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@@ -1,35 +1,4 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Alcohol and the Human Brain, by Joseph Cook - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: Alcohol and the Human Brain - -Author: Joseph Cook - -Release Date: March 30, 2013 [EBook #42435] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ASCII - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ALCOHOL AND THE HUMAN BRAIN *** - - - - -Produced by Sandra Eder, Martin Pettit and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 42435 *** ALCOHOL AND THE HUMAN BRAIN. @@ -405,7 +374,7 @@ dinners at hotels. Mrs. Hayes has expelled intoxicating beverages from the Presidential mansion. The latest investigators of the influence of alcohol on the brain are -Schulinus, Anstie, Dupre, Labottin, and Binz. The latter in a series of +Schulinus, Anstie, Dupré, Labottin, and Binz. The latter in a series of remarkable articles published in the _Practitioner_, in 1876, maintains that a portion of every dose of alcohol is burned in the system, and yet he considers the use of alcohol in health as entirely superfluous. The @@ -756,362 +725,4 @@ _58 Reade Street, New York_. 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You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: Alcohol and the Human Brain - -Author: Joseph Cook - -Release Date: March 30, 2013 [EBook #42435] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ALCOHOL AND THE HUMAN BRAIN *** - - - - -Produced by Sandra Eder, Martin Pettit and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - - - - - -ALCOHOL AND THE HUMAN BRAIN. - -BY - -REV. JOSEPH COOK. - -NEW YORK: - -National Temperance Society and Publication House, -58 READE STREET. - -1879. - - - - -ALCOHOL AND THE HUMAN BRAIN. - -BY REV. JOSEPH COOK. - - -Cassio's language in Othello is to-day adopted by cool physiological -science: "O God, that men should put an enemy in their mouths to steal -away their brains! That we should, with joy, revel, pleasure and -applause, transform ourselves into beasts! To be now a sensible man, by -and by a fool, and presently a beast! O strange! Every inordinate cup is -unbless'd, and the ingredient is the devil."--Shakespeare, _Othello_, -Act II., Scene iii. - -Central in all the discussion of the influence of intoxicating drink -upon the human brain is the fact that albuminous substances are hardened -by alcohol. I take the white of an egg, and, as you see, turn it out in -a fluid condition into a goblet. The liquid is a viscous, glue-like -substance, largely composed of albumen. It is made up of pretty nearly -the same chemical ingredients that constitute a large part of the brain -and the nervous system, and of many other tissues of the body. Forty per -cent of the matter in the corpuscles of the blood is albumen. I am about -to drench this white of an egg with alcohol. I have never performed this -experiment before, and it may not succeed, but so certain am I that it -will, that I purpose never to put the bottle to my lips and introduce -into my system a fiend to steal away my brain. Edmund Burke, when he -heard William Pitt say in Parliament that England would stand till the -day of judgment, rose and replied; "What I fear is the day of _no_ -judgment." When Booth was about to assassinate Lincoln, his courage -failed him, and he rushed away from the theater for an instant into the -nearest restaurant and called for brandy. Harden the brain by drenching -it in alcohol and you harden the moral nature. - -If you will fasten your attention on the single fact, that alcohol -hardens this albuminous substance with which I place it in contact, you -will have in that single strategic circumstance an explanation of most -of its ravages upon the blood and nerves and brain. I beg you to notice -that the white of an egg in the goblet does not become hardened by -exposure to the air. I have allowed it to remain exposed for a time, in -order that you may see that there is no legerdemain in this experiment. -[Laughter.] I now pour alcohol upon this albuminous fluid, and if the -result here is what it has been in other cases, I shall pretty soon be -able to show you a very good example of what coagulated albumen is in -the nervous system and blood corpuscles. You will find this white of an -egg gradually so hardened that you can take it out without a fork. I -notice already that a mysterious change in it has begun. A strange -thickening shoots through the fluid mass. This is your moderate -drunkard that I am stirring up now. There is your tippler, a piece of -him, [holding up a portion of the coagulated mass upon the glass -pestle]. The coagulation of the substance of the brain and of the -nervous system goes on. I am stirring up a hard drinker now. The -infinitely subtle laws of chemistry take their course. Here is a man -[holding up a part of the coagulated mass] whose brain is so leathery -that he is a beast, and kicks his wife to death. I am stirring up in -this goblet now the brain of a hardened sot. On this prongless glass -rod, I hold up the large part of the white of an egg which