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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6833f05 --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,3 @@ +* text=auto +*.txt text +*.md text diff --git a/4820.txt b/4820.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..90535ca --- /dev/null +++ b/4820.txt @@ -0,0 +1,1715 @@ +The Project Gutenberg EBook Rise of the Dutch Republic, 1572-73 +#20 in our series by John Lothrop Motley + +Copyright laws are changing all over the world. Be sure to check the +copyright laws for your country before downloading or redistributing +this or any other Project Gutenberg eBook. + +This header should be the first thing seen when viewing this Project +Gutenberg file. Please do not remove it. Do not change or edit the +header without written permission. + +Please read the "legal small print," and other information about the +eBook and Project Gutenberg at the bottom of this file. Included is +important information about your specific rights and restrictions in +how the file may be used. You can also find out about how to make a +donation to Project Gutenberg, and how to get involved. + + +**Welcome To The World of Free Plain Vanilla Electronic Texts** + +**eBooks Readable By Both Humans and By Computers, Since 1971** + +*****These eBooks Were Prepared By Thousands of Volunteers***** + + +Title: The Rise of the Dutch Republic, 1572-73 + +Author: John Lothrop Motley + +Release Date: January, 2004 [EBook #4820] +[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule] +[This file was first posted on March 19, 2002] + +Edition: 10 + +Language: English + +Character set encoding: ASCII + + + + + +*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE DUTCH REPUBLIC, 1572-73 *** + + + +This eBook was produced by David Widger + + + +[NOTE: There is a short list of bookmarks, or pointers, at the end of the +file for those who may wish to sample the author's ideas before making an +entire meal of them. D.W.] + + + + + +MOTLEY'S HISTORY OF THE NETHERLANDS, PG EDITION, VOLUME 20. + +THE RISE OF THE DUTCH REPUBLIC + +By John Lothrop Motley + +1855 + + + + +1572-73 [CHAPTER VIII.] + + Affairs in Holland and Zealand--Siege of Tergoes by the patriots-- + Importance of the place--Difficulty of relieving it--Its position-- + Audacious plan for sending succor across the "Drowned Land"-- + Brilliant and successful expedition of Mondragon--The siege raised-- + Horrible sack of Zutphen--Base conduct of Count Van den Berg-- + Refusal of Naarden to surrender--Subsequent unsuccessful deputation + to make terms with Don Frederic--Don Frederic before Naarden-- + Treachery of Romero--The Spaniards admitted--General massacre of the + garrison and burghers--The city burned to the ground--Warm reception + of Orange in Holland--Secret negotiations with the Estates-- + Desperate character of the struggle between Spain and the provinces + --Don Frederic in Amsterdam--Plans for reducing Holland--Skirmish on + the ice at Amsterdam--Preparation in Harlem for the expected siege-- + Description of the city--Early operations--Complete investment-- + Numbers of besiegers and besieged--Mutual barbarities--Determined + repulse of the first assault--Failure of Batenburg's expedition-- + Cruelties in city and camp--Mining and countermining--Second assault + victoriously repelled--Suffering and disease in Harlem--Disposition + of Don Frederic to retire--Memorable rebuke by Alva--Efforts of + Orange to relieve the place--Sonoy's expedition--Exploit of John + Haring--Cruel execution of prisoners on both sides--Quiryn Dirkzoon + and his family put to death in the city--Fleets upon the lake-- + Defeat of the patriot armada--Dreadful suffering and starvation in + the city--Parley with the besiegers--Despair of the city--Appeal to + Orange--Expedition under Batenburg to relieve the city--His defeat + and death--Desperate condition of Harlem--Its surrender at + discretion--Sanguinary executions--General massacre--Expense of the + victory in blood and money--Joy of Philip at the news. + +While thus Brabant and Flanders were scourged back to the chains which +they had so recently broken, the affairs of the Prince of Orange were not +improving in Zealand. Never was a twelvemonth so marked by contradictory +fortune, never were the promises of a spring followed by such blight and +disappointment in autumn than in the memorable year 1572. On the island +of Walcheren, Middelburg and Arnemuyde still held for the King--Campveer +and Flushing for the Prince of Orange. On the island of South Bevelaad, +the city of Goes or Tergoes was still stoutly defended by a small +garrison of Spanish troops. As long as the place held out, the city of +Middelburg could be maintained. Should that important city fall, the +Spaniards would lose all hold upon Walcheren and the province of Zealand. + +Jerome de 't Zeraerts, a brave, faithful, but singularly unlucky officer, +commanded for the Prince in Walcheren. He had attempted by various +hastily planned expeditions to give employment to his turbulent soldiery, +but fortune had refused to smile upon his efforts. He had laid siege to +Middelburg and failed. He had attempted Tergoes and had been compelled +ingloriously to retreat. The citizens of Flushing, on his return, had +shut the gates of the town in his face, and far several days refused to +admit him or his troops. To retrieve this disgrace, which had sprung +rather from the insubordination of his followers and the dislike which +they bore his person than from any want of courage or conduct on his +part, he now assembled a force of seven thousand men, marched again to +Tergoes, and upon the 26th of August laid siege to the place in forma. +The garrison was very insufficient, and although they conducted +themselves with great bravery, it was soon evident that unless reinforced +they must yield. With their overthrow it was obvious that the Spaniards +would lose the important maritime province of Zealand, and the Duke +accordingly ordered D'Avila, who commanded in Antwerp, to throw succor +into Tergoes without delay. Attempts were made, by sea and by land, to +this effect, but were all unsuccessful. The Zealanders commanded the +waters with their fleet,--and were too much at home among those gulfs and +shallows not to be more than a match for their enemies. Baffled in their +attempt to relieve the town by water or by land, the Spaniards conceived +an amphibious scheme. Their plan led to one of the most brilliant feats +of arms which distinguishes the history of this war. + +The Scheld, flowing past the city of Antwerp and separating the provinces +of Flanders and Brabant, opens wide its two arms in nearly opposite +directions, before it joins the sea. Between these two arms lie the +isles of Zealand, half floating upon, half submerged by the waves. The +town of Tergoes was the chief city of South Beveland, the most important +part of this archipelago, but South Beveland had not always been an +island. Fifty years before, a tempest, one of the most violent recorded +in the stormy annals of that exposed country, had overthrown all +barriers, the waters of the German Ocean, lashed by a succession of north +winds, having been driven upon the low coast of Zealand more rapidly than +they could be carried off through the narrow straits of Dover. The dykes +of the island had burst, the ocean had swept over the land, hundreds of +villages had been overwhelmed, and a tract of country torn from the +province and buried for ever beneath the sea. This "Drowned Land," as it +is called, now separated the island from the main. At low tide it was, +however, possible for experienced pilots to ford the estuary, which had +usurped the place of the land. The average depth was between four and +five feet at low water, while the tide rose and fell at least ten feet; +the bottom was muddy and treacherous, and it was moreover traversed by +three living streams or channels; always much too deep to be fordable. + +Captain Plomaert, a Fleming of great experience and bravery, +warmly attached to the King's cause, conceived the plan of sending +reinforcements across this drowned district to the city of Tergoes. +Accompanied by two peasants of the country, well acquainted with the +track, he twice accomplished the dangerous and difficult passage; +which, from dry land to dry land, was nearly ten English miles in length. +Having thus satisfied himself as to the possibility of the enterprise, +he laid his plan before the Spanish colonel, Mondragon. That courageous +veteran eagerly embraced the proposal, examined the ground, and after +consultation with Sancho Avila, resolved in person to lead an expedition +along the path suggested by Plomaert. Three thousand picked men, a +thousand from each nation,--Spaniards, Walloons, and Germans, were +speedily and secretly assembled at Bergen op Zoom, from the neighbourhood +of which city, at a place called Aggier, it was necessary that the +expedition should set forth. A quantity of sacks were provided, in which +a supply of, biscuit and of powder was placed, one to be carried by each +soldier upon his head. Although it was already late in the autumn, the +weather was propitious; the troops, not yet informed: as to the secret +enterprise for which they had been selected, were all ready assembled at +the edge of the water, and Mondragon, who, notwithstanding his age, had +resolved upon heading the hazardous expedition, now briefly, on the +evening of the 20th October, explained to them the nature of the service. +His statement of the dangers which they were about to encounter, rather +inflamed than diminished their ardor. Their enthusiasm became unbounded, +as he described the importance of the city which they were about to save, +and alluded to the glory which would be won by those who thus +courageously came forward to its rescue. The time of about half ebb-tide +having arrived, the veteran,--preceded only by the guides and Plomaert, +plunged gaily into the waves, followed by his army, almost in single +file. The water was never lowed khan the breast, often higher than the +shoulder. The distance to the island, three and a half leagues at least, +was to be accomplished within at most, six hours, or the rising tide +would overwhelm them for ever. And thus, across the quaking and +uncertain slime, which often refused them a footing, that adventurous +band, five hours long, pursued their midnight march, sometimes swimming +for their lives, and always struggling with the waves which every instant +threatened to engulph them. + +Before the tide had risen to more than half-flood, before the day had +dawned, the army set foot on dry land again, at the village of Irseken. +Of the whole three thousand, only nine unlucky individuals had been +drowned; so much had courage and discipline availed in that dark and +perilous passage through the very bottom of the sea. The Duke of Alva +might well pronounce it one of the most brilliant and original +achievements in the annals of war. The beacon fires were immediately +lighted upon the shore; as agreed upon, to inform Sancho d'Avila, who was +anxiously awaiting the result at