B's undoubt'd right to those Lands. My Orders to You is - to be on the Defensive and if any foreign Force sh'd come to - annoy You or interrupt Y'r quiet Settlem't, and building the - Fort as afores'd, You are in that Case to represent to them the - Powers and Orders You have from me, and I desire they w'd - imediately retire and not to prevent You in the discharge of - your Duty. If they sh'd continue to be obstinate after your - desire to retire, you are then to repell Force by Force. I - expect a Number of the Southern Indians will join you on this - expedit'n, w'ch with the Indians on the Ohio, I desire You will - cultivate a good Understanding and Correspondence with, - supplying them with what Provisions and other Necessaries You - can spare; and write to Maj'r Carlyle w'n You want Provisions, - who has my Orders to purchase and Keep a proper Magazine for - Your dem'ds. Keep up a good Com'd and regular Discipline, - inculcate morality and Courage in Y'r Soldiers that they may - answer the Views on w'ch they are rais'd. You are to constitute - a Court Martial of the Chief of Your Officers, with whom You - are to advise and consult on all Affairs of Consequence; and as - the Fate of this Expedition greatly depends on You, from the - Opinion I have of Your good Sense and Conduct, I refer the - Management of the whole to You with the Advice of the Court - Martial. Sincerely recommending You to the Protection of God, - wishing Success to our just Designs, I heartily wish You - farewell." - -This expedition was in no sense the result of general agitation -against French encroachment. And, as in Virginia, so it was in other -colonies to which Governor Dinwiddie appealed; the Governors said they -had received no instructions; the validity of English title to the -lands upon which the French were alleged to have encroached was -doubted; no one wished to precipitate a war through rash zeal. - -Before the bill voting ten thousand pounds "for the encouragement and -protection of the settlers on the Mississippi," as it was called, -passed the House of Burgesses, Governor Dinwiddie had his patience -well-nigh exhausted, but he overlooked both the doubts raised as to -England's rights in the West, and personal slights, and signed the -bill which provided the expenses of this memorable expedition of the -Virginia Regiment in 1754. - -Major Washington was located at Alexandria, on the upper Potomac, in -February where he superintended the rendezvous and the transportation -of supplies and cannon. It was found necessary to resort to -impressments to raise the required quota of men. As early as February -19th, so slow were the drafts and enlistments, Governor Dinwiddie -issued a proclamation granting two hundred thousand acres of land on -the Ohio to be divided among the officers and men who would serve in -the expedition. This had its effect. - -By April 20th Washington arrived at Will's Creek (Cumberland, -Maryland) with three companies, one under Captain Stephen joining him -on the way. The day previous, however, he met a messenger sent from -Captain Trent on the Ohio announcing that the arrival of a French army -was hourly expected. And on the day following, at Will's Creek, he was -informed of the arrival of the French on what is now the site of -Pittsburg and the withdrawal of the Virginian force under Trent from -the junction of the Allegheny and Monongahela whither they had been -sent to build a fort for the protection of the Ohio Company. This -information he immediately forwarded to the Governors of Virginia, -Pennsylvania and Maryland. - -Fancy the state of mind of this vanguard of the Virginian army at the -receipt of this news. It was, then, at the last frontier fort, eleven -companies strong. Their order was to push on to the Ohio, drive off -the French (which was then reported to number a thousand men) and -build a fort. Before it the only road was the Indian path hardly wide -enough to admit the passage of a pack-horse. - -A ballot was cast among Washington's Captains--the youngest of whom -was old enough to have been his father--and the decision was to -advance. The Indian path could at least be widened and bridges built -as far as the Monongahela. There they determined to erect a fort and -await orders and reinforcements. The reasons for this decision are -given as follows in Washington's _Journal_ of 1754:[1]. - -"_1st._ That the mouth of _Red-Stone_ is the first convenient place on -the River _Monongahela_. - -_2nd._ The stores are already built at that place for the provisions -of the Company, wherein the Ammunition may be laid up, our great guns -may also be sent by water whenever we shall think it convenient to -attack the Fort. - -_3rd._ We may easily (having all these conveniences) preserve our men -from the ill consequences of inaction, and encourage the _Indians_ our -Allies to remain in our interests." - - [1] The private _Journal_ kept by Washington on the expedition - of the Virginia Regiment in 1754 was composed of rough notes - only. It was lost with other papers at the Battle of Fort - Necessity and was captured by the French and sent to Paris. Two - years later it was published by the French government, after - being thoroughly "edited" by a French censor. It was titled - "MEMOIRE _contenant le Precis des Faits, avec leurs Pieces - Justificatives, pour servir de Reponse aux_ OBSERVATIONS - _envoyees, par les Ministres d'Angleterre, dans les Cours de - l'Europe. A Paris; de l'Imprimerie Royale, 1756._" - - In this MEMOIRE, together with portions of Washington's - _Journal_ appear papers, instructions, etc., captured at - Braddock's defeat in 1755. Of the portion of Washington's - _Journal_ published, Washington himself said; "I kept no regular - one (Journal) during the Expedition; rough notes of occurrences - I certainly took, and find them as certainly and strangely - metamorphised, some parts left out which I remember were - entered, and many things added that never were thought of, the - names of men and things egregiously miscalled, and the whole of - what I saw Englished is very incorrect and nonsensical." The - last entry on the _Journal_ is on June 27th., six days previous - to the Battle of Fort Necessity. - -Thus Washington's march westward in 1754 must be looked upon only as -the advance of a van-guard to open the road, bridge the streams and -prepare the way for the commanding officer and his army. Nor was -there, now, need of haste--had it been possible or advisable to -hasten. The landing of the French at the junction of the Allegheny and -Monongahela already thwarted Governor Dinwiddie's purpose in sending -out the expedition "To prevent their (French) building any Forts or -making any Settlem's on that river (Ohio) and more particularly so -nigh us as that of Loggstown (fifteen miles below the forks of the -Ohio.)" Now that a fort was building, with a French army of a thousand -men (as Washington had been erroneously informed) encamped about it, -nothing more was to be thought of than a cautious advance. - -And so Washington gave the order to march on the 29th. of April, three -score men having been sent ahead to widen the Indian trail. The -progress was difficult, and exceedingly slow. In the first ten days -the hundred and fifty men covered but twenty miles. Yet each mile must -have been anticipated seriously by the young commander. He knew not -whether the enemy or his Colonel with reinforcements was nearest. -Governor Dinwiddie wrote him (May 4) concerning reinforcements, as -follows: - - "The Independ't Compa., from So. Car. arriv'd two days ago; is - compleat; 100 Men besides Officers, and will re-embark for Alexa - next Week, thence proceed imediately to join Colo. Fry and You. - The two Independ't Compa's from N. York may be Expected in ab't - ten days. The N. Car. Men, under the Com'd of Colo. Innes, are - imagin'd to be on their March, and will probably be at the - Randezvous ab't the 15th. Itst." ... "I hope Capt. McKay, who - Com'ds the Independ't Compa., will soon be with You And as he - appears to be an Officer of some Experience and Importance, You - will, with Colo. Fry and Colo. Innes, so well agree as not to - let some Punctillios ab't Com'd render the Service You are all - engag'd