you saw -poured into this glass as a fluid. Here is your man [holding up a larger -mass] who has benumbed his conscience and his reason both, and has begun -to be dangerous to society from the effects of a diseased brain. -Wherever alcohol touches this albuminous substance, it hardens it, and -it does so by absorbing and fixing the water it contains. I dip out of -the goblet now your man in delirium tremens. Here is what was once a -fluid, rolling easily to right and left, and now you have the leathery -brain and the hard heart. - -Distortions of blood discs taken from the veins of drunkards have been -shown to you here by the stereopticon and the best microscope in the -United States. All the amazing alterations you saw in the shape, color, -and contents of the blood discs are produced by the affinity of alcohol -for the water in the albuminous portion of the globules. - -I am speaking here in the presence of expert chemists. You say I have no -business to know anything about these topics. Well, the new professor -in Andover on the relations between religion and science has no business -to know them. The new professor at Edinburgh University and in Princeton -has no business to know them. The lectureship at the Union Theological -Seminary in New York has no right to teach on these themes. There is -getting to be a tolerably large company of us who are intending to look -into these matters at the point of the microscope and the scalpel. In a -wiser generation than ours the haughty men who will not speak themselves -of the relations of religion and science, and will not allow others to -speak--veritable dogs in the manger--will be turned as dogs out of the -manger. I speak very strongly, for I have an indignation that can not be -expressed when it is said that men who join hands with physicians, and -are surrounded by experts to teach them the facts, have no right to make -inferences. Men educated and put into professorships to discuss as a -specialty the relation of religion and science have no right to discuss -these themes! We have a right as lawyers to discuss such topics before -juries, when we bring experts in to help us. I bring experts before you -as a jury. I assert the right of Andover, and Princeton, and New Haven, -and Edinburgh, and even of this humble platform to tell you what God -does in the brain, and to exhibit to you the freshest discoveries there -of both His mercy and wrath. - -My support of temperance reform I would base upon the following -propositions: - -1. Scars in the flesh do not wash out nor grow out, but, in spite of -the change of all the particles of the body, are accurately reproduced -without alteration by the flux of its particles. - -Let us begin with an incontrovertible proposition. Everybody knows that -the scars of childhood are retained through life, and that we are buried -with them. But we carry into the grave no particle of the flesh that we -had in youth. All the particles of the body are in flux and are changed -every few years. There is, however, something in us that persists. I am -I; and therefore I am praiseworthy or blameworthy for things I did a -score of years since, although there is not a particle of my body here -now that was here then. The sense of the identity persisting in all the -flux of the particles of the system, proves there is something else in -man besides matter. This is a very unsubstantial consideration, you say; -but the acute and profound German finds in this one fact of the -persistence of the sense of identity in spite of the flux of the -particles of the body, the proof of the separateness of matter and mind. - -Something reproduces these scars as the system throws off and changes -its particles. That something must have been affected by the scarring. -There is a strange connection between scars and the immaterial portion -of us. It is a mysterious fact, right before us daily, and absolutely -incontrovertible, that something in that part of us which does not -change reproduces these scars. Newton, when the apple fell on his -head--according to the fable, for I suppose that story is not -history--found in it the law of the universe; and so in the simple fact -that scars will not wash out or grow out, although the particles of the -flesh are all changed, we find two colossal propositions; the one is -that there is somewhat in us that does not change, and is not matter; -the other is, that this somewhat is connected mysteriously with the -inerasability of scars, which, therefore, may be said to exist in some -sense in the spiritual as well as in the material substance of which we -are made. - -2. It is as true of scars on the brain and nervous system as of those on -any less important parts of the body, that they will not wash out, nor -grow out. - -3. Scars on the brain or nervous system may be made by physical or -mental habits, and are the basis of the self-propagative power of -habits. - -4. When the scars or grooves in which a habit runs are made deep, the -habit becomes automatic or self-acting and perhaps involuntary. - -5. The grooves worn or scars made by good and bad habits may