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| author | nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org> | 2025-04-03 07:21:21 -0700 |
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| committer | nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org> | 2025-04-03 07:21:21 -0700 |
| commit | 965631bf6ad29f1187ac44cd2a51b7d3682e72dd (patch) | |
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| parent | 585ed86ac1527a62e5b85f538fec588dd039de12 (diff) | |
| -rw-r--r-- | 46904-0.txt | 5 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | 46904-h/46904-h.htm | 4069 |
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diff --git a/46904-0.txt b/46904-0.txt index 941afa4..a00ab82 100644 --- a/46904-0.txt +++ b/46904-0.txt @@ -1277,7 +1277,7 @@ the vagrancy problem. To quote from one only:-- "Another aspect of vagrancy, peculiar to rural districts, is the sense of insecurity which is created in the minds of people living in remote localities. Sometimes methods of threats and intimidation are - resorted to to enforce demands when it is safe to do so. Truculent and + resorted to enforce demands when it is safe to do so. Truculent and insubordinate, as is proved by his frequent appearances before the magistrates for refusing to perform his allotted task, he is a burden to the community, and a nuisance alike to the police and to the Poor @@ -8319,9 +8319,6 @@ to propose to the State Police Authority the prolongation of the term of detention. - - - End of Project Gutenberg's The Vagrancy Problem., by William Harbutt Dawson *** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 46904 *** diff --git a/46904-h/46904-h.htm b/46904-h/46904-h.htm index 674b7e6..fe0293d 100644 --- a/46904-h/46904-h.htm +++ b/46904-h/46904-h.htm @@ -1,17 +1,9 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" - "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> -<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en"> +<!DOCTYPE html> +<html lang="en"> <head> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=UTF-8" /> - <meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" /> - <title> - The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Vagrancy Problem, by William Harbutt Dawson. - </title> - - <link rel="coverpage" href="images/cover.jpg"/> - - - <style type="text/css"> + <meta charset="utf-8"><title>The Vagrancy Problem | Project Gutenberg</title> + <link rel="coverpage" href="images/cover.jpg"> + <style> body { margin-left: 10%; @@ -138,21 +130,21 @@ p.author {text-align: right; margin-right: 3em;} <body> <div>*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 46904 ***</div> -<hr class="chap" /> +<hr class="chap" > -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_i" id="Page_i">[Pg i]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_i">[Pg i]</a></span></p> - <h1>THE VAGRANCY PROBLEM<br /><br /> + <h1>THE VAGRANCY PROBLEM<br ><br > - <small>THE CASE FOR MEASURES OF RESTRAINT<br /> - FOR<br /> - TRAMPS, LOAFERS, AND<br /> + <small>THE CASE FOR MEASURES OF RESTRAINT<br > + FOR<br > + TRAMPS, LOAFERS, AND<br > UNEMPLOYABLES</small>:</h1> - <p class="ph2">With a Study of Continental Detention Colonies and<br /> + <p class="ph2">With a Study of Continental Detention Colonies and<br > Labour Houses.</p> @@ -160,22 +152,22 @@ p.author {text-align: right; margin-right: 3em;} <p class="ph4">WILLIAM HARBUTT DAWSON</p> - <p class="center">Author of "The Evolution of Modern Germany,"<br /> - "German Socialism and Ferdinand Lassalle,"<br /> - "Prince Bismarck and State Socialism,"<br /> + <p class="center">Author of "The Evolution of Modern Germany,"<br > + "German Socialism and Ferdinand Lassalle,"<br > + "Prince Bismarck and State Socialism,"<br > "The German Workman," etc., etc.</p> - <p class="center">London:<br /> - P. S. KING & SON,<br /> - ORCHARD HOUSE, WESTMINSTER.<br /> + <p class="center">London:<br > + P. S. KING & SON,<br > + ORCHARD HOUSE, WESTMINSTER.<br > 1910</p> -<hr class="full" /> +<hr class="full" > -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ii" id="Page_ii">[Pg ii]</a><br /><a name="Page_iii" id="Page_iii">[Pg iii]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_ii">[Pg ii]</a><br ><a id="Page_iii">[Pg iii]</a></span></p> @@ -198,18 +190,18 @@ too, is a nightmare, the instant you begin to <i>stir</i> under it, the <i>evil</i> is, properly speaking, gone.'"—<i>Thomas Carlyle</i>, "Chartism."</p> -<hr class="chap" /> +<hr class="chap" > -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_iv" id="Page_iv">[Pg iv]</a><br /><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[Pg v]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_iv">[Pg iv]</a><br ><a id="Page_v">[Pg v]</a></span></p> -<h2><a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS">CONTENTS</a></h2> +<h2><a id="CONTENTS">CONTENTS</a></h2> -<table class="auto centered" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="CONTENTS"> +<table class="auto centered" style="border: none; padding: 1px;"> <tr> @@ -300,12 +292,12 @@ too, is a nightmare, the instant you begin to <i>stir</i> under it, the -<hr class="chap" /> +<hr class="chap" > -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_vi" id="Page_vi">[Pg vi]</a><br /><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[Pg vii]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_vi">[Pg vi]</a><br ><a id="Page_vii">[Pg vii]</a></span></p> -<h2><a name="INTRODUCTION" id="INTRODUCTION">INTRODUCTION.</a></h2> +<h2><a id="INTRODUCTION">INTRODUCTION.</a></h2> <p>There is growing evidence that English public opinion is not only @@ -319,7 +311,7 @@ deny the accusation nor altogether needful to resent it. Yet while this cautiousness protects us against the evil results of precipitancy and gives balance to our public life, a rough sort of organic unity to our corporate institutions and a certain degree of continuity to -our political and social policies, it has also disadvantages, and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_viii" id="Page_viii">[Pg viii]</a></span> one +our political and social policies, it has also disadvantages, and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_viii">[Pg viii]</a></span> one of the chief of these is that it has a tendency to perpetuate hoary anomalies and to maintain in galvanic and artificial life theories of public action which are hopelessly ineffectual and effete, if we would @@ -336,7 +328,7 @@ and moving rather rapidly. A few years ago it was still accepted as an axiom by all but a handful of sociologists—men for the most part regarded as amiable faddists, whose eccentric notions it was, indeed, quite fashionable to listen to with a certain indulgent charity, but -unwise to receive seriously—that there was really only one<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">[Pg ix]</a></span> way of +unwise to receive seriously—that there was really only one<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_ix">[Pg ix]</a></span> way of dealing with the tramp, and that was the way of the Poor Law. That this was also the rational way was proved by the fact that it had been inherited from our forefathers, and who were we that we should impugn @@ -354,7 +346,7 @@ can be shown to be equal to the task.</p> writer's hands, but a few words as to its genesis may not be out of place. It is now some twenty years since I first directed attention to the Continental method of treating vagrants and loafers in Detention -Colonies and Labour Houses. Repeated visits to in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">[Pg x]</a></span>stitutions of this +Colonies and Labour Houses. Repeated visits to in<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_x">[Pg x]</a></span>stitutions of this kind, both in Germany and Switzerland, together with active work as a Poor Law Guardian, only served to deepen my conviction that prolonged disciplinary treatment is the true remedy for the social parasite whose @@ -371,7 +363,7 @@ proposals advanced were further elaborated. These proposals attracted great attention at the time; in particular they were discussed by many of the leading London and provincial journals, and it was encouraging and significant that while the novelty of the ideas put forward was -admitted, they were all<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xi" id="Page_xi">[Pg xi]</a></span> but unanimously endorsed by the Press and +admitted, they were all<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_xi">[Pg xi]</a></span> but unanimously endorsed by the Press and by Poor Law authorities. It is desirable to say that the first three chapters of the present book are based on, and to a large extent embody, these writings of ten years ago, though much illustrative @@ -388,7 +380,7 @@ which has been dealt with in that humane law the Children Act of 1908.</p> <p>As a result of the more serious attention given to the vagrancy question at that time, the President of the Local Government Board -in 1904 appointed a Departmental Committee of Inquiry, before which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xii" id="Page_xii">[Pg xii]</a></span> +in 1904 appointed a Departmental Committee of Inquiry, before which<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_xii">[Pg xii]</a></span> I was invited to give evidence. The reader who takes up this book is strongly urged to study the Report of the Departmental Committee as well; it is a most able exposition of the vagrancy problem by serious @@ -405,7 +397,7 @@ carrying out the methods whose feasibility we are still discussing.</p> from the new school of Poor Law reformers. The publication of the Reports of the Poor Law Commission begins a new era in the history of public relief. The realisation of a constructive policy so large and -fundamental<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xiii" id="Page_xiii">[Pg xiii]</a></span> as that which the Commissioners have put forward will +fundamental<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_xiii">[Pg xiii]</a></span> as that which the Commissioners have put forward will probably prove to be the work of many years; yet whether our advance on the lines suggested be fast or slow, it must be obvious to everyone that the question of Poor Law reform is now a living one, and cannot @@ -422,7 +414,7 @@ unemployables are to be treated more systematically and more humanely in the future than they have been in the past, it will be impossible to withhold from the loafers the special attention which they need.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xiv" id="Page_xiv">[Pg xiv]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_xiv">[Pg xiv]</a></span></p> <p>Although the subject of vagrancy is necessarily approached in these pages from the standpoint of repression, I should feel that my advocacy @@ -439,7 +431,7 @@ houses of call offering on the easiest possible terms accommodation superior to that of the shelter, the doss-house, or even the so-called model lodging-house. This is done on a large scale in Germany and Switzerland, and it is little creditable to us as an industrial nation -that we are so behindhand in a matter of such great social<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xv" id="Page_xv">[Pg xv]</a></span> importance. +that we are so behindhand in a matter of such great social<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_xv">[Pg xv]</a></span> importance. The new system of labour registries, by increasing the mobility of labour, will probably help to bring home to the public mind the need for these wayfarers' hostels. With co-operation on the part of public @@ -453,21 +445,21 @@ should not prove deterrent, while the advantage would be incalculable.</p> <p class="author">W. H. D. </p> -<hr class="chap" /> +<hr class="chap" > -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_xvi" id="Page_xvi">[Pg xvi]</a><br /><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_xvi">[Pg xvi]</a><br ><a id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p> -<h2><br /><br /><a name="THE" id="THE">THE VAGRANCY PROBLEM.</a><br /><br /></h2> +<h2><br ><br ><a id="THE">THE VAGRANCY PROBLEM.</a><br ><br ></h2> -<hr class="chap" /> -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_I" id="CHAPTER_I">CHAPTER I.</a></h2> +<hr class="chap" > +<h2><a id="CHAPTER_I">CHAPTER I.</a></h2> <p class="ph3">THE PROBLEM STATED.</p> @@ -485,7 +477,7 @@ retaliatory aspect of imprisonment made subsidiary to the reformative, or at least he would give to the latter greater prominence than it receives at present.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span></p> <p>Now that concerted endeavours are being made to place both Poor Law and Prison in the crucible, with a view to recasting them in new and @@ -514,7 +506,7 @@ end, the unmitigated vagabond, who lives by begging and blackmailing and pillaging.</p> <p>(2) There is also the settled, resident loafer—an urban type in the -main, though the country<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span> village knows him likewise—who haunts the +main, though the country<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span> village knows him likewise—who haunts the streets year in year out from morning till evening, living no one knows how, and whose only purpose in life might seem to be to offer disproof in his own obtrusive person of that saying of Adam Smith: "As it is @@ -539,7 +531,7 @@ promiscuous, illegitimate, and irresponsible maternity amongst the lowest class of society should shock the sense and excite the alarm of all who are concerned for the moral and mental health of the race.</p> -<p>The idlers of the first two classes keep<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span> themselves most persistently +<p>The idlers of the first two classes keep<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span> themselves most persistently before the public gaze, but in any legislative treatment of their shortcomings it is desirable that the other types should not be overlooked, and in these pages the problem of the loafer is viewed as a @@ -564,7 +556,7 @@ vicious kind.</p> <p>It is only by the veriest abuse of the modern theory of personal liberty that the Legislature, which is not slow to restrict the free action of its citizens in so many ways, has hitherto thrown a paternal -and protecting arm over the loafer and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span> the wastrel. For several +and protecting arm over the loafer and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span> the wastrel. For several generations we have done little but pet and coddle the loafer; we have treated his constitutional laziness not as the personal vice and social crime which it is, but as a venial weakness to be excused and indulged, @@ -589,16 +581,16 @@ his demands.</p> of our Poor Laws drew a very clear distinction between the normal poor—the "aged, poor, and impotent persons compelled to live by alms," as they are described in the Act of 1530—and the idle beggar and -vagabond. While provision was made for the due relief of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span> former, +vagabond. While provision was made for the due relief of the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span> former, penal measures were consistently directed against the latter.[1] And -when such methods of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span> repression as the felon irons, the stocks, the +when such methods of<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span> repression as the felon irons, the stocks, the whip, serfage, and transportation no longer commended themselves to the public conscience, there remained the method of summary despatch home to the town or village of legal domicile in the custody of zealous parish constables who relieved the monotony of their dignified calling with many a pleasurable jaunt over country in those old leisurely days. But the noteworthy thing about the old laws against vagrants -is that their uniform purpose—<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span>whatever their effect—was not the +is that their uniform purpose—<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span>whatever their effect—was not the mere restriction of this class within due numerical bounds, or the regulation of its movements within decorous limits of liberty, but its absolute extinction. In those brave days the idea of maintaining the @@ -622,7 +614,7 @@ regards as "rogues and vagabonds" such persons wandering abroad and lodging in any barn or outhouse, or in any deserted or unoccupied building, or in the open air or under a tent or in any cart or waggon, not having any visible means of subsistence, and not giving a good -account of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span> themselves, and the penalty is imprisonment with labour +account of<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span> themselves, and the penalty is imprisonment with labour for a period not exceeding three calendar months, though on a second conviction such offenders may be imprisoned with hard labour as long as one year.</p> @@ -647,7 +639,7 @@ the most experienced of Prison Commissioners; yet the view which most commonly prevails in the police courts is that so long as the itinerant mendicant is sent on his way, and is thus got safely out of the district, expedience if not justice is satisfied. To be fair to our -justices,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span> it should be remembered that this blind-eyed administration +justices,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span> it should be remembered that this blind-eyed administration of the law is no modern innovation. It is really only a survival of the ancient custom, already alluded to, of harrying vagabonds from parish to parish—often after a rigorous application of the whip, but @@ -671,7 +663,7 @@ in the trade of begging will never, unless compelled, fall to industry."</p> <p>As for the casual ward itself, it was to a large extent an accident of legislation, and certainly it was not contemplated when the Poor -Law was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> reformed in 1834. The great constructive measure of that +Law was<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> reformed in 1834. The great constructive measure of that year, introducing the existing type of workhouse, made no reference to vagrants. The Act presupposed only the relief by the new Boards of Guardians of the settled poor. "But," the Departmental Committee on @@ -691,8 +683,8 @@ the applicant might belong to a distant parish. They stated that it was the duty of the relieving officer to relieve casually destitute wayfarers and of the workhouse master to admit such cases to the workhouse. These cases were distinguished from beggars by profession, -who were to be dealt with under the Vagrancy Act of 1824."<a name="FNanchor_2_2" id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> In 1838 -the Commissioners issued<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> instructions to the Boards of Guardians in +who were to be dealt with under the Vagrancy Act of 1824."<a id="FNanchor_2_2"></a><a href="#Footnote_2_2" class="fnanchor">[2]</a> In 1838 +the Commissioners issued<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> instructions to the Boards of Guardians in the Metropolis pointing out their duties in regard to the relief of the casually destitute, and suggesting the adoption of arrangements for securing the performance by them of task work, and the following @@ -715,7 +707,7 @@ to prescribe a task of work for persons relieved in the workhouse "in return for the food and lodging afforded," though no one was to be detained against his will for more than four hours after breakfast on the morning following admission, which meant that the casual might -do little or much, according to his whim.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> The same year the Poor +do little or much, according to his whim.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> The same year the Poor Law Commissioners ordered the setting apart of separate wards for casuals, prescribed special diet for them, and regulated the task-work system. Meantime, the vagrant proved himself more and more the master @@ -738,7 +730,7 @@ relieving officers for vagrants, and (3) the adoption of a system of passes and certificates (restricted as to time and route) to be issued "by some proper authority" to persons actually in search of work. The first two of these recommendations were widely acted upon, though lack -of uniformity in policy seriously<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> hampered the efforts of those Boards +of uniformity in policy seriously<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> hampered the efforts of those Boards of Guardians which honestly tried to do their duty.</p> <p>Of the later measures introduced in the vain hope of checking vagrancy @@ -764,7 +756,7 @@ that nearly all cases are urgent.</p> <p>Considering now the extent of the vagrant population, using the term in its wider signification, and not confining it to the casual -paupers<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span><a name="FNanchor_3_3" id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> who are particularly enumerated in Poor Law statistics, +paupers<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span><a id="FNanchor_3_3"></a><a href="#Footnote_3_3" class="fnanchor">[3]</a> who are particularly enumerated in Poor Law statistics, the admission must be made at the outset that the data available are very inconclusive. It seems desirable first to call attention to the limitations of strictly official information on the subject. Since 1848 @@ -791,11 +783,11 @@ numbers, however, the Local Government Board state:—</p> as relieved on January 1, 1909. The total number relieved on the night of January 1, was 9,747. To what extent the former totals include twice over persons who received relief in more than one union on the -same day is not ascertainable, and it is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> possible that the total of +same day is not ascertainable, and it is<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> possible that the total of the paupers relieved on the night of January 1, although omitting many casual paupers who, after their discharge from the workhouse in the morning, did not again have recourse to the Poor Law on the same day, -is the more reliable."<a name="FNanchor_4_4" id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a></p></blockquote> +is the more reliable."<a id="FNanchor_4_4"></a><a href="#Footnote_4_4" class="fnanchor">[4]</a></p></blockquote> <p>That the vagrant population, even enumerated in this partial manner, is increasing is shown by the following table, showing for a period of ten @@ -803,15 +795,15 @@ years the number of casuals relieved during day and night on January 1:—</p> -<table class="lined" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="Casual Paupers Relieved."> +<table class="lined" style="border: none; padding: 1px;"> <colgroup> -<col width="20%" /> -<col width="20%" /> -<col width="10%" /> -<col width="20%" /> -<col width="10%" /> +<col style="width: 20%" > +<col style="width: 20%" > +<col style="width: 10%" > +<col style="width: 20%" > +<col style="width: 10%" > </colgroup> @@ -821,8 +813,8 @@ years the number of casuals relieved during day and night on January <td colspan="4" class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot center">Casual Paupers Relieved.</td> </tr> <tr> -<td colspan="2" class="bor_bot right">At any time<br />during January 1.</td> -<td colspan="2" class="bor_bot right">On the night of<br />January 1.</td> +<td colspan="2" class="bor_bot right">At any time<br >during January 1.</td> +<td colspan="2" class="bor_bot right">On the night of<br >January 1.</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -849,33 +841,33 @@ years the number of casuals relieved during day and night on January </tr> <tr> <td>1903</td> -<td class="bor_left right">14,475</td> -<td class="bor_left right">8,266</td> +<td class="bor_left right">14,475</td> +<td class="bor_left right">8,266</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1904</td> -<td class="bor_left right">15,634</td> -<td class="bor_left right">8,519</td> +<td class="bor_left right">15,634</td> +<td class="bor_left right">8,519</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1905</td> -<td class="bor_left right">17,524</td> -<td class="bor_left right">9,768</td> +<td class="bor_left right">17,524</td> +<td class="bor_left right">9,768</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1906</td> -<td class="bor_left right">16,823</td> -<td class="bor_left right">9,708</td> +<td class="bor_left right">16,823</td> +<td class="bor_left right">9,708</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1907</td> -<td class="bor_left right">14,957</td> -<td class="bor_left right">8,346</td> +<td class="bor_left right">14,957</td> +<td class="bor_left right">8,346</td> </tr> <tr> <td>1908</td> -<td class="bor_left right">17,083</td> -<td class="bor_left right">10,436</td> +<td class="bor_left right">17,083</td> +<td class="bor_left right">10,436</td> </tr> </table> @@ -884,7 +876,7 @@ years the number of casuals relieved during day and night on January <p>It would appear from these figures that a certain relationship exists between vagrancy and trade cycles. Of the years of maximum vagrancy, 1904, 1905, and 1908 were years of more or less acute unemployment, -while those of minimum vagrancy, 1900, 1901, and 1902, were years of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span> +while those of minimum vagrancy, 1900, 1901, and 1902, were years of<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span> good or fairly good trade. That the fact of an inter-relationship between vagrancy and the state of trade cannot be pressed unduly, however, is proved by the comparatively narrow limits within which, @@ -901,17 +893,17 @@ than the number who call at the workhouses. As to this the testimony of Poor Law Inspectors and all who have studied the vagrancy question at close quarters is unanimous. "A very large number, probably the majority, of vagrants seldom come to the vagrant wards," wrote Mr. J. -S. Davy, as Poor Law Inspector for Sussex, Kent, and part of Surrey.<a name="FNanchor_5_5" id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> +S. Davy, as Poor Law Inspector for Sussex, Kent, and part of Surrey.<a id="FNanchor_5_5"></a><a href="#Footnote_5_5" class="fnanchor">[5]</a> "It ought to be remembered," says another Inspector, "that the vagrants admitted to the vagrant wards represent only a very small percentage of -the vagrants of the country."<a name="FNanchor_6_6" id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a></p> +the vagrants of the country."<a id="FNanchor_6_6"></a><a href="#Footnote_6_6" class="fnanchor">[6]</a></p> <p>The Departmental Committee on Vagrancy of 1904 endorse this view:—</p> <blockquote> <p>"The returns of pauperism published annually by the Local Government -Board give figures relating to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> casual paupers, that is, vagrants +Board give figures relating to<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span> casual paupers, that is, vagrants relieved in casual wards, but these represent only a small portion of the total number of vagrants.... The vagrant is to be found in many places—on the road, in casual wards, common lodging houses, public @@ -919,7 +911,7 @@ or charitable shelters, and prisons, besides which he has many other resorts, such as barns, brickworks, etc. Then, again, the number of homeless wayfarers varies greatly from time to time, and at different periods of the year, owing to conditions of trade, the state of the -weather, or the attraction of seasonal employments."<a name="FNanchor_7_7" id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></p></blockquote> +weather, or the attraction of seasonal employments."<a id="FNanchor_7_7"></a><a href="#Footnote_7_7" class="fnanchor">[7]</a></p></blockquote> <p>Although a simultaneous census of the entire vagrant population has never been taken, certain data exist which furnish the basis for at @@ -937,7 +929,7 @@ good to-day the number of vagrants of all kinds, based on the mean of the known number of casual paupers on January 1 of the five years 1904-8, viz., 9,355, would be about 56,000.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span></p> <p>(2) In the county of Gloucester a count has been made for many years on a night of April of the numbers sleeping in casual wards and in common @@ -949,7 +941,7 @@ whole country the number of vagrants per thousand of the population of Gloucestershire, the nomad army would be shown to be 30,000. It should be remembered, however, that Gloucestershire is a county of small towns, and lies away from the great streams of population; hence it -should not feel the full effect of the vagrant movement.<a name="FNanchor_8_8" id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a></p> +should not feel the full effect of the vagrant movement.<a id="FNanchor_8_8"></a><a href="#Footnote_8_8" class="fnanchor">[8]</a></p> <p>(3) An enumeration made on March 17, 1905, by the chief constable of Northumberland, by means of police officers placed at the most @@ -958,7 +950,7 @@ a.m. and 7 p.m. gave a total of 300 (exclusive of Newcastle and Tynemouth), equal to about 1 per 1,000 of the population of the area covered. On this basis he placed the number of vagrants in England and Wales at 36,000. Here the omission of two important towns largely -invalidates computation; their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> inclusion would unquestionably give a +invalidates computation; their<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> inclusion would unquestionably give a much higher ratio.</p> <p>(4) A careful census of vagrants, beggars, migratory poor, etc., is @@ -971,15 +963,15 @@ or about pits, brick and other works. The two counts of 1908 gave the following result:—</p> -<table class="lined" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="A careful census of vagrants"> +<table class="lined" style="border: none; padding: 1px;"> <colgroup> -<col width="40%" /> -<col width="10%" /> -<col width="10%" /> -<col width="10%" /> -<col width="10%" /> +<col style="width: 40%" > +<col style="width: 10%" > +<col style="width: 10%" > +<col style="width: 10%" > +<col style="width: 10%" > </colgroup> @@ -1020,7 +1012,7 @@ of London, made by the London County Council on the night of January lodging-houses and shelters, of whom 10 per cent. were supposed to belong to the vagrant class. This would give a total of 5,462 vagrants as follows:—homeless (sleeping out and walking the streets), 2,088; -in casual wards, 1,188; in common lodging-houses and shelters, 2,186;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> +in casual wards, 1,188; in common lodging-houses and shelters, 2,186;<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> total, 5,462. As the population of the administrative County of London at the date named was estimated at 4,795,757, this total is equal to a ratio of 1.14 per 1,000 of the population. The same ratio for England @@ -1052,16 +1044,16 @@ of 36,000 comes about mid-way between the two estimates given above."</p></block of the Departmental Committee on Vagrancy on the night of July 7, 1905, by the various police forces in England and Wales of persons without a settled home or visible means of subsistence: (<i>a</i>) in common -lodging-houses; and (<i>b</i>) elsewhere than in common<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> lodging-houses or +lodging-houses; and (<i>b</i>) elsewhere than in common<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> lodging-houses or casual wards. The result was as follows:—</p> -<table class="lined" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="A final estimate"> +<table class="lined" style="border: none; padding: 1px;"> <colgroup> -<col width="5%" /> -<col width="50%" /> -<col width="5%" /> +<col style="width: 5%" > +<col style="width: 50%" > +<col style="width: 5%" > </colgroup> @@ -1085,13 +1077,13 @@ casual wards. The result was as follows:—</p> <p>These totals were made up of:—</p> -<table class="lined" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="These totals were made up of"> +<table class="lined" style="border: none; padding: 1px;"> <colgroup> -<col width="20%" /> -<col width="4%" /> -<col width="4%" /> +<col style="width: 20%" > +<col style="width: 4%" > +<col style="width: 4%" > </colgroup> @@ -1141,13 +1133,13 @@ subsistence probably reaches, at times of trade depression, as high a total as 70,000 or 80,000, while in times of industrial activity (as in 1900) it might not exceed 30,000 or 40,000. Between these limits the number varies, affected by the conditions of trade, weather, -and economic causes. In our Inquiry<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> we are more concerned with the +and economic causes. In our Inquiry<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> we are more concerned with the habitual vagrant, that is, the class whom trade conditions do not affect. Of this class there is always an irreducible minimum, though successive depressions of trade may increasingly swell the numbers. No definite figures as to this permanent class can be obtained, but we are inclined to think that the total number would not exceed 20,000 to -30,000."<a name="FNanchor_9_9" id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a></p></blockquote> +30,000."<a id="FNanchor_9_9"></a><a href="#Footnote_9_9" class="fnanchor">[9]</a></p></blockquote> <p>It may be added that the estimates of the vagrant population made by witnesses who gave evidence before this Committee ranged from 25,000 to @@ -1169,7 +1161,7 @@ Vagrancy Committee, 3,736 out of 12,369 convicted male prisoners on February 28, 1905, were, in the opinion of the prison governors, "persons with no fixed place of abode and no regular means of subsistence"; and of 2,595 convicted female prisoners, 372 answered the -same description. In other words,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> one-fourth of the prison population +same description. In other words,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span> one-fourth of the prison population belonged at that date to the vagrant and loafing class.</p> <p>The prosecutions in England and Wales for vagrancy offences in the @@ -1177,25 +1169,25 @@ narrower sense—begging, sleeping out, misbehaviour by paupers, and theft or destruction of workhouse clothes—fluctuated as follows during the ten years 1898-1907:—</p> -<table class="width60" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="theft or destruction of workhouse clothes—fluctuated as follows"> +<table class="width60" style="border: none; padding: 1px;"> <colgroup> -<col width="10%" /> -<col width="2%" /> -<col width="10%" /> -<col width="2%" /> -<col width="10%" /> -<col width="2%" /> -<col width="10%" /> -<col width="2%" /> -<col width="10%" /> +<col style="width: 10%" > +<col style="width: 2%" > +<col style="width: 10%" > +<col style="width: 2%" > +<col style="width: 10%" > +<col style="width: 2%" > +<col style="width: 10%" > +<col style="width: 2%" > +<col style="width: 10%" > </colgroup> <tr> -<td class="bor_top bor_right bor_bot center" >Year.</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_right bor_bot center">Year.</td> <td class="bor_top bor_right bor_bot center" colspan="2"> Begging.</td> <td class="bor_top bor_right bor_bot center" colspan="2">Sleeping-out.</td> <td class="bor_top bor_right bor_bot center" colspan="2">Misdemeanour by Paupers.</td> @@ -1295,32 +1287,31 @@ almsgiving and the casual wards; and for their benefit the industrious portion of the community is heavily taxed. We are convinced that the present system of treating casual paupers neither deters the vagrant nor affords any means of reclaiming him, and we are unanimously of -opinion that a thorough reform is necessary."<a name="FNanchor_10_10" id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a></p></blockquote> +opinion that a thorough reform is necessary."<a id="FNanchor_10_10"></a><a href="#Footnote_10_10" class="fnanchor">[10]</a></p></blockquote> <p>As to the class of men who frequent the casual wards the great mass, both in town and country, are unquestionably unskilled labourers, -though<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span> nearly all trades contribute a share, larger or smaller, to +though<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span> nearly all trades contribute a share, larger or smaller, to the sum total of vagrancy. A classification of the men relieved in the casual wards of Hitchin and Brixworth during twelve months ending -September, 1906, showed the following result:—<a name="FNanchor_11_11" id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a></p> +September, 1906, showed the following result:—<a id="FNanchor_11_11"></a><a href="#Footnote_11_11" class="fnanchor">[11]</a></p> -<table class="width60" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="casual wards of Hitchin and Brixworth during twelve months ending -September, 1906, showed the following result"> +<table class="width60" style="border: none; padding: 1px;"> <colgroup> -<col width="10%" /> -<col width="2%" /> -<col width="10%" /> -<col width="2%" /> -<col width="10%" /> +<col style="width: 10%" > +<col style="width: 2%" > +<col style="width: 10%" > +<col style="width: 2%" > +<col style="width: 10%" > </colgroup> <tr> -<td class="bor_right bor_top bor_bot center" colspan="2" >Occupations.</td> +<td class="bor_right bor_top bor_bot center" colspan="2">Occupations.</td> <td class="bor_top bor_right bor_bot center" colspan="2">Hitchin.</td> <td class="bor_top bor_bot center">Brixworth.</td> </tr> @@ -1466,27 +1457,27 @@ September, 1906, showed the following result"> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span></p> <p>The following classification of the casuals admitted into the wards of -a rural union, unnamed, is published by the Poor Law Commission:—<a name="FNanchor_12_12" id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a></p> +a rural union, unnamed, is published by the Poor Law Commission:—<a id="FNanchor_12_12"></a><a href="#Footnote_12_12" class="fnanchor">[12]</a></p> -<table class="width60" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="casuals admitted into the wards"> +<table class="width60" style="border: none; padding: 1px;"> <colgroup> -<col width="10%" /> -<col width="2%" /> -<col width="10%" /> -<col width="2%" /> -<col width="10%" /> -<col width="2%" /> -<col width="10%" /> +<col style="width: 10%" > +<col style="width: 2%" > +<col style="width: 10%" > +<col style="width: 2%" > +<col style="width: 10%" > +<col style="width: 2%" > +<col style="width: 10%" > </colgroup> <tr> -<td class="bor_right bor_top bor_bot center" colspan="2" >Occupations.</td> +<td class="bor_right bor_top bor_bot center" colspan="2">Occupations.</td> <td class="bor_top bor_right bor_bot center" colspan="2">1905</td> <td class="bor_top bor_bot center" colspan="2">1906</td> <td class="bor_top bor_bot bor_left center">1907</td> @@ -1625,12 +1616,12 @@ workhouse during the period September 1 to November 12, 1904, 50 were aged and infirm, while 250 described themselves as general labourers, and 150 as tradesmen.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span></p> <p>The classification of the latter was as follows:—</p> -<table class="auto centered" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="classification of the latter was as follows"> +<table class="auto centered" style="border: none; padding: 1px;"> <tr> @@ -1702,7 +1693,7 @@ deal stranger than truth, by doubtful emotions and still more doubtful morals. Let appeal be made, however, to the trained observation of the Poor Law clerk and the weather-beaten soul of the workhouse master, and a different story will be learned. Some years ago I questioned all -the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> Poor Law authorities of Yorkshire on the subject; half the answers +the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> Poor Law authorities of Yorkshire on the subject; half the answers placed the number of the genuine work-seekers at 5 per cent. of the whole, though in special cases a much higher percentage was allowed. The Vagrancy Committee, on the evidence placed before them, estimated @@ -1735,8 +1726,8 @@ half-a-dozen labourers, to whom he would give permanent employment for 18s. a week. Six of the occupants of the casual wards professed themselves as eager to accept this offer, but, on leaving the workhouse in the morning, all but one slipped away. That one remained, -and has been earning his 18s. a week<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> ever since, but the other five -have presumably found begging more profitable."<a name="FNanchor_13_13" id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a></p></blockquote> +and has been earning his 18s. a week<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span> ever since, but the other five +have presumably found begging more profitable."<a id="FNanchor_13_13"></a><a href="#Footnote_13_13" class="fnanchor">[13]</a></p></blockquote> <p>The Local Government Board, as we have seen, have endeavoured to check vagrancy by urging Boards of Guardians to adopt the cell system, and @@ -1758,7 +1749,7 @@ and the line of least resistance in dealing with the tramp is to follow the advice of the incomparable constable Dogberry, and get him out of sight as soon as possible, thanking God that it is rid of a knave.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span></p> <p>The reports of Poor Law Inspectors have for years abounded with complaints of absence of uniformity in the treatment of vagrants and of @@ -1770,19 +1761,19 @@ recent date:—</p> <p>"While many unions have adopted the Local Government Board's suggestions, others have ignored them. It is useless for one union to take steps for driving casuals away from their workhouses simply to -plant them on others."<a name="FNanchor_14_14" id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a></p> +plant them on others."<a id="FNanchor_14_14"></a><a href="#Footnote_14_14" class="fnanchor">[14]</a></p> <p>"There is a want of uniformity as regards detention and the task of work in the various casual wards, and it is worthy of notice that at Loughborough, where the guardians, after a short trial of two nights' detention, decided to revert to a one night's detention only, the number of vagrants has increased from 10,751 in 1906 to 12,058 in -1907."<a name="FNanchor_15_15" id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a></p> +1907."<a id="FNanchor_15_15"></a><a href="#Footnote_15_15" class="fnanchor">[15]</a></p> <p>"There is a great want of uniformity in the treatment of vagrants as regards accommodation, detention, diet and tasks of work, and guardians are naturally averse to taking any action involving expense -pending legislation on the subject."<a name="FNanchor_16_16" id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a></p> +pending legislation on the subject."<a id="FNanchor_16_16"></a><a href="#Footnote_16_16" class="fnanchor">[16]</a></p> <p>"Some mitigation of the evils of vagrancy might be possible if guardians fully exercised the powers possessed by them. No uniform @@ -1793,13 +1784,13 @@ for the most part vagrants are released the following morning after admission. Here and there the regulations are enforced with beneficial results. Guardians are, perhaps, apathetic or disinclined to detain more often, because they are not enabled to deal effectively with this -class owing to insufficient<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span> accommodation. A system of two nights' +class owing to insufficient<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span> accommodation. A system of two nights' detention, combined with proper discretion and supervision on the part of the workhouse master, has generally been followed by a diminution in the number of vagrants, but an absence of any such similar practice in neighbouring unions largely defeats these good results. Vagrants simply avoid these wards, and pass on to those where the restrictions -are less severe."<a name="FNanchor_17_17" id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a></p></blockquote> +are less severe."<a id="FNanchor_17_17"></a><a href="#Footnote_17_17" class="fnanchor">[17]</a></p></blockquote> <p>As the Departmental Committee on Vagrancy say:—</p> @@ -1811,7 +1802,7 @@ the morning after admission without labour, than to detain them, and insist upon their doing the regulation task of work, and the discretion which is left to the officers with respect to the discharge of certain classes of vagrants results in a complete variety of -practice."<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a></p></blockquote> +practice."<a id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18_18" class="fnanchor">[18]</a></p></blockquote> <p>Again:—</p> @@ -1821,7 +1812,7 @@ practice."<a name="FNanchor_18_18" id="FNanchor_18_18"></a><a href="#Footnote_18 of work there is always a reduction in the number of admissions to their casual wards, but the evidence before us shows that severity of discipline in one union may merely cause the vagrants to frequent -other unions."<a name="FNanchor_19_19" id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a></p></blockquote> +other unions."<a id="FNanchor_19_19"></a><a href="#Footnote_19_19" class="fnanchor">[19]</a></p></blockquote> <p>In London, according to the evidence given before that Committee:—</p> @@ -1833,9 +1824,9 @@ casuals are working-men honestly looking for work, and there is no doubt they are, but they know where they are going to get it. When they leave, they know to what casual ward they are going, and whether they are going to break stones or pick oakum. The consequence is, that -the London vagrants flock to Poplar, Thavies Inn, and the other<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span> wards +the London vagrants flock to Poplar, Thavies Inn, and the other<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span> wards where detention and work are not enforced, or where only a light task -is given."<a name="FNanchor_20_20" id="FNanchor_20_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a></p></blockquote> +is given."<a id="FNanchor_20_20"></a><a href="#Footnote_20_20" class="fnanchor">[20]</a></p></blockquote> <p>All experience shows that the frequency with which vagrants visit given parts of the country is in exact proportion to the comfort or otherwise @@ -1846,7 +1837,7 @@ a witness before the Poor Law Commission.</p> <p>"The slightest relaxation with reference to the quantity or quality of food given in workhouses leads immediately to an increase of vagrants," -writes a Poor Law Inspector.<a name="FNanchor_21_21" id="FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a></p> +writes a Poor Law Inspector.<a id="FNanchor_21_21"></a><a href="#Footnote_21_21" class="fnanchor">[21]</a></p> <p>Another Inspector, explaining decreases in the numbers of vagrants in some of his districts, says:—</p> @@ -1858,13 +1849,13 @@ usual course. Where a change of master has taken place, or where gruel has been substituted for bread and water, or <i>vice versa</i>, there has frequently occurred, very rapidly, a large increase or decrease in the numbers applying for admission to the casual wards where these changes -have taken place."<a name="FNanchor_22_22" id="FNanchor_22_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a></p></blockquote> +have taken place."<a id="FNanchor_22_22"></a><a href="#Footnote_22_22" class="fnanchor">[22]</a></p></blockquote> <p>An illustration of tramp susceptibility to the attractions of the dietary is related by the Poor Law Inspector for Cumberland, Lancashire, and Westmorland, as follows:—</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span></p><blockquote> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span></p><blockquote> <p>"In 1908 ... the guardians of the Leigh Union decided in the autumn to make an improvement in the dietary at their casual wards, a @@ -1876,7 +1867,7 @@ months of the year had shown an increase of 33 per cent., as compared with 1907; in the second half of the year, the comparative increase was 164 per cent. The comparative increase for the latter half year in Lancashire as a whole was under 30 per cent., and none of the unions -adjoining Leigh showed an increase greater than 60 per cent."<a name="FNanchor_23_23" id="FNanchor_23_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a></p></blockquote> +adjoining Leigh showed an increase greater than 60 per cent."<a id="FNanchor_23_23"></a><a href="#Footnote_23_23" class="fnanchor">[23]</a></p></blockquote> <p>Only those who have had practical experience of Poor Law work know how fastidious the tramp is in the choice of his involuntary tasks. @@ -1893,7 +1884,7 @@ the master, and tried to evade it.</p> point rests upon negative grounds. Even were he an idler and a parasite and nothing worse, however, he has no claim to be tolerated. Those who tell us that vagabonds and loafers form, after all, an insignificant -pro<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span>portion of the population, and that the Poor Law holds out severer +pro<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span>portion of the population, and that the Poor Law holds out severer problems for our solution, forget or undervalue the fact that every one of these people is a centre of moral contagion. To ignore them because they are a small minority in society is just as rational as it would @@ -1922,7 +1913,7 @@ was waylaid by a tramp, who attempted to rob her. A severe struggle took place, during which the lady was viciously handled. In the end the tramp was frightened by something and decamped."