in, perplex'd or obstructed." - -Relying implicitly on Dinwiddie, Washington pushed on and on into the -wilderness, opening a road and building bridges for a Colonel and an -army that was never to come! As he advanced into the Alleghenies he -found the difficulty of hauling wagons very serious, and, long before -he reached the Youghiogheny, he determined to test the possibility of -transportation down that stream and the Monongahela to his destination -at the mouth of the Redstone Creek. May 11th. he sent a reconnoitering -force forward to Gist's, on Laurel Hill, the last spur of the -Alleghenies, to locate a French party, which, the Indians reported, -had left Fort Duquesne, and to find if there was possibility of water -transportation to the mouth of Redstone Creek, where a favorable site -for a fort was to be sought. - -Slowly the frail detachment felt its way along to Little Meadows and -across the smaller branch of the Youghiogheny which it bridged at -"Little Crossings." On the 16th, according to the French version of -Washington's _Journal_, he met traders who informed him of the -appearance of French at Gist's and who expressed doubts as to the -possibility of building a wagon road from Gist's to the mouth of -Redstone Creek. This made it imperatively necessary for the young -Lieutenant-Colonel to attempt to find a water passage down the -Youghiogheny. - -The day following much information was received, both from the front -and the rear, vividly stated in the _Journal_ as follows: - - "The Governor informs me that Capt. McKay, with an independent - company of 100 men, excluding the officers, had arrived, and - that we might expect them daily; and that the men from New-York - would join us within ten days. - - This night also came two _Indians_ from the _Ohio_ who left the - French fort five days ago: They relate that the French forces - are all employed in building their Fort, that it is already - breast-high, and of the thickness of twelve feet, and filled - with Earth, stones, etc. They have cut down and burnt up all - the trees which were about it and sown grain instead thereof. - The _Indians_ believe they were only 600 in number, although - they say themselves they are 800. They expect a greater number - in a few days, which may amount to 1600. Then they say they can - defy the _English_." - - [Illustration: THE ROUTE THROUGH THE ALLEGHENIES] - -Arriving on the eastern bank of the Youghiogheny the next day, 18th, -the river being too wide to bridge and too high to ford, Washington -put himself "in a position of defence against any immediate attack -from the Enemy" and went straightway to work on the problem of water -transportation. - -By the 20th., a canoe having been provided, Washington set out on the -Youghiogheny with four men and an Indian. By nightfall they reached -"Turkey Foot," (Confluence, Pennsylvania,) which Washington mapped as -a possible site for a fort. Below "Turkey Foot" the stream was found -too rapid and rocky to admit any sort of navigation and Washington -returned to camp on the 24th. with the herculean hardships of an -overland march staring him in the face. Information was now at hand -from Half-King, concerning alleged movements of the French; thus the -letter read; - - "To any of his Majesty's officers whom this May Concern. - - As 'tis reported that the French army is set out to meet M. - George Washington, I exhort you my brethren, to guard against - them, for they intend to fall on the first _English_ they meet; - They have been on their march these two days, the Half-King and - the other chiefs will join you within five days, to hold a - council, though we know not the number we shall be. I shall say - no more, but remember me to my brethren the English. - - Signed The Half-King." - -At two o'clock of that same May day (24th.) the little army came down -the eastern wooded hills that surrounded Great Meadows, and looked -across the waving grasses and low bushes which covered the field they -were soon to make classic ground. Immediately upon arriving at the -future battle-field information was secured from a trader confirming -Half-King's alarming letter. Below the roadway, which passed the -meadow on the hillside, the Lieutenant-Colonel found two natural -intrenchments near a branch of Great Meadows run, perhaps old courses -of the brook through the swampy land. Here the troops and wagons were -placed. - -Great Meadows may be described as two large basins the smaller lying -directly westward of the larger and connected with it by a narrow neck -of swampy ground. Each is a quarter of a mile wide and the two a mile -and a half in length. - -The old roadway descends from the southern hills, coming out upon the -meadows at the eastern extremity of the western basin. It traverses -the hill-side south of the western meadow. The natural intrenchments -or depressions behind which Washington huddled his army on this May -afternoon were at the eastern edge of the western basin. Behind him -was the narrow neck of low-land which soon opened into the eastern -basin. Before him to his left on the hillside his newly-made road -crawled eastward into the hills. The Indian trail followed the edge of -the forest westward to Laurel Hill, five miles distant, and on to Fort -Duquesne. - -On this faint opening into the western forest the little army and its -youthful commander kept their eyes as the sun dropped behind the hills -closing an anxious day and bringing a dreaded night. How large the -body of French might have been, not one of the one hundred and fifty -men knew. How far away they might be no one could guess. Here in this -forest meadow the little van-guard slept on their arms, surrounded by -watchful sentinels, with fifty-one miles of forest and mountain -between them and the nearest settlement at Will's Creek. The darkling -forests crept down the hills on either side as though to hint by their -portentous shadows of the dead and dying that were to be. - -But the night waned and morning came. With increasing energy, as -though nerved to duty by the dangers which surrounded him, the -twenty-two year old commander Washington gave his orders promptly. A -scouting party was sent on the Indian trail in search of the coming -French. Squads were set to threshing the forest for spies. Horsemen -were ordered to scour the country and keep look-out for the French -from neighboring points of vantage. - -At night all returned, none the wiser for their vigilance and labor. -The French force had disappeared from the face of the earth! It may be -believed that this lack of information did not tend to ease the -intense strain of the hour. It must have been plain to the dullest -that serious things were ahead. Two flags, silken emblems of an -immemorial hatred, were being brought together in the Alleghenies. It -was a moment of utmost importance to Europe and America. Quebec and -Jamestown were met on Laurel Hill; and a spark struck here and now was -to "set the world on fire." - -However clearly this may have been seen, Washington was not the man to -withdraw. Indeed, the celerity with which he precipitated England and -France into war made him a criticised man on both continents. - -Another day passed--and the French could not be found. On the -following day Christopher Gist arrived at Great Meadows with the -information that M. la Force (whose tracks he had seen within five -miles of Great Meadows) had been at his house, fifteen miles distant. -Acting on this reliable information Washington at once dispatched a -scouting party in pursuit. - -The day passed and no word came to the anxious men in their trenches -in the meadows. Another night, silent and cheerless, came over the -mountains upon the valley, and with the night came rain. Fresh fears -of strategy and surprise must have arisen as the cheerless sun went -down. - -Suddenly, at eight in the evening, a runner brought word that the -French were run to cover! Half-King, while coming to join Washington, -had found la Force's party in "a low, obscure place." - -It was now time for a daring man to show himself. Such was the young -commander at Great Meadows. - -"That very moment," wrote Washington in his _Journal_, "I sent out -forty men and ordered my ammunition