be -inherited. - -Physical identity of parent and offspring, spiritual identity of parent -and offspring--these mysteries we have discussed here; and this two-fold -identity is concerned in the transmission of the thirst for drink. When -the drunkard who has had an inflamed stomach, is the father of a child -that brings into the world with it an inflamed stomach, you have a case -of the transmission of alcoholic scars. - -6. While self-control lasts, a bad habit is a vice; when self-control is -lost, a bad habit is a disease. - -7. When a bad habit becomes a disease, the treatment of it belongs to -physicians; while it is a vice, the treatment of it belongs to the -Church. - -8. In probably nine cases out of ten, among the physical difficulties -produced by the use of alcohol, and not inherited, the trouble is a vice -and not a disease. - -9. Alcohol, by its affinity for water, hardens all the albuminous or -glue-like substances in the body. - -10. It thus paralyzes the small nerves, produces arterial relaxation, -and deranges the circulation of the blood. - -11. It produces thus an increased quickness in the beating of the heart, -and ruddiness of countenance which are not signs of health, but of -disease. - -Pardon me if I dwell a moment on this proposition, which was not made -clear by science until a a few years ago. You say that moderate drinking -quickens the pulse and adds ruddiness to the countenance, and that, -therefore, you have some reason to believe that it is a source of -health. I can hardly pardon myself for not having here a set of the -chemical substances that partially paralyze the small nerves. I have a -list of them before me, and it includes ether and the whole series of -nitrites, and especially the nitrite of amyl. If I had the latter -substance here, I might, by lifting it to the nostrils, produce this -flushing of the face that you call a sign of health in moderate -drinking. There are five or six chemical agents that produce paralysis -of the vessels of the minute circulation, and among them is alcohol. A -blush is produced by a slight paralysis of the small nerves in the -interlacing ends of the arteries and veins. If I had ether here, and -could turn it on the back of my hand and evaporate it, I could -partially freeze the skin, and then, removing the ether, you would see a -blush come to the back of the hand. That is because the little nerves -that help constrict and keep up the proper tone of the circulating -organs, are temporarily paralyzed. A permanent blush in the face of a -drunkard indicates a permanent injury to the blood vessels by alcohol. -The varicose vein is often produced in this way by the paralysis of some -of the nerves that are connected with the fine parts of the circulatory -organs. When the face blushes permanently in the drunkard the injury -revealed is not a local one, but is inflicted on every organ throughout -the whole system. - -After moderate drinking you feel the heart beating faster, to be sure, -but it beats more rapidly because of the paralysis of the delicate -nerves connected with the arteries, and because of the consequent -arterial relaxation. The blood meets with less resistance in passing -through the relaxed circulatory organs, and so, with no additional force -in the heart, that organ beats more rapidly. It beats faster simply -because it has less force to overcome. The quickened pulse is a proof of -disease and not of health. (_See_ Dr. Richardson, Cantor Lectures on -Alcohol.) - -12. Alcohol injures the blood by changing the color and chemical -composition of its corpuscles. - -In the stereopticon illustrations, you saw that the red discs of blood -are distorted in shape by the action of alcohol. You saw that the -arrangement of the coloring matter in the red discs is changed. You saw -that various adulterations appeared to come into the blood, or at least -into visibility there, under the influence of alcohol. Lastly, you saw, -most terrible of all, an absolutely new growth occurring there--a sprout -protruding itself from the side of the red corpuscle in the vital -stream. Last year I showed you what some of the diseases of leprosy did -for the blood, and you see how closely alcoholism in the blood resembles -in physical effects the most terrific diseases known to man. - -Here are the diseases that are the great red seal of God Almighty's -wrath against sensuality; and when we apply the microscope to them, we -find in the blood discs these sprouts, that greatly resemble each other -in the inebriate and in the leper. Dr. Harriman has explained, with the -authority of an expert, these ghastly growths. These sprouts shoot out -of the red discs, and he tells you that, after having been called before -jury after jury as an expert, sometimes in cases where life was at -stake, he has studied alcoholized blood, and that a certain kind of -spore, a peculiar kind of sprout, which you have seen here, he never saw -except in the veins of a confirmed drunkard. I think the day is coming -when, by microscopic examination of the blood discs, we can tell what -disease a man has inherited or acquired--if