</p> -<p>"At the Mansion House, a plasterer was charged<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> with vagrancy and +<p>"At the Mansion House, a plasterer was charged<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> with vagrancy and assault. On Tuesday night the prisoner knocked at the door of St. Mary Aldermary Rectory, and applied for assistance. The rector's butler, after consulting the rector, told him to go away, whereupon he struck @@ -1941,11 +1932,11 @@ the vagrancy problem. To quote from one only:—</p> <p>"Another aspect of vagrancy, peculiar to rural districts, is the sense of insecurity which is created in the minds of people living in remote localities. Sometimes methods of threats and intimidation are -resorted to to enforce demands when it is safe to do so. Truculent and +resorted to enforce demands when it is safe to do so. Truculent and insubordinate, as is proved by his frequent appearances before the magistrates for refusing to perform his allotted task, he is a burden to the community, and a nuisance alike to the police and to the Poor -Law authorities."<a name="FNanchor_24_24" id="FNanchor_24_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a></p></blockquote> +Law authorities."<a id="FNanchor_24_24"></a><a href="#Footnote_24_24" class="fnanchor">[24]</a></p></blockquote> <p>The laxity with which the law against mendicancy is enforced is notorious, and upon this question also the reports of Poor Law @@ -1953,11 +1944,11 @@ Inspectors contain interesting reading. "It is impossible," wrote Mr. J. S. Davy several years ago, "to deal adequately with the question (of vagrancy) without having regard to the mode in which the police carry out their obligations under the statute, and the action of -magistrates when<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span> vagrants are charged before them. There are obvious +magistrates when<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span> vagrants are charged before them. There are obvious difficulties in the way of the police laying too much stress either on the apprehension of beggars or the prevention of sleeping out, and these difficulties affect magistrates, who occasionally discourage the -police from proceeding against offenders under the Vagrancy Act."<a name="FNanchor_25_25" id="FNanchor_25_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a></p> +police from proceeding against offenders under the Vagrancy Act."<a id="FNanchor_25_25"></a><a href="#Footnote_25_25" class="fnanchor">[25]</a></p> <p>Another Poor Law Inspector wrote in 1906:—</p> @@ -1968,7 +1959,7 @@ unfortunate that there is so little uniformity in the sentences in Leeds. While the stipendiary magistrate gives, as a rule, lenient sentences, the West Riding magistrates deal more rigorously with those who come before them. There seem to be no fixed principles governing -the cases."<a name="FNanchor_26_26" id="FNanchor_26_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a></p></blockquote> +the cases."<a id="FNanchor_26_26"></a><a href="#Footnote_26_26" class="fnanchor">[26]</a></p></blockquote> <p>The following extract is taken from a Yorkshire newspaper of April, 1903:—</p> @@ -1988,7 +1979,7 @@ same amount, came back, and demanded another quart for 3½d. The men were sent to gaol for fourteen days each."</p></blockquote> <p>Very outrageous, of course, yet very common, and also very natural. For -given the implicit<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span> licence to beg, why not give the tramp also the +given the implicit<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span> licence to beg, why not give the tramp also the licence to spend the proceeds of begging in his own way, and if he gets drunk and is violent, is it not the fault of those who furnished the money? But "fourteen days!" There is the true irony of the incident. @@ -2010,7 +2001,7 @@ iteration of the futile penalties which are imposed upon him only confirms him in the conviction that vagrancy, mendicancy, rowdyism, and blackmailing are venial offences, the commission of which society almost takes for granted, since it has arranged that they may be -compounded<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> for upon terms so easy as to amount to open incitement to +compounded<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> for upon terms so easy as to amount to open incitement to illegality.</p> <p>"Evidence is available on all hands, both from magistrates and from @@ -2032,7 +2023,7 @@ of thirty-seven years had been sentenced to imprisonment thirty-one times in Lincolnshire, and after he had done all continued an unprofitable servant. His sentences were as follows:—</p> -<table class="auto centered" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="His sentences were as follows"> +<table class="auto centered" style="border: none; padding: 1px;"> <tr> <td>Sentence of</td> @@ -2041,31 +2032,31 @@ unprofitable servant. His sentences were as follows:—</p> <td>times</td> </tr> <tr> -<td align="center">"</td> +<td style="text-align: center;">"</td> <td>ten days</td> <td class="right">2</td> -<td align="center">"</td> +<td style="text-align: center;">"</td> </tr> <tr> -<td align="center">"</td> +<td style="text-align: center;">"</td> <td>fourteen days</td> <td class="right">9</td> -<td align="center">"</td> +<td style="text-align: center;">"</td> </tr> <tr> -<td align="center">"</td> +<td style="text-align: center;">"</td> <td>three months</td> <td class="right">12</td> -<td align="center">"</td> +<td style="text-align: center;">"</td> </tr> <tr> -<td align="center">"</td> +<td style="text-align: center;">"</td> <td>six months</td> <td class="right">1</td> -<td align="center">"</td> +<td style="text-align: center;">"</td> </tr> <tr> -<td align="center">"</td> +<td style="text-align: center;">"</td> <td>twelve months</td> <td class="right">2</td> <td class="center">"</td> @@ -2073,7 +2064,7 @@ unprofitable servant. His sentences were as follows:—</p> </table> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span></p> <p>An interesting feature of these sentences was the way in which shorter and longer sentences alternated. In another case a man of thirty years @@ -2081,7 +2072,7 @@ had been sentenced twenty-three times within five years, <i>viz.</i>, between July 14, 1898, and June 29, 1903, as follows:—</p> -<table class="auto centered" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="between July 14, 1898, and June 29, 1903, as follows"> +<table class="auto centered" style="border: none; padding: 1px;"> <tr> <td>Sentence of</td> @@ -2090,40 +2081,40 @@ between July 14, 1898, and June 29, 1903, as follows:—</p> <td>times</td> </tr> <tr> -<td align="center">"</td> +<td style="text-align: center;">"</td> <td>ten days</td> <td class="right">3</td> -<td align="center">"</td> +<td style="text-align: center;">"</td> </tr> <tr> -<td align="center">"</td> +<td style="text-align: center;">"</td> <td>fourteen days</td> <td class="right">4</td> -<td align="center">"</td> +<td style="text-align: center;">"</td> </tr> <tr> -<td align="center">"</td> +<td style="text-align: center;">"</td> <td>one month</td> <td class="right">2</td> -<td align="center">"</td> +<td style="text-align: center;">"</td> </tr> <tr> -<td align="center">"</td> +<td style="text-align: center;">"</td> <td>six weeks</td> <td class="right">1</td> -<td align="center">"</td> +<td style="text-align: center;">"</td> </tr> <tr> -<td align="center">"</td> +<td style="text-align: center;">"</td> <td>three months</td> <td class="right">5</td> -<td align="center">"</td> +<td style="text-align: center;">"</td> </tr> <tr> -<td align="center">"</td> +<td style="text-align: center;">"</td> <td>six months</td> <td class="right">2</td> -<td align="center">"</td> +<td style="text-align: center;">"</td> </tr> </table> @@ -2137,7 +2128,7 @@ punish and at the same time to improve by a continuous discipline and applied labour, cannot fulfil its object in the case of this hopeless body of men who are here to-day and gone to-morrow, and who, from long habit and custom, are hardened against such deterrent influences as a -short detention in prison may afford."<a name="FNanchor_1_1" id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></p></blockquote> +short detention in prison may afford."<a id="FNanchor_1_1"></a><a href="#Footnote_1_1" class="fnanchor">[1]</a></p></blockquote> <p>Moreover, our medical authorities are at last on the track of the tramp, and none too soon, for several recent epidemics have convinced @@ -2147,10 +2138,10 @@ of small-pox, are typical of his services to society in this respect:—</p> <blockquote> -<p><a name="FNanchor_27_27" id="FNanchor_27_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a>"A tramp who was making his way through the Lake District was +<p><a id="FNanchor_27_27"></a><a href="#Footnote_27_27" class="fnanchor">[27]</a>"A tramp who was making his way through the Lake District was found lying by the roadside near Ullswater on Sunday evening in an advanced state of smallpox. He was removed to a smallpox hospital, and -it was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> ascertained that he had been infected by another tramp, who is +it was<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> ascertained that he had been infected by another tramp, who is now in the Penrith Hospital." (<i>March 5, 1903.</i>)</p> @@ -2190,7 +2181,7 @@ must all be debited to the tramp who introduced the disease."</p></blockquote> <p>The report for 1903 of Dr. J. R. Kaye, the West Riding of Yorkshire Medical Officer of Health, stated:—</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span></p><blockquote> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span></p><blockquote> <p>"Yorkshire towns have had such a visitation of smallpox, that we read with interest the part played by the tramp genus in spreading it. Last @@ -2228,7 +2219,7 @@ legislation to deal more effectually with those resorting to common lodging-houses and workhouse tramp-wards, as a constant and dangerous element in the propagation and dissemination of smallpox."</p> -<p>The following year Dr. H. E. Armstrong,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span> Medical Officer of Health +<p>The following year Dr. H. E. Armstrong,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span> Medical Officer of Health for Newcastle-upon-Tyne, published an elaborate report on the same epidemic, based upon inquiries addressed to the Medical Officers of Health throughout the country. As a result of the epidemic, which began @@ -2248,90 +2239,89 @@ districts, and, perhaps, into two other, at least 305 times. Such secondary introductions of infection took place with the following frequency:—</p> -<table class="auto center" border="0" cellpadding="4" summary="secondary introductions of infection took place with the following -frequency"> +<table class="auto center" style="border: none; padding: 4px;"> <tr> -<td>Number of Times<br />Infection was<br />Introduced.</td> -<td>Number of<br />Districts.</td> +<td>Number of Times<br >Infection was<br >Introduced.</td> +<td>Number of<br >Districts.</td> </tr> <tr> -<td align="center">1</td> -<td align="center">11 or 12</td> +<td style="text-align: center;">1</td> +<td style="text-align: center;">11 or 12</td> </tr> <tr> -<td align="center">1 or 2</td> -<td align="center">1</td> +<td style="text-align: center;">1 or 2</td> +<td style="text-align: center;">1</td> </tr> <tr> -<td align="center">2</td> -<td align="center">11 or 12</td> +<td style="text-align: center;">2</td> +<td style="text-align: center;">11 or 12</td> </tr> <tr> -<td align="center">3</td> -<td align="center">5</td> +<td style="text-align: center;">3</td> +<td style="text-align: center;">5</td> </tr> <tr> -<td align="center">4</td> -<td align="center">5</td> +<td style="text-align: center;">4</td> +<td style="text-align: center;">5</td> </tr> <tr> -<td align="center">5</td> -<td align="center">3</td> +<td style="text-align: center;">5</td> +<td style="text-align: center;">3</td> </tr> <tr> -<td align="center">6</td> -<td align="center">3</td> +<td style="text-align: center;">6</td> +<td style="text-align: center;">3</td> </tr> <tr> -<td align="center">7</td> -<td align="center">2</td> +<td style="text-align: center;">7</td> +<td style="text-align: center;">2</td> </tr> <tr> -<td align="center">8</td> -<td align="center">7</td> +<td style="text-align: center;">8</td> +<td style="text-align: center;">7</td> </tr> <tr> -<td align="center">9</td> -<td align="center">7</td> +<td style="text-align: center;">9</td> +<td style="text-align: center;">7</td> </tr> <tr> -<td align="center">9 or 10</td> -<td align="center">7</td> +<td style="text-align: center;">9 or 10</td> +<td style="text-align: center;">7</td> </tr> <tr> -<td align="center">11</td> -<td align="center">7</td> +<td style="text-align: center;">11</td> +<td style="text-align: center;">7</td> </tr> <tr> -<td align="center">12</td> -<td align="center">7</td> +<td style="text-align: center;">12</td> +<td style="text-align: center;">7</td> </tr> <tr> -<td align="center">13</td> -<td align="center">7</td> +<td style="text-align: center;">13</td> +<td style="text-align: center;">7</td> </tr> <tr> -<td align="center">23</td> -<td align="center">4</td> +<td style="text-align: center;">23</td> +<td style="text-align: center;">4</td> </tr> <tr> -<td align="center">24</td> -<td align="center">4</td> +<td style="text-align: center;">24</td> +<td style="text-align: center;">4</td> </tr> <tr> -<td align="center">31</td> -<td align="center">4</td> +<td style="text-align: center;">31</td> +<td style="text-align: center;">4</td> </tr> <tr> -<td align="center">34</td> -<td align="center">4</td> +<td style="text-align: center;">34</td> +<td style="text-align: center;">4</td> </tr> </table> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span></p> <p>(3) It was found that the vagrants were housed in the workhouse in 41 districts, and in common lodging-houses in 58. The number of cases @@ -2350,7 +2340,7 @@ sooner or later into 72 per cent. of these towns, and on an average about five times to each. The disease had been taken to 30 workhouses and about 70 common lodging-houses, causing a large number of fresh cases, but had been of comparatively slight prevalence in such houses -when not brought there by vagrants.<a name="FNanchor_28_28" id="FNanchor_28_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a></p></blockquote> +when not brought there by vagrants.<a id="FNanchor_28_28"></a><a href="#Footnote_28_28" class="fnanchor">[28]</a></p></blockquote> <p>So, too, at the meeting of the Sanitary Institute, held on February 7, 1903, at Manchester, Dr. E. Sergeant, Medical Officer of Health to the @@ -2362,7 +2352,7 @@ for it seems that under present legislation, while the parasite can require you to support him, you cannot require him to protect himself, much less you, against infectious disease!</p> -<p>Furthermore, guardians of the poor have<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span> become increasingly alive to +<p>Furthermore, guardians of the poor have<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span> become increasingly alive to the fact that one of the most difficult tasks which they have hitherto had to discharge, in the administration of the existing law, will compel them before long to face this wider problem: I refer to the @@ -2381,14 +2371,14 @@ Government Board remarks:—</p> <p>"Debarred from education and all that is essential to the formation of settled habits, they are subjected to great hardships, and it would be strange if, under such conditions, they did not become bound to the -road."<a name="FNanchor_29_29" id="FNanchor_29_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a></p></blockquote> +road."<a id="FNanchor_29_29"></a><a href="#Footnote_29_29" class="fnanchor">[29]</a></p></blockquote> <p>Our forefathers recognised three and a half centuries ago that vagrancy was hereditary, for an Act of 3 & 4 Edward VI. (1550), reciting that "many men and women going begging carried children about with them, which, being once brought up in idleness, would hardly be brought afterwards to any good kind of labour or service," gave <i>carte -blanche</i> to any person willing to appropriate such children and bring<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span> +blanche</i> to any person willing to appropriate such children and bring<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span> them up to honest labour till the age of eighteen years if boys, or fifteen if girls. It may be said that this was legalised kidnapping, and that our modern way of dealing with the children of tramps is @@ -2400,14 +2390,14 @@ of Guardians, under certain specified circumstances, to assume and exercise parental rights over the children of pauper parents, and the Children Act, 1908, prohibits child vagrancy under penalty, and makes provision for placing in public or other suitable custody the children -of persons who are unfit to discharge parental duty.<a name="FNanchor_30_30" id="FNanchor_30_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a> These statutes +of persons who are unfit to discharge parental duty.<a id="FNanchor_30_30"></a><a href="#Footnote_30_30" class="fnanchor">[30]</a> These statutes do not interfere with parents' liability to maintain their children, though in other hands, yet the enforcement of that liability will prove difficult, if not impossible, in the case of a vagrant. Unless such a parent voluntarily abandoned a roaming life, the Poor Law and police authorities would have to choose between the alternatives of perpetually chevying him from pillar to post or letting him go scot -free. Obviously, legislation which leaves the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span> question of parental +free. Obviously, legislation which leaves the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span> question of parental responsibility in so unsatisfactory a position cannot be the final word on the child vagrancy problem.</p> @@ -2423,14 +2413,14 @@ time they form a ready recruiting ground for the criminal classes, they are a continual nuisance to rich and poor alike, and they leave behind them families worse than themselves."</p></blockquote> -<hr class="chap" /> +<hr class="chap" > -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span></p> -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_II" id="CHAPTER_II">CHAPTER II.</a></h2> +<h2><a id="CHAPTER_II">CHAPTER II.</a></h2> <p class="ph3">THE URBAN LOAFER.</p> @@ -2453,7 +2443,7 @@ be placed on the same footing as almshouses.</p> <p>"If the condition of the inmates of a workhouse," they wrote, "were to be so regulated as to invite the aged and infirm of the labouring classes to take refuge in it, it would immediately be useless as a test -between indigence and<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span> indolence or fraud—it would no longer operate +between indigence and<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span> indolence or fraud—it would no longer operate as an inducement to the young and healthy to provide support for their later years, or as a stimulus to them, whilst they have the means, to support their aged parents and relatives. The frugality and forethought @@ -2479,7 +2469,7 @@ their presence and example are a fruitful source of demoralisation and disorder.</p> <p>Speaking of this class of able-bodied paupers in relation to the -Sheffield Union, Mr. P. H. Bagenal,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span> Poor Law Inspector for the West +Sheffield Union, Mr. P. H. Bagenal,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span> Poor Law Inspector for the West Riding, reports:—</p> <blockquote> @@ -2501,7 +2491,7 @@ relieved five times or more, the Poor Law Commission state:</p> <p>"The number of persons ascertained to have been relieved five times or oftener during the year shows the existence of a troublesome class who make a convenience of the workhouse, and whose improvidence is born of -the knowledge that that institution is always at hand."<a name="FNanchor_31_31" id="FNanchor_31_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a></p></blockquote> +the knowledge that that institution is always at hand."<a id="FNanchor_31_31"></a><a href="#Footnote_31_31" class="fnanchor">[31]</a></p></blockquote> <p>The Poor Law Inspector for the Metropolis relates that, as a result of a call-over of the 900 inmates of a London workhouse in 1907, it was @@ -2515,7 +2505,7 @@ tangible reason why they were in the workhouse at all.... Many admitted that they had done no work for years; in fact could not give the date or place where they had last worked. Many of this class were so reduced in physique on admission that they could not be classed as -able-bodied, but with the regular<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span> diet and absence of intoxicating +able-bodied, but with the regular<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span> diet and absence of intoxicating liquors they rapidly recovered; but unfortunately for the worst classes the conditions of the house appear to be conducive to their disinclination to shift for themselves.</p> @@ -2532,7 +2522,7 @@ were making investigations, and had taken their discharge."</p></blockquote> <p>"When their wives refused to keep them longer, and as some of them openly expressed it 'the wife turned me out,' came to settle down in the house—in many cases drink and desertion were found to be the -causes of the wives' action."<a name="FNanchor_32_32" id="FNanchor_32_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a></p></blockquote> +causes of the wives' action."<a id="FNanchor_32_32"></a><a href="#Footnote_32_32" class="fnanchor">[32]</a></p></blockquote> <p>Mr. Lockwood, another Poor Law Inspector, stated before the Poor Law Commission:—</p> @@ -2555,9 +2545,9 @@ such associations, accompanied by systematic training under healthy conditions, would be advantageous.... The master feels very strongly that what the men require is to be given continuous work, which they are able to do, and to be separated the one from the other. They -regard the workhouse as a kind of club house in which they put<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span> +regard the workhouse as a kind of club house in which they put<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span> up with a certain amount of inconvenience, but have very pleasant -evenings."<a name="FNanchor_33_33" id="FNanchor_33_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a></p></blockquote> +evenings."<a id="FNanchor_33_33"></a><a href="#Footnote_33_33" class="fnanchor">[33]</a></p></blockquote> <p>It was stated that the Marylebone workhouse deals with 300 of these men every week.</p> @@ -2585,7 +2575,7 @@ the ratepayers to keep an idle, dissolute remnant."</p> <p>"The pauper in the workhouse intends to be there; he is either going to be there or in some other institution all the days of his life. -My experience is, that the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span> average have been in from ten to twelve +My experience is, that the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span> average have been in from ten to twelve years, and some of them nineteen years, and they are young men now. The workhouse is no deterrent to any man. It simply harbours them, and as long as the workhouses exist, these men will exist."</p></blockquote> @@ -2617,8 +2607,8 @@ and were reared at the expense of the ratepayers."</p></blockquote> Fleming, the Poor Law Inspector for Dorset, writes, "that the tendency has been to induce the loafer class to think that they would have provision made for them, and that therefore they need not trouble much -about it for themselves."<a name="FNanchor_34_34" id="FNanchor_34_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a></p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span></p> +about it for themselves."<a id="FNanchor_34_34"></a><a href="#Footnote_34_34" class="fnanchor">[34]</a></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span></p> <p>Writing of the "in-and-out" class of workhouse inmates, the Poor Law Commissioners say:—</p> @@ -2630,7 +2620,7 @@ of checking it now that it has come into existence. These are the men and women who frequent the workhouse for short periods, often taking their families with them, and are constantly taking their discharge. They go out when they want more licence, and return when they need to -recruit themselves after a debauch."<a name="FNanchor_35_35" id="FNanchor_35_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a></p></blockquote> +recruit themselves after a debauch."<a id="FNanchor_35_35"></a><a href="#Footnote_35_35" class="fnanchor">[35]</a></p></blockquote> <p>Moreover, the married urban loafer, like the married vagrant, inflicts incalculable injury upon others. While it has been made a misdemeanour @@ -2646,8 +2636,8 @@ an alternation of abject dependence and equally abject liberty.</p> <p>"Through these children," says the Report of the Poor Law Commission truly, "the evil (of pauperisation) is being perpetuated to another generation, for they get no chance of education, while they become -habituated to constant appeals<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span> to the Poor Law, and lack the -advantages of either home or school life."<a name="FNanchor_36_36" id="FNanchor_36_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a></p> +habituated to constant appeals<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span> to the Poor Law, and lack the +advantages of either home or school life."<a id="FNanchor_36_36"></a><a href="#Footnote_36_36" class="fnanchor">[36]</a></p> <p>As a Poor Law Guardian, I had to do, on one occasion, with an able-bodied pauper of this kind, who, on the ground of destitution, @@ -2660,7 +2650,7 @@ the house until he was literally ejected.</p> <p>It is true that the Poor Law Act of 1899 gives power to Boards of Guardians to appropriate neglected children, and so preserve them from -the ill effects of their vicious training.<a name="FNanchor_37_37" id="FNanchor_37_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a> That is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span> undoubtedly +the ill effects of their vicious training.<a id="FNanchor_37_37"></a><a href="#Footnote_37_37" class="fnanchor">[37]</a> That is<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span> undoubtedly kind to the child, and in the end it is bound to be advantageous to the public. But here comes in an absurd anomaly: Whatever the theory of the law may be, we practically leave it to the option of the @@ -2685,7 +2675,7 @@ strangest.</p> imprisonment if he refuses to pay, are the corrective measures already available against the parents who culpably transfer their parental liabilities to the public, and over 3,000 convictions are registered -yearly by<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span> the courts for neglect to maintain family.<a name="FNanchor_38_38" id="FNanchor_38_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a> It is +yearly by<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span> the courts for neglect to maintain family.<a id="FNanchor_38_38"></a><a href="#Footnote_38_38" class="fnanchor">[38]</a> It is notorious, however, that proceedings of this kind are taken by Poor Law authorities reluctantly, since the magistrates in many districts habitually stretch the law in favour of defaulting parents. What we @@ -2712,7 +2702,7 @@ their times for excursions, when they go either to the seaside or hop-picking or fruit-picking, but for the greater part of the year they are in London, and they circulate round about the casual wards."</p></blockquote> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span></p> <p>The number of admissions to the Metropolitan casual wards in 1907 was 196,470; the number of separate individuals was not known, but 18,009 @@ -2728,7 +2718,7 @@ days perhaps they might do that, but you must not expect them to work longer; they do not like working longer than a day or two.... A lot of them are young fellows. If you could get hold of them when first they come into the casual ward and get them away, something might be -done."<a name="FNanchor_39_39" id="FNanchor_39_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a></p></blockquote> +done."<a id="FNanchor_39_39"></a><a href="#Footnote_39_39" class="fnanchor">[39]</a></p></blockquote> <p>By way of substantiating the foregoing statement, it may be recalled that of 689 casual paupers prosecuted at the Metropolitan police courts @@ -2741,7 +2731,7 @@ to the army of work-shirkers and unemployables, irrespective of nationality, to take possession of the public streets for the purpose of demonstrations in every time of acute unemployment. A large number of the men who paraded the streets on the latest occasion of the kind -were unquestionably deserving men, who would have accepted any work<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span> +were unquestionably deserving men, who would have accepted any work<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span> offered to them, but the vast majority were notoriously only unemployed because they had neither desire nor intention to be otherwise. "Those who are not loafers are worse," was the verdict of a police inspector @@ -2769,7 +2759,7 @@ who are allowed to parade the streets belong to the casual class."</p></blockquo had asked leave to look for work and took part in the march so that they might spend their share of the collection in beer." From first to last these demonstrations were organised and engineered by socialistic -agents, who called the tunes and paid<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span> the pipers generously so long +agents, who called the tunes and paid<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span> the pipers generously so long as the public provided the necessary funds. Beginning with a couple of men and a collecting box, they expanded on the snowball principle day by day, until they numbered hundreds of men and scores of @@ -2792,7 +2782,7 @@ peace" from which they suffered!</p> that a strike of the processionists, caused by a deduction from the day's pay by way of contribution towards the expenses of the show, should have threatened the collapse of the parades long before the -philan<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span>thropy of the spectators was exhausted. And yet while this +philan<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span>thropy of the spectators was exhausted. And yet while this wholesale begging was condoned by the police authorities, and carried on with their help, isolated mendicants were all the time pursued with the customary rigours of the law. "At the North London Police Court," @@ -2817,9 +2807,9 @@ loafers, and the indulgent way in which we humour their weaknesses, may be judged from the following reflections of a recent German visitor to London:—</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span></p><blockquote> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span></p><blockquote> -<p>"When the Londoners say, 'These are our unemployed,<a name="FNanchor_40_40" id="FNanchor_40_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a> they do not +<p>"When the Londoners say, 'These are our unemployed,<a id="FNanchor_40_40"></a><a href="#Footnote_40_40" class="fnanchor">[40]</a> they do not see what strikes a foreigner at once—that all these dirty, ragged figures do not give the impression of out-of-works at all—that they look rather like people who endeavour to keep miles away from work. No @@ -2849,14 +2839,14 @@ taxes, without grumbling. That the institution is a wise one, however, I doubt. The man who says to himself that he must have sixpence or he will have nothing to eat to-morrow will go to far more trouble to get these coppers together than the one who says: "At the worst I can go -into the workhouse.'"<a name="FNanchor_41_41" id="FNanchor_41_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_41_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a></p></blockquote> -<hr class="chap" /> +into the workhouse.'"<a id="FNanchor_41_41"></a><a href="#Footnote_41_41" class="fnanchor">[41]</a></p></blockquote> +<hr class="chap" > -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span></p> -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_III" id="CHAPTER_III">CHAPTER III.</a></h2> +<h2><a id="CHAPTER_III">CHAPTER III.</a></h2> <p class="ph3">DETENTION COLONIES AND LABOUR HOUSES.</p> @@ -2881,8 +2871,8 @@ unreasoning advocate of interference with personal freedom:—</p> <p>"Whenever there is a definite damage, or a definite risk of damage, either to an individual or to the public, the case is taken out of the -province of liberty and placed in that of morality or law."<a name="FNanchor_42_42" id="FNanchor_42_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_42_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a></p></blockquote> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span></p> +province of liberty and placed in that of morality or law."<a id="FNanchor_42_42"></a><a href="#Footnote_42_42" class="fnanchor">[42]</a></p></blockquote> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span></p> <p>To the proposals originally put forward so many years ago, I return with increased conviction, not only of their practicableness, but of their urgency; with the assurance, moreover, that public opinion now @@ -2908,7 +2898,7 @@ who makes periodical visits to the labour yard; and the able-bodied pauper whose destitution is due to intemperance or an otherwise irregular life.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span></p> <p>To the Poor Law and to Poor Law institutions people of these classes emphatically do not belong, and all past failure to make the slightest @@ -2936,7 +2926,7 @@ tramp is concerned, it is really the fulcrum on which the lever of reformation must rest. "The why is plain as way to parish church." If vagabondage is to be regarded as an offence to be punished instead of an innocent weakness (which it never was and never can be) to be -humoured, then the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span> vagrant's free lodging-house must disappear. +humoured, then the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span> vagrant's free lodging-house must disappear. It is obvious that so long as we maintain wayside shelters for the special reception of tramps, it will be hopeless to repress vagrancy. The casual ward invites vagrants and creates them. Moreover, it is @@ -2962,7 +2952,7 @@ radical fault is constitutional idleness. Discipline, enforced by all necessary use of compulsion, is their principal need, and this discipline can only be given in special institutions.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span></p> <p>The ordinary prison has proved its uselessness for the treatment of the vagrant and loafer, for not only has it failed as a reformative @@ -2994,7 +2984,7 @@ the difficulty of arranging suitable work, and to requirements of the prison for chapel, meal hours, marching to and from work, etc., the hours of actual labour, as well as the severity of the work available, bear no comparison with those of many kinds of free labour outside. -Prison conditions, indeed,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span> to many persons with so low a standard of +Prison conditions, indeed,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span> to many persons with so low a standard of physical comfort as the average vagrant, must be extremely comfortable and even attractive."</p></blockquote> @@ -3027,10 +3017,10 @@ is utterly useless. They want to go to gaol; the conditions in gaol are better than those in casual wards, and particularly in bad weather they prefer going to gaol. Over and over again it has come before us: a man commits some petty offence in order to go to gaol for a short -period."<a name="FNanchor_43_43" id="FNanchor_43_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_43_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a></p></blockquote> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span></p> +period."<a id="FNanchor_43_43"></a><a href="#Footnote_43_43" class="fnanchor">[43]</a></p></blockquote> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span></p> <p>What are needed in this country are the Detention Colonies and Labour -Houses<a name="FNanchor_44_44" id="FNanchor_44_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_44_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a> which have long been provided in Continental countries for +Houses<a id="FNanchor_44_44"></a><a href="#Footnote_44_44" class="fnanchor">[44]</a> which have long been provided in Continental countries for this type of offender. To these institutions, differentiated according as they were intended for hopeful or for incorrigible cases, all vagrants and loafers should, after due warning, be committed for a @@ -3044,7 +3034,7 @@ care much for phrases, but even if this should be the case, I would reply that the Right to Work is an infinitely better and wiser and safer principle to concede to the masses than the Right to be Idle. And yet the admission of the Right to Work would be no new thing in -this country. It was<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span> enacted as early as the fourteenth century, in a +this country. It was<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span> enacted as early as the fourteenth century, in a Poor Law of 12 Richard II. That law drew a distinction between "beggars impotent to serve" and "beggars able to labour." The former were "continually to abide during their lives" in their native towns, or @@ -3072,7 +3062,7 @@ as by their said labours they, and every one of them, may get their own living with the continual labour of their own hands."</p></blockquote> <p>The cost of these institutions was to be defrayed by alms collected by -the churchwardens<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span> and others, but any parish which neglected to carry +the churchwardens<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span> and others, but any parish which neglected to carry out the Act was liable to a fine of 20s. for every month of omission. The Act of I Edward VI. (1548) contained similar provisions. Early in the reign of Elizabeth a proposal was laid before the Government @@ -3093,7 +3083,7 @@ with implements for the manufacture thereof, and in these houses were to be "straitly kept, as well in diet as work, and also punished from time to time," vagrants and beggars, and other people of questionable utility to the commonwealth. The Act threatened with a fine of £5 every -justice who left Quarter Sessions "before conference had<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span> touching +justice who left Quarter Sessions "before conference had<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span> touching the execution of this statute," the fines to go towards the cost of establishing and furnishing the houses of correction. Similarly, an Act of 1597 required the justices to provide houses of correction for @@ -3116,13 +3106,13 @@ places of punishment, to which persons were committed for definite terms to do hard labour, rather than to be taught to work; and in many counties the common gaols were used as houses of correction. It is from an amalgamation of the two that the modern local prison has -sprung."<a name="FNanchor_45_45" id="FNanchor_45_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_45_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a></p></blockquote> +sprung."<a id="FNanchor_45_45"></a><a href="#Footnote_45_45" class="fnanchor">[45]</a></p></blockquote> <p>Throughout the following century the tendency to regard vagrancy less from the standpoint of public safety and policy than from that of public expense gained the upper hand. Vagrants, as such, had ceased to be obnoxious; what was disliked was their propensity for -throwing themselves upon the charity of parishes in which they<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span> had no +throwing themselves upon the charity of parishes in which they<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span> had no settlement. Hence the policy of whipping these offenders, whether women or men, and restoring them to their legal parishes, was consistently followed in the eighteenth century. It was an irrational and costly @@ -3146,7 +3136,7 @@ broken for road use.</p> <p>I confess to attaching more importance to the disciplinary influence of rigorous restraint, coupled with active exertion, than to any number of -periodical months in county gaols. Punish<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span>ment may do good or may not: +periodical months in county gaols. Punish<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span>ment may do good or may not: but punishment is not enough. It is not—in the main, at any rate—a dangerous criminal class with which we have to do, but for the most part the weak and aimless characters whose great need is the moral @@ -3168,7 +3158,7 @@ Continental pattern, to be conducted by Boards of Guardians, have impressed many Poor Law reformers who have begun to occupy themselves with the tramp. I may claim to know well the work of the best voluntary Labour Colonies of the Continent, having visited some of them, and -while agreeing that institutions of this kind—<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span>albeit with the +while agreeing that institutions of this kind—<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span>albeit with the addition of compulsory powers of detention, which the Continental colonies do not possess—might do for young and first offenders, I am confident that a <i>régime</i> many degrees stricter and more methodical @@ -3192,7 +3182,7 @@ passed under draconian laws if they can help it.</p> <p>There can be no hope of advance on the right lines until this mischievous appeal to sentiment is abandoned. It has been the bane of -the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span> Vagrancy Laws for generations, and more than anything else is +the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span> Vagrancy Laws for generations, and more than anything else is responsible for the present difficulties of the tramp problem in its several phases. Short of compulsion, the tramp will not work, and the hope of inducing him to take to a life of industry, by placing him in @@ -3214,7 +3204,7 @@ if so, it follows that it is only by curing this unsocial aversion to exertion that the unsocial practice of vagabondage will cease to perplex and scandalise society, and to do that, coercive measures of a very definite kind will have to be employed, let the repository -of power be as it<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span> may. The treatment of the tramp must, of course, +of power be as it<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span> may. The treatment of the tramp must, of course, be humane—that it should be other is inconceivable in these days, when even the inmates of our prisons are assured a standard of life far beyond the reach and hope of thousands of the poor who help to @@ -3245,13 +3235,13 @@ only hope of recovery.</p> <p>(6) Unmarried women of inferior mental and moral capacity, dependent on the rates, who have had more than one illegitimate child.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span></p> <p>Some of these offenders would be committed by the magistrates owing to the action of the police in the ordinary way. In Poor Law cases it would be justifiable to dispense with open judicial proceedings, and to empower the Poor Law Authority to commit, on a certificate signed by -one or more magistrates, giving the offender (as in Hamburg)<a name="FNanchor_46_46" id="FNanchor_46_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_46_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a> the +one or more magistrates, giving the offender (as in Hamburg)<a id="FNanchor_46_46"></a><a href="#Footnote_46_46" class="fnanchor">[46]</a> the right of appeal, first to the authority itself against the execution of its resolution to proceed, and before the execution of a magisterial certificate to Petty Sessions.</p> @@ -3264,13 +3254,13 @@ present a small minority of the criminal aliens convicted are deported after the completion of their sentences. The number of aliens (the Colonies and India not counted), convicted and committed to the local prisons in 1907 was 2,799, or 4.3 per cent. of the total number. The -aliens recommended for deportation in that year numbered 289.<a name="FNanchor_47_47" id="FNanchor_47_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_47_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a> -It is conceivable that deporta<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span>tion will be resorted to upon a very +aliens recommended for deportation in that year numbered 289.<a id="FNanchor_47_47"></a><a href="#Footnote_47_47" class="fnanchor">[47]</a> +It is conceivable that deporta<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span>tion will be resorted to upon a very much more extensive scale, and eventually that the duty and expense of punishment, where the alien is detained, will be undertaken by the country of nationality; there is obviously little reason or satisfaction in maintaining criminal aliens in prison when banishment -awaits them immediately on release.<a name="FNanchor_48_48" id="FNanchor_48_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_48_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a> As for the alien vagabond +awaits them immediately on release.<a id="FNanchor_48_48"></a><a href="#Footnote_48_48" class="fnanchor">[48]</a> As for the alien vagabond and loafer we have the example of Continental States to guide us. The laws of Germany, Austria, Belgium, and Switzerland expressly enjoin expulsion as the treatment of such persons; they are simply @@ -3285,7 +3275,7 @@ funds of another country, or at least would refund the costs of their maintenance to the Poor Law Authority which discharged this duty for it.</p> <p>The latest complete return of alien paupers in England and Wales -relates to July 1, 1903, when their number was 1,753, of whom 897 were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span> +relates to July 1, 1903, when their number was 1,753, of whom 897 were<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span> relieved in London, and 856 in the provinces. They included 587 indoor paupers, 694 outdoor paupers, and 472 insane in asylums. Exclusive of the insane, they consisted of 117 men relieved with wives or children, @@ -3309,7 +3299,7 @@ these amongst the least desirable.</p> <p>It would be essential to success that detention should, in all but the most hopeful cases, be for a long period. This is not only the practice -of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span> all Continental Labour Houses, but the past prison treatment of +of<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span> all Continental Labour Houses, but the past prison treatment of vagrants in this country proves the uselessness of short sentences. In Germany the term of commitment may extend to two years; in Belgium it must fall within two and seven years. At the same time discretion @@ -3332,7 +3322,7 @@ imbibe too much the prison atmosphere and spirit, and would tend to become identical with existing houses of correction, just as the houses of correction of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries ultimately lost their special character as reformatory institutions. It might be -desirable that offenders sentenced<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span> should be removed for detention to +desirable that offenders sentenced<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span> should be removed for detention to the county in which they had legal settlement, in preference to being punished in the county in which the offence was committed, but failing that course, the county or parish of settlement would be liable for all @@ -3356,7 +3346,7 @@ Central Authority.</p> <p>It should not be required, nor would it be necessary, that every county should have its own Detention Colony or Labour House. For reasons -both of economy and efficiency counties would<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span> be allowed to combine. +both of economy and efficiency counties would<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span> be allowed to combine. Only in this way would it be possible to secure variety of type in the establishment of these institutions. Not much experience would be needed to show that the same treatment would not suit every class of @@ -3364,7 +3354,7 @@ offender; most of the Colonies, no doubt, would be fairly uniform, but one or more would be required for the more rigorous discipline which would have to be meted to old offenders. Possibly, a single Colony of this kind, organised after the pattern of the Beggars' Depot of -Merxplas, in Belgium,<a name="FNanchor_49_49" id="FNanchor_49_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_49_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a> would serve for the whole country. If the +Merxplas, in Belgium,<a id="FNanchor_49_49"></a><a href="#Footnote_49_49" class="fnanchor">[49]</a> would serve for the whole country. If the existing Poor Law is, in the elegant phrase now current, to be "broken up", it might be found that some of the existing rural workhouses would serve as the nuclei of Detention Colonies of the milder type.</p> @@ -3379,7 +3369,7 @@ casual paupers relieved on January 1, 1900, about 70 per cent. were between thirty-five and sixty-five years of age; 23 per cent. were between sixteen and thirty-five years, and only 5 per cent. were above sixty-five. If the vagrant can, every day, walk the almost incredible -distances which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span> he tells us, there is in him immense store of energy +distances which<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span> he tells us, there is in him immense store of energy which is going to waste. A Detention Colony, properly organised, and infused with an atmosphere of industry, would use this energy for the good of society and of the loafer himself.