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+The Project Gutenberg EBook Rise of the Dutch Republic, 1573-74
+#22 in our series by John Lothrop Motley
+
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+Title: The Rise of the Dutch Republic, 1573-74
+
+Author: John Lothrop Motley
+
+Release Date: January, 2004  [EBook #4822]
+[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule]
+[This file was first posted on March 19, 2002]
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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE DUTCH REPUBLIC, 1573-74 ***
+
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+This eBook was produced by David Widger
+
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+[NOTE: There is a short list of bookmarks, or pointers, at the end of the
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+MOTLEY'S HISTORY OF THE NETHERLANDS, PG EDITION, VOLUME 22.
+
+THE RISE OF THE DUTCH REPUBLIC
+
+By John Lothrop Motley
+
+1855
+
+
+
+ADMINISTRATION OF THE GRAND COMMANDER
+
+PART IV.
+
+
+
+1573-74  [CHAPTER I.]
+
+     Previous career of Requesens--Philip's passion for detail--Apparent
+     and real purposes of government--Universal desire for peace--
+     Correspondence of leading royalists with Orange--Bankruptcy of the
+     exchequer at Alva's departures--Expensive nature of the war--
+     Pretence of mildness on the part of the Commander--His private
+     views--Distress of Mondragon at Middelburg--Crippled condition of
+     Holland--Orange's secret negotiations with France--St. Aldegonde's
+     views in captivity--Expedition to relieve Middelburg--Counter
+     preparations of Orange--Defeat of the expedition--Capitulation of
+     Mondragon--Plans of Orange and his brothers--An army under Count
+     Louis crosses the Rhine--Measures taken by Requesens--Manoeuvres of
+     Avila and of Louis--The two armies in face at Mook--Battle of Mook-
+     heath--Overthrow and death of Count Louis--The phantom battle--
+     Character of Louis of Nassau--Painful uncertainty as to his fate--
+     Periodical mutinies of the Spanish troops characterized--Mutiny
+     after the battle of Mook--Antwerp attacked and occupied,--Insolent
+     and oppressive conduct of the mutineers--Offers of Requesens
+     refused--Mutiny in the citadel--Exploits of Salvatierra--Terms of
+     composition--Soldiers' feast on the mere--Successful expedition of
+     Admiral Boisot
+
+The horrors of Alva's administration had caused men to look back with
+fondness upon the milder and more vacillating tyranny of the Duchess
+Margaret.  From the same cause the advent of the Grand Commander was
+hailed with pleasure and with a momentary gleam of hope.  At any rate,
+it was a relief that the man in whom an almost impossible perfection of
+cruelty seemed embodied was at last to be withdrawn.  it was certain that
+his successor, however ambitious of following in Alva's footsteps, would
+never be able to rival the intensity and the unswerving directness of
+purpose which it had been permitted to the Duke's nature to attain.  The
+new Governor-General was, doubtless, human, and it had been long since
+the Netherlanders imagined anything in common between themselves and the
+late Viceroy.
+
+Apart from this hope, however, there was little encouragement to be
+derived from anything positively known of the new functionary, or the
+policy which he was to represent.  Don Luis de Requesens and Cuniga,
+Grand Commander of Castile and late Governor of Milan, was a man of
+mediocre abilities, who possessed a reputation for moderation and
+sagacity which he hardly deserved.  His military prowess had been chiefly
+displayed in the bloody and barren battle of Lepanto, where his conduct
+and counsel were supposed to have contributed, in some measure, to the
+victorious result.  His administration at Milan had been characterized
+as firm and moderate.  Nevertheless, his character was regarded with
+anything but favorable eyes in the Netherlands.  Men told each other of
+his broken faith to the Moors in Granada, and of his unpopularity in
+Milan, where, notwithstanding his boasted moderation, he had, in reality,
+so oppressed the people as to gain their deadly hatred.  They complained,
+too, that it was an insult to send, as Governor-General of the provinces,
+not a prince of the blood, as used to be the case, but a simple
+"gentleman of cloak and sword."
+
+Any person, however, who represented the royal authority in the provinces
+was under historical disadvantage.  He was literally no more than an
+actor, hardly even that.  It was Philip's policy and pride to direct all
+the machinery of his extensive empire, and to pull every string himself.
+His puppets, however magnificently attired, moved only in obedience to
+his impulse, and spoke no syllable but with his voice.  Upon the table in
+his cabinet was arranged all the business of his various realms, even to
+the most minute particulars.
+
+Plans, petty or vast, affecting the interests of empires and ages,
+or bounded within the narrow limits of trivial and evanescent detail,
+encumbered his memory and consumed his time.  His ambition to do all the
+work of his kingdoms was aided by an inconceivable greediness for labor.
+He loved the routine of business, as some monarchs have loved war,
+as others have loved pleasure.  The object, alike paltry and impossible,
+of this ambition, bespoke the narrow mind.  His estates were regarded by
+him as private property; measures affecting the temporal and eternal
+interests of millions were regarded as domestic affairs, and the eye of
+the master was considered the only one which could duly superintend these
+estates and those interests.  Much incapacity to govern was revealed in
+this inordinate passion to administer.  His mind, constantly fatigued by
+petty labors, was never enabled to survey his wide domains from the
+height of majesty.
+
+In Alva, certainly, he had employed an unquestionable reality; but Alva,
+by a fortunate coincidence of character, had seemed his second self.  He
+was now gone, however, and although the royal purpose had not altered,
+the royal circumstances were changed.  The moment had arrived when it was
+thought that the mask and cothurn might again be assumed with effect;
+when a grave and conventional personage might decorously make his
+appearance to perform an interlude of clemency and moderation with
+satisfactory results.  Accordingly, the Great Commander, heralded by
+rumors of amnesty, was commissioned to assume the government which Alva
+had been permitted to resign.
