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diff --git a/42879-8.txt b/42879-0.txt index 07509ab..5bd1cc5 100644 --- a/42879-8.txt +++ b/42879-0.txt @@ -1,42 +1,4 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of The Oriental Republic of Uruguay at the -World's Columbian Exhibition, Chicago, 1893, by Carlos Maria de Pena and Honore Roustan - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere at no cost and with -almost no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: The Oriental Republic of Uruguay at the World's Columbian Exhibition, Chicago, 1893 - -Author: Carlos Maria de Pena - Honore Roustan - -Translator: J. J. Rethore - -Release Date: June 5, 2013 [EBook #42879] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ORIENTAL REPUBLIC OF URUGUAY *** - - - - -Produced by Adrian Mastronardi, Julia Neufeld and the -Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net -(This file was produced from images generously made -available by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) - - - - - - - - +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 42879 *** THE @@ -212,7 +174,7 @@ the temperate zone of South America, was discovered in the beginning of the sixteenth century by the famous Spanish cosmographer, Juan Diaz de Solis. -Its geographical situation is comprised between the 30°, 5' and 35° +Its geographical situation is comprised between the 30°, 5' and 35° degrees of latitude S. and the 56th 15' and 60th 45' of longitude W., according to the Paris meridian. @@ -255,7 +217,7 @@ cultivated and worked in a vast scale and with fruitful results. Although it is not a mountainous country, its highlands are numerous. The principal heights are the hills of Santa Ana, 490 m.; the hills -of Hædo, 400 m.; the Cuchilla Grande (high hills), 458 m. To all +of Hædo, 400 m.; the Cuchilla Grande (high hills), 458 m. To all these hills join a great many others less high, the declivity of which form the lakes, ponds and rivers that give a great variety to the hydrography of the country. @@ -268,8 +230,8 @@ The middle temperature may be calculated to be, in winter-time of 11 degrees, in spring-time of 17 degrees, in summer of 21 degrees, and in autumn of 16 degrees. -The maximum of heat in the month of January is 36°, and that of cold -in the month of July is 3° above naught. +The maximum of heat in the month of January is 36°, and that of cold +in the month of July is 3° above naught. The climate is a little dryer in the interior than on the coast. Along the coasts watered by the salt waters of the great mouth of the @@ -2084,12 +2046,12 @@ Many _suertes_ of land belong to this important association in the place called "Rincon de las Gallinas," where more than 35,000 heads of cattle feed. -The capital of the society is £500,000, divided into 25,000 shares, +The capital of the society is £500,000, divided into 25,000 shares, out of which only 24,300 were issued, the putting out of the other being quite unnecessary. -The shares, the primitive price of which was £20 in London are now -quoted more than double. (£42 or £44.) The dividend received by the +The shares, the primitive price of which was £20 in London are now +quoted more than double. (£42 or £44.) The dividend received by the shareholders varies between 10 and 12 per cent. This establishment gives life and activity to the important @@ -2711,7 +2673,7 @@ it is 25 horse-power, and can give from 18,000 to 20,000 litres per day. The receiving depositories are two, the first one of a capacity of 12,000 litres, and the second of 8,000 litres; the cooling depositories can receive 9,000 litres every hour and a-half, with -a temperature that can go to 14° under naught. The clarifying is +a temperature that can go to 14° under naught. The clarifying is made by three filters of the most modern system, without any paper application. The fermentation cellar contains three large tubs of a capacity of 3,000 and 3,500 litres. There are also 6 great cellars, @@ -2721,7 +2683,7 @@ litres each and the other 16, 3,500 litres. With a compressed air machine they cork 10,000 bottles a day. The ice depositories are beautiful; they always remain at a -temperature of 12 or 20° under nought. +temperature of 12 or 20° under nought. The "_Germania_" also has many other depositories for the raw materials, empty bottles and casks, another for 5,000 litre tubs, @@ -3191,7 +3153,7 @@ National Museum. In the National Museum there are 24,226 objects, that is to say: - Orchæology 814 + Orchæology 814 Numismatics 4,201 History 140 Paleontology 107 @@ -3501,8 +3463,8 @@ Official Value of Gold Coins. Columbia, $20, 18 66 - { £1 (20 sh.), 4 70 - England, { £1/2 (10 sh.), 2 35 + { £1 (20 sh.), 4 70 + England, { £1/2 (10 sh.), 2 35 { 100 frcs., 18 66 { 50 frcs., 9 33 @@ -4554,361 +4516,4 @@ Example: 1^m 80 high, by 0^m thick. End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Oriental Republic of Uruguay at the World's Columbian Exhibition, Chicago, 1893, by Carlos Maria de Pena and Honore Roustan -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ORIENTAL REPUBLIC OF URUGUAY *** - -***** This file should be named 42879-8.txt or 42879-8.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/2/8/7/42879/ - -Produced by Adrian Mastronardi, Julia Neufeld and the -Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net -(This file was produced from images generously made -available by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: The Oriental Republic of Uruguay at the World's Columbian Exhibition, Chicago, 1893 - -Author: Carlos Maria de Pena - Honore Roustan - -Translator: J. J. Rethore - -Release Date: June 5, 2013 [EBook #42879] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ORIENTAL REPUBLIC OF URUGUAY *** - - - - -Produced by Adrian Mastronardi, Julia Neufeld and the -Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net -(This file was produced from images generously made -available by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) - - - - - - -</pre> - - +<div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 42879 ***</div> <hr class="chap" /> @@ -365,7 +322,7 @@ century by the famous Spanish cosmographer, Juan Diaz de Solis.</p> <p>Its geographical situation is comprised -between the 30°, 5' and 35° degrees of +between the 30°, 5' and 35° degrees of latitude S. and the 56th 15' and 60th 45' of longitude W., according to the Paris meridian.</p> @@ -424,7 +381,7 @@ with fruitful results.</p> <p>Although it is not a mountainous country, its highlands are numerous. The principal heights are the hills of Santa Ana, -490 m.; the hills of Hædo, 400 m.; the +490 m.; the hills of Hædo, 400 m.; the Cuchilla Grande (high hills), 458 m. To all these hills join a great many others less high, the declivity of which form the @@ -443,8 +400,8 @@ of 21 degrees, and in autumn of 16 degrees.</p> <p>The maximum of heat in the month of -January is 36°, and that of cold in the -month of July is 3° above naught.</p> +January is 36°, and that of cold in the +month of July is 3° above naught.</p> <p>The climate is a little dryer in the interior than on the coast. Along the @@ -2978,14 +2935,14 @@ important association in the place called "Rincon de las Gallinas," where more than 35,000 heads of cattle feed.</p> -<p>The capital of the society is £500,000, +<p>The capital of the society is £500,000, divided into 25,000 shares, out of which only 24,300 were issued, the putting out of the other being quite unnecessary.</p> <p>The shares, the primitive price of which -was £20 in London are now quoted more -than double. (£42 or £44.) The dividend +was £20 in London are now quoted more +than double. (£42 or £44.) The dividend received by the shareholders varies between 10 and 12 per cent.</p> @@ -3779,7 +3736,7 @@ are two, the first one of a capacity of 12,000 litres, and the second of 8,000 litres; the cooling depositories can receive 9,000 litres every hour and a-half, with a -temperature that can go to 14° under +temperature that can go to 14° under naught. The clarifying is made by three filters of the most modern system, without any paper application. The fermentation @@ -3794,7 +3751,7 @@ cork 10,000 bottles a day.</p> <p>The ice depositories are beautiful; they always remain at a temperature of 12 or -20° under nought.</p> +20° under nought.</p> <p>The "<em>Germania</em>" also has many other depositories for the raw materials, empty @@ -4440,7 +4397,7 @@ objects, that is to say:</p> <div class="center"> <table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="museum"> -<tr><td align="left">Orchæology</td><td align="right">814</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">Orchæology</td><td align="right">814</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Numismatics</td><td align="right">4,201</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">History</td><td align="right">140</td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Paleontology</td><td align="right">107</td></tr> @@ -4797,8 +4754,8 @@ metrical system throughout the Republic.</p> <tr><td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr><td align="left">Columbia,</td><td align="left">$20,</td><td align="right">18 66</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"> </td></tr> -<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">{ £1 (20 sh.),</td><td align="right">4 70</td></tr> -<tr><td align="left">England,</td><td align="left">{ £½ (10 sh.),</td><td align="right">2 35</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">{ £1 (20 sh.),</td><td align="right">4 70</td></tr> +<tr><td align="left">England,</td><td align="left">{ £½ (10 sh.),</td><td align="right">2 35</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"> </td></tr> <tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">{ 100 frcs.,</td><td align="right">18 66</td></tr> <tr><td align="left"> </td><td align="left">{ 50 frcs.,</td><td align="right">9 33</td></tr> @@ -6178,383 +6135,6 @@ the following: The plantations are 80 hectares, planted with vines (the plants are 2 and 3 years old); three millions of vine-shoot ...</p> </div> - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Oriental Republic of Uruguay at -the World's Columbian Exhibition, Chicago, 1893, by Carlos Maria de Pena and Honore Roustan - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ORIENTAL REPUBLIC OF URUGUAY *** - -***** This file should be named 42879-h.htm or 42879-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/2/8/7/42879/ - -Produced by Adrian Mastronardi, Julia Neufeld and the -Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net -(This file was produced from images generously made -available by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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You may copy it, give it away or -re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included -with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org - - -Title: The Oriental Republic of Uruguay at the World's Columbian Exhibition, Chicago, 1893 - -Author: Carlos Maria de Pena - Honore Roustan - -Translator: J. J. Rethore - -Release Date: June 5, 2013 [EBook #42879] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ASCII - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ORIENTAL REPUBLIC OF URUGUAY *** - - - - -Produced by Adrian Mastronardi, Julia Neufeld and the -Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net -(This file was produced from images generously made -available by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) - - - - - - - - - - THE - - ORIENTAL REPUBLIC OF URUGUAY - - AT THE - - WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXHIBITION, - - CHICAGO, 1893 - - ++ PLEASE NOTE MAP. - - - - - THE - - ORIENTAL REPUBLIC OF URUGUAY - - AT THE - - WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXHIBITION, - - CHICAGO, 1893. - - GEOGRAPHY, RURAL INDUSTRIES, COMMERCE, GENERAL STATISTICS. - - BY - - CARLOS MARIA DE PENA - - AND - - HONORE ROUSTAN, Director of the General Statistics Office - - TRANSLATED INTO ENGLISH BY J. J. RETHORE. - - MONTEVIDEO. - - 1893 - - - - -NOTICE. - - - MONTEVIDEO, December 31st, 1892. - -_To the Hon. President of "Chicago Exhibition" Executive Committee:_ - -On delivering the Spanish text of these notes and statistical -inquiries, the compiling of which we have taken under our care as -a patriotic duty, it is convenient to observe that, if the present -work principally contains facts and particulars only relative to the -year 1891, it is because complete general statistics covering the -year 1892 are not yet to be had, as the "Board of Statistics" do not -publish the "Annual" till the second quarter of the year 1893, and -also because it has been considered better to conserve a certain -general unity in the compiling of facts and particulars. If, in a few -special cases, any particulars of the year 1892 have been quoted, it -was merely with the purpose of supplying to some deficiency. - -The time which the Commission has had to dispose has been very short -for a work of this kind; the particulars that existed at the "Board -of Statistics" had to be used, and it was impossible to get any new -ones, at least as completely and as quickly as it was required; and -that if, notwithstanding so many difficulties, it has been possible -to deliver the present work in due time, it is because the Director -of the "Board of General Statistics" had already compiled nearly all -of it, so that the only thing to be done has been to introduce a few -short amplifications, sometimes to change the order, and some others -to make a few important corrections. - -The only thing we are sorry for, is not to have received all the -particulars and information we had asked for, so as to give to the -present work a greater novelty and a more seducing form--that, with a -greater number of facts and particulars, might reveal what is, what -can be, and what is to be, one day or other the Oriental Republic, -with all its economical and social elements, and with all the new -elements that will be created, owing to the benefits of peace and -owing to the work and energy of the inhabitants, under the protecting -shield of a severe and provident Administration. - -Having concluded this work which was committed to our care, and -thinking that the translator, Mr. J. J. RETHORE, will finish his in -the first fortnight of the next year, we have the honor of saluting -the Honorable President with all our greatest consideration and -esteem. - - HONORE ROUSTAN. - - CARLOS M. DE PENA. - - - MINISTER OF FOREIGN RELATIONS, - MONTEVIDEO, Jan. 27, 1893. - - _To the Consul-General:_ - - The Government has this day issued the following decree: - Ministry of Foreign Relations. Decree. Montevideo, January 27, - 1893. - -In view of the representation made by the Ministry of Public Works -(Fomento) in a note of present date, the President of the Republic -decrees: - -ARTICLE 1. The following are appointed as members of the Commission -representing the Republic of Uruguay in the Universal Exposition at -Chicago: President, Senor Don Prudencio de Murguiondo, Consul-General -in the United States of North America; Special Commissioner, Don -Lucio Rodriguez Diez; and Regular Commissioner, Don Alberto Gomez -Ruano, Dr. Don Eduardo Chucarro, and Don Ricardo Hughes. - -ART. 2. The said Commissioners will arrange directly with the Central -Commission at Montevideo in everything relating to their duties. - -ART. 3. Let this decree be published and recorded. - - Signed: HERRERA Y OBES, - MANUEL HERRERO Y ESPINOSA. - -Any information regarding Uruguay will be cheerfully given by the -Commissioners at Chicago till the Exposition closes, and after that -by the Consul-General of Uruguay, at Washington, D. C., or the -following Consuls and Vice-Consuls. - - -_CONSULS._ - - THOMAS A. EDDY, NEW YORK. - KAFAEL S. SALAS, SAVANNAH, GA. - JOSE COSTA, SAN FRANCISCO, CAL. - LEONCE RABILLON, BALTIMORE, MD. - JAMES E. MARRETT, PORTLAND, MAINE. - EDUARDO FORNIAS, PHILADELPHIA. - C. C. TURNER, CHICAGO, ILL. - - -_VICE-CONSULS._ - - ARTHUR CARROLL, BOSTON, MASS. - THOMAS C. WATSON, PENSACOLA, FLA. - HENRY T. DUNN, BRUNSWICK, GA. - W. A. MURCHIE, CALAIS, MAINE. - N. B. BORDEN, FERNANDINA, FLA. - JAMES HAUGHTON, {NORFOLK, NEWPORT NEWS - { AND YORKTOWN. - GEORGE A. BARKSDALE, RICHMOND, VA. - WILLIAM N. HARRIS, WILMINGTON, N. C. - G. H. GREEN, NEW ORLEANS. - F. B. GENOVAE, ST. AUGUSTINE, FLA. - CHARLES F. HUCHET, CHARLESTON, S. C. - R. W. STEWART, BANGOR, MAINE. - ALFRED THOMAS SHAW, MOBILE, ALA. - ARTHUR HOMER, GALVESTON, TEXAS. - H. F. KREBS, PASCAGOULA, MISS. - - - - -THE ORIENTAL REPUBLIC OF URUGUAY. - -(SOUTH AMERICA.) - - -Discovery--Situation--Limits--Configuration--Perimeter--Superficies. - -The territory of the Oriental Republic of Uruguay, situated within -the temperate zone of South America, was discovered in the beginning -of the sixteenth century by the famous Spanish cosmographer, Juan -Diaz de Solis. - -Its geographical situation is comprised between the 30 deg., 5' and 35 deg. -degrees of latitude S. and the 56th 15' and 60th 45' of longitude W., -according to the Paris meridian. - -North and eastward it confines with the United States of Brazil, and -westward with the Argentine Republic. - -Its limits are: On the north, the river Cuareim, the _cuchilla_ or -ridge of hills of Santa Ana, and the right bank of the river Yaguaron -Grande; on the east, the occidental coast of Lake Merin and the river -Chuy, which empties into the Atlantic ocean; on the west, the river -Uruguay, which separates it from the Argentine Republic; on the -south, the river Plate. - -Its configuration is somewhat that of a many-sided polygon, -surrounded in its greatest part by water, except its northern part, -where it is bounded by the terrestrial frontier, which separates it -from the Brazilian Republic. - -Its perimeter is of 1846 kilom. 850 m., out of which 1073 kilom. -750 m. are sea and river coasts, remaining 773 kilom. 100 m. of -terrestrial line. - -Its superficies is 186,920 square kilom. - - -Aspect--Climate--Meteorology. - -The prevailing aspect of the country presents itself with continuous -undulations, formed by the numerous _cuchillas_ or ridges of hills, -which shoot in all directions. - -The hills are covered with rich pasture grounds. - -Trees of all kinds stand along the banks of the principal rivers and -rivulets which flow, winding about, over great extensions of land, -and water the fertile meadows, forming, under a quiet and generally -clear sky, a charming landscape all over, which invites to employ -usefully such manifold natural riches that have just begun, being -cultivated and worked in a vast scale and with fruitful results. - -Although it is not a mountainous country, its highlands are numerous. -The principal heights are the hills of Santa Ana, 490 m.; the hills -of Haedo, 400 m.; the Cuchilla Grande (high hills), 458 m. To all -these hills join a great many others less high, the declivity of -which form the lakes, ponds and rivers that give a great variety to -the hydrography of the country. - -The climate all over the Republic is mild and notably healthy; there -exist no malignous, endemical disease whatever. Neither the cold nor -the heat is excessive. - -The middle temperature may be calculated to be, in winter-time of 11 -degrees, in spring-time of 17 degrees, in summer of 21 degrees, and -in autumn of 16 degrees. - -The maximum of heat in the month of January is 36 deg., and that of cold -in the month of July is 3 deg. above naught. - -The climate is a little dryer in the interior than on the coast. -Along the coasts watered by the salt waters of the great mouth of the -river Plate, the climate is thoroughly a sea climate, and the seasons -never get to any extreme. - -Meteorological observations, made in Montevideo in the year 1843 and -down to the year 1852 have given a middle term of 244 serene days, 85 -cloudy days and 36 rainy days per annum. - -The last observations made by the "Uruguay Meteorological Society" -during the year 1891 have given the following results; - -Atmospherical pressure, calculated in mm., reduced to 0, middle term, -760,572. - -Temperature of the air, in the shade, centigrade degrees, middle -term, 16,23; minimum, m. t. 12.77; maximum, m. t. 19.36. - -Tension of the vapor, in mm., middle term, 10.98. - -Relative humidity (saturation = 100), middle term, 77.29. - -Inferior wind, prevailing direction N. N. E.; rapidity in meters by -second, middle term, 3.81. - -Rain, mm., total: 711.8. - -Winter is so mild in this country that, in fact, the year may be -divided into two seasons--the hot season, from November till April, -and the cool season, from May till October. - -Whatever may be the geographical situation of his own country the -foreigner does not need any previous acclimation; when he comes to -live in this Republic he does not feel any disorder in his health, -owing to the mildness of the temperature. - -The most ordinary winds are the N., N. E., E, and S. W. winds. This -last one, called _Pampero_, is pure and vivifying and is rightly -considered as the purifier of the Plate, and one of the principal -causes of the wholesomeness which the country enjoys. - - -Rivers--Rivulets--Ports--Docks--Dry Docks. - -With only looking over the map of the Republic, one gets an idea of -its rich hydrography. - -Sixteen rivers flow through the territory, all being joined by more -than 500 rivulets that increase their size and current. - -The principal rivers are the Plate and Uruguay, which bathe the -coasts of the Republic, and the Rio Negro (the black river), which -flows all through the center of the territory. - -The River plate, at its mouth, between cape Santa Maria and cape -San Antonio, is more than 206 kilometers wide; its superficies are -calculated to be over 39,846 kilom.; its length 361 kilom.; its -breadth, between Colonia and Buenos Ayres, a little more than 51 -kilom. - -The River Uruguay flows from N. to S., its length through the -Republic is 530 kilom., its breadth from the Guazu down to the point -of Fray Bentos varies from 10 to 15 kilom. After passing Fray Bentos -it becomes narrow, owing to the multitude of islands which form deep -channels. In its normal state it runs three or four miles an hour. -It is navigable up to Paysandu for ships of great tonnage, and up to -Salto for coast trading boats. - -The Rio Negro runs through the territory from N. W. to W., with an -extension of 463 kilom. It is navigable for ships of small tonnage -for 94 kilom., more or less. - -The other thirteen rivers are: the Cuareim, the Arapey, the Dayman, -the Queguay, the Tacuarembo, the Yi, the Yaguaron, the Tacuari, the -Olimar Grande, the San Jose, the San Salvador and the Santa Lucia. - -These powerful arteries, the waters of which are increased by -numberless rivulets that empty into them, flow down to the remotest -parts of the Republic and fertilize them. - -The waters of the River Plate, till a little further up than Santa -Lucia are salt; beyond this they always remain fresh. - -The waters of the Uruguay, Rio Negro and other rivers of the interior -have the property of petrifying animal and vegetable substances. - -Along the 1,073 kilom. of maritime and fluvial coasts, which are -counted from the mouth of the Cuareim River down to the River Chuy, -are the principal ports of the Republic. - -The most important ones are Maldonado, Montevideo and Colonia, on -the coasts watered by the River Plate. There exist others of less -importance, like those of Paloma, Coronilla, Castillos Grande, Buceo -and also the bay, called the Englishman's Bay, (Ensenada del Ingles). -Along the River Uruguay we find the ports Nueva Palmira, Carmelo, -Independencia, Paysandu, Salto, Constitucion and Santa Rosa. Along -the Rio Negro, those of Soriano and Mercedes; and along the San -Salvador the port of San Salvador. - -The principal port in the Republic is that of Montevideo. It is -estimated as the best port on the River Plate, owing to its natural -conditions. It has the shape of a horse-shoe, being the two extreme -points, which form its entrance, some seven kilom. distant from one -another. - -The perimeter of the bay is ten kilom., and six hundred m. It offers -ships a safe shelter, its entrance being towards the N. W. and its -channel between 15 and 17 feet deep. The general depth of the bay is -between 14 and 15 feet. The steamers cast anchor near the entrance of -the port in the exterior bay where the depth gets to 25 feet. - -The port of Montevideo is not only the anchoring ground of the ships -that have to load and unload, but it is also the port where all of -the ships stop on their way to the Pacific Ocean, and also all the -men-of-war of the nations which have a naval station in the River -Plate. - -All the steamers of the rivers have their anchoring ground in front -of the docks, where they all have their moorings at a distance of 125 -m. from the wharf. - -Being the principal port where the commercial and naval movement -is most important, Montevideo counts with two beautiful dry docks, -belonging to private persons, one of them is the Maua Dry Dock and -the other one belongs to Jackson and Cibils. They have both been -opened in the quick rock, and have for their service all the most -modern machines, admitting ships of all tonnage. - -Besides those two, there are a great many docks, dry docks and -harbors, all over the bay and also in the ports of Salto and Colonia. - - -Minerals. - -The territory of the Republic contains numberless riches not worked -out yet, in precious metals, in copper, iron, lead, etc., in agate -stone, rock, crystal, slate, calcareous stone, marble of all colors, -which could advantageously rival with the marbles of Italy and -Pyrenean mountains. - -Rich marble quarries exist in the department of Minas, which could -not have been worked before on account of the difficulties for the -transport, made easier and cheaper now days when the railway reaches -to Minas 123 kilom. distant from the capital. - -The Cunapiru gold region is now worked by the following societies: - -Zapucay gold mines, with 20 crushing machines. - -Uruguay gold fields, with 60 crushing machines. - -Hermanos gold minings, with 20 crushing machines. - -The French Uruguay gold mine company, the working of which is stopped -for the present, has spent in the region mentioned more than three -millions of dollars, and has established milldams in the rivers -Cunapiru and Corrales so as to employ, for the grinding, a powerful -hydraulic strength. - -The working of the mines on a great scale is just beginning now -without interruption. - -During the last two years over 72,000 tons of quartz have been -extracted and crushed, giving a result of over 420 kilog. of fine -gold. - -Mines of lead and copper and marble quarries are now worked in the -departments of Minas and Maldonado. - -The agate stone is exported as it is found in the Catalan hills, -department of Salto, and there exists in Montevideo an agent of the -house established in that department, where are sold the stones -worked out into art objects. - -In La Paz, near Montevideo, there exist quarries of red and blue -granite, some beautiful pieces of which are employed as columns in -some important buildings. - -Stone is abundant in the Republic. Everywhere in Cerro, La Paz, -Sauce, Colonia and other places they continually open new quarries -which permit a considerable exportation for the works undertaken in -Buenos Ayres and La Plata. - -The Colonia quarries alone employ over two thousand workmen. - - -Vegetation. - -The territory does not only count with its native trees the wood of -which is employed in the industries and the rural economy; but all -over its fertile soil do grow, reproducing themselves, and perfectly -accustomed to the climate, nearly all the trees of the other regions. - -Among the native trees there are the _nandubay_, that has the -property of petrifying itself under the ground, the _urunday_, the -lapacho, the viraro, the coronilla, the espinillo, quebracho, tala, -araza, the carob-tree, the black laurel, the timbo, guaviyu, copal, -the white, red, brown and yellow willow, the mataojo, paraiso, the -wild acacia, the ceibo and many others, the wood of which may be -employed for making all kinds of casks and buildings, and also for -burning. - -"The riches of the forests in this country," says Dr. Ordonana, -perpetual secretary to the Rural Association, "belong to two distinct -categories. The first one extends itself along the banks of the -rivers and rivulets of the interior of the Republic, and the other -is a consequence of the sediments, ground and sands brought down -by the rivers that form the Plate, which, stopped by the banks of -low Uruguay, give birth to plants like those described by clever -botanists as Azara and Bomplan, as belonging to the regions of the -Pilcomayo, Parana and Paraguay. - -"The trees are generally represented by a great many out of which no -wood can be made, and small shrubs that give fruits, used in other -times by the natives, gums and resins, stuffs used for weaving and -dyeing, and a great many twining plants, among which there are the -hisipo, of yellow flowers, and also the ilex-mate. - -"None of the plants we mention here have been considered, until -now, worth being scientifically cultivated, although our Society -has claimed for it many times, because, neither private persons nor -private congregations, without the help of the government, can -afford the establishment and maintenance of experimental farms, which -are the true guides for studies and observations. - -"We have preferred here cultivating foreign trees, whilst we had here -a great many much better than they, as for their wood, shade and -elegance. - -"The private efforts of men we cannot forget have changed the aspect -of our forests and also of the cattle of the country, by enriching -it with new seeds and new plants and employing the combined means of -nature and of work." - -In many departments the palm tree is found, also many kinds of -fruit and ornamental trees. There are trees, shrubs and herbs with -medicinal properties and good for dyeing and weaving, and also -resinous, aromatic and alkaline ones. - -The series of the plants with healing properties is long; there -may be found the sarsaparilla, the marshmallow, the liquorice, the -rhubarb, the camomile, the wild celery and many other plants, which -it would be too long to enumerate here. - -Among the fruit trees accustomed to this climate there are: the -orange tree, the apple tree, the pear tree, the apricot tree, the -pomegranate tree, the peach tree, the cherry tree, the lemon tree, -the plum tree, the nut tree, the quince tree, the olive tree, the -medlar tree, the almond tree, the chestnut tree, the fig tree, the -date palm, etc., etc. - -Among the other classes we find the poplar, the cypress, the elm, -the oak, the plantain, the acacia, the eucalyptus, the cedar, the -magnolia, the white mulberry tree, etc. - -As for the cereals and vegetables, all kinds of them grow here -perfectly and abundantly. Wheat, maize, barley, lucerne, are the -principal rural products. The chick-pea, the French bean, the -gray pea, the bean, the sugar-pea, the hastings, the lentils, the -potatoes, the Spanish potatoes, the carrot, the radishes, the -turnips, the pumpkins, the beet root, etc., and all kinds of pot -herbs, the watermelons, the melon and the strawberry grow also -abundantly. - -The grape vine, the flax, the tobacco, the canary seed, the cotton, -the anise-seed, the hemp, the currin seed, the peanuts and many other -classes give good results. During these last years the nursing of the -vine, the olive, the lucerne, and the tobacco has spread itself a -great deal. - -As for the flowers, there is such an immense variety of them and such -a plenty that the Republic has deserved the name of "The country of -sun and flowers." The industry of nosegays and crowns has reached an -unheard-of development. Beside the garden plants that belong to the -country, they nurse here all the varieties known in Europe. - -The environs of Montevideo count a great many important -establishments dedicated to the commerce of plants, ornamental and -fruit trees, all of the most valuable kinds. - - -Animals. - -The native animal reign counts thirty-nine families; among them we -find the deer, the buck, the otter, the _carpincho_ and many others, -the skins of which are exported. - -There are more than 500 species of birds, among them the ostrich, the -white stork, the wood turkey, the swan, the water duck, the heath -cock, the moor cock, the partridge, the wood pigeon, etc. Among the -singing birds the varieties are innumerable. Among the fowl, they -bring up all kinds of hens, the duck, the goose, the pigeon, the -turkey, etc. - -There are fourteen species of shells, and seven among the crustaceous. - -As for fishes, there are to be found numerous and rich varieties of -salt and fresh water ones. Large quantities of the first class are -taken over to Buenos Ayres every day by the steamers. Pisiculture -is destined to have a great development here. An important fishery -is already established on the coasts of Maldonado. The bringing up -of salmon has already been tried. The only things wanting still are -money and technical directions for the reproduction of the richest -kinds of fishes, so as to supply with great advantage the Montevideo -and Buenos Ayres markets. - -The principal industry in the country is the cattle and -horse-breeding, which, as will further on be seen, produces in a -prodigious way. This industry was introduced into the country in the -time of the conquest by the Spaniards. - -Actually they improve and refine the cattle and horses by the -crossing with the pure blood animals which continually come from -Europe and the Argentine Republic. Already there exist important -establishments with thoroughly pure blood animals born in the -country, having already begun the wholesale of oxen and cows for -consumption, and of horses for races and coach. The sheep are now a -great deal finer. The improvement began in the year 1832, with two -Negretti and Rambouillet rams, and this is the reason why the wool, -for its good quality, is so much valued in European markets. Besides -the merino sheep, a great many other races have been introduced, and -among them some of very good flesh, like the Southdowns, of which -there are already numerous herds. - - -Division of the Territory--Situation of the Departments--Centre of -Population. - -The territory is divided into nineteen departments. The superficial -area of each of them is as follows: - - ===============+========+==========+=========== - | Square | Square | Square - Departments. | Miles. | Leagues. | Kilometer. - ---------------+--------+----------+----------- - Salto | 4.270 | 474 4/9 | 12.601 61 - Artigas | 3.855 | 428 3/9 | 11.379 52 - Paysandu | 4.490 | 498 8/9 | 18.252 34 - Rio Negro | 2.870 | 318 8/9 | 8.470 88 - Soriano | 3.125 | 347 2/9 | 9.223 51 - La Colonia | 1.925 | 213 8/9 | 5.681 68 - San Jose | 2.359 | 262 1/9 | 6.962 07 - Flores | 1.531 | 170 1/9 | 4.519 36 - Montevideo | .225 | 25 | 664 09 - Canelones | 1.610 | 178 8/9 | 4.751 95 - Maldonado | 1.391 | 154 5/9 | 4.105 57 - Rocha | 3.757 | 417 4/9 | 11.088 88 - Cerro Largo | 5.058 | 562 | 14.904 41 - Treinta y Tres | 3.232 | 359 1/9 | 9.550 35 - Minas | 4.230 | 470 | 12.498 32 - Tacuarembo | 7.120 | 791 1/9 | 21.022 49 - Rivera | 3.330 | 370 | 9.820 94 - Florida | 4.102 | 455 7/9 | 12.107 15 - Durazno | 4.850 | 538 8/9 | 14.314 89 - |--------+----------+----------- - |63.830 |7.036 6/9 |186.920 01 - ===============+========+==========+=========== - -In the centre of the territory are the departments of Durazno, -Flores, Minas, Tacuarembo, Treinta y Tres, and Florida, surrounded -by those of Artigas, Rivera and Cerro Largo, situated on the very -frontier of Brazil; the Department of Rocha on the Atlantic Ocean; -those of Maldonado, Canelones, Montevideo, San Jose and Colonia on -the River Plate; and those of Soriano, Rio Negro, Paysandu and Salto -on the River Uruguay. - -All those departments count over a hundred centres of population, -that is to say, seven towns, forty-eight villages, and thirty-nine -colonies or smaller centres. - - -Political Organization. - -_Government._--The constitution of the Oriental Republic of Uruguay -establishes the representative republican system. - -_Sovereignty._--The sovereignty in all its fullness exists radically -in the Nation, which has the exclusive right of establishing its own -laws in the way determined by the Constitution. - -_Religion._--The Religion of the state is the Roman Apostolic -Catholic Church. However, all dissident churches are tolerated and -their religion can be freely practiced; the inhabitants enjoy the -full liberty of thought. - -_High Powers._--The three high powers of the state are the -legislative power, the executive power and the judicial power. - -_Legislative Powers._--This power is formed by two chambers, -the Senate and Deputies' Chamber. The Senate is compounded with -as many members as departments, these forming the political and -administrative division of the Republic. The election is indirect. - -The President of the Senate is the Vice-President of the Republic, -and performs the functions of the first magistrate in case of -absence, illness, resignation or death. - -The _Deputies' Chamber_ is composed of 69 members, directly elected -by the people in the way determined by the law on elections. - -_Executive Power._--The executive power is represented by the -President of the Republic, who is elected in a general assembly of -the two chambers by nominal voting, being required the absolute -majority of suffrages expressed on ballots which are publicly read -out by the secretary. His functions last four years, and he cannot be -re-elected unless four other years have passed. - -The President appoints the Secretaries of State, or Ministers, who -are five--one of Government, one of _Fomento_ (Public Education, -Commerce, Industry and Railways), one of Finance, one of War and -Navy, and one of Foreign Affairs. - -_Delegates of the Executive Power._--In every town, the capital of -a department, there is a delegate of the Executive Power called -Political and Police Chief (_Jefe politico y de policia_), and -entrusted to make his dispositions obeyed. - -_Judicial Power._--This power is composed of the High Court of -Justice. But as this court has not yet been regularly established, -the United Tribunals of Appeal, composed each of them of three -members, perform the functions of the High Court. It is entrusted -with the superintendence of all the other judges. - -There exist in the Republic three Superior Judges (_Jueces -Letrados_), for the civil, two for the commerce, one for the -treasure, one for the criminal, and one for the correctional, and -also nineteen ordinary judges for the departments. - -_Justice of the Peace._--There exist a justice of the peace and an -attorney in every one of the sections into which are divided the -departments. The members of the Justice of the Peace are elected by -the people. They give sentence in all the affairs of small importance. - -The law of the 11th of February, 1879, has created the Civil State -Register in all the Republic, and the inscription in this Register -has been made obligatory the 1st of July of the same year. - -This Register is entrusted to the care of the Justice of the Peace, -who performs the functions of Civil State Register Officer, and in -it are inscribed all the births, marriages, deaths, recognizance and -legitimation of the sons. - -The law of the 22d of May, 1885, declared Civil Matrimony obligatory -throughout all the Republic, no other one being acknowledged as -legitimate besides the one celebrated according to the law and -according to the dispositions established in the Civil State -Registers of the 11th of February, 1879, and their regulation and -laws of the 1st of June, 1880, and 1st of July, 1884. - -_Municipality_ (Junta Economico-Administrativa.)--There exists a -_Junta_ or Municipality in each department. The members of the -municipality are elected by the people, and they are entrusted with -the care of the municipal interests. The Montevideo municipality has -a very great importance, being entrusted with the care of all the -municipal services except that of the police. - -_Citizenship._--The citizens of the state are either natural or -legal. Natural are all those born in the territory; legal, all the -foreigners who ask for citizenship, after having proved their -residence in the country for a determined time. - -All the citizens, whether natural or legal, enjoy the right of voting -and _may be elected_ in certain conditions. - -The constitution of the Republic sworn on the 18th of July, 1830, -among other articles, contains the following ones: - -Art. the 130th. The inhabitants of the state have a right to be -protected in their life, honor, liberty, security and property. -Nobody can be deprived of these rights, but according to the laws. - -Art. the 131st. In the territory of the state nobody can be a slave -by birth; the slave trade and introduction of slaves are forever -forbidden in the Republic. - -Art. the 132d. All men are equal before the law, be it preceptive, -penal or defensive; the only distinction acknowledged is that of -talent and virtue. - -Art. the 134th. The private actions of men, that do not by any way -attack the public order nor harm any third person, belong only to -God, and, therefore, remain beyond the authority of the magistrates. -No inhabitant of the state will be obliged to do what the law does -not bid, neither prevented from doing what the law does not forbid. - -Art. the 141st. Thoroughly free is the communication of thought, -by words, private writings, or publications in the public papers, -whatever be the subjects, without requiring any previous censure; the -only responsible person is the author, or, in his stead, the printer, -whenever the writing be abusive, according to the law. - -Art. the 146th. All the inhabitants of the state may undertake any -work, industry or commerce they like, provided they do not harm the -public order or the other citizens' rights. - -Art. the 147th. The entrance into the territory of the Republic is -free to any one, as also his staying in it or going away with his -goods, provided he respect the police laws and do not harm any third -person. - - -Language and Customs. - -The national language is the Spanish tongue. However, nearly all the -languages are known in the Republic, on account of the great number -of foreigners established here, and the great number of them who have -continuous relations with the country. - -Nearly every native who has received a fairly good instruction speaks -some foreign language. In Montevideo, where continually stop boats of -all nations, the practice of French, Italian, English and German is -quite general. - -In nearly every department in the Republic, and above all in -Montevideo, exist a great many good schools belonging to the above -mentioned nations. - -The foreigner who treads the Uruguay soil does not miss the customs -of his own country, since the ones he meets here are nearly the same -as in the principal European cities. - -A great many years of continuous communication with all the nations -of the world has made, that the customs of all the civilized nations -are quite familiar to the natives. - - -Population--Its Density. - -In the Statistical Annuary corresponding to the year 1891 the -population of the Republic has been calculated thus: - - Departments. Population in 1891. - - Montevideo 234,688 - Canelones 64,772 - Colonia 39,309 - Soriano 32,617 - San Jose 26,528 - Flores 13,737 - Florida 29,078 - Rocha 22,237 - Maldonado 15,757 - Cerro-Largo 25,741 - Minas 23,466 - Treinta y Tres 17,297 - Salto 32,827 - Artigas 17,367 - Durazno 25,020 - Paysandu 29,962 - Rio Negro 15,970 - Tacuarembo 25,166 - Rivera 16,629 - ------- - Total 708,168 - -In the year 1829 the population of the Republic was 74,000 souls, and -in the year 1879, 438,245. - -The increase of the population has produced itself according to the -following proportions: - - In 1882 505,207 inhabitants. - 1883 520,536 " - 1884 559,668 " - 1885 582,858 " - 1886 596,463 " - 1887 614,257 " - 1888 648,297 " - 1889 683,943 " - 1890 706,524 " - 1891 708,168 " - -The increase of the population during the year 1891, if compared with -the population in 1879, is of 269,923 souls, that is to say, 61.59 -per cent. - -If we add to the total of inhabitants during the year 1891 a 6 per -cent. on account of the omissions which probably took place in the -calculations (omission of inscriptions of births, of declarations in -the lists of passengers, etc.), we have a population for the whole -Republic of, more or less, 750,658 inhabitants. - -Dividing the population into nationalities we see that out of a -hundred inhabitants there are 70 natives and 30 foreigners. In -Montevideo, however, the proportion varies, being of 53 natives and -47 foreigners. - -The density of the population throughout the Republic is of 3.78 -inhabitants for each square kilometre. - -The Department of Montevideo, which has the smallest superficial -area, is the most peopled of all the Republic, (353.44 inhabitants -for each square kilometre); in it resides nearly the third part of -the population of the country. Next to Montevideo, the Department of -Canelones is the most peopled, (13.63 inhabitants for each square -kilometre.) - -The above mentioned results are an evident proof that the territory -of the Republic is still very little peopled, and that there is very -easily room enough in it for many millions of inhabitants. - -Although the density of the population be but of 3.78 inhabitants -for each square kilometre, it is, however, superior to the density -of the population in the Argentine Republic, Brazil, Peru, Bolivia, -Venezuela, Ecuador, Paraguay and Nicaragua, none of which get to that -figure. - - -Movement of the Population. - -From the year 1887 till the year 1891 have taken place in the -Republic: - - Years. Births. Deaths. Marriages. - - 1887 25,132 12,573 3,428 - 1888 25,832 12,077 3,976 - 1889 26,981 12,882 4,175 - 1890 27,899 15,174 4,082 - 1891 28,696 13,146 3,524 - ------- ------ ------ - 134,540 65,852 19,185 - - Middle yearly - term: - 26,908 13,170 3,837 - - Proportion out - of 1000 - inhabitants: - 37.9 18.5 5.4 - -So as to appreciate better the rank occupied by the Republic among -the other countries as regards the movement of the population, the -following figures may be considered as points of comparison: - - Births per Deaths per Marriages - Countries. 