to be put in a place of safety, -fearing it to be a stratagem of the French to attack our camp; I left -a guard to defend it, and with the rest of my men set out in a heavy -rain, and in a night as dark as pitch." - -Perhaps a war was never precipitated under stranger circumstances. -Contrecoeur, commanding at Fort Duquesne, was made aware by his Indian -scouts of Washington's progress all the way from the Potomac. The day -before Washington arrived at Great Meadows Contrecoeur ordered M. de -Jumonville to leave Fort Duquesne with a detachment of thirty-four -men, commanded by la Force, and go toward the advancing English. To -the English (when he met them) he was to explain he had come to order -them to retire. To the Indians he was to pretend he was "travelling -about to see what is transacting in the King's Territories, and to -take notice of the different roads." In the eyes of the English the -party was to be an embassy. In the eyes of the Indians, a party of -scouts reconnoitering. This is clear from the orders given by -Contrecoeur to Jumonville. - -Three days before, on the 26th, this "embassy" was at Gist's -plantation where, according to Gist's report to Washington, they -"would have killed a cow and broken everything in the house, if two -_Indians_, whom he (Gist) had left in charge of the home, had not -prevented them." - -From Gist's la Force had advanced within five miles of Great Meadows, -as Gist ascertained by their tracks on the Indian trail. -Then--although the English commander was within an hour's march--the -French retraced their steps to the summit of Laurel Hill and, -descending deep into the obscure valley on the east, built a hut under -the lea of the precipice and rested from their labors. Here they -remained throughout the 27th, while Washington's scouts were running -their legs off in the attempt to locate them and the young -Lieutenant-colonel was in a fever of anxiety at their sudden, ominous -disappearance. Now they were found. - -What a march was that! The darkness was intense. The path, Washington -wrote, was "scarce broad enough for one man." Now and then it was lost -completely and a quarter of an hour was wasted in finding it. Stones -and roots impeded the way, and were made trebly treacherous by the -torrents of rain which fell. The men struck the trees. They fell over -each other. They slipped from the narrow track and slid downward -through the soaking leafy carpet of the forests. - -Enthusiastic tourists make the journey today from Great Meadows to the -summit of Laurel Hill on the track over which Washington and his -hundred men floundered and stumbled that wet May night a century and a -half ago. It is a hard walk but exceedingly fruitful to one of -imaginative vision. From Great Meadows the trail holds fast to the -height of ground until Braddock's Run is crossed near "Braddock's -Grave." Picture that little group of men floundering down into this -mountain stream, swollen by the heavy rain, in the utter darkness of -that night! From Braddock's Run the trail begins its long climb on the -sides of the foot-hills, by picturesque Peddler's Rocks, to the top of -Laurel Hill, two thousand feet above. - -Washington left Great Meadows about eight o'clock. It was not until -sunrise that Half-King's sentries at "Washington's Spring," saw the -van-guard file out on the narrow ridge, which, dividing the headwaters -of Great Meadow Run and Cheat River, made an easy ascent to the summit -of the mountain. The march of five miles had been accomplished, with -great difficulty, in a little less than two hours--or at the rate of -_one mile in two hours_. - -Forgetting all else for the moment, consider the young leader of this -floundering, stumbling army. There is not another episode in all -Washington's long, eventful, life that shows more clearly his strength -of personal determination and daring. Beside this all-night march from -Great Meadows to Washington's Spring, Wolf's ascent to the Plains of -Abraham at Quebec, was a past-time. The climb up from Wolf's Cove (all -romantic accounts and pictures to the contrary notwithstanding) was an -exceedingly easy march up a valley that hardly deserved to be -called steep. A child can run along Wolfe's path at any point from top -to bottom. A man in full daylight today, can walk over Washington's -five mile course to Laurel Hill in half the time the little army -needed on that black night. If a more difficult ten-hour night march -has been made in the history of warfare in America, who led it and -where was it made? No feature of the campaign shows more clearly the -unmatched, irresistible energy of this twenty-two-year-old boy. For -those to whom Washington, the man, is "unknown," there are lessons in -this little briery path today of value far beyond their cost. - - [Illustration: MAP OF FORT NECESSITY IN LOWDERMILK'S "HISTORY OF - CUMBERLAND", FROM FREEMAN LEWIS' SURVEY.] - -Whether Washington intended to attack the French before he reached -Half-King is not known; at the Spring a conference was held and it was -immediately decided to attack. Washington did not know and could not -have known that Jumonville was an embassador. The action of the French -in approaching Great Meadows and then withdrawing and hiding was not -the behavior of an embassy. Half-King and his Indians were of the -opinion that the French party entertained evil designs, and, as -Washington afterwards wrote, "If we had been such fools as to let them -(the French) go, they (the Indians) would never have helped us to take -any other Frenchmen." - -Two scouts were sent out in advance; then, in Indian file, Washington -and his men with Half-King and a few Indians followed and "prepared to -surround them." - -Laurel Hill, the most westerly range of the Alleghenies, trends north -and south through Pennsylvania. In Fayette county, about one mile on -the summit northward from the National Road, lies Washington's Spring -where Half-King encamped. The Indian trail coursed along the summit -northward fifteen miles to Gist's. On the eastern side, Laurel Hill -descends into a valley varying from a hundred to five hundred feet -deep. Nearly two miles from the Spring, in the bottom of a valley four -hundred feet deep, lay Jumonville's "embassy." The attacking party, -guided by Indians, who had previously wriggled down the hillside on -their bellies and found the French, advanced along the Indian trail -and then turned off and began stealthily creeping down the -mountain-side. - -Washington's plan was, clearly, to surround and capture the French. It -is plain he did not understand the ground. They were encamped in the -bottom of a valley two hundred yards wide and more than a mile long. -Moreover the hillside on which the English were descending abruptly -ended on a narrow ledge of rocks thirty feet high and a hundred yards -long. - -Coming suddenly out on the rocks, Washington leading the right -division and Half-King the left, it was plain in the twinkling of an -eye that it would not be possible to achieve a bloodless victory. -Washington therefore gave and received first fire. It was fifteen -minutes before the astonished but doughty French, probably now -surrounded by Half-King's Indians, were compelled to surrender. Ten of -their number, including their "Embassador" Jumonville, were killed -outright and one wounded. Twenty-one prisoners were taken. One -Frenchman escaped, running half clothed through the forests to Fort -Duquesne with the evil tidings. - - "We killed," writes Washington, "Mr. de Jumonville, the - Commander of that party, as also nine others; we wounded one and - made twenty-one prisoners, among whom were _M. la Force, and M. - Drouillon_ and two cadets. The Indians scalped the dead and - took away the greater part of their arms, after which we marched - on with the prisoners under guard to the _Indian_ camp.... I - marched on with the prisoners. _They informed me that they had - been sent with a summons to order me to retire._ A plausible - pretense to discover our camp and to obtain knowlege of our - forces and our situation! It was so clear that they were come to - reconnoiter what we were, that I admired their assurance, when - they told me they were come as an Embassy; their