+
+It had been industriously circulated that a change of policy was
+intended.  It was even supposed by the more sanguine that the Duke had
+retired in disgrace.  A show of coldness was manifested towards him on
+his return by the King, while Vargas, who had accompanied the Governor,
+was peremptorily forbidden to appear within five leagues of the court.
+The more discerning, however, perceived much affectation in this apparent
+displeasure.  Saint Goard, the keen observer of Philip's moods and
+measures, wrote to his sovereign that he had narrowly observed the
+countenances of both Philip and Alva; that he had informed himself as
+thoroughly as possible with regard to the course of policy intended;
+that he had arrived at the conclusion that the royal chagrin was but
+dissimulation, intended to dispose the Netherlanders to thoughts of an
+impossible peace, and that he considered the present merely a breathing
+time, in which still more active preparations might be made for crushing
+the rebellion.  It was now evident to the world that the revolt had
+reached a stage in which it could be terminated only by absolute
+conquest or concession.
+
+To conquer the people of the provinces, except by extermination,
+seemed difficult--to judge by the seven years of execution, sieges
+and campaigns, which had now passed without a definite result.  It was,
+therefore, thought expedient to employ concession.  The new Governor
+accordingly, in case the Netherlanders would abandon every object for
+which they had been so heroically contending, was empowered to concede
+a pardon.  It was expressly enjoined upon him, however, that no
+conciliatory measures should be adopted in which the King's absolute
+supremacy, and the total prohibition of every form of worship but the
+Roman Catholic, were not assumed as a basis.  Now, as the people had been
+contending at least ten years long for constitutional rights against
+prerogative, and at least seven for liberty of conscience against
+papistry, it was easy to foretell how much effect any negotiations
+thus commenced were likely to produce.
+
+Yet, no doubt, in the Netherlands there was a most earnest longing for
+peace.  The Catholic portion of the population were desirous of a
+reconciliation with their brethren of the new religion.  The universal
+vengeance which had descended upon heresy had not struck the heretics
+only.  It was difficult to find a fireside, Protestant or Catholic, which
+had not been made desolate by execution, banishment, or confiscation.
+The common people and the grand seigniors were alike weary of the war.
+Not only Aerschot and Viglius, but Noircarmes and Berlaymont, were
+desirous that peace should be at last compassed upon liberal terms,
+and the Prince of Orange fully and unconditionally pardoned.  Even the
+Spanish commanders had become disgusted with the monotonous butchery
+which had stained their swords.  Julian Romero; the fierce and
+unscrupulous soldier upon whose head rested the guilt of the Naarden
+massacre, addressed several letters to William of Orange, full of
+courtesy, and good wishes for a speedy termination of the war, and for an
+entire reconciliation of the Prince with his sovereign.  Noircarmes also
+opened a correspondence with the great leader of the revolt; and offered
+to do all in his power to restore peace and prosperity to the country.
+The Prince answered the courtesy of the Spaniard with equal, but barren,
+courtesy; for it was obvious that no definite result could be derived
+from such informal negotiations.  To Noircarmes he responded in terms of
+gentle but grave rebuke, expressing deep regret that a Netherland noble
+of such eminence, with so many others of rank and authority, should so
+long have supported the King in his tyranny.  He, however, expressed his
+satisfaction that their eyes, however late, had opened to the enormous
+iniquity which had been practised in the country, and he accepted the
+offers of friendship as frankly as they had been made.  Not long
+afterwards, the Prince furnished his correspondent with a proof of his
+sincerity, by forwarding to him two letters which had been intercepted;
+from certain agents of government to Alva, in which Noircarmes and others
+who had so long supported the King against their own country, were spoken
+of in terms of menace and distrust.  The Prince accordingly warned his
+new correspondent that, in spite of all the proofs of uncompromising
+loyalty which he had exhibited, he was yet moving upon a dark and
+slippery-pathway, and might, even like Egmont and Horn, find a scaffold-
+as the end and the reward of his career.  So profound was that abyss of
+dissimulation which constituted the royal policy, towards the
+Netherlands, that the most unscrupulous partisans of government could
+only see doubt and danger with regard to their future destiny, and
+were sometimes only saved by an opportune death from disgrace and
+the hangman's hands.
+
+Such, then, were the sentiments of many eminent personages, even among
+the most devoted loyalists.  All longed for peace; many even definitely
+expected it, upon the arrival of the Great Commander.  Moreover, that
+functionary discovered, at his first glance into the disorderly state of
+the exchequer, that at least a short respite was desirable before
+proceeding with the interminable measures of hostility against the
+rebellion.  If any man had been ever disposed to give Alva credit for
+administrative ability, such delusion must have vanished at the spectacle
+of confusion and bankruptcy which presented, itself at the termination of
+his government.  He resolutely declined to give his successor any
+information whatever as to his financial position.  So far from
+furnishing a detailed statement, such as might naturally be expected
+upon so momentous an occasion, he informed the Grand Commander that even
+a sketch was entirely out of the question, and would require more time
+and labor than he could then afford.  He took his departure, accordingly,
+leaving Requesens in profound ignorance as to his past accounts; an
+ignorance in which it is probable that the Duke himself shared to the
+fullest extent.  His enemies stoutly maintained that, however loosely his
+accounts had been kept, he had been very careful to make no mistakes
+against himself, and that he had retired full of wealth, if not of honor,
+from his long and terrible administration.  His own letters, on the
+contrary, accused the King of ingratitude, in permitting an old soldier
+to ruin himself, not only in health but in fortune, for want of proper
+recompense during an arduous administration.  At any rate it is very
+certain that the rebellion had already been an expensive matter to the
+Crown.  The army in the Netherlands numbered more than sixty-two thousand
+men, eight thousand being Spaniards, the rest Walloons and Germans.