</p> @@ -3402,7 +3392,7 @@ the wages or bonus should be held before the worker in the clearest and most definite manner—not as an act of charity, but as a "business proposition," not as largess, but as a right. If the man can be incited to a healthy egoism, so much the better; he will be the less likely -to fall back when he has to fight his<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span> way outside. In short, payment +to fall back when he has to fight his<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span> way outside. In short, payment should be an essential part of Detention Colony policy, and the moral value of the habit of money earning should not be spoiled by too much talk of privileges and favours. The character of the Colonies and of @@ -3427,7 +3417,7 @@ to securing to the Colony the increased value which such works would create. It is also desirable that the Colonies, while lying away from towns, should have good means of communication.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span></p> <p>On this subject some words may be quoted from a letter recently written to me by Monsieur Louis Stroobant, the energetic director of the @@ -3456,7 +3446,7 @@ farm work, which needs far more skill and intelligence than most urban advocates of Labour Colony schemes seem to imagine. After allowing for the relatively small number of inmates whose labour would be needed on the farm all the year round, the remainder, the great majority, would -have to be employed on works of improvement, and in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span> the workshops. +have to be employed on works of improvement, and in<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span> the workshops. The former work would necessarily be of an intermittent character, and even so would, in time, be reduced to very limited proportions. Unless outdoor employment altogether outside the establishment, such as @@ -3479,7 +3469,7 @@ of private interest to public advantage. Clearly, a policy of give and take would have to be adopted. There are products which forced Labour Colonies might legitimately be allowed to send into the open market without injury to the most sensitive outside industry—farm -produce, for example, if a superfluity were available—but, as far as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span> +produce, for example, if a superfluity were available—but, as far as<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span> possible, the goods produced should be for home consumption and for the public services, as is the case in other countries. The interchange of products between the various Colonies should be encouraged, as it would @@ -3503,7 +3493,7 @@ however, is the permanent influence of Colony discipline upon the inmates; if that were assured, financial success would also be certain, if not to the Colony itself, then to the community outside, which is practically the same thing. It is imperatively necessary, however, that -we should<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span> at the outset be perfectly clear, not only as to the object +we should<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span> at the outset be perfectly clear, not only as to the object aimed at in setting up Detention Colonies, but as to the practical possibilities of these Colonies. The object must not and cannot be to make perfect men out of most imperfect material; it will be the @@ -3528,7 +3518,7 @@ restored to society.</p> <p>In the main, therefore, the Detaining Colonies may, in the end, prove to be largely institutions of restraint. Yet even on that basis they -are<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span> necessary, and the service which they will do to society will by +are<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span> necessary, and the service which they will do to society will by no means be a negative service. They will, in fact, be carrying out the idea which more and more finds favour amongst penologists, and which must inevitably be far more rigorously applied in the future than it is @@ -3551,7 +3541,7 @@ deserving of the highest praise. They are trying to discharge, with inadequate resources, and with little public recognition, the duty of society towards two large classes of people—the unemployed and the unemployable, and they would have work enough of the same kind to -do, even were Detention<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span> Institutions of the kind proposed in full +do, even were Detention<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span> Institutions of the kind proposed in full operation.</p> <p>The existing Labour Colonies and Depots would be specially useful in @@ -3574,7 +3564,7 @@ they would be entitled to grants of public money, the amount of which should be dependent less upon the exact number of cases received from the magistrates, than upon the rescue work of all kinds in which they were engaged, for this work is one of common advantage, and it -is indefensible that the whole<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span> burden of cost should be borne by +is indefensible that the whole<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span> burden of cost should be borne by voluntary well-wishers.</p> <p>Before leaving the question of repressive measures, it can hardly @@ -3590,13 +3580,13 @@ incitement to a life of idleness. To the average man all benevolence of this kind is a virtue; Emerson knew better when he spoke of the "vicious shillings" which he gave indiscriminately and against his better judgment. In Tudor times attempts were made by law to check -almsgiving, insofar as it encouraged idleness and vagrancy;<a name="FNanchor_50_50" id="FNanchor_50_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_50_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a> and as +almsgiving, insofar as it encouraged idleness and vagrancy;<a id="FNanchor_50_50"></a><a href="#Footnote_50_50" class="fnanchor">[50]</a> and as late as 1744 (17 George II.) a law was passed exposing to a penalty of not less than 10s. or more than 40s. (or in default, one month's detention in a house of correction), any person who knowingly gave to a rogue or vagabond lodging or shelter and refrained from handing him over to a constable. Legislation of this kind is still in operation on -the Continent. In 1889 the Canon of Schwyz, in democratic Switzer<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span>land, +the Continent. In 1889 the Canon of Schwyz, in democratic Switzer<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span>land, passed a law making "persons, who, by giving alms, favour begging from house to house or in the street," liable to a fine of 10 francs. Some time ago, also, a police ordinance was issued in the Uelzen district of @@ -3620,8 +3610,8 @@ Prussia, to the following effect:—</p> called, even when offered to mendicants, and thus contributing to illegality, would nowadays be regarded as so serious an invasion of the "liberty of the subject" as to be inconceivable, and no writer who has -a due reverence for that august principle would propose it.<a name="FNanchor_51_51" id="FNanchor_51_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_51_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a> Much -may be done to discourage the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span> practice, however, by educating public +a due reverence for that august principle would propose it.<a id="FNanchor_51_51"></a><a href="#Footnote_51_51" class="fnanchor">[51]</a> Much +may be done to discourage the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span> practice, however, by educating public opinion to a recognition of the fact that only the philanthropy that is wise and well-directed can be truly helpful and beneficent.</p> @@ -3639,7 +3629,7 @@ old to be able to recall the time when the name Bastille ("Basty," with a long "y," was the popular distortion of the word in my native Yorkshire), was the name by which the poorer classes universally expressed their horror of the workhouse: so much of modern French -history had reached their contracted minds. That ill-repute has to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span> +history had reached their contracted minds. That ill-repute has to<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span> some extent been outlived, yet the evil that institutions, as well as men, do lives after them, and an intense prejudice against the workhouse is still laudably common amongst the more deserving poor, @@ -3667,7 +3657,7 @@ places:—</p> <p>"For aged and deserving inmates," he said, "discipline is relaxed, the wards are made comfortable with carpets, window curtains, table -covers, and arm chairs, and the cheery day rooms are supplied with<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span> +covers, and arm chairs, and the cheery day rooms are supplied with<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span> literature, while a certain amount of privacy is allowed. The dietary has been improved, the electric light established, and warmth and comfort prevail, the inmates having no care as to the provision of @@ -3696,7 +3686,7 @@ example set by so many public authorities in the treatment of their servants exerts a favourable influence in favour of employees in private service, so the standard of life insisted upon for the public workhouse, infirmary and asylum is bound to react upon the homes and -habits of the independent labouring<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span> classes. If the workman who is +habits of the independent labouring<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span> classes. If the workman who is taxed to keep the pauper in tolerable comfort does not enjoy at least equal conditions of existence himself, he will ask himself, and then others, the reason why. And who will blame him for so doing? Least of @@ -3720,7 +3710,7 @@ it is the best charity and the truest economy to get an idle man's hands employed as soon as possible, the worst extravagance to allow him to remain unproductive a day longer than can be avoided. Labour is the first element in all wealth-creation, and every idle man is, in -greater or less degree, a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span> source of national impoverishment, for he is +greater or less degree, a<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span> source of national impoverishment, for he is consuming without producing.</p> <p>Wherever public labour registries have been established as part of a @@ -3752,7 +3742,7 @@ charity he one night crept into a cart-shed. He was there found by the police, and by the goodness of the magistrates was sent on by train to Lincoln, and at the expense of the country provided with free board and lodge for fourteen days at the prison there. On being released -he was fortunate enough to obtain work in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span> the harvest fields, and +he was fortunate enough to obtain work in<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span> the harvest fields, and being an all round good worker followed up a threshing machine all the winter till now. This is only one case, due entirely to the fact that many large firms will not give characters to men on discharge."</p></blockquote> @@ -3776,10 +3766,10 @@ community."</p></blockquote> no difficult task. All that would be necessary would be to require the former to authenticate himself by a way-ticket or pass, attested either by the police, a trade union, a labour bureau, or a recent -responsible employer.<a name="FNanchor_52_52" id="FNanchor_52_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_52_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a> On the strength of such a certificate, which +responsible employer.<a id="FNanchor_52_52"></a><a href="#Footnote_52_52" class="fnanchor">[52]</a> On the strength of such a certificate, which a <i>bona-fide</i> applicant should have a right to demand, unless good reasons existed to the contrary, he might well be allowed to proceed -on his journey, and be admitted to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span> such public hostels as happened to +on his journey, and be admitted to<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span> such public hostels as happened to lie in his way. Vagabondage pure and simple would be a game no longer worth the candle. If the itinerant were an industrial malingerer, the fact would speedily come to light, and with no Poor Law to fall back @@ -3806,7 +3796,7 @@ routes and valid for a definite period.</p> <p>"There is obviously a wide distinction," said the Minute, " between those who are temporarily and unavoidably in distress and the habitual tramp or vagrant who simulates destitution; and one of the worst -results of the present undiscriminating treatment<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span> of all who are +results of the present undiscriminating treatment<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span> of all who are commonly denominated 'casuals' is, that some of the most fitting objects of public charity are subjected to the discomforts that were intended to repel the worthless. Among all the unfortunate there are @@ -3841,7 +3831,7 @@ receiving better accommodation, than that at present afforded to him in the vagrant ward."</p></blockquote> <p>The plan proposed appears to have been followed but little. It was -reported to the Poor Law Board in 1865 that it was in force in one<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span> +reported to the Poor Law Board in 1865 that it was in force in one<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span> county only (Essex), where vagrancy had been practically abolished as a result.</p> @@ -3873,7 +3863,7 @@ Sometimes he has to go a little out of his way to a bread station. It is also a police station. If he arrives there between one and three, he is given a ticket on a baker close by.</p> -<p>"If he arrives at the union entered upon the ticket<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span> that evening, +<p>"If he arrives at the union entered upon the ticket<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span> that evening, he has what we call a good ticket; if, on the other hand, he arrives at some other union, or has no ticket at all, he is given a new one and it is considered a bad ticket. Our committee recommend the boards @@ -3913,7 +3903,7 @@ where the tramp could get bread between workhouses which necessitated a fair day's march. This ticket, as long as he proceeded in the direction to the final destination to which he declared himself to be proceeding, entitled him to eight ounces of bread (in Gloucestershire -it was a larger amount at first, now it is eight<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span> ounces), between +it was a larger amount at first, now it is eight<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span> ounces), between the hours of twelve and two at the given stations. As long as he kept on his way to his final destination that held good between union and union.</p> @@ -3944,20 +3934,20 @@ Government Board:—</p> Sussex is reported to be working well, and is looked upon as a permanent institution. It has also been extended to East Sussex. A considerable reduction took place in the number of vagrants relieved -in Kent and Sussex."<a name="FNanchor_53_53" id="FNanchor_53_53"></a><a href="#Footnote_53_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a></p></blockquote> +in Kent and Sussex."<a id="FNanchor_53_53"></a><a href="#Footnote_53_53" class="fnanchor">[53]</a></p></blockquote> <p>In the following chapters the measures which have been adopted in Continental countries for dealing with the social parasite will be considered in detail.</p> -<hr class="chap" /> +<hr class="chap" > -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span></p> -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IV" id="CHAPTER_IV">CHAPTER IV.</a></h2> +<h2><a id="CHAPTER_IV">CHAPTER IV.</a></h2> <p class="ph3">THE BELGIAN BEGGARS' DEPOTS.</p> @@ -3979,7 +3969,7 @@ result was a new law of March 6, 1866, imposing heavier penalties on able-bodied loafers of all kinds, though vagrancy was punished more severely than simple mendicancy. By reason of this law some of the old Labour Houses were abolished, and a large central institution -was established at Merxplas, in the Province of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span> Flanders, for the +was established at Merxplas, in the Province of<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span> Flanders, for the detention of all classes of offenders for disciplinary treatment. A little later the penalties for vagrancy and begging were reduced, and a more radical amendment of the law took place in 1891, the effect of @@ -3992,7 +3982,7 @@ the earlier institutions were managed by philanthropic associations, while those existing to-day are State establishments, and form part of the judicial system of the country.</p> -<p>The law of November 27, 1891<a name="FNanchor_54_54" id="FNanchor_54_54"></a><a href="#Footnote_54_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a> (which came into force on January +<p>The law of November 27, 1891<a id="FNanchor_54_54"></a><a href="#Footnote_54_54" class="fnanchor">[54]</a> (which came into force on January 4, 1892), for the repression of vagrancy and mendicity required the Government to organise correctional institutions of three kinds, <i>viz.</i>: (<i>a</i>) Beggars' Depots (<i>dépôts de mendicité</i>); (<i>b</i>) Houses @@ -4005,7 +3995,7 @@ a small one for women at Bruges; and there are three Houses of Refuge, and one at Bruges for women.</p> <p>The law states that the Beggars' Depots shall be "exclusively devoted -to the confinement of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span> persons whom the Judicial Authority shall place +to the confinement of<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span> persons whom the Judicial Authority shall place at the disposal of the Government" for that purpose. Such persons are of the following classes: (<i>a</i>) Able-bodied persons who, instead of working for their living, depend upon charity as professional beggars; @@ -4027,7 +4017,7 @@ year, or until he shall have earned 12s. On re-conviction, his certain destination is the Depot of Merxplas, with its severer discipline. The House of Refuge is provided for the reception of (<i>a</i>) persons handed over by a Judicial Authority to the Government for simple detention, -and (<i>b</i>) persons whose restraint may<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span> be asked for by a Communal +and (<i>b</i>) persons whose restraint may<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span> be asked for by a Communal Authority, though those of the latter class must enter of their own free will if over eighteen years of age. In general, the House of Refuge is intended for vagrants, mendicants, loafers, and dissolute @@ -4052,7 +4042,7 @@ class of work in the two institutions.</p> <p>The cost of maintenance of persons sent by a judicial authority to the Depot or House of Refuge is borne, in equal shares, by the State, the Provinces, and the Communes in which the persons have their -settlement, but infirm persons<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span> are maintained altogether by their +settlement, but infirm persons<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span> are maintained altogether by their settlement communes, which likewise bear the whole cost in the case of persons detained in a House of Refuge at their own request. Where a person, detained by judicial decision, has no settlement, the costs of @@ -4068,141 +4058,134 @@ of Refuge for the first fifteen years after the Act came into force:—</p> <p class="ph3"> <span class="smcap">Admissions to Beggars' Depots.</span></p> -<table class="width60" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="Admissions to Beggars' Depots"> +<table class="width60" style="border: none; padding: 1px;"> <colgroup> -<col width="10%" /> -<col width="2%" /> -<col width="10%" /> -<col width="2%" /> -<col width="10%" /> -<col width="2%" /> -<col width="10%" /> -<col width="2%" /> -<col width="10%" /> +<col style="width: 10%" > +<col style="width: 10%" > +<col style="width: 10%" > +<col style="width: 10%" > +<col style="width: 10%" > </colgroup> <tr> -<td class="bor_right bor_top bor_bot center" colspan="2" rowspan="2" >Year.</td> -<td class="bor_top bor_right bor_bot center" colspan="6">Number of Admissions.</td> -<td class="bor_top bor_bot bor_left center" rowspan="2">Mean Number<br />of Inmates.</td> +<td class="bor_right bor_top bor_bot center" rowspan="2">Year.</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_right bor_bot center" colspan="3">Number of Admissions.</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_bot bor_left center" rowspan="2">Mean Number<br >of Inmates.</td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="bor_right bor_bot center" colspan="2">Male.</td> -<td class="bor_right bor_bot center" colspan="2">Female.</td> -<td class="bor_bot bor_left center" colspan="2">Total.</td> +<td class="bor_right bor_bot center">Male.</td> +<td class="bor_right bor_bot center">Female.</td> +<td class="bor_bot bor_left center">Total.</td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="bor_right" colspan="2">1892</td> -<td class="right">6,147</td> -<td rowspan="15" class="bor_right"> </td> -<td class="bor_left right">666</td> -<td rowspan="15"> </td> -<td class="bor_left right">6,813</td> -<td rowspan="15"> </td> -<td class="bor_left right">3,564</td> +<td class="bor_right">1892</td> +<td class="right">6,147</td> +<td class="bor_left right">666</td> +<td class="bor_left right">6,813</td> +<td class="bor_left right">3,564</td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="bor_right" colspan="2">1893</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">3,482</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">352</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">3,834</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">4,324</td> +<td class="bor_right">1893</td> +<td class="bor_left right">3,482</td> +<td class="bor_left right">352</td> +<td class="bor_left right">3,834</td> +<td class="bor_left right">4,324</td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="bor_right" colspan="2">1894</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">4,141</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">393</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">4,534</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">4,193</td> +<td class="bor_right">1894</td> +<td class="bor_left right">4,141</td> +<td class="bor_left right">393</td> +<td class="bor_left right">4,534</td> +<td class="bor_left right">4,193</td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="bor_right" colspan="2">1895</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">3,722</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">333</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">4,055</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">4,592</td> +<td class="bor_right">1895</td> +<td class="bor_left right">3,722</td> +<td class="bor_left right">333</td> +<td class="bor_left right">4,055</td> +<td class="bor_left right">4,592</td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="bor_right" colspan="2">1896</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">3,224</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">292</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">3,516</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">4,430</td> +<td class="bor_right">1896</td> +<td class="bor_left right">3,224</td> +<td class="bor_left right">292</td> +<td class="bor_left right">3,516</td> +<td class="bor_left right">4,430</td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="bor_right" colspan="2">1897</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">3,115</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">266</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">3,381</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">4,076</td> +<td class="bor_right">1897</td> +<td class="bor_left right">3,115</td> +<td class="bor_left right">266</td> +<td class="bor_left right">3,381</td> +<td class="bor_left right">4,076</td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="bor_right" colspan="2">1898</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">3,339</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">284</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">3,623</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">4,208</td> +<td class="bor_right">1898</td> +<td class="bor_left right">3,339</td> +<td class="bor_left right">284</td> +<td class="bor_left right">3,623</td> +<td class="bor_left right">4,208</td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="bor_right" colspan="2">1899</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">3,018</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">215</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">3,233</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">4,248</td> +<td class="bor_right">1899</td> +<td class="bor_left right">3,018</td> +<td class="bor_left right">215</td> +<td class="bor_left right">3,233</td> +<td class="bor_left right">4,248</td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="bor_right" colspan="2">1900</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">3,547</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">253</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">3,800</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">4,058</td> +<td class="bor_right">1900</td> +<td class="bor_left right">3,547</td> +<td class="bor_left right">253</td> +<td class="bor_left right">3,800</td> +<td class="bor_left right">4,058</td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="bor_right" colspan="2">1901</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">4,348</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">275</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">4,623</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">4,542</td> +<td class="bor_right">1901</td> +<td class="bor_left right">4,348</td> +<td class="bor_left right">275</td> +<td class="bor_left right">4,623</td> +<td class="bor_left right">4,542</td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="bor_right" colspan="2">1902</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">4,514</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">252</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">4,776</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">4,865</td> +<td class="bor_right">1902</td> +<td class="bor_left right">4,514</td> +<td class="bor_left right">252</td> +<td class="bor_left right">4,776</td> +<td class="bor_left right">4,865</td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="bor_right" colspan="2">1903</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">4,649</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">386</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">5,035</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">5,054</td> +<td class="bor_right">1903</td> +<td class="bor_left right">4,649</td> +<td class="bor_left right">386</td> +<td class="bor_left right">5,035</td> +<td class="bor_left right">5,054</td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="bor_right" colspan="2">1904</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">4,615</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">275</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">4,890</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">5,132</td> +<td class="bor_right">1904</td> +<td class="bor_left right">4,615</td> +<td class="bor_left right">275</td> +<td class="bor_left right">4,890</td> +<td class="bor_left right">5,132</td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="bor_right" colspan="2">1905</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">4,624</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">260</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">4,884</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">5,450</td> +<td class="bor_right">1905</td> +<td class="bor_left right">4,624</td> +<td class="bor_left right">260</td> +<td class="bor_left right">4,884</td> +<td class="bor_left right">5,450</td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="bor_right" colspan="2">1906</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">4,246</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">268</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">4,694</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">5,351<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span></td> +<td class="bor_right">1906</td> +<td class="bor_left right">4,246</td> +<td class="bor_left right">268</td> +<td class="bor_left right">4,694</td> +<td class="bor_left right">5,351<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span></td> </tr> </table> @@ -4211,140 +4194,130 @@ of Refuge for the first fifteen years after the Act came into force:—</p> <p class="ph3"><span class="smcap">Admissions to Houses of Refuge.</span></p> -<table class="width60" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="Admissions to Houses of Refuge."> - +<table class="width60" style="border: none; padding: 1px;"> <colgroup> -<col width="10%" /> -<col width="2%" /> -<col width="10%" /> -<col width="2%" /> -<col width="10%" /> -<col width="2%" /> -<col width="10%" /> -<col width="2%" /> -<col width="10%" /> - - +<col style="width: 10%" > +<col style="width: 10%" > +<col style="width: 10%" > +<col style="width: 10%" > +<col style="width: 10%" > </colgroup> <tr> -<td class="bor_right bor_top bor_bot center" colspan="2" rowspan="2" >Year.</td> -<td class="bor_top bor_right bor_bot center" colspan="6">Number of Admissions.</td> -<td class="bor_top bor_bot bor_left center" rowspan="2">Mean Number<br />of Inmates.</td> +<td class="bor_right bor_top bor_bot center" rowspan="2">Year.</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_right bor_bot center" colspan="3">Number of Admissions.</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_bot bor_left center" rowspan="2">Mean Number<br >of Inmates.</td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="bor_right bor_bot center" colspan="2">Male.</td> -<td class="bor_right bor_bot center" colspan="2">Female.</td> -<td class="bor_bot bor_left center" colspan="2">Total.</td> +<td class="bor_right bor_bot center">Male.</td> +<td class="bor_right bor_bot center">Female.</td> +<td class="bor_bot bor_left center">Total.</td> </tr> <tr> -<td colspan="2">1892</td> -<td class="bor_left right">6,139</td> -<td rowspan="15" class="bor_right"> </td> -<td class="bor_left right">775</td> -<td rowspan="15"> </td> -<td class="bor_left right">6,914</td> -<td rowspan="15"> </td> -<td class="bor_left right">2,043</td> +<td>1892</td> +<td class="bor_left right">6,139</td> +<td class="bor_left right">775</td> +<td class="bor_left right">6,914</td> +<td class="bor_left right">2,043</td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="bor_right" colspan="2">1893</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">4,411</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">942</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">5,353</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">2,145</td> +<td class="bor_right">1893</td> +<td class="bor_left right">4,411</td> +<td class="bor_left right">942</td> +<td class="bor_left right">5,353</td> +<td class="bor_left right">2,145</td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="bor_right" colspan="2">1894</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">4,593</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">519</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">5,112</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">2,902</td> +<td class="bor_right">1894</td> +<td class="bor_left right">4,593</td> +<td class="bor_left right">519</td> +<td class="bor_left right">5,112</td> +<td class="bor_left right">2,902</td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="bor_right" colspan="2">1895</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">4,559</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">414</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">4,973</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">2,766</td> +<td class="bor_right">1895</td> +<td class="bor_left right">4,559</td> +<td class="bor_left right">414</td> +<td class="bor_left right">4,973</td> +<td class="bor_left right">2,766</td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="bor_right" colspan="2">1896</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">3,805</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">360</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">4,165</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">2,314</td> +<td class="bor_right">1896</td> +<td class="bor_left right">3,805</td> +<td class="bor_left right">360</td> +<td class="bor_left right">4,165</td> +<td class="bor_left right">2,314</td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="bor_right" colspan="2">1897</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">3,745</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">323</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">4,068</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">1,876</td> +<td class="bor_right">1897</td> +<td class="bor_left right">3,745</td> +<td class="bor_left right">323</td> +<td class="bor_left right">4,068</td> +<td class="bor_left right">1,876</td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="bor_right" colspan="2">1898</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">3,770</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">343</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">4,113</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">1,983</td> +<td class="bor_right">1898</td> +<td class="bor_left right">3,770</td> +<td class="bor_left right">343</td> +<td class="bor_left right">4,113</td> +<td class="bor_left right">1,983</td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="bor_right" colspan="2">1899</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">3,398</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">258</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">3,656</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">1,823</td> +<td class="bor_right">1899</td> +<td class="bor_left right">3,398</td> +<td class="bor_left right">258</td> +<td class="bor_left right">3,656</td> +<td class="bor_left right">1,823</td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="bor_right" colspan="2">1900</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">3,586</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">266</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">3,852</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">1,691</td> +<td class="bor_right">1900</td> +<td class="bor_left right">3,586</td> +<td class="bor_left right">266</td> +<td class="bor_left right">3,852</td> +<td class="bor_left right">1,691</td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="bor_right" colspan="2">1901</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">4,174</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">261</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">4,435</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">1,761</td> +<td class="bor_right">1901</td> +<td class="bor_left right">4,174</td> +<td class="bor_left right">261</td> +<td class="bor_left right">4,435</td> +<td class="bor_left right">1,761</td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="bor_right" colspan="2">1902</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">4,389</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">252</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">4,614</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">1,876</td> +<td class="bor_right">1902</td> +<td class="bor_left right">4,389</td> +<td class="bor_left right">252</td> +<td class="bor_left right">4,614</td> +<td class="bor_left right">1,876</td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="bor_right" colspan="2">1903</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">3,428</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">278</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">3,706</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">1,733</td> +<td class="bor_right">1903</td> +<td class="bor_left right">3,428</td> +<td class="bor_left right">278</td> +<td class="bor_left right">3,706</td> +<td class="bor_left right">1,733</td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="bor_right" colspan="2">1904</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">3,546</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">221</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">3,767</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">1,620</td> +<td class="bor_right">1904</td> +<td class="bor_left right">3,546</td> +<td class="bor_left right">221</td> +<td class="bor_left right">3,767</td> +<td class="bor_left right">1,620</td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="bor_right" colspan="2">1905</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">3,057</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">194</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">3,252</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">1,352</td> +<td class="bor_right">1905</td> +<td class="bor_left right">3,057</td> +<td class="bor_left right">194</td> +<td class="bor_left right">3,252</td> +<td class="bor_left right">1,352</td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="bor_right" colspan="2">1904</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">2,505</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">184</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">2,289</td> -<td class="bor_left right" colspan="2">1,176</td> +<td class="bor_right">1904</td> +<td class="bor_left right">2,505</td> +<td class="bor_left right">184</td> +<td class="bor_left right">2,289</td> +<td class="bor_left right">1,176</td> </tr> </table> @@ -4361,7 +4334,7 @@ for forced labour to the special needs of this country.</p> and are of a very substantial kind. The principal blocks contain the offices, the several classes of dormitories, the workshops, the stores, the exercise wings, the dining hall, the church, the hospital, the -prison,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span> and the barracks, for a small guard of 150 men is stationed +prison,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span> and the barracks, for a small guard of 150 men is stationed on the premises for cases of emergency. Well-made roads intersect the grounds in various directions, and there is a large amount of open space.</p> @@ -4386,7 +4359,7 @@ portion of their time is devoted to school. The infirm in Class (5) are able to do light work, while the incurables do none. Class (6) explains itself. All the offenders, except those in Class (5), are allowed to earn wages on the scale applying to their employment; those -in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span> Class (6) are given canteen money of 3 centimes per day for the +in<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span> Class (6) are given canteen money of 3 centimes per day for the purchase of small luxuries. As has been explained, the minimum sentence of detention is two years, but owing to the exercise of the Minister's prerogative of pardon, the average term of confinement is about sixteen @@ -4405,117 +4378,100 @@ follows:—</p> <p class="ph3"><span class="smcap">Merxplas Beggars' Depot (Men).</span></p> -<table class="width60" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="offenders dealt with during the seven years 1902 to 1908"> - +<table class="width60" style="border: none; padding: 1px;"> <colgroup> -<col width="25%" /> -<col width="2%" /> -<col width="7%" /> -<col width="2%" /> -<col width="7%" /> -<col width="2%" /> -<col width="7%" /> -<col width="2%" /> -<col width="7%" /> -<col width="2%" /> -<col width="7%" /> -<col width="2%" /> -<col width="7%" /> -<col width="2%" /> -<col width="7%" /> - - +<col style="width: 25%" > +<col style="width: 7%" > +<col style="width: 7%" > +<col style="width: 7%" > +<col style="width: 7%" > +<col style="width: 7%" > +<col style="width: 7%" > +<col style="width: 7%" > </colgroup> <tr> -<td class="bor_top center" colspan="2"> </td> -<td class="bor_top bor_bot bor_left center" colspan="2">1902</td> -<td class="bor_top bor_bot bor_left center" colspan="2">1903</td> -<td class="bor_top bor_bot bor_left center" colspan="2">1904</td> -<td class="bor_top bor_bot bor_left center" colspan="2">1905</td> -<td class="bor_top bor_bot bor_left center" colspan="2">1906</td> -<td class="bor_top bor_bot bor_left center" colspan="2">1907</td> +<td class="bor_top center"> </td> +<td class="bor_top bor_bot bor_left center">1902</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_bot bor_left center">1903</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_bot bor_left center">1904</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_bot bor_left center">1905</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_bot bor_left center">1906</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_bot bor_left center">1907</td> <td class="bor_top bor_bot bor_left center">1908</td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="bor_right" colspan="2">Admitted</td> -<td class="bor_bot bor_right center" colspan="2">4,514</td> -<td class=" bor_bot bor_right center" colspan="2">4,649</td> -<td class=" bor_bot bor_right center" colspan="2">4,615</td> -<td class="bor_bot bor_right center" colspan="2">4,624</td> -<td class="bor_bot bor_right center" colspan="2">4,426</td> -<td class="bor_bot bor_right center" colspan="2">4,212</td> -<td class="bor_bot center" colspan="2">4,431</td> -</tr> - -<tr> -<td>Discharged</td> -<td rowspan="5" class="bor_right bor_bot"> </td> -<td class="center">2,847</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="bor_right"> </td> -<td class="center">2,922</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="bor_right"> </td> -<td class="center">2,827</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="bor_right"> </td> -<td class="center">2,666</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="bor_right"> </td> -<td class="center">2,935</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="bor_right"> </td> -<td class="center">2,792</td> -<td rowspan="4" class="bor_right"> </td> -<td class="center">2,282</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td>Transferred</td> -<td class="center">501</td> -<td class="center">452</td> -<td class="center">514</td> -<td class="center">439</td> -<td class="center">504</td> -<td class="center">464</td> -<td class="center">478</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td>Absconded</td> -<td class="center">879</td> -<td class="center">1,004</td> -<td class="center">1,066</td> -<td class="center">1,243</td> -<td class="center">1,031</td> -<td class="center">919</td> -<td class="center">1,055</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td>Died</td> -<td class="center">125</td> -<td class="center">108</td> -<td class="center">112</td> -<td class="center">94</td> -<td class="center">136</td> -<td class="center">134</td> -<td class="center">139</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="center" colspan="2">Total</td> -<td class="bor_top bor_bot bor_left center" colspan="2">4,352</td> -<td class="bor_top bor_bot bor_left center" colspan="2">4,486</td> -<td class="bor_top bor_bot bor_left center" colspan="2">4,519</td> -<td class="bor_top bor_bot bor_left center" colspan="2">4,442</td> -<td class="bor_top bor_bot bor_left center" colspan="2">4,606</td> -<td class="bor_top bor_bot bor_left center" colspan="2">4,309</td> +<td class="bor_right">Admitted</td> +<td class="bor_bot bor_right center">4,514</td> +<td class="bor_bot bor_right center">4,649</td> +<td class="bor_bot bor_right center">4,615</td> +<td class="bor_bot bor_right center">4,624</td> +<td class="bor_bot bor_right center">4,426</td> +<td class="bor_bot bor_right center">4,212</td> +<td class="bor_bot center">4,431</td> +</tr> + +<tr> +<td class="bor_right">Discharged</td> +<td class="bor_bot bor_right center">2,847</td> +<td class="bor_bot bor_right center">2,922</td> +<td class="bor_bot bor_right center">2,827</td> +<td class="bor_bot bor_right center">2,666</td> +<td class="bor_bot bor_right center">2,935</td> +<td class="bor_bot bor_right center">2,792</td> +<td class="bor_bot center">2,282</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="bor_right">Transferred</td> +<td class="bor_bot bor_right center">501</td> +<td class="bor_bot bor_right center">452</td> +<td class="bor_bot bor_right center">514</td> +<td class="bor_bot bor_right center">439</td> +<td class="bor_bot bor_right center">504</td> +<td class="bor_bot bor_right center">464</td> +<td class="bor_bot center">478</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="bor_right">Absconded</td> +<td class="bor_bot bor_right center">879</td> +<td class="bor_bot bor_right center">1,004</td> +<td class="bor_bot bor_right center">1,066</td> +<td class="bor_bot bor_right center">1,243</td> +<td class="bor_bot bor_right center">1,031</td> +<td class="bor_bot bor_right center">919</td> +<td class="bor_bot center">1,055</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="bor_right">Died</td> +<td class="bor_bot bor_right center">125</td> +<td class="bor_bot bor_right center">108</td> +<td class="bor_bot bor_right center">112</td> +<td class="bor_bot bor_right center">94</td> +<td class="bor_bot bor_right center">136</td> +<td class="bor_bot bor_right center">134</td> +<td class="bor_bot center">139</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="center">Total</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_bot bor_left center">4,352</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_bot bor_left center">4,486</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_bot bor_left center">4,519</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_bot bor_left center">4,442</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_bot bor_left center">4,606</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_bot bor_left center">4,309</td> <td class="bor_top bor_bot bor_left center">3,954</td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="bor_top bor_bot center" colspan="2">Detained on December 31</td> -<td class="bor_top bor_bot bor_left center" colspan="2">4,851</td> -<td class="bor_top bor_bot bor_left center" colspan="2">5,014</td> -<td class="bor_top bor_bot bor_left center" colspan="2">5,110</td> -<td class="bor_top bor_bot bor_left center" colspan="2">5,292</td> -<td class="bor_top bor_bot bor_left center" colspan="2">5,112</td> -<td class="bor_top bor_bot bor_left center" colspan="2">5,015</td> -<td class="bor_top bor_bot bor_left center" colspan="2">5,492</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_bot center">Detained on December 31</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_bot bor_left center">4,851</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_bot bor_left center">5,014</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_bot bor_left center">5,110</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_bot bor_left center">5,292</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_bot bor_left center">5,112</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_bot bor_left center">5,015</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_bot bor_left center">5,492</td> </tr> </table> @@ -4523,21 +4479,21 @@ follows:—</p> <p>The admissions shown above included the reinstatements (of inmates escaped) after capture, and the admissions by transfer from other institutions. The direct admissions, the admissions by transfer, and -the reinstatements after escape<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span> are here shown separately for the +the reinstatements after escape<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span> are here shown separately for the years 1901 to 1908:—</p> -<table class="width60" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="admissions"> +<table class="width60" style="border: none; padding: 1px;"> <colgroup> -<col width="30%" /> -<col width="7%" /> -<col width="7%" /> -<col width="7%" /> -<col width="7%" /> -<col width="7%" /> -<col width="7%" /> +<col style="width: 30%" > +<col style="width: 7%" > +<col style="width: 7%" > +<col style="width: 7%" > +<col style="width: 7%" > +<col style="width: 7%" > +<col style="width: 7%" > </colgroup> <tr> @@ -4611,18 +4567,18 @@ decision, conducted to the frontier, and deceased</td> to the Merxplas Depot) under the law of November 27, 1891, during the years 1901 to 1906 belonged to the following classes:—</p> -<table class="width60" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="placed at the disposition of the Government"> +<table class="width60" style="border: none; padding: 1px;"> <colgroup> -<col width="30%" /> -<col width="7%" /> -<col width="7%" /> -<col width="7%" /> -<col width="7%" /> -<col width="7%" /> -<col width="7%" /> +<col style="width: 30%" > +<col style="width: 7%" > +<col style="width: 7%" > +<col style="width: 7%" > +<col style="width: 7%" > +<col style="width: 7%" > +<col style="width: 7%" > </colgroup> <tr> @@ -4676,19 +4632,19 @@ years 1901 to 1906 belonged to the following classes:—</p> <p>The following further table shows the frequency of commitment during a series of years:—</p> -<table class="width60" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="Number of Times Committed"> +<table class="width60" style="border: none; padding: 1px;"> <colgroup> -<col width="30%" /> -<col width="7%" /> -<col width="7%" /> -<col width="7%" /> -<col width="7%" /> -<col width="7%" /> -<col width="7%" /> -<col width="7%" /> +<col style="width: 30%" > +<col style="width: 7%" > +<col style="width: 7%" > +<col style="width: 7%" > +<col style="width: 7%" > +<col style="width: 7%" > +<col style="width: 7%" > +<col style="width: 7%" > </colgroup> <tr> @@ -4763,7 +4719,7 @@ series of years:—</p> </tr> </table> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span></p> <p>The whole of the men capable of working, either much or little, are employed according to their aptitudes and physical capacity, either in @@ -4785,7 +4741,7 @@ carpentering, and printing.