instructions - were to get what knowledge they could of the roads, rivers, and - all the country as far as the Potomac; and instead of coming as - an Embassador, publicly and in an open manner, they came - secretly, and sought the most hidden retreats more suitable for - deserters than for Embassadors; they encamped there and remained - hidden for whole days together, at a distance of not more than - five miles from us; they sent spies to reconnoiter our camp; the - whole body turned back 2 miles; they sent the two messengers - mentioned in the instruction, to inform M. de Contrecoeur of the - place where we were, and of our disposition, that he might send - his detachments to enforce the summons as soon as it should be - given. Besides, an Embassador has princely attendants, whereas - this was only a simple petty _French_ officer, an Embassador has - no need of spies, his person being always sacred: and seeing - their intention was so good, why did they tarry two days at five - miles distance from us without acquainting me with the summons, - or at least, with something that related to the Embassy? That - alone would be sufficient to excite the strongest suspicions, - and we must do them the justice to say, that, as they wanted to - hide themselves, they could not have picked out better places - than they had done. The summons was so insolent, and savored of - so much Gasonade that if it had been brought openly by two men - it would have been an excessive Indulgence to have suffered them - to return.... They say they called to us as soon as they had - discovered us; which is an absolute falsehood, for I was then - marching at the head of the company going towards them, and can - positively affirm, that, when they first saw us, they ran to - their arms, without calling, as I must have heard them had they - so done." - - [Illustration: Ledge from which Washington opened fire upon - Jumonville's party.] - -In a letter to his brother, Washington wrote "I fortunately escaped -without any wound; for the right wing where I stood, was exposed to, -and received all the enemy's fire; and it was the part where the man -was killed and the rest wounded. I heard the bullets whistle; and, -believe me, there is something charming in the sound." The letter was -published in the London Magazine. It is said George II. read it and -commented dryly: "He would not say so if he had been used to hear -many." In later years Washington heard too much of the fatal music, -and once, when asked if he had written such rodomontade, is said to -have answered gravely, "If I said so, it was when I was young." Aye, -but it is memorials of that daring, young Virginian, to whom whistling -bullets were charming, that we seek in the Alleghenies today. We catch -a similar glimpse of this ardent, boyish spirit in a letter written -from Fort Necessity later. Speaking of strengthening the -fortifications Washington writes: "We have, with nature's assistance, -made a good entrenchment, and by clearing the bushes out of these -meadows, prepared a charming field for an encounter." Over and above -the anxieties with which he was ever beset there shines out clearly -the exuberance of youthful zest and valor--soon to be hardened and -quenched by innumerable cares and heavy responsibilities. - -Thus the first blow of that long, bloody, seven year's war was struck -by the red-uniformed Virginians under Washington, at the bottom of -that Allegheny valley. He immediately returned to Great Meadows and -sent eastward to the belated Fry for reinforcements. On the 30th, the -French prisoners were sent eastward to Virginia, and the construction -of a fort was begun at Great Meadows, by erecting "small palisades." -This was completed by the following day, June 1st. Washington speaks -of this fort in his Journal as "Fort Necessity" under date of June -25th. The name suggests the exigencies which led to its erection; lack -of troops and provisions. On June 2nd Washington wrote in his Journal: -"We had prayers in the Fort"; the name Necessity may not have been -used at first. On the 6th Gist arrived from Will's Creek bringing the -news of Colonel Fry's death from injuries sustained by being thrown -from his horse. Thus the command now devolved upon Washington who had -been in actual command from the beginning. On the 9th the remainder of -the Virginia regiment arrived from Will's Creek, with the swivels, -under Colonel Muse. On the day following Captain Mackaye arrived with -the independent company of South Carolinians. - -This reinforcement put a new face on affairs, and it is clear that the -new Colonel commanding secretly hoped to capture Fort Duquesne -forthwith. The road was finished to Great Meadows. For two weeks, now, -the work went on completing it as far as Gist's, on Mount Braddock. In -the meantime a sharp lookout for the French was maintained and spies -were continually sent toward Fort Duquesne. Among all else that taxed -the energies of the young Colonel was the Indian question. At one time -he received and answered a deputation of Delawares and Shawanese which -he knew was sent by the French. Yet the answer of this youth to the -"treacherous devils," as he calls them in his private record of the -day, was as bland and diplomatic as that of Indian Chieftain bred to -hypocrisy and deceit. He put little faith in the redskins, but made -good use of those he had as spies. He also did all in his power to -restrain the vagrant tribes from joining the French, and offered to -all who came or would come to him a hospitality he could ill afford. - -On the 28th the road was completed to Gist's, and eight of the sixteen -miles from Gist's to the mouth of Redstone Creek. On this day the -scouts brought word of reinforcements at Fort Duquesne and of -preparations for sending out an army. Immediately Washington summoned -Mackaye's company from Fort Necessity, and the building of a fort was -begun by throwing up entrenchments on Mount Braddock. All outlying -squads were called in. But on the 30th, fresher information being at -hand, it was decided at a council of war to retreat to Virginia rather -than oppose the strong force which was reported to be advancing up the -Monongahela. - -The consternation at Fort Duquesne upon the arrival of that single, -barefoot fugitive from Jumonville's company can be imagined. Relying -on the pompous pretenses of the embassadorship and desiring to avoid -an indefensible violation of the Treaty of Utrecht--though its spirit -and letter were "already infringed by his very presence on the -ground"--Contrecoeur (one of the best representatives of his proud -King that ever came to America) assembled a council of war and ordered -each opinion to be put in writing. Mercier gave moderate advice; -Coulon-Villiers, half-brother of Jumonville, burning with rage, urged -violent measures. Mercier prevailed, and an army of five hundred -French and as many, or more, Indians, among whom were many Delawares, -formerly friends of the English, was raised to march and -meet Washington. At his request, the command was given to -Coulon-Villiers--_Le Grande Villiers_, so called from his prowess -among the Indians. Mercier was second in command. This was the army -before which Washington was now slowly, painfully, retreating from -Mount Braddock toward Virginia. - -It was a sad hour--that in which the Virginian retreat was ordered by -its daring Colonel, eager for a fight. But, even if he secretly -wished to stay and defend the splendid site on Mount Braddock where he -had entrenched his army, the counsel of older heads prevailed. It -would have been better had the army stuck to those breastworks--but -the suffering and humiliation to come was not foreseen. - -Backward over the rough, new road, the little army plodded, the -Virginians hauling the swivels by hand. Two teams and a few -pack-horses were all that remained of horse-flesh equal to the -occasion. Even Washington and his officers walked. For a week there -had been no bread. In two days Fort Necessity was reached, where, -quite exhausted, the little army went into camp. There were only a few -bags of flour here. It was plain, now, that the retreat to Virginia -was ill-advised. Human strength was not equal to it. So there