1000 1000 per 1000 - Inh'bit'nts. Inh'bit'nts. Inhabitants. - - France 25.8 23.8 7.7 - Italy 37 29.1 7.8 - Scotland 35 21.4 7.1 - Ireland 26.9 17.8 4.8 - Austria 38.6 31 8.5 - Swiss 30.1 23.2 7.4 - Belgian 32 22.4 7.2 - Sweden 27.1 18.9 6.5 - Norway 31.3 17.2 6.9 - Denmark 31.1 19.7 7.8 - Oriental Repub. - of Uruguay 37.9 18.5 5.4 - -Therefore the births in the Republic prove to be in a greater -proportion than in any of the mentioned countries, Austria being -excepted, while the deaths, with the exception of Sweden and Norway, -is in a smaller proportion, as also the marriages, Ireland being -excepted. - -This great number of births and the corresponding diminution in the -figures of death prove how easy is the purchase of the elements -necessary to life; and how very excellent are the climate and the -salubrity in the Republic. - - -Movement of Passengers. - -Though the Republic has many ports Montevideo is, nevertheless, where -takes place the greatest concourse of passengers. - -The movement from abroad and from the Argentine and Uruguay coasts -has given the following results: - - Years. Passengers. Per Month. Per Day. - - 1883 60,388 5,033 167 - 1884 91,872 7,656 255 - 1885 99,059 8,255 275 - 1886 89,567 7,464 248 - 1887 102,396 8,533 284 - 1888 133,033 11,086 366 - 1889 153,811 12,817 427 - 1890 150,447 12,537 417 - 1891 104,945 8,745 291 - -The diminution which begins in the year 1890 is due to the economical -crisis that began in that year, and the consequences of which are -still to be felt. - - -Immigration. - -The territory of the Republic being abundant in all natural resources -and elements necessary to make easy any kind of work or industry one -chooses to undertake, and the immigrant getting very soon accustomed -to a climate and customs very little different from those of his own -country, the Oriental Republic of Uruguay offers therefore all kinds -of advantages to the honest and laborious immigrant who comes here -in search of a remuneration greater than that he can earn in his own -country. - -Thus is explained the large number of foreigners of all nationalities -who have chosen this country as their second countryland, settling -themselves here definitely and partaking with their families a wealth -which allows them a good living, and is the base of their future -modest or great fortune. - -In spite of the political disorders, the time of which, it may be -said, has passed, and in spite of the economical crisis that, with -more or less intensity, are common to all the countries that rapidly -advance and progress, the Oriental Republic has always seen a great -and constant affluence of arms and capital, that have contributed in -a few years to display powerfully its productive energy, to create -establishments and manufactures which, with their products, have -increased the relations of exchange with all the markets of the world. - -Although the present times be not very favorable to the immigratory -movement, the country is bound to recover soon, very soon, from the -disorders suffered during the last crisis. - -Our own history, and also that of the other American nations, teach -us that in a period of restrictions in business and settling -accounts, the immigration always diminishes, but increases again as -soon as it begins to feel the first symptoms of reaction towards a -period of prosperity. - -The following figures demonstrate the oscillations in the immigratory -movement, coinciding with critical or prosperous periods: - -Immigratory Movement in the Port of Montevideo from 1867 to 1891. - - ------+--------+-----------+-----------+------------+---------- - | |Present'd | | | - | |themselves |Have lived |Employed | - | |to the |at the |in the | - | |Emigrant |Emigrant |Capital or |Placed by - Years.|Entries.|Board. |Board. |Departments.|the Board. - ------+--------+-----------+-----------+------------+---------- - 1867 | 17.356 | 1.913 | 187 | 2.586 | 1.802 - 1868 | 16.892 | 2.479 | 261 | 4.179 | 2.335 - 1869 | 20.435 | 1.861 | 87 | 2.261 | 1.661 - 1870 | 21.148 | 1.305 | 110 | 2.136 | 1.210 - 1871 | 17.912 | 743 | 22 | 2.555 | 714 - 1872 | 11.516 | 916 | 41 | 6.133 | 877 - 1873 | 24.339 | 1.480 | 51 | 6.651 | 1.444 - 1874 | 13.759 | 2.708 | 149 | 4.768 | 2.649 - 1875 | 5.298 | 1.493 | 113 | 5.699 | 1.401 - 1876 | 5.570 | 1.469 | 91 | 4.246 | 1.432 - 1877 | 6.160 | 1.913 | 120 | 2.810 | 1.884 - 1878 | 9.464 | 1.594 | 103 | 2.605 | 1.518 - 1879 | 10.829 | 1.587 | 13 | 2.206 | 1.515 - 1880 | 9.203 | 1.933 | 1.255 | 2.493 | 1.845 - 1881 | 8.336 | 1.416 | 1.251 | 1.700 | 1.322 - 1882 | 10.116 | 1.124 | 1.562 | 2.846 | 1.493 - 1883 | 11.086 | 1.067 | 1.274 | 1.402 | 1.022 - 1884 | 11.954 | 1.272 | 1.019 | 1.531 | 1.163 - 1885 | 15.679 | 1.857 | 1.320 | 1.236 | 1.266 - 1886 | 12.291 | 1.383 | 833 | 1.068 | 1.072 - 1887 | 12.867 | 1.406 | 1.144 | 1.619 | 1.047 - 1888 | 16.581 | 1.622 | 1.304 | 1.650 | 1.243 - 1889 | 27.349 | 10.446 | 10.446 | 10.930 | 8.867 - 1890 | 24.117 | 8.816 | 8.816 | 11.195 | 8.738 - 1891 | 11.916 | ...... | ...... | ...... | ..... - ------+--------+-----------+-----------+------------+---------- - -The different nations to which belonged the immigrants that presented -themselves to the General Emigration and Immigration Office in search -of work, during the above-mentioned years are as follows: - - ======+=====+=====+=======+=====+====+======+======+======+========+====== - |Span-|Ital-| |Eng- |Ger-| |Argen-|Portu-| Other | - Years.|ish. |ians.|French.|lish.|man.|Swiss.|tine. |guese.|nations.|Total. - ------+-----+-----+-------+-----+----+------+------+------+--------+------ - 1867 | 360 | 743| 256 | 161 | 104| 33 | 31 | 54 | 171 | 1.913 - 1868 | 508 |1.093| 358 | 241 | 100| 38 | 24 | 49 | 68 | 2.479 - 1869 | 620 | 592| 244 | 146 | 119| 30 | 22 | 44 | 44 | 1.861 - 1870 | 514 | 376| 205 | 61 | 37| 17 | 15 | 18 | 62 | 1.305 - 1871 | 308 | 214| 106 | 16 | 32| 9 | 12 | 13 | 33 | 743 - 1872 | 423 | 202| 181 | 44 | 26| 10 | 1 | 12 | 17 | 916 - 1873 | 606 | 346| 359 | 26 | 27| 35 | 20 | 22 | 39 | 1.480 - 1874 |1.086| 961| 437 | 16 | 54| 74 | 21 | 22 | 37 | 2.708 - 1875 | 609 | 402| 279 | 8 | 55| 53 | 51 | 12 | 24 | 1.493 - 1876 | 453 | 500| 271 | 11 | 37| 47 | 43 | 4 | 103 | 1.469 - 1877 | 571 | 569| 358 | 35 | 54| 121 | 85 | 34 | 86 | 1.913 - 1878 | 529 | 492| 208 | 10 | 72| 48 | 46 | 19 | 170 | 1.594 - 1879 | 387 | 721| 230 | 31 | 43| 52 | 63 | 14 | 46 | 1.587 - 1880 | 405 | 939| 258 | 42 | 74| 74 | 73 | 9 | 59 | 1.933 - 1881 | 435 | 646| 128 | 12 | 38| 25 | 62 | 11 | 59 | 1.416 - 1882 | 370 | 518| 76 | 25 | 41| 14 | 22 | 14 | 44 | 1.124 - 1883 | 428 | 380| .... | 7 | 75| 18 | 31 | 15 | 113 | 1.067 - 1884 | 428 | 537| 103 | 12 | 62| 13 | 41 | 8 | 68 | 1.272 - 1885 | 607 | 916| 98 | 19 | 41| 11 | 40 | 14 | 111 | 1.857 - 1886 | 653 | 553| 61 | 8 | 29| 7 | 24 | 16 | 32 | 1.383 - 1887 | 618 | 423| 104 | 26 | 46| 14 | 18 | 34 | 123 | 1.406 - 1888 | 738 | 513| 176 | 27 | 45| 14 | 12 | 43 | 54 | 1.622 - 1889 |1.399|6.932| 670 | 78 | 126| 22 | 14 | 41 | 1.164 |10.446 - 1890 |1.073|7.341| 170 | 14 | 16| 13 | 3 | 19 | 167 | 8.816 - ------+-----+-----+-------+-----+----+------+------+------+--------+------ - -Immigration has come here of its own accord, during times of -prosperity; but the government has also tried to call it here by -making easier the coming of immigrants from Europe, and their being -led into the interior of the country, and also by giving land to -colonists or by exhonerating others from all duties and taxes, either -direct or indirect. - -During the years hereafter mentioned the government has given the -following number of passages to immigrants who required them: - - In the year 1887 255 passages. - " " 1888 124 " - " " 1889 2727 " - " " 1890 1133 " - -The immigrant enjoys here a complete and perfect liberty. Being a -foreigner he owes no service whatever to the state. Dedicated to -work, he is always respected, and wherever he may go in the Republic, -he is always sure to find some of his countrymen who, knowing well -the country and talking his own language, will give him all the -information and references he may require. Besides this, on landing, -he always finds interpreters who give him all the explanations he may -need. - - -Wages. - -The wages which are generally earned are according to the -professions, more or less, as follows: - -_Apprentices_--Boarding and clothes, generally, per month. - -_Nurses_--From $6 to $12 per month, with lodging and board. - -_Bakers_--From $18 to $36 per month, without board. - -_Brewers_--From $40 to $50 per month, without board. - -_Wheelrights_--From $1.50 to $2.50; workmen 80c. to $1.00 per day, -without board. - -_Chairmakers_--From $1.60 to $2 per day, without board. - -_Brickmakers_--From $1.00 to $1.20 per day, with board. - -_Hatmakers_--From $18 to $22 per month, without board. - -_Carpenters_--From $1.40 to $2.30 per day, without board. - -_Carters_--From $16 to $24 per month, without board. - -_Braziers_--From $50 to $80 to $100 per month, without board. - -_Colliers and Firemen_--From $20 to $27 per month, without board. - -_Cigarettemakers_--$1.20 per day, without board. - -_Cigarmakers_--From $1.50 to $1.80 per day, without board. - -_Coachmen_--From $20 to $25 per month, without board. - -_Hairdressers_--From $14 to $20 per month, with board. - -_Stagecoachmen_--From $35 to $40 per month, without board. - -_Confectioners_--From $20 to $40 to $60 per month, without board. - -_Foremen_--From $30 to $35 per month, without board. - -_Boltmakers_--From $1.20 to $1.50 per day, without board. - -_Shoemakers_--From $15 to $20 per month, with board. - -_Seamstresses_--From 60c. to 80c. per day, with board. - -_Cooks_ (_women_)--From $12 to $16 per month, with lodging and board. - -_Cooks_ (_men_)--From $15 to $35 per month, with lodging and board. - -_Servants, in general_--From $10 to $18 per month, with board and -lodging. - -_Cabinetmakers_--From $1.50 to $2.00 per day, without board. - -_Gilders_--$2.00 per day, without board. - -_Brush and Broommakers_--From $1.00 to $1.20 per day, without board. - -_Reapers_--From $10 to $15 per month, with board. - -_Tinmen_--From $1.20 to $1.50 per day, without board. - -_Blacksmiths_--From $1.50 to $1.60; help, $1.10 per day, without -board. - -_Waiters_ (_coffee houses, hotels._)--From $15 to $20 per month, with -lodging and board. - -_Lackeys, Footmen_--From $15 to $20 per month, with lodging and board. - -_Watchmakers_--From $40 to $60 per month, without board. - -_Gardeners_--From $18 to $30 per month, without board. - -_Day Laborers, in general_--From 80c. to $1.00 per day, without board. - -_Machinists_--In printing houses, $80; on board steamers, 1st -machinist, $180; 2nd machinist, $115; 3rd machinist, $90 per month. - -_Masons_--From $1.80 to $2.20; workmen, from $1.00 to $1.20 per day, -without board. - -_Marblecutters and Polishers_--From $1.20 to $1,50 per day, without -board. - -_Mattressmakers_--From $12 to $15 per month, with board. - -_Sailors, Mariners_--From $15 to $20 per month, with board. - -_Mechanics_--From $60 to $100 to $150 per month, without board. - -_Milliners_--From $20 to $30 per month, without board. - -_Wet-nurses_--From $20 to $30 per month, without board. - -_Pastry Cooks_--From $35 to $40 per month, without board. - -_Fishermen_--From $20 to $25 per month, without board. - -_Painters_--From $1.20 to $2.50 per day, without board. - -_Photographers_--From $35 to $55 per month, without board. - -_Potters_--From $1.50 to $2.00 per day, with board. - -_Schoolmasters_--From $30 to $60 per month, with board. - -_Firework-makers_--From $16 to $17 per month, without board. - -_Bookbinders_--From $30 to $35 per month, without board. - -_Sawyers_--From $1.80 to $2.00 per day, without board. - -_Saddlers_--From $1.20 to $1.50 per day, without board. - -_Locksmiths_--From $1.50 to $1.80 per day, without board. - -_Tailors_--From $20 to $30 per month, without board. - -_Stonecutters_--From $1.20 to $1.60 per day, without board. - -_Turners_--From $1.80 to $2.50 per day, without board. - -_Dyers_--From $15 to $35 per month, without board. - -_Bookkeepers_--From $50 to $200 per month, without board. - -_Coopers_--From $1.20 to $1.50 per day, without board. - -_Typographers_--From $40 to $45 per month, without board. - -_Basketmakers_--From $1.00 to $1.20 per day, without board. - -_Glaziers_--From $1.20 to $1.50 per day, without board. - -The working day consists of eleven hours, an hour being discounted -for dinner and resting. - -The rent of the lodgings for workpeople in the town is five or seven -dollars per month. - - -Territorial Property. - -According to the declarations made in the year 1882 for the payment -of the contribution tax, called the Immovable Contribution, the value -of the property in the Republic rose to $211,991,679.00. - -In the year 1890, eight years later, although the cattle and some -other products were declared free from contribution tax the value of -property was $265,871,559, an increase of $53,879,880. - -The number of proprietors in 1882 were 39,590, and in the year 1890 -50,189, an increase of 10,599. - -By nationalities, the proprietors in 1890 were in the following -proportion: - -Natives, 24,946, or 49.70 per cent. - -Foreigners 25,243, or 50.30 per cent. - -The declared value according to nationalities was as follows: - - 24,946 Natives representing $129,130,344.00 - 785 Argentine, " 6,343,074.00 - 4,620 Brazilians " 31,766,571.00 - 8,886 Italians " 34,620,749.00 - 6,828 Spaniards " 30,845,671.00 - 2,582 French " 16,470,055.00 - 451 English " 10,386,895.00 - 330 Germans " 1,879,265.00 - 344 Swiss " 1,073,996.00 - 204 Portuguese " 1,540,471.00 - 7 Belgians " 31,238.00 - 7 Swedish " 12,438.00 - 32 Austrians " 391,746.00 - 4 Danes " 50,524.00 - 24 North Americans " 242,941.00 - 3 Peruvians " 2,748 00 - 6 Chilians " 40,143.00 - 1 Dutch " 2,700.00 - 8 Paraguayans " 33,496.00 - 121 Other nations " 1,006,494.00 - ______ _________________ - 50,189 $265,871,559.00 - ====== ================= - -The capital by nationalities gives the following proportion: - -Native $129,130,344, or 48.57 per cent. - -Foreign $136,741,315, or 51.43 per cent. - -Out of the declared values Montevideo represents 13,812 proprietors -and $128,280,000.00; to the other departments, 36,377 proprietors and -$137,591,559.00. - - -Transfer of Property. - -The operations, which during the following years, have been declared -in the Registers for the purchase and sale of immovable properties, -give the following totals: - - 1885 $14,276,454 - 1886 9,859,703 - 1887 18,683,365 - 1888 35,108,468 - 1889 63,546,624 - 1890 29,273,198 - 1891 22,267,381 - - -Mortgages. - -From the year 1888 to the year 1891 the yearly capital put out at -interest with securities on land has been: - - In 1888 $12,788,660 - " 1889 27,821,672 - " 1890 22,569,360 - " 1891 13,545,853 - - -How Easily One Becomes a Land Owner. - -There exist in Montevideo great agencies, like the one called the -"Industrial" created in the year 1874, by Mr. Francis Piria, the sole -object of which is to make easy the division of the property in the -capital and the neighborhood, by purchasing large zones of land and -by dividing them into square _cuadras_, or fractions of over four -English acres, when they belong to the town district, and into the -best possible form outside. - -This agency has created many villages out of the Department of -Montevideo, as "Recreo de las Piedras," "Joaquin Suarez," "Buenos -Ayres," "Bella Italia" and many others. - -The centres of population created by the "Industrial" are over a -hundred; some of them have been aggregated to the town district, -everyone of them becoming important centres, on account of the number -of the inhabitants, and of the increasing value of the land, sold -formerly very cheap, and payable at the rate of $2.00 per month. - -All the fractions of land have generally been bought by work-people -who have built their own houses. - -According to the general balance and informations collected down to -the year 1891, the "Industrial" agency had made 52,317 proprietors, -and the fractions of land sold up to that time were 183,000, the -result of the sale being $79,411. The number of houses was 8000. - -Those who bought some of those fractions of land a few years ago, -payable in the above mentioned conditions, at the rate of 20 or 25 -cents per metre, are now-a-days owners of properties which are worth -two, three, four and five times more. - -The very same thing happens in the colonies or agricultural centres -established in many departments of the Republic, the founders -of which have given to the settlers all kinds of easy means for -establishing themselves. - -Families of work-people that had arrived here with nothing but the -means of facing the very first necessities have become, after a few -years, owners of the land they had bought, payable monthly, and -having increased their possessions by buying new land, they have -enlarged the sphere of their operations and are now able to work over -their own properties in a fully independent and easy situation. - -The advantages of such a system will be easily understood. - -With what a workman or settler pays monthly for the rent of the land, -he makes himself, after a short time, the owner of the land and of -the house he lives in, as the monthly rent redeems with a small -interest the value of the property. - -In such conditions great many people are known who enjoy all these -advantages, and many more, who being the proprietors of the land -purchased in such a way have made small fortunes. - -There cannot be a better way imagined of fixing the immigrants or -giving to the peasant all the means of becoming a proprietor and of -consecrating himself to highly profitable agricultural industries. - - -Value of the Land. - -The population has not yet reached a great density. The best part -of the territory is destined to cattle, sheep, and horse breeding, -in establishments called _estancias_. _A suerte or estancia_ is -equivalent to 1992 hectares 2787 metres, or one league and a half -in length by a half league in width, or three quarters of a square -league or 4,923 square acres 333 square yards. - -The price of a _suerte_ varies according to the department and also -to its situation. The lowest price of a _suerte_ is generally no less -than $7,000 and rises above $50,000 in the departments quite close to -the capital, that are still devoted to pastoral land. - -In the north, next to the frontier, land may be purchased at the rate -of $3 to $10 an hectare. - -In the centre, from $6 to $15. - -In the south, the land rises to higher prices, which vary from $10 to -$100 per hectare. - -The agricultural land in the environs of towns and villages, and in -the departments of Canelones, Colonia, Soriano, San Jose, Paysandu, -Salto costs $10, $20, $40, $50 and $100 an hectare. In the department -of Montevideo it rises to $100, $200 and $300, according to the -situation. - -There are no restrictions or difficulties in purchasing or transfer. - -Great companies established abroad, above all in England, and others -in the Republic have purchased great tracts of land in order to -improve cattle breeding, agriculture, sand and stone extraction along -the banks of the River Plate and Uruguay, and other important rural -industries. - -During these last two years the agricultural industry has notably -spread itself, above all that of cereals, forage, firewood trees, -vine, olive trees, tobacco and oleoginous and textile plants. - -The lowest rate at which a _suerte_ of land for cattle feeding can -be hired is $400 a year. There are fields, however, that can produce -two, three and four times more. The hectare of agricultural land may -be hired at a yearly price of $1.20. In some departments, like that -of Canelones, where the agricultural industry has improved a great -deal, the yearly renting is $4.00 and more. - -The land pays the property tax or _Contribucion Inmobiliaria_, at the -uniform rate of 6-1/2 per thousand in relation with the value that -the law has fixed to the land according to the departments. - - -Agriculture. - -The Oriental Republic of Uruguay is an essentially pastoral country. - -Its fields, covered with good and nutritive grass, are nearly all -of them divided into _estancias_ for cattle breeding, that, to the -present time, is the principal source of riches of the country. - -Agriculture, however, has already reached a high degree of importance -in the departments of Montevideo, Canelones, Colonia, San Jose, -Soriano, Paysandu, Salto, Florida, Durazno, Maldonado. It is not -quite so important in the other departments as in the three first -ones. However, in the environs of the villages and centres of -population, there are great many farms and agricultural centres that -produce cereals and vegetables for local consumption. The exceeding -crop, in the prosperous years, is immediately sent to the principal -commercia centres of the Republic, which allows the export of corn, -flour, wheat, canary-seed, flax, trefoil, barley, etc. - -Although the Republic counts with a fertile soil, and finds itself -in the very best conditions for any kind of agricultural industry, -agriculture, however, remains still in a secondary degree, in spite -of its late improvements, and in spite of the large extension of -land which began last year to be cultivated. - -However, after all the necessities of the country have been satisfied -there generally remains an important surplus of agricultural and -rural products, when the crop is good, that may be calculated over -$1,200,000.00. - -The wheat grown in Uruguay is reputed to be the best in all South -America, and effectively got the gold medal in the Universal