it be one of that kind which -takes hold of the circulatory fluid. - -This alcohol, with its affinity for water, changes the composition of -every substance in the body into which water enters, and there are seven -hundred and ninety parts of water in every thousand of blood. The reason -alcohol changed this white of an egg into hardness, that if it had been -put in whole I could have rolled it across the platform, was that the -fierce spirit took the water out of the albumen. If I had a plate of -glass here, and could put upon it a solution of the white of an egg, and -could sprinkle upon it a little finely-powdered caustic soda, I could -very soon pick up the sheet of gelatinous substance and should find it -leathery, elastic, tough. Just so this marvelous white matter folded in -sheets in the brain is drenched with a substance that takes out the -water, and the effect on the brain is to destroy its capacity to perform -some of its most delicate actions. The results of that physical -incapacity are illustrated in all the proverbial effects of -intemperance. - -13. The deteriorations produced in the blood by alcohol are peculiarly -injurious to the brain on account of the great quantity of blood sent to -that organ. - -The brain weighs only about one twenty-eighth of the rest of the body, -and yet into it, according to most authorities, is sent from a tenth to -a sixth of all the blood. If you adopt fiat money, where will the most -harm be done? What part of this land shows first of all the effect of a -debased condition of the currency? Wall Street? Why? Because there the -circulation is most vigorous. The blood of the land, to speak of money -under that title, is thrown into Wall Street as the blood of the body is -thrown into the head, and so in Wall Street, we have our men on the -watch to tell us whether the currency is in a healthy or unhealthy -state. The slightest alteration is felt there, because the currency -there is accumulated, and so in the brain the slightest injury of the -blood is felt first, because here is accumulated the currency of the -system. - -14. Most poisons and medicines act in the human system according to a -law of local affinity, by which their chief force is expended on -particular organs, and sometimes on particular spots of particular -organs. - -15. All science is agreed that the local affinity of alcohol, like that -of opium, prussic acid, hashish, belladonna, etc., is for the brain. - -16. The brain is the organ of the mind, and the temple and instrument of -conduct and character. - -17. What disorganizes brain disorganizes mind and character, and -whatever disorganizes mind and character disorganizes society. - -18. The local affinity of alcohol for the brain, therefore, exempts it, -in its relations to Government, from the list of articles that have no -such affinity, and gives to Government the right, in self-defence, to -interfere by the prohibitory regulation of its sale as a beverage. - -19. It is not sufficient to prove that alcohol is not a poison to -overthrow the scientific basis of its prohibitory laws. - -20. Intemperance and cerebral injury are so related that even moderate -indulgence is inseparably connected with intellectual and moral -disintonement. - -21. In this circumstance, and in the inerasibility of the scars produced -by the local affinity of alcohol for the brain, the principle of total -abstinence finds its justification by science. - -Nothing in science is less questioned than the law of local affinities, -by which different substances taken into the system exert their chief -effect at particular localities. Lead, for example, fastens first upon -the muscles of the wrist, producing what is known among painters and -white-lead manufacturers as a wrist-drop. Manganese seizes upon the -liver, iodine upon the lymphatic glands, chromate of potash upon the -lining membrane of the eyelids, mercury upon the salivary glands and -mouth. Oil of tobacco paralyzes the heart. Arsenic inflames the mucous -membranes of the alimentary passages. Strychnine takes effect upon the -spinal cord. Now, as all chemists admit, the local affinity of alcohol -is for the brain. Dr. Lewis describes a case in which the alcohol could -not be detected in the fluid of the brain cavities, nor, indeed, in any -part of the body, but was obtained by distillation from the substance of -the brain itself. Dr. Percy distilled alcohol in large quantities from -the substance of the brains of animals killed by it, when only small -quantities could be found in the blood or other parts of the systems of -the same animals. Dr. Kirk mentions a case in which the brain liquid of -a man who died in intoxication smelt very strongly of whisky, and when -some of it was taken in a spoon, and a candle put beneath it, the flame -burned with a lambent blue flame. But brain is the organ of the mind. -Dr. Bucknell (Habitual Drinking) quotes Forbes Winslow as having -testified before a Committee of Parliament that the liquid dipped from -the brain of an habitual inebriate can thus be burned. Whatever is a -disorganizer of the brain is a disorganizer of