was -nothing to do but send post-haste to Will's Creek for help. But, if -strength were lacking--there was courage and to spare! For after a -"full and free" conference of the officers it was determined to -enlarge the stockade, strengthen the fortifications, and await the -enemy, whatever his number or power. - -The day following was spent in this work, and famed Fort Necessity was -completed. It was the shape of an irregular square situated upon a -small height of land near the center of the swampy meadow. "The -natural entrenchments" of which Washington speaks in his _Journal_ may -have been merely this height of ground, or old courses of the two -brooks which flow by it on the north and on the east. At any rate the -fort was built on an "island," so to speak, in the wet lowland. A -narrow neck of solid land connected it with the southern hillside, -along which the road ran. A shallow ditch surrounded the earthen -palisaded sides of the fort. Parallel with the southeastern and -southwestern palisades rifle pits were dug. Bastion gateways offered -entrance and exit. The work embraced less than a sixth of an acre of -land. All day long skirmishers and double picket lines were kept out -and the steady advance of the French force, three times the size of -the army fearlessly awaiting it, was reported by hurrying scouts. - -No army ever slept on its arms of a night surer of a battle on the -morrow than did this first English army that ever came into the west. -_Le Grande Villiers_, thirsting for revenge, lay not five miles off, -with a thousand followers who had caught his spirit. - -By earliest morning light on Wednesday, July third, an English sentry -was brought in wounded. The French were then descending Laurel Hill, -four miles distant. They had attacked the entrenchments on Mount -Braddock the morning before only to find their bird had flown, and now -were pressing after the retreating redcoats and their "buckskin -Colonel." - -Little is known of the story of this day within that earthen fort save -as it is told in the meagre details of the general battle. There was -great lack of food, but, to compensate for this, as the soldiers no -doubt thought, there was much to drink! By eleven o'clock the French -and Indians, spreading throughout the forests on the northwest, began -firing at six hundred yards distance. Finally they circled to the -southeast where the forests approach nearer to the English trenches. -Washington at once drew his little army out of the fort and boldly -challenged assault on that narrow neck of solid land on the south -which formed the only approach to the fort. - - [Illustration: Grape Shot found near Fort Necessity. Actual - size.] - -But the crafty Villiers, not to be tempted, kept well within the -forest shadows to the south and east--cutting off all retreat to -Virginia! Realizing at last that the French would not give battle, -Washington withdrew again behind his entrenchments, Mackaye's South -Carolinians occupying the rifle-pits which paralleled the two sides of -the fortification. - -Here the all-day's battle was fought between the Virginians behind -their breastworks and in their trenches, and the French and Indians on -the ascending wooded hill-sides. The rain which began to fall soon -flooded Mackaye's men out of their trenches. No other change of -position was made. And, so far as the battle went, the English -doggedly held their own. In the contest with hunger and rain however, -they were fighting a losing battle. The horses and cattle escaped and -were slaughtered by the enemy. The provisions were being exhausted and -the ammunition was spending fast. As the afternoon waned, though there -was some cessation of musketry fire, many guns being rendered useless -by the rain, the smoking little swivels were made to do double duty. -They bellowed their fierce defiance with unwonted zest as night came -on, giving to the English an appearance of strength which they were -far from possessing. The hungry soldiers made up for the lack of food -from the abundance of liquor, which, in their exhausted state had more -than its usual effect. By nightfall half the little doomed army was -intoxicated. No doubt, had Villiers dared to rush the entrenchments, -the English would have been annihilated. The hopelessness of their -condition could not have been realized by the foe on the hills. - -But it was realized by the young Colonel commanding. And as he looked -about him in the wet twilight of that July day, what a dismal ending -of his first campaign it must have seemed. Fifty-four of his three -hundred and four men were killed or wounded in that little palisaded -enclosure. Provisions and ammunition were about gone. Horses and -cattle were gone. Many of the small arms were useless. The army was -surrounded by _Le Grande Villiers_, watchfully abiding his time. And -there was comedy with the tragedy--half the tired men were under the -influence of the only stimulant that could be spared. What mercy could -be hoped for from the brother of the dead Jumonville? A fight to the -death, or at least a captivity at Fort Duquesne or Quebec was all that -could be expected--for had not Jumonville's party already been sent -into Virginia as captives? - - [Illustration: - Battle - at the - Great Meadows - July 3^d 1751 - JARED SPARK'S - DRAWING IN - "WRITINGS OF - WASHINGTON"] - -At eight in the evening the French requested a parley and Washington -refused to consider the suggestion. Why should a parley be desired -with an enemy in such a hopeless strait as they? It was clear that -Villiers had resorted to this strategy to gain better information of -their condition. But the request was soon repeated, and this time -Villiers asked for a parley between the lines. To this Washington -readily acceded, and Captain van Braam went to meet le Mercier, who -brought a verbal proposition for the capitulation of Fort Necessity -from Villiers. To this proposition Washington and his officers -listened. Twice the commissioners were sent to Villiers to submit -modifications demanded by Washington. They returned a third time -with the articles reduced to writing--but in French. Washington -depended upon van Braam's poor knowledge of French and mongrel English -for a verbal translation. Jumonville's death was referred to as an -assassination though van Braam Englished the word "death"--perhaps -thinking there was no other translation of the French _l'assassinat_. -By the light of a flickering candle, which the mountain wind -frequently extinguished, the rain falling upon the company, George -Washington signed this, his first and last capitulation. - - ARTICLE 1st. We permit the English Commander to withdraw with - all the garrison, in order that he may return peaceably to his - country, and to shield him from all insult at the hands of our - French, and to restrain the savages who are with us as much as - may be in our power. - - ART. 2nd. He shall be permitted to withdraw and to take with - him whatever belongs to his troops, _except the artillery, - which we reserve for ourselves_. - - ART. 3d. We grant them the honors of war; they shall withdraw - with beating drums, and with a small piece of cannon, wishing - by this means to show that we consider them friends. - - ART. 4th. As soon as these articles shall be signed by both - parties, they shall take down the English flag. - - ART. 5th. Tomorrow at daybreak a detachment of French shall - lead forth the garrison and take possession of the aforesaid - fort. - - ART. 6th. Since the English have scarcely any horses or oxen - left, they shall be allowed to hide their property, in order - that they may return to seek for it after they shall have - recovered their horses; for this purpose they shall be - permitted to leave such number of troops as guards as they may - think proper, _under this condition, that they give their word - of honor that they will work on no establishment either in the - surrounding country or beyond the Highlands during one year - beginning from this day_. - - ART. 7th. Since the English have in their power an officer and - two cadets, and, in general, all the prisoners whom they took - _when they murdered Lord Jumonville_, they now promise to send - them, with an escort