Paris -Exhibition in the year 1878. - -In this country one _fanega_ of wheat (the fanega is equivalent to -105 or 113 kilogs more or less) produces sometimes from 20 to 30 -fanegas; one of maize produces from 150 to 200, one of barley from 18 -to 30. - -Besides wheat and maize, the sowing of which is most important, the -grape vine, the olive, tobacco, flax, canary-seed, hemp, chick-pea, -beans of all kinds, potatoes, (two crops a year,) peas, lentils, -Spanish potatoes, beet-roots, etc., etc., are also cultivated with -very good results. - -As we have said, the vegetables are produced in a great variety and -abundance. - -The tobacco culture is also a new source of wealth opened to the -economical movement of the country. Although this industry still goes -rather slowly, there are already many establishments in the interior -where it has been undertaken with very good results. - - -Agricultural Centres. - -Many are the agricultural centres, generally known by the name of -_colonies_, established all over the Republic, that, owing to the -special conditions of the land which is fit for all cultures, have -notably improved. - -Among the principal colonies, or agricultural settlements, there are: - -1st. The _Valdense Colony_, founded in 1858. It has an area of 19,432 -square cuadras (14,338 hectares 5,035 metres). - -Its population in 1884 was 306 families, forming a total of 1,681 -inhabitants. To-day, there are more than 2,200 inhabitants. It -possesses the best agricultural machinery, steam-mills, and steam -and water mills, good carpenters, blacksmiths, and in a word all -the establishments necessary to the unceasing progress of such -agricultural centres. It has two Evangelical churches, a public -library with over a thousand books, eight schools, a postoffice, a -municipal commission and a police office. - -2d. _Swiss_, _Quevedo_ and _Spanish Colonies_. The _Swiss Colony_ was -founded in 1863. It has an area of 8,782 square cuadras, or 6,480 -hectares, 709 metres. The _Quevedo Colony_ has an area of 5,091 -square cuadras, or 3,756 hectares and 5,521 metres, and the _Spanish -Colony_ 9,600 square cuadras, or 7,083 hectares, 6,576 metres. - -These three agricultural centres form a total of 17,320 hectares, -over which live more than 420 families. They possess steam-mills, -schools, many commercial establishments. In the Swiss Colony -there are two churches--a Catholic and Protestant. The public -administration of these settlements consist of a municipal -commission, a justice of peace and an attorney. They also have a -postoffice. - -3d. _Sauce Colony._ The first settlers who cultivated the soil in -this agricultural centre were some Swiss people who, in the year -1879, hired the land where it now exists, In the years 1880 and 1881 -other families came and settled themselves close to the first ones. -In 1883, thirty families more came from the Valdense Colony; so that -in 1884 the Sauce Colony counted 59 families. - -4th. _Riachuelo Colony._ It is 10 kilometres distant, eastward, from -Colonia del Sacramento. The first settlers have paid for all the land -they had bought, being now the sole owners of it. - -The formation and improvements of this colony are owed to the mere -intelligence and work of the settlers. The land is of a very good -quality and especially fit for wheat. The other plants like maize, -barley, beans, potatoes, etc., give also a very good result. The -settlers are mostly foreigners; and most of them are Italians. The -colony possesses a large public building, which is destined to be the -school and the church; besides this, it has also a national school -of the first degree. The steam-mill that exists works only for the -colony. - -The above-mentioned colonies are situated in the Department of -Colonia, and besides those, there are also the _Arrue_ and _Belgrano -Colonies_. - -5th. _Nuevo Berlin Colony._ In the Department of Rio Negro there -exists, since a few years, the Nuevo Berlin Colony. It has over 1,033 -hectares in full culture, and possesses steam ploughs and all kind of -agricultural machinery. - -6th. _Porvenir Colony._ The colonies in the Department of Paysandu -are the _Villa Rosalia_ and _Esperanza_ colonies, of recent -foundation, and the so-called _Porvenir_ colony. This last one is -the most important one, counting already over 1,690 inhabitants. -The languages spoken in the colony are Spanish and Italian. The -soil cannot be better, and is fit for all kinds of culture. It -possesses steam and water mills, a threshing Rausanes machine and a -Hornsby. It has three schools--a public one and two private ones--and -many societies, every one of them working for the improvement of -the colony, and also other societies, the object of which is the -purchase of all the necessary agricultural machinery. The public -administration consists of a justice of peace, two attorneys, a -police officer and a postoffice. - -7th. _General Rivera Colony._ It is situated in the Department of -Artigas, and has an extension of 4,987 hectares, over which they -cultivate tobacco, maize, _mani_ and _mandioca_; it counts now over a -hundred families. - -8th. _Francisco Aguilar_ and _Francisco Dastre Colonies_. They are -situated in the Department of Maldonado. The executive power, in -the year 1883, ordered the necessary studies to be made for the -demarcation of the land where the Francisco Aguilar Colony was to be -established. Out of the 2,114 hectares which formed it, 1,359 were -destined to general cattle feeding ground, and 755 to ploughing. The -administration of the colony is intrusted to a directive commission. - -In the year 1884 was established the Francisco Dastre Colony, in -which 368 hectares are destined to ploughing and 59 to cattle feeding. - -9th. _Santa Teresa Colony._ Situated in the Department of Rocha and -founded on June 24th, 1885; it has 5,534 hectares, more or less. - -10th. _Igualdad Colony._ It was founded in 1875, in the Department of -Minas. It has a church and a school. - -11th. _Harriague_, _San Antonia_ and _Lavalleja Colonies_. In the -Department of Salto exist the colonies called, "Harriague," "San -Antonio," "Lavalleja," "Cosmopolita" and "Estrella" that have all -been founded a short time ago. - -The Harriague colony has an area of 1860 square cuadras, or 1372 -hectares. The principal culture is wheat and maize. - -The San Antonio colony was founded by the government. The land was -divided into small _estancias_ or _chacras_, or farms of 20 cuadras, -more or less, each, that were given to some old servants of the state -and settlers and are now consecrated to the sowing of cereals. - -The Lavalleja colony was founded in a field of government land, and -occupied by many native families. The government ordered the land to -be divided into _chacras_, every one of them being given to the first -settlers and some old servants as a reward for their services. - -12th. _Paullier Colony._ In the department of San Jose is situated -the colony of Paullier Brothers, founded in the year 1883. Its -extension is 6,298 square cuadras or 4,647 hectares. In 1884 its -population was 400 inhabitants; now it may be calculated to be more -than 500. The quality of the soil cannot be better. The cheeses of -this colony are the best made in the country, and constitute an -important industry. The cows are all of good breed, and besides them -the colony possesses a large number of valuable animals imported -directly from Europe and bred and fed under shed. - -13th. _Rio Negro Colony._ This colony is situated in the tenth -district of the department of Tacuarembo, between the Rio Negro and -the rivulets Cardozo and Cacique grande. It has a superficies of -38,216 square cuadras, (28,198 hectares, 8,602 metres), out of which -1,249 square cuadras, (921 hectares, 6,133 metres) form the district -of the village called "Teniente General M. Tajes"; the remaining part -is divided into 361 _chacras_ or farms. - -The area of each _chacra_ varies from 29-1/2 to 88-1/2 hectares. - -A third part of the _chacras_ are already occupied, and although -the colony is of a quite recent foundation the results obtained by -the settlers cannot be hoped to be better. The colony possesses -already six dairies. It is sure to become, very soon, one of the most -important agricultural settlements, on account of its good situation, -which permits the easy exporting of its products by the railway, not -only to the interior of the Republic but also to the very frontier of -Brazil. - -The land is very good for plowing, on account, also, of its situation -and of the many rivers that run through it, and is quite fit for the -sowing of wheat and maize, and also for the culture of tobacco and -the grape vine. - -The village "Maximo Tajes" that belongs to the same colony has a -railway station, a fruit market, a public square, a postoffice, a -police-office, and very soon they are going to build a church and a -school. - -14th. _Antonio Crespo Colony._ It was founded in 1891 in the sixth -district of the department of Tacuarembo, in the place called -"Aldea," a league and a half distant from San Fructuoso. - -15th. _Stajano Colony._ In the department of Durazno and at a short -distance of the so-called town, the capital of the department, was -recently founded a new colony, called "Stajano Colony." It has an -area of 7,378 hectares and between 300 and 400 inhabitants; all along -the river Yi it possesses many thick woods. The railway station is -only one kilometre distant from the town. - -During these last two years, in all the rural districts devoted to -cattle feeding, they have everywhere begun preserving part of the -land for the culture of cereals, potatoes, etc. ... forages and trees -fit for cutting and burning. Thus the production of the land has -been increased still, and also the rural activity, preparing a total -transformation in the cattle feeding and general rural industry of -the country. - -16th. _Piriapolis._ So as to give an idea of what the collective -capital can do and what results all undertakings may obtain, the -object of which is to foment agricultural industry and colonization, -something is to be said here of what has already been done by that -intelligent and indefatigable business man, Mr. Francisco Piria. - -At a distance of some 140 kilometres from Montevideo, by land, and -50 miles by river, over a superficies of 1,992 hectares, among very -picturesque hills, watered by the River Plate and bounded northward -by the ridge of hills of Pan de Azucar, lies the new establishment -called _Piriapolis_, divided into two large fractions, one of which -is devoted to general culture and various industries, and the other -intended to be a bathing town, with its own port, a beautiful bay, -and a large, neat and secure harbor. - -_Piriapolis_ was founded, at the most, two years ago, still it -already possesses a large building for the direction of the colony, -houses for two hundred workmen, 400 kilometres of land all surrounded -by iron wire fencing, many natural wells, and brick ovens. They have -also begun the drilling of many artesian wells. - -The plantations are 80 hectares, planted with vines (the plants are 2 -and 3 years old); three millions of vine-shoot of the best varieties; -a nursery with 200,000 olive trees; another nursery with a million -of plants, ash trees, maple trees, acacias, etc., ... 300,000 trees -to be planted next autumn in the streets and avenues of the bathing -town. Groves of eucalyptuses, acacias and other quick-growing trees -have already been planted all around the town, covering an extension -of 400 hectares. - -Two hundred and sixty hectares have been sowed with wheat, beans, -French beans, Spanish beans, potatoes and other vegetables. - -Great plantations of fruit trees have also been made, and the culture -of tobacco has been tried over 80 hectares. - -Next year 50 houses more are going to be built, and also a church, a -school, a municipal house and a police office. - -When all these works are concluded then will take place the solemn -inauguration of _Piriapolis_. - -The soil in _Piriapolis_ is very good. The bed of _humus_ or arable -ground is 30 centim., and sometimes 1 met., 20 centim. deep. In -some parts there are beneath that bed of humus other large beds of -carbonate of lime, from one to two metres thick. - -There are various springs of mineral waters, the properties of which -have been officially recognized. - -Among the natural extractive riches of the colony, there are some -300 hectares of forests, the trees of which are between five and six -metres high. The cutting of trees has already begun, and a result may -be hoped of 6,000 carts of wood, that will give a liquid product of -$1.20 each cart. - -There are also beautiful granite quarries, with pieces of stone some -metres high. The granite of _Piriapolis_ can be extracted and cut -very easily. Its price is hardly 20 per cent. of what it generally -costs in the other quarries. A contract has been recently made for -the purchase of 20,000 posts, 1^m 80 high, by 0^m 25 thick, at the -rate of 15c. each. The Directive Commission intends to work the -quarries on a great scale, and to establish the working of the stone. - -Actually, in _Piriapolis port_, they have begun to build a quay, a -100 m. long. The depths of the bay varies between 4 and 7 fathoms, at -a distance of some 250 m. from the coast. - -A road is already opened to public service. It is 30 m. broad and on -each side of it a double row of trees has been planted. This road -puts _Piriapolis_ in communication with the rest of the Department -of Maldonado, and will be useful for the trade and commerce of the -Department of Minas. - -_Piriapolis_ is actually a reunion of farms and a territorial -speculation, which is called to foment the density of the population -and also the improvement of all kind of production; it divides the -land and gives it every day more value, making it every day more -productive by its agricultural industries, and also by the foundation -of that bathing town, which secures a great consumption of the -products, whilst at the same time the River Plate and the ocean -permit the easy exporting of the same. - - -The Grape-Vine in the Republic. - -The culture of the vine is improving a great deal in the Republic -owing to the good results obtained by those, who some years ago, -tried the establishing of vine plots, which is now one of the most -important industries of the country and will soon be an inexhaustible -source of riches for the Republic. - -Since a few years, great many people have consecrated important areas -of their lands to the establishing of vine-plots, and to-day the -extension of land covered with them is more than 2,000 hectares, the -greatest part of which are already producing. - -Many societies have been created for fomenting that new industry, -among which we may mention the _Viticola Uruguaya_ with a capital of -$120,000 and the _Viticola Saltena_ with a capital $200,000. - -The _Viticola Uruguaya_ counts with: - - -_Vine-Plots._ - - 17 hectares, with plants 5 years old, $3,500 $59,500.00 - 51 " " 3 " 1,500 76,500.00 - 24 " " 1 " 200 4,800.00 - - -_Land._ - - 1,283 hectares, which have cost $28,279.65 - Fencing 2,000.00 - - -_Other Plantations._ - - 150,000 forest trees, 2, 3 and 4 years old - at 10 cents each $15,000.00 - 8,000 olive trees, in nurseries, 10 cents - each 800.00 - 2,000 fruit trees, 20 cents each 400.00 - Various Plants 1,000.00 - - -_Materials for Construction._ - - Existing materials $800.00 - - -_Buildings and Cellars._ - - Existing buildings and cellars $8,000.00 - ___________ - $197,079.65 - -Although the culture of the vine was introduced into the country -a great many years ago by Mr. F. Vidiella in the South, and Mr. -Harriague in the North, it may be said that it is only six years ago -since this culture has been really improved and spread with great -intensity all over the Republic. - -The actual products of the best vine-plots may be calculated for each -vintage over 6,000 barrels, that is to say over 1,400,000 litres, -without counting the small vine-plots that, however, gives a fair -contingent for domestic consumption. - -Owing to this production and also to the diminution in the -consumption on account of the crisis of 1890, an important diminution -is noted in the year 1891 in the importation of ordinary wines. - - Red and White Wines. Litres. Value. - - Imported in 1889 33,549,815 $4,173,917 - " 1890 29,327,420 3,632,490 - " 1891 21,483,614 2,634,547 - -After a few years more the importation of ordinary wines from France, -Spain and Italy will be reduced to nearly nothing. - -A vine-plot, 30 hectares large and 14 years old, has given a liquid -product, free from all duties, of $20,000. - -Therefore, owing to the advantages that the country presents for the -culture of the vine, and owing also to the vigorous impulse given -to that culture during the last few years, it may be said that the -day is not far remote in which the Uruguay fields will be covered -with vine-plots, producing all sorts of wines, not only for local -consumption, but also for exportation to Brazil and the Argentine -Republic. - - -Uruguay Rural Association. - -Under this name there exists since the year 1871, in Montevideo, -an important institution dedicated to protecting the rural rights -and interests, and propagating all the sciences that may be useful -to agriculture, cattle-breeding and all other rural industries. -The Association is the editor of an interesting publication which, -with the same name as that of the society, is issued twice a month. -The members of the Association continually study all that may -be of interest for the progress and improvement of agriculture, -cattle-feeding and all rural industries; and their studies have been -extremely useful to the country. - -Among the services rendered by the _Uruguay Rural Association_ may -be mentioned the compiling of the _Rural Code_, which is considered -now as one of the laws of the nation. This "Rural Code" entrusts to -the Association the rural administration of the country, and the -Government consults its members over all that concerns the rural -interests. - -The Association possesses a large library with all the papers, -reviews and books concerning rural industries. Frequently some of -the members deliver lectures, which are afterwards published in the -_Review_. - - -Cattle. - -The war which ended in the year 1851, and, on account of its -duration, was called the "Guerra Grande" (the great war), and the -siege of Montevideo during nine years, contributed in a notable way -to produce a diminution in the quantity of cattle and flocks which -existed before in the Republic. - -The census one year after that war (1852) only gave as the number of -live stock 3,858,176, thus distributed: 1,888,622 cattle, 1,127,069 -horses, 19,490 asses and mules, 796,289 sheep, 25,300 pigs, and 1,406 -goats. - -Eight years after (1860) when the second census was made, according -to the declarations made for the payment of the Direct Contribution, -there were 6,159,909 animals--that is to say: 3,632,203 cattle, -518,208 horses, 8,301 asses and mules, 1,939,929 sheep, 5,831 pigs, -and 5,437 goats. - -In 1886, when the farmers had still to pay the tax, according to -the declarations, there were 23,967,263 animals--6,254,490 cattle, -17,245,977 sheep, 442,525 horses, 7,032 mules, 5,405 goats and 11,833 -pigs. - -These last figures, if compared with the former ones, prove an -increase of 2,301,733 animals, or 59.65 per cent. over 1852, in favor -of 1860; and of 20,109,087 animals, or 21.20 per cent. over 1852, in -favor of 1886. - -This increase could produce itself, notwithstanding the great -quantity of animals killed every year for consumption, slaughter -of the _Saladeros_ and exportation of live stock, which represent -considerable quantities. - -If we bear in mind the increase that corresponds to every kind -of live stock in these last years, and the quantities of animals -possessed by many thousands of inhabitants who do not pay any tax for -them, it may be said that the number of live stock and the value it -represents in the Republic is more or less, as follows: - - Cattle alone for breeding, and - young bulls ($6.00 each) 8,000,000 $48,000,000 - Oxen ($15.00 each) 690,000 10,350,000 - Horses ($6.00 each) 599,000 3,594,000 - Asses and mules ($12.00 each) 11,000 132,000 - Sheep ($0.60 each) 23,000,000 13,800,000 - Goats ($1.00 each) 24,000 24,000 - Pigs ($6.00 each) 23,000 138,000 - ---------- ----------- - Animals 32,347,000 $73,038,000 - -If we distribute the 32,347,000 of live stock of all kinds over the -186,920 kilometres which is the total superficies of the Republic, -we find for each square kilometre 173.05 animals; if we distribute -them among the 708,168 inhabitants, we find that 45.67 animals of all -kinds correspond to each inhabitant. - -As regards the value represented by live stock and corresponding to -each inhabitant, we find $103.13 for each. - -The following table shows what place the Republic occupies among -other nations: - - ======================+============================= - | Heads of Cattle for every - | 1,000 inhabitants. - |---------+----------+-------- - | Cattle. | Sheep. | Horses. - ----------------------+---------+----------+-------- - Uruguay Republic | 11,299 | 32,485 | 846 - Argentine Republic | 5,464 | 27,955 | 1,868 - Germany | 375 | 595 | 80 - Spain | 185 | 1,404 | 43 - France | 307 | 646 | 77 - Italy | 130 | 324 | 37 - Great Britain | 292 | 946 | 86 - ======================+=========+==========+======== - -The rather cruel experience acquired during the crisis of the year -1890, the effects of which are still to be felt, has opened new -ways to the economical activity of the country, and has given a new -impulse to all agricultural pursuits. Notwithstanding the scarcity -of capital and the difficulties of the ways of communication, the -cattle feeding has improved a great deal, with the sowing of hay and -pasture of all kinds, and with the crossing of the best varieties -cattle imported from Europa or bred in many important national farms. - -The improvement of the varieties, in order to obtain better flesh, -fat, milk, butter, wool and hides, and the taming of all the native -animals, is absolutely necessary, and therefore is a powerful -attraction for those who would come over to this country and dedicate -themselves to cattle feeding and breeding, being sure, beforehand, of -getting good profits by exporting live animals and also dead animals, -by the frigorific system, to the Brazilian and European markets. - -The last two years have not been very favorable to cattle industry; -but the present year shows itself as if going to be very propitious -to that industry, which is in such a perfect harmony with