Bergen op Zoom, of the safe arrival of +the troops. A brief repose was then allowed. At the approach of +daylight, they set forth from Irseken, which lay about four leagues from +Tergoes. The news that a Spanish army had thus arisen from the depths of +the sea, flew before them as they marched. The besieging force commanded +the water with their fleet, the land with their army; yet had these +indomitable Spaniards found a path which was neither land nor water, and +had thus stolen upon them in the silence of night. A panic preceded them +as they fell upon a foe much superior in number to their own force. It +was impossible for 't Zeraerts to induce his soldiers to offer +resistance. The patriot army fled precipitately and ignominiously to +their ships, hotly pursued by the Spaniards, who overtook and destroyed +the whole of their rearguard before they could embark. This done, the +gallant little garrison which had so successfully held the city, was +reinforced with the courageous veterans who had come to their relief. +his audacious project thus brilliantly accomplished, the "good old +Mondragon," as his soldiers called him, returned to the province of +Brabant. + +After the capture of Mons and the sack of Mechlin, the Duke of Alva had +taken his way to Nimwegen, having despatched his son, Don Frederic, to +reduce the northern and eastern country, which was only too ready to +submit to the conqueror. Very little resistance was made by any of the +cities which had so recently, and--with such enthusiasm, embraced the +cause of Orange. Zutphen attempted a feeble opposition to the entrance +of the King's troops, and received a dreadful chastisement in +consequence. Alva sent orders to his son to leave not a single man alive +in the city, and to burn every house to the ground. The Duke's command +was almost literally obeyed. Don Frederic entered Zutphen, and without a +moment's warning put the whole garrison to the sword. The citizens next +fell a defenceless, prey; some being, stabbed in the streets, some hanged +on the trees which decorated the city, some stripped stark naked; and +turned out into the fields to freeze to death in the wintry night. As +the work of death became too fatiguing for the butchers, five hundred +innocent burghers were tied two and two, back to back, and drowned like +dogs in the river Yssel. A few stragglers who had contrived to elude +pursuit at first, were afterwards taken from their hiding places and hung +upon the gallows by the feet, some of which victims suffered four days +and nights of agony before death came to their relief. It is superfluous +to add that the outrages upon women were no less universal in Zutphen +than they had been in every city captured or occupied by the Spanish +troops. These horrors continued till scarcely chastity or life remained, +throughout the miserable city. + +This attack and massacre had been so suddenly executed, that assistance +would hardly have been possible, even had there been disposition to +render it. There was; however, no such disposition. The whole country +was already cowering again, except the provinces of Holland and Zealand. +No one dared approach, even to learn what had occurred within the walls +of the town, for days after its doom had been accomplished. "A wail of +agony was heard above Zutphen last Sunday," wrote Count Nieuwenar, +"a sound as of a mighty massacre, but we know not what has taken place." + +Count Van, den Bergh, another brother-in-law of Orange, proved himself +signally unworthy of the illustrious race to which he was allied. He +had, in the earlier part of the year, received the homage of the cities +of Gelderland and Overyssel, on behalf of the patriot Prince. He now +basely abandoned the field where he had endeavoured to gather laurels +while the sun of success had been shining. Having written from Kampen, +whither he had retired, that he meant to hold the city to the last gasp, +he immediately afterwards fled secretly and precipitately from the +country. In his flight he was plundered by his own people, while his +wife, Mary of Nassau, then far advanced in pregnancy, was left behind, +disguised as a peasant girl, in an obscure village. + +With the flight of Van den Bergh, all the cities which, under his +guidance, had raised the standard of Orange, deserted the cause at once. +Friesland too, where Robles obtained a victory over six thousand +patriots, again submitted to the yoke. But if the ancient heart of the +free Frisians was beating thus feebly, there was still spirit left among +their brethren on the other side of the Zuyder Zee. It was not while +William of Orange was within her borders, nor while her sister provinces +had proved recreant to him, that Holland would follow their base example. +No rebellion being left, except in the north-western extremities of the +Netherlands, Don Frederic was ordered to proceed from Zutphen to +Amsterdam, thence to undertake the conquest of Holland. The little city +of Naarden, on the coast of the Zuyder Zee, lay in his path, and had not +yet formally submitted. On the 22nd of November a company of one hundred +troopers was sent to the city gates to demand its surrender. The small +garrison which had been left by the Prince was not disposed to resist, +but the spirit of the burghers was stouter than, their walls. They +answered the summons by a declaration that they had thus far held the +city for the King and the Prince of Orange, and, with God's help, would +continue so to do. As the horsemen departed with this reply, a lunatic, +called Adrian Krankhoeft, mounted the ramparts and, discharged a +culverine among them. No man was injured, but the words of defiance, +and the shot fired by a madman's hand, were destined to be fearfully +answered. + +Meanwhile, the inhabitants of the place, which was at best far from +strong, and ill provided with arms, ammunition, or soldiers, despatched +importunate messages to Sonoy, and to ether patriot generals nearest to +them, soliciting reinforcements. Their messengers came back almost empty +handed. They brought a little powder and a great many promises, but not +a single man-at-arms, not a ducat, not a piece of artillery. The most +influential commanders, moreover, advised an honorable capitulation, if +it were still possible. + +Thus baffled, the burghers of the little city found their proud position +quite untenable. They accordingly, on the 1st of December, despatched +the burgomaster and a senator to Amersfoort, to make terms, if possible, +with Don Frederic. When these envoys reached the place, they were +refused admission to the general's presence. The army had already been +ordered to move forward to Naarden, and they were directed to accompany +the advance guard, and to expect their reply at the gates of their own +city. This command was sufficiently ominous. The impression which it +made upon them was confirmed by the warning voices of their friends in +Amersfoort, who entreated them not to return to Naarden. The advice was +not lost upon one of the two envoys. After they had advanced a little +distance on their journey, the burgomaster Laurentszoon slid privately +out of the sledge in which they were travelling, leaving his cloak behind +him. "Adieu; I think I will not venture back to Naarden at present," +said he, calmly, as he abandoned his companion to his fate. The other, +who could not so easily desert his children, his wife, and his fellow- +citizens, in the hour of danger, went forward as calmly to share in their +impending doom. + +The army reached Bussem, half a league distant from Naarden, in the +evening. Here Don Frederic established his head quarters, and proceeded +to invest the city. Senator Gerrit was then directed to return to +Naarden and to bring out a more numerous deputation on the following +morning, duly empowered to surrender the place. The envoy accordingly +returned next day, accompanied by Lambert Hortensius, rector of a Latin +academy, together with four other citizens. Before this deputation had +reached Bussem, they were met by Julian Romero, who informed them that he +was commissioned to treat with them on the part of Don Frederic. He +demanded the keys of the city, and gave the deputation a solemn pledge +that the lives and property of all the inhabitants should be sacredly +respected. To attest this assurance Don Julian gave his hand three +several times to Lambert Hortensius. A soldier's word thus plighted, +the commissioners, without exchanging any written documents, surrendered +the keys, and immediately afterwards accompanied Romero into the city, +who was soon followed by five or six hundred musketeers. + +To give these guests a hospitable reception, all the housewives of the +city at once set about preparations for a sumptuous feast, to which the +Spaniards did ample justice, while the colonel and his officers were +entertained by Senator Gerrit at his own house. As soon as this +conviviality had come to an end, Romero, accompanied by his host, walked +into the square. The great bell had been meantime ringing, and the +citizens had been summoned to assemble in the Gast Huis Church, then used +as a town hall. In the course of a few minutes five hundred had entered +the building, and stood quietly awaiting whatever measures might be +offered for their deliberation. Suddenly a priest, who had been pacing +to and fro before the church door, entered the building, and bade them +all prepare for death; but the announcement, the preparation, and the +death, were simultaneous. The door was flung open, and a band of armed +Spaniards rushed across the sacred threshold. They fired a single volley +upon the defenceless herd, and then sprang in upon them with sword and +dagger. A yell of despair arose as the miserable victims saw how +hopelessly they were engaged, and beheld the ferocious faces of their +butchers. The carnage within that narrow apace was compact and rapid. +Within a few minutes all were despatched, and among them Senator Gerrit, +from whose table the Spanish commander had but just risen. The church +was then set on fire, and the dead and dying were consumed to ashes +together. + +Inflamed but not satiated, the Spaniards then rushed into the streets, +thirsty for fresh horrors. The houses were all rifled of their contents, +and men were forced to carry the booty to the camp, who were then struck +dead as their reward. The town was then fired in every direction, that +the skulking citizens might be forced from their hiding-places. As fast +as they came forth they were put to death by their impatient foes. Some +were pierced with rapiers, some were chopped to pieces with axes, some +were surrounded in the blazing streets by troops of laughing soldiers, +intoxicated, not with wine but with blood, who tossed them to and fro +with their lances, and derived a wild amusement from their dying agonies. +Those who attempted resistance were crimped alive like fishes, and left +to gasp themselves to death in lingering torture. The soldiers becoming +more and more insane, as the foul work went on, opened the veins of some +of their victims, and drank their blood as if it were