+Forty millions of dollars had already been sunk, and it seemed probable
+that it would require nearly the whole annual produce of the American
+mines to sustain the war.  The transatlantic gold and silver, disinterred
+from the depths where they had been buried for ages, were employed, not
+to expand the current of a healthy, life-giving commerce, but to be
+melted into blood.  The sweat and the tortures of the King's pagan
+subjects in the primeval forests of the New World, were made subsidiary
+to the extermination of his Netherland people, and the destruction of an
+ancient civilization.  To this end had Columbus discovered a hemisphere
+for Castile and Aragon, and the new Indies revealed their hidden
+treasures?
+
+Forty millions of ducats had been spent.  Six and a half millions of
+arrearages were due to the army, while its current expenses were six
+hundred thousand a month.  The military expenses alone of the Netherlands
+were accordingly more than seven millions of dollars yearly, and the
+mines of the New World produced, during the half century of Philip's
+reign, an average of only eleven.  Against this constantly increasing
+deficit, there was not a stiver in the exchequer, nor the means of
+raising one.  The tenth penny had been long virtually extinct, and was
+soon to be formally abolished.  Confiscation had ceased to afford a
+permanent revenue, and the estates obstinately refused to grant a dollar.
+Such was the condition to which the unrelenting tyranny and the financial
+experiments of Alva had reduced the country.
+
+It was, therefore, obvious to Requesens that it would be useful at the
+moment to hold out hopes of pardon and reconciliation.  He saw, what he
+had not at first comprehended, and what few bigoted supporters of
+absolutism in any age have ever comprehended, that national enthusiasm,
+when profound and general, makes a rebellion more expensive to the despot
+than to the insurgents.  "Before my arrival," wrote the Grand Commander
+to his sovereign, "I did not understand how the rebels could maintain
+such considerable fleets, while your Majesty could not support a single
+one.  It appears, however, that men who are fighting for their lives,
+their firesides, their property, and their false religion, for their own
+cause, in short, are contented to receive rations only, without receiving
+pay."  The moral which the new Governor drew from his correct diagnosis
+of the prevailing disorder was, not that this national enthusiasm should
+be respected, but that it should be deceived.  He deceived no one but
+himself, however.  He censured Noircarmes and Romero for their
+intermeddling, but held out hopes of a general pacification.  He
+repudiated the idea of any reconciliation between the King and the Prince
+of Orange, but proposed at the same time a settlement of the revolt.
+He had not yet learned that the revolt and William of Orange were one.
+Although the Prince himself had repeatedly offered to withdraw for ever
+from the country, if his absence would expedite a settlement satisfactory
+to the provinces, there was not a patriot in the Netherlands who could
+contemplate his departure without despair.  Moreover, they all knew
+better than did Requesens, the inevitable result of the pacific measures
+which had been daily foreshadowed.
+
+The appointment of the Grand Commander was in truth a desperate attempt
+to deceive the Netherlanders.  He approved distinctly and heartily of
+Alva's policy, but wrote to the King that it was desirable to amuse the
+people with the idea of another and a milder scheme.  He affected to
+believe, and perhaps really did believe, that the nation would accept the
+destruction of all their institutions, provided that penitent heretics
+were allowed to be reconciled to the Mother Church, and obstinate ones
+permitted to go into perpetual exile, taking with them a small portion of
+their worldly goods.  For being willing to make this last and almost
+incredible concession, he begged pardon sincerely of the King.  If
+censurable, he ought not, he thought, to be too severely blamed, for his
+loyalty was known.  The world was aware how often he had risked his life
+for his Majesty, and how gladly and how many more times he was ready to
+risk it in future.  In his opinion, religion had, after all, but very
+little to do with the troubles, and so he confidentially informed his
+sovereign.  Egmont and Horn had died Catholics, the people did not rise
+to assist the Prince's invasion in 1568, and the new religion was only a
+lever by which a few artful demagogues had attempted to overthrow the
+King's authority.
+
+Such views as these revealed the measures of the new Governor's capacity.
+The people had really refused to rise in 1568, not because they were
+without sympathy for Orange, but because they were paralyzed by their
+fear of Alva.  Since those days, however, the new religion had increased
+and multiplied everywhere, in the blood which had rained upon it.  It was
+now difficult to find a Catholic in Holland and Zealand, who was not a
+government agent.  The Prince had been a moderate Catholic, in the
+opening scenes of the rebellion, while he came forward as the champion
+of liberty for all forms of Christianity.  He had now become a convert to
+the new religion without receding an inch from his position in favor of
+universal toleration.  The new religion was, therefore, not an instrument
+devised by a faction, but had expanded into the atmosphere of the
+people's daily life.  Individuals might be executed for claiming to
+breathe it, but it was itself impalpable to the attacks of despotism.
+Yet the Grand Commander persuaded himself that religion had little or
+nothing to do with the state of the Netherlands.  Nothing more was
+necessary, he thought; or affected to think, in order to restore
+tranquillity, than once more to spread the net of a general amnesty.