mind, and whatever is a -disorganizer of mind is a disorganizer of society. It is from this point -of view that the right of Government to prevent the manufacture of -madmen and paupers can be best seen. I care not what men make of the -famous recent experiments of Lallemand, Perrin, and Duroy, of France, by -which half of the medical profession, including Dr. Carpenter, has been -carried over to the support of the propositions that alcohol is -eliminated from the system in totality and in nature; is never -transformed and never destroyed in the organism; is not food; and is -essentially a poison. I care not, on the other hand, what men make of -the proposition Mr. Lewes defends, that alcohol may be a negative food. -The local affinity of alcohol for the brain! This is a great fact. It is -a fact uncontroverted. It is a fact sufficient. It is a fact to be -heeded even in legislation. - -Among the well known authorities on the influence of alcohol on the -human brain, Dr. W. B. Carpenter and Dr. B. W. Richardson, of England, -are now in entire accord with Prof. Youmans and Dr. W. E. Greenfield, of -the United States, in recommending total abstinence. Dr. Richardson's -Cantor lectures have been followed by a volume on "Total Abstinence," -and he gives to Dr. Carpenter's views on this subject his full assent -and final adhesion, having learned at last, he says, "how solemnly right -they are." In 1869 Dr. Richardson began to abstain from wine, by -limiting his use of it to festal occasions, but still more recently he -has abandoned its use altogether. - -The graduates of Amherst College met at the Parker House, in Boston, -some years ago, and, although a wine glass was placed at the side of -each plate, not one of them was filled. Niagara itself, a recent -traveler in the United States says, is not as worthy of description to -Englishmen as the pure array of goblets with ice-water at the usual -dinners at hotels. Mrs. Hayes has expelled intoxicating beverages from -the Presidential mansion. - -The latest investigators of the influence of alcohol on the brain are -Schulinus, Anstie, Dupré, Labottin, and Binz. The latter in a series of -remarkable articles published in the _Practitioner_, in 1876, maintains -that a portion of every dose of alcohol is burned in the system, and yet -he considers the use of alcohol in health as entirely superfluous. The -experimenters agree with the majority of physicians that, in the army -and navy, and for use among healthy persons, alcohol, even as a ration -strictly limited to a moderate quantity, is physiologically useless and -generally harmful. - -Upon different portions of the brain the action of alcohol can be -distinctly traced by medical science and even by common observation. The -brain, it will be remembered, is divided into three parts. The upper, -which comprises the larger part, and which is supposed to be the seat of -the intellectual and moral faculties, is called the _cerebrum_. Below -that, in the back part of the organ, is another mass, called the -_cerebellum_, parts of which are believed to control the contractions -of the muscles in portions of the body. Still lower is the _medulla -oblongata_, which presides over the nerves of respiration. Now the -action of alcohol can be distinctly marked upon the different parts of -the brain. The moral and intellectual faculties are first jarred out of -order in the progress of intoxication. The tippler laughs and sings, is -talkative and jocose, coarse or eloquent to almost any degree according -to his temperament. The cerebrum is first affected. His judgment becomes -weak; he is incapable of making a good bargain, or of defending his own -rights intelligently, but he does not yet stagger; he is as yet only a -moderate drinker. The effect of moderate drinking, however, is to weaken -the judgment and to destroy the best powers of the will and intellect. -But he takes another glass, and the cerebellum which governs several of -the motions of the body is affected, and now he begins to stagger. He -loses all control of his muscles, and plunges headlong against post and -pavement. One more glass and the _medulla oblongata_ is poisoned. This -organ controls the nerves which order the movements of the lungs, and -now occurs that hard breathing and snoring which is seen in dead -drunkenness. This stoppage is caused by impure blood so poisoning the -_medulla oblongata_ that it can no longer perform its duties. The -cerebrum and cerebellum now seem to have their action entirely -suspended, and sometimes the respiratory movements stop forever, and the -man dies by asphyxia in the same manner as by drowning, strangling, or -narcotic poisoning by any other substance. (_See_ Prof. Ferrier. The -Localization of Cerebral Disease. London, 1878.) - -Who shall say where end the consequences of alcoholic injury of the -blood and of the substance of the brain? Here within the cranium, in -this narrow chamber, so small that a man's hand may span it, and upon -this sheet of cerebral matter, which, if dilated out, would not cover a -surface of over six hundred square inches, is the point of