wine. Some of the +burghers were for a time spared, that they might witness the violation of +their wives and daughters, and were then butchered in company with these +still more unfortunate victims. Miracles of brutality were accomplished. +Neither church nor hearth was sacred: Men were slain, women outraged at +the altars, in the streets, in their blazing homes. The life of Lambert +Hortensius was spared, out of regard to his learning and genius, but he +hardly could thank his foes for the boon, for they struck his only son +dead, and tore his heart out before his father's eyes. Hardly any man or +woman survived, except by accident. A body of some hundred burghers made +their escape across the snow into the open country. They were, however, +overtaken, stripped stark naked, and hung upon the trees by the feet, to +freeze, or to perish by a more lingering death. Most of them soon died, +but twenty, who happened to be wealthy, succeeded, after enduring much +torture, in purchasing their lives of their inhuman persecutors. The +principal burgomaster, Heinrich Lambertszoon, was less fortunate. Known +to be affluent, he was tortured by exposing the soles of his feet to a +fire until they were almost consumed. On promise that his life should be +spared, he then agreed to pay a heavy ransom; but hardly had he furnished +the stipulated sum when, by express order of Don Frederic himself, he was +hanged in his own doorway, and his dissevered limbs afterwards nailed to +the gates of the city. + +Nearly all the inhabitants of Naarden, soldiers and citizens, were thus +destroyed; and now Don Frederic issued peremptory orders that no one, on +pain of death, should give lodging or food to any fugitive. He likewise +forbade to the dead all that could now be forbidden them--a grave. Three +weeks long did these unburied bodies pollute the streets, nor could the +few wretched women who still cowered within such houses as had escaped +the flames ever wave from their lurking-places without treading upon the +festering remains of what had been their husbands, their fathers, or +their brethren. Such was the express command of him whom the flatterers +called the "most divine genius ever known." Shortly afterwards came +an order to dismantle the fortifications, which had certainly proved +sufficiently feeble in the hour of need, and to raze what was left of +the city from the surface of the earth. The work was faithfully +accomplished, and for a longtime Naarden ceased to exist. + +Alva wrote, with his usual complacency in such cases, to his sovereign, +that "they had cut the throats of the burghers and all the garrison, and +that they had not left a mother's son alive." The statement was almost +literally correct, nor was the cant with which these bloodhounds +commented upon their crimes less odious than their guilt. "It was a +permission of God," said the Duke, "that these people should have +undertaken to defend a city, which was so weak that no other persons +would have attempted such a thing." Nor was the reflection of Mendoza +less pious. "The sack of Naarden," said that really brave and +accomplished cavalier, "was a chastisement which must be believed to have +taken place by express permission of a Divine Providence; a punishment +for having been the first of the Holland towns in which heresy built +its nest, whence it has taken flight to all the neighboring cities." + +It is not without reluctance, but still with a stern determination, that +the historian--should faithfully record these transactions. To extenuate +would be base; to exaggerate impossible. It is good that the world +should not forget how much wrong has been endured by a single harmless +nation at the hands of despotism, and in the sacred name of God. There +have been tongues and pens enough to narrate the excesses of the people, +bursting from time to time out of slavery into madness. It is good, too, +that those crimes should be remembered, and freshly pondered; but it is +equally wholesome to study the opposite picture. Tyranny, ever young and +ever old, constantly reproducing herself with the same stony features, +with the same imposing mask which she has worn through all the ages, +can never be too minutely examined, especially when she paints her own +portrait, and when the secret history of her guilt is furnished by the +confessions of her lovers. The perusal of her traits will not make us +love popular liberty the less. + +The history of Alva's administration in the Netherlands is one of those +pictures which strike us almost dumb with wonder. Why has the Almighty +suffered such crimes to be perpetrated in His sacred name? Was it +necessary that many generations should wade through this blood in order +to acquire for their descendants the blessings of civil and religious +freedom? Was it necessary that an Alva should ravage a peaceful nation +with sword and flame--that desolation should be spread over a happy land, +in order that the pure and heroic character of a William of Orange should +stand forth more conspicuously, like an antique statue of spotless marble +against a stormy sky? + +After the army which the Prince had so unsuccessfully led to the relief +of Mons had been disbanded, he had himself repaired to Holland. He had +come to Kampen shortly before its defection from his cause. Thence he +had been escorted across the Zuyder Zee to Eukhuyzen. He came to that +province, the only one which through good and ill report remained +entirely faithful to him, not as a conqueror but as an unsuccessful, +proscribed man. But there were warm hearts beating within those cold +lagunes, and no conqueror returning from a brilliant series of victories +could have been received with more affectionate respect than William in +that darkest hour of the country's history. He had but seventy horsemen +at his back, all which remained of the twenty thousand troops which he +had a second time levied in Germany, and he felt that it would be at that +period hopeless for him to attempt the formation of a third army. He had +now come thither to share the fate of Holland, at least, if he could not +accomplish her liberation. He went from city to city, advising with the +magistracies and with the inhabitants, and arranging many matters +pertaining both to peace and war. At Harlem the States of the Provinces, +according to his request, had been assembled. The assembly begged him +to lay before them, if it were possible, any schemes and means which he +might have devised for further resistance to the Duke of Alva. Thus +solicited, the Prince, in a very secret session, unfolded his plans, and +satisfied them as to the future prospects of the cause. His speech has +nowhere been preserved. His strict injunctions as to secrecy, doubtless, +prevented or effaced any record of the session. It is probable, however, +that he entered more fully into the state of his negotiations with +England, and into the possibility of a resumption by Count Louis of his +private intercourse with the French court, than it was safe, publicly, to +divulge. + +While the Prince had been thus occupied in preparing the stout-hearted +province for the last death-struggle with its foe, that mortal combat +was already fast approaching; for the aspect of the contest in the +Netherlands was not that of ordinary warfare. It was an encounter +between two principles, in their nature so hostile to each other that the +absolute destruction of one was the only, possible issue. As the fight +went on, each individual combatant seemed inspired by direct personal +malignity, and men found a pleasure in deeds of cruelty, from which +generations not educated to slaughter recoil with horror. To murder +defenceless prisoners; to drink, not metaphorically but literally, the +heart's blood of an enemy; to exercise a devilish ingenuity in inventions +of mutual torture, became not only a duty but a rapture. The Liberty of +the Netherlands had now been hunted to its lair. It had taken its last +refuge among the sands and thickets where its savage infancy had been +nurtured, and had now prepared itself to crush its tormentor in a last +embrace, or to die in the struggle. + +After the conclusion of the sack and massacre of Naarden, Don Frederic +had hastened to Amsterdam, where the Duke was then quartered, that he +might receive the paternal benediction for his well-accomplished work. +The royal approbation was soon afterwards added to the applause of his +parent, and the Duke was warmly congratulated in a letter written by +Philip as soon as the murderous deed was known, that Don Frederic had so +plainly shown himself to be his father's son. There was now more work +for father and son. Amsterdam was the only point in Holland which held +for Alva, and from that point it was determined to recover the whole +province. The Prince of Orange was established in the southern district; +Diedrich Sonoy, his lieutenant, was stationed in North Holland. The +important city of Harlem lay between the two, at a spot where the whole +breadth of the territory, from sea to sea, was less than an hour's walk. +With the fall of that city the province would be cut in twain, the +rebellious forces utterly dissevered, and all further resistance, +it was thought, rendered impossible. + +The inhabitants of Harlem felt their danger. Bossu, Alva's stadholder +for Holland, had formally announced the system hitherto pursued at +Mechlin, Zutphen, and Naarden, as the deliberate policy of the +government. The King's representative had formally proclaimed the +extermination of man, woman; and child in every city which opposed his +authority, but the promulgation and practice of such a system had an +opposite effect to the one intended. The hearts of the Hollanders were +rather steeled to resistance than awed into submission by the fate of +Naarden." A fortunate event, too, was accepted as a lucky omen for the +coming contest. A little fleet of armed vessels, belonging to Holland, +had been frozen up in the neighbourhood of Amsterdam. Don Frederic on +his arrival from Naarden, despatched a body of picked men over the ice to +attack the imprisoned vessels. The crews had, however, fortified +themselves by digging a wide trench around the whole fleet, which thus +became from the moment an almost impregnable fortress. Out of this +frozen citadel a strong band of well-armed and skilful musketeers sallied +forth upon skates as the besieging force advanced. A rapid, brilliant, +and slippery skirmish succeeded, in which the Hollanders, so accustomed +to such sports, easily vanquished their antagonists, and drove them off +the field, with the loss of several hundred left dead upon the ice. + +"'T was a thing never heard of before to-day," said Alva, "to see a body +of arquebusiers thus skirmishing upon a frozen sea." In the course of +the next four-and-twenty hours a flood and a rapid thaw released the +vessels, which all escaped to Enkhuyzen, while a frost, immediately and +strangely succeeding, made pursuit impossible. + +The Spaniards were astonished at these novel manoeuvres upon the ice. +It is amusing to read their elaborate descriptions of the wonderful +appendages