the -excellent qualities of our natural fields and meadows. - -Here, no pest, no contagious disease is to be feared for the cattle. -The forage and water are wholesome, nutritive and pure; the climate -cannot be better. - -With such conditions as these, it will be easily understood why -cattle industry gives a profit of more than 20 per cent. and why -it is generally a sufficient compensation to the scarce production -of the bad years produced by an excessive dryness or a transitory -diminution in the consumption of Brazil and Europe. - - -Slaughter in the Saladeros. - -KILLING SEASON IN THE KILLING GROUNDS. - -There exist various _saladeros_ or killing grounds in the Department -of Montevideo and along the coasts of the Uruguay. Some of them are -very important. - -There they dry the flesh, prepare the _tasajo_ or dried meat, salt -the hides, burn the bones and elaborate extracts of meat. - -To prove the importance of the _faena_ or killing season in those -establishments in the Republic of Uruguay, we give the following -comparative table: - - ========================================== - | ANIMALS KILLED IN THE SALADEROS. - | ----- - Years. | Argentine Repub. | Uruguay Repub. - -------+------------------+--------------- - 1876 | 551,443 | 625,457 - 1877 | 662,500 | 527,600 - 1878 | 572,500 | 677,026 - 1879 | 539,000 | 556,500 - 1880 | 491,500 | 665,500 - 1881 | 399,000 | 576,170 - 1882 | 434,500 | 738,500 - 1883 | 365,100 | 704,400 - 1884 | 316,800 | 853,600 - 1885 | 610,700 | 647,029 - 1886 | 480,900 | 751,067 - 1887 | 327,208 | 499,554 - 1888 | 467,450 | 773,449 - 1889 | 701,400 | 708,923 - 1890 | 764,000 | 642,100 - 1891 | 844,600 | 613,500 - =======+==================+=============== - -A description of every one of the saladeros that exist in the -Republic cannot be given here, being so limited in the space to be -disposed of; however, it is necessary to make known the importance of -the great establishment for elaborating the extract of meat by the -Liebig system. - -The establishment is situated on the coast of the River Uruguay, and -is known to be the first establishment of its kind, not only in the -River Plate, but also in all South America. The following lines will -give an idea of it. - -Two kilometres southward from Villa Independencia, in Fray-Bentos, -Department of Rio Negro, is the great establishment of "_Liebig's -Extract of Meat Co._" which forms by itself an important center of -population. - -It was founded in the year 1864 by M. Gibert. The first exportation -of 230 kilogs of extract of meat got to Antwerp in November of the -same year, and Baron Liebig declared that it surpassed all his hopes. -Soon over 918 kilogs were exported monthly. In the year 1866 the -Company was founded in London, and M. Gibert had all the machinery -made in Scotland for the establishment, which began working in May, -1868. All the world knows now the extract, and its use is everywhere -adopted, in the hospitals as well as in the barracks. At the Paris -Exhibition in 1867 the highest prizes were given to M. Gibert for his -_Extractum Carnis_, this extract being the only product out of 75,000 -sent to the Exhibition rewarded with two gold medals. In Vienna -also in 1873 it won the great gold medal over all the other systems -employed in Australia and other countries. M. Gibert died in 1874. -The establishment has gone on as prosperous as ever. - -It possesses great and valuable buildings with powerful steam engines -to put in motion the great machines destined to all the different -preparations. The _galpon_ or shed where the animals are skinned and -cut up is a first-class one and permits the killing of 1,000 animals -per diem. During the killing season of 1891 208,800 animals were -killed, and in 1892 156,200. The extract exported during the year -1890, represents, according to the customhouse statistics, 820,670 -kilogs, and during 1891, 711,564, giving a value the first year of -$1,677,408, and the second year of $2,134,692.00 - -The establishment is provided with great platforms for the drying -of all the materials necessary to prepare the guano or artificial -manure, with spacious sheds and machinery for reducing the materials -to powder, and also another shed for the grinding of bones. - -Over 7,500 tons of coal and 3,500 of salt are employed yearly. - -The different works in the establishment employ more than 600 -persons: and the population all around the establishment is of 2,500 -souls. - -It has good quays where ships of all draughts can come and be quickly -loaded by powerful steam-cranes. - -It has a school where a good education is given to more than a -hundred children, the sons of the workingmen; it has also a social -club and a band, composed of the workmen. - -It possesses also all the workhouses necessary for the good -preparation and packing of its products. - -Many _suertes_ of land belong to this important association in the -place called "Rincon de las Gallinas," where more than 35,000 heads -of cattle feed. - -The capital of the society is L500,000, divided into 25,000 shares, -out of which only 24,300 were issued, the putting out of the other -being quite unnecessary. - -The shares, the primitive price of which was L20 in London are now -quoted more than double. (L42 or L44.) The dividend received by the -shareholders varies between 10 and 12 per cent. - -This establishment gives life and activity to the important -commercial centre of "Villa Independencia" and is a great stimulus -for the cattle industry in the country. - - -Trade and Commerce. - -The Republic has important commercial relations with all the -principal European and American markets. - -Its commerce is represented by the variety of goods imported into the -country and the agricultural products and cattle exported to other -countries. - -The imported goods are, according to the statistics, all sorts of -drinks, food and provisions, cereals and spices, stuffs of all kinds, -clothes, materials for industry, machines and many other goods that -cannot be classed here. - -The principal exports of the country are salted meat, _tasajo_, -preserved meat, extracts of meat, tallow, horns, bones, hides, wools, -preserved and dried tongues, ostrich feathers, live stock, corn, -flour, wheat, canary seed, hay, oats, bran, barley, flax, vermicelli, -potatoes, stone, lime, granite, pavements, agate stone, etc., etc. - -The following table gives an idea of the exports and imports of the -Republic from the year 1862 to the year 1891. - - ------+------------+------------+------------- - | | | - Years.| Imports. | Exports. | Total. - ------+------------+------------+------------- - 1862 |$ 8,151,802 |$ 8,804,442 | $16,956,244 - 1864 | 8,384,167 | 6,334,706 | 14,718,873 - 1866 | 14,608,091 | 10,665,040 | 25,273,131 - 1867 | 17,657,918 | 12,077,795 | 29,735,713 - 1868 | 16,102,475 | 12,139,720 | 28,242,195 - 1869 | 16,830,678 | 13,930,027 | 30,760,705 - 1870 | 15,003,342 | 12,779,051 | 27,782,393 - 1871 | 14,864,247 | 13,334,224 | 28,198,471 - 1872 | 18,859,724 | 15,489,532 | 34,349,256 - 1873 | 21,075,446 | 16,301,772 | 37,377,218 - 1874 | 17,181,672 | 15,244,783 | 32,426,455 - 1875 | 12,431,408 | 12,695,610 | 25,125,018 - 1876 | 12,800,000 | 13,727,000 | 26,527,000 - 1877 | 15,045,846 | 15,899,405 | 30,945,251 - 1878 | 15,927,974 | 17,492,159 | 33,420,133 - 1879 | 15,949,903 | 16,645,961 | 32,595,864 - 1880 | 19,478,868 | 19,752,201 | 39,231,069 - 1881 | 17,918,884 | 20,229,512 | 38,148,396 - 1882 | 18,174,800 | 22,062,934 | 40,237,734 - 1883 | 20,322,311 | 25,221,664 | 45,543,975 - 1884 | 24,550,074 | 24,759,485 | 49,309,559 - 1885 | 25,275,476 | 25,253,036 | 50,528,512 - 1886 | 20,194,655 | 23,811,986 | 44,006,641 - 1887 | 24,615,944 | 18,671,996 | 43,287,940 - 1888 | 29,477,448 | 28,008,254 | 57,485,702 - 1889 | 36,823,863 | 25,954,107 | 62,777,970 - 1890 | 32,364 627 | 29,085,519 | 61,450,146 - 1891 | 18,978,420 | 26,998,270 | 45,976,690 - ------+------------+------------+------------ - -The participation every country had in the imports and exports of the -country during the last five years is represented by the following -figures: - - -IMPORTS. - - ====================+========================================== - | PER CENT. - |-------+--------+--------+-------+-------- - | | | | | - FROM. | 1887 | 1888 | 1889 | 1890 | 1891 - --------------------+-------+--------+--------+-------+-------- - | | | | | - England | 27.26 | 32.32 | 28.44 | 27.17 | 28.85 - France | 16.71 | 15.37 | 14.98 | 15.74 | 13.05 - Brazil | 7.42 | 8.96 | 6.80 | 7.64 | 8.88 - Spain | 8.73 | 7.49 | 7.10 | 6.71 | 2.63 - Italy | 6.89 | 8.14 | 8.86 | 8.12 | 10.31 - United States | 6.91 | 5.37 | 9.26 | 7.55 | 4.89 - Germany | 11.53 | 10.32 | 9.32 | 8.67 | 9.72 - Belgium | 4.86 | 5.41 | 4.42 | 4.59 | 3.85 - Isle of Cuba | 0.88 | 0.61 | 0.51 | 0.60 | 1.10 - Argentine Republic | 1.80 | 2.58 | 3.93 | 8.16 | 8.31 - Chile | 0.39 | 0.40 | 2.38 | 0.86 | 0.67 - Holland | 0.26 | 0.09 | 0.29 | 0.29 | 0.09 - Paraguay | 0.61 | 0.44 | 0.23 | 0.40 | 0.51 - Sweden | .... | .... | .... | 0.03 | .... - Portugal | 0.10 | 0.08 | 0.09 | 0.13 | 0.13 - India } | | | | | - China } | 0.03 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.03 | .... - Japan } | | | | | - Peru and Ecuador | 0.03 | .... | .... | ..... | .... - Switzerland | 0.10 | 0.04 | 0.02 | ..... | .... - Mauritius | 0.05 | .... | .... | ..... | .... - Austria | 0.01 | .... | .... | ..... | .... - Canary Island | 0.01 | .... | 0.03 | 0.10 | 0.01 - Russia | .... | .... | 0.56 | 0.04 | .... - Various ports | 5.42 | 2.28 | 2.77 | 3.17 | .... - --------------------+-------+--------+--------+-------+-------- - Total |100 | 100 | 100 |100 | 100 - ====================+=======+========+========+=======+======== - - -EXPORTS. - - ====================+=========================================== - | PER CENT. - |--------+--------+--------+--------+------- - | | | | | - FOREIGN. | 1887 | 1888 | 1889 | 1890 | 1891 - --------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+------- - England | 20.09 | 18.17 | 13.69 | 13.56 | 18.37 - France | 13.29 | 16.27 | 20.13 | 21.04 | 23.27 - Brazil | 13.67 | 19.39 | 12.69 | 11.27 | 17.55 - Belgium | 17.96 | 12.25 | 15.84 | 10.80 | 13.25 - United States | 8.16 | 8.31 | 5.55 | 6.89 | 6.85 - Cuba | 5.12 | 2.22 | 0.96 | 0.81 | 1.29 - Spain | 0.82 | 0.82 | 1.41 | 0.83 | 0.84 - Italy | 1.69 | 1.32 | 1.47 | 1.23 | 2.08 - Germany | 1.72 | 4.44 | 5.01 | 3.51 | 5.45 - Argentine Republic | 6.00 | 7.34 | 8.82 | 8.77 | 9.16 - Chile | 0.76 | 1.39 | 1.66 | 1.22 | 0.62 - Paraguay | 0.03 | .... | 0.03 | 0.11 | .... - Reunion Island | 0.08 | 0.11 | 0.02 | .... | .... - Peru | 0.03 | 0.04 | .... | .... | .... - Portugal | 0.79 | 1.04 | 0.77 | 1.15 | 0.68 - Maloina Island | .... | 0.06 | 0.01 | .... | .... - Canary Island | .... | .... | .... | .... | 0.01 - Mauritius | .... | .... | .... | 0.20 | 0.04 - Carribee Island | .... | .... | .... | 0.02 | 0.08 - Barbado Island | 0.03 | .... | 0.01 | 0.01 | 0.01 - Various ports | 7.67 | 6.83 | 11.93 | 18.58 | 0.45 - --------------------+--------+--------+--------+--------+-------- - Total |100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 - ====================+========+========+========+========+======== - -The trade and exterior commerce of the Republic in relation with -its population has always been superior to that of the Argentine -Republic and Chile. - -The following table shows that out of the imported goods during the -year 1891, there correspond to each inhabitant $13.50 more than to -each inhabitant of the Argentine Republic, and $3.61 more than to -each inhabitant of Chile. It shows also that each inhabitant has -exported $10.19 more than each inhabitant of the first country, and -$14 more than each one of the second country. - - Argentine Republic (1891.) What corresponds - ------- to each - 4,000,000 Inhabitants. inhabitant. - - Imports $ 67,207,780 $11.80 - Exports 103,219,000 25.80 - ------------ ------ - Total $170,426,790 $37.60 - - Chile (1891.) - ----- - 3,000,000 Inhabitants. - - Imports $ 65,090,013 $21.69 - Exports 65,963,100 21.99 - ------------ ------ - Total $131,053,113 $43.68 - - Uruguay Republic (1891.) - ------- - 760,000 Inhabitants. - - Imports $ 18,978,420 $25.30 - Exports 26,998,270 35.99 - ------------ ------ - Total $ 45,976,690 $61.29 - -The annual middle term of the commerce between this country and the -United States of America from the year 1887 to the year 1891 is, for -imports $2,014,267, and for exports $1,828,947; which proves a very -important commerce between both countries, representing an annual -value of $3,843,214 or $320,267, more or less, per month. - -So as to prove the importance of our commerce with North America, as -well in imports as in exports, we give here the statistics of this -commerce during ten years, from 1882 to 1891: - - - Commerce Between the Oriental Republic of Uruguay and the United - States of America. - - -IMPORTS. - -_I.--Drinks, in General._ - - 1882 $ 66,733 - 1883 57,614 - 1884 20,826 - 1885 8,107 - 1886 11,849 - 1887 12,207 - 1888 7,432 - 1889 3,896 - 1890 5,796 - 1891 115 - -_II.--Eatables, Cereals, Spices._ - - 1882 $ 80,036 - 1883 57,923 - 1884 81,075 - 1885 93,125 - 1886 73,097 - 1887 60,538 - 1888 48,980 - 1889 1,008,650 - 1890 188,581 - 1891 21,239 - -_III.--Tobacco, Cigars._ - - 1882 $ 36,300 - 1883 28,235 - 1884 21,692 - 1885 31,510 - 1886 25,136 - 1887 24,386 - 1888 19,122 - 1889 26,234 - 1890 25,018 - 1891 17,074 - -_IV.--Stuffs, Cloth, Etc._ - - 1882 $ 39,874 - 1883 47,849 - 1884 74,862 - 1885 86,230 - 1886 87,942 - 1887 118,346 - 1888 72,011 - 1889 99,590 - 1890 61,471 - 1891 38,320 - -_V.--Linen, Clothes._ - - 1882 $ 593 - 1883 3,562 - 1884 1,809 - 1885 1,622 - 1886 3,011 - 1887 3,155 - 1888 1,316 - 1889 2,562 - 1890 1,675 - 1891 2,844 - -_VI.--Materials for the Industries, Machinery._ - - 1882 $ 843,069 - 1883 623,170 - 1884 959,800 - 1885 1,349,687 - 1886 626,703 - 1887 985,165 - 1888 1,013,824 - 1889 1,660,774 - 1890 1,730,105 - 1891 404,659 - -_VII.--Various Goods._ - - 1882 $ 370,106 - 1883 355,280 - 1884 412,862 - 1885 474,826 - 1886 419,081 - 1887 498,167 - 1888 422,223 - 1889 609,895 - 1890 432,390 - 1891 443,675 - - -EXPORTS. - -_I.--Live-stock._ - -From the year 1882 to the year 1891, there was no export of -live-stock. - -_II.--Cattle Industry, Saladeros._ - - 1882 $ 2,344,794 - 1883 2,185,125 - 1884 1,781,766 - 1885 4,365,929 - 1886 2,714,172 - 1887 1,519,267 - 1888 2,322,854 - 1889 1,436,348 - 1890 2,003,739 - 1891 1,839,922 - -_III.--Rural Products._ - -From 1882 to 1885 there was no export. - - 1886 $ 6 - 1887 30 - 1888 17 - 1889 25 - 1890 ... - 1891 24 - -_IV.--Various Goods._ - - 1882 $ 2,260 - 1883 2,036 - 1884 3,387 - 1885 4,661 - 1886 4,906 - 1887 3,558 - 1888 4,128 - 1889 4,939 - 1890 477 - 1891 9,412 - - -Money. - -The coined money, imported and exported, has been during the last -five years: - - Years. Import. Export. - - 1887 $3,500,440 $ 7,127,147 - 1888 7,497,586 7,614,147 - 1889 5,696,111 10,148,668 - 1890 7,733,806 7,515,048 - 1891 6,417,405 5,618,582 - - -Navigation. - -The general navigation movement in the various ports of the Republic -has become of great importance, owing to the commercial improvements -and to the exemption from taxes granted by national legislation. - -The following table gives an idea of it: - - Years. Ships. Tonnage. - - 1875 20,394 3,116,161 - 1876 21,448 3,845,056 - 1877 22,102 4,370,721 - 1878 20,915 4,327,504 - 1879 22,272 4,595,040 - 1880 21,811 4,369,759 - 1881 23,053 4,435,860 - 1882 23,136 5,007,708 - 1883 22,837 5,422,538 - 1884 26,764 7,205,653 - 1885 29,731 8,590,543 - 1886 28,542 8,277,662 - 1887 29,994 9,423,337 - 1888 35,203 10,551,624 - 1889 35,582 12,444,462 - 1890 32,213 11,442,894 - 1891 27,207 9,482,644 - -During the last two years a diminution is observed, owed -to the crisis and to the competition made by the Argentine -ports--competition which will disappear when the work undertaken -to improve Montevideo's port is complete, the project of which is -already studied. - -During the year 1891 have entered the ports of the Republic: - - Tons. - From abroad 1,092 ships, with 1,429,661 - From the Rivers: - Gen. coasting trade. 2,941 " " 1,302,648 - Receptories 9,637 " " 2,009,951 - --------- - 4,742,260 - -The ships were: - - Tons. - 7,099 steamers, with 4,157,905 - 6,571 sailing vessels, with 584,295 - --------- - 13,670 vessels, with 4,742,200 - -That is to say, 1,139 vessels with 395,183 tons per month, or 37 -vessels with 13,006 tons per day. - -As regards the nationality of the 13,670 vessels entered, there were -5,229 national vessels, with 460,467 tons, and 8,441 foreign vessels, -with 4,281,793 tons. - -Of all the ports in the Republic Montevideo is the most important one. - -During the year 1891 there entered: - - -_From Abroad._ - - Tons. - 434 sailing vessels, with 275,184 - 658 steamers, with 1,154,477 - ----- --------- - 1,092 vessels, with 1,429,661 - - -_From the Rivers--Coasting Trade._ - - Tons. - 1,680 sailing vessels, with 85,542 - 1,261 steamers, with 1,217,106 - ----- --------- - 2,941 vessels, with 1,302,648 - -Which gives a total of 4,033 vessels, with 2,732,309 tons, for the -year 1891. - -The nationality of the vessels which entered the port of Montevideo -was: - - ==============+=========+=========+=========+========== - Flags | Sailors | Tons | Steamers| Tons. - --------------+---------+---------+---------+---------- - Germany | 21 | 14.136 | 112 | 183.450 - Argentine Rep | 1 | 192 | 5 | 515 - Austria | 7 | 4.673 | .. | ..... - Brazil | 4 | 1.041 | 42 | 30.721 - Belgium | .. | ..... | 20 | 33.668 - Denmark | 10 | 1.842 | .. | ..... - Spain | 73 | 21.463 | 15 | 30.577 - Chile | .. | ..... | 1 | 22 - France | 1 | 565 | 97 | 236.963 - Holland | 9 | 5.490 | 1 | 2.267 - England | 103 | 85.818 | 258 | 456.690 - Italy | 58 | 35.129 | 97 | 174.812 - North America | 19 | 10.720 | 2 | 3.081 - Uruguay Rep. | 1 | 247 | 8 | 1.711 - Russia | 4 | 3.921 | .. | ..... - Sweden | 123 | 89.947 | .. | ..... - |---------+---------+---------+---------- - Total | 434 | 275.184 | 658 |1.154.477 - ==============+=========+=========+=========+========== - -The vessels coasting were: - - Ships. Tons. - With the national flag 1,551 99,538 - With foreign flag 1,390 1,203,110 - ----- --------- - 2,941 1,302,648 - - -Goods. - -According to the statistics the goods moved in the harbor of -Montevideo during the last five years are calculated thus: - - - 1887 1,187,557 - 1888 1,411,686 - 1889 1,773,610 - 1890 1,316,296 - 1891 1,089,992 - --------- - 6,779,141 - -That is to say, a middle term of 1,355,828 tons moved per year, or -112,985 per month. - - -Lighthouses. - -Along the coasts of the Republic, watered by the Atlantic Ocean and -the River Plate, there are eleven lighthouses, established in the -most convenient points, to guide and advise the sailors. To them must -be attributed the notable diminution in the number of shipwrecks. - - =================+=========+=======+==============+=========== - | | | | - Situation | Light | Class | Luminous | Tax to - | | | power | be paid - -----------------+---------+-------+--------------+----------- - Cape Santa Maria | flash | 1st | 18 miles | 2 cts. - Polonio | steady | 3d | 15 & 16 " | 1-3/4 " - Jose Ignacio | " | 3d | 15 " | 1 " - Punta Brava | " | 4th | 8 " | 1 " - Farallon | " | 3d | 15 " | 1 " - Panela | " | 4th | 9 " | 1 " - Colonia | turni'g | 3d | 12 " | 1 " - Cerro | " | 1st | 25 " | 1 " - Isle of Flores | " | 2d | 15 " | 1 " - Banco Ingles | steady | 3d | 9 " | 1 " - Punta del Este | flash | 2d | 16 & 18 " | 1 " - =================+=========+=======+==============+========== - - -Lazaretto. - -The Republic possesses one Lazaretto, established in the Isle of -Flores, at a distance of 17 miles southeast from Montevideo. - -It is quite comfortable and provided with everything that may be -required for disinfecting and fumigating luggage and correspondence. - -There is a telegraph and telephone line established between -Montevideo and the Lazaretto. - - -Interior Commerce. - -It has not yet been possible to calculate exactly and completely the -interior commerce of the Republic, between Montevideo and all the -other Departments. Statistics only give the figures representing the -cattle and rural products imported to Montevideo by the Departments -and that come by railway for local consumption and export. - -This commerce gave, during the last five years, a total of 143,446 -carts, that is to say a yearly middle term of 28,689. - -There arrive daily to the Montevideo markets, by railroad and by -the rivers, great quantities of skins, (oxen, horses, sheep) wool, -horns, bones, tallow, ostrich feathers and other products of cattle -industry, and among rural products great quantities of corn, wheat, -flour, canary-seed, barley, mustard-seed, potatoes, garlick, French -beans, onions, pumpkins, eggs, butter, fowl, cheeses, paving and lime -stone, spirits and many other goods it would be too long to mention -here. - -There is an important increase every year in the quantity of cattle -destined to local consumption, to the Montevideo saladeros and export. - - -Trade-Houses, Industries, Professions. - -During the year 1891, 20,328 licenses were paid for by trade-houses, -industries, professions and work-houses. The nationality of those who -asked for their trade patent was: - - Natives 4,134 - Argentines 370 - Brazilians 166 - Italians 7,995 - Spaniards 5,336 - French 1,324 - English 130 - Germans 173 - Swiss 186 - Portuguese 116 - Belgians 7 - Swedish 7 - Danes 5 - Norwegians 6 - Dutch 1 - Austrians 52 - North-Americans 28 - Russians 6 - Peruvians 1 - Chilians 12 - Paraguayan 11 - Other Nations 262 - -Among the most important industries, must be mentioned: the Liebig -Extract of Meat Company, the _saladeros_ or killing grounds, the -spirits, wine and beer manufactures, flour mills, the starch and -vermicelli manufactures, the soap, suet and oil manufactures, the -gas, electric light and water companies, the match, brick, shoe and -wooden shoe manufactures, the tan-yards, saw-mills, etc., etc. - -There are in Montevideo a great many important spirit, wine, brandy, -beer and match manufacturers; and there are sixteen of them in the -departments. The Montevideo manufacturers give an annual product of: - - Alcohol, 2,000,000 litres. - Beer, 1,700,000 " - Matches, 55,000 grosses. - Wine and Spirits, 400,000 litres. - -According to the declarations made for the payment of the license -tax, the capital represented by the trade houses, industries, etc, is -$89,329,539. - -The clerks employed by all these houses, manufactures and industries, -were 11,639, and the workmen of various nationalities 16,621. - -As a demonstration of the industrial importance and progress of the -country, among many other establishments, the description of which -cannot be made here for want of space, one