+
+The Duke of Alva knew better.  That functionary, with whom, before his
+departure from the provinces, Requesens had been commanded to confer,
+distinctly stated his opinion that there was no use of talking about
+pardon.  Brutally, but candidly, he maintained that there was nothing to
+be done but to continue the process of extermination.  It was necessary,
+he said, to reduce the country to a dead level of unresisting misery;
+before an act of oblivion could be securely laid down as the foundation
+of a new and permanent order of society.  He had already given his advice
+to his Majesty, that every town in the country should be burned to the
+ground, except those which could be permanently occupied by the royal
+troops.  The King, however, in his access of clemency at the appointment
+of a new administration, instructed the Grand Commander not to resort to
+this measure unless it should become strictly necessary.--Such were the
+opposite opinions of the old and new governors with regard to the pardon.
+The learned Viglius sided with Alva, although manifestly against his
+will.  "It is both the Duke's opinion and my own," wrote the Commander,
+"that Viglius does not dare to express his real opinion, and that he is
+secretly desirous of an arrangement with the rebels."  With a good deal
+of inconsistency, the Governor was offended, not only with those who
+opposed his plans, but with those who favored them.  He was angry
+with Viglius, who, at least nominally, disapproved of the pardon,
+and with Noircarmes, Aerschot, and others, who manifested a wish for
+a pacification.  Of the chief characteristic ascribed to the people by
+Julius Caesar, namely, that they forgot neither favors nor injuries, the
+second half only, in the Grand Commander's opinion, had been retained.
+Not only did they never forget injuries, but their memory, said he,
+was so good, that they recollected many which they had never received.
+
+On the whole, however, in the embarrassed condition of affairs, and while
+waiting for further supplies, the Commander was secretly disposed to try
+the effect of a pardon.  The object was to deceive the people and to gain
+time; for there was no intention of conceding liberty of conscience,
+of withdrawing foreign troops, or of assembling the states-general.
+It was, however, not possible to apply these hypocritical measures of
+conciliation immediately.  The war was in full career and could not be
+arrested even in that wintry season.  The patriots held Mondragon closely
+besieged in Middelburg, the last point in the Isle of Walcheren which
+held for the King.  There was a considerable treasure in money and
+merchandise shut up in that city; and, moreover, so deserving and
+distinguished an officer as Mondragon could not be abandoned to his fate.
+At the same time, famine was pressing him sorely, and, by the end of the
+year, garrison and townspeople had nothing but rats, mice, dogs, cats,
+and such repulsive substitutes for food, to support life withal.
+It was necessary to take immediate measures to relieve the place.
+
+On the other hand, the situation of the patriots was not very
+encouraging.  Their superiority on the sea was unquestionable, for the
+Hollanders and Zealanders were the best sailors in the world, and they
+asked of their country no payment for their blood, but thanks.  The land
+forces, however, were usually mercenaries, who were apt to mutiny at the
+commencement of an action if, as was too often the case, their wages
+could not be paid.  Holland was entirely cut in twain by the loss of
+Harlem and the leaguer of Leyden, no communication between the dissevered
+portions being possible, except with difficulty and danger.  The estates,
+although they had done much for the cause, and were prepared to do much
+more, were too apt to wrangle about economical details.  They irritated
+the Prince of Orange by huckstering about subsidies to a degree which his
+proud and generous nature could hardly brook.  He had strong hopes from
+France.  Louis of Nassau had held secret interviews with the Duke of
+Alencon and the Duke of Anjou, now King of Poland, at Blamont.  Alencon
+had assured him secretly, affectionately, and warmly, that he would be as
+sincere a friend to the cause as were his two royal brothers.  The Count
+had even received one hundred thousand livres in hand, as an earnest of
+the favorable intentions of France, and was now busily engaged, at the
+instance of the Prince, in levying an army in Germany for the relief of
+Leyden and the rest of Holland, while William, on his part, was omitting
+nothing, whether by representations to the estates or by secret foreign
+missions and correspondence, to further the cause of the suffering
+country.
+
+At the same time, the Prince dreaded the effect--of the promised pardon.
+He had reason to be distrustful of the general temper of the nation when
+a man like Saint Aldegonde, the enlightened patriot and his own tried
+friend, was influenced, by the discouraging and dangerous position in
+which he found himself, to abandon the high ground upon which they had
+both so long and so firmly stood: Saint Aldegonde had been held a strict
+prisoner since his capture at Maeslandsluis, at the close of Alva's
+administration.--It was, no doubt, a predicament attended with much keen
+suffering and positive danger.  It had hitherto been the uniform policy
+of the government to kill all prisoners, of whatever rank.  Accordingly,
+some had been drowned, some had been hanged--some beheaded some poisoned
+in their dungeons--all had been murdered.  This had been Alva's course.
+The Grand Commander also highly approved of the system, but the capture
+of Count Bossu by the patriots had necessitated a suspension of such
+rigor.  It was certain that Bossu's head would fall as soon as Saint
+Aldegonde's, the Prince having expressly warned the government of this
+inevitable result.  Notwithstanding that security, however, for his
+eventual restoration to liberty, a Netherland rebel in a Spanish prison
+could hardly feel himself at ease.  There were so many foot-marks into
+the cave and not a single one coming forth.  Yet it was not singular,
+however, that the Prince should read with regret the somewhat insincere
+casuistry with which Saint Aldegonde sought to persuade himself and his
+fellow-countrymen that a reconciliation with the monarch was desirable,
+even upon unworthy terms.  He was somewhat shocked that so valiant and
+eloquent a supporter of the Reformation should coolly express his opinion
+that the King would probably refuse liberty of conscience to the
+Netherlanders, but would, no doubt, permit heretics to go into
+banishment.  "Perhaps, after we have gone into exile," added Saint
+Aldegonde, almost with baseness, "God may give us an opportunity of doing
+such good service to the King, that he will lend us a more favorable ear,
+and, peradventure, permit our return to the country."