which had enabled the Hollanders to glide so glibly into +battle with a superior force, and so rapidly to glance away, after +achieving a signal triumph. Nevertheless, the Spaniards could never be +dismayed, and were always apt scholars, even if an enemy were the +teacher. Alva immediately ordered seven thousand pairs of skates, and +his soldiers soon learned to perform military evolutions with these new +accoutrements as audaciously, if not as adroitly, as the Hollanders. + +A portion of the Harlem magistracy, notwithstanding the spirit which +pervaded the province, began to tremble as danger approached. They were +base enough to enter into secret negotiations with Alva, and to send +three of their own number to treat with the Duke at Amsterdam. One was +wise enough to remain with the enemy. The other two were arrested on +their return, and condemned, after an impartial trial, to death. For, +while these emissaries of a cowardly magistracy were absent, the stout +commandant of the little garrison, Ripperda, had assembled the citizens +and soldiers in the market-place. He warned them of the absolute +necessity to make a last effort for freedom. In startling colors he held +up to them the fate of Mechlin, of Zutphen, of Naarden, as a prophetic +mirror, in which they might read their own fate should they be base +enough to surrender the city. There was no composition possible, he +urged, with foes who were as false as they were sanguinary, and whose +foul passions were stimulated, not slaked, by the horrors with which they +had already feasted themselves. + +Ripperda addressed men who could sympathize with his bold and lofty +sentiments. Soldiers and citizens cried out for defence instead of +surrender, as with one voice, for there were no abject spirits at Harlem, +save among the magistracy; and Saint Aldegonde, the faithful minister of +Orange, was soon sent to Harlem by the Prince to make a thorough change +in that body. + +Harlem, over whose ruins the Spanish tyranny intended to make its +entrance into Holland, lay in the narrowest part of that narrow isthmus +which separates the Zuyder Zee from the German Ocean. The distance from +sea to sea is hardly five English miles across. Westerly from the city +extended a slender strip of land, once a morass, then a fruitful meadow; +maintained by unflagging fortitude in the very jaws of a stormy ocean. +Between the North Sea and the outer edge of this pasture surged those +wild and fantastic downs, heaped up by wind and wave in mimicry of +mountains; the long coils of that rope of sand, by which, plaited into +additional strength by the slenderest of bulrushes, the waves of the +North Sea were made to obey the command of man. On the opposite, or +eastern aide, Harlem looked towards Amsterdam. That already flourishing +city was distant but ten miles. The two cities were separated by an +expanse of inland water, and united by a slender causeway. The Harlem +Lake, formed less than a century before by the bursting of four lesser, +meres during a storm which had threatened to swallow the whole Peninsula, +extended itself on the south and east; a sea of limited dimensions, being +only fifteen feet in depth with seventy square miles of surface, but, +exposed as it lay to all the winds of heaven, often lashed into storms as +dangerous as those of the Atlantic. Beyond the lake, towards the north, +the waters of the Y nearly swept across the Peninsula. This inlet of the +Zuyder Zee was only separated from the Harlem mere by a slender thread of +land. Over this ran the causeway between the two sister cities, now so +unfortunately in arms against each other. Midway between the two, the +dyke was pierced and closed again with a system of sluice-works, which +when opened admitted the waters of the lake into those of the estuary, +and caused an inundation of the surrounding country. + +The city was one of the largest and most beautiful in the Netherlands. +It was also one of the weakest.--The walls were of antique construction, +turreted, but not strong. The extent and feebleness of the defences made +a large garrison necessary, but unfortunately, the garrison was even +weaker than the walls. The city's main reliance was on the stout hearts +of the inhabitants. The streets were, for that day, spacious and +regular; the canals planted with limes and poplars. The ancient church +of Saint Bavon, a large imposing structure of brick, stood almost in the +centre of the place, the most prominent object, not only of the town but +of the province, visible over leagues of sea and of land more level than +the sea, and seeming to gather the whole quiet little city under its +sacred and protective wings. Its tall open-work leaden spire was +surmounted by a colossal crown, which an exalted imagination might have +regarded as the emblematic guerdon of martyrdom held aloft over the city, +to reward its heroism and its agony. + +It was at once obvious that the watery expanse between Harlem and +Amsterdam would be the principal theatre of the operations about to +commence. The siege was soon begun. The fugitive burgomaster, De Fries, +had tho effrontery, with the advice of Alva, to address a letter to the +citizens, urging them to surrender at discretion. The messenger was +hanged--a cruel but practical answer, which put an end to all further +traitorous communications. This was in the first week of December. On +the 10th, Don Frederic, sent a strong detachment to capture the fort and +village of Sparendam, as an indispensable preliminary to the commencement +of the siege. A peasant having shown Zapata, the commander of the +expedition, a secret passage across the flooded and frozen meadows, the +Spaniards stormed the place gallantly, routed the whole garrison, killed +three hundred, and took possession of the works and village. Next day, +Don Frederic appeared before the walls of Harlem, and proceeded regularly +to invest the place. The misty weather favored his operations, nor did +he cease reinforcing himself; until at least thirty thousand men, +including fifteen hundred cavalry, had been encamped around the city. +The Germans, under Count Overstein, were stationed in a beautiful and +extensive grove of limes and beeches, which spread between the southern +walls and the shore of Harlem Lake. Don Frederic, with his Spaniards, +took up a position on the opposite side, at a place called the House of +Kleef, the ruins of which still remain. The Walloons, and other +regiments were distributed in different places, so as completely to +encircle the town. + + [Pierre Sterlinckx: Eene come Waerachtige Beschryvinghe van alle + Geschiedinissen, Anschlagen, Stormen, Schermutsingen oude Schieten + voor de vroome Stadt Haerlem in Holland gheschicht, etc., etc.-- + Delft, 1574.--This is by far the best contemporary account of the + famous siege. The author was a citizen of Antwerp, who kept a daily + journal of the events as they occurred at Harlem. It is a dry, curt + register of horrors, jotted down without passion or comment.-- + Compare Bor, vi. 422, 423; Meteren, iv. 79; Mendoza, viii. 174, + 175; Wagenaer, vad. Hist., vi. 413, 414.] + +On the edge of the mere the Prince of Orange had already ordered a +cluster of forts to be erected, by which the command of its frozen +surface was at first secured for Harlem. In the course of the siege, +however, other forts were erected by Don Frederic, so that the aspect of +things suffered a change. + +Against this immense force, nearly equal in number to that of the whole +population of the city, the garrison within the walls never amounted to +more than four thousand men. In the beginning it was much less numerous. +The same circumstances, however, which assisted the initiatory operations +of Don Frederic, were of advantage to the Harlemers. A dense frozen fog +hung continually over the surface of the lake. Covered by this curtain, +large supplies of men, provisions, and ammunition were daily introduced +into the city, notwithstanding all the efforts of the besieging force. +Sledges skimming over the ice, men, women, and even children, moving on +their skates as swiftly as the wind, all brought their contributions in +the course of the short dark days and long nights of December, in which +the wintry siege was opened. + +The garrison at last numbered about one thousand pioneers or delvers, +three thousand fighting men, and about three hundred fighting women. The +last was a most efficient corps, all females of respectable character, +armed with sword, musket, and dagger. Their chief, Kenau Hasselaer, +was a widow of distinguished family and unblemished reputation, about +forty-seven years of age, who, at the head of her amazons, participated +in many of the most fiercely contested actions of the siege, both within +and without the walls. When such a spirit animated the maids and matrons +of the city, it might be expected that the men would hardly surrender the +place without a struggle. The Prince had assembled a force of three or +four thousand men at Leyden, which he sent before the middle of December +towards the city under the command of De la Marck. These troops were, +however, attacked on the way by a strong detachment under Bossu, +Noircarmes, and Romero. After a sharp, action in a heavy snow-storm, De +la Marek was completely routed. One thousand of his soldiers were cut to +pieces, and a large number carried off as prisoners to the gibbets, which +were already conspicuously erected in the Spanish camp, and which from +the commencement to the close of the siege were never bare of victims. +Among the captives was a gallant officer, Baptist van Trier, for whom De +la Marck in vain offered two thousand crowns and nineteen Spanish +prisoners. The proposition was refused with contempt. Van Trier was +hanged upon the gallows by one leg until he was dead, in return for which +barbarity the nineteen Spaniards were immediately gibbeted by De la +Marck. With this interchange of cruelties the siege may be said to have +opened. + +Don Frederic had stationed himself in a position opposite to the gate of +the Cross, which was not very strong, but fortified by a ravelin. +Intending to make a very short siege of it, he established his batteries +immediately, and on the 18th, 19th, and 20th December directed a furious +cannonade against the Cross-gate, the St. John's-gate, and the curtain +between the two. Six hundred and eighty shots were discharged on the +first, and nearly as many on each of the two succeeding days. The walls +were much shattered, but men, women, and children worked night and day +within the city, repairing the breaches as fast as made. They brought +bags of sand; blocks of stone, cart-loads of earth from every quarter, +and they stripped the churches of all their statues, which they threw by +heaps into the gaps. If They sought thus a more practical advantage from +those sculptured saints than they could have gained by only imploring +their interposition. The fact, however, excited horror among the +besiegers. Men who were daily butchering their fellow-beings, and +hanging their prisoners in cold blood, affected to shudder at the +enormity