to Fort Duquesne, situated on Belle River; - and to secure the safe performance of this treaty article, _as - well as of the treaty_, Messrs. Jacob van Braam and Robert - Stobo, both Captains, shall be delivered to us as hostages - until the arrival of our French and Canadians herein before - mentioned. - - We on our part declare that we shall give an escort to send - back in safety the two officers who promise us our French in - two months and a half at the latest. - - Copied on one of the posts of our block-house the same day and - year as before. - - (Signed.) MESSRS. JAMES MACKAYE, GO. - GO. WASHINGTON, - COULON VILLIER. - -The parts printed in italics were those misrepresented by van Braam. -The words "_pendent une annee a compter de ce jour_" are not found in -the articles printed by the French government, as though it repudiated -Villier's intimation that the English should ever return. Yet within a -year--lacking nine days--an English army, eight times as great as the -one now capitulating, marched across this battle-field. The nice -courtesy shown by the young Colonel in allowing Captain Mackaye's name -to take precedence over his own, is significant, as Mackaye, a King's -officer, had never considered himself amenable to Washington's orders, -and his troops had steadily refused to bear the brunt of the -campaign--working on the road or transporting guns and baggage. In the -trenches, however, the Carolinians did their duty. - -And so, on the morning of July 4th, the red-uniformed Virginians and -the King's troops marched out from Fort Necessity between the files of -French, with all the honors of war and _tambour battant_. Much baggage -had to be destroyed to save it from the Indians whom the French could -not restrain. Such was the condition of the men--the wounded being -carried on stretchers--that only three miles could be made on the -homeward march the first day. However glorious later July Fourths may -have seemed to Washington, memories of this distress and gloom and -humiliation served to temper his transports. The report of the -officers of the Virginia regiment made at Will's Creek, where they -arrived July 9th, shows thirteen killed, fifty-three wounded, thirteen -left lame on the road, twenty-one sick, and one hundred sixty-five fit -for duty. - -On August 30th, the Virginian House of Burgesses passed a vote of -thanks to "Colonel George Washington, Captain Mackaye of his Majesty's -Independent Company, and the officers under his command," for their -"gallant and brave Behavior in Defence of their Country." The sting of -defeat was softened by a public realization of the odds of the contest -and the failure of Dinwiddie to forward reinforcements and supplies. - -But the young hero was deeply chagrined at his being duped to -recognize Jumonville's death as an assassination. Captain van Braam, -being held in disrepute for what was probably nothing more culpable -than carelessness, was not named in the vote of thanks tendered -Washington's officers. But this chagrin was no more cutting than the -obstinacy of Dinwiddie in refusing to fulfil the article of the treaty -concerning the return of the French prisoners. For this there was -little or no valid excuse, and Dinwiddie's action in thus playing fast -and loose with Washington's reputation was as galling to the young -Colonel as it was heedless of his country's honor and the laws of war. - -Washington's first visit to the Ohio had proven French occupation of -that great valley. This, his second mission, had proven their power. -With this campaign began his military career. "Although as yet a -youth," writes Sparks, "with small experience, unskilled in war, and -relying on his own resources, he had behaved with the prudence, -address, courage, and firmness of a veteran commander. Rigid in -discipline, but sharing the hardships and solicitous for the welfare -of his soldiers, he had secured their obedience and won their esteem -amidst privations, sufferings and perils that have seldom been -surpassed." - - - - -III. - -FORT NECESSITY AND ITS HERO. - - -On a plateau surrounded by low ground at the western extremity of -classic Great Meadows, Fort Necessity was built, and there may be seen -today the remains of its palisades. - -The site was not chosen because of its strategic location but because, -late in that May day, a century and a half ago, a little army hurrying -forward to find any spot where it could defend itself, selected it -because of the supply of water afforded by the brooks. - -From the hill to the east the young Commander no doubt looked with -anxious eyes upon this well watered meadow, and perhaps he decided -quickly to make his resistance here. As he neared the spot his hopes -rose, for he found that the plateau was surrounded by wet ground and -able to be approached only from the southern side. Moreover the -plateau contained "natural fortifications," as Washington termed them, -possibly gullies torn through it sometime when the brooks were out of -banks. - -Here Washington quickly ensconced his men. From their trenches, as -they looked westward for the French, lay the western extremity of -Great Meadows covered with bushes and rank grasses. To their -right--the north--the meadow marsh stretched more than a hundred -yards to the gently ascending wooded hillside. Behind them lay the -eastern sweep of meadows, and to their left, seventy yards distant, -the wooded hillside to the south. The high ground on which they lay -contained about forty square rods, and was bounded on the north by -Great Meadows brook and on the east by a brooklet which descended from -the valley between the southern hills. - -When, in the days following, Fort Necessity was raised, the palisades, -it is said, were made by erecting logs on one end, side by side, and -throwing dirt against them from both sides. As there were no trees in -the meadow, the logs were brought from the southern hillside over the -narrow neck of solid ground to their place. On the north the palisade -was made to touch the waters of the brook. Without its embankments on -the south and west sides, two trenches were dug parallel with the -embankments, to serve as rifle-pits. Bastion gateways, three in -number, were made in the western palisade. - -The first recorded survey of Fort Necessity was made by Mr. Freeman -Lewis, senior author, with Mr. James Veech, of "The Monongahela of -Old," in 1816. This survey was first reproduced in Lowdermilk's -"History of Cumberland"; it is described by Mr. Veech in "The -Monongahela of Old," and has been reproduced, as authoritative, by the -authors of "Frontier Forts of Pennsylvania" published in 1895 by the -State of Pennsylvania. The embankments are described thus by Mr. Veech -on the basis of his collaborator's survey: "It (Fort Necessity) was in -the form of an obtuse-angled triangle of 105 degrees, having its base -or hypothenuse upon the run. The line of the base was about midway, -sected or broken, and about two perches of it thrown across the run, -connecting with the base by lines of the triangle. One line of the -angle was six, the other seven perches; the base line eleven perches -long, including the section thrown across the run. The lines embraced -in all about fifty square perches of land on (or?) nearly one third of -an acre." - -This amusing statement has been seriously quoted by the authorities -mentioned, and a map is made according to it and published in the -"Frontier Forts of Pennsylvania" without a word as to its -inconsistencies! How could a triangle, the sides of which measure six, -seven and eleven rods, contain fifty square rods or one third of an -acre? It could not contain half that amount. - -The present writer went to Fort Necessity armed with this two page map -of Fort Necessity in the "Frontier Forts of Pennsylvania" which he -trusted as authoritative. The present owner of the land, Mr. Lewis -Fazenbaker objected to the map, and it was only in trying to prove its -correctness that its inconsistencies were discovered. - -The mounds now standing on the ground are drawn on the appended chart -"Diagrams of Fort Necessity" as lines C A B E. By a careful survey of -them by Mr. Robert McCracken C. E., sides C A and A B are found to be -the identical mounds surveyed by Mr. Lewis, the variation in direction -being exceedingly slight and easily accounted for by erosion. The -direction of Mr. Lewis' sides were N 25 W and S 80 W: their direction -by Mr. McCracken's survey are N 22 W and S 80.30 W. This proves beyond -a shadow of a doubt that the embankments surveyed in 1816 and 1901 -are identical. - -But the third mound B E runs utterly at variance with Mr. Lewis' -figure. By him its direction was 591/4 E; its present direction is S -76 E. The question then arises; Is this mound the one that Mr. Lewis -surveyed? Nothing could be better evidence that it is than the very -egregious error Mr. Lewis made concerning the area contained within -his triangular embankment. He affirms that the area of Fort Necessity -was fifty square rods. Now take the line of B E for the hypothenuse of -the triangle and extend it to F where it would meet the projection of -side A C. _That triangle contains almost exactly 50 square rods or -one-third of an acre!