+
+Certainly, such language was not becoming the pen which wrote the famous
+Compromise.  The Prince himself was, however, not to be induced, even by
+the captivity and the remonstrances of so valued a friend, to swerve from
+the path of duty.  He still maintained, in public and private, that the
+withdrawal of foreign troops from the provinces, the restoration of the
+old constitutional privileges, and the entire freedom of conscience in
+religious matters, were the indispensable conditions of any pacification.
+It was plain to him that the Spaniards were not ready to grant these
+conditions; but he felt confident that he should accomplish the release
+of Saint Aldegonde without condescending to an ignominious peace.
+
+The most pressing matter, upon the Great Commander's arrival, was
+obviously to relieve the city of Middelburg.  Mondragon, after so stanch
+a defence, would soon be obliged to capitulate, unless he should promptly
+receive supplies.  Requesens, accordingly, collected seventy-five ships
+at Bergen op Zoom; which were placed nominally under the command of
+Admiral de Glimes, but in reality under that of Julian Romero.  Another
+fleet of thirty vessels had been assembled at Antwerp under Sancho
+d'Avila.  Both, amply freighted with provisions, were destined to make
+their way to Middelburg by the two different passages of the Hondo and
+the Eastern Scheld.  On the other hand, the Prince of Orange had repaired
+to Flushing to superintend the operations of Admiral Boisot, who already;
+in obedience to his orders, had got a powerful squadron in readiness at
+that place.  Late in January, 1574, d'Avila arrived in the neighbourhood
+of Flushing, where he awaited the arrival of Romero's fleet.  United,
+the two Commanders were to make a determined attempt to reinforce the
+starving city of Middelburg.  At the same time, Governor Requesens made
+his appearance in person at Bergen op Zoom to expedite the departure of
+the stronger fleet, but it was not the intention of the Prince of Orange
+to allow this expedition to save the city.  The Spanish generals, however
+valiant, were to learn that their genius was not amphibious, and that the
+Beggars of the Sea were still invincible on their own element, even if
+their brethren of the land had occasionally quailed.
+
+Admiral Boisot's fleet had already moved up the Scheld and taken a
+position nearly opposite to Bergen op Zoom.  On the 20th of January the
+Prince of Orange, embarking from Zierick Zee, came to make them a visit
+before the impending action.  His galley, conspicuous for its elegant
+decorations, was exposed for some time to the artillery of the fort, but
+providentially escaped unharmed.  He assembled all the officers of his
+armada, and, in brief but eloquent language, reminded them how necessary
+it was to the salvation of the whole country that they should prevent the
+city of Middelburg--the key to the whole of Zealand, already upon the
+point of falling into the hands of the patriots--from being now wrested
+from their grasp.  On the sea, at least, the Hollanders and Zealanders
+were at home.  The officers and men, with one accord, rent the air with
+their cheers.  They swore that they would shed every drop of blood in
+their veins but they would sustain the Prince and the country; and they
+solemnly vowed not only to serve, if necessary, without wages, but to
+sacrifice all that they possessed in the world rather than abandon the
+cause of their fatherland.  Having by his presence and his language
+aroused their valor to so high a pitch of enthusiasm, the Prince departed
+for Delft, to make arrangements to drive the Spaniards from the siege of
+Leyden.
+
+On the 29th of January, the fleet of Romero sailed from Bergen, disposed
+in three divisions, each numbering twenty-five vessels of different
+sizes.  As the Grand Commander stood on the dyke of Schakerloo to witness
+the departure, a general salute was fired by the fleet in his honor, but
+with most unfortunate augury.  The discharge, by some accident, set fire
+to the magazines of one of the ships, which blew up with a terrible
+explosion, every soul on board perishing.  The expedition, nevertheless,
+continued its way.  Opposite Romerswael, the fleet of Boisot awaited
+them, drawn up in battle array.  As an indication of the spirit which
+animated this hardy race, it may be mentioned that Schot, captain of
+the flag-ship, had been left on shore, dying of a pestilential fever.
+Admiral Boisot had appointed a Flushinger, Klaaf Klaafzoon, in his place.
+Just before the action, however, Schot, "scarcely able to blow a feather
+from his mouth," staggered on board his ship, and claimed the command.
+
+There was no disputing a precedency which he had risen from his death-bed
+to vindicate.  There was, however, a short discussion, as the enemy's
+fleet approached, between these rival captains regarding the manner in
+which the Spaniards should be received.  Klaafzoon was of opinion that
+most of the men should go below till after the enemy's first discharge.
+Schot insisted that all should remain on deck, ready to grapple with the
+Spanish fleet, and to board them without the least delay.
+
+The sentiment of Schot prevailed, and all hands stood on deck, ready with
+boarding-pikes and grappling-irons.
+
+The first division of Romero came nearer, and delivered its first
+broadside, when Schot and Klaafzoon both fell mortally wounded.  Admiral
+Boisot lost an eye, and many officers and sailors in the other vessels
+were killed or wounded.  This was, however, the first and last of the
+cannonading.  As many of Romero's vessels as could be grappled within
+the narrow estuary found themselves locked in close embrace with their
+enemies.  A murderous hand-to-hand conflict succeeded.  Battle-axe,
+boarding-pike, pistol, and dagger were the weapons.  Every man who
+yielded himself a prisoner was instantly stabbed and tossed into the sea
+by the remorseless Zealanders.  Fighting only to kill, and not to
+plunder, they did not even stop to take the gold chains which many
+Spaniards wore on their necks.  It had, however, been obvious from the
+beginning that the Spanish fleet were not likely to achieve that triumph
+over the patriots which was necessary before they could relieve
+Middelburg.  The battle continued a little longer; but after fifteen
+ships had been taken and twelve hundred royalists slain, the remainder of
+the enemy's fleet retreated into Bergen.  Romero himself, whose ship had
+grounded, sprang out of a port-hole and swam ashore, followed by such of
+his men as were able to imitate him.  He landed at the very feet of the
+Grand Commander, who, wet and cold, had been standing all day upon the
+dyke of Schakerloo, in the midst of a pouring rain, only to witness the
+total defeat of his armada at last.