</p> <p>Several years ago, a Committee appointed by the Lindsey (Lincoln) Quarter Sessions visited Merxplas and reported as follows upon what -they saw of the workshops:—<a name="FNanchor_55_55" id="FNanchor_55_55"></a><a href="#Footnote_55_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a></p> +they saw of the workshops:—<a id="FNanchor_55_55"></a><a href="#Footnote_55_55" class="fnanchor">[55]</a></p> <blockquote> @@ -4795,7 +4751,7 @@ we were told that it was made a privilege to work there. All the shops were large and airy, and the following were the principal industries being carried on at the time of our visit.</p> -<p>"In the ironfoundry they were making their own<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span> patterns, doing their +<p>"In the ironfoundry they were making their own<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span> patterns, doing their own casting, turning, and finishing for everything in the way of metal used in the establishment, from cast iron window frames to brass pumps.</p> @@ -4842,7 +4798,7 @@ exclusive of those employed at the furnaces, and the clay-getters. The usual number of bricks made was about 70,000 daily, the men being paid 15 centimes (1·4<i>d.</i>) per 1,000.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span></p> <p>"On an equally large scale was the making of cement conduit pipes. The cement is made at a factory in the neighbourhood, and the white sand @@ -4882,7 +4838,7 @@ colony, and, as is the practice in the shops, very little machinery is used, whilst a large amount of labour is employed in bringing fresh ground under cultivation. The sandy top-soil is first removed and immense quantities of Antwerp street sweepings and clay rubbish are -put on. Large gangs are also employed in hand-weeding,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span> and all the +put on. Large gangs are also employed in hand-weeding,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span> and all the advantages of farming with abundance of cheap labour are conspicuous."</p></blockquote> <p>The accounts of a recent year show proceeds of trades as follows: Mat @@ -4895,18 +4851,18 @@ profits on twenty-six trades in 1907 were said to be £4,072.</p> seven and nine in winter, broken by three intervals for meals and rest. The day's routine is as follows:—</p> -<table class="width60" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="The day's routine"> +<table class="width60" style="border: none; padding: 1px;"> <colgroup> -<col width="30%" /> -<col width="1%" /> -<col width="5%" /> -<col width="5%" /> -<col width="1%" /> -<col width="5%" /> -<col width="5%" /> +<col style="width: 30%" > +<col style="width: 1%" > +<col style="width: 5%" > +<col style="width: 5%" > +<col style="width: 1%" > +<col style="width: 5%" > +<col style="width: 5%" > </colgroup> @@ -4916,7 +4872,7 @@ The day's routine is as follows:—</p> <tr> <td class="center"><i>Week-days.</i></td> <td rowspan="19" class="bor_left"> </td> -<td class="center" colspan="2">April 1 to<br />September 15.</td> +<td class="center" colspan="2">April 1 to<br >September 15.</td> <td rowspan="19" class="bor_right"> </td> <td class="center" colspan="2">September 16 to October 31.</td> </tr> @@ -4978,9 +4934,9 @@ The day's routine is as follows:—</p> </tr> <tr> <td>Second meal—in two parties</td> -<td class="center">10.40<br />11.40</td> +<td class="center">10.40<br >11.40</td> <td class="center">"</td> -<td class="center">10.40<br />11.40</td> +<td class="center">10.40<br >11.40</td> <td class="center">"</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -5047,21 +5003,19 @@ The day's routine is as follows:—</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span></p> -<table class="width60" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="The day's routine"> +<table class="width60" style="border: none; padding: 1px;"> <colgroup> - -<col width="30%" /> -<col width="1%" /> -<col width="5%" /> -<col width="5%" /> -<col width="1%" /> -<col width="5%" /> -<col width="5%" /> - +<col style="width: 30%" > +<col style="width: 1%" > +<col style="width: 5%" > +<col style="width: 5%" > +<col style="width: 1%" > +<col style="width: 5%" > +<col style="width: 5%" > </colgroup> <tr> @@ -5069,10 +5023,10 @@ The day's routine is as follows:—</p> </tr> <tr> <td class="center"><i>Week-days.</i></td> -<td rowspan="15" class="bor_left"> </td> -<td class="center" colspan="2">April 1 to<br />November 1 to<br />February 15.</td> -<td rowspan="14" class="bor_right"> </td> -<td class="center" colspan="2">February 16 to<br />March 31</td> +<td rowspan="18" class="bor_left"> </td> +<td class="center" colspan="2">April 1 to<br >November 1 to<br >February 15.</td> +<td rowspan="18" class="bor_right"> </td> +<td class="center" colspan="2">February 16 to<br >March 31</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Rise</td> @@ -5111,9 +5065,9 @@ The day's routine is as follows:—</p> </tr> <tr> <td>Second meal—in two parties</td> -<td class="center">10.40<br />11.40</td> +<td class="center">10.40<br >11.40</td> <td class="center">"</td> -<td class="center">10.40<br />11.40</td> +<td class="center">10.40<br >11.40</td> <td class="center">"</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -5172,11 +5126,15 @@ The day's routine is as follows:—</p> <td>General medical inspection</td> <td class="center">After mass.</td> <td class="center">After mass.</td> +<td> </td> +<td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>Mass</td> <td class="center">8.0 and 9.0 a.m.</td> <td class="center">8.0 and 9.0 a.m.</td> +<td> </td> +<td> </td> </tr> <tr> <td>Vespers</td> @@ -5206,7 +5164,7 @@ Even the grinding is done by a large capstan wheel worked by two relays of sixty men each.</p> <p>(2) The raw material is, as far as possible, produced in the Colony. -Tobacco, flax, and chicory<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span> are grown on the farm; the leather comes +Tobacco, flax, and chicory<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span> are grown on the farm; the leather comes from the farm cattle, and is tanned on the spot by bark obtained from the woods; and the hair of the same cattle is spun by the inmates for carpet making.</p> @@ -5221,11 +5179,11 @@ articles are from first to last produced on the spot.</p> The existing scale for able-bodied men, as sanctioned by the Minister of Justice in 1903, is as follows (10½ centimes = 1d.):—</p> -<table class="auto centered" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="earnings of the inmates"> +<table class="auto centered" style="border: none; padding: 1px;"> <tr> <td> </td> -<td class="right">Centimes<br />Per Day.</td> +<td class="right">Centimes<br >Per Day.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Industrial work</td> @@ -5240,7 +5198,7 @@ of Justice in 1903, is as follows (10½ centimes = 1d.):—</p> <td class="right">12 to 18</td> </tr> <tr> -<td>Offices of trust (writers, porters, hospital and store assistants,<br />shepherds, dairy +<td>Offices of trust (writers, porters, hospital and store assistants,<br >shepherds, dairy and stablemen, butchers, etc.)</td> <td class="right valignb">20 to 30</td> </tr> @@ -5259,7 +5217,7 @@ in the bugle squad, are paid for. Non-able-bodied men receive "canteen money" of 3 centimes per day.</p> <p>The men are paid monthly one half of their earnings to spend as they -wish, and the balance<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span> goes to their leaving fund, and is paid only +wish, and the balance<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span> goes to their leaving fund, and is paid only on discharge. As a rule, the instalments paid go in the purchase of supplementary food and luxuries, but many frugal workers deposit the whole of their earnings in the leaving fund. The result is that some @@ -5277,15 +5235,15 @@ and in the workshops; and (3) the profits of the canteen.</p> by the Director of Merxplas for the Departmental Vagrancy Committee, contained the following principal items:—</p> -<table class="auto centered" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="estimate of revenue and expenditure"> +<table class="auto centered" style="border: none; padding: 1px;"> <tr> <td class="center"><i>Revenue.</i></td> <td class="right">£</td> </tr> <tr> -<td>Maintenance grants (3,500 able-bodied inmates at 66 centimes per day, and 1,000 not able-bodied<br /> -inmates at 1 franc 50 centimes per day)<br />sheep, pigs, etc.) to private persons</td> +<td>Maintenance grants (3,500 able-bodied inmates at 66 centimes per day, and 1,000 not able-bodied<br > +inmates at 1 franc 50 centimes per day)<br >sheep, pigs, etc.) to private persons</td> <td class="right">55,626</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -5294,7 +5252,7 @@ inmates at 1 franc 50 centimes per day)<br />sheep, pigs, etc.) to private perso </tr> <tr> <td>Produce of workshops (sold to private persons, -prisons,<br />charitable institutions, and discharged inmates)</td> +prisons,<br >charitable institutions, and discharged inmates)</td> <td class="right">15,000</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -5314,8 +5272,8 @@ prisons,<br />charitable institutions, and discharged inmates)</td> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span></p> -<table class="auto centered" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="Expenditure"> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span></p> +<table class="auto centered" style="border: none; padding: 1px;"> <tr> <td class="center"><i>Expenditure.</i></td> @@ -5350,7 +5308,7 @@ prisons,<br />charitable institutions, and discharged inmates)</td> <td class="right">14,181</td> </tr> <tr> -<td>Farm and estate (plants, seeds, manures, live<br />stock, straw and fodder, etc.)</td> +<td>Farm and estate (plants, seeds, manures, live<br >stock, straw and fodder, etc.)</td> <td class="right">2,047</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -5380,103 +5338,85 @@ increases every year because of the new buildings erected, the plantations, and the improvements made to the land. In 1870, there were only several small farms, heath and fir woods. The land had an area of about 650 hectares, and as the land was poor, its value -was probably £12 per hectare."<a name="FNanchor_56_56" id="FNanchor_56_56"></a><a href="#Footnote_56_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a> The present value has never been +was probably £12 per hectare."<a id="FNanchor_56_56"></a><a href="#Footnote_56_56" class="fnanchor">[56]</a> The present value has never been accurately appraised, but I place it at £200,000. The increased value of the estate has been produced entirely by the labour of the detainees, Parliament having made no further grant for new buildings. The whole of the buildings were progressively erected between 1870 and -1895, according<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span> to the resources at disposal, but after a fixed plan +1895, according<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span> to the resources at disposal, but after a fixed plan conceived in a large spirit by the architect, Monsieur Besme."</p></blockquote> <p>Taking the accounts as published, the cost of the inmates during the years 1901 to 1906 was as follows:—</p> - - - -<table class="width60" border="0" cellpadding="4" summary="accounts as published"> - - +<table class="width60" style="border: none; padding: 4px;"> <colgroup> -<col width="30%" /> -<col width="1%" /> -<col width="8%" /> -<col width="1%" /> -<col width="8%" /> -<col width="1%" /> -<col width="8%" /> -<col width="1%" /> -<col width="8%" /> -<col width="1%" /> -<col width="8%" /> -<col width="1%" /> -<col width="8%" /> - - +<col style="width: 30%" > +<col style="width: 8%" > +<col style="width: 8%" > +<col style="width: 8%" > +<col style="width: 8%" > +<col style="width: 8%" > +<col style="width: 8%" > </colgroup> <tr> -<td class="bor_top bor_right bor_bot" colspan="2"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="bor_top bor_right bor_bot center">1901.</td> -<td colspan="2" class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot center">1902.</td> -<td colspan="2" class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot center">1903.</td> -<td colspan="2" class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot center">1904.</td> -<td colspan="2" class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot center">1905.</td> -<td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot">1906.</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_right bor_bot"> </td> +<td class="bor_top bor_right bor_bot center">1901.</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot center">1902.</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot center">1903.</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot center">1904.</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot center">1905.</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot">1906.</td> </tr> <tr> -<td colspan="2">Number of able-bodied detainees</td> -<td rowspan="5" class="bor_left"> </td> -<td class="right">3,702</td> -<td rowspan="5" class="bor_left"> </td> -<td class="right">3,799</td> -<td rowspan="5" class="bor_left"> </td> -<td class="right">3,842</td> -<td rowspan="5" class="bor_left"> </td> -<td class="right">3,716</td> -<td rowspan="5" class="bor_left"> </td> -<td class="right">3,645</td> -<td class=" bor_left right">3,440</td> +<td>Number of able-bodied detainees</td> +<td class="bor_left right">3,702</td> +<td class="bor_left right">3,799</td> +<td class="bor_left right">3,842</td> +<td class="bor_left right">3,716</td> +<td class="bor_left right">3,645</td> +<td class="bor_left right">3,440</td> </tr> <tr> -<td colspan="2">Number of infirm detainees</td> -<td class="right">987</td> -<td class="right">1,052</td> -<td class="right">1,172</td> -<td class="right">1,394</td> -<td class="right">1,647</td> -<td class=" bor_left right">1,672</td> +<td>Number of infirm detainees</td> +<td class="bor_left right">987</td> +<td class="bor_left right">1,052</td> +<td class="bor_left right">1,172</td> +<td class="bor_left right">1,394</td> +<td class="bor_left right">1,647</td> +<td class="bor_left right">1,672</td> </tr> <tr> -<td colspan="2">Number of days' maintenance</td> -<td class="right">1,505,393</td> -<td class="right">1,619,176</td> -<td class="right">1,685,076</td> -<td class="right">1,714,064</td> -<td class="right">1,825,798</td> -<td class=" bor_left right">1,801,170</td> +<td>Number of days' maintenance</td> +<td class="bor_left right">1,505,393</td> +<td class="bor_left right">1,619,176</td> +<td class="bor_left right">1,685,076</td> +<td class="bor_left right">1,714,064</td> +<td class="bor_left right">1,825,798</td> +<td class="bor_left right">1,801,170</td> </tr> <tr> -<td colspan="2">Cost of maintenance</td> -<td class="right">1,253,029 fr.</td> -<td class="right">1,367,005 fr.</td> -<td class="right">1,427,771 fr.</td> -<td class="right">1,508,178 fr.</td> -<td class="right">1,669,169 fr.</td> -<td class=" bor_left right">1,689,778 fr.</td> +<td>Cost of maintenance</td> +<td class="bor_left right">1,253,029 fr.</td> +<td class="bor_left right">1,367,005 fr.</td> +<td class="bor_left right">1,427,771 fr.</td> +<td class="bor_left right">1,508,178 fr.</td> +<td class="bor_left right">1,669,169 fr.</td> +<td class="bor_left right">1,689,778 fr.</td> </tr> <tr> -<td colspan="2">Average per head per day</td> -<td class="right">83 c.</td> -<td class="right">84 c.</td> -<td class="right">85 c.</td> -<td class="right"> 88 c.</td> -<td class="right">91 c.</td> -<td class=" bor_left right">94 c.</td> +<td>Average per head per day</td> +<td class="bor_left right">83 c.</td> +<td class="bor_left right">84 c.</td> +<td class="bor_left right">85 c.</td> +<td class="bor_left right"> 88 c.</td> +<td class="bor_left right">91 c.</td> +<td class="bor_left right">94 c.</td> </tr> <tr> -<td colspan="13" class="bor_top"> </td> +<td colspan="7" class="bor_top"> </td> </tr> </table> @@ -5495,11 +5435,11 @@ deducting the value of work done, is £22 11s., and that in convict prisons £28, but in these amounts no charge for buildings is included.</p> <p>Perhaps the most remarkable feature of Merxplas is the facility of -escape offered to the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span> inmates and the frequency with which this +escape offered to the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span> inmates and the frequency with which this facility is used. The escapes during the ten years 1898 to 1907 were as follows:—</p> -<table class="auto centered" border="0" cellpadding="4" summary="escapes during the ten years"> +<table class="auto centered" style="border: none; padding: 4px;"> <tr> <td>1898</td> @@ -5561,7 +5501,7 @@ less to punish than to restrain under discipline, until that discipline has achieved its purpose, and the man is fit to regain his liberty—in the Director's favourite term, to be "reclassed" in society. If such reinstatement is expedited by act of the inmate's will, the aim of the -establish<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span>ment is no less served. I cannot do better than quote from an +establish<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span>ment is no less served. I cannot do better than quote from an interesting letter upon this subject which Monsieur Stroobant has been kind enough to send me.</p> @@ -5600,7 +5540,7 @@ interval, the salutary fear of the punishment which awaits them, and the lack of proper clothing are reasons why the number of escapes is not far greater than is the case.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span></p> <p>"Those who escape are the energetic men who, influenced by some ruling idea—it may be of a family in distress or other motives less @@ -5630,7 +5570,7 @@ Offenders may also be transferred to inferior classes of work. The punishments awarded in 1907 related to the following offences: Escapes and attempts to escape, 919; refusal to work or idleness at work, 250; malingering, 9; brawling, 60; rebellion against warders, 72; theft -and complicity,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span> 57; misconduct, 407; and drunkenness, 18. The small +and complicity,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span> 57; misconduct, 407; and drunkenness, 18. The small military guard is always at hand to quell disturbance, should it occur, but its services are never needed for this purpose.</p> @@ -5662,7 +5602,7 @@ of the whole establishment....</p> <p>"Inside, away from temptation, they work well, and as long as the sentence does not exceed two or three years, seem content to remain.... Even if permanent re-establishment in society is not -frequently secured, this large class of the inefficients, which would<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span> +frequently secured, this large class of the inefficients, which would<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span> otherwise form the great recruiting ground for the criminal classes, is prevented from sinking any lower. Its members are also prevented from propagating their kind, to prey upon the next generation. @@ -5698,7 +5638,7 @@ reproduction."</p></blockquote> <p>The House of Refuge at Wortel may be regarded as a Detention Colony for the less obnoxious offenders of the vagrant and mendicant class, but it -also receives persons who voluntarily enter owing<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span> to inability to find +also receives persons who voluntarily enter owing<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span> to inability to find employment or homes. The House of Refuge thus performs the functions of the labour yard attached to many English workhouses, an institution useful, and even essential, in any well-organised system of poor @@ -5719,244 +5659,208 @@ certain number are allowed to remain beyond the year.</p> <p>The following table shows the numbers who entered and left the Wortel House of Refuge in the years 1902 to 1908:—</p> -<table class="width60" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="numbers who entered and left"> - +<table class="width60" style="border: none; padding: 1px;"> <colgroup> -<col width="30%" /> -<col width="1%" /> -<col width="8%" /> -<col width="1%" /> -<col width="8%" /> -<col width="1%" /> -<col width="8%" /> -<col width="1%" /> -<col width="8%" /> -<col width="1%" /> -<col width="8%" /> -<col width="1%" /> -<col width="8%" /> -<col width="1%" /> -<col width="8%" /> - - +<col style="width: 30%" > +<col style="width: 8%" > +<col style="width: 8%" > +<col style="width: 8%" > +<col style="width: 8%" > +<col style="width: 8%" > +<col style="width: 8%" > +<col style="width: 8%" > </colgroup> <tr> -<td class="bor_top bor_right bor_bot center" colspan="2"> </td> -<td colspan="2" class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot center">1902.</td> -<td colspan="2" class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot center">1903.</td> -<td colspan="2" class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot center">1904.</td> -<td colspan="2" class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot bor_right center">1905.</td> -<td colspan="2" class="bor_top bor_right bor_bot center">1906.</td> -<td colspan="2" class="bor_top bor_right bor_bot center">1907.</td> -<td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot center">1908.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bor_top bor_right bor_bot" colspan="2">Admitted</td> -<td colspan="2" class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot right">4,389</td> -<td colspan="2" class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot right">3,428</td> -<td colspan="2" class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot right">3,546</td> -<td colspan="2" class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot bor_right right">3,057</td> -<td colspan="2" class="bor_top bor_right bor_bot right"> 2,505</td> -<td colspan="2" class="bor_top bor_right bor_bot right">2,402</td> -<td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot right">2,798</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bor_right" colspan="2">Discharged</td> -<td class="bor_left right">4,034</td> -<td rowspan="5" class="bor_right"> </td> -<td class="bor_left right">3,372</td> -<td rowspan="5"> </td> -<td class="bor_left right">3,413</td> -<td rowspan="5"> </td> -<td class="bor_left right">3,116</td> -<td rowspan="5"> </td> -<td class="bor_left right">2,318</td> -<td rowspan="5"> </td> -<td class="bor_left right">2,105</td> -<td rowspan="5"> </td> -<td class="bor_left right">2,215</td> -<td rowspan="5"> </td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bor_right" colspan="2">Discharged</td> -<td class="bor_left right">177</td> -<td class="bor_left right">138</td> -<td class="bor_left right">142</td> -<td class="bor_left right">135</td> -<td class="bor_left right">125</td> -<td class="bor_left right">152</td> -<td class="bor_left right">142</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bor_right" colspan="2">Transferred</td> -<td class="bor_left right">177</td> -<td class="bor_left right">138</td> -<td class="bor_left right">142</td> -<td class="bor_left right">135</td> -<td class="bor_left right">125</td> -<td class="bor_left right">152</td> -<td class="bor_left right">142</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bor_right" colspan="2">Absconded</td> -<td class="bor_left right">85</td> -<td class="bor_left right">72</td> -<td class="bor_left right">40</td> -<td class="bor_left right">58</td> -<td class="bor_left right">59</td> -<td class="bor_left right">91</td> -<td class="bor_left right">118</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bor_right" colspan="2">Died</td> -<td class="bor_left right">87</td> -<td class="bor_left right">99</td> -<td class="bor_left right">99</td> -<td class="bor_left right">74</td> -<td class="bor_left right">82</td> -<td class="bor_left right">92</td> -<td class="bor_left right">83</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bor_top bor_right bor_bot" colspan="2"><span class="inset">Total</span></td> -<td colspan="2" class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot right">4,383 </td> -<td colspan="2" class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot right">3,681</td> -<td colspan="2" class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot right">3,694</td> -<td colspan="2" class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot bor_right right">3,383</td> -<td colspan="2" class="bor_top bor_right bor_bot right">2,584</td> -<td colspan="2" class="bor_top bor_right bor_bot right">2,440</td> -<td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot right">2,558</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bor_top bor_right bor_bot" colspan="2">Detained on December 31</td> -<td colspan="2" class="bor_right bor_bot right">2,003</td> -<td colspan="2" class="bor_left bor_bot right">1,750</td> -<td colspan="2" class="bor_left bor_bot right">1,602</td> -<td colspan="2" class="bor_left bor_bot right">1,276</td> -<td colspan="2" class="bor_left bor_bot bor_right right">1,197</td> -<td colspan="2" class="bor_left bor_bot bor_right right">1,159</td> -<td class="bor_left bor_bot right">1,399</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_right bor_bot center"> </td> +<td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot center">1902.</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot center">1903.</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot center">1904.</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot bor_right center">1905.</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_right bor_bot center">1906.</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_right bor_bot center">1907.</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot center">1908.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="bor_top bor_right bor_bot">Admitted</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot right">4,389</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot right">3,428</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot right">3,546</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot bor_right right">3,057</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_right bor_bot right"> 2,505</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_right bor_bot right">2,402</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot right">2,798</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="bor_right">Discharged</td> +<td class="bor_left right">4,034</td> +<td class="bor_left right">3,372</td> +<td class="bor_left right">3,413</td> +<td class="bor_left right">3,116</td> +<td class="bor_left right">2,318</td> +<td class="bor_left right">2,105</td> +<td class="bor_left right">2,215</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="bor_right">Discharged</td> +<td class="bor_left right">177</td> +<td class="bor_left right">138</td> +<td class="bor_left right">142</td> +<td class="bor_left right">135</td> +<td class="bor_left right">125</td> +<td class="bor_left right">152</td> +<td class="bor_left right">142</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="bor_right">Transferred</td> +<td class="bor_left right">177</td> +<td class="bor_left right">138</td> +<td class="bor_left right">142</td> +<td class="bor_left right">135</td> +<td class="bor_left right">125</td> +<td class="bor_left right">152</td> +<td class="bor_left right">142</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="bor_right">Absconded</td> +<td class="bor_left right">85</td> +<td class="bor_left right">72</td> +<td class="bor_left right">40</td> +<td class="bor_left right">58</td> +<td class="bor_left right">59</td> +<td class="bor_left right">91</td> +<td class="bor_left right">118</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="bor_right">Died</td> +<td class="bor_left right">87</td> +<td class="bor_left right">99</td> +<td class="bor_left right">99</td> +<td class="bor_left right">74</td> +<td class="bor_left right">82</td> +<td class="bor_left right">92</td> +<td class="bor_left right">83</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="bor_top bor_right bor_bot"><span class="inset">Total</span></td> +<td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot right">4,383 </td> +<td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot right">3,681</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot right">3,694</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot bor_right right">3,383</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_right bor_bot right">2,584</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_right bor_bot right">2,440</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot right">2,558</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="bor_top bor_right bor_bot">Detained on December 31</td> +<td class="bor_right bor_bot right">2,003</td> +<td class="bor_left bor_bot right">1,750</td> +<td class="bor_left bor_bot right">1,602</td> +<td class="bor_left bor_bot right">1,276</td> +<td class="bor_left bor_bot bor_right right">1,197</td> +<td class="bor_left bor_bot bor_right right">1,159</td> +<td class="bor_left bor_bot right">1,399</td> </tr> </table> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span></p> <p>The frequency of commitment during the same years was as follows:—</p> -<table class="width60" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="numbers who entered and left"> - +<table class="width60" style="border: none; padding: 1px;"> <colgroup> -<col width="30%" /> -<col width="1%" /> -<col width="8%" /> -<col width="1%" /> -<col width="8%" /> -<col width="1%" /> -<col width="8%" /> -<col width="1%" /> -<col width="8%" /> -<col width="1%" /> -<col width="8%" /> -<col width="1%" /> -<col width="8%" /> -<col width="1%" /> -<col width="8%" /> -<col width="1%" /> -<col width="8%" /> - - +<col style="width: 30%" > +<col style="width: 8%" > +<col style="width: 8%" > +<col style="width: 8%" > +<col style="width: 8%" > +<col style="width: 8%" > +<col style="width: 8%" > +<col style="width: 8%" > +<col style="width: 8%" > </colgroup> <tr> -<td class="bor_top bor_right bor_bot" colspan="2">Number of Times Committed.</td> -<td colspan="2" class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot center">1901.</td> -<td colspan="2" class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot center">1902.</td> -<td colspan="2" class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot center">1903.</td> -<td colspan="2" class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot center">1904.</td> -<td colspan="2" class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot bor_right center">1905.</td> -<td colspan="2" class="bor_top bor_right bor_bot center">1906.</td> -<td colspan="2" class="bor_top bor_right bor_bot center">1907.</td> -<td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot center">1908.</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bor_right" colspan="2">For the first time</td> -<td class="bor_left right">1,523</td> -<td rowspan="5" class="bor_right"> </td> -<td class="bor_left right">1,483</td> -<td rowspan="5"> </td> -<td class="bor_left right">1,281</td> -<td rowspan="5"> </td> -<td class="bor_left right">1,296</td> -<td rowspan="5"> </td> -<td class="bor_left right">1,070</td> -<td rowspan="5"> </td> -<td class="bor_left right">903</td> -<td rowspan="5"> </td> -<td class="bor_left right">856</td> -<td rowspan="5"> </td> -<td class="bor_left right">1,222</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bor_right" colspan="2">For the second time</td> -<td class="bor_left right">709</td> -<td class="bor_left right">772</td> -<td class="bor_left right">555</td> -<td class="bor_left right">596</td> -<td class="bor_left right">524</td> -<td class="bor_left right">402</td> -<td class="bor_left right">375</td> -<td class="bor_left right">435</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bor_right" colspan="2">For the third time</td> -<td class="bor_left right">413</td> -<td class="bor_left right">478</td> -<td class="bor_left right">380</td> -<td class="bor_left right">389</td> -<td class="bor_left right">320</td> -<td class="bor_left right">232</td> -<td class="bor_left right">234</td> -<td class="bor_left right">261</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bor_right" colspan="2">For the fourth time</td> -<td class="bor_left right">291</td> -<td class="bor_left right">329</td> -<td class="bor_left right">257</td> -<td class="bor_left right">249</td> -<td class="bor_left right">249</td> -<td class="bor_left right">174</td> -<td class="bor_left right">176</td> -<td class="bor_left right">163</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bor_right" colspan="2">For the fifth time, or oftener</td> -<td class="bor_left right">1,238</td> -<td class="bor_left right">1,327</td> -<td class="bor_left right">955</td> -<td class="bor_left right">1,016</td> -<td class="bor_left right">894</td> -<td class="bor_left right">794</td> -<td class="bor_left right">761</td> -<td class="bor_left right">717</td> -</tr> -<tr> -<td class="bor_top bor_right bor_bot center" colspan="2">Total number of admissions</td> -<td colspan="2" class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot right">4,174</td> -<td colspan="2" class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot right">4,389</td> -<td colspan="2" class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot right">3,428</td> -<td colspan="2" class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot right">3,546</td> -<td colspan="2" class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot bor_right right">3,057</td> -<td colspan="2" class="bor_top bor_right bor_bot right">2,505</td> -<td colspan="2" class="bor_top bor_right bor_bot right">2,402</td> -<td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot right">2,798</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_right bor_bot">Number of Times Committed.</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot center">1901.</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot center">1902.</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot center">1903.</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot center">1904.</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot bor_right center">1905.</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_right bor_bot center">1906.</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_right bor_bot center">1907.</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot center">1908.</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="bor_right">For the first time</td> +<td class="bor_left right">1,523</td> +<td class="bor_left right">1,483</td> +<td class="bor_left right">1,281</td> +<td class="bor_left right">1,296</td> +<td class="bor_left right">1,070</td> +<td class="bor_left right">903</td> +<td class="bor_left right">856</td> +<td class="bor_left right">1,222</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="bor_right">For the second time</td> +<td class="bor_left right">709</td> +<td class="bor_left right">772</td> +<td class="bor_left right">555</td> +<td class="bor_left right">596</td> +<td class="bor_left right">524</td> +<td class="bor_left right">402</td> +<td class="bor_left right">375</td> +<td class="bor_left right">435</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="bor_right">For the third time</td> +<td class="bor_left right">413</td> +<td class="bor_left right">478</td> +<td class="bor_left right">380</td> +<td class="bor_left right">389</td> +<td class="bor_left right">320</td> +<td class="bor_left right">232</td> +<td class="bor_left right">234</td> +<td class="bor_left right">261</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="bor_right">For the fourth time</td> +<td class="bor_left right">291</td> +<td class="bor_left right">329</td> +<td class="bor_left right">257</td> +<td class="bor_left right">249</td> +<td class="bor_left right">249</td> +<td class="bor_left right">174</td> +<td class="bor_left right">176</td> +<td class="bor_left right">163</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="bor_right">For the fifth time, or oftener</td> +<td class="bor_left right">1,238</td> +<td class="bor_left right">1,327</td> +<td class="bor_left right">955</td> +<td class="bor_left right">1,016</td> +<td class="bor_left right">894</td> +<td class="bor_left right">794</td> +<td class="bor_left right">761</td> +<td class="bor_left right">717</td> +</tr> +<tr> +<td class="bor_top bor_right bor_bot center">Total number of admissions</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot right">4,174</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot right">4,389</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot right">3,428</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot right">3,546</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot bor_right right">3,057</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_right bor_bot right">2,505</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_right bor_bot right">2,402</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot right">2,798</td> </tr> </table> - <p>Both at Hoogstraeten and Wortel agriculture and industry are carried on; the trades at the former place include brewing, soap making, smithery, joinery, painting, stove making, cart building, and corn @@ -5971,57 +5875,49 @@ of reclamation is done. Most of the building needed is the work of the colonists, and nearly all the domestic work is done by them.</p> <p>The actual hours of labour, exclusive of intervals, are ten and a half -daily in the summer months (April 1 to September 30), eight and a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span> half +daily in the summer months (April 1 to September 30), eight and a<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span> half in March and October, and eight in the winter months (November 1 to February 28). The daily routine is as follows (Sunday excepted):—</p> -<table class="width60" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="actual hours of labour"> - +<table class="width60" style="border: none; padding: 1px;"> <colgroup> -<col width="20%" /> -<col width="1%" /> -<col width="18%" /> -<col width="1%" /> -<col width="1%" /> -<col width="18%" /> -<col width="1%" /> -<col width="1%" /> -<col width="18%" /> -<col width="1%" /> -<col width="1%" /> -<col width="18%" /> - +<col style="width: 20%" > +<col style="width: 18%" > +<col style="width: 1%" > +<col style="width: 18%" > +<col style="width: 1%" > +<col style="width: 18%" > +<col style="width: 1%" > +<col style="width: 18%" > +<col style="width: 1%" > </colgroup> <tr> -<td class="bor_top bor_right" colspan="2"> </td> -<td class="bor_top bor_right bor_bot center" colspan="3">March.</td> -<td colspan="3" class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot center">April 1 to<br /> +<td class="bor_top bor_right"> </td> +<td class="bor_top bor_right bor_bot center" colspan="2">March.</td> +<td colspan="2" class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot center">April 1 to<br > September 30.</td> -<td colspan="3" class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot center">October.</td> -<td colspan="3" class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot center">November 1 to<br /> +<td colspan="2" class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot center">October.</td> +<td colspan="2" class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot center">November 1 to<br > February 28.</td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="bor_right" colspan="2">Hour of Rising</td> +<td class="bor_right">Hour of Rising</td> <td class="bor_left right">5.30</td> <td>a.m.</td> -<td rowspan="13" class="bor_right"> </td> <td class="bor_left right">5.0</td> -<td align="left">a.m.</td> -<td rowspan="13"> </td> +<td style="text-align: left;">a.m.</td> <td class="bor_left right">5.30</td> <td>a.m.</td> -<td rowspan="13"> </td> <td class="bor_left right">6.0</td> <td>a.m.</td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="bor_right" colspan="2">Distribution of bread</td> +<td class="bor_right">Distribution of bread</td> <td class="right">6.0</td> <td class="center">"</td> -<td class="right">5.30</td> +<td class="bor_left right">5.30</td> <td class="center">"</td> <td class="bor_left right">6.0</td> <td class="center">"</td> @@ -6029,10 +5925,10 @@ February 28.</td> <td class="center">"</td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="bor_right" colspan="2">Work</td> +<td class="bor_right">Work</td> <td class="right">6.30</td> <td class="center">"</td> -<td class="right">6.0</td> +<td class="bor_left right">6.0</td> <td class="center">"</td> <td class="bor_left right">6.30</td> <td class="center">"</td> @@ -6040,10 +5936,10 @@ February 28.</td> <td class="center">"</td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="bor_right" colspan="2">Visit of doctor</td> +<td class="bor_right">Visit of doctor</td> <td class="right">8.0</td> <td class="center">"</td> -<td class="right">7.0</td> +<td class="bor_left right">7.0</td> <td class="center">"</td> <td class="bor_left right">8.0</td> <td class="center">"</td> @@ -6051,21 +5947,21 @@ February 28.</td> <td class="center">"</td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="bor_right" colspan="2">Distribution of coffee, and rest</td> +<td class="bor_right">Distribution of coffee, and rest</td> <td class="right">9.0</td> <td class="center">"</td> -<td class="right">8.0</td> +<td class="bor_left right">8.0</td> <td class="center">"</td> <td class="bor_left right">9.0</td> <td class="center">"</td> -<td class="bor_left right"><a name="FNanchor_57_57" id="FNanchor_57_57"></a><a href="#Footnote_57_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a></td> +<td class="bor_left right"><a id="FNanchor_57_57"></a><a href="#Footnote_57_57" class="fnanchor">[57]</a></td> <td class="center">"</td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="bor_right" colspan="2">Work</td> +<td class="bor_right">Work</td> <td class="right">9.15</td> <td class="center">"</td> -<td class="right">8.30</td> +<td class="bor_left right">8.30</td> <td class="center">"</td> <td class="bor_left right">9.15</td> <td class="center">"</td> @@ -6073,10 +5969,10 @@ February 28.</td> <td class="center"> </td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="bor_right" colspan="2">Dinner, and rest</td> +<td class="bor_right">Dinner, and rest</td> <td class="right">12.0</td> <td class="center">"</td> -<td class="right">12.0</td> +<td class="bor_left right">12.0</td> <td class="center">"</td> <td class="bor_left right">12.0</td> <td class="center">"</td> @@ -6084,10 +5980,10 @@ February 28.</td> <td class="center">"</td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="bor_right" colspan="2">Work</td> +<td class="bor_right">Work</td> <td class="right">1.30</td> <td class="center">p.m.</td> -<td class="right">1.30</td> +<td class="bor_left right">1.30</td> <td class="center">p.m.</td> <td class="bor_left right">1.30</td> <td class="center">p.m.</td> @@ -6095,10 +5991,10 @@ February 28.</td> <td class="center">p.m.</td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="bor_right" colspan="2">Rest</td> +<td class="bor_right">Rest</td> <td class="right">3.0</td> <td class="center">"</td> -<td class="right">4.0</td> +<td class="bor_left right">4.0</td> <td class="center">"</td> <td class="bor_left right">3.0</td> <td class="center">p.m.</td> @@ -6106,10 +6002,10 @@ February 28.</td> <td class="center"> </td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="bor_right" colspan="2">Work</td> +<td class="bor_right">Work</td> <td class="right">3.15</td> <td class="center">"</td> -<td class="right">4.30</td> +<td class="bor_left right">4.30</td> <td class="center">"</td> <td class="bor_left right">3.15</td> <td class="center">p.m.</td> @@ -6117,10 +6013,10 @@ February 28.</td> <td class="center"> </td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="bor_right" colspan="2">Cessation of work<a name="FNanchor_58_58" id="FNanchor_58_58"></a><a href="#Footnote_58_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a></td> +<td class="bor_right">Cessation of work<a id="FNanchor_58_58"></a><a href="#Footnote_58_58" class="fnanchor">[58]</a></td> <td class="right">5.0</td> <td class="center">"</td> -<td class="right">7.0</td> +<td class="bor_left right">7.0</td> <td class="center">"</td> <td class="bor_left right">5.0</td> <td class="center">"</td> @@ -6128,10 +6024,10 @@ February 28.</td> <td class="center">"</td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="bor_right" colspan="2">Supper</td> +<td class="bor_right">Supper</td> <td class="right">5.0</td> <td class="center">"</td> -<td class="right">7.0</td> +<td class="bor_left right">7.0</td> <td class="center">"</td> <td class="bor_left right">5.0</td> <td class="center">"</td> @@ -6139,10 +6035,10 @@ February 28.</td> <td class="center">"</td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="bor_right" colspan="2">Bedtime</td> +<td class="bor_right">Bedtime</td> <td class="right">6.0</td> <td class="center">"</td> -<td class="right">7.30</td> +<td class="bor_left right">7.30</td> <td class="center">"</td> <td class="bor_left right">6.0</td> <td class="center">"</td> @@ -6150,7 +6046,7 @@ February 28.</td> <td class="center">"</td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="bor_top" colspan="13"> </td> +<td class="bor_top" colspan="9"> </td> </tr> </table> @@ -6162,22 +6058,20 @@ February 28.</td> following are the daily rates now in force (100 centimes = 9½d.):—</p> -<table class="lined" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="actual hours of labour"> - +<table class="lined" style="border: none; padding: 1px;"> <colgroup> -<col width="40%" /> -<col width="10%" /> -<col width="10%" /> -<col width="10%" /> - +<col style="width: 40%" > +<col style="width: 10%" > +<col style="width: 10%" > +<col style="width: 10%" > </colgroup> <tr> <td class="bor_top bor_right"> </td> -<td class="bor_top bor_right bor_bot center">Class A.<br />Centimes.</td> -<td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot center">Class B.<br />Centimes.</td> -<td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot center">Class C.<br />Centimes.</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_right bor_bot center">Class A.<br >Centimes.</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot center">Class B.<br >Centimes.</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot center">Class C.<br >Centimes.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Workshops, etc.</td> @@ -6198,13 +6092,12 @@ following are the daily rates now in force (100 centimes = 9½d.):—< <td class="center bor_left">9</td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="bor_top" colspan="5"> </td> +<td class="bor_top" colspan="4"> </td> </tr> </table> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span></p> <p>Of their earnings one-third is paid to the inmates at once and the balance is given to them on discharge.</p> @@ -6231,7 +6124,7 @@ in an institution of this kind.</p> <p>A few words may be added here relative to the Forced Labour Colonies of Holland. These Colonies are of the type found in Belgium, and their mode of working is in general the same. As in Belgium, too, -they were originally administered<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span> by a Benevolent Society, which was +they were originally administered<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span> by a Benevolent Society, which was formed about the year 1818 for the establishment of Beggars' Colonies, Voluntary Colonies for free farmers and labourers, and Colonies for old and infirm people and for orphans. To this end an estate of @@ -6254,18 +6147,18 @@ women; all of them are intended for the reception of vagrants and mendicants, and the men's Colonies also receive habitual drunkards.</p> <p>In addition to agriculture, gardening, and forestry, various trades, -such as weaving, carpentering, masonry, smithery, cabinet making,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span> +such as weaving, carpentering, masonry, smithery, cabinet making,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span> shoe making, and tailoring, are carried on. The buildings have been modernised, and the cubicle system of dormitory is almost universally adopted. Wages are paid to the men as at Merxplas, and the unexpended balance is handed to them on discharge.</p> -<hr class="chap" /> +<hr class="chap" > -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span></p> -<h3><a name="CHAPTER_V" id="CHAPTER_V">CHAPTER V.</a></h3> +<h3><a id="CHAPTER_V">CHAPTER V.</a></h3> <p class="ph3">THE GERMAN LABOUR HOUSES.</p> @@ -6292,8 +6185,8 @@ security.</p> <p>"As late as the third quarter of the eighteenth century, and in some parts of the country until its close, the most shameless and wide-spread mendicity defied at once the severest official -prohibitions and the best<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span> meant endeavour of the communes and private -individuals."<a name="FNanchor_59_59" id="FNanchor_59_59"></a><a href="#Footnote_59_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a></p></blockquote> +prohibitions and the best<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span> meant endeavour of the communes and private +individuals."