may mention the great -brewery _Germania_, established under the direction of Engineer J. A. -Capurro. - -It occupies a magnificent building situated in the "Playa Honda" -in front of the Montevideo Bay. Its construction and interior -distribution completely corresponds to all the technical necessities -required for beer manufacturing. It is provided for night working, -with electric light produced by a eight-horse dynamo and 68 lamps. - -The establishment was built and is worked by a stock company. - -It receives the waters of the River Santa Lucia, the very purest, -the same that is drank in the town. It possesses, nevertheless, two -immense filters, so as to make the water still purer. - -The machinery comes from the renowned German manufacture of Chemnitz; -it is 25 horse-power, and can give from 18,000 to 20,000 litres per -day. The receiving depositories are two, the first one of a capacity -of 12,000 litres, and the second of 8,000 litres; the cooling -depositories can receive 9,000 litres every hour and a-half, with -a temperature that can go to 14 deg. under naught. The clarifying is -made by three filters of the most modern system, without any paper -application. The fermentation cellar contains three large tubs of a -capacity of 3,000 and 3,500 litres. There are also 6 great cellars, -for depositories, with 34 tubs each; 18 of them can contain 5,000 -litres each and the other 16, 3,500 litres. - -With a compressed air machine they cork 10,000 bottles a day. - -The ice depositories are beautiful; they always remain at a -temperature of 12 or 20 deg. under nought. - -The "_Germania_" also has many other depositories for the raw -materials, empty bottles and casks, another for 5,000 litre tubs, -brought on purpose from Germany; a forge, a workshop for cask-making, -ten carts and stables for 30 horses, and many offices. - -It possesses a quay on the bay for loading and unloading and, during -the season of most activity, employs over a hundred workmen and -clerks. - -This establishment represents a capital of over half a million -dollars. - -During the season it sells over 200,000 litres per month to nearly -1,500 or 2,000 establishments. - -The same society possesses also a starch and an alcohol manufactory. -They are very important establishments, provided with the very latest -inventions of European and North American manufacture. - -In the same conditions are also the Richling and Niding Beer -Manufactories. - - -Banks, Anonymous Societies. - -The Republic counts with a great many banks and anonymous societies, -that make easier all commercial transactions. - -The emission banks are: The _London and River Plate Bank_, that on -December 31, 1891, had an active capital of $8,911,000; the _Italian -Uruguay Bank_, with an active capital of $7,714,521; the _Spain -and River Plate Bank_, with $4,614,752; the _Italo-Oriental_, with -$10,432,276, and the other banks called _National Bank_, _English -and River Plate Bank_, which actually are in liquidation, being the -active of the first bank, 31st December, 1890, $61,630,320, and that -of the second, $15,298,406. - -Among the discounting banks, there are the _Commercial Bank_, the -_French Bank_, the _South America British Bank_, the _Anglo-Argentine -Bank_. - -The principal anonymous societies are; The "Credito Real Uruguayo," -the "Industrial," the "Cobranzas, locacion y Anticipos," the "Agencia -de Tierras," the "Colonization y Fomento del Uruguay," the "Caja -de Credito Uruguayo," the "Auxiliar de Credito y Alquileres," -the "Co-operativa de Consumo," the "Caja Nacional Uruguaya," the -"Edificadora de Montevideo," the "Mercantil del Plata," the "Vegas -Uruguayas," the "Viticola Uruguaya," the "Viticola Saltena" and many -others that represent important capitals. - - -Commerce Halls. - -In Montevideo there is the important commercial centre called "Bolsa -Montevideana," or Montevideo Exchange Hall. There are also the -French, the Italian and the Spanish Commercial Boards, that make -easier and easier the exchange of goods between the Republic and -France, Italy and Spain. - - -Means of Communication and Conveyance. - -All the towns and villages of Uruguay littoral communicate with -the capital by the regular service of beautiful steamers between -Montevideo and Salto, stopping in all the ports of the Uruguay and -Argentine Republic littoral. - -Other steamers start from Montevideo for Paraguay and Matto-Grosso -(Brazil.) - -The lines of transatlantic steamers establish constant communications -between the Republic and European and American ports. - -By land, a great many places in the Republic are put in communication -by the railways and by the telegraph, established also between -Montevideo and Europe, Brazil, the Pacific and Argentine Republic. - -Where the railways are not yet established, there is a good and -regular service of stage-coaches. - - -Railways. - -There are already seven railway lines in the Republic, the service -of which is quite regular and comprehends an extension of 1,567 -kilometres. - -Some other lines are in way of formation, and for some others the -necessary preliminary studies have begun, comprising a new extension -of 1,231 kilometres. - -The railways already established are: - -1st. _The Central Uruguay Railway._ It starts from Montevideo, runs -through the whole territory of the Republic, till it reaches the -capital of the Department of Rivera, on the very frontier of Brazil, -in front of "Santa Ana do Livramento," that is to say, with an -extension of 575 kilometres. Besides this, it has also another line -of 32 kilometres from "25 de Agosto" to "San Jose." - -2d. _The Northeast Uruguay Railway_, between Montevideo and Minas, -with an extension of 122 kilometres. - -3d. _The "East Extension" Railway_, between Toledo Station, which -belongs to the Northeast Uruguay Railway and Nico Perez, with an -extension of 206 kilometres. - -4th. _The North Railway_, between Montevideo and Santa Lucia, -where are established the municipal slaughter houses. This railway -furnishes with meat all the Montevideo markets and has an extension -of 23 kilometres. - -5th. _The Northwest Uruguay Railway_, from Salto to the River -Cuareim, through the Department of Artigas, with an extension of 178 -kilometres. In "Paso del Correo," where this line stops, begins the -Brazilian Uruguayana Line. - -6th. _The Midland Uruguay Railway_ joins with the Central Railway in -"Paso de los Toros" and with the Northwest Railway in the town of -Salto and has its principal station in Paysandu, with an extension of -317 kilometres. - -7th. _The North Uruguay Railway_ between Isla Cabellos, which belongs -to the Northwest Line and San Eugenio in front of San Juan Bautista -(Brazil). It runs through the Department of Artigas and has an -extension of 114 kilometres. - - -River Steamers. - -There exist many important navigation companies with beautiful and -comfortable steamers for the service of the River Plate, Uruguay and -Parana. - -Among these companies the English company _Platense_ must be -mentioned. With its twenty steamers it represents an important -capital. It possesses its own docks and wharfs in this republic and -in the Argentine Republic. The principal steamers of the _Platense_ -are called: _Venus_, _Eolo_, _Apolo_, _Minerva_, _Olimpo_, _Saturno_, -_Cosmos_ and _Helios_, the finest of all, recently constructed. All -these steamers have electric light on board. They all go to Buenos -Ayres and stop in Martin Garcia, Nueva Palmira, Mercedes, Fray -Bentos, Gualeguaychu, Concepcion del Uruguay, Paysandu, Villa Colon, -Guaviyu, Concordin, Salto and vice versa. - -The steamers of the other companies have more or less the same -itinerary. - -The movement of goods and passengers is important and has always -given good benefits to all the companies. - -The journey between Montevideo and Buenos Ayres is of a few hours. -The steamers start from Montevideo at 6 p.m. and get to Buenos Ayres, -generally, at 4 next morning. The very same day, at 10 a.m. they -start again for the ports of the Uruguay; getting to Salto the next -day. - - -Stage Coaches. - -In all the departments where railways are not yet established there -is a regular service of stage coaches putting the various railway -lines in communication and making easier the conveyance of goods and -passengers. - - -Tramways. - -In Montevideo there are nine tramway lines: 1st Union and Maronas -Tramway; 2nd Paso del Molino and Cerro Tramway; 3rd Eastern Tramway; -4th Buceo and Union Tramway; 5th North Tramway; 6th Oriental Tramway; -7th Reducto Tramway; 8th Montevideo Tramway; 9th Central Tramway. In -nearly all the streets of Montevideo there is a tramway line and with -such a shortening of the distances life and activity are a great deal -increased. - -In the centre of the town the tramway ticket costs 4 cents, and from -one extremity of the line to the other it costs 10 cents. - -During the year 1891 all these tramways made 916,798 journeys, which -represent 9,285,940 kilometres, they conveyed 18,000,000 passengers. -They possess 507 coaches and 3,622 horses. The number of men employed -by the tramway companies is 1029. They have 14 stations. - -In the town of Paysandu there is also a tramway line. - - -Telegraph. - -The telegraph, as it may be seen on the map, is established all over -the Republic and in communication with all the towns of Europe and -America. The different telegraph companies are: - - Telegraph Cable. - - The National Telegraph Co kilom. 951 15 - The Platino Brasilero " 829 ... - Rio de la Plata " 233 160 - The Western and Brazilian Co., - Oriental Line " ... 694 - Telefonica del Plata " 180 45 - The Oriental " 1,362 ... - The Platense, Brasilero, United - States direct " 250 ... - ----- --- - 3,805 914 - Telegraph of the railway lines " 1,568 - ----- --- - " 5,373 914 - -There are two telegraph companies more between Salto and Concordia -and between Paysandu and Concepcion del Uruguay (Argentine Republic). -But they are of little importance. - -The number of telegrams sent by the various companies was, in 1891, -256,467. - - -Navigation Companies. - -Many European and American Companies have their agencies in -Montevideo. The principal ones are: - - Italian Company _La Veloce._ - French Company _Chargeurs Reunis._ - English Company _Royal Mail Steam Packet Company._ - Spanish Company _La Trasatlantica._ - French Company _Messageries Maritimes._ - French Company _Nouvelle Compagnie Marseillaise._ - English Company _Pacific Steam Navigation Company._ - N. American Company _United States and Brazil Mail._ - English Company _Shaw, Savill & Albion Co., limited._ - English Company _New Zealand Shipping Co., limited._ - Italian Company _Navigazione Generale Italiana. Societa Riunite_ - (_Florio e Rubattino_). - Italian Company _Fratelli Lavarello Fu Gio Batta._ - Italian Company _La Genovesse._ - French Company _Transports Maritimes a vapeur._ - English Company _Lamport Holt Line._ - Brazilian Company _Companhia Nacional de Navegacao a vapor._ - -All these steamers put Montevideo in direct communication with -Barcelona, Genoa, Naples, Dakar, Lisbon, Bourdeaux, Rio Janeiro, -Saint Vincent, Vigo, Bahia, Pernambuco, Marseilles, Havre, Santa Cruz -of Tenerif, Dunkirk, Plymouth, Liverpool, London, New Zealand and -also the ports of the Pacific Ocean and those of North America. - - -Telephone. - -In many points of the Republic telephone lines are established. -The principal lines in Montevideo are: The Co-operative Co., the -Telefonica Nacional Co., the Telefonica de Montevideo Co. - -During the year 1891 these lines have had 21,000 daily -communications. They have 3,600 subscribers and the wires they employ -represent 5,500 miles. They have 10 offices and employ 174 persons, -74 men and 100 women. The capital of each company is: The Telefonica -de Montevideo $220,000, the Telefonica Nacional $105,000, the -Telegrafica Telefonica del Plata Company has established a telephone -line between Montevideo and Buenos Ayres. - - -Postage. - -The movement in the Postoffices of the Republic is greater every day, -owing to the continual improvement of the ways of communication. - -The following table gives an idea of the movement in the Montevideo -Postoffice: - - Letters, - Years. Papers, etc. - - 1885, 12,203,381 - 1886, 11,407,596 - 1887, 17,157,345 - 1888, 20,171,929 - 1889, 21,366,472 - 1890, 21,534,209 - 1891, 20,105,295 - -The movement during 1891 may be divided thus: - - Letters, in general 6,152,654 - Business papers, samples 543,127 - Official correspondence 423,178 - Post-cards 55,955 - Papers, etc. 12,930,381 - ---------- - 20,105,295 - - -Carriages, Coaches, Etc. - -The number of coaches is very considerable in the Republic. - -Montevideo alone counts over 4,000 carts and more than 700 carriages. - - -Public Education. - -Primary education is gratuitous and obligatory in all the Republic. - -The public schools are at the expense of the State, that gives the -books and all the necessary materials. - -Since the year 1877, in which was issued the law on public education, -the primary education has improved a great deal. - -The reform of the primary schools was initiated in the year 1868 by -a private society, founded by the great reformer, Jose Pedro Varela, -the Horace Mann of Uruguay, under the name of "Friends of Popular -Education Society," which created an application school, called -"Elbio Fernandez," in honor of one of the founders of the society. -Various North American books and manuals were then translated for the -use of the schools and masters. Varela's ideas soon were diffused -among the people, and the reformer was appointed to a high situation -in the Public Instruction Board, in the year 1876. Immediately -he reformed all the official schools, and organized the scholar -administration, being himself appointed principal director of it, -with the title of "National Primary Instruction Inspector." - - -University. - -The number of the students in the University of Montevideo during the -year 1891 was 668, distributed thus: - - For law, 377 - For social sciences, 176 - For medicine, 85 - For mathematics, 30 - --- - 668 - -Out of those 668 students, 631 were natives and 37 foreigners. - -The professors were 75: 14 for law and social sciences, 23 for -medicine, 19 for mathematics and 19 for the preparatory studies; -being 58 of them natives, 12 Spaniards, 3 Italians, 1 German and 1 -Frenchman. - - -Public Schools. - -In the year 1891 there were in the Republic 483 public schools; that -is to say, 143 more than in the year 1886. - -The number of pupils was then for the whole Republic 43,676 (24,541 -boys, 19,135 girls)--14,763 boys and girls in the capital, and 28,913 -in the departments. - -All the schools cost $690,574, the education of each pupil -representing a value of $13.27. - -The professors were 863--272 men and 591 women. - -Ninety-four schools were established in buildings belonging to the -National Educational Board and representing a value of $448,541, -and 11 of them in buildings belonging to the State, with a value of -$45,942. - - -Private Schools. - -In 1891 there existed in the Republic 375 private schools, with -21,945 pupils and 930 professors (381 men and 549 women). - -We obtain, therefore, the following result: - - No. Pupils. - - Public schools 483, with 43,676 - Private " 375, " 21,945 - --- ------ - Schools: 868, 65,621 - - -Normal Girl School. - -In this national school 114 girls received the title of professor for -the first degree, and 29 for the second degree, from the year 1887 to -the year 1891. - -In the same building is established the "_Museo Pedagogico_, or -Pedagogic" Museum, one of the most important institutions of this -kind in South America, under the direction of Mr. A. Gomez Ruano. - - -Art and Professional School. - -This important establishment is actually under the care of the -"National Charity and Public Beneficence Commission." It is -established in a large building of its own, fit for 600 pupils. In -1891 there were 227 of them who received there, besides professional -instruction, a very serious general instruction up to the third -degree. - -In that establishment they study for carpenter, cabinet-maker, -ironsmith, shoemaker, bookbinder, typographer, lithographer, -mechanican, turner, silversmith, tinsmith, sculptor, painter, etc. -There are also classes of telegraphing, drawing, gymnastics, singing, -and music. The professors are 46. - -_Montevideo Atheneum._--A beautiful establishment is being built for -this literary, scientific and artistic institution, the object of -which is, delivering gratuitous lectures and publishing reviews, to -foment in the Republic the general literary, scientific and artistic -instruction. - -_Professional League._--Very good results are attained by this -institution. In its halls the best professors give every night -gratuitous lessons on painting, drawing, architecture and mathematics. - - -Military School. - -This establishment is under the care of the Ministry of War and Navy, -and works according to the latest improvements of military science. - -It counts with the best professors of French and German tactics, -physics and natural philosophy, mathematics, geography and history, -lineal drawing and photography, fencing and gymnastics. It possesses -also all the necessary apparatus for physics, chemistry, physiology -and mineralogy, and has a complete library with the newest and best -scientific works. - - -Religious Schools. - -In the Republic there are a great many schools and colleges under the -care of religious communities, in which more than 4,200 children are -taught. - - -Educational Patriotic League. - -Under this name there exists in Montevideo an important -establishment, the object of which is to improve and foment -the primary, secondary, superior, artistical and professional -instruction, not only in Montevideo but also throughout the whole -country. It has also founded an important college. - - -National Library. - -During the 185 days in which that important establishment remained -opened, in the year 1891, the number of the readers have been 2,849. -The number of the books asked for was 2,698 and 64 manuscripts. - -The library possesses over 21,000 volumes and 2,500 manuscripts, a -great many engravings, photographs and maps. - -There are also the "Archives" where all records are kept, ancient -writings and documents that have a relation with the National History. - -In nearly every department there is a public library. - -_International Book Exchange._--Uruguay is one of the nations that -signed the Brussels treaty and in Montevideo there is a very useful -office for International Book Exchange. - - -National Museum. - -In the National Museum there are 24,226 objects, that is to say: - - Orchaeology 814 - Numismatics 4,201 - History 140 - Paleontology 107 - Zoology 13,741 - Botany 1,812 - Mineralogy 3,253 - Fine Arts, Industries 158 - - -Newspapers. - -Great many newspapers and reviews are published in the Republic. They -are agricultural, industrial, scientific, political, commercial, -literary, religious, judicial, satirical or philosophical. - -In 1891 there were 74 papers and reviews issued in Montevideo and 31 -in the Departments: total, 105. - -Out of them, 96 were written in Spanish, 4 in French, 1 in English, 3 -in Italian and 1 in Portuguese. - -26 were daily papers and the other monthly. - -93 were morning papers and 12 evening papers. - - -Societies. - -In the capital town of each department there are various societies, -the object of which is charity and mutual help. - -Among the societies that exist in Montevideo, we must mention the -societies called: Amigos de la Educacion, Ateneo de la Mujer, -Agricola Italiana, Ateneo Militar, Confederacion Cientifica -Literaria, Associacion Rural del Uruguay, Cosmo Italiano, Centro -Catalan, Centro Gallego, Ciencias y Artes, Circulo Catolico de -Obreros, Idem Napolitano, Clubs Aleman, Espanol, Frances, Ingles, -Uruguay, Catolico, Colon, Dramatico Italiano, Societies Garibaldina, -Hannemaniana Uruguaya, Homeopatica, La Lira, La Patrie, Laurak Bat, -Liga Lombarda, Liga Industrial, Liga Masaniello, Nova Stella di -Italia, La Romea, Tiro y Gymnasio Nacional, Union de Obreros, and -also the French, Italian and Spanish commercial boards. - -The Uruguay Masonry is represented by a Great Orient on which depend -many other lodges. There exist also many foreign lodges. - - -Worship and Churches. - -Although the State Religion is the Roman Catholic Apostolic Religion, -all the other religions are tolerated in the Republic owing to -the liberality of the laws and to the independent spirit of the -inhabitants. There exist Protestant Temples, not only in Montevideo -but also in Salto, Swiss Colony, etc. - -The budget of the Republic assigns $19,712 for all the expenses of -the Roman Catholic Church. - -The Republic has 43 churches and 36 chapels. The number of the -priests is 161. - -Actually they are building 7 more churches. - - -Public Revenue. - -The public revenue is derived from the custom duties, direct taxes on -property, licenses to trade houses, stamped paper, stamps, import and -export duties, port dues, municipal duties in the capital and in the -departments, duties on indirect inheritance, trade patents, cattle -marks, etc. - -Its amount has been during the three following periods: - - 1882, $ 9,095,409 - 1883, 10,928,639 - 1884-1885 (economical year), 12,373,688 - ----------- - Total, $32,397,736 - - 1885-1886 (economical year), $11,719,692 - 1886-1887 " " 12,704,832 - 1887-1888 " " 13,668,096 - ----------- - Total, $38,092,620 - - 1888-1889 (economical year), $15,690,293 - 1889-1890 " " 17,415,154 - 1890-1891 " " 14,925,363 - ----------- - Total, $48,030,810 - -The increase during the second period, if compared with the first one -is: $5,694,884, and the increase of the third period compared with -the second one is: $9,938,190. - - -Custom Duties. - -They are the principal revenue of the Republic. From the year 1882 -to the year 1891, the product of the custom duties, calculated by -periods of five years each, has been: - - 1882, $5,501,360 - 1883, 6,968,321 - 1884, 7,749,438 - 1885, 7,731,264 - 1886, 6,803,761 - ----------- - Total, $34,754,144 - - 1887, $ 8,671,243 - 1888, 8,845,776 - 1889, 10,786,602 - 1890, 9,848,735 - 1891, 8,648,509 - ----------- - Total $46,800,865 - -The increase of the second period, if compared with the first one, -has been: $12,046,721. - - -Licenses, Stamped Paper, Stamps. - -The licenses for trade houses, shops, etc., stamped paper and stamps -have produced during the period 1887-1891: - - Stamped - Licenses. Paper. Stamps. - - 1887, $ 783,179 $203,143 $336,688 - 1888, 888,543 253,610 379,063 - 1889, 1,180,118 283,009 452,167 - 1890, 1,219,943 301,058 485,850 - 1891, 1,001,405 220,882 414,160 - ---------- ---------- ---------- - Totals, $5,073,188 $1,261,702 $2,067,928 - - Annual} - Middle} 1,014,637 252,340 413,585 - Term. } - - -Public Debt. - - On the 1st of January, 1891, the - public debt was $ 89,848,850 - Augmentation of the public debt - during the year 86,182 - ------------ - $ 89,935,032 - Redemption in 1891 2,145,059 - ------------ - Public debt on the 31st of - December, 1891 $ 87,789,973 - -All the external public debt has been unified, including in it what -was owed for the guarantee to railways, and also what remained due of -the external debt service. The interest to be paid has been lessened -and definitely established at the rate of 3-1/2 per cent., and the -redemption by the outbidding system has been restored. - -The internal consolidated debt has also been unified with an interest -of 4 per cent., and redeemable at the rate of 1 per per cent., -accumulatively and by outbiddings. - -The external consolidated debt (3-1/2 per cent.) is $90,710,000. - -The internal unified debt (4 per cent.) is $7,500,000. - -The international debts, according to treaties with Italy, France and -Spain, are $1,987,125. - -All these debts that will be issued when these lines are published -will form, more or less, a total of $104,000,000, mortgage bank -warranty debt included. - - -Budget of Expenditure.