union between -spirit and matter. Inversions of right judgment and every distortion of -moral sense legitimately follow from the intoxicating cup. It is here -that we should speak decidedly of the evil effects of moderate drinking. -Men may theorize as they please, but practically there is in average -experience no such thing as a moderate dose of alcohol. People drink it -to produce an effect. They take enough to "fire up," as they say, and -unless that effect is produced they are not satisfied. They will have -enough to raise their spirits, or dissipate gloom. And this is enough to -impair judgment, and in the course of years perhaps to ruin fortune, -body, and soul. The compass is out of line in life's dangerous sea, and -a few storms may bring the ship upon breakers. - -It is to be remembered that, by the law of local affinity, the dose of -alcohol is not diffused throughout the system, but is concentrated in -its chief effects upon a single organ. When a man drinks moderately, -though the effects might be minute if dispersed through the whole body, -yet they may be powerful when most of them are gathered upon the brain. -They may be dangerous when turned upon the intellect, and even fatal -when concentrated upon the primal guiding powers of mind--reason, and -moral sense. It is not to the whole body that a moderate glass goes; it -is chiefly to its most important part--the brain; and not to the whole -brain, but to its most important part--the seat of the higher mental and -moral powers; and not to these powers at large, but to their helmsman -and captain--Reason and Conscience. - -"Ship ahoy! All aboard! Let your one shot come," shouts the sailor to -the pirate craft. Now, one shot will not shiver a brig's timbers much, -but suppose that this one ball were to strike the captain through the -heart, and the helmsman through the skull, and that there are none to -fill their posts, it would be a terrible shot indeed. Moderate drinking -is a charmed ball from a pirate craft. It does not lodge in the beams' -ends. It cuts no masts. It shivers no plank between wind and water. It -strikes no sailor or under-officer, but with magic course it seeks the -heart of the captain and the arms of the helmsman, and it always hits. -Their leaders dead, and none to take their place, the crew are powerless -against the enemy. Thunders another broadside from pirate alcohol, and -what is the effect? Every ball is charmed; not one of the crew is -killed, but every one becomes mad and raises mutiny. Commanders dead, -they are free. Thunders another broadside from the pirate, and the -charmed balls complete their work. The mutinous crew rage with insanity. -Captain Conscience and Steersman Reason are picked up, and, lest their -corpses should offend the crazy sailors, pitched overboard. Then ranges -Jack Lust from one end of the ship to the other. That brave tar, -Midshipman Courage, who, in his right mind, was the bravest defender of -the ship, now wheels the cannon against his own friends and rakes the -deck with red-hot grape until every mast totters with shot-holes. The -careful stewards, seamen Friendship and Parental Love, whose exertions -have always heretofore provided the crew seasonably with food and drink, -now refuse to cook, furnish no meals, unhead the water-casks, waste the -provisions, and break the ship's crockery. The vessel has wheeled into -the trough of the sea; a black shadow approaches swiftly over the -waters, and the compass and helm are deserted. That speculating mate, -Love of Money, who, if sober, would see the danger, and order every rag -down from jib to mainsail, and make the ship scud under bare poles -before the black squall, now, on the contrary, orders up every sail and -spreads every thread of canvas. The rising storm whistles in the -rigging, but he does not hear it. That black shadow on the water is -swiftly nearing. He does not see it. In the trough of the sea the ship -rocks like a cockle shell. He does not feel it. Yonder, before the dense -rush of the coming blow of air rises a huge wave, foaming, and gnawing, -and groaning on high. He does not hear it. With a shock like the opening -of an earthquake it strikes the broadside; with a roar it washes over -the deck; three snaps like cannon, and the heavily-rigged masts are -gone; a lurch and sucking in of waves, and the hold is full of water, -and the sinking ship just survives the first heavy sea. Then comes out -Mirthfulness, and sits astride the broken bowsprit, and ogles a dancing -tune. The crew dance! It were possible, even yet, to so man the pumps -and right the helm as to ride over the swells and drive into port, but -all action for the right government of the ship is ended. Trumpeter -Language mounts the shattered beams of the forecastle, and makes an -oration; it is not necessary to work, he tells the crew, but to hear him -sputter yarns. - -It is fearful now to look upon the raging of the black sea. Every moment -the storm increases in fury. As a giant would toss about a straw, so the -waves handle the wrecked timbers. Night gathers her black mists into the -rifted clouds, and