<a id="FNanchor_59_59"></a><a href="#Footnote_59_59" class="fnanchor">[59]</a></p></blockquote> <p>Then it was that the idea of the disciplinary treatment of vagrants and loafers in general took root, leading in time to the institution all @@ -6327,7 +6220,7 @@ regulations issued in the interest of health, public order, and public decency, or who, without being under such control, is guilty of professional immorality.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span></p> <p>"(5) Any person who, while in receipt of public relief, refuses out of sloth to do such work suited to his strength as the authorities may @@ -6356,7 +6249,7 @@ of First Instance for the adjudication of petty cases. As a rule, he is sentenced to a few weeks' imprisonment, and to be afterwards handed over to the <i>Landespolizei</i> or State Police Authority. In effect, he is despatched to the district in which the original offence was committed. -The whole of the docu<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span>ments in the case are passed on to the President +The whole of the docu<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span>ments in the case are passed on to the President or Prefect of this district, and it is this official who fixes the term of detention in the provincial Labour House. The maximum period is two years, but whether the man obtains discharge at the end of a shorter @@ -6380,396 +6273,364 @@ seven are for men only, two for women only, and sixteen for both sexes. The following is a list of these institutions, with the accommodation they afforded in the year 1908:—</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span></p> <p class="ph3">GERMAN LABOUR HOUSES.</p> -<table class="width70" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="GERMAN LABOUR HOUSES."> - - +<table class="width70" style="border: none; padding: 1px;"> <colgroup> -<col width="15%" /> -<col width="1%" /> -<col width="20%" /> -<col width="1%" /> -<col width="10%" /> -<col width="1%" /> -<col width="10%" /> -<col width="1%" /> -<col width="5%" /> -<col width="1%" /> -<col width="5%" /> -<col width="1%" /> -<col width="5%" /> -<col width="1%" /> -<col width="5%" /> -<col width="1%" /> -<col width="5%" /> -<col width="1%" /> -<col width="5%" /> - +<col style="width: 15%" > +<col style="width: 20%" > +<col style="width: 10%" > +<col style="width: 10%" > +<col style="width: 5%" > +<col style="width: 5%" > +<col style="width: 5%" > +<col style="width: 5%" > +<col style="width: 5%" > +<col style="width: 5%" > </colgroup> <tr> -<td class="bor_top bor_right bor_bot center" rowspan="3" colspan="2">Labour House. (Locality)</td> -<td class="bor_top bor_right bor_bot center" rowspan="3" colspan="2">Province</td> -<td class="bor_top bor_right bor_bot center" colspan="8">Accommodation<br />for</td> -<td colspan="7" class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot center">Number of</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_right bor_bot center" rowspan="3">Labour House. (Locality)</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_right bor_bot center" rowspan="3">Province</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_right bor_bot center" colspan="4">Accommodation<br >for</td> +<td colspan="4" class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot center">Number of</td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="bor_top bor_right bor_bot center" colspan="4">Detainees.</td> -<td class="bor_top bor_right bor_bot center" colspan="4">Wards.</td> -<td colspan="2" class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot center" rowspan="2">Dormitories.</td> -<td colspan="2" class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot center" rowspan="2">Workrooms.</td> -<td colspan="2" class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot center" rowspan="2">Sickrooms.</td> -<td colspan="2" class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot center" rowspan="2">Cells and Cabins.</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_right bor_bot center" colspan="2">Detainees.</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_right bor_bot center" colspan="2">Wards.</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot center" rowspan="2">Dormitories.</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot center" rowspan="2">Workrooms.</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot center" rowspan="2">Sickrooms.</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot center" rowspan="2">Cells and Cabins.</td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="bor_top bor_right bor_bot center" colspan="2">Males.</td> -<td class="bor_top bor_right bor_bot center" colspan="2">Females.</td> -<td class="bor_top bor_right bor_bot center" colspan="2">Males.</td> -<td class="bor_top bor_right bor_bot center" colspan="2">Females.</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_right bor_bot center">Males.</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_right bor_bot center">Females.</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_right bor_bot center">Males.</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_right bor_bot center">Females.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Tapiau</td> -<td rowspan="7" class="bor_right"> </td> -<td class="center">East Prussia</td> -<td rowspan="7" class="bor_right"> </td> -<td class="right">392</td> -<td rowspan="7" class="bor_right"> </td> -<td class="right">80</td> -<td rowspan="7" class="bor_right"> </td> -<td class="right">—</td> -<td rowspan="7" class="bor_right"> </td> -<td class="right">—</td> -<td rowspan="7" class="bor_right"> </td> -<td class="right">11</td> -<td rowspan="24" class="bor_right"> </td> -<td class="right">9</td> -<td rowspan="24" class="bor_right"> </td> -<td class="right">6</td> -<td rowspan="24" class="bor_right"> </td> -<td class="right">23</td> +<td class="bor_left center">East Prussia</td> +<td class="bor_left right">392</td> +<td class="bor_left right">80</td> +<td class="bor_left right">—</td> +<td class="bor_left right">—</td> +<td class="bor_left right">11</td> +<td class="bor_left right">9</td> +<td class="bor_left right">6</td> +<td class="bor_left right">23</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Konitz</td> -<td class="center">West Prussia</td> -<td class="right">350</td> -<td class="right">100</td> -<td class="right">170</td> -<td class="right">100</td> -<td class="right">16</td> -<td class="right">8</td> -<td class="right">13</td> -<td class="right">13</td> +<td class="bor_left center">West Prussia</td> +<td class="bor_left right">350</td> +<td class="bor_left right">100</td> +<td class="bor_left right">170</td> +<td class="bor_left right">100</td> +<td class="bor_left right">16</td> +<td class="bor_left right">8</td> +<td class="bor_left right">13</td> +<td class="bor_left right">13</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Rummelsburg</td> -<td class="center">Brandenburg</td> -<td class="right">400</td> -<td class="right">300</td> -<td class="right">225</td> -<td class="right">75</td> -<td class="right">20</td> -<td class="right">30</td> -<td class="right">20</td> -<td class="right">—</td> +<td class="bor_left center">Brandenburg</td> +<td class="bor_left right">400</td> +<td class="bor_left right">300</td> +<td class="bor_left right">225</td> +<td class="bor_left right">75</td> +<td class="bor_left right">20</td> +<td class="bor_left right">30</td> +<td class="bor_left right">20</td> +<td class="bor_left right">—</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Strausberg</td> -<td class="center">"</td> -<td class="right">380</td> -<td class="right">—</td> -<td class="right">90</td> -<td class="right">—</td> -<td class="right">10</td> -<td class="right">41</td> -<td class="right">9</td> -<td class="right">—</td> +<td class="bor_left center">"</td> +<td class="bor_left right">380</td> +<td class="bor_left right">—</td> +<td class="bor_left right">90</td> +<td class="bor_left right">—</td> +<td class="bor_left right">10</td> +<td class="bor_left right">41</td> +<td class="bor_left right">9</td> +<td class="bor_left right">—</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Prenzlau</td> -<td class="center">"</td> -<td class="right">400</td> -<td class="right">—</td> -<td class="right">80</td> -<td class="right">26</td> -<td class="right">9</td> -<td class="right">23</td> -<td class="right">12</td> -<td class="right">12</td> +<td class="bor_left center">"</td> +<td class="bor_left right">400</td> +<td class="bor_left right">—</td> +<td class="bor_left right">80</td> +<td class="bor_left right">26</td> +<td class="bor_left right">9</td> +<td class="bor_left right">23</td> +<td class="bor_left right">12</td> +<td class="bor_left right">12</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Landsberg a. W.</td> -<td class="center">"</td> -<td class="right">190</td> -<td class="right">40</td> -<td class="right">50</td> -<td class="right">30</td> -<td class="right">7</td> -<td class="right">37</td> -<td class="right">15</td> -<td class="right">3</td> +<td class="bor_left center">"</td> +<td class="bor_left right">190</td> +<td class="bor_left right">40</td> +<td class="bor_left right">50</td> +<td class="bor_left right">30</td> +<td class="bor_left right">7</td> +<td class="bor_left right">37</td> +<td class="bor_left right">15</td> +<td class="bor_left right">3</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Neustettin</td> -<td class="center">Pomerania</td> -<td class="right">150</td> -<td class="right">10</td> -<td class="right">40</td> -<td class="right">20</td> -<td class="right">9</td> -<td class="right">11</td> -<td class="right">13</td> -<td class="right">—</td> +<td class="bor_left center">Pomerania</td> +<td class="bor_left right">150</td> +<td class="bor_left right">10</td> +<td class="bor_left right">40</td> +<td class="bor_left right">20</td> +<td class="bor_left right">9</td> +<td class="bor_left right">11</td> +<td class="bor_left right">13</td> +<td class="bor_left right">—</td> </tr> <tr> -<td colspan="2"> Ückermünde</td> -<td class="center bor_left" colspan="2">"</td> -<td class="center bor_left" colspan="8">340</td> -<td class="right">14</td> -<td class="right">7</td> -<td class="right">7</td> -<td class="right">2</td> +<td> Ückermünde</td> +<td class="center bor_left">"</td> +<td class="center bor_left" colspan="4">340</td> +<td class="bor_left right">14</td> +<td class="bor_left right">7</td> +<td class="bor_left right">7</td> +<td class="bor_left right">2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Stralsund</td> -<td rowspan="17" class="bor_right"> </td> -<td class="center">"</td> -<td rowspan="17" class="bor_right"> </td> -<td class="right">120</td> -<td rowspan="17" class="bor_right"> </td> -<td class="right">25</td> -<td rowspan="17" class="bor_right"> </td> -<td class="right">—</td> -<td rowspan="17" class="bor_right"> </td> -<td class="right">—</td> -<td rowspan="17" class="bor_right"> </td> -<td class="right">5</td> -<td class="right">4</td> -<td class="right">4</td> -<td class="right">—</td> +<td class="bor_left center">"</td> +<td class="bor_left right">120</td> +<td class="bor_left right">25</td> +<td class="bor_left right">—</td> +<td class="bor_left right">—</td> +<td class="bor_left right">5</td> +<td class="bor_left right">4</td> +<td class="bor_left right">4</td> +<td class="bor_left right">—</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Greifswald</td> -<td class="center">"</td> -<td class="right">110</td> -<td class="right">—</td> -<td class="right">—</td> -<td class="right">—</td> -<td class="right">3</td> -<td class="right">4</td> -<td class="right">—</td> -<td class="right">—</td> +<td class="bor_left center">"</td> +<td class="bor_left right">110</td> +<td class="bor_left right">—</td> +<td class="bor_left right">—</td> +<td class="bor_left right">—</td> +<td class="bor_left right">3</td> +<td class="bor_left right">4</td> +<td class="bor_left right">—</td> +<td class="bor_left right">—</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Bojanowo</td> -<td class="center">Posen</td> -<td class="right">450</td> -<td class="right">—</td> -<td class="right">—</td> -<td class="right">—</td> -<td class="right">2</td> -<td class="right">26</td> -<td class="right">8</td> -<td class="right">—</td> +<td class="bor_left center">Posen</td> +<td class="bor_left right">450</td> +<td class="bor_left right">—</td> +<td class="bor_left right">—</td> +<td class="bor_left right">—</td> +<td class="bor_left right">2</td> +<td class="bor_left right">26</td> +<td class="bor_left right">8</td> +<td class="bor_left right">—</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Fraustadt</td> -<td class="center">"</td> -<td class="right">—</td> -<td class="right">130</td> -<td class="right">—</td> -<td class="right">—</td> -<td class="right">4</td> -<td class="right">5</td> -<td class="right">3</td> -<td class="right">—</td> +<td class="bor_left center">"</td> +<td class="bor_left right">—</td> +<td class="bor_left right">130</td> +<td class="bor_left right">—</td> +<td class="bor_left right">—</td> +<td class="bor_left right">4</td> +<td class="bor_left right">5</td> +<td class="bor_left right">3</td> +<td class="bor_left right">—</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Schweidnitz</td> -<td class="center">Silesia</td> -<td class="right">1,200</td> -<td class="right">150</td> -<td class="right">130</td> -<td class="right">50</td> -<td class="right">46</td> -<td class="right">64</td> -<td class="right">16</td> -<td class="right">13</td> +<td class="bor_left center">Silesia</td> +<td class="bor_left right">1,200</td> +<td class="bor_left right">150</td> +<td class="bor_left right">130</td> +<td class="bor_left right">50</td> +<td class="bor_left right">46</td> +<td class="bor_left right">64</td> +<td class="bor_left right">16</td> +<td class="bor_left right">13</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Breslau</td> -<td class="center">"</td> -<td class="right">600</td> -<td class="right">300</td> -<td class="right">—</td> -<td class="right">—</td> -<td class="right">22</td> -<td class="right">17</td> -<td class="right">8</td> -<td class="right">2</td> +<td class="bor_left center">"</td> +<td class="bor_left right">600</td> +<td class="bor_left right">300</td> +<td class="bor_left right">—</td> +<td class="bor_left right">—</td> +<td class="bor_left right">22</td> +<td class="bor_left right">17</td> +<td class="bor_left right">8</td> +<td class="bor_left right">2</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Gross Salze</td> -<td class="center">Saxony</td> -<td class="right">358</td> -<td class="right">57</td> -<td class="right">90</td> -<td class="right">30</td> -<td class="right">18</td> -<td class="right">39</td> -<td class="right">16</td> -<td class="right">21</td> +<td class="bor_left center">Saxony</td> +<td class="bor_left right">358</td> +<td class="bor_left right">57</td> +<td class="bor_left right">90</td> +<td class="bor_left right">30</td> +<td class="bor_left right">18</td> +<td class="bor_left right">39</td> +<td class="bor_left right">16</td> +<td class="bor_left right">21</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Moritzburg</td> -<td class="center">"</td> -<td class="right">505</td> -<td class="right">55</td> -<td class="right">8</td> -<td class="right">2</td> -<td class="right">14</td> -<td class="right">35</td> -<td class="right">10</td> -<td class="right">19</td> +<td class="bor_left center">"</td> +<td class="bor_left right">505</td> +<td class="bor_left right">55</td> +<td class="bor_left right">8</td> +<td class="bor_left right">2</td> +<td class="bor_left right">14</td> +<td class="bor_left right">35</td> +<td class="bor_left right">10</td> +<td class="bor_left right">19</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Glückstadt</td> -<td class="center">Schleswig</td> -<td class="right">700</td> -<td class="right">50</td> -<td class="right">—</td> -<td class="right">—</td> -<td class="right">15</td> -<td class="right">27</td> -<td class="right">5</td> -<td class="right">19</td> +<td class="bor_left center">Schleswig</td> +<td class="bor_left right">700</td> +<td class="bor_left right">50</td> +<td class="bor_left right">—</td> +<td class="bor_left right">—</td> +<td class="bor_left right">15</td> +<td class="bor_left right">27</td> +<td class="bor_left right">5</td> +<td class="bor_left right">19</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Bockelholm</td> -<td class="center">"</td> -<td class="right">300</td> -<td class="right">—</td> -<td class="right">—</td> -<td class="right">—</td> -<td class="right">2</td> -<td class="right">6</td> -<td class="right">3</td> -<td class="right">—</td> +<td class="bor_left center">"</td> +<td class="bor_left right">300</td> +<td class="bor_left right">—</td> +<td class="bor_left right">—</td> +<td class="bor_left right">—</td> +<td class="bor_left right">2</td> +<td class="bor_left right">6</td> +<td class="bor_left right">3</td> +<td class="bor_left right">—</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Benninghausen</td> -<td class="center">Westphalia</td> -<td class="right">350</td> -<td class="right">60</td> -<td class="right">—</td> -<td class="right">—</td> -<td class="right">21</td> -<td class="right">23</td> -<td class="right">6</td> -<td class="right">3</td> +<td class="bor_left center">Westphalia</td> +<td class="bor_left right">350</td> +<td class="bor_left right">60</td> +<td class="bor_left right">—</td> +<td class="bor_left right">—</td> +<td class="bor_left right">21</td> +<td class="bor_left right">23</td> +<td class="bor_left right">6</td> +<td class="bor_left right">3</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Breitenau</td> -<td class="center">Hesse-Nassau</td> -<td class="right">300</td> -<td class="right">35</td> -<td class="right">30</td> -<td class="right">5</td> -<td class="right">5</td> -<td class="right">14</td> -<td class="right">4</td> -<td class="right">—</td> +<td class="bor_left center">Hesse-Nassau</td> +<td class="bor_left right">300</td> +<td class="bor_left right">35</td> +<td class="bor_left right">30</td> +<td class="bor_left right">5</td> +<td class="bor_left right">5</td> +<td class="bor_left right">14</td> +<td class="bor_left right">4</td> +<td class="bor_left right">—</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Hadamar</td> -<td class="center">"</td> -<td class="right">236</td> -<td class="right">80</td> -<td class="right">10</td> -<td class="right">6</td> -<td class="right">9</td> -<td class="right">12</td> -<td class="right">5</td> -<td class="right">—</td> +<td class="bor_left center">"</td> +<td class="bor_left right">236</td> +<td class="bor_left right">80</td> +<td class="bor_left right">10</td> +<td class="bor_left right">6</td> +<td class="bor_left right">9</td> +<td class="bor_left right">12</td> +<td class="bor_left right">5</td> +<td class="bor_left right">—</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Brauweiler</td> -<td class="center">Rhine Province</td> -<td class="right">1,090</td> -<td class="right">195</td> -<td class="right">50</td> -<td class="right">105</td> -<td class="right">47</td> -<td class="right">56</td> -<td class="right">16</td> -<td class="right">281</td> +<td class="bor_left center">Rhine Province</td> +<td class="bor_left right">1,090</td> +<td class="bor_left right">195</td> +<td class="bor_left right">50</td> +<td class="bor_left right">105</td> +<td class="bor_left right">47</td> +<td class="bor_left right">56</td> +<td class="bor_left right">16</td> +<td class="bor_left right">281</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Moringen</td> -<td class="center">Hanover</td> -<td class="right">800</td> -<td class="right">—</td> -<td class="right">—</td> -<td class="right">—</td> -<td class="right">21</td> -<td class="right">27</td> -<td class="right">14</td> -<td class="right">16</td> +<td class="bor_left center">Hanover</td> +<td class="bor_left right">800</td> +<td class="bor_left right">—</td> +<td class="bor_left right">—</td> +<td class="bor_left right">—</td> +<td class="bor_left right">21</td> +<td class="bor_left right">27</td> +<td class="bor_left right">14</td> +<td class="bor_left right">16</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Wunstorf</td> -<td class="center">"</td> -<td class="right">300</td> -<td class="right">—</td> -<td class="right">550</td> -<td class="right">—</td> -<td class="right">22</td> -<td class="right">26</td> -<td class="right">37</td> -<td class="right">103</td> +<td class="bor_left center">"</td> +<td class="bor_left right">300</td> +<td class="bor_left right">—</td> +<td class="bor_left right">550</td> +<td class="bor_left right">—</td> +<td class="bor_left right">22</td> +<td class="bor_left right">26</td> +<td class="bor_left right">37</td> +<td class="bor_left right">103</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Himmelsthür</td> -<td class="center">"</td> -<td class="right">—</td> -<td class="right">125</td> -<td class="right">—</td> -<td class="right">190</td> -<td class="bor_right right" colspan="2">10</td> -<td class="right bor_right" colspan="2">7</td> -<td class="right bor_right" colspan="2">11</td> -<td class="right" colspan="2">29</td> +<td class="bor_left center">"</td> +<td class="bor_left right">—</td> +<td class="bor_left right">125</td> +<td class="bor_left right">—</td> +<td class="bor_left right">190</td> +<td class="bor_left bor_right right">10</td> +<td class="bor_left right bor_right">7</td> +<td class="bor_left right bor_right">11</td> +<td class="bor_left right">29</td> </tr> <tr> -<td colspan="19" class="bor_top"> </td> +<td colspan="10" class="bor_top"> </td> </tr> </table> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span></p> <p>The numbers of persons, detained for correction, dealt with by the whole of the Prussian Labour Houses in the course of the administrative year 1907-8 were as follows:—</p> - - -<table class="width60" border="0" cellpadding="4" summary="numbers of persons, detained"> +<table class="width60" style="border: none; padding: 4px;"> <colgroup> - -<col width="60%" /> -<col width="1%" /> -<col width="15%" /> -<col width="1%" /> -<col width="15%" /> -<col width="1%" /> -<col width="15%" /> - - +<col style="width: 60%" > +<col style="width: 1%" > +<col style="width: 15%" > +<col style="width: 1%" > +<col style="width: 15%" > +<col style="width: 1%" > +<col style="width: 15%" > </colgroup> <tr> @@ -6828,17 +6689,17 @@ year 1907-8 were as follows:—</p> <p>The persons detained were classified in the following groups of occupations:—</p> -<table class="width60" border="0" cellpadding="4" summary="persons detained were classified"> +<table class="width60" style="border: none; padding: 4px;"> <colgroup> -<col width="60%" /> -<col width="1%" /> -<col width="15%" /> -<col width="1%" /> -<col width="15%" /> -<col width="1%" /> -<col width="15%" /> +<col style="width: 60%" > +<col style="width: 1%" > +<col style="width: 15%" > +<col style="width: 1%" > +<col style="width: 15%" > +<col style="width: 1%" > +<col style="width: 15%" > </colgroup> @@ -6889,7 +6750,7 @@ occupations:—</p> <td class="right">310</td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="bor_top bor_bot" ><span class="inset">Totals</span></td> +<td class="bor_top bor_bot"><span class="inset">Totals</span></td> <td class="right bor_top bor_bot bor_left" colspan="2">6,307</td> <td class="right bor_top bor_bot bor_left" colspan="2">629</td> <td class="right bor_bot bor_top bor_left" colspan="2">6,999</td> @@ -6898,7 +6759,7 @@ occupations:—</p> <p>Of 6,990 persons classified by age, 174 were under twenty-one years of -age, 262 were from<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span> twenty-one to twenty-five years of age, 529 from +age, 262 were from<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span> twenty-one to twenty-five years of age, 529 from twenty-five to thirty, 1,664 from thirty to forty, 2,231 from forty to fifty, 1,532 from fifty to sixty, 548 from sixty to seventy, and 50 were seventy years of age and upwards.</p> @@ -6906,17 +6767,17 @@ were seventy years of age and upwards.</p> <p>The offences for which 6,299 male and 692 female inmates were committed to the Labour Houses in that year were as follows:—</p> -<table class="width60" border="0" cellpadding="4" summary="offences for which 6,299 male and 692 female inmates were committed"> +<table class="width60" style="border: none; padding: 4px;"> <colgroup> -<col width="60%" /> -<col width="1%" /> -<col width="15%" /> -<col width="1%" /> -<col width="15%" /> -<col width="1%" /> -<col width="15%" /> +<col style="width: 60%" > +<col style="width: 1%" > +<col style="width: 15%" > +<col style="width: 1%" > +<col style="width: 15%" > +<col style="width: 1%" > +<col style="width: 15%" > </colgroup> @@ -6973,7 +6834,7 @@ to the Labour Houses in that year were as follows:—</p> <td class="right">865</td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="bor_top bor_bot" ><span class="inset">Totals</span></td> +<td class="bor_top bor_bot"><span class="inset">Totals</span></td> <td class="right bor_top bor_bot bor_left" colspan="2">5,299</td> <td class="right bor_top bor_bot bor_left" colspan="2">692</td> <td class="right bor_bot bor_top bor_left" colspan="2">6,991</td> @@ -6984,17 +6845,17 @@ to the Labour Houses in that year were as follows:—</p> <p>The periods of commitment by the judicial authorities were as under:—</p> -<table class="width60" border="0" cellpadding="4" summary="periods of commitment by the judicial authorities"> +<table class="width60" style="border: none; padding: 4px;"> <colgroup> -<col width="60%" /> -<col width="1%" /> -<col width="15%" /> -<col width="1%" /> -<col width="15%" /> -<col width="1%" /> -<col width="15%" /> +<col style="width: 60%" > +<col style="width: 1%" > +<col style="width: 15%" > +<col style="width: 1%" > +<col style="width: 15%" > +<col style="width: 1%" > +<col style="width: 15%" > </colgroup> @@ -7033,7 +6894,7 @@ to the Labour Houses in that year were as follows:—</p> <td class="right">1,684</td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="bor_top bor_bot" ><span class="inset">Total</span></td> +<td class="bor_top bor_bot"><span class="inset">Total</span></td> <td class="right bor_top bor_bot bor_left" colspan="2">6,297</td> <td class="right bor_top bor_bot bor_left" colspan="2">691</td> <td class="right bor_bot bor_top bor_left" colspan="2">6,988</td> @@ -7041,7 +6902,7 @@ to the Labour Houses in that year were as follows:—</p> </table> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span></p> <p>Of the offenders enumerated above, 4,445 or 64 per cent. had been detained in a Labour House before, and 2,293 or 33 per cent. had been @@ -7059,17 +6920,17 @@ reasons:—</p> <p class="ph4">EMPLOYMENT OF DETAINEES.</p> -<table class="width60" border="0" cellpadding="4" summary="EMPLOYMENT OF DETAINEES"> +<table class="width60" style="border: none; padding: 4px;"> <colgroup> -<col width="60%" /> -<col width="1%" /> -<col width="15%" /> -<col width="1%" /> -<col width="15%" /> -<col width="1%" /> -<col width="15%" /> +<col style="width: 60%" > +<col style="width: 1%" > +<col style="width: 15%" > +<col style="width: 1%" > +<col style="width: 15%" > +<col style="width: 1%" > +<col style="width: 15%" > </colgroup> @@ -7126,7 +6987,7 @@ reasons:—</p> <td class="right">727</td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="bor_top bor_bot" ><span class="inset">Total (<i>a</i>), (<i>b</i>), (<i>c</i>)</span></td> +<td class="bor_top bor_bot"><span class="inset">Total (<i>a</i>), (<i>b</i>), (<i>c</i>)</span></td> <td class="right bor_top bor_bot bor_left" colspan="2">2,717</td> <td class="right bor_top bor_bot bor_left" colspan="2">489</td> <td class="right bor_bot bor_top bor_left" colspan="2">3,206</td> @@ -7171,7 +7032,7 @@ reasons:—</p> <td class="right">2,020</td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="bor_top bor_bot" ><span class="inset">Total (<i>a</i>), (<i>b</i>)</span></td> +<td class="bor_top bor_bot"><span class="inset">Total (<i>a</i>), (<i>b</i>)</span></td> <td class="right bor_top bor_bot bor_left" colspan="2">2,441</td> <td class="right bor_top bor_bot bor_left" colspan="2">304</td> <td class="right bor_bot bor_top bor_left" colspan="2">2,745</td> @@ -7184,7 +7045,7 @@ reasons:—</p> administered, it may be well to bear in mind the principles which are applied to Prussian penal establishments in general, for they apply to these institutions. A recent official statement upon the subject runs -as follows<a name="FNanchor_60_60" id="FNanchor_60_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_60_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a>:—</p> +as follows<a id="FNanchor_60_60"></a><a href="#Footnote_60_60" class="fnanchor">[60]</a>:—</p> <blockquote> @@ -7197,7 +7058,7 @@ prisons. Repairs to buildings, works of rebuilding, extensions, and new buildings are to be carried out by prisoners, who are specially to be used in the construction of dwelling-houses for the officers.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span></p> <p>"(2) The production of useful articles needed by the Imperial and State authorities is to be encouraged as far as possible, and this @@ -7237,7 +7098,7 @@ the Eifel district 75 hectares (185 acres) of the High Venn plateau, over 2,200 feet high, have been cultivated, and the first settlers established.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span></p> <p>"(<i>b</i>) Shifting sand dunes are made permanent.</p> @@ -7270,9 +7131,9 @@ be taken, however, that too many prisoners are not allotted to a single employer, and that the number employed in a single industry is not disproportionate to the number of free labourers engaged in the same industry. Since 1869, the number of prisoners employed by -industrial <i>entrepreneurs</i> fell from 73 to 27·2 per cent. in 1903,<a name="FNanchor_61_61" id="FNanchor_61_61"></a><a href="#Footnote_61_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a> +industrial <i>entrepreneurs</i> fell from 73 to 27·2 per cent. in 1903,<a id="FNanchor_61_61"></a><a href="#Footnote_61_61" class="fnanchor">[61]</a> and a further decrease is probable owing to the extension of the -work done<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span> for the State authorities. Several establishments have +work done<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span> for the State authorities. Several establishments have entirely discontinued the employment of prisoners in that way. By the restriction of factory work, the individuality of the prisoner can be better studied in the choice of employment for them, and the @@ -7296,7 +7157,7 @@ console itself with the reflection that its losses imply saving to other branches of the State service; the State, as a whole, does not suffer injury. Moreover, the full value of the prisoners' work now goes to the State, and not as formerly to private employers, and free -labour no longer suffers from the competition of prison work."<a name="FNanchor_62_62" id="FNanchor_62_62"></a><a href="#Footnote_62_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a></p></blockquote> +labour no longer suffers from the competition of prison work."<a id="FNanchor_62_62"></a><a href="#Footnote_62_62" class="fnanchor">[62]</a></p></blockquote> <p>Wages ranging, according to capacity and diligence, from 1 to 20 pfennige (100 pfennige =1s.) per day in the case of criminal prisoners, @@ -7304,7 +7165,7 @@ and from 1 to 30 pfennige per day in the case of correctional prisoners, are credited to the men, with the object of giving them a favourable restart in life on their discharge. No part of the accumulated bonuses is paid over during imprisonment until 30s. has -been earned by criminal<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span> prisoners, and 20s. by others, except that +been earned by criminal<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span> prisoners, and 20s. by others, except that payments may be made to a man's family out of his account; but one half of all earnings beyond the minimum stated may be used in the purchase of extra food, books, clothing, etc., though not of tobacco, the @@ -7316,280 +7177,268 @@ the Prussian Labour Houses, with the value per head of the produce and work done and the amount per head which fell upon the public funds:—</p> -<table class="width80" border="0" cellpadding="4" summary="following statement gives the yearly cost per head"> - - +<table class="width80" style="border: none; padding: 4px;"> <colgroup> -<col width="8%" /> -<col width="2%" /> -<col width="10%" /> -<col width="2%" /> -<col width="10%" /> -<col width="2%" /> -<col width="10%" /> -<col width="2%" /> -<col width="10%" /> -<col width="2%" /> -<col width="10%" /> - - - +<col style="width: 8%" > +<col style="width: 10%" > +<col style="width: 10%" > +<col style="width: 10%" > +<col style="width: 10%" > +<col style="width: 10%" > +<col style="width: 10%" > </colgroup> <tr> -<td class="bor_top bor_right bor_bot center" rowspan="2" colspan="2">Labour House. (Locality)</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_right bor_bot center" rowspan="2">Labour House. (Locality)</td> <td class="bor_top bor_right bor_bot center" rowspan="2" colspan="2">Yearly Cost per Head of Average Number of Detainees.</td> -<td class="bor_top bor_bot center" colspan="8">How the Cost was Covered.</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_bot center" colspan="4">How the Cost was Covered.</td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="bor_top bor_right bor_bot center" colspan="4">(<i>a</i>) By Produce of the Labour House.</td> -<td class="bor_top bor_bot center" colspan="4">(<i>b</i>) Public Contributions.</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_right bor_bot center" colspan="2">(<i>a</i>) By Produce of the Labour House.</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_bot center" colspan="2">(<i>b</i>) Public Contributions.</td> </tr> <tr> <td> </td> -<td rowspan="26" class="bor_right"> </td> -<td class="right">Mark.</td> +<td class="bor_left right">Mark.</td> <td class="right">Pfennige.</td> -<td rowspan="26" class="bor_left"> </td> -<td class="right">Mark.</td> +<td class="bor_left right">Mark.</td> <td class="right">Pfennige.</td> -<td rowspan="26" class="bor_right"> </td> -<td class="right">Mark.</td> +<td class="bor_left right">Mark.</td> <td class="right">Pfennige.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Tapiau</td> -<td class="right">642</td> +<td class="bor_left right">642</td> <td class="right">51</td> -<td class="right">302</td> +<td class="bor_left right">302</td> <td class="right">64</td> -<td class="right">339</td> +<td class="bor_left right">339</td> <td class="right">87</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Konitz</td> -<td class="right">383</td> +<td class="bor_left right">383</td> <td class="right">27</td> -<td class="right">204</td> +<td class="bor_left right">204</td> <td class="right">46</td> -<td class="right">178</td> +<td class="bor_left right">178</td> <td class="right">81</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Rummelsburg</td> -<td class="right">507</td> +<td class="bor_left right">507</td> <td class="right">21</td> -<td class="right">124</td> +<td class="bor_left right">124</td> <td class="right">21</td> -<td class="right">383</td> +<td class="bor_left right">383</td> <td class="right">0</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Strausberg</td> -<td class="right">434</td> +<td class="bor_left right">434</td> <td class="right">0</td> -<td class="right">215</td> +<td class="bor_left right">215</td> <td class="right">0</td> -<td class="right">219</td> +<td class="bor_left right">219</td> <td class="right">0</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Prenzlau</td> -<td class="right">547</td> +<td class="bor_left right">547</td> <td class="right">15</td> -<td class="right">280</td> +<td class="bor_left right">280</td> <td class="right">46</td> -<td class="right">266</td> +<td class="bor_left right">266</td> <td class="right">69</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Landsberg a. W.</td> -<td class="right">401</td> +<td class="bor_left right">401</td> <td class="right">41</td> -<td class="right">234</td> +<td class="bor_left right">234</td> <td class="right">83</td> -<td class="right">166</td> +<td class="bor_left right">166</td> <td class="right">58</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Neustettin</td> -<td class="right">442</td> +<td class="bor_left right">442</td> <td class="right">68</td> -<td class="right">268</td> +<td class="bor_left right">268</td> <td class="right">24</td> -<td class="right">174</td> +<td class="bor_left right">174</td> <td class="right">44</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Uckermüode</td> -<td class="right">406</td> +<td class="bor_left right">406</td> <td class="right">31</td> -<td class="right">221</td> +<td class="bor_left right">221</td> <td class="right">54</td> -<td class="right">184</td> +<td class="bor_left right">184</td> <td class="right">77</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Stralsund</td> -<td class="right">480</td> +<td class="bor_left right">480</td> <td class="right">77</td> -<td class="right">361</td> +<td class="bor_left right">361</td> <td class="right">05</td> -<td class="right">119</td> +<td class="bor_left right">119</td> <td class="right">72</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Greifswald</td> -<td class="right">340</td> +<td class="bor_left right">340</td> <td class="right">0</td> -<td class="right">220</td> +<td class="bor_left right">220</td> <td class="right">29</td> -<td class="right">119</td> +<td class="bor_left right">119</td> <td class="right">71</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Bojanowo</td> -<td class="right">355</td> +<td class="bor_left right">355</td> <td class="right">45</td> -<td class="right">172</td> +<td class="bor_left right">172</td> <td class="right">14</td> -<td class="right">183</td> +<td class="bor_left right">183</td> <td class="right">31</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Fraustadt</td> -<td class="right">694</td> +<td class="bor_left right">694</td> <td class="right">49</td> -<td class="right">145</td> +<td class="bor_left right">145</td> <td class="right">23</td> -<td class="right">549</td> +<td class="bor_left right">549</td> <td class="right">26</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Schweidnitz</td> -<td class="right">313</td> +<td class="bor_left right">313</td> <td class="right">40</td> -<td class="right">255</td> +<td class="bor_left right">255</td> <td class="right">17</td> -<td class="right">58</td> +<td class="bor_left right">58</td> <td class="right">23</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Breslau</td> -<td class="right">674</td> +<td class="bor_left right">674</td> <td class="right">32</td> -<td class="right">625</td> +<td class="bor_left right">625</td> <td class="right">17</td> -<td class="right">49</td> +<td class="bor_left right">49</td> <td class="right">15</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Gross Salze</td> -<td class="right">339</td> +<td class="bor_left right">339</td> <td class="right">29</td> -<td class="right">271</td> +<td class="bor_left right">271</td> <td class="right">54</td> -<td class="right">67</td> +<td class="bor_left right">67</td> <td class="right">75</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Moritzburg</td> -<td class="right">344</td> +<td class="bor_left right">344</td> <td class="right">76</td> -<td class="right">271</td> +<td class="bor_left right">271</td> <td class="right">01</td> -<td class="right">73</td> +<td class="bor_left right">73</td> <td class="right">75</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Glückstadt</td> -<td class="right">425</td> +<td class="bor_left right">425</td> <td class="right">26</td> -<td class="right">410</td> +<td class="bor_left right">410</td> <td class="right">42</td> -<td class="right">14</td> +<td class="bor_left right">14</td> <td class="right">84</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Bockelholm</td> -<td class="right">355</td> +<td class="bor_left right">355</td> <td class="right">30</td> -<td class="right">222</td> +<td class="bor_left right">222</td> <td class="right">02</td> -<td class="right">133</td> +<td class="bor_left right">133</td> <td class="right">28</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Benninghausen</td> -<td class="right">498</td> +<td class="bor_left right">498</td> <td class="right">76</td> -<td class="right">153</td> +<td class="bor_left right">153</td> <td class="right">85</td> -<td class="right">344</td> +<td class="bor_left right">344</td> <td class="right">91</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Breitenau</td> -<td class="right">453</td> +<td class="bor_left right">453</td> <td class="right">84</td> -<td class="right">397</td> +<td class="bor_left right">397</td> <td class="right">70</td> -<td class="right">56</td> +<td class="bor_left right">56</td> <td class="right">14</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Hadamar</td> -<td class="right">278</td> +<td class="bor_left right">278</td> <td class="right">80</td> -<td class="right">140</td> +<td class="bor_left right">140</td> <td class="right">99</td> -<td class="right">137</td> +<td class="bor_left right">137</td> <td class="right">81</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Brauweiler</td> -<td class="right">396</td> +<td class="bor_left right">396</td> <td class="right">68</td> -<td class="right">271</td> +<td class="bor_left right">271</td> <td class="right">97</td> -<td class="right">124</td> +<td class="bor_left right">124</td> <td class="right">71</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Moringen</td> -<td class="right">791</td> +<td class="bor_left right">791</td> <td class="right">09</td> -<td class="right">142</td> +<td class="bor_left right">142</td> <td class="right">0</td> -<td class="right">649</td> +<td class="bor_left right">649</td> <td class="right">09</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Wunstorf</td> -<td class="right">377</td> +<td class="bor_left right">377</td> <td class="right">61</td> -<td class="right">131</td> +<td class="bor_left right">131</td> <td class="right">64</td> -<td class="right">245</td> +<td class="bor_left right">245</td> <td class="right">97</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Himmelsthür</td> -<td class="right">363</td> +<td class="bor_left right">363</td> <td class="right">42</td> -<td class="right">159</td> +<td class="bor_left right">159</td> <td class="right">13</td> -<td class="right">204</td> +<td class="bor_left right">204</td> <td class="right">29</td> </tr> <tr> -<td colspan="10" class="bor_top"> </td> +<td colspan="7" class="bor_top"> </td> </tr> </table> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span></p> <p>It appears from this statement that the gross annual cost per head ranged from £13 18s 10d. in the case of the Labour House at Hadamar (a @@ -7597,16 +7446,16 @@ small institution) to £39 11s. at the Labour House at Moringen, and that the net cost to the State ranged from 14s. 10d. per head in the case of the Labour House at Glückstadt to £32 9s. at Moringen.</p> -<hr class="chap" /> +<hr class="chap" > -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span></p> -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VI" id="CHAPTER_VI">CHAPTER VI.</a></h2> +<h2><a id="CHAPTER_VI">CHAPTER VI.</a></h2> -<p class="ph3">A GERMAN TRAMP PRISON.<a name="FNanchor_63_63" id="FNanchor_63_63"></a><a href="#Footnote_63_63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a></p> +<p class="ph3">A GERMAN TRAMP PRISON.<a id="FNanchor_63_63"></a><a href="#Footnote_63_63" class="fnanchor">[63]</a></p> <p>The German method of dealing with vagrants and loafers may be studied @@ -7626,7 +7475,7 @@ for £19,950, and the furniture, equipment, and material for £5,329.</p> <p>Benninghausen is an admirable example of the application of the allopathic principle to penology. As sloth is the vice which brings -the majority of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span> prisoners within its walls, so rigorous exertion is +the majority of<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span> prisoners within its walls, so rigorous exertion is the method of cure that is followed. The House is the veriest hive of industry. The idea would never occur to you that these groups of diligent workers, engaged in all sorts of useful crafts and @@ -7650,7 +7499,7 @@ contingencies, constitute the price charged by the Director for the goods he sells.</p> <p>The Province of Westphalia is overwhelmingly Roman Catholic, but as the -Benninghausen<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span> Labour House is the only one in the province it has to +Benninghausen<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span> Labour House is the only one in the province it has to be conducted on what is known as the "paritative" basis; it serves for both confessions, though each has its special chaplain. At the time of my visit the institution was housing temporarily, in addition to @@ -7662,20 +7511,16 @@ more suitable provision did not exist at the moment.</p> <p>The numbers of detainees dealt with during the financial year 1907-8 were as follows:—</p> - -<table class="width60" border="0" cellpadding="4" summary="numbers of detainees dealt with during the financial year 1907-8"> +<table class="width60" style="border: none; padding: 4px;"> <colgroup> - -<col width="60%" /> -<col width="1%" /> -<col width="10%" /> -<col width="1%" /> -<col width="10%" /> -<col width="1%" /> -<col width="10%" /> - - +<col style="width: 60%" > +<col style="width: 1%" > +<col style="width: 10%" > +<col style="width: 1%" > +<col style="width: 10%" > +<col style="width: 1%" > +<col style="width: 10%" > </colgroup> <tr> @@ -7743,17 +7588,17 @@ were as follows:—</p> <p>Those committed in 1907-8 had committed the following offences:—</p> -<table class="width60" border="0" cellpadding="4" summary="Those committed in 1907-8 had committed the following offences"> +<table class="width60" style="border: none; padding: 4px;"> <colgroup> -<col width="60%" /> -<col width="1%" /> -<col width="10%" /> -<col width="1%" /> -<col width="10%" /> -<col width="1%" /> -<col width="10%" /> +<col style="width: 60%" > +<col style="width: 1%" > +<col style="width: 10%" > +<col style="width: 1%" > +<col style="width: 10%" > +<col style="width: 1%" > +<col style="width: 10%" > </colgroup> @@ -7816,7 +7661,7 @@ were as follows:—</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span></p> <p>Of the men newly admitted, 177 had been detained in a Labour House before, 64 of them more than three times, and the great majority had @@ -7843,7 +7688,7 @@ of child-birth are removed betimes to the Maternity Hospital, and the mothers afterwards return to the Labour House to complete their terms of imprisonment.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span></p> <p>The bedrooms are plain yet light and cheerful apartments, not over-large, but as fresh and airy as an abundance of open windows can @@ -7871,7 +7716,7 @@ bedclothes and be ready to leave the dormitory.</p> after which (so runs the "Order of the Day"), "they shall offer up at word of command (<i>auf Commando</i>) a silent prayer." Then the field labourers, the implement room workers, and the bakers go to the dining -rooms, and the weavers, tailors,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span> shoemakers, cigar makers, and the +rooms, and the weavers, tailors,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span> shoemakers, cigar makers, and the female inmates to the workrooms, there to begin at once their work.</p> <p>4.50 a.m.—The bell sounds for the morning meal (soup and bread), the @@ -7900,7 +7745,7 @@ by time, but according to the capacity of the individual inmate, and where the tasks imposed are unfulfilled at the close of the day, owing to evident sloth or insubordination, some sort of punishment follows.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span></p> <p>The dietary on ordinary work-days is as follows:—</p> @@ -7933,7 +7778,7 @@ men are farmed out as required.</p> <p>(2) Building and earth works in connection with provincial institutions and undertakings.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span></p> <p>(3) A series of industries carried on within the walls of the house.</p> @@ -7960,7 +7805,7 @@ to direct the various processes of preparation. The administration undertakes no responsibility for the quality of the work done, or for the material spoiled, though, on the other hand, the wages charged to the manufacturer are very low, <i>viz.</i>, 75 pfennige or 9d. per day. The -various<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span> employments detailed in a recent official report included +various<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span> employments detailed in a recent official report included locksmithry, joinery and carpentry, basket and chair making, tinning, mason's work, roofing, painting and plastering, weaving and spooling, tailoring, boot and shoe making, saddlery, hair sorting, book-binding, @@ -7983,7 +7828,7 @@ day of ten or twelve hours, according to the season, and some forty or fifty are always employed in one way or other on the land. The Labour House buys its rye for bread, its milk, its butter, and its potatoes from the farm management at the full market prices, though, on the -other<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span> hand, it sells to the farm all the implements of iron and wood +other<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span> hand, it sells to the farm all the implements of iron and wood which it is capable of supplying, and also makes its repairs.