_ The natural supposition must be that some one -had surveyed the triangle A F B and computed its area correctly as -about fifty square rods. The mere recording of this area is sufficient -evidence that the triangle A F B had been surveyed in 1816, and this -is sufficient proof that mound B E stood just as it stands today and -was considered in Mr. Lewis' day as one of the embankments of Fort -Necessity. - - [Illustration: MAP OF FORT NECESSITY IN "FRONTIER FORTS OF - PENNSYLVANIA" FOLLOWING SURVEY OF FREEMAN LEWIS.] - -Now, why did Mr. Lewis ignore the embankment B E and the triangle A F -B which contained these fifty square rods he gave as the area of Fort -Necessity? For the very obvious reason that that triangle crossed the -brook and ran far into the marsh beyond. By every account the -palisades of Fort Necessity were made to extend on the north to touch -the brook, therefore it would be quite ridiculous to suppose the -palisades crossed the brook again on the east. Mr. Lewis, prepossessed -with the idea that the embankments must have been triangular in shape, -drew the line B C as the base of his triangle, bisecting it at M -and N, and making the loop M S N touch the brook. This design -(triangle A B C) of Fort Necessity is improbable for the following -reasons: - -1. It has not one half the area Mr. Lewis gives it. - -2. It would not include much more than one-half of the high ground of -the plateau, which was none too large for a fort. - -3. There is no semblance of a mound B C nor any shred of testimony nor -any legend of its existence. - -4. The mound B E is entirely ignored though there is the best of -evidence that it stood in Mr. Lewis' day where it stands today and was -considered an embankment of Fort Necessity. Mr. Lewis gives exactly -the area of a triangle with it as a part of the base line. - -5. Loop M S N would not come near the course of the brook without -extending it far beyond Mr. Lewis' estimate of the length of its -sides. - -6. Its area is only about 5200 square feet which would make Fort -Necessity unconscionably small in face of the fact that more high -ground was available. - -In 1759 Colonel Burd visited the site of Fort Necessity. This was only -five years after it was built. He described its remains as circular in -shape. If it was originally a triangle it is improbable that it could -have appeared round five years later. If, however, it was originally -an irregular square it is not improbable that the rains and frosts of -five winters, combined with the demolition of the Fort by the French, -would have given the mounds a circular appearance. Was Fort Necessity, -then, built in the form of an irregular square? There is the best of -evidence that it was. - -In 1830--fourteen years after Mr. Lewis' "survey,"--Mr. Jared Sparks, -a careful historian and author of the standard work on Washington, -visited Fort Necessity. According to him its remains occupied "an -irregular square, the dimensions of which were about one hundred feet -on each side." Mr. Sparks drew a map of the embankments which is -incorporated in his "Writings of Washington." This drawing has not -been reproduced in any later work, the authors of both "History of -Cumberland" and "Frontier Forts of Pennsylvania" preferring to -reproduce Mr. Lewis' inconsistent survey and speculation rather than -the drawing of what Mr. Sparks, himself, saw. - -It is plain that Mr. Sparks found the embankment B E running in the -direction it does today and not at all in direction of the line B C as -Mr. Lewis drew it. By giving the approximate length of the sides as -one hundred feet, Mr. Sparks gives about the exact length of the line -B E in whatever direction it is extended to the brook. The fact that -such an exact scholar as Mr. Sparks does not mention a sign or -tradition of an embankment at B C, only fourteen years after Mr. Lewis -"surveyed" it, is evidence that it never existed which cannot come far -from convicting the latter of a positive intention to speculate. - -Mr. Sparks gives us four sides for Fort Necessity. Three of these have -been described as C A, A B and the broken line B E D. Is there any -evidence of the fourth side such as indicated by the line C D? There -is. - -When Mr. Fazenbaker first questioned the accuracy of the map of Fort -Necessity in "Frontier Forts of Pennsylvania," he believed the fort -was a four sided construction and pointed to a small mound, -indicated at O, as the remains of the fourth embankment. The mound -would not be noticed in a hasty view of the field but, on examination -proves to be an artificial, not a natural, mound. It is in lower -ground and nearer the old course of the brook than the remains of Fort -Necessity. A mound here would suffer most when the brook was out of -banks, which would account for its disappearance. - - [Illustration: Western embankment of Fort Necessity marked with - a line of white stones.] - - [Illustration: Remains of the Southern embankment of Fort - Necessity. The low ground covered with rank grass, on the right, - marks the rifle-pit. In the distance is the Eastern sweep of - Great Meadows.] - -Excavations in the other mounds had been unsuccessful; nothing had -been discovered of the palisades, though every mound gave certain -proof of having been artificially made. But excavations at mound O -gave a different result. At about four and one-half feet below the -surface of the ground, at the water line, a considerable amount of -bark was found, fresh and red as new bark. It was water-soaked and the -strings lay parallel with the mound above and were not found at a -greater distance than two feet from its center. It was the rough bark -of a tree's trunk--not the skin bark such as grows on roots. Large -flakes, the size of a man's hand, could be removed from it. At a -distance of ten feet away a second trench was sunk, in line with the -mound but quite beyond its northwestern extremity. Bark was found here -entirely similar in color, position, and condition. There is little -doubt that the bark came from the logs of the palisades of Fort -Necessity, though nothing is to be gained by exaggerating the -possibility. Bark, here in the low ground, would last indefinitely, -and water was reached under this mound sooner than at any other point. -No wood was found. It is probable that the French threw down the -palisades, but bark would naturally have been left in the ground. If -wood had been left it would not withstand decay so long as bark. -Competent judges declare the bark to be that of oak. An authority of -great reputation, expresses the opinion that the bark found was -probably from the logs of the palisades erected in 1754. - -If anything is needed to prove that this slight mound O was an -embankment of Fort Necessity, it is to be found in the result of Mr. -McCracken's survey. The mound lies in _exact line_ with the eastern -extremity of embankment C A, the point C, being located seven rods -from the obtuse angle A, in line with the mound C A, which is broken -by Mr. Fazenbaker's lane. Also, the distance from C to D (in line with -the mound O) measures ninety-nine feet and four inches,--almost -exactly Mr. Sparks' estimate of one hundred feet. Thus Fort Necessity -was in the shape of