+
+"I told your Excellency," said Romero, coolly, as he climbed, all
+dripping, on the bank, "that I was a land-fighter and not a sailor.
+If you were to give me the command of a hundred fleets, I believe that
+none of them would fare better than this has done."  The Governor and his
+discomfited, but philosophical lieutenant, then returned to Bergen, and
+thence to Brussels, acknowledging that the city of Middelburg must fall,
+while Sancho d'Avila, hearing of the disaster which had befallen his
+countrymen, brought his fleet, with the greatest expedition, back to
+Antwerp.  Thus the gallant Mondragon was abandoned to his fate.
+
+That fate could no longer be protracted.  The city of Middelburg had
+reached and passed the starvation point.  Still Mondragon was determined
+not to yield at discretion, although very willing to capitulate.  The
+Prince of Orange, after the victory of Bergen, was desirous of an
+unconditional surrender, believing it to be his right, and knowing that
+he could not be supposed capable of practising upon Middelburg the
+vengeance which had been wreaked on Naarden, Zutfen, and Harlem.
+Mondragon, however, swore that he would set fire to the city in twenty
+places, and perish with every soldier and burgher in the flames together,
+rather than abandon himself to the enemy's mercy.  The prince knew that
+the brave Spaniard was entirely capable of executing his threat.  He
+granted honorable conditions, which, on the 18th February, were drawn up
+in five articles, and signed.  It was agreed that Mondragon and his
+troops should leave the place, with their arms, ammunition, and all their
+personal property.  The citizens who remained were to take oath of
+fidelity to the Prince, as stadholder for his Majesty, and were to pay
+besides a subsidy of three hundred thousand florins.  Mondragon was,
+furthermore, to procure the discharge of Saint Aldegonde, and of four
+other prisoners of rank, or, failing in the attempt, was to return within
+two months, and constitute himself prisoner of war.  The Catholic priests
+were to take away from the city none of their property but their clothes.
+In accordance with this capitulation, Mondragon, and those who wished to
+accompany him, left the city on the 21st of February, and were conveyed
+to the Flemish shore at Neuz.  It will be seen in the sequel that the
+Governor neither granted him the release of the five prisoners, nor
+permitted him to return, according to his parole.  A few days afterwards,
+the Prince entered the city, re-organized the magistracy, received the
+allegiance of the inhabitants, restored the ancient constitution, and
+liberally remitted two-thirds of the sum in which they had been, mulcted.
+
+The Spaniards had thus been successfully driven from the Isle of
+Walcheren, leaving the Hollanders and Zealanders masters of the sea-
+coast.  Since the siege of Alkmaar had been raised, however, the enemy
+had remained within the territory of Holland.  Leyden was closely
+invested, the country in a desperate condition, and all communication
+between its different cities nearly suspended.  It was comparatively easy
+for the Prince of Orange to equip and man his fleets.  The genius and
+habits of the people made them at home upon the water, and inspired them
+with a feeling of superiority to their adversaries.  It was not so upon
+land.  Strong to resist, patient to suffer, the Hollanders, although
+terrible in defence; had not the necessary discipline or experience to
+meet the veteran legions of Spain, with confidence in the open field.
+To raise the siege of Leyden, the main reliance of the Prince was upon
+Count Louis, who was again in Germany.  In the latter days of Alva's
+administration, William had written to his brothers, urging them speedily
+to arrange the details of a campaign, of which he forwarded them a
+sketch.  As soon as a sufficient force had been levied in Germany, an
+attempt was to be made upon Maestricht.  If that failed, Louis was to
+cross the Meuse, in the neighbourhood of Stochem, make his way towards
+the Prince's own city of Gertruidenberg, and thence make a junction with
+his brother in the neighbourhood of Delft.  They were then to take up a
+position together between Harlem and Leyden.  In that case it seemed
+probable that the Spaniards would find themselves obliged to fight at a
+great disadvantage, or to abandon the country.  "In short," said the
+Prince, "if this enterprise be arranged with due diligence and
+discretion, I hold it as the only certain means for putting a speedy end
+to the war, and for driving these devils of Spaniards out of the country,
+before the Duke of Alva has time to raise another army to support them."
+
+In pursuance of this plan, Louis had been actively engaged all the
+earlier part of the winter in levying troops and raising supplies.
+He had been assisted by the French princes with considerable sums of
+money, as an earnest of what he was in future to expect from that source.
+He had made an unsuccessful attempt to effect the capture of Requesens,
+on his way to take the government of the Netherlands.  He had then passed
+to the frontier of France, where he had held his important interview with
+Catharine de Medici and the Duke of Anjou, then on the point of departure
+to ascend the throne of Poland.  He had received liberal presents, and
+still more liberal promises.  Anjou had assured him that he would go
+as far as any of the German princes in rendering active and sincere
+assistance to the Protestant cause in the Netherlands.  The Duc
+d'Alencon--soon, in his brother's absence, to succeed to the
+chieftainship of the new alliance between the "politiques" and the
+Huguenots--had also pressed his hand, whispering in his ear, as he did
+so, that the government of France now belonged to him, as it had recently
+done to Anjou, and that the Prince might reckon upon his friendship with
+entire security.