of the offence thus exercised against graven images. + +After three days' cannonade, the assault was ordered, Don Frederic only +intending a rapid massacre, to crown his achievements at--Zutphen and +Naarden. The place, he thought, would fall in a week, and after another +week of sacking, killing, and ravishing, he might sweep on to "pastures +new" until Holland was overwhelmed. Romero advanced to the breach, +followed by a numerous storming party, but met with a resistance which +astonished the Spaniards. The church bells rang the alarm throughout the +city, and the whole population swarmed to the walls. The besiegers were +encountered not only with sword and musket, but with every implement +which the burghers' hands could find. Heavy stones, boiling oil, live +coals, were hurled upon the heads of the soldiers; hoops, smeared with +pitch and set on fire, were dexterously thrown upon their necks. Even +Spanish courage and Spanish ferocity were obliged to shrink before the +steady determination of a whole population animated by a single spirit. +Romero lost an eye in the conflict, many officers were killed and +wounded, and three or four hundred soldiers left dead in the breach, +while only three or four of the townsmen lost their lives. The signal of +recal was reluctantly given, and the Spaniards abandoned the assault. +Don Frederic was now aware that Harlem would not fall at his feet at the +first sound of his trumpet. It was obvious that a siege must precede the +massacre. He gave orders therefore that the ravelin should be +undermined, and doubted not that, with a few days' delay, the place would +be in his hands. + +Meantime, the Prince of Orange, from his head-quarters at Sassenheim, on +the southern extremity of the mere, made a fresh effort to throw succor +into the place. Two thousand men, with seven field-pieces, and many +wagon-loads of munitions, were sent forward under Batenburg. This +officer had replaced De la Marck, whom the Prince had at last deprived of +his commission. The reckless and unprincipled freebooter was no longer +to serve a cause which was more sullied by his barbarity than it could be +advanced by his desperate valor. Batenburg's expedition was, however, +not more successful than the one made by his predecessor. The troops, +after reaching the vicinity of the city, lost their way in the thick +mists, which almost perpetually enveloped the scene. Cannons were fired, +fog-bells were rung, and beacon fires were lighted on the ramparts, but +the party was irretrievably lost. The Spaniards fell upon them before +they could find their way to the city. Many were put to the sword, +others made their escape in different directions; a very few succeeded in +entering Harlem. Batenburg brought off a remnant of the forces, but all +the provisions so much needed were lost, and the little army entirely +destroyed. + +De Koning, the second in command, was among the prisoners. The Spaniards +cut off his head and threw it over the walls into the city, with this +inscription: "This is the head of Captain de Koning, who is on his way +with reinforcements for the good city of Harlem." The citizens retorted +with a practical jest, which was still more barbarous. They cut off the +heads of eleven prisoners and put them into a barrel, which they threw +into the Spanish camp. A Label upon the barrel contained these words: +"Deliver these ten heads to Duke Alva in payment of his tenpenny tax, +with one additional head for interest." With such ghastly merriment did +besieged and besiegers vary the monotonous horror of that winter's siege. +As the sallies and skirmishes were of daily occurrence, there was a +constant supply of prisoners, upon whom both parties might exercise their +ingenuity, so that the gallows in camp or city was perpetually garnished. + +Since the assault of the 21st December, Don Frederic had been making his +subterranean attack by regular approaches. As fast, however, as the +Spaniards mined, the citizens countermined. Spaniard and Netherlander +met daily in deadly combat within the bowels of the earth. Desperate and +frequent were the struggles within gangways so narrow that nothing but +daggers could be used, so obscure that the dim lanterns hardly lighted +the death-stroke. They seemed the conflicts, not of men but of evil +spirits. Nor were these hand-to-hand battles all. A shower of heads, +limbs, mutilated trunks, the mangled remains of hundreds of human beings, +often spouted from the earth as if from an invisible volcano. The mines +were sprung with unexampled frequency and determination. Still the +Spaniards toiled on with undiminished zeal, and still the besieged, +undismayed, delved below their works, and checked their advance by sword, +and spear, and horrible explosions. + +The Prince of Orange, meanwhile, encouraged the citizens to persevere, by +frequent promises of assistance. His letters, written on extremely small +bits of paper; were sent into the town by carrier pigeons. On the 28th +of January he despatched a considerable supply of the two necessaries, +powder and bread, on one hundred and seventy sledges across the Harlem +Lake, together with four hundred veteran soldiers. The citizens +continued to contest the approaches to the ravelin before the Cross-gate, +but it had become obvious that they could not hold it long. Secretly, +steadfastly, and swiftly they had, therefore, during the long wintry +nights, been constructing a half moon of solid masonry on the inside of +the same portal. Old men, feeble women, tender children, united with the +able-bodied to accomplish this work, by which they hoped still to +maintain themselves after the ravelin had fallen: + +On the 31st of January, after two or three days' cannonade against the +gates of the Cross and of Saint John, and the intervening curtains, Don +Frederic ordered a midnight assault. The walls had been much shattered, +part of the John's-gate was in ruins; the Spaniards mounted the breach +in great numbers; the city was almost taken by surprise; while the +Commander-in-chief, sure of victory, ordered the whole of his forces +under arms to cut off the population who were to stream panic-struck from +every issue. The attack was unexpected, but the forty or fifty sentinels +defended the walls while they sounded the alarm. The tocsin bells +tolled, and the citizens, whose sleep was not-apt to be heavy during that +perilous winter, soon manned the ramparts again. The daylight came upon +them while the fierce struggle was still at its height. The besieged, as +before, defended themselves with musket and rapier, with melted pitch, +with firebrands, with clubs and stones. Meantime, after morning prayers +in the Spanish camp, the trumpet for a general assault was sounded. A +tremendous onset was made upon the gate of the Cross, and the ravelin was +carried at last. The Spaniards poured into this fort, so long the object +of their attack, expecting instantly to sweep into the city with sword +and fire. As they mounted its wall they became for the first time aware +of the new and stronger fortification which had been secretly constructed +on the inner side. The reason why the ravelin had been at last conceded +was revealed. The half moon, whose existence they had not suspected, +rose before them bristling with cannon. A sharp fire was instantly +opened upon the besiegers, while at the same instant the ravelin, which +the citizens had undermined, blew up with a severe explosion, carrying +into the air all the soldiers who had just entered it so triumphantly. +This was the turning point. The retreat was sounded, and the Spaniards +fled to their camp, leaving at least three hundred dead beneath the +walls. Thus was a second assault, made by an overwhelming force and led +by the most accomplished generals of Spain, signally and gloriously +repelled by the plain burghers of Harlem. + +It became now almost evident that the city could be taken neither by +regular approaches nor by sudden attack. It was therefore resolved +that it should be reduced by famine. Still, as the winter wore on, the +immense army without the walls were as great sufferers by that scourge as +the population within. The soldiers fell in heaps before the diseases +engendered by intense cold and insufficient food, for, as usual in such +sieges, these deaths far outnumbered those inflicted by the enemy's hand. +The sufferings inside the city necessarily increased day by day, the +whole population being put on a strict allowance of food. Their supplies +were daily diminishing, and with the approach of the spring and the +thawing of the ice on the lake, there was danger that they would be +entirely cut off. If the possession of the water were lost, they must +yield or starve; and they doubted whether the Prince would be able to +organize a fleet. The gaunt spectre of Famine already rose before them +with a menace which could not be misunderstood. In their misery they +longed for the assaults of the Spaniards, that they might look in the +face of a less formidable foe. They paraded the ramparts daily, with +drums beating, colors flying, taunting the besiegers to renewed attempts. +To inflame the religious animosity of their antagonists, they attired +themselves in the splendid, gold-embroidered vestments of the priests, +which they took from the churches, and moved about in mock procession, +bearing aloft images bedizened in ecclesiastical finery, relics, and +other symbols, sacred in Catholic eyes, which they afterwards hurled from +the ramparts, or broke, with derisive shouts, into a thousand fragments. + +It was, however, at that season earnestly debated by the enemy whether or +not to raise the siege. Don Frederic was clearly of opinion that enough +had been done for the honor of the Spanish arms. He was wearied with +seeing his men perish helplessly around him, and considered the prize too +paltry for the lives it must cost. His father thought differently. +Perhaps he recalled the siege of Metz, and the unceasing regret with +which, as he believed, his imperial master had remembered the advice +received from him. At any rate the Duke now sent back Don Bernardino de +Mendoza, whom Don Frederic had despatched to Nimwegen, soliciting his +father's permission to raise the siege, with this reply: "Tell Don +Frederic," said Alva, "that if he be not decided to continue the siege +till the town be taken, I shall no longer consider him my son, whatever +my opinion may formerly have been. Should he fall in the siege, I will +myself take the field to maintain it, and when we have both perished, the +Duchess, my wife, shall come from Spain to do the same." + +Such language was unequivocal, and hostilities were resumed as fiercely +as before. The besieged welcomed them with rapture, and, as usual, made +daily the most desperate sallies. In one outbreak the Harlemers, under +cover of a thick fog, marched up to the enemy's chief battery, and +attempted to spike the guns before his face. They were all slain at the +cannon's mouth, whither patriotism, not vainglory, had led them, and lay +dead around the battery, with their hammers and spikes in their