the figure represented by lines K C, C A, A B, and -B E, and the projection of the palisades to the brook is represented -by E D K, E H K, or L W K, (line B E being prolonged to L.) Mr. -Sparks' drawing of the fort is thus proven approximately correct, -although Mr. Veech boldly asserts that it is "inaccurate," (the -quotation being copied in the "Frontier Forts of Pennsylvania") and -despite the fact that two volumes treating of the fort, "History of -Cumberland," and "Frontier Forts of Pennsylvania," refuse to give Mr. -Sparks' map a place in their pages. It is of little practical moment -what the form of the fort may have been, but it is all out of order -that a palpably false description should be given by those who should -be authorities, in preference to Mr. Sparks' description which is -easily proven to be approximately correct. - - [Illustration: Lewis' plan of Fort Necessity: A, B, N, S, M, C. - Enlarged triangle (containing "{~VULGAR FRACTION ONE THIRD~} of an acre"): A, B, F. Sparks - plan: A, B, L, W, K, C. Remains of Eastern embankment: O. - Variation of Lewis' triangle (given in "Fort Cumberland"): A, B, - N, R, P, M, C. Actual shape of Fort Necessity according to last - survey: K, C, A, B, E; the projection to the water may have been - E, D, K, or E, H, K, or L, W, K. This detail is immaterial. The - irregular square A, B, K, C, gives the general outline of the - fortifications, CA, (save where the lane crosses it) AB, BE and - O being still visible in 1901.] - -Relics from Fort Necessity are rare and valuable, for the reason that -no other action save the one Battle of Fort Necessity ever took place -here. The barrel of an old flint-lock musket, a few grape shot, a -bullet mould and ladle, leaden and iron musket balls, comprise the few -silent memorials of the first battle in which Saxon blood was shed -west of the Allegheny Mountains. The swivels, it is said, were taken -to Kentucky to do brave duty there in redeeming the "dark and bloody -ground" to civilization. - - * * * * * - -But, after all--and more precious than all--our study of this historic -spot in the Alleghenies and the memorials left near it becomes, soon, -a study of its hero, that young Virginian Colonel. Even the battles -fought hereabouts seem to have been of little real consequence, for -New France fell, never to rise, with the capture of Quebec--"amid the -proudest monuments of its own glory and on the very spot of its -origin!" - -And it is not of little consequence that there was here a brave -training school for the future heroes of the Revolution. For in what -did Colonel Washington need training more than in the art of -manoeuvring a handful of ill-equipped, discouraged men? What lesson -did that youth need more than the lesson that Right becomes Might in -God's own good time? And here in these Allegheny glades we catch the -most precious pictures of the lithe, keen-eyed, sober lad, who, taking -his lessons of truth and uprightness from his widowed mother's knee, -his strength hardened by the power of the mountain rivers, his heart, -now thrilled by the songs of the mountain birds, now tempered by a St. -Piere's hauteur, a Braddock's blind insolence, or the prejudiced -over-rulings of a Forbes, became the hero of Valley Forge and -Yorktown, the immeasurable superior of Piere, Braddock, Forbes, -Kaunitz or Newcastle. - -For consider the record of that older Washington of 1775 beneath the -Cambridge elm. He had capitulated at Fort Necessity, with the first -army he ever commanded, after the first battle he ever fought! He had -marched with Braddock's ill-starred army, in which he had no official -position whatever until defeat and rout threw upon his shoulders a -large share of the responsibility of saving the army from complete -annihilation. He had marched with Forbes, only to write his Governor -begging to be allowed to go to England to tell the King the sad story -of the campaign--of "how grossly his glory and interest and the public -money, have been prostituted." For the past sixteen years he had led a -quiet life on his farms. - -Why, now, in 1775, should he have had the unstinted confidence of all -men, in the hour of his country's great crisis? Why should his journey -from Mt. Vernon to Cambridge have been a triumphal march? Professor -McMaster asserts that the General and the President are known to us, -"but George Washington is an unknown." How untrue this was in 1775! -How the nation believed it knew the man! How much of reputation he had -gained while those by his side lost all of theirs! What a hero--of -many defeats! What a man to fight England to a standstill, after many -a wary, difficult retreat and dearly fought battle-field! Aye--but he -had been to school with Gates and Mercer, Lewis and Stephen and -Gladewin, on that swath of a road in the Alleghenies which led to Fort -Necessity. - -Half a century ago multitudes were pointed to the man Washington in -the superb oratory of Edward Everett. But how, if not by quoting that -memorable extract from the letter of the _youthful surveyor_, who -boasted of earning an honest dubloon a day? Thus, the orator declared, -he presented to his audience "not an ideal hero, wrapped in cloudy -generalities and a mist of vague panegyric, but the real, identical -man." And, again, did he not quote that pathetic letter from the -_youth_ Washington to Governor Dinwiddie from the bleeding Virginia -border, after Braddock's defeat, that his hearers might "see it -all--see the whole man."? Was Edward Everett mistaken, are these -letters not extant today, or are they unread? Surely the latter -supposition must be the true one if the man Washington is being -forgotten. - -A candid review of the more popular school histories will bring out -the fact that the man Washington is almost forgotten, in so far as the -General and statesman do not portray him. In one of the best known -school histories there seems to be but one line, of five words, which -describes the character of Washington. Could we not forego, for once, -what the Indian chieftain said of his bearing a charmed life at -Braddock's defeat, to make room for one little reason why Washington -was "completer in nature" and of "a nobler human type" than any and -all of the heroes of romance? - -Mr. Otis Kendall Stuart has written a most interesting account of "The -Popular Opinion of Washington" as ascertained by inquiry among persons -of all ages, occupations and conditions. He found that Washington was -held to be a "broad," "brave," "thinking," "practical," man; an -aristocrat, so far as the dignity of his position demanded, but -willing to "work with his hands" and with a credit that was "A 1!" -Also, "when he did a thing, he did it," and, if to the question, "Was -he a great general and statesman?" there was some hesitation, to the -question, "Was he a great man?" the answer was an unhesitating, "Yes." - -One may hold that such opinions as these have been gained from our -school histories, but I think they are not so much from the histories, -as from the popular legends of Washington, which, true and false, will -never be forgotten by the common people, until they cease to -represent,--not the patient, brave and wary general, or the calm, -far-seeing statesman, but the man--"simple, stainless, and robust -character," as President Eliot has so beautifully described it, "which -served with dazzling success the precious cause of human progress -through liberty, and so stands, like the sunlit peak of Matterhorn, -unmatched in all the world." - -The real essence of that "simple, stainless, and robust character" is -nowhere so clearly seen as in these Allegheny vales where Colonel -Washington first touched hands with fortune. Here truly, we may still -"see it all--see the whole man." - - - THE END. - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's Colonel Washington, by Archer Butler Hulbert - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK COLONEL WASHINGTON *** - -***** This file should be named 42430.txt or 42430.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/2/4/3/42430/ - -Produced by Greg Bergquist, Matthew Wheaton and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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