+
+These fine words, which cost nothing when whispered in secret, were not
+destined to fructify into a very rich harvest, for the mutual jealousy
+of France and England, lest either should acquire ascendency in the
+Netherlands, made both governments prodigal of promises, while the common
+fear entertained by them of the power of Spain rendered both languid;
+insincere, and mischievous allies.  Count John, however; was
+indefatigable in arranging the finances of the proposed expedition,
+and in levying contributions among his numerous relatives and allies in
+Germany, while Louis had profited by the occasion of Anjou's passage into
+Poland, to acquire for himself two thousand German and French cavalry,
+who had served to escort that Prince, and who, being now thrown out of
+employment, were glad to have a job offered them by a general who was
+thought to be in funds.  Another thousand of cavalry and six thousand
+foot were soon assembled from those ever-swarming nurseries of mercenary
+warriors, the smaller German states.  With these, towards the end of
+February; Louis crossed the Rhine in a heavy snow-storm, and bent his
+course towards Maestricht.  All the three brothers of the Prince
+accompanied this little army, besides Duke Christopher, son of the
+elector Palatine.
+
+Before the end of the month the army reached the Meuse, and encamped
+within four miles of Maestricht; on the opposite side of the river.
+The garrison, commanded by Montesdoca, was weak, but the news of the
+warlike preparations in Germany had preceded the arrival of Count Louis.
+Requesens, feeling the gravity of the occasion, had issued orders for an
+immediate levy of eight thousand cavalry in Germany, with a proportionate
+number of infantry.  At the same time he had directed Don Bernardino de
+Mendoza, with some companies of cavalry, then stationed in Breda, to
+throw himself without delay into Maestricht.  Don Sancho d'Avila was
+entrusted with the general care of resisting the hostile expedition.
+That general had forthwith collected all the troops which could be spared
+from every town where they were stationed, had strengthened the cities of
+Antwerp, Ghent, Nimweben, and Valenciennes, where there were known to be
+many secret adherents of Orange; and with the remainder of his forces had
+put himself in motion, to oppose the entrance of Louis into Brabant, and
+his junction with his brother in Holland.  Braccamonte had been
+despatched to Leyden, in order instantly to draw off the forces which
+were besieging the city.  Thus Louis had already effected something of
+importance by the very hews of his approach.
+
+Meantime the Prince of Orange had raised six thousand infantry, whose
+rendezvous was the Isle of Bommel.  He was disappointed at the paucity of
+the troops which Louis had been able to collect, but he sent messengers
+immediately to him; with a statement of his own condition, and with
+directions to join him in the Isle of Bommel, as soon as Maestricht
+should be reduced.  It was, however, not in the destiny of Louis to
+reduce Maestricht.  His expedition had been marked with disaster from the
+beginning.  A dark and threatening prophecy had, even before its
+commencement, enwrapped Louis, his brethren, and his little army, in a
+funeral pall.  More than a thousand of his men had deserted before he
+reached the Meuse.  When he encamped, apposite Maestricht, he found the
+river neither frozen nor open, the ice obstructing the navigation, but
+being too weak for the weight of an army.  While he was thus delayed and
+embarrassed, Mendoza arrived in the city with reinforcements.  It seemed
+already necessary for Louis to abandon his hopes of Maestricht, but he
+was at least desirous of crossing the river in that neighbourhood, in
+order to effect his junction with the Prince at the earliest possible
+moment.  While the stream was still encumbered with ice, however, the
+enemy removed all the boats.  On, the 3rd of March, Avila arrived with a
+large body of troops at Maestricht, and on the 18th Mendoza crossed the
+river in the night, giving the patriots so severe an 'encamisada', that
+seven hundred were killed, at the expense of only seven of his own party.
+Harassed, but not dispirited by these disasters, Louis broke up his camp
+on the 21st, and took a position farther down the river, at Fauquemont
+and Gulpen, castles in the Duchy of Limburg.  On the 3rd of April,
+Braccamonite arrived at Maestricht, with twenty-five companies of
+Spaniards and three of cavalry, while, on the same day Mondragon reached
+the scene of action with his sixteen companies of veterans.
+
+It was now obvious to Louis, not only that he should not take Maestricht,
+but that his eventual junction with his brother was at least doubtful,
+every soldier who could possibly be spared seeming in motion to oppose
+his progress.  He was, to be sure, not yet outnumbered, but the enemy was
+increasing, and his own force diminishing daily.  Moreover, the Spaniards
+were highly disciplined and experienced troops; while his own soldiers
+were mercenaries, already clamorous and insubordinate.  On the 8th of
+April he again shifted his encaampment, and took his course along the
+right bank of the Meuse, between that river and the Rhine, in the
+direction of Nimwegen.  Avila promptly decided to follow him upon the
+opposite bank of the Meuse, intending to throw himself between Louis and
+the Prince of Orange, and by a rapid march to give the Count battle,
+before he could join his brother.  On the 8th of April, at early dawn,
+Louis had left the neighbourhood of Maestricht, and on the 13th he
+encamped at the village of Mook near the confines of Cleves.  Sending
+out his scouts, he learned to his vexation, that the enemy had outmarched
+him, and were now within cannonshot.  On the 13th, Avila had constructed
+a bridge of boats, over which he had effected the passage of the Meuse
+with his whole army, so that on the Count's arrival at Mook, he found the
+enemy facing him, on the same side of the river, and directly in his
+path.  It was, therefore, obvious that, in this narrow space between the
+Waal and the Meuse, where they were now all assembled, Louis must achieve
+a victory, unaided, or abandon his expedition, and leave the Hollanders
+to despair.  He was distressed at the position in which he found himself,
+for he had hoped to reduce Maestricht, and to join, his brother in
+Holland.  Together, they could, at least, have expelled the Spaniards
+from that territory, in which case it was probable that a large part of
+the population in the different provinces would have risen.  According to
+present aspects, the destiny of the country, for some time to come, was
+likely to hang upon the issue of a battle which he had not planned, and
+for which he was not fully prepared.  Still he was not the man to be
+disheartened; nor had he ever possessed the courage to refuse a battle
+when: offered.  Upon this occasion it would be difficult to retreat
+without disaster and disgrace, but it was equally difficult to achieve
+a victory.  Thrust, as he was, like a wedge into the very heart of a
+hostile country, he was obliged to force his way through, or to remain in
+his enemy's power.  Moreover, and worst of all, his troops were in a
+state of mutiny for their wages.  While he talked to them of honor, they
+howled to him for money.  It was the custom of these mercenaries to
+mutiny on the eve of battle--of the Spaniards, after it had been fought.