hands. +The same spirit was daily manifested. As the spring advanced; the kine +went daily out of the gates to their peaceful pasture, notwithstanding, +all the turmoil within and around; nor was it possible for the Spaniards +to capture a single one of these creatures, without paying at least a +dozen soldiers as its price. "These citizens," wrote Don Frederic, "do +as much as the best soldiers in the world could do." + +The frost broke up by the end of February. Count Bossu, who had been +building a fleet of small vessels in Amsterdam, soon afterwards succeeded +in entering the lake with a few gun-boats, through a breach which he had +made in the Overtoom, about half a league from that city. The possession +of the lake was already imperilled. The Prince, however, had not been +idle, and he, too, was soon ready to send his flotilla to the mere. +At the same time, the city of Amsterdam was in almost as hazardous a +position as Harlem. As the one on the lake, so did the other depend upon +its dyke for its supplies. Should that great artificial road which led +to Muyden and Utrecht be cut asunder, Amsterdam might be starved as soon +as Harlem. "Since I came into the world," wrote Alva, "I have never, +been in such anxiety. If they should succeed in cutting off the +communication along the dykes, we should have to raise the siege of +Harlem, to surrender, hands crossed, or to starve." Orange was fully +aware of the position of both places, but he was, as usual, sadly +deficient in men and means. He wrote imploringly to his friends in +England, in France, in Germany. He urged his brother Louis to bring a +few soldiers, if it were humanly possible. "The whole country longs for +you," he wrote to Louis, "as if you were the archangel Gabriel." + +The Prince, however, did all that it was possible for man, so hampered, +to do. He was himself, while anxiously writing, hoping, and waiting for +supplies of troops from Germany or France, doing his best with such +volunteers as he could raise. He was still established at Sassenheim, on +the south of the city, while Sonoy with his slender forces was encamped +on the north. He now sent that general with as large a party as he could +muster to attack the Diemerdyk. His men entrenched themselves as +strongly as they could between the Diemer and the Y, at the same time +opening the sluices and breaking through the dyke. During the absence of +their commander, who had gone to Edam for reinforcements, they were +attacked by a large force from Amsterdam. A fierce amphibious contest +took place, partly in boats, partly on the slippery causeway, partly in +the water, resembling in character the frequent combats between the +ancient Batavians and Romans during the wars of Civilis. The patriots +were eventually overpowered. + +Sonoy, who was on his way to their rescue, was frustrated in his design +by the unexpected faint-heartedness of the volunteers whom he had +enlisted at Edam. Braving a thousand perils, he advanced, almost +unattended, in his little vessel, but only to witness the overthrow and +expulsion of his band. It was too late for him singly to attempt to +rally the retreating troops. They had fought well, but had been forced +to yield before superior numbers, one individual of the little army +having performed prodigies of valor. John Haring, of Horn, had planted +himself entirely alone upon the dyke, where it was so narrow between the +Y on the one side and the Diemer Lake on the other, that two men could +hardly stand abreast. Here, armed with sword and shield, he had actually +opposed and held in check one thousand of the enemy, during a period long +enough to enable his own men, if they, had been willing, to rally, and +effectively to repel the attack. It was too late, the battle was too far +lost to be restored; but still the brave soldier held the post, till, by +his devotion, he had enabled all those of his compatriots who still +remained in the entrenchments to make good their retreat. He then +plunged into the sea, and, untouched by spear or bullet, effected his +escape. Had he been a Greek or a Roman, an Horatius or a Chabrias, his +name would have been famous in history--his statue erected in the market- +place; for the bold Dutchman on his dyke had manifested as much valor in +a sacred cause as the most classic heroes of antiquity. + +This unsuccessful attempt to cut off the communication between Amsterdam +and the country strengthened the hopes of Alva. Several hundreds of the +patriots were killed or captured, and among the slain was Antony Oliver, +the painter, through whose agency Louis of Nassau had been introduced +into Mons. His head was cut off by two ensigns in Alva's service, who +received the price which had been set upon it of two thousand caroli. +It was then labelled with its owner's name, and thrown into the city of +Harlem. At the same time a new gibbet was erected in the Spanish camp +before the city, in a conspicuous situation, upon which all the prisoners +were hanged, some by the neck, some by the heels, in full view of their +countrymen. As usual, this especial act of cruelty excited the emulation +of the citizens. Two of the old board of magistrates, belonging to the +Spanish party, were still imprisoned at Harlem; together with seven other +persons, among whom was a priest and a boy of twelve years. They were +now condemned to the gallows. The wife of one of the ex-burgomasters +and his daughter, who was a beguin, went by his side as he was led to +execution, piously exhorting him to sustain with courage the execrations +of the populace and his ignominious doom. The rabble, irritated by such +boldness, were not satisfied with wreaking their vengeance on the +principal victims, but after the execution had taken place they hunted +the wife and daughter into the water, where they both perished. It is +right to record these instances of cruelty, sometimes perpetrated by the +patriots as well as by their oppressors--a cruelty rendered almost +inevitable by the incredible barbarity of the foreign invader. It was a +war of wolfish malignity. In the words of Mendoza, every man within and +without Harlem "seemed inspired by a spirit of special and personal +vengeance." The innocent blood poured out in Mechlin, Zutphen, Naarden, +and upon a thousand scaffolds, had been crying too long from the ground. +The Hollanders must have been more or less than men not to be sometimes +betrayed into acts which justice and reason must denounce. [No! It was as +evil for one side as the other. D.W.] + +The singular mood which has been recorded of a high-spirited officer of +the garrison, Captain Corey, illustrated the horror with which such +scenes of carnage were regarded by noble natures. Of a gentle +disposition originally, but inflamed almost to insanity by a +contemplation of Spanish cruelty, he had taken up the profession of arms, +to which he had a natural repugnance. Brave to recklessness, he led his +men on every daring outbreak, on every perilous midnight adventure. +Armed only with his rapier, without defensive armor, he was ever found +where the battle raged most fiercely, and numerous were the victims who +fell before his sword. On returning, however, from such excursions, +he invariably shut himself in his quarters, took to his bed, and lay for +days, sick with remorse, and bitterly lamenting all that bloodshed in +which he had so deeply participated, and which a cruel fate seemed to +render necessary. As the gentle mood subsided, his frenzy would return, +and again he would rush to the field, to seek new havoc and fresh victims +for his rage. + +The combats before the walls were of almost daily occurrence. On the +25th March, one thousand of the besieged made a brilliant sally, drove in +all the outposts of the enemy, burned three hundred tents, and captured +seven cannon, nine standards, and many wagon-loads of provisions, all +which they succeeded in bringing with them into the city.--Having thus +reinforced themselves, in a manner not often practised by the citizens of +a beleaguered town, in the very face of thirty thousand veterans--having +killed eight hundred of the enemy, which was nearly one for every man +engaged, while they lost but four of their own party--the Harlemers, on +their return, erected a trophy of funereal but exulting aspect. A mound +of earth was constructed upon the ramparts, in the form of a colossal +grave, in full view of the enemy's camp, and upon it were planted the +cannon and standards so gallantly won in the skirmish, with the taunting +inscription floating from the centre of the mound "Harlem is the +graveyard of the Spaniards." + +Such were the characteristics of this famous siege during the winter and +early spring. Alva might well write to his sovereign, that "it was a war +such as never before was seen or heard of in any land on earth." Yet the +Duke had known near sixty years of warfare. He informed Philip that +"never was a place defended with such skill and bravery as Harlem, either +by rebels or by men fighting for their lawful Prince." Certainly his son +had discovered his mistake in asserting that the city would yield in a +week; while the father, after nearly six years' experience, had found +this "people of butter" less malleable than even those "iron people" whom +he boasted of having tamed. It was seen that neither the skies of Greece +or Italy, nor the sublime scenery of Switzerland, were necessary to +arouse the spirit of defiance to foreign oppression--a spirit which beat +as proudly among the wintry mists and the level meadows of Holland as it +had ever done under sunnier atmospheres and in more romantic lands. + +Mendoza had accomplished his mission to Spain, and had returned with +supplies of money within six weeks from the date of his departure. Owing +to his representations and Alva's entreaties, Philip had, moreover, +ordered Requesens, governor of Milan, to send forward to the Netherlands +three veteran Spanish regiments, which were now more required at Harlem +than in Italy. While the land force had thus been strengthened, the +fleet upon the lake had also been largely increased. The Prince of +Orange had, on the other hand, provided more than a hundred sail of +various descriptions, so that the whole surface of the mere was now alive +with ships. Seafights and skirmishes took place almost daily, and it was +obvious that the life and death struggle was now to be fought upon the +water. So long as the Hollanders could hold or dispute the possession of +the lake, it was still possible to succor Harlem from time to time. +Should the Spaniards overcome the Prince's fleet, the city must +inevitably starve. + +At last, on the 28th of May, a decisive engagement of the fleets took +place. The vessels grappled with each other, and there was a long, +fierce, hand-to-hand combat. Under Bossu were one hundred vessels; under +Martin Brand, admiral of the patriot fleet, nearly one hundred and fifty, +but of lesser dimensions. Batenhurg commanded the troops on board the +Dutch vessels. After a protracted conflict, in which several thousands +were killed, the victory was decided in favor of the