</p> <p>In the year 1907-8 of an average <i>personnel</i> of 330, there were @@ -8007,7 +7852,7 @@ literally works ever in his taskmasters eye; and not only so, but he must complete each day the task which is allotted to him. According to his capacity, and the character of his employment, a fixed <i>pensum</i> is required of him, and unless this is done there is a penalty to -pay; while, on the other hand, to the industrious, who exceed the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span> +pay; while, on the other hand, to the industrious, who exceed the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span> inevitable minimum of effort and output, a small reward is offered. The latter only ranges from a farthing to a penny a day, though by the accretions of a year it may grow into a sum which proves a welcome help @@ -8030,7 +7875,7 @@ domicile if without fixed home or regular means of subsistence, but if they cannot establish a legal settlement they are handed over to the Poor Law Authority. It may be noted, however, that Germany does not as yet go as far as certain cantons of democratic Switzerland in -the restraint of those single women of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span> known moral weakness, so well +the restraint of those single women of<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span> known moral weakness, so well known to English Poor Law workers, whose periodical visits to the workhouse imply an ever increasing burden on the public funds. Such persons the Berne Poor Law Authorities, for example, keep under duress @@ -8054,7 +7899,7 @@ a theory—whether satisfactory or not—lies at the basis of their practice. Sunday is, of course, a free day, and the high festivals of the Church are observed by the prisoners of both confessions and of none. Then a great quiet falls upon this house of toil. Black clothes -become the order of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span> the day, even to the soft round cap which covers +become the order of<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span> the day, even to the soft round cap which covers the close-cropped head, and as often as the church-going bell sounds, the inmates are led to and from religious service. For the rest the time is divided between workshop, bed, and board—and unless the rules @@ -8079,7 +7924,7 @@ their own deft handiwork.</p> <p>Severe punishment is very seldom necessary, and Benninghausen does not possess the provision for treating acts of extreme misdemeanour which is to be found in some other German Labour Houses. "Arrest" in various -grades<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span> is the worst penalty awarded. That means imprisonment in a +grades<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span> is the worst penalty awarded. That means imprisonment in a dark cell, with bare boards for a bed and bread and water for diet. Even here, however, every fourth day brings respite and is, for that reason, known as a "good day" (<i>guter Tag</i>), for on it the prisoner @@ -8101,7 +7946,7 @@ whatever. But what would you otherwise? It is work which these men need, and want of it which has been their undoing. Look at it in that way. The Labour House is in effect a Continuation School. In it the hapless sons of the commonwealth who have failed to learn the lesson of -industry in their<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span> early years are enabled to make good this important +industry in their<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span> early years are enabled to make good this important deficiency in their education. It is also coercive. Just as Germany applies compulsion in the instruction of adults who have failed to master their R's betimes, so it applies compulsion in imparting to the @@ -8124,7 +7969,7 @@ the warder ponderously passed between them and led the way into the building. For they can, after all, be galvanised into life and vigour, into agility and alertness, these licensed drones of the commonwealth, these worthless hangers-on of the street corner and the highway, whom -we are accustomed to regard as "finished<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span> and finite clods" whose +we are accustomed to regard as "finished<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span> and finite clods" whose betterment only a miracle could compass; all that is needed is the will to override their weakness and make them men in spite of themselves.</p> @@ -8147,7 +7992,7 @@ virtual inability of our own method of treating the vagrant and the loafer to effect any reformative result whatever. Obviously, it is impossible to expect accurate statistics on the question, for reasons not by any means confined to the impossibility of following the history -of every discharged case, but one fact alone tells<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span> an eloquent tale. +of every discharged case, but one fact alone tells<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span> an eloquent tale. The Labour House for Westphalia was erected in 1821. Since that time the population of the province has vastly increased, and the economic revolution consummated in the interval has created a new kind of @@ -8162,17 +8007,17 @@ actually decreasing proportionately to population.</p> years 1890 to 1909:—</p> -<table class="width50" border="0" cellpadding="4" summary="The following were the commitments to Benninghausen"> +<table class="width50" style="border: none; padding: 4px;"> <colgroup> -<col width="60%" /> -<col width="1%" /> -<col width="10%" /> -<col width="1%" /> -<col width="10%" /> -<col width="1%" /> -<col width="10%" /> +<col style="width: 60%" > +<col style="width: 1%" > +<col style="width: 10%" > +<col style="width: 1%" > +<col style="width: 10%" > +<col style="width: 1%" > +<col style="width: 10%" > </colgroup> @@ -8313,7 +8158,7 @@ years 1890 to 1909:—</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span></p> <p>Other causes have, no doubt, helped to bring about this relative diminution in the number of commitments—amongst them the development @@ -8337,7 +8182,7 @@ to provide for his temporary lodging, and either to help him to work themselves or to enlist the offices of private persons able so to do. In towns there always exists some philanthropic society which is ready to take the case in hand; in the country the helping hand is often that -of the clergyman, Roman Catholic or Protestant, as the case may<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span> be. +of the clergyman, Roman Catholic or Protestant, as the case may<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span> be. Here also is seen the utility of the Labour Colony—and to Westphalia, be it noted, belongs the honour of having founded the original Colony, of which the thirty-three others scattered over Germany are @@ -8346,14 +8191,14 @@ having passed through the mill of adversity and humiliation, and been given a glimpse of better things, have no desire to drift into the old demoralising ways.</p> -<hr class="chap" /> +<hr class="chap" > -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span></p> -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VII" id="CHAPTER_VII">CHAPTER VII.</a></h2> +<h2><a id="CHAPTER_VII">CHAPTER VII.</a></h2> <p class="ph3">THE BERLIN MUNICIPAL LABOUR HOUSE.</p> @@ -8376,7 +8221,7 @@ outrelief, but who, by reason of their irregular mode of life, as above stated, would be better provided for in a public institution; (4) those in receipt of relief who are believed to be likely to give way to mendicity; and finally (5) persons sentenced to disciplinary detention -who are infirm or ill, and incapable of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span> work. In general, the class +who are infirm or ill, and incapable of<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span> work. In general, the class of persons accommodated are the undeserving infirm poor who are not thought worthy of permanent association with indoor paupers of more or less respectable antecedents. Although under the management of the same @@ -8388,14 +8233,14 @@ its inmates are disregarded in the statistical data which follow.</p> were as follows:—</p> -<table class="width50" border="0" cellpadding="4" summary="numbers detained at Rummelsburg"> +<table class="width50" style="border: none; padding: 4px;"> <colgroup> -<col width="50%" /> -<col width="15%" /> -<col width="15%" /> -<col width="15%" /> +<col style="width: 50%" > +<col style="width: 15%" > +<col style="width: 15%" > +<col style="width: 15%" > </colgroup> @@ -8403,7 +8248,7 @@ were as follows:—</p> <tr> <td class="bor_top bor_right bor_bot"> </td> <td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot center">Males.</td> -<td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot center">Females.</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot center">Females.</td> <td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot center">Total</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -8455,23 +8300,23 @@ were as follows:—</p> <p>Of the 1530 persons admitted during the year 1381 (1,282 men and 99 women) had been committed by the Police Authorities of Berlin, and 149 (146 men and 3 women) were reinstated with a view to their completing -sentences inter<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span>rupted owing either to temporary removal to hospital or +sentences inter<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span>rupted owing either to temporary removal to hospital or to escape.</p> <p>The offences which led to commitment were the following:—</p> -<table class="width50" border="0" cellpadding="4" summary="offences which led to commitment"> +<table class="width50" style="border: none; padding: 4px;"> <colgroup> -<col width="60%" /> -<col width="1%" /> -<col width="10%" /> -<col width="1%" /> -<col width="10%" /> -<col width="1%" /> -<col width="10%" /> +<col style="width: 60%" > +<col style="width: 1%" > +<col style="width: 10%" > +<col style="width: 1%" > +<col style="width: 10%" > +<col style="width: 1%" > +<col style="width: 10%" > </colgroup> @@ -8524,17 +8369,17 @@ to escape.</p> -<table class="width50" border="0" cellpadding="4" summary="duration of the sentences awarded was as follows"> +<table class="width50" style="border: none; padding: 4px;"> <colgroup> -<col width="60%" /> -<col width="1%" /> -<col width="10%" /> -<col width="1%" /> -<col width="10%" /> -<col width="1%" /> -<col width="10%" /> +<col style="width: 60%" > +<col style="width: 1%" > +<col style="width: 10%" > +<col style="width: 1%" > +<col style="width: 10%" > +<col style="width: 1%" > +<col style="width: 10%" > </colgroup> @@ -8582,7 +8427,7 @@ authorities, 13 were removed to outside hospitals or lunatic asylums, and 52 were removed to the infirmary after completing their sentences.</p> <p>Of the persons newly admitted, 20 were twenty-one years of age or -under, 76 were be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span>tween twenty-one and twenty-five years, 126 between +under, 76 were be<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span>tween twenty-one and twenty-five years, 126 between twenty-five and thirty years, 346 between thirty and forty years, 389 between forty and fifty years, 322 between fifty and sixty years, 91 between sixty and seventy years, and 11 seventy years and upwards.</p> @@ -8590,16 +8435,13 @@ between sixty and seventy years, and 11 seventy years and upwards.</p> <p>The occupations of these 1,381 persons were as follows:—</p> -<table class="width50" border="0" cellpadding="4" summary="occupations of these 1,381 persons"> +<table class="width50" style="border: none; padding: 4px;"> <colgroup> - -<col width="30%" /> -<col width="15%" /> -<col width="15%" /> -<col width="15%" /> - - +<col style="width: 30%" > +<col style="width: 15%" > +<col style="width: 15%" > +<col style="width: 15%" > </colgroup> <tr> @@ -8639,7 +8481,7 @@ between sixty and seventy years, and 11 seventy years and upwards.</p> <td class="right bor_left">1</td> </tr> <tr> -<td colspan="7" class="bor_top"> </td> +<td colspan="4" class="bor_top"> </td> </tr> </table> @@ -8654,7 +8496,7 @@ every day. The remainder of the men are engaged in miscellaneous trades, such as tailoring, shoe making, clogging, wood-working, basket and brush making, lock-smithery, tinning, straw-plaiting, book binding, etc.; wood cutting is done by the less skilled men; and old men are -put to light em<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span>ployments like coffee bean and feather sorting. Most +put to light em<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span>ployments like coffee bean and feather sorting. Most of the women not engaged in domestic work are employed in sewing and washing for municipal institutions, like the hospitals, shelters for the homeless, the cattle market and abattoir, etc. The following table @@ -8666,16 +8508,16 @@ value of the work done, during the year 1908-9:—</p> -<table class="width50" border="0" cellpadding="4" summary="Paid Work"> +<table class="width50" style="border: none; padding: 4px;"> <colgroup> -<col width="50%" /> -<col width="1%" /> -<col width="10%" /> -<col width="1%" /> -<col width="4%" /> -<col width="4%" /> +<col style="width: 50%" > +<col style="width: 1%" > +<col style="width: 10%" > +<col style="width: 1%" > +<col style="width: 4%" > +<col style="width: 4%" > </colgroup> @@ -8776,75 +8618,62 @@ value of the work done, during the year 1908-9:—</p> <td class="right bor_bot bor_top"> 5,236</td> <td class="right bor_bot bor_top">13</td> </tr> - - - - </table> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span></p> <p class="ph4"><i>Unpaid Work.</i></p> -<table class="width50" border="0" cellpadding="4" summary="Unpaid Work"> +<table class="width50" style="border: none; padding: 4px;"> <colgroup> - -<col width="50%" /> -<col width="1%" /> -<col width="10%" /> -<col width="1%" /> -<col width="4%" /> -<col width="4%" /> - - +<col style="width: 50%" > +<col style="width: 10%" > </colgroup> <tr> -<td class="bor_top bor_right bor_top" colspan="2"> </td> -<td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot center" colspan="2">Number of Days.</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_right bor_top"> </td> +<td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot center">Number of Days.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>(1) Agricultural work on these wage farms, in five winter months (November to March)</td> -<td rowspan="9" class="bor_right"> </td> -<td class="right">102,968</td> +<td class="bor_left right">102,968</td> </tr> <tr> <td>(2) Work at the Municipal Shelter</td> -<td class="right">610</td> +<td class="bor_left right">610</td> </tr> <tr> <td>(3) Artisans' work for the Labour House</td> -<td class="right">34,238</td> +<td class="bor_left right">34,238</td> </tr> <tr> <td>(4) Gardeners' work for the Labour House</td> -<td class="right">3,170</td> +<td class="bor_left right">3,170</td> </tr> <tr> <td>(5) Work in the kitchens</td> -<td class="right">13,179</td> +<td class="bor_left right">13,179</td> </tr> <tr> <td>(6) Sempstresses</td> -<td class="right">12,213</td> +<td class="bor_left right">12,213</td> </tr> <tr> <td>(7) Washing</td> -<td class="right">14,428</td> +<td class="bor_left right">14,428</td> </tr> <tr> <td>(8) Bookbinding, writing and work of porters, stokers, etc.</td> -<td class="right">44,859</td> +<td class="bor_left right">44,859</td> </tr> <tr> <td>(9)Cooking and other domestic work done at the sewage farms, etc.</td> -<td class="right">25,544</td> +<td class="bor_left right">25,544</td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="bor_right bor_bot" colspan="2"> </td> -<td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot center" colspan="2">251,209</td> +<td class="bor_right bor_bot"> </td> +<td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot right">251,209</td> </tr> </table> @@ -8859,18 +8688,15 @@ and for Sundays and festivals is as follows:—</p> <p class="ph4"><i>Weekdays.</i></p> -<table class="width50" border="0" cellpadding="4" summary="Weekdays"> - +<table class="width50" style="border: none; padding: 4px;"> <colgroup> - -<col width="30%" /> -<col width="5%" /> -<col width="5%" /> -<col width="5%" /> -<col width="5%" /> -<col width="5%" /> - +<col style="width: 30%" > +<col style="width: 5%" > +<col style="width: 5%" > +<col style="width: 5%" > +<col style="width: 5%" > +<col style="width: 5%" > </colgroup> <tr> @@ -8955,16 +8781,16 @@ and for Sundays and festivals is as follows:—</p> </tr> <tr> <td>Rest</td> -<td class="center" colspan="4">till bedtime.</td> +<td class="center" colspan="5">till bedtime.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Bedtime, and lights out</td> -<td class="center" colspan="4">7.0 p.m.</td> +<td class="center" colspan="5">7.0 p.m.</td> </tr> </table> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span></p> <p>On Saturdays and the evenings before festivals work ceases at 4.0 p.m., but the intervening time until 5.45 is given to cleaning the @@ -8973,47 +8799,40 @@ washplaces, etc., and bedtime is 6.0 o'clock.</p> <p class="ph4"><i>Sundays and Festivals.</i></p> -<table class="width60" border="0" cellpadding="4" summary="Sundays and Festivals"> +<table class="width60" style="border: none; padding: 4px;"> <colgroup> - -<col width="65%" /> -<col width="1%" /> -<col width="3%" /> -<col width="3%" /> -<col width="3%" /> -<col width="3%" /> -<col width="3%" /> -<col width="1%" /> -<col width="3%" /> -<col width="3%" /> -<col width="3%" /> -<col width="3%" /> -<col width="3%" /> - - +<col style="width: 65%" > +<col style="width: 3%" > +<col style="width: 3%" > +<col style="width: 3%" > +<col style="width: 3%" > +<col style="width: 3%" > +<col style="width: 3%" > +<col style="width: 3%" > +<col style="width: 3%" > +<col style="width: 3%" > +<col style="width: 3%" > </colgroup> <tr> <td class="bor_top bor_right"> </td> -<td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot center" colspan="6">Summer.</td> -<td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot center" colspan="6">Winter.</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot center" colspan="5">Summer.</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot center" colspan="5">Winter.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Rise</td> -<td rowspan="10" class="bor_left"> </td> -<td class="center" colspan="5">5.45 a.m.</td> -<td rowspan="10" class="bor_left"> </td> -<td class="center" colspan="5">6.45 a.m.</td> +<td class="bor_left center" colspan="5">5.45 a.m.</td> +<td class="bor_left center" colspan="5">6.45 a.m.</td> </tr> <tr> <td>Breakfast</td> -<td class="right">6.0.</td> +<td class="bor_left right">6.0.</td> <td class="right">a.m.</td> <td class="center">to</td> <td class="right">6.15.</td> <td class="right">a.m.</td> -<td class="right">7.0.</td> +<td class="bor_left right">7.0.</td> <td class="right">a.m.</td> <td class="center">to</td> <td class="right">7.15.</td> @@ -9021,12 +8840,12 @@ washplaces, etc., and bedtime is 6.0 o'clock.</p> </tr> <tr> <td>Exercise in open air</td> -<td class="right">6.15.</td> +<td class="bor_left right">6.15.</td> <td class="center">"</td> <td class="center">to</td> <td class="right">8.30.</td> <td class="center">"</td> -<td class="right">7.15.</td> +<td class="bor_left right">7.15.</td> <td class="center">"</td> <td class="center">to</td> <td class="right">8.30.</td> @@ -9034,12 +8853,12 @@ washplaces, etc., and bedtime is 6.0 o'clock.</p> </tr> <tr> <td>Divine service</td> -<td class="right">8.30.</td> +<td class="bor_left right">8.30.</td> <td class="center">"</td> <td class="center">to</td> <td class="right">9.30.</td> <td class="center">"</td> -<td class="right">8.30.</td> +<td class="bor_left right">8.30.</td> <td class="center">"</td> <td class="center">to</td> <td class="right">9.30.</td> @@ -9047,12 +8866,12 @@ washplaces, etc., and bedtime is 6.0 o'clock.</p> </tr> <tr> <td>Exercise in open air</td> -<td class="right">9.30.</td> +<td class="bor_left right">9.30.</td> <td class="center">"</td> <td class="center">to</td> <td class="right">12.0.</td> <td class="center">"</td> -<td class="right">9.30.</td> +<td class="bor_left right">9.30.</td> <td class="center">"</td> <td class="center">to</td> <td class="right">12.0.</td> @@ -9060,12 +8879,12 @@ washplaces, etc., and bedtime is 6.0 o'clock.</p> </tr> <tr> <td>Dinner</td> -<td class="right">12.0.</td> +<td class="bor_left right">12.0.</td> <td class="center">p.m.</td> <td class="center">to</td> <td class="right">12.30.</td> <td class="center">p.m.</td> -<td class="right">12.0.</td> +<td class="bor_left right">12.0.</td> <td class="center">p.m.</td> <td class="center">to</td> <td class="right">12.30.</td> @@ -9073,12 +8892,12 @@ washplaces, etc., and bedtime is 6.0 o'clock.</p> </tr> <tr> <td>Exercise in open air and relaxation</td> -<td class="right">12.30</td> +<td class="bor_left right">12.30</td> <td class="center">"</td> <td class="center">to</td> <td class="right">12.30.</td> <td class="center">"</td> -<td class="right">12.30.</td> +<td class="bor_left right">12.30.</td> <td class="center">"</td> <td class="center">to</td> <td class="right">5.0.</td> @@ -9086,12 +8905,12 @@ washplaces, etc., and bedtime is 6.0 o'clock.</p> </tr> <tr> <td>Supper</td> -<td class="right">5.0</td> +<td class="bor_left right">5.0</td> <td class="center">"</td> <td class="center">to</td> <td class="right">5.30.</td> <td class="center">"</td> -<td class="right">5.0.</td> +<td class="bor_left right">5.0.</td> <td class="center">"</td> <td class="center">to</td> <td class="right">5.30.</td> @@ -9099,12 +8918,12 @@ washplaces, etc., and bedtime is 6.0 o'clock.</p> </tr> <tr> <td>Rest</td> -<td class="right">5.30</td> +<td class="bor_left right">5.30</td> <td class="center">"</td> <td class="center">to</td> <td class="right">5.45.</td> <td class="center">"</td> -<td class="right">5.30.</td> +<td class="bor_left right">5.30.</td> <td class="center">"</td> <td class="center">to</td> <td class="right">5.450.</td> @@ -9112,18 +8931,18 @@ washplaces, etc., and bedtime is 6.0 o'clock.</p> </tr> <tr> <td>Bedtime</td> -<td class="center" colspan="4">5.45 p.m.</td> -<td class="center" colspan="4">5.45 p.m.</td> +<td class="bor_left center" colspan="5">5.45 p.m.</td> +<td class="bor_left center" colspan="5">5.45 p.m.</td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="bor_top" colspan="13"> </td> +<td class="bor_top" colspan="11"> </td> </tr> </table> <p>While, as a rule, the hours of work are the same for all, the tasks allotted are, as far as possible, proportioned to individual capacity. -One of the rules<a name="FNanchor_64_64" id="FNanchor_64_64"></a><a href="#Footnote_64_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a> of the establishment states:—</p> +One of the rules<a id="FNanchor_64_64"></a><a href="#Footnote_64_64" class="fnanchor">[64]</a> of the establishment states:—</p> <blockquote> @@ -9140,7 +8959,7 @@ to perform his allotted task, or who in general works slothfully or negligently, will be punished. No inmate may, without permission, allow his work to be done for him by another, or do another's work."</p></blockquote> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span></p> <p>For the encouragement of diligence and good conduct a small wage is paid. This amounts to 10 pfennige or 1½d. per day for most work, but @@ -9171,7 +8990,7 @@ of each man are carefully studied, with a view to his employment in the manner most likely to draw out the best in him; the diligent and trustworthy are selected for the more responsible posts, and all are made to feel that their re-making lies in their own hands. Great stress -is laid upon<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span> the moral basis of work, without undue obtrusion of the +is laid upon<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span> the moral basis of work, without undue obtrusion of the religious motive. One of the regulations runs:—</p> <blockquote> @@ -9206,7 +9025,7 @@ eagerness. The library is open to all inmates without exception."</p></blockquot <p>The fact may be added that no less than £25 a year is spent on the provision of new books. As for other moral influences, religious services are held regularly on Sundays and festivals, and Holy -Communion is administered at intervals,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span> for Protestant and Roman +Communion is administered at intervals,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span> for Protestant and Roman Catholic detainees separately.</p> <p>Little fault is found with the general conduct of the inmates, in spite @@ -9215,17 +9034,17 @@ material with which the Labour House has to deal may be judged from the following summary of the punishments which had been undergone by those newly admitted in the year 1908-9:—</p> -<table class="width60" border="0" cellpadding="4" summary="Mode of Punishment"> +<table class="width60" style="border: none; padding: 4px;"> <colgroup> -<col width="50%" /> -<col width="1%" /> -<col width="10%" /> -<col width="1%" /> -<col width="10%" /> -<col width="1%" /> -<col width="10%" /> +<col style="width: 50%" > +<col style="width: 1%" > +<col style="width: 10%" > +<col style="width: 1%" > +<col style="width: 10%" > +<col style="width: 1%" > +<col style="width: 10%" > </colgroup> @@ -9292,7 +9111,7 @@ newly admitted in the year 1908-9:—</p> discipline were awarded to only 304 inmates in 352 cases. The percentage of the male inmates punished (calculated on the mean daily average detained) was twenty-one, and of the female inmates 12. The -punishments begin with mere reproof, and then follow in order<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span> of +punishments begin with mere reproof, and then follow in order<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span> of severity: withdrawal of permission to receive visits for a time, withdrawal of permission to write or receive letters, forfeit of the right to supplement the Labour House diet out of the reward of @@ -9318,7 +9137,7 @@ was £55,101, or deducting £5,236 received for work done by the inmates able-bodied inmates only was estimated at a fraction under 11d. per head per day, or 6s. 3d. per week.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span></p> <p>Tables are added showing the average number of inmates in the Labour House during the years 1899 to 1908, and the commitments for begging @@ -9327,17 +9146,17 @@ only during nineteen years:—</p> <p class="ph4"><i>Average Number of Inmates (all Classes).</i></p> -<table class="width50" border="0" cellpadding="4" summary="Average Number of Inmates"> +<table class="width50" style="border: none; padding: 4px;"> <colgroup> -<col width="20%" /> -<col width="1%" /> -<col width="10%" /> -<col width="1%" /> -<col width="10%" /> -<col width="1%" /> -<col width="10%" /> +<col style="width: 20%" > +<col style="width: 1%" > +<col style="width: 10%" > +<col style="width: 1%" > +<col style="width: 10%" > +<col style="width: 1%" > +<col style="width: 10%" > </colgroup> @@ -9420,7 +9239,7 @@ only during nineteen years:—</p> <p class="ph4"><i>Commitments for Begging.</i></p> -<table class="auto centered" border="0" cellpadding="5" summary="Commitments for Begging"> +<table class="auto centered" style="border: none; padding: 5px;"> <tr> @@ -9506,7 +9325,7 @@ only during nineteen years:—</p> <p>It should be pointed out, however, that the latter figures afford no indication whatever as to the frequency of the offence of mendicancy in Berlin. Detention in the Labour House is a secondary punishment, and -those who receive it<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span> form only a small proportion of the total number +those who receive it<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span> form only a small proportion of the total number of persons prosecuted for begging. The following statement shows, for a period of twelve years, the numbers apprehended, prosecuted, and convicted in Berlin for this offence (the difference between the @@ -9514,17 +9333,17 @@ apprehensions and prosecutions represents those who were simply warned and discharged):—</p> -<table class="width60" border="0" cellpadding="4" summary="apprehensions and prosecutions"> +<table class="width60" style="border: none; padding: 4px;"> <colgroup> -<col width="20%" /> -<col width="1%" /> -<col width="10%" /> -<col width="1%" /> -<col width="10%" /> -<col width="1%" /> -<col width="10%" /> +<col style="width: 20%" > +<col style="width: 1%" > +<col style="width: 10%" > +<col style="width: 1%" > +<col style="width: 10%" > +<col style="width: 1%" > +<col style="width: 10%" > </colgroup> @@ -9622,14 +9441,14 @@ last five years with those of the first five in the table, a decrease will be found of from 21,371 to 20,199, in spite of a large increase in the population.</p> -<hr class="chap" /> +<hr class="chap" > -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span></p> -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VIII" id="CHAPTER_VIII">CHAPTER VIII.</a></h2> +<h2><a id="CHAPTER_VIII">CHAPTER VIII.</a></h2> <p class="ph3">THE TREATMENT OF VAGRANCY IN SWITZERLAND.</p> @@ -9658,7 +9477,7 @@ days, or with committal to a labour institution for a term between six months and two years; on the repetition of the offence the vagrant is always to be committed to a labour institution."</p></blockquote> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span></p> <p>Persons who apply for help from a Relief Station and refuse to accept suitable work when offered to them may be treated as "shirkers" @@ -9689,7 +9508,7 @@ prison for not more than three years.</p> <p>(5) Persons belonging to other Cantons.</p> <p>The minimum term of detention is two months, the maximum five years, -but one-third of the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span> sentence may be remitted as a reward of good +but one-third of the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span> sentence may be remitted as a reward of good conduct.</p> <p>A twenty years' contract exists between the Cantons of Berne and @@ -9715,7 +9534,7 @@ On the failure of this Society the Canton of Berne became the owner in 1891 at a cost of about £30,000 for land and buildings, the latter then in bad condition. The communications are good, since there are two railway stations within two miles of the centre of the estate. The -land is, on the whole,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span> fertile when properly drained, and a portion +land is, on the whole,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span> fertile when properly drained, and a portion of it is of excellent quality and suitable for winter wheat, clover, and grass; other portions are more suited to pasture, vegetables, and forestry, and there is a stretch of peat land and sand.</p> @@ -9740,7 +9559,7 @@ lofts, and dwellings for the farm servants and their families; (6) machine room and warehouses.</p> <p>The buildings belonging to the Nusshof Colony comprise (1) two dwelling -houses for the super<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span>intendent and his family and the assistants, +houses for the super<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span>intendent and his family and the assistants, quarters for discharged prisoners who have returned to Witzwil owing to their being without employment, and who receive food, lodging, and a small money payment in return for their labour; (2) stalls and @@ -9769,7 +9588,7 @@ and enable him on his discharge to earn his livelihood more easily.</p> <p>(2) Prison work should be productive ("create actual values"), should entail muscular exertion yet not be injurious to health, and should -yield as<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span> high a return as possible without injuring free labour.</p> +yield as<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span> high a return as possible without injuring free labour.</p> <p>(3) The work should be so arranged as to further the educative purpose of punishment.</p> @@ -9793,7 +9612,7 @@ for a light meal; 9.20 to 11.30 work; 11.30 to 12.30, dinner and rest; dark hours of work are spent in the barns or workshops, as may be expedient. The principal occupations in the latter are tailoring, shoe making, smithery, and carpentering, and most of the work done is for -the institution. The men sleep, eat, and spend<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span> their spare time in +the institution. The men sleep, eat, and spend<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span> their spare time in separate cells, for intercourse between them is strictly discouraged.</p> <p>Although no claim to payment is recognised a certain sum, not exceeding @@ -9820,7 +9639,7 @@ ministered to by two visiting chaplains. Letter-writing and visits of friends are allowed once a month.</p> <p>The number of prisoners on January 1, 1908, was 156, 279 were admitted -and 237 were discharged (including 2 deaths and 2 escapes) during<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span> +and 237 were discharged (including 2 deaths and 2 escapes) during<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span> the year, and there remained on December 31, 198. The maximum number detained was 198, and the minimum 154. Of the 279 new prisoners 204 were detained for the first time. Further, 172 were single men, 76 were @@ -9836,7 +9655,7 @@ for two years and over.</p> <p>The total number of days worked during the year was 50,531, divided as follows:—</p> -<table class="auto centered" border="0" cellpadding="5" summary="total number of days worked during the year"> +<table class="auto centered" style="border: none; padding: 5px;"> <tr> @@ -9903,7 +9722,7 @@ follows:—</p> <p>To look after and direct the work of this body of men 48 officers and -employees of all kinds were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span> necessary, comprising 3 general overseers, +employees of all kinds were<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span> necessary, comprising 3 general overseers, 1 machinist, 28 foremen and chief stockmen in the agricultural departments, 1 saddler, 1 tailor, 1 shoemaker, 1 wheelwright, 1 carpenter, 1 smith, 1 mason (the last seven being skilled men), 3 @@ -9927,7 +9746,7 @@ attempts at the same, and smuggling. "Our general impression of the discipline preserved in the past year," the Director reports, "is not unfavourable; more than one case of punishment might have been avoided if the overseers had always understood their duty better, and if their -insubordinates had shown a better spirit, but<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span> when one remembers how +insubordinates had shown a better spirit, but<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span> when one remembers how keenly many of our inmates chafe against the loss of their liberty it is not surprising if now and then one loses control over himself. It is often difficult for the foreigners—especially the French—to obey @@ -9969,7 +9788,7 @@ working clothes. Special contracts are concluded with artisans ensuring payment in money.</p> <p>"(8) Colonists who enter in winter (<i>i.e.</i>, between November 15 and -the end of February) receive for this<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span> time no money payment. Those, +the end of February) receive for this<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span> time no money payment. Those, on the other hand, who enter in summer and autumn (<i>i.e.</i>, between March 1 and the end of October), and work to the satisfaction of the Administration, receive in winter also a reduced money payment to be @@ -9999,7 +9818,7 @@ but the usual complement is about 160. The area of the farm is some been reclaimed in the same manner. Here, too, farm work and simple trades—shoe making, carpentering, basket making, and smithery—are carried on side by side, and the general conditions of life, the length -of the sentences, the prospects of remission, and the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span> results are much +of the sentences, the prospects of remission, and the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span> results are much the same in the two Colonies. Work is severe at St. Johannsen, and under the discipline some of the younger men are said to shed their idle habits, but little impression seems to be made upon the older ones.</p> @@ -10023,7 +9842,7 @@ good conduct a man may earn a partial remission of his sentence. As at Witzwil the officers are not armed, but there is no complaint of violence. Work is found for many of the men on leaving, and they often carry away with them a sum of money, the proceeds of a bonus on good -work,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span> which helps to give them a new start. The District Council pays +work,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span> which helps to give them a new start. The District Council pays £4 per annum for each person whom it commits, and by the aid of this charge and the proceeds of the men's labour the Colony is able to show a profit.</p> @@ -10045,21 +9864,21 @@ Nevertheless, it would be wrong to attribute this immunity entirely to the existence of Forced Labour Houses and Colonies, though these have, no doubt, helped. It must be remembered that Switzerland has an excellent system of Relief Stations for wayfarers, and has of late -years taken up the Voluntary Labour Colony movement with much zeal.<a name="FNanchor_65_65" id="FNanchor_65_65"></a><a href="#Footnote_65_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a> -Further, the Swiss workman is far less<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span> restive than his colleague in +years taken up the Voluntary Labour Colony movement with much zeal.<a id="FNanchor_65_65"></a><a href="#Footnote_65_65" class="fnanchor">[65]</a> +Further, the Swiss workman is far less<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span> restive than his colleague in Germany, for example, and the spirit of local patriotism tends to keep him in his native canton and often in his native commune, however small and sequestered it may be. Finally, the Swiss are probably the hardest working, as they are certainly the hardiest, people in Europe, and they deem voluntary idleness to be one of the most disreputable and culpable of social offences.</p> -<hr class="chap" /> +<hr class="chap" > -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span></p> -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IX" id="CHAPTER_IX">CHAPTER IX.</a></h2> +<h2><a id="CHAPTER_IX">CHAPTER IX.</a></h2> <p class="ph3">LABOUR HOUSES UNDER THE POOR LAW.</p> @@ -10084,7 +9903,7 @@ the Free City of Hamburg have adopted laws to the same effect.</p> kind, it may be well to summarise the provisions of the principal laws on the subject.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span></p> <p>The Poor-relief Ordinance of Saxony, dated October 22, 1840, states that the power to compel persons who are "work-shy" to labour belongs @@ -10111,7 +9930,7 @@ the same effect.</p> <p>By the law of Oldenburg (March 14, 1870) the following persons may be committed to the Forced Labour House of Vechta: Drunkards, persons -who abuse the poor relief granted to them,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span> women who, having had two +who abuse the poor relief granted to them,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span> women who, having had two or more illegitimate children for whom they have had to seek relief, again become <i>enceinte</i>, and (by Ministerial Decree of April 25, 1888) parents who neglect their children so that they fall upon the Poor @@ -10141,7 +9960,7 @@ member (a Senator) of the Poor Law Board, as president, two members of that Board elected by the House of Burgesses, and two chairmen of Poor Law districts or almoners. A decision to commit a Poor Law defaulter to the Labour House must be supported by a majority of four votes to -one, and appeal is allowed both to the Senate and the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span> ordinary Courts +one, and appeal is allowed both to the Senate and the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span> ordinary Courts of Law, but a decision remains in operation unless and until quashed. The alleged defaulter is entitled to appear, and to be represented, at the proceedings of the Committee. A person against whom an order @@ -10166,7 +9985,7 @@ for the reception of such persons, therefore, must be regarded as reformative in character, and not in any formal sense as penal.</p> <p>It is unlikely that a British Legislature would be willing to depute to -Poor Law Authorities, even of the reformed type proposed by the Poor<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span> +Poor Law Authorities, even of the reformed type proposed by the Poor<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span> Law Commission, power to put to forced labour defaulters of the kind referred to. Nor does it accord with our national ideas of justice that the same authority—in this case a civil body—should be able to act @@ -10183,7 +10002,7 @@ instead of as now to prison.</p> enforce the powers here referred to, are the four Saxon towns of Dresden, Leipzig, Chemnitz, and Plauen, also Stuttgart, Hamburg, Oldenburg, Ulm, Heilbronn, Ludwigsburg, Rostock, Schwerin, and Dessau. -I have described the Dresden Labour House in another place,<a name="FNanchor_66_66" id="FNanchor_66_66"></a><a href="#Footnote_66_66" class="fnanchor">[66]</a> and +I have described the Dresden Labour House in another place,<a id="FNanchor_66_66"></a><a href="#Footnote_66_66" class="fnanchor">[66]</a> and it will be sufficient for present purposes to summarise the principal characteristics of the Leipzig institution.</p> @@ -10191,7 +10010,7 @@ characteristics of the Leipzig institution.</p> <p class="ph3">MUNICIPAL LABOUR HOUSE AT LEIPZIG.</p> <p>This municipal Labour House is one of the oldest institutions of the -town, for the building<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span> was anciently a monastic hospital; later it +town, for the building<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span> was anciently a monastic hospital; later it served for the reception of orphans, deserted and neglected children, imbeciles, etc., and it has been applied to its present purpose for some seventeen years.</p> @@ -10222,7 +10041,7 @@ labour.</p> be employed during their term of confinement and who voluntarily enter the House.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span></p> <p>It may be observed in passing that the regulations of the Dresden Labour House provide for the commitment thereto of fathers who neglect @@ -10247,7 +10066,7 @@ discharge. Contrary to the principle acted upon at Merxplas, "the mere proof that the detainee is able to find work outside the Labour House does not justify a claim to release." Before any person is discharged the Poor Law Board considers a report made by the Director of the -Labour House, and this body previously determines the period during<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span> +Labour House, and this body previously determines the period during<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span> which the conduct of an inmate is to be specially watched with a view to weighing his fitness for release. As a rule a report is required as to the conduct of every detainee a month after committal and it must be @@ -10278,7 +10097,7 @@ use their labour in such a way as shall be most advantageous for the institution."</p></blockquote> <p>The occupations followed by men include, in addition to work in the -establishment, gardening,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span> building, joinery, shoemaking, tailoring, +establishment, gardening,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span> building, joinery, shoemaking, tailoring, book-binding, lock-smithery, painting and varnishing, wood cutting, coffee sorting, horsehair pulling, and the making of mats, besoms, paper bags, cigar holders, umbrella sticks, boxes, etc. The women are @@ -10304,7 +10123,7 @@ of dependents, etc., the balance, if any, being paid to the creditor on discharge, in one sum or in instalments, either direct or through a third person.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span></p> <p>Insubordination and other offences are not infrequent, and there is a long gradation of punishments, beginning with formal reproof, either @@ -10332,17 +10151,17 @@ remaining 12,021 were artisans and labourers without employment.</p> <p>The reasons for compulsory or voluntary detention in that year were as follows:—</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span></p> -<table class="width50" border="0" cellpadding="4" summary="numbers detained at Rummelsburg"> +<table class="width50" style="border: none; padding: 4px;"> <colgroup> -<col width="50%" /> -<col width="15%" /> -<col width="15%" /> -<col width="15%" /> +<col style="width: 50%" > +<col style="width: 15%" > +<col style="width: 15%" > +<col style="width: 15%" > </colgroup> @@ -10350,7 +10169,7 @@ follows:—</p> <tr> <td class="bor_top bor_right bor_bot"> </td> <td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot center">Males.</td> -<td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot center">Females.</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot center">Females.</td> <td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot center">Total</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -10422,14 +10241,14 @@ follows:—</p> classified as follows:—</p> -<table class="width50" border="0" cellpadding="4" summary="detainees discharged during the year"> +<table class="width50" style="border: none; padding: 4px;"> <colgroup> -<col width="50%" /> -<col width="15%" /> -<col width="15%" /> -<col width="15%" /> +<col style="width: 50%" > +<col style="width: 15%" > +<col style="width: 15%" > +<col style="width: 15%" > </colgroup> @@ -10437,7 +10256,7 @@ classified as follows:—</p> <tr> <td class="bor_top bor_right bor_bot"> </td> <td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot center">Males.</td> -<td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot center">Females.</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot center">Females.</td> <td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot center">Total</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -10480,20 +10299,20 @@ classified as follows:—</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span></p> <p>The terms of their detention were as follows:—</p> -<table class="width50" border="0" cellpadding="4" summary="terms of their detention"> +<table class="width50" style="border: none; padding: 4px;"> <colgroup> -<col width="40%" /> -<col width="15%" /> -<col width="15%" /> -<col width="15%" /> -<col width="20%" /> +<col style="width: 40%" > +<col style="width: 15%" > +<col style="width: 15%" > +<col style="width: 15%" > +<col style="width: 20%" > </colgroup> @@ -10501,8 +10320,8 @@ classified as follows:—</p> <tr> <td class="bor_top bor_right bor_bot"> </td> <td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot center">Men.</td> -<td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot center">Women.</td> -<td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot center">Total.</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot center">Women.</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot center">Total.</td> <td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot center">Per Cent.</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -10575,184 +10394,171 @@ correctional department of the Labour House for a series of years. It will be seen that while there have been fluctuations, no absolute increase is shown.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span></p> - -<table class="width60" border="0" cellpadding="1" summary="a statement showing the admissions to the -correctional department"> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span></p> +<table class="width60" style="border: none; padding: 1px;"> <colgroup> -<col width="10%" /> -<col width="2%" /> -<col width="10%" /> -<col width="2%" /> -<col width="10%" /> -<col width="2%" /> -<col width="10%" /> -<col width="2%" /> -<col width="10%" /> -<col width="2%" /> -<col width="10%" /> - - +<col style="width: 10%" > +<col style="width: 10%" > +<col style="width: 10%" > +<col style="width: 10%" > +<col style="width: 10%" > +<col style="width: 10%" > </colgroup> <tr> -<td class="bor_right bor_top bor_bot center" colspan="2" rowspan="2">Year.</td> -<td class="bor_top bor_right bor_bot center" colspan="4">Males.</td> -<td class="bor_top bor_bot bor_left center" colspan="4">Females.</td> +<td class="bor_right bor_top bor_bot center" rowspan="2">Year.</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_right bor_bot center" colspan="2">Males.</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_bot bor_left center" colspan="2">Females.</td> <td class="bor_top bor_bot bor_left center" rowspan="2">Total.</td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="bor_right bor_bot center" colspan="2">On compulsion.</td> -<td class="bor_right bor_bot center" colspan="2">Voluntarily.</td> -<td class="bor_bot bor_left center" colspan="2">On compulsion.</td> -<td class="bor_left bor_bot center" colspan="2">Voluntarily.</td> +<td class="bor_right bor_bot center">On compulsion.</td> +<td class="bor_right bor_bot center">Voluntarily.</td> +<td class="bor_bot bor_left center">On compulsion.</td> +<td class="bor_left bor_bot center">Voluntarily.