the strong moaning sound of the storm is heard on the -dark ocean. By that glare of lightning I saw a sail and a life-boat! Men -from another ship are risking their lives to save the insane crew whose -masts are gone. They come nearer, but the boat bounds and quivers, and -is nearly swamped upon the top of a wave. Jack Courage and Independence -see the boat coming. "Ship ahoy," shout the deliverers. "Life-boat from -the ship Temperance! Quit your wreck and be saved." No reply. -Independence grinds his teeth and growls to Jack Courage that the offer -of help is an insult. "I will tell you how to answer," says Jack, stern -and bloody. There is one cannon left with a dry charge. They wheel that -upon the approaching boat, and Independence holds the linstock over the -fuse-hole. "Life-boat for sailors on the wreck," shouts Philanthropy -from the approaching boat. "What answer, ship Immortal?" Then shoots -from the ringing gun a tongue of flame, and ten pounds of iron are on -their way. The Temperance boat rocks lower from the wave-top, and the -deadly reply just grazes the heads of the astounded philanthropists and -buries itself heavily in their own ship beyond. It was an accident, they -think, and keep on board the ship and stand upon its deck. Then flash -from their scabbards a dozen swords; then click the locks of a dozen -muskets; then double the palms of a dozen fists; then shake the clubs of -a dozen maniac arms, and the unsuspecting deliverers are murdered on the -deck they came to save. As the lightning glares I see them thrown into -the sea, while thunders are the dirge of the dead and the damnation of -the murderers. - -The drunken ship is fast filling with water. Not a man at the pumps, not -an arm at the helm. Having destroyed their friends, the crew fall upon -each other. Close under their bow rave the breakers of a rocky shore, -but they hear it not. At intervals they seem to realize their condition, -and their power even yet to save themselves, but they make no effort. -Gloom, and storm, and foam shut them up against hell with many thunders. -In this terrible extremity Independence is heard to refuse help, and -boasts of his strength. Friendship and Parental Love rail at thoughts of -affection. Language trumpets his easy yarns and grows garrulous as the -timbers crack one after another. Rage and Revenge are now the true names -of Firmness and Courage. Silly Mirth yet giggles a dance, and I saw him -astride the last timber as the ship went down, tossing foam at the -lightning. Then came a sigh of the storm, a groaning of waves, a booming -of blackness, and a red, crooked thunderbolt shot wrathfully blue into -the suck of the sea where the ship went down. - -And I asked the names of those rocks, and was told: "God's Stern and -Immutable Laws." - -And I asked the name of that ship, and they said: "Immortal Soul." - -And I asked why its crew brought it there, and they said: "Their -captain, Conscience, and helmsman, Reason, were dead." - -And I asked how they died, and they said: "By one single shot from the -pirate Alcohol; by one charmed ball of Moderate Drinking!" - -On this topic, over which we sleep, we shall some day cease to dream. - - - - -ADVERTISEMENTS - -_THE BEER QUESTION._ - - -The National Temperance Society has published the following books, -tracts, and pamphlets upon the beer question, which should have a wide -circulation. The following are adapted to Sunday-school libraries, as -well as for family reading and general distribution. - - -+Brewer's Fortune, The.+ By Mary Dwinell Chellis. 12mo, 425 pp +$1.50+ - -This takes up and discusses the entire beer question; the writer having -carefully studied the subject from every point of view, and it is worthy -of the widest circulation. It is one of the best volumes ever written by -this popular author, and shows that wealth can not compensate for -evil-doing, and that the sins of the fathers are often visited upon the -children. - - -+Brewery at Taylorville, The.+ By Mary Dwinell Chellis. 12mo, 445 pp +1.50+ - -This book shows how much evil was wrought by the establishment of a -brewery in a hitherto prosperous town, and how it brought ruin and -disgrace upon those who indulged in what are called the lighter drinks. -It is one of the strongest books in favor of total abstinence from -everything that can intoxicate. - - -+Firebrands; a Temperance Tale.+ By Mrs. J. McNair Wright. 12mo, 357 pp -+1.25+ - -It is the story of an orphaned boy, adopted by a distant relative, and -subsequently the inheritor of a small fortune from an uncle, which he is -then induced to invest in brewing in a country village, with an unhappy -sequel alike to himself and the community. The lesson against tampering -with beer or strong drink, either the drinking, making, or vending of -it, is of a most impressive character, and is admirably adapted to win -and hold the reader's interest, and to create and strengthen good -resolutions. - - -+Beer as a Beverage.+ An address by G. W. Hughey. 