Spaniards. Twenty- +two of the Prince's vessels being captured, and the rest totally routed, +Bossu swept across the lake in triumph. The forts belonging to the +patriots were immediately taken, and the Harlemers, with their friends, +entirely excluded from the lake. + +This was the beginning of the end. Despair took possession of the city. +The whole population had been long subsisting upon an allowance of a +pound of bread to each man, and half-a-pound for each woman; but the +bread was now exhausted, the famine had already begun, and with the loss +of the lake starvation was close at their doors. They sent urgent +entreaties to, the Prince to attempt something in their behalf. Three +weeks more they assigned as the longest term during which they could +possibly hold out. He sent them word by carrier pigeons to endure yet a +little time, for he was assembling a force, and would still succeed in +furnishing them with supplies. Meantime, through the month of June the +sufferings of the inhabitants increased hourly. Ordinary food had long +since vanished. The population now subsisted on linseed and rape-seed; +as these supplies were exhausted they devoured cats, dogs, rats, and +mice, and when at last these unclean animals had been all consumed, they +boiled the hides of horses and oxen; they ate shoe-leather; they plucked +the nettles and grass from the graveyards, and the weeds which grew +between the stones of the pavement, that with such food they might still +support life a little longer, till the promised succor should arrive. +Men, women, and children fell dead by scores in the streets, perishing of +pure starvation, and the survivors had hardly the heart or the strength +to bury them out of their sight. They who yet lived seemed to flit like +shadows to and fro, envying those whose sufferings had already been +terminated by death. + +Thus wore away the month of June. On the 1st of July the burghers +consented to a parley. Deputies were sent to confer with the besiegers, +but the negotiations were abruptly terminated, for no terms of compromise +were admitted by Don Frederic. On the 3rd a tremendous cannonade was re- +opened upon the city. One thousand and eight balls were discharged--the +most which had ever been thrown in one day, since the commencement of the +siege. The walls were severely shattered, but the assault was not +ordered, because the besiegers were assured that it was physically +impossible for the inhabitants to hold out many days longer. A last +letter, written in blood, was now despatched to the Prince of Orange, +stating the forlorn condition to which they were reduced. At the same +time, with the derision of despair, they flung into the hostile camp the +few loaves of bread which yet remained within the city walls. A day or +two later, a second and third parley were held, with no more satisfactory +result than had attended the first. A black flag was now hoisted on the +cathedral tower, the signal of despair to friend and foe, but a pigeon +soon afterwards flew into the town with a letter from the Prince, begging +them to maintain themselves two days longer, because succor was +approaching. + +The Prince had indeed been doing all which, under the circumstances, was +possible. He assembled the citizens of Delft in the market-place, and +announced his intention of marching in person to the relief of the city, +in the face of the besieging army, if any troops could be obtained. +Soldiers there were none; but there was the deepest sympathy for Harlem +throughout its sister cities, Delft, Rotterdam, Gouda. A numerous +mass of burghers, many of them persons of station, all people of +respectability, volunteered to march to the rescue. The Prince highly +disapproved of this miscellaneous army, whose steadfastness he could not +trust. As a soldier, he knew that for such a momentous enterprise, +enthusiasm could not supply the place of experience. Nevertheless, as no +regular troops could be had, and as the emergency allowed no delay, he +drew up a commission, appointing Paulus Buys to be governor during his +absence, and provisional stadholder, should he fall in the expedition. +Four thousand armed volunteers, with six hundred mounted troopers, under +Carlo de Noot, had been assembled, and the Prince now placed himself at +their head. There was, however, a universal cry of remonstrance from the +magistracies and burghers of all the towns, and from the troops +themselves, at this project. They would not consent that a life so +precious, so indispensable to the existence of Holland, should be +needlessly hazarded. It was important to succor Harlem, but the Prince +was of more value than many cities. He at last reluctantly consented, +therefore, to abandon the command of the expedition to Baron Batenburg, +the less willingly from the want of confidence which he could not help +feeling in the character of the forces. On the 8th of July, at dusk, +the expedition set forth from Sassenheim. It numbered nearly five +thousand men, who had with them four hundred wagon-loads of provisions +and seven field-pieces. Among the volunteers, Oldenbarneveld; afterwards +so illustrious in the history of the Republic; marched in the ranks, with +his musket on his shoulder. Such was a sample of the spirit which +pervaded the population of the province. + +Batenburg came to a halt in the woods of Nordwyk, on the south aide of +the city, where he remained till midnight. All seemed still in the +enemy's camp. After prayers, he gave orders to push forward, hoping to +steal through the lines of his sleeping adversaries and accomplish the +relief by surprise. He was destined to be bitterly disappointed. His +plans and his numbers were thoroughly known to the Spaniards, two doves, +bearing letters which contained the details of the intended expedition, +having been shot and brought into Don Frederic's camp. + +The citizens, it appeared, had broken through the curtain work on the +side where Batenburg was expected, in order that a sally might be made in +co-operation with the relieving force, as soon as it should appear. +Signal fires had been agreed upon, by which the besieged were to be +made aware of the approach of their friends. The Spanish Commander +accordingly ordered a mass of green branches, pitch, and straw, to be +lighted opposite to the gap in the city wall. Behind it he stationed +five thousand picked troops. Five thousand more, with a force of +cavalry, were placed in the neighbourhood of the downs, with orders to +attack the patriot army on the left. Six regiments, under Romero, were +ordered to move eastward, and assail their right. The dense mass of +smoke concealed the beacon lights displayed by Batenburg from the +observation of the townspeople, and hid the five thousand Spaniards from +the advancing Hollanders. As Batenburg emerged from the wood, he found +himself attacked by a force superior to his own, while a few minutes +later he was entirely enveloped by overwhelming numbers. The whole +Spanish army was, indeed; under arms, and had been expecting him for two +days. The unfortunate citizens alone were ignorant of his arrival. The +noise of the conflict they supposed to be a false alarm created by the +Spaniards, to draw them into their camp; and they declined a challenge +which they were in no condition to accept. + +Batenburg was soon slain, and his troops utterly routed. The number +killed was variously estimated at from six hundred to two and even three +thousand. It is, at any rate, certain that the whole force was entirely +destroyed or dispersed, and the attempt to relieve the city completely +frustrated. The death of Batenburg was the less regretted, because he +was accused, probably with great injustice, of having been intoxicated at +the time of action, and therefore incapable of properly, conducting the +enterprise entrusted to him. + +The Spaniards now cut off the nose and ears of a prisoner and sent him +into the city, to announce the news, while a few heads were also thrown +over the walls to confirm the intelligence. When this decisive overthrow +became known in Delft, there was even an outbreak of indignation against +Orange. According to a statement of Alva, which, however, is to be +received with great distrust, some of the populace wished to sack the +Prince's house, and offered him personal indignities. Certainly, if +these demonstrations were made, popular anger was never more senseless; +but the tale rests entirely, upon a vague assertion of the Duke, and is +entirely, at variance with every other contemporaneous account of these +transactions. It had now become absolutely, necessary, however, for the +heroic but wretched town to abandon itself to its fate. It was +impossible to attempt anything more in its behalf. The lake and its +forts were in the hands of the enemy, the best force which could be +mustered to make head against the besieging army had been cut to pieces, +and the Prince of Orange, with a heavy heart, now sent word that the +burghers were to make the best terms they could with the enemy. + +The tidings of despair created a terrible commotion in the starving city. +There was no hope either in submission or resistance. Massacre or +starvation was the only alternative. But if there was no hope within the +walls, without there was still a soldier's death. For a moment the +garrison and the able-bodied citizens resolved to advance from the gates +in a solid column, to cut their way through the enemy's camp, or to +perish on the field. It was thought that the helpless and the infirm, +who would alone be left in the city, might be treated with indulgence +after the fighting men had all been slain. At any rate, by remaining the +strong could neither protect nor comfort them. As soon, however, as this +resolve was known, there was such wailing and outcry of women and +children as pierced the hearts of the soldiers and burghers, and caused +them to forego the project. They felt that it was cowardly not to die in +their presence. It was then determined to form all the females, the +sick, the aged, and the children, into a square, to surround them with +all the able-bodied men who still remained, and thus arrayed to fight +their way forth from the gates, and to conquer by the strength of +despair, or at least to perish all together. + +These desperate projects, which the besieged were thought quite capable +of executing, were soon known in the Spanish camp. Don Frederic felt, +after what he had witnessed in the past seven months, that there was +nothing which the Harlemers could not do or dare. He feared lest they +should set fire to their city, and consume their houses, themselves, and +their children, to ashes together; and he was unwilling that the fruits +of his victory, purchased at such a vast expense, should be snatched from +his hand as he was about to gather them. A letter was accordingly, by +his order, sent to the magistracy and leading citizens, in the name of +Count Overstein, commander of the German forces in the besieging army. +This despatch invited a surrender at discretion, but contained the solemn +assurance that no punishment should be inflicted