</td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="bor_right" colspan="2">1892</td> -<td class="right">64</td> -<td rowspan="17" class="bor_right"> </td> -<td class="bor_left right">111</td> -<td rowspan="17"> </td> -<td class="bor_left right">8</td> -<td rowspan="17"> </td> -<td class="bor_left right">16</td> -<td rowspan="17"> </td> -<td class="bor_left right">199</td> +<td class="bor_right">1892</td> +<td class="right">64</td> +<td class="bor_left right">111</td> +<td class="bor_left right">8</td> +<td class="bor_left right">16</td> +<td class="bor_left right">199</td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="bor_right" colspan="2">1893</td> -<td class="right">228</td> -<td class="bor_left right">195</td> -<td class="bor_left right">25</td> -<td class="bor_left right">31</td> -<td class="bor_left right">479</td> +<td class="bor_right">1893</td> +<td class="right">228</td> +<td class="bor_left right">195</td> +<td class="bor_left right">25</td> +<td class="bor_left right">31</td> +<td class="bor_left right">479</td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="bor_right" colspan="2">1894</td> -<td class="right">194</td> -<td class="bor_left right">182</td> -<td class="bor_left right">31</td> -<td class="bor_left right">31</td> -<td class="bor_left right">442</td> +<td class="bor_right">1894</td> +<td class="right">194</td> +<td class="bor_left right">182</td> +<td class="bor_left right">31</td> +<td class="bor_left right">31</td> +<td class="bor_left right">442</td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="bor_right" colspan="2">1895</td> -<td class="right">160</td> -<td class="bor_left right">227</td> -<td class="bor_left right">23</td> -<td class="bor_left right">46</td> -<td class="bor_left right">456</td> +<td class="bor_right">1895</td> +<td class="right">160</td> +<td class="bor_left right">227</td> +<td class="bor_left right">23</td> +<td class="bor_left right">46</td> +<td class="bor_left right">456</td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="bor_right" colspan="2">1896</td> -<td class="right">161</td> -<td class="bor_left right">167</td> -<td class="bor_left right">19</td> -<td class="bor_left right">34</td> -<td class="bor_left right">381</td> +<td class="bor_right">1896</td> +<td class="right">161</td> +<td class="bor_left right">167</td> +<td class="bor_left right">19</td> +<td class="bor_left right">34</td> +<td class="bor_left right">381</td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="bor_right" colspan="2">1897</td> -<td class="right">200</td> -<td class="bor_left right">93</td> -<td class="bor_left right">23</td> -<td class="bor_left right">26</td> -<td class="bor_left right">342</td> +<td class="bor_right">1897</td> +<td class="right">200</td> +<td class="bor_left right">93</td> +<td class="bor_left right">23</td> +<td class="bor_left right">26</td> +<td class="bor_left right">342</td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="bor_right" colspan="2">1898</td> -<td class="right">185</td> -<td class="bor_left right">154</td> -<td class="bor_left right">23</td> -<td class="bor_left right">19</td> -<td class="bor_left right">381</td> +<td class="bor_right">1898</td> +<td class="right">185</td> +<td class="bor_left right">154</td> +<td class="bor_left right">23</td> +<td class="bor_left right">19</td> +<td class="bor_left right">381</td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="bor_right" colspan="2">1899</td> -<td class="right">109</td> -<td class="bor_left right">252</td> -<td class="bor_left right">7</td> -<td class="bor_left right">25</td> -<td class="bor_left right">393</td> +<td class="bor_right">1899</td> +<td class="right">109</td> +<td class="bor_left right">252</td> +<td class="bor_left right">7</td> +<td class="bor_left right">25</td> +<td class="bor_left right">393</td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="bor_right" colspan="2">1900</td> -<td class="right">70</td> -<td class="bor_left right">245</td> -<td class="bor_left right">13</td> -<td class="bor_left right">22</td> -<td class="bor_left right">350</td> +<td class="bor_right">1900</td> +<td class="right">70</td> +<td class="bor_left right">245</td> +<td class="bor_left right">13</td> +<td class="bor_left right">22</td> +<td class="bor_left right">350</td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="bor_right" colspan="2">1901</td> -<td class="right">88</td> -<td class="bor_left right">313</td> -<td class="bor_left right">13</td> -<td class="bor_left right">18</td> -<td class="bor_left right">432</td> +<td class="bor_right">1901</td> +<td class="right">88</td> +<td class="bor_left right">313</td> +<td class="bor_left right">13</td> +<td class="bor_left right">18</td> +<td class="bor_left right">432</td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="bor_right" colspan="2">1902</td> -<td class="right">80</td> -<td class="bor_left right">276</td> -<td class="bor_left right">16</td> -<td class="bor_left right">16</td> -<td class="bor_left right">388</td> +<td class="bor_right">1902</td> +<td class="right">80</td> +<td class="bor_left right">276</td> +<td class="bor_left right">16</td> +<td class="bor_left right">16</td> +<td class="bor_left right">388</td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="bor_right" colspan="2">1903</td> -<td class="right">76</td> -<td class="bor_left right">261</td> -<td class="bor_left right">22</td> -<td class="bor_left right">10</td> -<td class="bor_left right">369</td> +<td class="bor_right">1903</td> +<td class="right">76</td> +<td class="bor_left right">261</td> +<td class="bor_left right">22</td> +<td class="bor_left right">10</td> +<td class="bor_left right">369</td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="bor_right" colspan="2">1904</td> -<td class="right">91</td> -<td class="bor_left right">241</td> -<td class="bor_left right">29</td> -<td class="bor_left right">11</td> -<td class="bor_left right">372</td> +<td class="bor_right">1904</td> +<td class="right">91</td> +<td class="bor_left right">241</td> +<td class="bor_left right">29</td> +<td class="bor_left right">11</td> +<td class="bor_left right">372</td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="bor_right" colspan="2">1905</td> -<td class="right">109</td> -<td class="bor_left right">238</td> -<td class="bor_left right">37</td> -<td class="bor_left right">5</td> -<td class="bor_left right">389</td> +<td class="bor_right">1905</td> +<td class="right">109</td> +<td class="bor_left right">238</td> +<td class="bor_left right">37</td> +<td class="bor_left right">5</td> +<td class="bor_left right">389</td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="bor_right" colspan="2">1906</td> -<td class="right">90</td> -<td class="bor_left right">274</td> -<td class="bor_left right">37</td> -<td class="bor_left right">4</td> -<td class="bor_left right">405</td> +<td class="bor_right">1906</td> +<td class="right">90</td> +<td class="bor_left right">274</td> +<td class="bor_left right">37</td> +<td class="bor_left right">4</td> +<td class="bor_left right">405</td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="bor_right" colspan="2">1907</td> -<td class="right">77</td> -<td class="bor_left right">222</td> -<td class="bor_left right">22</td> -<td class="bor_left right">5</td> -<td class="bor_left right">326</td> +<td class="bor_right">1907</td> +<td class="right">77</td> +<td class="bor_left right">222</td> +<td class="bor_left right">22</td> +<td class="bor_left right">5</td> +<td class="bor_left right">326</td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="bor_right" colspan="2">1908</td> -<td class="right">204</td> -<td class="bor_left right">213</td> -<td class="bor_left right">50</td> -<td class="bor_left right">4</td> -<td class="bor_left right">471</td> +<td class="bor_right">1908</td> +<td class="right">204</td> +<td class="bor_left right">213</td> +<td class="bor_left right">50</td> +<td class="bor_left right">4</td> +<td class="bor_left right">471</td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="bor_top" colspan="11"> </td> +<td class="bor_top" colspan="6"> </td> </tr> </table> @@ -10771,7 +10577,7 @@ unable to maintain themselves whose lodgment in such an institution seemed "justifiable in the public interest." The latter phrase is a significant one. What it implies will be best understood from a passage in a report addressed to the Municipal Council Committee, which, under -the guidance of the mayor of the day, formulated<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span> the scheme. "We +the guidance of the mayor of the day, formulated<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span> the scheme. "We regard it," they said, "as of the greatest importance that there be established for Berne a Poorhouse in which all such adult poor may be lodged to whom this mode of maintenance is suited. They include, @@ -10791,14 +10597,14 @@ Cantonal Labour Houses already referred to.</p> during the year 1908 was as follows:—</p> -<table class="width50" border="0" cellpadding="4" summary="number of persons who entered or passed through the Poorhouse"> +<table class="width50" style="border: none; padding: 4px;"> <colgroup> -<col width="50%" /> -<col width="15%" /> -<col width="15%" /> -<col width="15%" /> +<col style="width: 50%" > +<col style="width: 15%" > +<col style="width: 15%" > +<col style="width: 15%" > </colgroup> @@ -10806,7 +10612,7 @@ during the year 1908 was as follows:—</p> <tr> <td class="bor_top bor_right bor_bot"> </td> <td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot center">Males.</td> -<td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot center">Females.</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot center">Females.</td> <td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot center">Total</td> </tr> <tr> @@ -10839,7 +10645,7 @@ during the year 1908 was as follows:—</p> </table> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span></p> <p>Of those admitted during the year, seven were sent because of feeble-mindedness, twenty-two because of bad behaviour, seven because @@ -10868,7 +10674,7 @@ work in separate suites of rooms.</p> <p>Work is required of all inmates according to their capacity. The regulations state:—</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</a></span></p><blockquote> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</a></span></p><blockquote> <p>"Every inmate is required to perform, to the extent of his power and ability, all such work as the director may assign or cause to be @@ -10897,7 +10703,7 @@ include chairs, wicker-work of various kinds, articles of straw, and paper bags. The farm is, however, still more productive. Of the daily production of between 300 and 350 quarts of milk, over one-half is consumed or used for butter, while the rest goes to the Co-operative -Dairy of a<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</a></span> neighbouring village, there to be turned into marketable +Dairy of a<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</a></span> neighbouring village, there to be turned into marketable cheese.</p> <p>The dietary is largely vegetarian. Breakfast consists of coffee (always @@ -10924,7 +10730,7 @@ powers of punishment irrespective of the police, these powers have seldom to be exercised. A strong administrator, humane, but firm, who expects honest work from his people and therefore gets it, keeps the wheels of this notable piece of disciplinary machinery in smooth and -regular<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</a></span> rotation from year's end to year's end. Such of the inmates as +regular<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</a></span> rotation from year's end to year's end. Such of the inmates as can be trusted are even allowed to spend half a day in town once a week without any supervision whatever, and the privilege is seldom abused. They know, in fact, that they are under restraint until they have given @@ -10946,7 +10752,7 @@ against refractory inmates, include the assignment to them of hard and unpleasant work either in the house, the farmyard, the forest, or the fields, refusal of permission to leave the precincts of the establishment, and refusal of permission to receive visitors. The -actual punishments which may be administered increase<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span> from reprimand +actual punishments which may be administered increase<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span> from reprimand in the case of misdemeanour to simple detention for a term not exceeding ten days, with or without bread and water every second day in the case of gross misdemeanour, and in aggravated cases detention in @@ -10973,14 +10779,14 @@ agricultural and industrial work £5 11s. per head, leaving the net cost, all expenditure counted, £9 9s. per head per annum, or 3s. 8d. per week.</p> -<hr class="chap" /> +<hr class="chap" > -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</a></span></p> -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_X" id="CHAPTER_X">CHAPTER X.</a></h2> +<h2><a id="CHAPTER_X">CHAPTER X.</a></h2> <p class="ph3">LABOUR DEPOTS AND HOSTELS.</p> @@ -11009,7 +10815,7 @@ possession, and who conceals or denies this fact, may not only be required to pay for the relief which he receives, but may also be prosecuted for fraud.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</a></span></p> <p>"(2) Any person, who, by reason of old age, sickness, or infirmity, is unfit for work, will be referred to the local authorities with a view @@ -11048,7 +10854,7 @@ required task of work has been performed.</p> <p>"When a pass is issued, a note to that effect will be stamped on the other documents belonging to the holder. The stamp will show the place -and date of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</a></span> the issue of the pass. An insurance receipt may not be +and date of<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</a></span> the issue of the pass. An insurance receipt may not be stamped.</p> <p>"(4) At each relief station, the wayfarer's pass shall be stamped with @@ -11092,7 +10898,7 @@ search of work is prohibited.</p> <p>"Anyone refusing to accept a suitable situation when offered will not be eligible for work and relief at a relief station.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</a></span></p> <p>"If a situation cannot be found for a man, he is required to perform the work allotted to him at the relief station. The nature and the @@ -11130,7 +10936,7 @@ on their journeys."</p></blockquote> <p>Hitherto the Provincial Diet of Westphalia has borne one-third of the cost of the Relief Stations in the Province, and the remainder has -fallen on<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</a></span> the District and Communal Authorities. During the year +fallen on<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</a></span> the District and Communal Authorities. During the year October 1, 1907 to September 30, 1908, 116,995 persons were helped on the way by these institutions, and the total cost was £5,655.</p> @@ -11153,7 +10959,7 @@ lodging in return for a task of labour." Districts in which Depots are not established may be required to contribute to the cost of Depots elsewhere by which they benefit. While the cost of the Depots falls, in the first instance, on the Districts, the Provinces must refund to -them two-thirds of the costs, and the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span> State contributes to the cost of +them two-thirds of the costs, and the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span> State contributes to the cost of all Labour Registries carried on in connection with Depots. Communes in which Depots are established must co-operate with the Districts in their management, and on payment must provide suitable buildings, so @@ -11179,7 +10985,7 @@ regulated by rules issued by the Provincial Authorities.</p> <p>Already the law has been put in operation in Westphalia and several other parts of Prussia. The regulations adopted by the Provincial Authorities of Westphalia follow closely those which have hitherto -governed the system of Relief<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</a></span> Stations there. The Depots only admit +governed the system of Relief<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</a></span> Stations there. The Depots only admit males of at least sixteen years, who are destitute and capable of work, and are in search of work away from their place of residence, but a legal right to admission is not recognised. Any wayfarer who @@ -11203,7 +11009,7 @@ instead of documents 1 and 2 during the first four weeks after such discharge. A way-ticket and other documents of identification must be produced, and the former must be stamped, at each Depot visited.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</a></span></p> <p>The labour task imposed lasts a day and a half or twelve hours, and the wayfarer may go on his journey after dinner on the third day, @@ -11227,7 +11033,7 @@ has performed the work assigned to him for two days, and has applied to the police of his last place of residence for a removal certificate and an insurance receipt card, may be maintained in the local Depot until noon of the sixth work-day in return for eight hours of work a day; -should the removal certificate arrive in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</a></span> the interval a way-ticket +should the removal certificate arrive in<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</a></span> the interval a way-ticket may be issued to him, and in the event of its non-arrival, the Depot may apply to the police to issue a new insurance receipt card. If the removal certificate is not produced, the wayfarer receives a pass to a @@ -11250,7 +11056,7 @@ whom 328,201 lodged for the night, 32,978 were agricultural labourers, factory operatives, 14,074 commercial assistants, and 156,191 followed miscellaneous or unknown occupations. The year's aggregate expenditure was £16,652 and the income £17,533, of which £3,795 was received from -private persons, £12,066 from District and Communal Authorities,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[Pg 221]</a></span> £169 +private persons, £12,066 from District and Communal Authorities,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_221">[Pg 221]</a></span> £169 from trade guilds and similar associations, and £305 from miscellaneous societies.</p> @@ -11275,7 +11081,7 @@ of keeping out of the current of promiscuous humanity—composed of elements so largely degraded, baneful, and turbulent—which is expressed by the pregnant word "trampdom."</p> -<p>I cannot do better than enumerate the con<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</a></span>ditions upon which the +<p>I cannot do better than enumerate the con<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</a></span>ditions upon which the way-ticket of the German Hostel Association (an organisation with ramifications in every part of the Empire), is issued since it is accepted by the Police Authorities everywhere as an official document, @@ -11298,7 +11104,7 @@ that after five or six hours of moderate walking each day, he may land at the door of a hospitable Shelter, where food, lodging, and due care for his moral welfare await him. No superfluous <i>detours</i> are allowed; the route chosen is as direct as possible, and is only conditioned by -the existence on the<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</a></span> way of the necessary places of call. Though the +the existence on the<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</a></span> way of the necessary places of call. Though the entertainment offered is without money, however, it is not without price; the price being several hours of light employment, suited to the man's character and capacity, before the day's march begins; @@ -11322,7 +11128,7 @@ date and the name of the station, and the name of the succeeding station is added in writing by way of direction to the wanderer. The personal data which are entered on the way-ticket are certainly sufficient in number and detail to prevent abuse and fraud. Besides -name, place,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</a></span> and date of birth, occupation, last place of work, and +name, place,<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</a></span> and date of birth, occupation, last place of work, and religious confession, they include the man's height, the colour of his eyes and hair and the shape of his face, and other notable traits can be added at the Directors discretion.</p> @@ -11348,7 +11154,7 @@ excuse for begging, while the work which they offered him was not to his mind. Herr von Massow, a prominent worker in the German Relief Station movement, writes:—</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</a></span></p><blockquote> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</a></span></p><blockquote> <p>"When the system was carefully adopted in wide areas the success was great and auspicious. The itinerant population of the highways greatly @@ -11356,7 +11162,7 @@ decreased, and the houses of correction were empty. It must not be assumed, however, that the vagrants quite abandoned the highways; they rather migrated to districts in which there were no relief stations, and large numbers crossed over the frontier, into Holland, Austria, -France, and even Italy."<a name="FNanchor_67_67" id="FNanchor_67_67"></a><a href="#Footnote_67_67" class="fnanchor">[67]</a></p></blockquote> +France, and even Italy."<a id="FNanchor_67_67"></a><a href="#Footnote_67_67" class="fnanchor">[67]</a></p></blockquote> <p>According to Pastor von Bodelschwingh, vagabondage has almost disappeared in those districts of Westphalia in which a rational system @@ -11373,13 +11179,13 @@ monthly journal of the German Hostel Association recently stated that:—</p years ago has led to the establishment of a central station at Constance, which has been attended by great success. Street and house begging has almost disappeared, and the cases of robbery and theft -have greatly diminished."<a name="FNanchor_68_68" id="FNanchor_68_68"></a><a href="#Footnote_68_68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a></p></blockquote> +have greatly diminished."<a id="FNanchor_68_68"></a><a href="#Footnote_68_68" class="fnanchor">[68]</a></p></blockquote> <p>In Switzerland provision is made for wayfarers on much the same lines. Work-seekers possessed of the recognised papers of identification are, on application, supplied by the police with food and lodging, or they may apply to the depots maintained with Government help by -the Inter-cantonal Union of Relief Stations. This Union<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</a></span> now covers +the Inter-cantonal Union of Relief Stations. This Union<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</a></span> now covers fourteen out of the twenty-two Cantons of the Confederation and its Relief Stations are modelled after the German pattern. In many places accommodation is provided for the wayfarer at the police stations, at @@ -11403,7 +11209,7 @@ ordinary place of residence being entered in a register for record and future reference. As a rule, no relief is given if the applicant proves not to have been in work within the preceding three months, and if he refuses the work offered to him, though exceptions are frequently -made. A wayfarer is only<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[Pg 227]</a></span> given food or lodging once in six months at +made. A wayfarer is only<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_227">[Pg 227]</a></span> given food or lodging once in six months at the same Station. When he goes on his way he takes with him a stamped and dated way-ticket, which he must present at the next place at which he stops, but he must travel at least two hours from one Station to @@ -11426,7 +11232,7 @@ waytickets of 117 were confiscated. Of the persons relieved 14·1 per cent. were under twenty years of age, 35·8 per cent. were between twenty and thirty years, 19·8 per cent. were between thirty and forty years, 15·6 per cent. were between forty and fifty, 10·5 per cent. -between fifty and sixty, and 4·1 per cent. were<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[Pg 228]</a></span> above sixty years. +between fifty and sixty, and 4·1 per cent. were<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_228">[Pg 228]</a></span> above sixty years. Employment was found for 5,356 of the wayfarers by means of the Labour Registries attached to the Stations.</p> @@ -11449,14 +11255,14 @@ with the labour organisations. Each may be regarded as complementary, the one to the other, though it has not hitherto been possible to secure systematic co-operation between them.</p> -<hr class="chap" /> +<hr class="chap" > -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</a></span></p> -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_XI" id="CHAPTER_XI">CHAPTER XI.</a></h2> +<h2><a id="CHAPTER_XI">CHAPTER XI.</a></h2> <p class="ph3">RECOMMENDATIONS OF RECENT COMMISSIONS.</p> @@ -11485,9 +11291,9 @@ there should, we suggest, be power conferred upon a Court of Jurisdiction to direct them to a Labour House in which the inmates should, as is said to be the case in Belgian establishments, be required to make or produce the food, clothing and necessaries for -such an institution. We think that, at all events to<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</a></span> begin with, four +such an institution. We think that, at all events to<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</a></span> begin with, four such Labour Houses might be established for Ireland, and that four -disused workhouses might be set apart for the purpose."<a name="FNanchor_69_69" id="FNanchor_69_69"></a><a href="#Footnote_69_69" class="fnanchor">[69]</a></p></blockquote> +disused workhouses might be set apart for the purpose."<a id="FNanchor_69_69"></a><a href="#Footnote_69_69" class="fnanchor">[69]</a></p></blockquote> <p>It may be observed here that the Royal Commissioners who inquired into the working of the Irish Poor Law in 1833 recommended, in their @@ -11516,14 +11322,14 @@ or are not supported by the Military Authorities.</p> <p>(6) Any able-bodied adult persons who may, at the instance of the police or the local Poor Law Authority, be considered by a Court of -Justice<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[Pg 231]</a></span> as proper cases, owing to their failure to support themselves.</p> +Justice<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_231">[Pg 231]</a></span> as proper cases, owing to their failure to support themselves.</p> <p>(7) Destitute able-bodied adults who may voluntarily desire to be admitted as inmates; and</p> <p>(8) Any destitute able-bodied adults who may be offered an order of admission to a Labour House by Poor Law Authorities or their officials -in the prescribed manner, <i>i.e.</i>, as a test of destitution.<a name="FNanchor_70_70" id="FNanchor_70_70"></a><a href="#Footnote_70_70" class="fnanchor">[70]</a></p> +in the prescribed manner, <i>i.e.</i>, as a test of destitution.<a id="FNanchor_70_70"></a><a href="#Footnote_70_70" class="fnanchor">[70]</a></p> <p>As to the character of the Labour Houses proposed, the Report of the Commission states:—</p> @@ -11537,7 +11343,7 @@ plainest, roughest kind. After the first starting and equipment of the Labour House we think that the inmates, all of whom would be able-bodied, ought to be obliged to rely, as far as possible, on their own labours for their support, and as a stimulus they should be -individually made to feel the necessity for personal exertion."<a name="FNanchor_71_71" id="FNanchor_71_71"></a><a href="#Footnote_71_71" class="fnanchor">[71]</a></p></blockquote> +individually made to feel the necessity for personal exertion."<a id="FNanchor_71_71"></a><a href="#Footnote_71_71" class="fnanchor">[71]</a></p></blockquote> <p>The Commission further proposed that these Houses of Detention should be provided and administered by the General Prisons Board and their @@ -11549,7 +11355,7 @@ regulation during the years 1901 to 1904, and of the great increase in vagrancy which took place during the trade depression of three of those years.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[Pg 232]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_232">[Pg 232]</a></span></p> <p>It must be remembered that the Vagrancy Committee were called upon to inquire into the case of wayfarers exclusively; nevertheless, some @@ -11583,8 +11389,8 @@ entrusted to the police, adding:—</p> <p>"We have considered in detail the difficulties in the way of this change, and on the whole, we see no reason to doubt that if -the importance of effecting it is once<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[Pg 233]</a></span> realised, the necessary -adjustments can be made without serious friction."<a name="FNanchor_72_72" id="FNanchor_72_72"></a><a href="#Footnote_72_72" class="fnanchor">[72]</a></p></blockquote> +the importance of effecting it is once<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_233">[Pg 233]</a></span> realised, the necessary +adjustments can be made without serious friction."<a id="FNanchor_72_72"></a><a href="#Footnote_72_72" class="fnanchor">[72]</a></p></blockquote> <p>In sympathy with this view the Committee would empower the police to provide lodging for genuine wayfarers, but they would detain habitual @@ -11613,10 +11419,10 @@ persons coming within this definition should be committed by a petty sessional court to quarter sessions or assizes, and there dealt with in the same way as the incorrigible rogue, with the exception that the sentence should be committed to a labour colony for a term not -exceeding three years."<a name="FNanchor_73_73" id="FNanchor_73_73"></a><a href="#Footnote_73_73" class="fnanchor">[73]</a></p></blockquote> +exceeding three years."<a id="FNanchor_73_73"></a><a href="#Footnote_73_73" class="fnanchor">[73]</a></p></blockquote> <p>The Committee further endorse the objections to short sentences which -have been advanced<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[Pg 234]</a></span> times without number by critics of the Vagrancy +have been advanced<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_234">[Pg 234]</a></span> times without number by critics of the Vagrancy Laws, and propose that delinquents committed to the proposed Labour Colonies should be detained for not less than six months or more than three years, but that there should be power to curtail a sentence when @@ -11639,7 +11445,7 @@ the conviction would be recorded, and the offender would be warned by the court that on his second or third conviction he would be imprisoned for a considerable period or, if our later recommendations are accepted, he would be committed for a still longer period of -detention in a labour colony as a habitual vagrant."<a name="FNanchor_74_74" id="FNanchor_74_74"></a><a href="#Footnote_74_74" class="fnanchor">[74]</a></p></blockquote> +detention in a labour colony as a habitual vagrant."<a id="FNanchor_74_74"></a><a href="#Footnote_74_74" class="fnanchor">[74]</a></p></blockquote> <p>The Committee adopted my view that Voluntary Labour Colonies of the German type are useless for persons of the loafing class.</p> @@ -11650,7 +11456,7 @@ German type are useless for persons of the loafing class.</p> for dealing with persons of the tramp class. Mr. Dawson says that 'it is not disciplinary in the coercive sense: it is purely voluntary; the inmates can stay or not as they please.' Many of this type of -colonists come again and again, and are termed 'colony<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[Pg 235]</a></span> loafers.' They +colonists come again and again, and are termed 'colony<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_235">[Pg 235]</a></span> loafers.' They correspond to the 'ins-and-outs' of our English workhouses. The object of the colonies is to effect some moral reformation, but it appears that three-fourths of the colonists have been previously imprisoned, @@ -11660,14 +11466,14 @@ thus:—</p> <p>'Speaking generally, I do not think that you can regard them as being reformatory institutions. The inmates do not stay long enough and the -discipline is not severe enough.'"<a name="FNanchor_75_75" id="FNanchor_75_75"></a><a href="#Footnote_75_75" class="fnanchor">[75]</a></p></blockquote> +discipline is not severe enough.'"<a id="FNanchor_75_75"></a><a href="#Footnote_75_75" class="fnanchor">[75]</a></p></blockquote> <p>They also include the existing English Labour Colonies in the same criticism. "None of these Colonies," they say, "is intended primarily for persons actually belonging to the vagrant class; there is no power of detention, and the conditions are generally superior to what would be desirable in a Colony to which habitual vagrants would be -committed."<a name="FNanchor_76_76" id="FNanchor_76_76"></a><a href="#Footnote_76_76" class="fnanchor">[76]</a></p> +committed."<a id="FNanchor_76_76"></a><a href="#Footnote_76_76" class="fnanchor">[76]</a></p> <p>The Committee further agree that a purely agricultural Colony is altogether inferior to one in which trades and industries are carried @@ -11684,11 +11490,11 @@ winter, but little farm work could be carried on; again, some of the colonists would be quite unfitted for work of this character; and, lastly, there would be difficulty in disposing of the surplus agricultural produce without affecting outside industries. Everywhere -the managers<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[Pg 236]</a></span> of colonies have found it necessary to establish +the managers<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_236">[Pg 236]</a></span> of colonies have found it necessary to establish workshops and various kinds of indoor industries in addition to work on the land, and it seems clear that the organisation of indoor industries must take the foremost place in a colony if employment has -to be found for a large body of colonists all the year round."<a name="FNanchor_77_77" id="FNanchor_77_77"></a><a href="#Footnote_77_77" class="fnanchor">[77]</a></p></blockquote> +to be found for a large body of colonists all the year round."<a id="FNanchor_77_77"></a><a href="#Footnote_77_77" class="fnanchor">[77]</a></p></blockquote> <p>Very wisely and necessarily, too, the Committee have called attention to a danger which, unless closely watched, would discredit past @@ -11701,7 +11507,7 @@ needless expenditure on buildings and initial installation.</p> <p>"We are strongly of opinion that as regards any buildings coming within our proposals, means should be adopted to protect the ratepayer from any expenditure that is not really necessary for the object in -view."<a name="FNanchor_78_78" id="FNanchor_78_78"></a><a href="#Footnote_78_78" class="fnanchor">[78]</a></p></blockquote> +view."<a id="FNanchor_78_78"></a><a href="#Footnote_78_78" class="fnanchor">[78]</a></p></blockquote> <p>The Committee would deal kindly with the private interests which may be expected to raise an outcry against Labour Colony competition in the @@ -11715,7 +11521,7 @@ whole of their own needs.</p> the inmates to earn wages out of which to supplement their food rations and to save for the day of release.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[Pg 237]</a></span></p><blockquote> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_237">[Pg 237]</a></span></p><blockquote> <p>"We realise the futility of establishing labour colonies for the reformation of the habitual vagrant unless some means can be devised @@ -11734,7 +11540,7 @@ small sums of money, a portion of which should be retained until their discharge, and a portion handed over to them weekly to spend, if they like, at the canteen of the colony in the purchase of extra articles of food, tobacco, etc.; and the accumulation of a certain amount of -earnings might afford an opportunity for earlier discharge."<a name="FNanchor_79_79" id="FNanchor_79_79"></a><a href="#Footnote_79_79" class="fnanchor">[79]</a></p></blockquote> +earnings might afford an opportunity for earlier discharge."<a id="FNanchor_79_79"></a><a href="#Footnote_79_79" class="fnanchor">[79]</a></p></blockquote> <p>It is worthy of note that the Merxplas theory of social reinstatement is virtually embraced by the Committee, who say:—</p> @@ -11754,7 +11560,7 @@ debased mode of life, the risk of his escaping need not be regarded so seriously as in the case of a criminal committed to prison to expiate his crime."</p></blockquote> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[Pg 238]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_238">[Pg 238]</a></span></p> <p>Considering the question of finding employment for discharged prisoners, the Committee recommend that the superintendent of each @@ -11779,7 +11585,7 @@ be responsible for the maintenance of the Detention Colonies, some of the Committee's recommendations seem to me to call for reconsideration. They object to State-managed Colonies on the ground that the State would provide institutions of the wrong kind, and would be sure to -establish either too many or too<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[Pg 239]</a></span> few,<a name="FNanchor_80_80" id="FNanchor_80_80"></a><a href="#Footnote_80_80" class="fnanchor">[80]</a> and propose that the County +establish either too many or too<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_239">[Pg 239]</a></span> few,<a id="FNanchor_80_80"></a><a href="#Footnote_80_80" class="fnanchor">[80]</a> and propose that the County Councils and voluntary philanthropic and religious agencies should be left both to establish and manage these institutions.</p> @@ -11792,7 +11598,7 @@ Quarter Sessions in every county.</p> <p>Moreover, I hold still to the view, advanced in my evidence before the Committee, that there is no warrant whatever for supposing that private enterprise and philanthropy would be willing to provide the -funds necessary for establishing these<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[Pg 240]</a></span> Colonies. Nor, in my opinion, +funds necessary for establishing these<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_240">[Pg 240]</a></span> Colonies. Nor, in my opinion, is there any reason why they should. The disciplinary treatment of the vagrant and the loafer is a public duty, and it cannot safely be left to private effort, however well-meaning that effort might be. The @@ -11808,7 +11614,7 @@ counties according to requirements, the right being given to several counties to combine for the purpose, with a view to avoiding any unnecessary multiplication of establishments. At the same time private Colonies would prove useful auxiliaries to the public Colonies in the -way indicated in the third chapter.<a name="FNanchor_81_81" id="FNanchor_81_81"></a><a href="#Footnote_81_81" class="fnanchor">[81]</a></p> +way indicated in the third chapter.<a id="FNanchor_81_81"></a><a href="#Footnote_81_81" class="fnanchor">[81]</a></p> <p>One type of Colony alone the Committee would require the State to provide—a Colony strictly penal in character for the reception of bad @@ -11820,7 +11626,7 @@ cases.</p> established and managed by county councils and voluntary agencies rather than by the State, we are of opinion that it may be necessary to have at least one institution under State control. It will no doubt -be<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[Pg 241]</a></span> found that certain of the habitual vagrants will not be amenable +be<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_241">[Pg 241]</a></span> found that certain of the habitual vagrants will not be amenable to the discipline of the ordinary labour colonies, or from their repeated escapes, and re-committals will need a more severe treatment. We would suggest that instead of sending such cases to a prison, a @@ -11830,7 +11636,7 @@ ordinary labour colony, except that the discipline enforced should be more severe, and that escapes should be more carefully guarded against. It would also be necessary to secure that it did not possess attractions over the ordinary colonies, either in diet or other -respects."<a name="FNanchor_82_82" id="FNanchor_82_82"></a><a href="#Footnote_82_82" class="fnanchor">[82]</a></p></blockquote> +respects."<a id="FNanchor_82_82"></a><a href="#Footnote_82_82" class="fnanchor">[82]</a></p></blockquote> <p>They propose also that all Colonies, however established, should be certified by the Secretary of State, should be managed in accordance @@ -11840,13 +11646,13 @@ officers appointed by him.</p> <p>The Committee do not assent to the immediate abolition of the casual wards. "We see no likelihood," they write, "of its being possible to dispense altogether with casual wards for the reception of needy -wayfarers, at all events for some years,"<a name="FNanchor_83_83" id="FNanchor_83_83"></a><a href="#Footnote_83_83" class="fnanchor">[83]</a> though they propose to +wayfarers, at all events for some years,"<a id="FNanchor_83_83"></a><a href="#Footnote_83_83" class="fnanchor">[83]</a> though they propose to place them under the control of the police. As my own evidence is cited in favour of abolition, it may be advisable to say that as an -alternative I suggested, as already explained,<a name="FNanchor_84_84" id="FNanchor_84_84"></a><a href="#Footnote_84_84" class="fnanchor">[84]</a> the establishment +alternative I suggested, as already explained,<a id="FNanchor_84_84"></a><a href="#Footnote_84_84" class="fnanchor">[84]</a> the establishment of hostels superior to the casual wards for the accommodation of genuine work-seekers. I contend that the casual wards are too good -for the vagabond and not nearly good enough for the honest worker.<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[Pg 242]</a></span> +for the vagabond and not nearly good enough for the honest worker.<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_242">[Pg 242]</a></span> In Germany and Switzerland, as we have seen, accommodation equal to that of a decent working man's cottage can be had in public hostels by the certified wayfarer for the cost of a dirty bed in an English @@ -11875,7 +11681,7 @@ return for the relief given.</p> <p>"Some means," they say, "should be adopted of discriminating between the wayfarer who is genuinely in search of work and the idle vagrant. -Nearly all the witnesses we have examined have expressed themselves<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[Pg 243]</a></span> +Nearly all the witnesses we have examined have expressed themselves<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_243">[Pg 243]</a></span> in favour of some system of way-tickets as a means of helping the <i>bona fide</i> work-seeker on his way or of assisting to distinguish such a case from the undeserving mendicant. The proposal is one which @@ -11909,11 +11715,11 @@ practically be no detention, and we think that he should generally have better treatment and accommodation than the ordinary vagrants, and be kept as far as possible apart from them. And it should be open to him to remain at the ward for another night if he desires a rest on -his journey."<a name="FNanchor_85_85" id="FNanchor_85_85"></a><a href="#Footnote_85_85" class="fnanchor">[85]</a></p></blockquote> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[Pg 244]</a></span></p> +his journey."<a id="FNanchor_85_85"></a><a href="#Footnote_85_85" class="fnanchor">[85]</a></p></blockquote> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_244">[Pg 244]</a></span></p> <p>The passport or way-ticket system recommended by the Committee is substantially that which has been carried on for years in -Westphalia<a name="FNanchor_86_86" id="FNanchor_86_86"></a><a href="#Footnote_86_86" class="fnanchor">[86]</a> and other parts of Germany in connection with the Relief +Westphalia<a id="FNanchor_86_86"></a><a href="#Footnote_86_86" class="fnanchor">[86]</a> and other parts of Germany in connection with the Relief Stations, as already described, and upon which the Swiss system was modelled. The Committee say:—</p> @@ -11942,8 +11748,8 @@ he should be free to leave the ward whenever he likes. The name of the next ward on the direct line of his route, which he can reach that night, should be entered in the book, and if he arrived at that place he should be treated in the same manner. The book would thus be -a record<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[Pg 245]</a></span> of the man's journey, and show clearly on the face of it -whether he is genuinely in search for work."<a name="FNanchor_87_87" id="FNanchor_87_87"></a><a href="#Footnote_87_87" class="fnanchor">[87]</a></p></blockquote> +a record<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_245">[Pg 245]</a></span> of the man's journey, and show clearly on the face of it +whether he is genuinely in search for work."<a id="FNanchor_87_87"></a><a href="#Footnote_87_87" class="fnanchor">[87]</a></p></blockquote> <p>There would appear to be no reason, however, why the issue of way-tickets should be confined to the police, and the finger-print @@ -11968,7 +11774,7 @@ therefore, cover a wide field, yet so far as measures of discipline and restraint go they coincide broadly with the proposals detailed in the earlier pages of this book.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[Pg 246]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_246">[Pg 246]</a></span></p> <p>The Commission say in the Majority Report:—</p> @@ -11994,7 +11800,7 @@ the reception of this class. We believe that no system of labour or industrial colonies can be properly worked unless there is in reserve a semi-penal institution, to which those who refuse to comply with the rules and regulations of the colony can be sent upon proof of repeated -or continuous misconduct."<a name="FNanchor_88_88" id="FNanchor_88_88"></a><a href="#Footnote_88_88" class="fnanchor">[88]</a></p></blockquote> +or continuous misconduct."<a id="FNanchor_88_88"></a><a href="#Footnote_88_88" class="fnanchor">[88]</a></p></blockquote> <p>Elsewhere the Commission more particularly specify the following acts as justifying detention:—</p> @@ -12011,7 +11817,7 @@ Committees.</p> perform the work or to observe the regulations duly prescribed in regard to such assistance.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[Pg 247]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_247">[Pg 247]</a></span></p> <p>(<i>c</i>) Wilful refusal to comply with the conditions laid down by the Public Assistance Authority upon which assistance can be obtained, @@ -12035,7 +11841,7 @@ and we believe it to be essential to the proper treatment of the ins-and-outs, the work-shy, and the loafer. Moreover, by removing these cases to the care of another authority, the Public Assistance Authority will be enabled to deal more effectively and more hopefully -with the better class of workmen applying for assistance."<a name="FNanchor_89_89" id="FNanchor_89_89"></a><a href="#Footnote_89_89" class="fnanchor">[89]</a></p></blockquote> +with the better class of workmen applying for assistance."<a id="FNanchor_89_89"></a><a href="#Footnote_89_89" class="fnanchor">[89]</a></p></blockquote> <p>Again:—</p> @@ -12055,7 +11861,7 @@ on the Feeble-minded.</p> <p>"For able-bodied ins-and-outs, who are incapable of maintaining themselves permanently owing to want of discipline, application, or skill, provision should be made by which they would labour according -to their strength, and support themselves as far as possible;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[Pg 248]</a></span> more +to their strength, and support themselves as far as possible;<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_248">[Pg 248]</a></span> more varied work might be furnished, and their labour made more productive in supplying the needs of the institution to which they are admitted.</p> @@ -12065,7 +11871,7 @@ power of detention after their incapacity to lead a decent life has been proved.</p> <p>"Paupers well able to work, <i>i.e.</i>, cases of persistent idleness, -should be referred to a Detention Colony under the Home Office."<a name="FNanchor_90_90" id="FNanchor_90_90"></a><a href="#Footnote_90_90" class="fnanchor">[90]</a></p></blockquote> +should be referred to a Detention Colony under the Home Office."<a id="FNanchor_90_90"></a><a href="#Footnote_90_90" class="fnanchor">[90]</a></p></blockquote> <p>As I have already shown, every one of these social offences is punished by detention and disciplinary treatment in Forced Labour Colonies, @@ -12085,7 +11891,7 @@ of these official investigators is the widespread support which Poor Law Authorities in general have given during the past several years to the repressive policy which is now before the country. The proceedings of the Poor Law Conferences and the Reports of Poor Law Inspectors -testify clearly to the new spirit which<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[Pg 249]</a></span> has come over public opinion. +testify clearly to the new spirit which<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_249">[Pg 249]</a></span> has come over public opinion. Wherever we look, indeed, signs of changed opinions, abandoned prejudices, and expectations of a new departure are visible. It is not too much to hope and to ask that one of the first steps in the @@ -12096,14 +11902,14 @@ obstruct the path of the social reformer will it be possible to view in its true proportions and relationships the momentous question of society's obligation to the unemployed and the helpless poor.</p> -<hr class="chap" /> +<hr class="chap" > -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[Pg 250]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_250">[Pg 250]</a></span></p> -<h2><a name="APPENDIX_I" id="APPENDIX_I">APPENDIX I.</a></h2> +<h2><a id="APPENDIX_I">APPENDIX I.</a></h2> <p class="ph3">THE CHILDREN ACT, 1908, AND VAGRANTS.</p> @@ -12137,7 +11943,7 @@ having the custody, charge, or care of a child or young person has been convicted of committing such an offence in respect of a child or young person, or committed for trial for such offence, a Court of Summary Jurisdiction may order the child or young person to be committed to -the care of a relative or other<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[Pg 251]</a></span> fit person until the age of sixteen +the care of a relative or other<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_251">[Pg 251]</a></span> fit person until the age of sixteen years, or for a shorter period, and (Section 22) may make an order for maintenance during such period on the parent of or other person liable to maintain the child or young person, up to the limit of £1 weekly.