12mo, 24 pp +10+ - -A very able reply to the assumptions by the brewers at their late -congress at St. Louis, that beer is a harmless, wholesome, "temperance" -beverage. It deals very effectively and conclusively with the -sophistries and falsehoods of the brewers, and is a most valuable -document for general circulation by the friends of temperance in all -parts of the country. - - -+History and Mystery of a Glass of Ale.+ By J. W. Kirton. 12mo, 24 pp +10+ - -Showing what ale is, and what it does, and why it should be let alone. - - -EIGHT-PAGE TRACTS, $6.00 per 1,000. - -+The Evils of Beer Legislation.+ By J. B. Dunn, D.D. -+Malt Liquors, their Nature and Effects.+ By Wm. Hargreaves, M.D. - - -FOUR-PAGE TRACTS, $3.00 per 1,000. - -+Why I Did Not Become a Brewer.+ By J. B. Dunn, D.D. -+That Glass of Ale.+ By Rev. E. H. Pratt. -+The Sabbath and the Beer Question.+ By Geo. Lansing Taylor, D.D. -+Shall we Use Wines and Beer?+ By Mrs. Sarah K. Bolton. -+A Glass of Ale.+ By T. S. Arthur. -+Not Poverty, but Beer.+ By Mary Dwinell Chellis. - - -UNION HAND-BILLS, $1.00 per 1,000. - -+A Crusade Against Beer.+ -+What Is Malt Liquor?+ -+What Brewers Think about Beer.+ -+What! Deprive a Poor Man of his Beer?+ -+What Beer Costs.+ -+What Have You to Show for It?+ - - -Address J. N. STEARNS, Publishing Agent, -_58 Reade Street, New York_. - - -_SCIENCE AND TEMPERANCE._ - -By BENJAMIN W. RICHARDSON, M.A., M.D., F.R.S., - -_Fellow of the Royal College of Physicians, London; etc._ - - -The National Temperance Society has published the following new and -valuable works on alcohol, from a scientific stand-point, written by Dr. -Richardson, one of the foremost scientists of the age. - - -+On Alcohol.+ With an introduction by Dr. Willard Parker, of New York. -12mo, 190 pages. Paper covers, 50 cents; cloth +$1.00+ - -This book contains the "Cantor Lectures" recently delivered before the -Society of Arts. These justly celebrated lectures, six in number, -embrace a historical sketch of alcoholic distillation, and the results -of an exhaustive scientific inquiry concerning the nature of alcohol and -its effects upon the human body and mind. They have attracted much -attention throughout Great Britain, both among physicians and general -readers, and are the latest and best scientific expositions of alcohol -and its effects extant. - - -+The Temperance Lesson-Book.+ A series of 52 short Lessons on Alcohol and -its Action on the Body. Adapted for public and private schools, and -supplies a great educational need. 12mo, 220 pages. School edition, per -dozen, $6.00; singly +75+ - -It is the mature result of most careful and extended research on the -part of its gifted author, whose attainments place him in the front rank -of the ablest scientists of the world. There are fifty-two lessons, each -followed by a series of questions for examination and review. They are -free from labored and wearisome details, cover a wide range of -physiological and hygienic information, and in style are simple and -attractive, admirably adapted to win and retain to the end the interest -of students. Their practical value, as a means of prevention and a -safeguard for the young against the drink peril, it would be impossible -to compute. - - -+Moderate Drinking+: For and Against, from Scientific Points of View. -12mo, 48 pages. Paper +20+ - -It is a thoroughly scientific and impartial discussion of the subject of -the moderate use of alcoholic beverages, by one who stands in the front -rank of the most distinguished scientists in Great Britain, and as such -possesses a rare value for circulation among the young, and all who may -not yet have arrived at mature convictions as to total abstinence. It is -one of the most valuable contributions its gifted author has yet made to -temperance literature. It ought to be in the hands of all college -students, and of young men, ministers, teachers, and intelligent people -everywhere. - - -+Action of Alcohol on the Body and on the Mind, The.+ 12mo, 60 pages. -Paper +20+ - -Two able and important lectures, the result of careful and extended -researches as to the results of alcohol from a scientific stand-point, -and are among the ablest contributions to this branch of the subject. - - -+The Medical Profession and Alcohol.+ An Address before the British -Medical Association. 12mo, 33 pages. Paper +10+ - -It is a scientific plea for total abstinence, of great power. It -embodies also a very earnest appeal to members of the medical profession -to join in the pending vitally important warfare against alcoholic -beverages. It is a most valuable publication to place in the hands of -the physicians of this country, among whom it should have the widest -possible circulation. - - -Address J. N. STEARNS, Publishing Agent, -_58 Reade Street, New York_. - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's Alcohol and the Human Brain, by Joseph Cook - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ALCOHOL AND THE HUMAN BRAIN *** - -***** This file should be named 42435-8.txt or 42435-8.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/2/4/3/42435/ - -Produced by Sandra Eder, Martin Pettit and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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