except upon those who, +in the judgment of the citizens themselves, had deserved it, and promised +ample forgiveness if the town should submit without further delay. At +the moment of sending this letter, Don Frederic was in possession of +strict orders from his father not to leave a man alive of the garrison, +excepting only the Germans, and to execute besides a large number of the +burghers. These commands he dared not disobey,--even if he had felt any +inclination to do so. In consequence of the semi-official letter of +Overstein, however, the city formally surrendered at discretion on the +12th July. + +The great bell was tolled, and orders were issued that all arms in the +possession of the garrison or the inhabitants should be brought to the +town-house. The men were then ordered to assemble in the cloister of +Zyl, the women in the cathedral. On the same day, Don Frederic, +accompanied by Count Bossu and a numerous staff, rode into the city. +The scene which met his view might have moved a heart of stone. +Everywhere was evidence of the misery which had been so bravely endured +during that seven months' siege. The smouldering ruins of houses, which +had been set on fire by balls, the shattered fortifications, the felled +trunks of trees, upturned pavements, broken images and other materials +for repairing gaps made by the daily cannonade, strewn around in all +directions, the skeletons of unclean animals from which the flesh had +been gnawed, the unburied bodies of men and women who had fallen dead in +the public thoroughfares--more than all, the gaunt and emaciated forms of +those who still survived, the ghosts of their former, selves, all might +have induced at least a doubt whether the suffering inflicted already +were not a sufficient punishment, even for crimes so deep as heresy and +schism. But this was far from being the sentiment of Don Frederic. He +seemed to read defiance as well as despair in the sunken eyes which +glared upon him as he entered the place, and he took no thought of the +pledge which he had informally but sacredly given. + +All the officers of the garrison were at once arrested. Some of them +had anticipated the sentence of their conqueror by a voluntary death. +Captain Bordet, a French officer of distinction, like Brutus, compelled +his servant to hold the sword upon which he fell, rather than yield +himself alive to the vengeance of the Spaniards. Traits of generosity +were not wanting. Instead of Peter Hasselaer, a young officer who had +displayed remarkable bravery throughout the siege, the Spaniards by. +mistake arrested his cousin Nicholas. The prisoner was suffering himself +to be led away to the inevitable scaffold without remonstrance, when +Peter Hasselaer pushed his way violently through the ranks of the +captors. "If you want Ensign Hasselaer, I am the man. Let this innocent +person depart," he cried. Before the sun set his head had fallen. All +the officers were taken to the House of Kleef, where they were +immediately executed.--Captain Ripperda, who had so heroically rebuked +the craven conduct of the magistracy, whose eloquence had inflamed the +soldiers and citizens to resistance, and whose skill and courage had +sustained the siege so long, was among the first to suffer. A natural +son of Cardinal Granvelle, who could have easily saved his life by +proclaiming a parentage which he loathed, and Lancelot Brederode, an +illegitimate scion of that ancient house, were also among these earliest +victims. + +The next day Alva came over to the camp. He rode about the place, +examining the condition of the fortifications from the outside, but +returned to Amsterdam without having entered the city. On the following +morning the massacre commenced. The plunder had been commuted for two +hundred and forty thousand guilders, which the citizens bound themselves +to pay in four instalments; but murder was an indispensable accompaniment +of victory, and admitted of no compromise. Moreover, Alva had already +expressed the determination to effect a general massacre upon this +occasion. The garrison, during the siege, had been reduced from four +thousand to eighteen hundred. Of these the Germans, six hundred in +number, were, by Alva's order, dismissed, on a pledge to serve no more +against the King. All the rest of the garrison were immediately +butchered, with at least as many citizens. Drummers went about the city +daily, proclaiming that all who harbored persons having, at any former +period, been fugitives, were immediately to give them up, on pain of +being instantly hanged themselves in their own doors. Upon these +refugees and upon the soldiery fell the brunt of the slaughter; although, +from day to day, reasons were perpetually discovered for putting to death +every individual at all distinguished by service, station, wealth, or +liberal principles; for the carnage could not be accomplished at once, +but, with all the industry and heartiness employed, was necessarily +protracted through several days. Five executioners, with their +attendants, were kept constantly at work; and when at last they were +exhausted with fatigue, or perhaps sickened with horror, three hundred +wretches were tied two and two, back to back, and drowned in the Harlem +Lake. + +At last, after twenty-three hundred human creatures had been murdered in +cold blood, within a city where so many thousands had previously perished +by violent or by lingering deaths; the blasphemous farce of a pardon was +enacted. Fifty-seven of the most prominent burghers of the place were, +however, excepted from the act of amnesty, and taken into custody as +security for the future good conduct of the other citizens. Of these +hostages some were soon executed, some died in prison, and all would have +been eventually sacrificed, had not the naval defeat of Bossu soon +afterwards enabled the Prince of Orange to rescue the remaining +prisoners. Ten thousand two hundred and fifty-six shots had been +discharged against the walls during the siege. Twelve thousand of the +besieging army had died of wounds or disease, during the seven months and +two days, between the, investment and the surrender. In the earlier part +of August, after the executions had been satisfactorily accomplished, Don +Frederic made his triumphal entry, and the first chapter in the invasion +of Holland was closed. Such was the memorable siege of Harlem, an event +in which we are called upon to wonder equally at human capacity to +inflict and to endure misery. + +The Spaniards celebrated a victory, while in Utrecht they made an effigy +of the Prince of Orange, which they carried about in procession, broke +upon the wheel, and burned. It was, however, obvious, that if the +reduction of Harlem were a triumph, it was one which the conquerors might +well exchange for a defeat. At any rate, it was certain that the Spanish +empire was not strong enough to sustain many more such victories. If it +had required thirty thousand choice troops, among which were three +regiments called by Alva respectively, the "Invincibles," the +"Immortals," and the "None-such," to conquer the weakest city of Holland +in seven months, and with the loss of twelve thousand men; how many men, +how long a time, and how many deaths would it require to reduce the rest +of that little province? For, as the sack of Naarden had produced the +contrary effect from the one intended, inflaming rather than subduing the +spirit of Dutch resistance, so the long and glorious defence of Harlem, +notwithstanding its tragical termination, had only served to strain to +the highest pitch the hatred and patriotism of the other cities in the +province. Even the treasures of the New World were inadequate to pay for +the conquest of that little sand-bank. Within five years, twenty-five +millions of florins had been sent from Spain for war expenses in the +Netherlands.--Yet, this amount, with the addition of large sums annually +derived from confiscations, of five millions, at which the proceeds of +the hundredth penny was estimated, and the two millions yearly, for which +the tenth and twentieth pence had been compounded, was insufficient to +save the treasury from beggary and the unpaid troops from mutiny. + +Nevertheless, for the moment the joy created was intense. Philip was +lying dangerously ill at the wood of Segovia, when the happy tidings of +the reduction of Harlem, with its accompanying butchery, arrived. The +account of all this misery, minutely detailed to him by Alva, acted like +magic. The blood of twenty-three hundred of his fellow-creatures--coldly +murdered, by his orders, in a single city--proved for the sanguinary +monarch the elixir of life: he drank and was refreshed. "The principal +medicine which has cured his Majesty," wrote Secretary Cayas from Madrid +to Alva, "is the joy caused to him by the good news which you have +communicated of the surrender of Harlem." In the height of his +exultation, the King forgot how much dissatisfaction he had recently +felt with the progress of events in the Netherlands; how much treasure +had been annually expended with an insufficient result. "Knowing your +necessity," continued Cayas, "his Majesty instantly sent for Doctor +Velasco, and ordered him to provide you with funds, if he had to descend +into the earth to dig for it." While such was the exultation of the +Spaniards, the Prince of Orange was neither dismayed nor despondent. As +usual, he trusted to a higher power than man. "I had hoped to send you +better news," he wrote, to Count Louis, "nevertheless, since it has +otherwise pleased the good God, we must conform ourselves to His divine +will. I take the same God to witness that I have done everything +according to my means, which was possible, to succor the city." A few +days later, writing in the same spirit, he informed his brother that the +Zealanders had succeeded in capturing the castle of Rammekens, on the +isle of Walcheren. "I hope," he said, "that this will reduce the pride +of our enemies, who, after the surrender of Harlem, have thought that +they were about to swallow us alive. I assure myself, however, that they +will find a very different piece of work from the one which they expect." + + + + +ETEXT EDITOR'S BOOKMARKS: + +Enthusiasm could not supply the place of experience +Envying those whose sufferings had already been terminated +Leave not a single man alive in the city, and to burn every house +Not strong enough to sustain many more such victories +Oldenbarneveld; afterwards so illustrious +Sent them word by carrier pigeons +Three hundred fighting women +Tyranny, ever young and ever old, constantly reproducing herself +Wonder equally at human capacity to inflict and to endure misery + + + + + +*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE DUTCH REPUBLIC, 1572-73 *** + +******** This file should be named 4820.txt or 4820.zip ******** + +This eBook was produced by David Widger + +Project Gutenberg eBooks are often created from several printed +editions, all of which are confirmed as Public Domain in the US +unless a copyright notice is included. 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