[1] - - [1] Whilst the present monography is being printed the Deputy - Chamber is studying a new project for the budget, the base of - which is the project proposed for the financial year 1891-92, - with a diminution of 10 per cent., which would allow the complete - payment of the expenditure. - -The financial year begins on the 1st of July and concludes on the -30th of June of the next year. - -From the financial year of 1889-90 it has been the anterior budget -which has gone on ruling, with a general deduction of 10 per cent., -and with some augments and changes in other parts of the budget. - -A new budget for the financial year 1892-93 is going to be voted, -which will consist of the following amounts: - - _I.--Administration:_ - After a discount of 20 per cent. on - the wages $ 5,840,306.41 - _II.--House of Legislation_ 582,558.00 - _III.--Passive Classes:_ - That is to say, annual allowances paid - to pensioners, civil and military, - soldiers disabled by wounds or age, - widows and sons of the 33 Orientals - who assegurated the national independence - in 1825, citizens who took - part in the Independence wars, - etc. After a discount between 4 - and 15 per cent 1,324,503.32 - _IV.--Public Debt and Guarantee to Railways_ 5,724,620.24 - Various credits 144,394.52 - -So as to attend to this budget the Republic counts with the following -incomes: - - Customs duties $ 8,577,622.84 - Duties on property 1,750,549.54 - Licenses 925,535.87 - Stamped paper 337,141.31 - Stamps 219,548.57 - Taxes on manufactures 256,751.59 - Postage 203,585.73 - Public education 219,251,13 - Ports 56,414.46 - Duties on Inheritances 127,363.80 - Duties on the signature of public acts, - being excepted the value of the - stamped paper 15,162.02 - Police Duties 36,473.40 - Revenue of the municipalities in the - departments 100,320.92 - Duties on amphibious fisheries 7,000.00 - Cattle-marks 3,000.00 - Duties of 1 per cent. on payments 78,049.51 - Civil and military house for pawning 56,534.74 - Eventual incomes, and revenue of the - renting of lands belonging to the - State 15,570.41 - -------------- - Total $12,985,875.84 - - -NEW DUTIES. - - Augmentation of the duty on slaughterhouses 80,000.00 - Augmentation of the duty on inheritances 140,000.00 - Augmentation of the import duties 127,500.00 - Augmentation of the municipal duties 100,000.00 - A discount of 20 per cent. on the wages - of the clerks of the Montevideo - municipality 65,350.00 - ---------- - 512,850.00 - - -RECAPITULATION. - - Resources $12,985,875.84 - New resources 512,850.00 - ------------- - $13,498,725.84 - - -Weights and Measures. - -The law of the year 1862 established the metrical system throughout -the Republic. - - Metres. - 1 lineal league, = 5,154 - 1 lineal cuadra, = 85-900 c. - 1 lineal vara, = 859 c. - 1 lineal foot, = 286 c. - - Litres. - 1 pipa, or 192 frascos, = 455-424 - 1 frasco, = 2-370 - 1 English gallon, = 3-805 - - Kilogs. - 1 fanega, maize, ears, = 274-544 - 1 " " grains, = 137-272 - 1 ton, = 918-800 - 1 quintal (100 lbs.), = 45-940 - 1 arrobe (25 lbs.), = 11-485 - 1 livre (pound, libra), = 0-459 - 1 Pesada (dry hides, 40 lbs.), = 18-376 - 1 " (salted hides, 75 lbs.), = 34-455 - - -Official Value of Gold Coins. - - Argentine Republic, 1 argentino ($5 gold), $ 4 66 - - Austria, 8 florins, 3 73 - - Belgium, (the same value as French coins). - - { 20,000 reis, 10 56 - Brazil, { 10,000 reis, 5 28 - { 5,000 reis, 2 64 - - { 1 condor ($10), 8 82 - Chile, { 1/2 " ($5), 4 41 - - Columbia, $20, 18 66 - - { L1 (20 sh.), 4 70 - England, { L1/2 (10 sh.), 2 35 - - { 100 frcs., 18 66 - { 50 frcs., 9 33 - France, { 20 frcs., and also the - { Italian, Belgian and - { Swiss 20 frcs. or lire - { coins, 3 73 - - Germany, { 20 marks, 4 60 - { 10 " 2 30 - - Peru, 20 soles (suns), 18 66 - - Portugal, 1 crown (10,000 reis), 10 45 - - { 1 doblon (100 reals - Spain, { and 10 escudos), 4 82 - { 25 pesetas, 4 66 - - Switzerland, Like French coins. - - { 1 double eagle, $20, 19 32 - United States, { 1 eagle, $10, 9 66 - { 1/2 eagle, $5, 4 83 - - Venezuela, 20 pesos, 18 66 - -The standard currency in Uruguay is gold. - -The nominal unit, $1, 1 peso ($1), has a weight of 1 gramme, 697 -mgrm. of gold and 917 mills standard. - -The official value of the national silver coin, 1 peso, has a weight -of 25 grammes and 900 milles standard. - -The other minor silver coins are: $0.50, $0.20, $0.10. - -In all accounts, the limited quantity that can be paid in silver, is -determined by the law, according to the total amount. - - -Police. - -The police under the care of the Political and Police Chief (jefe -politico y de policia) of each department and depending on the -Executive power employs a great many persons, the wages of which are -relatively very small. However, the police service goes on with a -perfect regularity in the capital and in the departments. The whole -police administration costs half a million to the state. - - -Army. - -The organization of the Uruguayan army is perfect, as well in regard -to the discipline as in regard to the military tactics. They are -dressed as well as the best European soldier. They use the Remington -gun; but they are going to be provided with the reformed Mauser -gun. The artillery regiments have 67 Krup, Armstrong and Nordenfeld -cannons. - -The army is composed of 23 chiefs, 202 officers and 3,425 soldiers, -forming 10 battalions, that is to say: 4 Hunters battalions, 1 -artillery battalion, 4 cavalry battalions and 1 light artillery -battalion, besides which must be counted the general Artigas fort -garrison and the "Prague Nacional" or Arsenal detachment. - -One Hunters Battalion and the four Cavalry ones serve as garrisons in -the departments. The other battalions remain in the capital. - - -Navy. - -The national fleet is employed for coast and fort guarding. It is -composed of three large gun-boats and 6 small steamers. They all use -Remington guns; as for the cannons, they belong to various systems. - - -Montevideo, the Capital of the Republic. - -The great maritime town of Montevideo, the capital of the Republic -and the so-called department, was founded in the year 1726 by the -Spanish marshal Don Bruno Mauricio de Zabala, with some Spanish -families, who came from Buenos Ayres and Canary Islands. - -The town is built over a rocky peninsula, in the middle of the salt -waters of the River Plate, with a height of over 100 feet above the -sea. - -It is actually divided into three large sections called the Antigua -(old) town, the Nueva (new) town and the Novisima (newest) town. All -around the town will run the great boulevard General Artigas. The -whole town consists in 1,600 _manzanas_ or square cuadras, more than -600 of which are already edificed; it must be added that every day -new buildings are begun everywhere about the town. In all directions -new streets are opened and new houses are built and new suburbs -created, making Montevideo larger and larger every day. - -The streets are all straight and nearly all of them well paved with -granite stone. In the old town they are 10 and 11 metres wide and in -the new town 17 metres, with broad pavements and trees planted on -both sides. - -The principal roads that lead to the town are broad, part of them -covered with a bed of macadam and the others with a bed of stones. - -There are six public squares, called, Zabala, Constitucion, -Independencia, Libertad, Treinta y Tres, General Flores, and the -smaller ones called Solis and Muelle Viejo. - -In all these squares there are trees and banks; they are lit with -electric light and the paths that surround them are made of the -finest granite. - -Most of them are one manzana large, that is to say 7,378 square -metres. The square called Independencia is a parallelogram 221 metres -long by 232 metres broad with an area of 29,260 metres. In it is -situated the government palace. The boulevard called 18 de Julio is -the continuation of the Independencia Square, from W. to E., being 26 -metres broad. - -The common sewer has an extension of 93,000 metres and more than -7,500 are directly its conduits. - -The drinkable water comes from Santa Lucia (61 kilometres from -Montevideo); the various conduits have an extension of over 180 -kilometres. - -All the streets and even the suburbs have the electric light; some -others have still the gas light. - -Three gasometres, two of them 100,000 cubic feet and one 70,000, are -employed for the preparation of the gas. The gas pipes represent an -extension of 128 kilometres. The power of each light is equivalent to -that of 18 candles. - -There are two important establishments for the preparation of the -electric light, which is now used by a great many trade houses and -shops. - -The town is composed of over 19,000 houses--20 per cent. of them -being houses with two stories; a good many of them have three and -four stories. The architecture of the houses is most elegant, -especially of those which were built during the last fifteen years. - -Among the public buildings remarkable for their importance are: the -Cathedral, the Charity Hospital, the Insane Asylum, the Central -Cemetery, Solis Theater, Normal School, Government Palace, Parliament -House, Custom House, Professional School, National Bank, San Felipe -and Cibils Theatres, London Bank, South America British Bank, Uruguay -Club, Gas Works, Prison, San Francisco, Capuchin Friars, Concepcion -and Carmen Churches, Orphan Asylum, Seminary, English Church, Music -Academy, Oriental Hotel, Gounouilhou Baths, etc. - -The suburbs and environs are most picturesque, with a great quantity -of the most elegant country houses, built all along the avenues -called Agraciada, Paso del Molino, Duranas, Miguelete, Sierra, Goes, -Suarez, Larranaga and many others. - -Being the capital of the Republic, Montevideo is the residence of the -three high powers of the state, of the aggregate of foreign ministers -and consuls and also of the bishop. It is the centre of all the -most important business of the Republic and reputed one of the best -markets in the River Plate. - -In Montevideo reside all the principal Societies and Associations in -the Republic. - -The aspect of the town is agreeable and quite that of a European -city, and its population is quite a cosmopolitan one. - -The census of the year 1891, Dec. 31, gave a result of 234,688 souls -for the department of Montevideo, 190,000 more or less belonging -exclusively to Montevideo, and 53 per cent. of them being natives and -47 per cent. foreigners. - -All the most important trade-houses are in Montevideo, the largest -and finest hotels; there are three theatres, fifteen churches and -nine chapels, three cemeteries and three markets, etc. - -During the bathing season a great many foreigners come to Montevideo, -owing to its fine shore and beautiful bathing establishments, like -the one called Los Pocitos, where exists a beautiful and elegant -building for the foreigners, and those called Romirez and Capurro. - - * * * * * - -The following table gives an idea of the immense yearly consumption -of meat in Montevideo: - - ======+=============+============+=============+ - | OXEN, COWS. | SHEEP. | TOTAL. | - YEARS.| ---- | ---- | ---- | - | Kilogs. | Kilogs. | Kilogs. | - ------+-------------+------------+------------ + - 1874 | 15,918,875 | 1,373,721 | 17,292,596 | - 1875 | 15,379,042 | 1,166,721 | 16,545,763 | - 1876 | 14,801,696 | 1,088,199 | 15,889,895 | - 1877 | 14,578,711 | 1,009,309 | 15,588,020 | - 1878 | 15,208,543 | 1,378,114 | 16,586,657 | - 1879 | 13,468,455 | 1,394,751 | 14,863,206 | - 1880 | 14,019,236 | 1,420,641 | 15,439,377 | - 1881 | 14,228,375 | 1,472,598 | 15,700,973 | - 1882 | 15,297,093 | 1,408,497 | 16,705,590 | - 1883 | 16,100,322 | 1,448,126 | 17,548,448 | - 1884 | 16,380,623 | 1,450,679 | 17,831,302 | - 1885 | 19,293,435 | 1,426,345 | 20,719,780 | - 1886 | 17,911,894 | 1,738,305 | 19,650,199 | - 1887 | 18,027,814 | 1,272,314 | 19,300,128 | - 1888 | 20,499,325 | 1,555,743 | 22,055,068 | - 1889 | 24,681,622 | 1,733,487 | 26,415,109 | - 1890 | 24,724,287 | 1,021,568 | 25,745,855 | - 1891 | 25,087,020 | 847,435 | 25,934,455 | - ======+=============+============+=============+ - -Public Beneficence. - -There are in the Republic many beneficent establishments, hospitals, -charity and mutual assistance societies, that do important services -to all who need them without any distinction of nationality. - -In the capital there are, under the care of the State and of the -National Charity and Beneficence Commission, the Charity Hospital, -the Alms House, the Insane Asylum, the Orphan Hospital, the Maternal -Asylum and also a small-pox Lazaretto. - -There exist also, under the care of private beneficence, the English -Hospital, the Italian Hospital, and soon there will be a Spanish -Hospital. - -For a long time there have been many Ladies' Beneficence Societies, -and many Mutual Assistance Societies: La Junta Central Espanola de -Beneficencia, La Fraternidad, Societa Italiana, Circolo Napolitano, -Societe Francaise de Seccours Mutuels. - -The number of the members of all the societies is more or less 25,000. - -_Charity Hospital._--In the beginning of the year 1891, there were -489 ill people in the hospital; from January to December of the same -year, there entered 5,361; therefore, during the year 1891, 5,850 -persons were attended at the hospital. Out of them 5,022 were cured, -4 ran away and 451 died, remaining 373 persons for the year 1892. - -Out of the 5,361 persons who went to the hospital, 1,529 only were -natives and 3,832 foreigners. - -_Insane Asylum._--In 1891 the number of people attended to was 987. -During the year, 58 went out and there remained for 1892, 768 persons. - -The 258 people who came to the hospital in 1891, were 107 natives and -151 foreigners. - -_Alms House._--Out of 473 beggars living in the asylum, the greatest -number, in the year 1891, were foreigners. - -_Orphan and Foundling Asylum._--In the beginning of 1891 there were -397 children. During the year there entered 574; thence there were -971 children in the hospital during the year 1891. Out of them 56 -foundlings were claimed for by their parents and 22 orphans by their -relations; 63 orphans were adopted by various families. - -_Maternal Asylum._--The three Maternal Asylums received during the -year 1891, 1,937 children of both sexes, who were attended to by the -Charity Sisters. - - * * * * * - -In all the departments there exist Beneficence and Mutual Assistance -Societies that do great services to the poor people. - - -Powers of the State. - -EXECUTIVE POWER. - -_President of the Republic_--Doctor Don Julio Herrera y Obes. - -_Government Minister_--Don Francisco Bauza. - -_Minister of Commerce, Industry, Railways and Public -Education_--Engineer Don Juan Alberto Capurro. - -_Minister of Finance_--(Interium) Don Eugenio Madalena. - -_Minister of War and Navy_--General Don Luis E. Perez. - -_Minister of Foreign Affairs and Worship_--Doctor Don Manuel Herrero -y Espinosa. - - -LEGISLATIVE POWER. - -_President of the Senator Chamber and General Assembly_--Don Tomas -Gomensoro. - -_President of the Deputy Chamber_--Doctor Don Miguel Herrera y Obes. - - -JUDICIAL POWER--TRIBUNALS OF APPEAL. - -_President of the Tribunals_--(1st) Doctor Don J. M. Vilaza. (2d) -Doctor Don Trofilo Diaz. - - -Ministers of the Republic Abroad. - - In France --_Minister_, Mr. Alejandro Herosa. - In Italy --_Minister_, Dr. Don Jose Vazquez Sagastune. - _Secretary_, Eurique Rovira. - In Germany --_Minister_, Dr. Don Federico Susviela Guarch. - _Secretary_, Dr. Luis Garabelli. - In Great Britain --_Minister_, Dr. Don Alberto Nin. - _Secretary_, Alfonso S. Zumaran. - In Spain and Portugal --_Minister_, Dr. Don Juan Zorrilla de San Martin. - _Secretary_, Eduardo Herrera y Obes. - In Chile --_Minister_, Mr. Jose C. Arrieta. - In Argentine Republic --_Minister_, Dr. Don Ernesto Frias. - _Secretary_, Dr. Don Pablo Perez Gomar. - In Brazil --_Minister_, Mr. Blas Vidal. - _Secretary_, Julian Alvarez Conde. - In Paraguay --_Minister_, Mr. Ricardo Garcia. - _Secretary_, Dionisio Ramos Montero. - - -Consuls of the Republic. - - _Consul_ _Vice_ - _Countries._ _General._ _Consuls._ _Consuls._ - Argentine Republic, 1 9 14 - Brazil, 1 14 21 - Paraguay, 1 1 6 - Chile, 1 2 .. - United States of America, 1 6 14 - Switzerland, 1 3 1 - Great Britain, 1 16 32 - Germany, 1 7 .. - Belgium, 1 4 4 - Italy, 1 17 17 - Portugal, 1 4 15 - France, 1 13 7 - Spain, 1 26 24 - Holland, 1 2 .. - Sweden, Norway, 1 2 .. - Bolivy, 1 1 .. - Austria, 1 .. .. - Venezuela, .. 1 .. - Peru, 1 1 .. - Russia, .. .. .. - Greece, .. 1 .. - Haite, .. 1 .. - Denmark, .. 1 .. - Turkey, .. 1 .. - - -Foreign Ministers in the Republic. - - Italian --_Minister_, Commander Jose Anfora, Duke of Lucignano. - 1st _Secretary_, E. Ferrara Dentrice. - 2d _Secretary_, Emanuel Berti. - Portuguese --_Minister_, Viscount de Favia. - German --_Minister_, Dr. R. Kranel. - _Secretary_, G. von Pilgrim Ballazzi. - Brazilian --_Minister_, Don Pedro C. Alfonso Carvalto. - Argentine --_Minister_, Don Enrique B. Moreno. - _Secretary_, Solano Torres Cabura. - British --_Minister_, Hon. Ernest M. Latou. - Austrian --_Minister_, Baron of Salzberg. - Spain --_Minister_, Don Jose de la Rica y Calvo. - _Secretary_, A. Alava y Amoros. - Belgian --_Minister_, Mr. Ernest Van Bruyssel. - French --_Minister_, Mr. A. Bourcier Saint Chaffray. - _Secretary_, J. A. Larret. - Saint Marinan --_Minister_, Don Francisco Brin. - _Secretary_, Arthero Brin. - Equatorian --_Minister_, Don. Francisco A. Gomez. - Swiss --_Minister_, Coronel E. Rode. - _Secretary_, J. Choffar. - _Chancellor_, F. Chury. - Paraguayan --_Minister_, Don Jose Segundo Decond. - - -Foreign Consuls in the Republic. - - _Consul_ _Vice_ _Consular_ - _Countries._ _General._ _Consuls._ _Consuls._ _Agents._ - - Argentine Republic, 1 12 5 .. - Brazil, 2 .. 6 3 - Chile, 1 .. 1 .. - Bolivy, .. 1 .. .. - Peru, .. 1 .. .. - Equator, 1 .. .. .. - Nicaragua, .. 1 .. .. - Salvador, .. 1 .. .. - United States of America, .. 2 1 1 - France, 1 .. .. 8 - Italy, 1 .. 1 8 - Portugal, .. 1 2 .. - Great Britain, 1 .. 6 .. - Spain, 1 .. 20 .. - Belgium, 1 1 1 .. - Sweden, .. 1 1 .. - Denmark, .. 1 1 .. - Hawai, .. 1 1 .. - Switzerland, .. 1 2 .. - Holland, 1 1 .. .. - Paraguay, 1 .. .. .. - Germany, .. 1 .. .. - Columbia, .. 1 .. .. - Russia, .. 1 .. .. - Austria, .. 1 .. .. - Saint Marinan, .. 1 .. .. - Mexico, .. 1 .. .. - Venezuela, .. 1 .. .. - - -Custom-House. - -The Montevideo custom-house produces the principal revenue the public -treasury counts with. The other custom-houses all over the littoral -and in the Brazilian frontiers are comparatively a great deal less -important. - -Imports have to pay general duties _ad valorem_, which vary between 8 -and 51 per cent., and also specific duties, such as for wine, brandy, -tobacco, rice, sugar, petroleum, olive oil, beer, matches, etc. - -There is a law regulating these specific duties. - -According to the law of the year 1888 all national products were free -from duty; but in the year 1890 a new law restored the specific duty. - -Corn, wheat, flour and lucerne pay also the specific duty. - -Since the year 1888 many modifications have been introduced in the -custom duties laws, in order to increase the revenue and also to -protect national industry. - -Besides the duties _ad valorem_ there is also an additional duty of 5 -per cent. - - -Laws. - -IMPORTS. - -Article 1. All goods imported from foreign countries for consumption -will pay a duty of 31 per cent. of its value, excepting the following -goods, which will pay: - -1, 51 per cent.--arms, powder, ammunitions, snuff, tobacco, -perfumery, cheese, butter, ham, preserved meats and all eatables -preserved in tin boxes or in bottles, rockets and mine, quarry and -gun powder. - -2, 48 per cent.--brushes in general, painting brushes, shoes of -all sorts, ready-made linen, hats, furniture, coaches, harnesses, -medicaments, formularies and business papers either lithographed or -printed. - -3, 44 per cent.--cakes and pastry of all sorts, chocolate, candles in -general, vermicelli, jams, soles and tanned skins. - -4, 20 per cent.--lumber in general, iron, either plate, crow, joist -or ingot, steel plate, copper and brass ingots, tin plate, lead bar -or plate, zinc plate or ingot, fresh fruits, roof tiles, slates, -Roman cement, vegetal coal, quicksilver, tin, talc, plaster, tar, -pitch, sack-cloth, forage in general and empty match-boxes. - -5, 12 per cent.--potatoes of all sorts, even those imported for -sowing. - -6, 8 per cent.--printed and bound books, typography or lithography -machines or presses, printing types, white paper for newspapers, -lithography paper, 87 centim. long by 54 broad, printing ink, flower -and vegetable seeds, sulphuric, nitric and chlorhydric acids, gums, -phosphorus, gold jewels and gold and silver watches. - -7, 6 per cent.