</p> @@ -12152,7 +11958,7 @@ efficient elementary education, be liable on summary conviction to a fine not exceeding, with costs, 20s., and shall, for the purposes of the provisions of this Act relating to the descriptions of children who may be sent to a certified industrial school, be deemed not to -be exercising proper guardianship over the child;<a name="FNanchor_91_91" id="FNanchor_91_91"></a><a href="#Footnote_91_91" class="fnanchor">[91]</a> provided that +be exercising proper guardianship over the child;<a id="FNanchor_91_91"></a><a href="#Footnote_91_91" class="fnanchor">[91]</a> provided that this provision shall not apply to a child in a canal boat for whose education provision is made under the Canal Boats Act, 1877, as amended by any subsequent enactment.</p> @@ -12171,7 +11977,7 @@ this section shall not apply during the months of April to September inclusive to any child whose parent or guardian is engaged in a trade or business of such a nature as to require him to travel from place to place, and who has obtained a certificate of having made not less than -200 attendances<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[Pg 252]</a></span> at a public elementary school during the months of +200 attendances<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_252">[Pg 252]</a></span> at a public elementary school during the months of October to March immediately preceding, and the power of the Board of Education to make regulations with respect to the issue of certificates of due attendance for the purposes of the Education Acts, 1870 to @@ -12182,14 +11988,14 @@ certificates of attendance for the purposes of this Section."</p> schools under this Section their parents or guardians may be required to contribute towards their maintenance.</p> -<hr class="chap" /> +<hr class="chap" > -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[Pg 253]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_253">[Pg 253]</a></span></p> -<h2><a name="APPENDIX_II" id="APPENDIX_II">APPENDIX II.</a></h2> +<h2><a id="APPENDIX_II">APPENDIX II.</a></h2> <p class="ph3">SPECIMEN WAY-TICKETS.</p> @@ -12199,7 +12005,7 @@ to contribute towards their maintenance.</p> <p class="center"><i>Front of Ticket.</i></p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<img src="images/269.png" width="700" height="417" alt="Front of ticket - full text in text version" /> +<img src="images/269.png" alt="Front of ticket - full text in text version" style="width: 700px; height: 417px"> </div> @@ -12208,14 +12014,14 @@ to contribute towards their maintenance.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[Pg 254]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_254">[Pg 254]</a></span></p> <div class="figcenter" style="width: 700px;"> -<img src="images/270.jpg" width="700" height="417" alt="Back of ticket - full text in text version" /> +<img src="images/270.jpg" alt="Back of ticket - full text in text version" style="width: 700px; height: 417px"> </div> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[Pg 255]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_255">[Pg 255]</a></span></p> <blockquote> @@ -12242,7 +12048,7 @@ IN THE FORM OF A BOOK).</p></blockquote> <p>Special characteristics .....................................</p> -<hr class="full" /> +<hr class="full" > <p class="ph3">OWNER'S AUTOGRAPH SIGNATURE AND PLEDGE.</p> @@ -12252,13 +12058,13 @@ IN THE FORM OF A BOOK).</p></blockquote> labour regulations printed at the close of this book.</p> <p><span class="inset">(<i>Signed</i>)...........................................</span></p> -<hr class="full" /> +<hr class="full" > <p>Observations of the Relief Station or Police Authorities regarding papers of identification, extra task work, etc. ..................................................</p> -<hr class="full" /> +<hr class="full" > <p>Issued after production of the following papers of identification:—Removal certificate, insurance receipt @@ -12278,16 +12084,16 @@ IN THE FORM OF A BOOK).</p></blockquote> - <p><big>Stamp.</big> <span class="inset">Signature of Officer.</span>...............</p> + <p><span style="font-size: larger">Stamp.</span> <span class="inset">Signature of Officer.</span>...............</p> <p>Observations of the Station or Police Authorities............</p> -<hr class="full" /> +<hr class="full" > -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[Pg 256]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_256">[Pg 256]</a></span></p> <p class="ph3">CERTIFICATES OF WORK OR SICKNESS.</p> @@ -12295,14 +12101,14 @@ IN THE FORM OF A BOOK).</p></blockquote> <p>The periods and places of employment or of sickness may be briefly noted here on the production of reliable evidence.</p> -<table class="width50" border="0" cellpadding="4" summary="periods and places of employment or of sickness"> +<table class="width50" style="border: none; padding: 4px;"> <colgroup> -<col width="15%" /> -<col width="15%" /> -<col width="15%" /> -<col width="15%" /> +<col style="width: 15%" > +<col style="width: 15%" > +<col style="width: 15%" > +<col style="width: 15%" > </colgroup> @@ -12310,19 +12116,19 @@ noted here on the production of reliable evidence.</p> <tr> <td class="bor_top bor_right bor_bot">From.</td> <td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot center">To</td> -<td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot center">At</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot center">At</td> <td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot center">Remarks or Stamp.</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="bor_right"> </td> <td class="bor_left center"> </td> -<td class="bor_left center"> </td> +<td class="bor_left center"> </td> <td class="bor_left center"> </td> </tr> <tr> <td class="bor_right bor_bot"> </td> <td class="bor_left bor_bot center"> </td> -<td class="bor_left bor_bot center"> </td> +<td class="bor_left bor_bot center"> </td> <td class="bor_left bor_bot center"> </td> </tr> </table> @@ -12334,48 +12140,48 @@ noted here on the production of reliable evidence.</p> Where the sojourn was for more than one day, a stamp to be recorded for each day.</p> -<table class="width50" border="0" cellpadding="4" summary="periods and places of employment or of sickness"> +<table class="width50" style="border: none; padding: 4px;"> <colgroup> -<col width="15%" /> -<col width="15%" /> -<col width="15%" /> -<col width="15%" /> +<col style="width: 15%" > +<col style="width: 15%" > +<col style="width: 15%" > +<col style="width: 15%" > </colgroup> <tr> <td class="bor_top bor_right" colspan="2">Stamp of the Station of Issue.</td> -<td class="bor_top bor_bot center">(Hour)</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_bot center">(Hour)</td> <td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot center">Departure for</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="bor_right bor_bot" colspan="2">1.</td> -<td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot" colspan="2">2.</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot" colspan="2">2.</td> </tr> <tr> -<td class="bor_top bor_bot center">(Hour)</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_bot center">(Hour)</td> <td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot center">Departure for</td> -<td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot center">(Hour)</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot center">(Hour)</td> <td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot center">Departure for</td> </tr> <tr> <td class="bor_right bor_bot" colspan="2">3.</td> -<td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot" colspan="2">4.</td> +<td class="bor_top bor_left bor_bot" colspan="2">4.</td> </tr> </table> -<hr class="chap" /> +<hr class="chap" > -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[Pg 257]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_257">[Pg 257]</a></span></p> -<h2><a name="APPENDIX_III" id="APPENDIX_III">APPENDIX III.</a></h2> +<h2><a id="APPENDIX_III">APPENDIX III.</a></h2> <blockquote> @@ -12417,7 +12223,7 @@ commune.</p> <p>Art. 5. Persons under twenty-one years of age confined in the "dépôts" shall be entirely separated from inmates above this age.</p> -<p>Art. 6. Able-bodied persons confined in a "dépôt"<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[Pg 258]</a></span> or "maison de +<p>Art. 6. Able-bodied persons confined in a "dépôt"<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_258">[Pg 258]</a></span> or "maison de refuge" shall be kept to the work prescribed in the institution.</p> <p>They shall receive daily wages, except when withdrawn as a measure of @@ -12468,7 +12274,7 @@ souteneurs.</p> <p>Art. 14. The correctional courts may put at the disposal of the Government, to be confined in a "dépôt" for not less than a year or -more than seven years after<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[Pg 259]</a></span> the completion of their punishment, +more than seven years after<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_259">[Pg 259]</a></span> the completion of their punishment, vagrants and beggars whom they sentence to imprisonment of less than a year for a breach of the penal law.</p> @@ -12510,7 +12316,7 @@ persons confined in the "maisons de refuge."</p> <p>When a person confined in a "dépôt" or "maison de refuge" under a decision of the judicial authority has no settlement in Belgium, and his settlement cannot be ascertained, the cost of maintenance to be -borne by the commune of settlement under the preceding para<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[Pg 260]</a></span>graph shall +borne by the commune of settlement under the preceding para<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_260">[Pg 260]</a></span>graph shall be borne by the province in which he has been arrested or brought before the court.</p> @@ -12553,7 +12359,7 @@ imprisonment a person under the age of eighteen, direct that he shall remain at the disposal of the Government from the expiration of the sentence until he comes of age.</p> -<p>Art. 27. Persons placed at the disposal of the Gov<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[Pg 261]</a></span>ernment under +<p>Art. 27. Persons placed at the disposal of the Gov<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_261">[Pg 261]</a></span>ernment under Articles 25 and 26 of the present law shall be confined in a State charity school.</p> @@ -12596,7 +12402,7 @@ decision of the judicial authority, or to the commune which has applied for their admission.</p> <p>When a person confined in a State charity school under a decision of -the judicial authority has no place of<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[Pg 262]</a></span> settlement in Belgium and when +the judicial authority has no place of<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_262">[Pg 262]</a></span> settlement in Belgium and when his place of settlement cannot be ascertained, the cost of maintenance and education charged to the commune of settlement by the preceding paragraph, shall be borne by the province in which he has been arrested @@ -12629,14 +12435,14 @@ cripple for the purpose of being used to excite public pity.</p></blockquote> <p>Art. 42. The present law shall come into force on January 1, 1892.</p> -<hr class="chap" /> +<hr class="chap" > -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[Pg 263]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_263">[Pg 263]</a></span></p> -<h2><a name="APPENDIX_IV" id="APPENDIX_IV">APPENDIX IV.</a></h2> +<h2><a id="APPENDIX_IV">APPENDIX IV.</a></h2> <p class="ph3">REGULATIONS OF THE BERLIN (RUMMELSBURG) LABOUR HOUSE.</p> @@ -12674,7 +12480,7 @@ spirit, or secretly obtain spirit. The inmates may not sell, exchange, give, or lend articles of any kind. Articles found must be at once given up to the overseer.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[Pg 264]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_264">[Pg 264]</a></span></p> <p>(5) In the morning at the time prescribed in the regulations (Section 26) every inmate must carefully wash his face, neck, and hands, and @@ -12716,7 +12522,7 @@ occasions will be punished with special severity.</p> <p>(12) Every attempt to evade control or at concealment at locking up time will be punished. Violent attempts will be punished by the -criminal court. Any<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[Pg 265]</a></span> one who escapes from the establishment or from +criminal court. Any<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_265">[Pg 265]</a></span> one who escapes from the establishment or from outside work will be punished with detention on his recapture and anyone taking his uniform when escaping will be prosecuted for theft.</p> @@ -12754,7 +12560,7 @@ the establishment. As a rule, all inmates have to work on weekdays an equal number of hours, and to perform in that time a task proportionate to their capacity, the completion of which, however, does not exempt them from working to the end of the usual time. The administration may, -how<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[Pg 266]</a></span>ever, under certain circumstances curtail the duration of the daily +how<span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_266">[Pg 266]</a></span>ever, under certain circumstances curtail the duration of the daily hours of work, and the extent of the task in individual cases. Anyone who, owing to idleness or negligence, fails to perform his allotted task, or who in general works slothfully or negligently, will be @@ -12795,7 +12601,7 @@ given to them by the doctor. Anyone who feels unwell must report himself to the sectional overseer. Visits to the doctor unaccompanied by the overseer are prohibited.</p> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[Pg 267]</a></span></p> +<p><span class="pagenum"><a id="Page_267">[Pg 267]</a></span></p> <p>(24) Even inmates whose discharge is due are required to follow the regulations strictly while in the establishment, and until @@ -12833,7 +12639,7 @@ of detention.</p> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_1_1" id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> An Act of 1495 (11 Henry VII.) ordered local authorities +<p><a id="Footnote_1_1"></a><a href="#FNanchor_1_1"><span class="label">[1]</span></a> An Act of 1495 (11 Henry VII.) ordered local authorities to search for all "vagaboundes, idell and suspecte persones lyvyng suspeciously," to put them in the stocks for three days, giving them bread and water only, and then to turn them out of the town or @@ -12904,35 +12710,35 @@ vagabonds to "Her Majesty's Service at Sea."</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_2_2" id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Report, Vol. I., p. 9.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_2_2"></a><a href="#FNanchor_2_2"><span class="label">[2]</span></a> Report, Vol. I., p. 9.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_3_3" id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> "Casual pauper" is defined in the Pauper Inmates Discharge +<p><a id="Footnote_3_3"></a><a href="#FNanchor_3_3"><span class="label">[3]</span></a> "Casual pauper" is defined in the Pauper Inmates Discharge and Regulation Act of 1871 as "any destitute wayfarer or wanderer applying for or receiving relief" in the casual wards.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_4_4" id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> "Annual Report" for 1908, p. 10.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_4_4"></a><a href="#FNanchor_4_4"><span class="label">[4]</span></a> "Annual Report" for 1908, p. 10.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_5_5" id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> Annual Report of the Local Government Board, 1902-3, p. +<p><a id="Footnote_5_5"></a><a href="#FNanchor_5_5"><span class="label">[5]</span></a> Annual Report of the Local Government Board, 1902-3, p. 57.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_6_6" id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, Report of Mr. P. H. Bagenal, p. 147.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_6_6"></a><a href="#FNanchor_6_6"><span class="label">[6]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, Report of Mr. P. H. Bagenal, p. 147.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_7_7" id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> Report of Departmental Committee on Vagrancy, Vol. I., p. +<p><a id="Footnote_7_7"></a><a href="#FNanchor_7_7"><span class="label">[7]</span></a> Report of Departmental Committee on Vagrancy, Vol. I., p. 16.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_8_8" id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> "In point of distribution through the country vagrancy +<p><a id="Footnote_8_8"></a><a href="#FNanchor_8_8"><span class="label">[8]</span></a> "In point of distribution through the country vagrancy is found to cling to the Metropolis and its neighbourhood, and to the manufacturing and coal and iron mining districts; it follows also the track of the navvy when any new works of importance are in progress." @@ -12940,104 +12746,104 @@ Report of Poor Law Commission, Vol. II., pp. 161, 162.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_9_9" id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> Report of Vagrancy Committee, Vol. I., p. 22.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_9_9"></a><a href="#FNanchor_9_9"><span class="label">[9]</span></a> Report of Vagrancy Committee, Vol. I., p. 22.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_10_10" id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> Report of Vagrancy Committee, Vol. I., p. 1.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_10_10"></a><a href="#FNanchor_10_10"><span class="label">[10]</span></a> Report of Vagrancy Committee, Vol. I., p. 1.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_11_11" id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> Annual Report of the Local Government Board, 1906-7, pp. +<p><a id="Footnote_11_11"></a><a href="#FNanchor_11_11"><span class="label">[11]</span></a> Annual Report of the Local Government Board, 1906-7, pp. 292, 293.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_12_12" id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> Report, Vol. III., p. 507.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_12_12"></a><a href="#FNanchor_12_12"><span class="label">[12]</span></a> Report, Vol. III., p. 507.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_13_13" id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Annual Report of the Local Government Board for 1902-3; +<p><a id="Footnote_13_13"></a><a href="#FNanchor_13_13"><span class="label">[13]</span></a> Annual Report of the Local Government Board for 1902-3; report of Mr. H. Preston Thomas upon the counties of Cornwall, Devon, &c., pp. 164, 165.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_14_14" id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> Mr. G. A. F. Hervey, writing of Norfolk and Suffolk. +<p><a id="Footnote_14_14"></a><a href="#FNanchor_14_14"><span class="label">[14]</span></a> Mr. G. A. F. Hervey, writing of Norfolk and Suffolk. Report for 1902-3, p. 67.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_15_15" id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> Mr, G. Walsh, reporting on Leicestershire, Lincolnshire, +<p><a id="Footnote_15_15"></a><a href="#FNanchor_15_15"><span class="label">[15]</span></a> Mr, G. Walsh, reporting on Leicestershire, Lincolnshire, etc. Report for 1907, p. 332.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_16_16" id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> Mr. R. J. Dansey, writing of the Midland Counties. Report +<p><a id="Footnote_16_16"></a><a href="#FNanchor_16_16"><span class="label">[16]</span></a> Mr. R. J. Dansey, writing of the Midland Counties. Report for 1908, p. 71.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_17_17" id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> Mr. G. Walsh, writing of the counties of Leicester, +<p><a id="Footnote_17_17"></a><a href="#FNanchor_17_17"><span class="label">[17]</span></a> Mr. G. Walsh, writing of the counties of Leicester, Lincoln, Nottingham, etc. Report for 1908, pp. 77, 78.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_18_18" id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> Report, Vol. I., pp. 32, 33.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_18_18"></a><a href="#FNanchor_18_18"><span class="label">[18]</span></a> Report, Vol. I., pp. 32, 33.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_19_19" id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, Vol. I., p. 28.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_19_19"></a><a href="#FNanchor_19_19"><span class="label">[19]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, Vol. I., p. 28.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_20_20" id="Footnote_20_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> Report, Vol. I., p. 30.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_20_20"></a><a href="#FNanchor_20_20"><span class="label">[20]</span></a> Report, Vol. I., p. 30.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_21_21" id="Footnote_21_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> Mr. J. S. Davy. Report of the Local Government Board for +<p><a id="Footnote_21_21"></a><a href="#FNanchor_21_21"><span class="label">[21]</span></a> Mr. J. S. Davy. Report of the Local Government Board for 1902-3, p. 57.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_22_22" id="Footnote_22_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> Mr. J. W. Thompson. Report for 1908, p. 43.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_22_22"></a><a href="#FNanchor_22_22"><span class="label">[22]</span></a> Mr. J. W. Thompson. Report for 1908, p. 43.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_23_23" id="Footnote_23_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> Mr. A. B. Lowry, Local Government Board Report for 1908, +<p><a id="Footnote_23_23"></a><a href="#FNanchor_23_23"><span class="label">[23]</span></a> Mr. A. B. Lowry, Local Government Board Report for 1908, p. 82.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_24_24" id="Footnote_24_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> Annual Report of the Local Government Board, 1908; report +<p><a id="Footnote_24_24"></a><a href="#FNanchor_24_24"><span class="label">[24]</span></a> Annual Report of the Local Government Board, 1908; report of Mr. G. Walsh for Leicestershire, Lincolnshire, etc., pp. 78, 79.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_25_25" id="Footnote_25_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> Annual Report of the Local Government Board, 1902-3, p. +<p><a id="Footnote_25_25"></a><a href="#FNanchor_25_25"><span class="label">[25]</span></a> Annual Report of the Local Government Board, 1902-3, p. 57.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_26_26" id="Footnote_26_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> Mr. P. H. Bagenal in Annual Report of the Local +<p><a id="Footnote_26_26"></a><a href="#FNanchor_26_26"><span class="label">[26]</span></a> Mr. P. H. Bagenal in Annual Report of the Local Government Board, 1906, p. 337.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_27_27" id="Footnote_27_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> Report for the year ended March, 1905.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_27_27"></a><a href="#FNanchor_27_27"><span class="label">[27]</span></a> Report for the year ended March, 1905.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_28_28" id="Footnote_28_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> Report on Small-pox in relation to Vagrancy in England +<p><a id="Footnote_28_28"></a><a href="#FNanchor_28_28"><span class="label">[28]</span></a> Report on Small-pox in relation to Vagrancy in England and Wales during the year 1903, by Dr. H. E. Armstrong, Newcastle.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_29_29" id="Footnote_29_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> Annual Report for 1908, p. 79.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_29_29"></a><a href="#FNanchor_29_29"><span class="label">[29]</span></a> Annual Report for 1908, p. 79.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_30_30" id="Footnote_30_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> The passages in which the question of child vagrancy was +<p><a id="Footnote_30_30"></a><a href="#FNanchor_30_30"><span class="label">[30]</span></a> The passages in which the question of child vagrancy was dealt with ten years ago have been modified, owing to the passing of the Children Act, 1908, yet important though the provisions of this statute are, they are no final solution. Extracts from the Act are @@ -13045,32 +12851,32 @@ given in Appendix I., pp. 251-253.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_31_31" id="Footnote_31_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> Report, Vol I., p. 42.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_31_31"></a><a href="#FNanchor_31_31"><span class="label">[31]</span></a> Report, Vol I., p. 42.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_32_32" id="Footnote_32_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_32"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> Annual Report of Local Government Board, 1907; report of +<p><a id="Footnote_32_32"></a><a href="#FNanchor_32_32"><span class="label">[32]</span></a> Annual Report of Local Government Board, 1907; report of Mr. J. S. Oxley, Inspector for the Metropolis, etc.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_33_33" id="Footnote_33_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> Evidence before Poor Law Commission, Q. 16,686.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_33_33"></a><a href="#FNanchor_33_33"><span class="label">[33]</span></a> Evidence before Poor Law Commission, Q. 16,686.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_34_34" id="Footnote_34_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34_34"><span class="label">[34]</span></a> Report of Local Government Board for 1907, p. 312.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_34_34"></a><a href="#FNanchor_34_34"><span class="label">[34]</span></a> Report of Local Government Board for 1907, p. 312.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_35_35" id="Footnote_35_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_35"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> Report, Vol. II., p. 278.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_35_35"></a><a href="#FNanchor_35_35"><span class="label">[35]</span></a> Report, Vol. II., p. 278.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_36_36" id="Footnote_36_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36_36"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> Report, Vol. II., p. 279.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_36_36"></a><a href="#FNanchor_36_36"><span class="label">[36]</span></a> Report, Vol. II., p. 279.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_37_37" id="Footnote_37_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_37"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> The Poor Law Act of 1899, amending an Act of 1889, +<p><a id="Footnote_37_37"></a><a href="#FNanchor_37_37"><span class="label">[37]</span></a> The Poor Law Act of 1899, amending an Act of 1889, provides that a child maintained by a Board of Guardians may be taken into the guardians' control until it reaches the age of eighteen years, the guardians acquiring all rights over it meanwhile, if the child has @@ -13087,28 +12893,28 @@ an illegitimate child the mother of the child), are dead.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_38_38" id="Footnote_38_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38_38"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> The figures for six years are as follows:—1902, 2,832; +<p><a id="Footnote_38_38"></a><a href="#FNanchor_38_38"><span class="label">[38]</span></a> The figures for six years are as follows:—1902, 2,832; 1903, 3,187; 1904, 3,235; 1905, 3,266; 1906, 3,095; 1907, 3,041.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_39_39" id="Footnote_39_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39_39"><span class="label">[39]</span></a> Qs. 3281, 3347, 3358-9.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_39_39"></a><a href="#FNanchor_39_39"><span class="label">[39]</span></a> Qs. 3281, 3347, 3358-9.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_40_40" id="Footnote_40_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40_40"><span class="label">[40]</span></a> "Berliner Lokalanzeiger," July, 1909.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_40_40"></a><a href="#FNanchor_40_40"><span class="label">[40]</span></a> "Berliner Lokalanzeiger," July, 1909.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_41_41" id="Footnote_41_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41_41"><span class="label">[41]</span></a> "Berliner Lokalanzeiger," July, 1909.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_41_41"></a><a href="#FNanchor_41_41"><span class="label">[41]</span></a> "Berliner Lokalanzeiger," July, 1909.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_42_42" id="Footnote_42_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42_42"><span class="label">[42]</span></a> "Liberty," Chapter IV.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_42_42"></a><a href="#FNanchor_42_42"><span class="label">[42]</span></a> "Liberty," Chapter IV.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_43_43" id="Footnote_43_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43_43"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> I take the following from a newspaper (January 1, +<p><a id="Footnote_43_43"></a><a href="#FNanchor_43_43"><span class="label">[43]</span></a> I take the following from a newspaper (January 1, 1904):—"At the Grantham Borough Police Court two vagrants, were sent to gaol for twenty-one days, with hard labour, for refusing to work whilst inmates of the casual ward at the Grantham Workhouse. One of @@ -13120,7 +12926,7 @@ wish they were going with them to gaol."</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_44_44" id="Footnote_44_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_44"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> The terms Detention Colony and Labour House are here, +<p><a id="Footnote_44_44"></a><a href="#FNanchor_44_44"><span class="label">[44]</span></a> The terms Detention Colony and Labour House are here, for convenience, used synonymously, though strictly speaking, a colony is an establishment in the country to which land for farming and for improvement is attached, while the Labour House may be located in a @@ -13128,15 +12934,15 @@ town.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_45_45" id="Footnote_45_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45_45"><span class="label">[45]</span></a> Report of Vagrancy Committee, Vol. I., p. 67.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_45_45"></a><a href="#FNanchor_45_45"><span class="label">[45]</span></a> Report of Vagrancy Committee, Vol. I., p. 67.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_46_46" id="Footnote_46_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46_46"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> <i>See</i> pp. 195-197.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_46_46"></a><a href="#FNanchor_46_46"><span class="label">[46]</span></a> <i>See</i> pp. 195-197.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_47_47" id="Footnote_47_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47_47"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> The principal offences committed by these guests were: +<p><a id="Footnote_47_47"></a><a href="#FNanchor_47_47"><span class="label">[47]</span></a> The principal offences committed by these guests were: Larceny, frauds, and receiving stolen property, 97; begging and sleeping out, 18; burglary, housebreaking, etc., 25; frequenting public places with intent to commit felony, etc., 11; sexual offences, @@ -13146,22 +12952,22 @@ prostitutes' earnings, 25; and wounding, assaults, drunkenness, etc., <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_48_48" id="Footnote_48_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48_48"><span class="label">[48]</span></a> The Prison Commissioners (Report for 1903, p. 119), +<p><a id="Footnote_48_48"></a><a href="#FNanchor_48_48"><span class="label">[48]</span></a> The Prison Commissioners (Report for 1903, p. 119), estimate that the annual net cost per head, after deducting the value of work done, is £22 11s. in local and £29 in convict prisons, exclusive of all charge for buildings.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_49_49" id="Footnote_49_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49_49"><span class="label">[49]</span></a> For a description of Merxplas, <i>see</i> pp. 104-132.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_49_49"></a><a href="#FNanchor_49_49"><span class="label">[49]</span></a> For a description of Merxplas, <i>see</i> pp. 104-132.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_50_50" id="Footnote_50_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50_50"><span class="label">[50]</span></a> Statute of 27 Henry VIII., c. 25.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_50_50"></a><a href="#FNanchor_50_50"><span class="label">[50]</span></a> Statute of 27 Henry VIII., c. 25.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_51_51" id="Footnote_51_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51_51"><span class="label">[51]</span></a> That this principle was not always the fetish it has +<p><a id="Footnote_51_51"></a><a href="#FNanchor_51_51"><span class="label">[51]</span></a> That this principle was not always the fetish it has become is shown by the following extract from Dr. Burn's "History of the Poor Law," published in 1764:—"But how shall begging be restrained, which by a kind of prescriptive claim hath so long been @@ -13183,7 +12989,7 @@ to a penalty."</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_52_52" id="Footnote_52_52"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52_52"><span class="label">[52]</span></a> In my evidence before the Departmental Committee on +<p><a id="Footnote_52_52"></a><a href="#FNanchor_52_52"><span class="label">[52]</span></a> In my evidence before the Departmental Committee on Vagrancy, I fully described the hostel and way ticket system which has for many years been in successful operation in Germany, and the same information was given by Mr. H. Preston Thomas regarding the more @@ -13192,133 +12998,133 @@ Volume.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_53_53" id="Footnote_53_53"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53_53"><span class="label">[53]</span></a> Mr. J. W. Thompson, in Annual Report for 1908, p. 42.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_53_53"></a><a href="#FNanchor_53_53"><span class="label">[53]</span></a> Mr. J. W. Thompson, in Annual Report for 1908, p. 42.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_54_54" id="Footnote_54_54"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54_54"><span class="label">[54]</span></a> For the full text of the law see Appendix III., pp. +<p><a id="Footnote_54_54"></a><a href="#FNanchor_54_54"><span class="label">[54]</span></a> For the full text of the law see Appendix III., pp. 258-263.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_55_55" id="Footnote_55_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55_55"><span class="label">[55]</span></a> Report of the Vagrancy Committee adopted by the Court of +<p><a id="Footnote_55_55"></a><a href="#FNanchor_55_55"><span class="label">[55]</span></a> Report of the Vagrancy Committee adopted by the Court of Quarter Sessions (Lincolnshire, Parts of Lindsey) on Friday, October 23, 1903.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_56_56" id="Footnote_56_56"></a><a href="#FNanchor_56_56"><span class="label">[56]</span></a> The Report of the Lindsey Quarter Sessions Committee on +<p><a id="Footnote_56_56"></a><a href="#FNanchor_56_56"><span class="label">[56]</span></a> The Report of the Lindsey Quarter Sessions Committee on Vagrancy says that the original cost to the Government of the Merxplas estate was £32,000.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_57_57" id="Footnote_57_57"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57_57"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> In winter coffee is distributed immediately after the bread.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_57_57"></a><a href="#FNanchor_57_57"><span class="label">[57]</span></a> In winter coffee is distributed immediately after the bread.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_58_58" id="Footnote_58_58"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58_58"><span class="label">[58]</span></a> On Saturday work ends an hour earlier.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_58_58"></a><a href="#FNanchor_58_58"><span class="label">[58]</span></a> On Saturday work ends an hour earlier.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_59_59" id="Footnote_59_59"></a><a href="#FNanchor_59_59"><span class="label">[59]</span></a> Biedermann, "Deutschland im 18 ten Jahrhundert," Vol. I., +<p><a id="Footnote_59_59"></a><a href="#FNanchor_59_59"><span class="label">[59]</span></a> Biedermann, "Deutschland im 18 ten Jahrhundert," Vol. I., p. 401.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_60_60" id="Footnote_60_60"></a><a href="#FNanchor_60_60"><span class="label">[60]</span></a> "Statistik der zum Ressort des Königlich Preussischen +<p><a id="Footnote_60_60"></a><a href="#FNanchor_60_60"><span class="label">[60]</span></a> "Statistik der zum Ressort des Königlich Preussischen Ministeriums des Innern gehörenden Strafanstalten und Gefängnisse und der Korrigenden für das Rechnungsjahr 1903," pp. xx-xxii.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_61_61" id="Footnote_61_61"></a><a href="#FNanchor_61_61"><span class="label">[61]</span></a> The proportion in 1869 was 73 per cent.; in 1895, 52 per +<p><a id="Footnote_61_61"></a><a href="#FNanchor_61_61"><span class="label">[61]</span></a> The proportion in 1869 was 73 per cent.; in 1895, 52 per cent.; in 1896, 52·6 per cent.; in 1897, 49·1 per cent.; in 1898, 45·7 per cent.; in 1900, 40·4 per cent.; in 1901, 37 per cent.; in 1902, 32·8 per cent.; and in 1903, 27·2 per cent.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_62_62" id="Footnote_62_62"></a><a href="#FNanchor_62_62"><span class="label">[62]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i></p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_62_62"></a><a href="#FNanchor_62_62"><span class="label">[62]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i></p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_63_63" id="Footnote_63_63"></a><a href="#FNanchor_63_63"><span class="label">[63]</span></a> A portion of this chapter was published in the +<p><a id="Footnote_63_63"></a><a href="#FNanchor_63_63"><span class="label">[63]</span></a> A portion of this chapter was published in the <i>Fortnightly Review</i> of February, 1907.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_64_64" id="Footnote_64_64"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64_64"><span class="label">[64]</span></a> The full Regulations of the Rummelsburg Labour House +<p><a id="Footnote_64_64"></a><a href="#FNanchor_64_64"><span class="label">[64]</span></a> The full Regulations of the Rummelsburg Labour House appear as an Appendix on pp. 263-267.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_65_65" id="Footnote_65_65"></a><a href="#FNanchor_65_65"><span class="label">[65]</span></a> There are now four such Labour Colonies in Switzerland.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_65_65"></a><a href="#FNanchor_65_65"><span class="label">[65]</span></a> There are now four such Labour Colonies in Switzerland.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_66_66" id="Footnote_66_66"></a><a href="#FNanchor_66_66"><span class="label">[66]</span></a> "The German Workman: a Study in National Efficiency," pp, +<p><a id="Footnote_66_66"></a><a href="#FNanchor_66_66"><span class="label">[66]</span></a> "The German Workman: a Study in National Efficiency," pp, 293-301 (London: P. S. King & Son, 1906).</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_67_67" id="Footnote_67_67"></a><a href="#FNanchor_67_67"><span class="label">[67]</span></a> "Der Wanderer," 1909, p. 355.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_67_67"></a><a href="#FNanchor_67_67"><span class="label">[67]</span></a> "Der Wanderer," 1909, p. 355.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_68_68" id="Footnote_68_68"></a><a href="#FNanchor_68_68"><span class="label">[68]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 351.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_68_68"></a><a href="#FNanchor_68_68"><span class="label">[68]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 351.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_69_69" id="Footnote_69_69"></a><a href="#FNanchor_69_69"><span class="label">[69]</span></a> Report of the Vice-Regal Commission on Poor Law Reform in +<p><a id="Footnote_69_69"></a><a href="#FNanchor_69_69"><span class="label">[69]</span></a> Report of the Vice-Regal Commission on Poor Law Reform in Ireland, Vol. I., p. 55.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_70_70" id="Footnote_70_70"></a><a href="#FNanchor_70_70"><span class="label">[70]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, Vol. I., p. 58.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_70_70"></a><a href="#FNanchor_70_70"><span class="label">[70]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, Vol. I., p. 58.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_71_71" id="Footnote_71_71"></a><a href="#FNanchor_71_71"><span class="label">[71]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, Vol. I., p. 55.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_71_71"></a><a href="#FNanchor_71_71"><span class="label">[71]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, Vol. I., p. 55.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_72_72" id="Footnote_72_72"></a><a href="#FNanchor_72_72"><span class="label">[72]</span></a> Report of the Departmental Committee on Vagrancy, Vol. +<p><a id="Footnote_72_72"></a><a href="#FNanchor_72_72"><span class="label">[72]</span></a> Report of the Departmental Committee on Vagrancy, Vol. I., p. 34.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_73_73" id="Footnote_73_73"></a><a href="#FNanchor_73_73"><span class="label">[73]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 59.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_73_73"></a><a href="#FNanchor_73_73"><span class="label">[73]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 59.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_74_74" id="Footnote_74_74"></a><a href="#FNanchor_74_74"><span class="label">[74]</span></a> Report of the Departmental Committee on Vagrancy, Vol. +<p><a id="Footnote_74_74"></a><a href="#FNanchor_74_74"><span class="label">[74]</span></a> Report of the Departmental Committee on Vagrancy, Vol. I., pp. 51 and 53-54.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_75_75" id="Footnote_75_75"></a><a href="#FNanchor_75_75"><span class="label">[75]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 66.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_75_75"></a><a href="#FNanchor_75_75"><span class="label">[75]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 66.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_76_76" id="Footnote_76_76"></a><a href="#FNanchor_76_76"><span class="label">[76]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 70.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_76_76"></a><a href="#FNanchor_76_76"><span class="label">[76]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 70.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_77_77" id="Footnote_77_77"></a><a href="#FNanchor_77_77"><span class="label">[77]</span></a> Report of the Departmental Committee on Vagrancy, Vol. +<p><a id="Footnote_77_77"></a><a href="#FNanchor_77_77"><span class="label">[77]</span></a> Report of the Departmental Committee on Vagrancy, Vol. I., p. 80.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_78_78" id="Footnote_78_78"></a><a href="#FNanchor_78_78"><span class="label">[78]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 87.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_78_78"></a><a href="#FNanchor_78_78"><span class="label">[78]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 87.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_79_79" id="Footnote_79_79"></a><a href="#FNanchor_79_79"><span class="label">[79]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 77.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_79_79"></a><a href="#FNanchor_79_79"><span class="label">[79]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, p. 77.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_80_80" id="Footnote_80_80"></a><a href="#FNanchor_80_80"><span class="label">[80]</span></a> "There are no means of estimating approximately the +<p><a id="Footnote_80_80"></a><a href="#FNanchor_80_80"><span class="label">[80]</span></a> "There are no means of estimating approximately the number of tramps who might properly be committed to labour colonies, and it is even more impossible to estimate how many would actually be committed if provision were made by law for the purpose. The @@ -13339,55 +13145,55 @@ I., pp. 75.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_81_81" id="Footnote_81_81"></a><a href="#FNanchor_81_81"><span class="label">[81]</span></a> <i>See</i> pp. 89-91.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_81_81"></a><a href="#FNanchor_81_81"><span class="label">[81]</span></a> <i>See</i> pp. 89-91.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_82_82" id="Footnote_82_82"></a><a href="#FNanchor_82_82"><span class="label">[82]</span></a> Report of Vagrancy Committee, Vol. I., p. 82.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_82_82"></a><a href="#FNanchor_82_82"><span class="label">[82]</span></a> Report of Vagrancy Committee, Vol. I., p. 82.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_83_83" id="Footnote_83_83"></a><a href="#FNanchor_83_83"><span class="label">[83]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, Vol. I., p. 34.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_83_83"></a><a href="#FNanchor_83_83"><span class="label">[83]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, Vol. I., p. 34.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_84_84" id="Footnote_84_84"></a><a href="#FNanchor_84_84"><span class="label">[84]</span></a> <i>See</i> Chap. III., pp 96-103.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_84_84"></a><a href="#FNanchor_84_84"><span class="label">[84]</span></a> <i>See</i> Chap. III., pp 96-103.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_85_85" id="Footnote_85_85"></a><a href="#FNanchor_85_85"><span class="label">[85]</span></a> Report of Vagrancy Committee, Vol. I., pp. 43 and 49.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_85_85"></a><a href="#FNanchor_85_85"><span class="label">[85]</span></a> Report of Vagrancy Committee, Vol. I., pp. 43 and 49.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_86_86" id="Footnote_86_86"></a><a href="#FNanchor_86_86"><span class="label">[86]</span></a> For the rules of the Westphalian system of Relief +<p><a id="Footnote_86_86"></a><a href="#FNanchor_86_86"><span class="label">[86]</span></a> For the rules of the Westphalian system of Relief Stations, <i>see</i> Chap. IX., p. 212-215, and for text of way-tickets, <i>see</i> Appendix II., p. 254-257.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_87_87" id="Footnote_87_87"></a><a href="#FNanchor_87_87"><span class="label">[87]</span></a> Report of Vagrancy Committee, Vol. I., pp. 48, 49.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_87_87"></a><a href="#FNanchor_87_87"><span class="label">[87]</span></a> Report of Vagrancy Committee, Vol. I., pp. 48, 49.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_88_88" id="Footnote_88_88"></a><a href="#FNanchor_88_88"><span class="label">[88]</span></a> Majority Report, Vol. II., pp. 544, 545.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_88_88"></a><a href="#FNanchor_88_88"><span class="label">[88]</span></a> Majority Report, Vol. II., pp. 544, 545.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_89_89" id="Footnote_89_89"></a><a href="#FNanchor_89_89"><span class="label">[89]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, Vol. II., p. 549.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_89_89"></a><a href="#FNanchor_89_89"><span class="label">[89]</span></a> <i>Ibid.</i>, Vol. II., p. 549.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_90_90" id="Footnote_90_90"></a><a href="#FNanchor_90_90"><span class="label">[90]</span></a> Majority Report, Vol. II., pp. 282, 283.</p></div> +<p><a id="Footnote_90_90"></a><a href="#FNanchor_90_90"><span class="label">[90]</span></a> Majority Report, Vol. II., pp. 282, 283.</p></div> <div class="footnote"> -<p><a name="Footnote_91_91" id="Footnote_91_91"></a><a href="#FNanchor_91_91"><span class="label">[91]</span></a> <i>Inter alia</i>, children "found wandering, and not having +<p><a id="Footnote_91_91"></a><a href="#FNanchor_91_91"><span class="label">[91]</span></a> <i>Inter alia</i>, children "found wandering, and not having any home or settled place of abode or visible means of subsistence," or "found wandering and having no parent or guardian, or a parent or guardian who does not exercise proper guardianship" (Section 58, <i>b</i>).</p></div></div> -<hr class="full" /> +<hr class="full" > <p class="center">Transcriber's note:</p> <p class="center">Inconsistencies in this book are as in the original.</p> @@ -13397,3 +13203,4 @@ guardian who does not exercise proper guardianship" (Section 58, <i>b</i>).</p>< </html> + |