--printed books without binding, maps and geographical -globes and all things necessary for natural, physical and -mathematical studies, mineral coal in general, sea or rock salt and -precious stones. - -Art. 2. All things necessary to divine worship, the introduction of -which may be asked by the ecclesiastical authority, shall be free -from all duty. - -2. All things introduced for the personal use of the foreign -ministers and consuls residing in the Republic, provided there be -reciprocation for our ministers and consuls. - -3. All the machinery for steamers that are going to be built in the -country, stamped gold and silver, gold and silver paste or powder, -sheep-curing specific, live plants except vines, live-stock and -blooded animals, luggage, linen, clothes and instruments and tools -for personal use, all special materials to be employed in building -ships in the country, ploughs, machinery for ships and industries, -common and double sodium, hop, saffron, agricultural machines, hemp, -indian cane, rabbit hair, otter and hare skin for hat-making, sewing -machines, glass or clay bottles, potash and chlorate of potash for -industry, capsules for bottles, dynamite, wires for fencing, lucerne -seeds, and sulphur flower. - -Art 3. The introducing of all coloring substances employed in the -falsification of wine is forbidden, as well as all substances the -Public Health Board will consider as hurtful, etc., etc. - - -Law on Specific Duties. - -Article 1. The goods hereafter mentioned, imported from foreign -nations since the 1st of January, 1889, shall pay the following -specific duties: - - Kilogs. - Red Indian dwarf pepper $ 09 - " " in powder 14 - Almonds 06 - " without the shell 11 - Canary seed 05 - Filberts 04 - Prussian blue, for laundresses 01 - Car riggings and cordages, indian cane 06 - Cocoa 12 - " in powder 16 - Coffee, grain 08 - " powder 24 - Chicory 06 - Chocolate 30 - Indian rockets 40 - Preserved vegetables 16 - Preserved eatables of all sorts 25 - Kerseymere 28 - Baize 31 - Dry fruits, dainties 40 - Fruit syrups 25 - Pickled fruits 10 - "Farina" 01 - Vermicelli, in general 08 - Flannel and wool cloth 75 - Wool and cotton flannel 62 - Cotton flannel 28 - Brandy fruits 10 - Cotton sail-cloth 25 - Iron, bars, plates, joists and rails 01 - Galvanized iron, _idem_ 15 - Cakes, pastry 16 - Lard 14 - Soap, in general 08 - Hams 24 - Cotton white cloth 15-1/2 - Butter 35 - Nuts 03 - Preserved peaches 05 - Oysters, lobsters 16 - Brown waste paper 05 - Raisins. 05 - Pickled fish 07 - " in bottles or tin boxes. 10 - Pickled dry fish, in casks 05 - " in bottles or tin boxes 08 - Red cayenne pepper 08 - Pepper 10 - " in powder 16 - Cheeses 25 - Sausage 40 - Tea 25 - Candles 14 - Vinegar 03 - Yerba mate, from Paraguay 5-1/2 - Glazed cotton 28 - Dry vegetables, beans, French beans, - lentils, etc. 05 - -Art. 2. The specific duties on common wines, in casks, will be 6 per -cent. the litre. Etc., etc. - - -New Laws on Specific Duties. - -ARTICLE 1. - - Per kilog. - Havana cigars. $6.00 - Cigars of all sorts 3.00 - Cigarettes 6.00 - Tobacco, black or chewing tobacco 50 - Tobacco, in general 1.00 - Bitters, brandy, whiskey, etc., that are - not over 20 degrees, per litre 37 - The same, in bottles, from 51 centilitres - to 1 litre, per bottle 37 - Spirits, in casks, per litre 37 - The same, in bottles, from 51 centilitres - to 1 litre, per bottle 37 - The same, in larger or smaller bottles, in - proportion with the capacity - Vermouth, fernet, in casks, per litre 37 - The same, in bottles, etc., per bottle 37 - The same, in larger or smaller bottles, - etc., etc. - Beer, in casks, per litre 16 - The same, in bottles, etc., per bottle 16 - The same, in larger or smaller bottles, etc. - - Per kilog. - Matches $1.30 - Preserved vegetables, fish and meat 30 - Refined sugar 6 - Sugar, without refining 5 - Cheese, in general 38 - - -ARTICLE 2. - - Per litre. - - Artificial wines, besides the duty already - existing on common wines in casks 3 - -According to another law, January 19, 1891, the following goods pay -specific duties: - - Per 100 kilogs. - Wheat $ .80 - Corn 1.35 - Corn flour 2.70 - Lucerne, forage 1.00 - -According to the same law (Article 3) the sulphate of copper, -destined to agriculture, is free from all duty. - - * * * * * - -The law of August 27, 1891, says: - - Article 1. The specific duty charged on all foreign brandy, when - its alcoholic strength is not over 20 degrees, shall be $13.60 - per litre. If the alcoholic strength be over 20 degrees, each - additional degree shall pay 68.1000. - - The duty on the brandy manufactured in the country is raised to - $13.20 per litre, whatever may be its strength. - - Article 2. The duty on vermouth, brandy, bitters, artificial - wines (3 and 12 cents per litre) is abolished. - - Bitters, whiskey, vermouth (not being over 20 degree), shall be - 31 cents per litre. - - The same, in bottles from 51 centilitres to 1 litre, also 31 - cents per litre. - - The same, in larger or smaller bottles, in proportion. - - Spirits, in casks, per litre 31 - The same, in bottles, per bottle 31 - The same, in larger or smaller bottles, in proportion. - Vermouth, fernet, in casks, per litre 31 - The same, in bottles, etc., per bottle 31 - The same, in larger or smaller bottles, in proportion. - - * * * * * - -Article 3. The Executive Power may oblige the brandy manufacturers to -employ the Tiermen-Halske counters, or others. - -Article 4. Are free from duty the liquors the grocers make themselves -with peaches or cherries. - - -Exports. - -The law of January 30, 1888, says: - -Article 1. All natural products, fruits and goods manufactured in the -country are free of all export duty. - -Article 2. Are excepted undressed stone, sand and live-stock. - - * * * * * - -Another law of October 4, 1890, has created the following export -duties: - - -ARTICLE 2. - - Per 100 kilogs. - Wool, in general $1.80 - Woolly skins 80 - Hair 1.79 - Fat, tallow, oils 50 - Corned meat 40 - Preserved meat and tongues 1.00 - Clutches 25 - Ashes and bones, per 1,000 kilogs 60 - Artificial manure, per 1,000 kilogs. 60 - Salted hides (oxen and cows), each 25 - Dry " " " " 12 - Salted hides (horses), each 12 - Dry " " " 6 - " " (calves), per 100 kilogs. 1.00 - Hides (seals), each 16 - Horns, per 1,000 2.50 - Extract of meat, per kilog. 10 - - -Law on Immigration. - -Among other articles the law on immigration of June 12th, 1890, says: - -Article 2. The consular agents must give all the information, notices -and references, the immigrants, agents of navigation companies, or -other persons whoever, may ask them about legislation, statistics and -general situation of the Republic. - -Art. 3. The agents shall not receive, on pain of being destituted, -any particular retribution for the services the present law imposes -on them, or those that any future law may impose on them. - -Art. 7. Is considered as an immigrant every honest workman who comes -to the Republic on board any steamer or vessel, with a second or -third class passage, with the intention of fixing here his residence. - -Art. 8. Every immigrant on his landing will enjoy the following -favors: - -1. Introduction, free from all duty, of his luggage, linen, -furniture, tools or agricultural machines. - -2. Disembarking of all his luggage without anything to pay. - -3. All the necessary information is gratuitously taken for him, so as -to provide him with the kind of work he has chosen. - -The immigrants with their passage paid by the Government have a right: - -1. To be lodged and fed during the first eight days. - -2. To be taken over gratuitously with his luggage to the place in the -national territory he has chosen for his residence. - -These last benefits may also be granted by the executive power to the -spontaneous immigration. - -Art. 10. The immigrant will prove his good conduct and aptness to -work by a certificate gratuitously given to him by the consular agent -of the port from which he sailed, and duly legalized by the consular -authority of his own country. - -Art. 24. All ships coming here with immigrants will enjoy all the -possible exemptions of taxes. - -Art. 25. As a compensation to the anterior article, the immigrants -bound for the Oriental Republic will enjoy on board the ships the -very same treatment, as regards the food, lodging and comfort, as the -immigrants going to other ports in the River Plate. - -Art 33. A special inspector shall look carefully over the gratuitous -disembarking of the immigrants and their luggage. - -Art. 34. He will accompany them until they be put into possession -of their luggage, taking good care lest any one should ask them any -retribution in the "Immigrants' Hotel." - -Art. 36. In case of serious illness, contracted during the journey, -their lodging, maintenance and medical assistance shall be at the -expenses of the State, even if the eight days granted by the law have -passed. - -Articles 37, 38 and 40, inclusive, stipulate that the Immigration -and Agricultural Board shall attend to all the necessities of the -national industry by placing all the immigrants who will submit -themselves to this law: That it will note down in a special register -the names of all workmen, ploughmen, etc., in search of work; that -it will by all means try to place them advantageously; that it will -mediate, if it be required, in all contracts, and take good care lest -the patrons should not observe them faithfully. - -In no case at all shall the Immigration and Agricultural Board -receive any commission or retribution whatever. - -In case it be necessary to send the immigrant over to some other -department the travel would be at the expense of the State. - - -Historical Sketch. - -(A COMPILATION.) - -Four years after the River Plate was discovered by Juan Diaz de -Solis, Hernando de Magallanes, following the same route as the -former, went up the River Plate and discovered part of the rivers -Uruguay, Guazu and Parana. But as he could not find the channel, -which, he thought, ought to lead him to the East Indies, he soon came -back and sailed southward, discovering afterwards the strait. - -In the year 1527, Sebastian Gaboto who had travelled over the Rivers -Uruguay, Parana and Paraguay, built the first fort on the coast of -the River San Salvador at a short distance from the Uruguay, so as to -defend himself against the Indians who peopled the territory that now -belongs to the Republic. - -Then began the first essays of colonization made by the Spaniards, -notwithstanding all kinds of difficulties and fights against the -Indians who, with great constance and heroism, went on defending the -land that was theirs. - -In the year 1550, Irala sends from the Asuncion a few people over to -the Oriental territory; and the first settlement is there founded, on -the banks of the river San Juan, with the name of San Juan Bautista. -Two years after the settlers gave up the place and went away, on -account of the increasing attacks of the Indians which they could not -resist. - -In the year 1574, Zarate had a new fort built in the very same place -where Gaboto in 1527 had already built one and gave it the name of -San Salvador. Two years later, the settlers had to go away for want -of resources and on account of the continuous wars with the natives. - -In the year 1624, Fray Bernardo de Guzman began founding a new -settlement, the most ancient one in the Republic, called Santo -Domingo de Soriano, two leagues distant from the mouth of the Black -River, Rio Negro. - -In 1680 was founded Colonia del Sacramento, by Don Manuel de Lobo, -the governor of Janeiro. - -In 1724 the field-marshal, Don Bruno Mauricio de Zabala, founded the -town of Montevideo. - -From that time many more towns and important settlements went on -being founded. In 1762, Villa de San Carlos, in 1763, the town of -Maldonado, in 1778, Villa de San Juan Bautista, now Santa Lucia, -1782, the settlement of Paysandu, in 1783, Minas and in 1793, Rocha. - -Early in the nineteenth century, the question of dominion was finally -settled in favor of the Spaniards; and in the mean time, in spite of -wars, the Banda Oriental was being peopled and civilization continued -to advance. In the central districts, as well as on the coasts of -the Atlantic and of the large rivers, the Spaniards had founded many -small towns and ports, the most important of which was Montevideo. - -In the early days of the Spanish settlements in these regions, the -whole of the River Plate district was included in the Viceroyalty -of Peru. Subsequently a separate viceroyalty was created in Buenos -Ayres and the Banda Oriental, which had been subject to the Colonial -Government of Paraguay, was transferred to that of Buenos Ayres. At -the beginning of the century, Montevideo was ruled by a military and -political governor appointed by the Crown of Spain. Since the year -1730, Montevideo had a _Cabildo_ or Municipality. - -Soriano, Maldonado, Colonia and other places were subject to -military commands and also had their own cabildos. The population -of Montevideo was then about 15,000 inhabitants; the same number of -people existed in the interior of the province. - -At the beginning of the century Montevideo already possessed a -gratuitous school, paid by private persons, and also primary schools, -under the care of friars of the Order of St. Francis; it had a -comedy hall, had finished giving names to all its streets, and -established the light service in the principal ones; and its cabildo -or municipality, listening to the proposals made by the Governor -Bustamante y Guerra, was already thinking of providing the town -with a good hygiene service, with pavement, with causeways, with a -regular drinkable water service, with a public washing place, with -a complete service for the cleaning and conservation of the port, -with the building of bridges over the Miguelete, Paso del Molino and -Arroyo Seco, designing for the public municipal service the amount -of $47,600, which would be taken from the product of the cattle -outbidding sales for the slaughterhouses during the years 5th and 6th. - -Undoubtedly the administration of the Governors Bustamante y Guerra -and Ruiz Huidobio was an era of prosperity for Montevideo (1797 to -1807). Uruguay had lived under despotism until those governors came -and raised it to the very rank it deserved by its topographical -position and natural riches. - -Such was the situation of Montevideo when took place the English -invasions in the River Plate. - -On the 27th of June, 1806, Buenos Ayres fell to the power of the -expedition commanded by Berresford and Popham. - -Montevideo, with all its war elements and all the popular elements -enrolled in the very moment, succeeded in reconquering Buenos Ayres. -The first English invasion was repelled. A new attack of the English -gave as a result the taking of Montevideo after a furious fight on -the 3d of February, 1807. - -Seven months later the English had to withdraw from Montevideo after -the defeat suffered in Buenos Ayres by General Whitelock, who, on -capitulating, had to surrender Montevideo and all other places -occupied by his troops. - -On the 25th of May, 1810, the people in Buenos Ayres gave the -first decisive step for the conquering of the independence of this -continent. - -The Governor and Municipality of Montevideo did not join then the -movement. - -The Junta or Revolutionary Committee, established in Buenos Ayres, -sends regular troops to the Banda Oriental. General Don Jose G. -Artigas commands the Oriental troops. - -After various encounters and fights that were all favorable to the -Revolution, the Spanish power was forever destroyed in the River -Plate, on the 23d of June, 1814. - -General Artigas does all he can that the Banda Oriental be one of the -confederate provinces among the united ones of the River Plate. There -occur some difficulties and the general government is obliged to -surrender Montevideo, and the troops retire on the 23d of February, -1815. - -The Portuguese, who greedily sought after possessing this territory, -invades it then with a powerful army. Fortune is first favorable -to them; and, on the 20th of January, 1817, General Lecor takes -possession of Montevideo and other places, giving to the Banda -Oriental the name of Cisplatine State (Estado Cisplatino). - -The Brazilians part from the crown of Portugal, and after they have -declared themselves independent the new Cisplatine state becomes a -dependence of the Brazilian empire, the troops of which enter into -Montevideo on the 28th of February, 1824, and take possession of the -whole land. - -Some emigrated Orientals, residing in Buenos Ayres, do all that they -possibly can so as to conquer again their independence and native -country. - -They join the few elements they can dispose of and on the 19th of -April, 1825, thirty-three fearless patriots, under the command of -the Oriental General D. Juan Antonio Lavalleja, tread the shore of -the Agraciada, near Nueva Palmira, and with the device, "_Libertad o -Muerte_" (Liberty or Death), written on the national flag, begin the -heroic campaign--the liberating expedition to which the whole country -joins. - -The first encounters were favorable to the Oriental arms. General -Lavalleja convokes the people for the electing of Deputies, and in -the Villa de la Florida establishes itself the Deputy Chamber, which, -on the 25th of August, 1825, sanctions--giving the strength of a -law--the Declaration of the Independence of the River Plate Oriental -Province. - -The Brazilians complain to the Argentine government on account of the -decided protection it had given to the Oriental Revolution, and a war -ensues between both nations that obliges the Argentines to send an -auxiliary army to this territory. - -The struggle went on, being a series of victories for the united -republican arms: the Imperial power was defeated, the last encounter, -that put that memorable campaign to an end, taking place in Bacacay. -Negotiations of peace were undertaken, and on the 27th of August, -1828, the preliminary treaty was signed, by which the Oriental -Province of Uruguay was declared sovereign and independent. - -A provisional government was appointed and, after the country had -recovered peace and quiet, a constituent and legislative Assembly was -elected which compiled and published the Constitution that nowadays -is still ruling, and that was solemnly sworn amid the greatest -popular joy on the 18th of July, 1830. - -It was at this period that a man rose into note in the Argentine -Confederation who was destined to exercise an overshadowing and -pernicious influence on both sides of the River Plate. In 1829 Don -Juan Manuel Rosas became Governor of Buenos Ayres. Possessed of -great capacity he maintained tranquility in his native province and -extended his sway over the neighboring states of the Confederation; -but his system of government was despotic, and his rule was for some -years one of sanguinary terror. His intervention in the intestine -quarrels of the Republic of Uruguay, and his attempt to close the -River Parana to foreign vessels, led him into hostilities with -England and France, whose joint naval squadrons protected Montevideo -from his attacks by sea, whilst his troops and their Oriental allies, -under General Oribe, besieged the city. The siege of Montevideo by -the _Blancos_ or _Whites_, as the Oriental partizans of Oribe were -called, continued for nine years, and for that period, from 1843 to -1851, the history of the Republic of Uruguay is the history of the -defence of Montevideo. - -The defence concluded with a treaty of peace on the 8th of October, -1851, in which it was declared that there were neither conquered or -conquerors. - -On the 3rd of February in the following year, Rosas himself was -completely overthrown at Monte Caseros, near Buenos Ayres, by the -combined forces of Brazil, Oriental Republic and the Argentines in -revolt under the governor of Entre Rios General Justo Jose Urquiza, -the commander-in-chief of the allied army. From that date, when the -normal intercourse of Montevideo with Buenos Ayres and the riverain -ports of the Uruguay and Parana, as well as with the interior of -the Republic itself and with Brazil, was resumed, the Oriental -Republic may be said to have recommenced its national existence. -Whilst her material progress has continued with little intermission, -her political history during the last thirty or forty years has -been again chequered by many internal troubles and domestic events, -one too recent, the others too insignificant to be included in -the present historical sketch. But the old parties, _Blanco_ and -_Colorado_, have long since been transformed; and at the same time -that new rivalries and new parties were coming out, the hatreds and -exclusive passions of the ancient times have all disappeared; the -constant communication with Europe, and the general influence of a -newer education and of different ideas is permeating all classes -in the capital, and gradually extending to the rural districts, -where foreigners are introducing the habits and industrial methods -of European countries: all which, owing to the national culture -and civilization permits to count for the future with a complete -stability in the institutions and government of the country, this -stability being the strongest wish of all the parties, whilst it is -also the best and most solid warranty of the progress and increase of -the Oriental Republic of Uruguay. - -[Illustration: CARTA GEOGRAFICA] - - * * * * * - -Transcriber's note: - -"++ PLEASE NOTE MAP." The ++indicates the hand symbol with finger -pointing right. - -Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_). - -Small capital text has been replaced with all capitals. - -Variations in spelling, punctuation and hyphenation have been -retained except in obvious cases of typographical error. - -The cover for the eBook version of this book was created by the -transcriber and is placed in the public domain. - -Page 16: "1891 104,945 8,74 291". There is a missing digit - the -transcriber has added "5" to make 8,745. - -Page 25: The transcriber has supplied the closing round bracket in -the following: The plantations are 80 hectares, planted with vines -(the plants are 2 and 3 years old); three millions of vine-shoot ... - -Page 25: The ^ followed by a number indicates a superscripted number. -Example: 1^m 80 high, by 0^m thick. - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of The Oriental Republic of Uruguay at -the World's Columbian Exhibition, Chicago, 1893, by Carlos Maria de Pena and Honore Roustan - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK ORIENTAL REPUBLIC OF URUGUAY *** - -***** This file should be named 42879.txt or 42879.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/4/2/8/7/42879/ - -Produced by Adrian Mastronardi, Julia Neufeld and the -Online Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net -(This file was produced from images generously made -available by The Internet Archive/American Libraries.) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions -will be renamed. - -Creating the works from public domain print editions means that no -one owns a United States copyright in these works, so the Foundation -(and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United States without -permission and without paying copyright royalties. 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