+By the one course, a victory was often lost which might have been
+achieved; by the other, when won it was rendered fruitless.
+
+Avila had chosen his place of battle with great skill.  On the right bank
+of the Meuse, upon a narrow plain which spread from the river to a chain
+of hills within cannon-shot on the north, lay the little village of Mook.
+The Spanish general knew that his adversary had the superiority in
+cavalry, and that within this compressed apace it would not be possible
+to derive much advantage from the circumstance.
+
+On the 14th, both armies were drawn up in battle array at earliest dawn,
+Louis having strengthened his position by a deep trench, which extended
+from Mook, where he had stationed ten companies of infantry, which thus
+rested on the village and the river.  Next came the bulk of his infantry,
+disposed in a single square.  On their right was his cavalry, arranged in
+four squadrons, as well as the narrow limits of the field would allow. A
+small portion of them, for want of apace, were stationed on the hill
+side.
+
+Opposite, the forces of Don Sancho were drawn up in somewhat similar
+fashion.  Twenty-five companies of Spaniards were disposed in four bodies
+of pikemen and musketeers; their right resting on the river.  On their
+left was the cavalry, disposed by Mendoza in the form of a half moon-the
+horns garnished by two small bodies of sharpshooters.  In the front ranks
+of the cavalry were the mounted carabineers of Schenk; behind were the
+Spanish dancers.  The village of Mook lay between the two armies.
+
+The skirmishing began at early dawn, with an attack upon the trench, and
+continued some hours, without bringing on a general engagement.  Towards
+ten o'clock, Count Louis became impatient.  All the trumpets of the
+patriots now rang out a challenge to their adversaries, and the Spaniards
+were just returning the defiance, and preparing a general onset,
+when the Seigneur de Hierges and Baron Chevreaux arrived on the field.
+They brought with them a reinforcement of more than a thousand men, and
+the intelligence that Valdez was on his way with nearly five thousand
+more.  As he might be expected on the following morning, a short
+deliberation was held as to the expediency of deferring the action.
+Count Louis was at the head of six thousand foot and two thousand
+cavalry.  Avila mustered only four thousand infantry and not quite a
+thousand horse.  This inferiority would be changed on the morrow into an
+overwhelming superiority.  Meantime, it was well to remember the
+punishment endured by Aremberg at Heiliger Lee, for not waiting till
+Meghen's arrival.  This prudent counsel was, however, very generally
+scouted, and by none more loudly than by Hierges and Chevreaux, who had
+brought the intelligence.  It was thought that at this juncture nothing
+could be more indiscreet than discretion.  They had a wary and audacious
+general to deal with.  While they were waiting for their reinforcements,
+he was quite capable of giving them the slip.  He might thus effect the
+passage of the stream and that union with his brother which--had been
+thus far so successfully prevented.  This reasoning prevailed, and the
+skirmishing at the trench was renewed with redoubled vigour, an
+additional: force being sent against it.  After a short and fierce
+struggle it was carried, and the Spaniards rushed into the village, but
+were soon dislodged by a larger detachment of infantry, which Count Louis
+sent to the rescue.  The battle now became general at this point.
+
+Nearly all the patriot infantry were employed to defend the post; nearly
+all the Spanish infantry were ordered to assail it.  The Spaniards,
+dropping on their knees, according to custom, said a Paternoster and an
+Ave Mary, and then rushed, in mass, to the attack.  After a short but
+sharp conflict, the trench was again carried, and the patriots completely
+routed.  Upon this, Count Louis charged with all his cavalry upon the
+enemy's horse, which had hitherto remained motionless.  With the first
+shock the mounted arquebusiers of Schenk, constituting the vanguard, were
+broken, and fled in all directions.  So great was their panic, as Louis
+drove them before him, that they never stopped till they had swum or been
+drowned in the river; the survivors carrying the news to Grave and to
+other cities that the royalists had been completely routed.  This was,
+however, very far from the truth.  The patriot cavalry, mostly
+carabineers, wheeled after the first discharge, and retired to reload
+their pieces, but before they were ready for another attack, the Spanish
+lancers and the German black troopers, who had all remained firm, set
+upon them with great spirit: A fierce, bloody, and confused action
+succeeded, in which the patriots were completely overthrown.
+
+Count Louis, finding that the day was lost, and his army cut to pieces,
+rallied around him a little band of troopers, among whom were his
+brother, Count Henry, and Duke Christopher, and together they made a
+final and desperate charge.  It was the last that was ever seen of them
+on earth.  They all went down together, in the midst of the fight, and
+were never heard of more.  The battle terminated, as usual in those
+conflicts of mutual hatred, in a horrible butchery, hardly any of the
+patriot army being left to tell the tale of their disaster.  At least
+four thousand were killed, including those who were slain on the field,
+those who were suffocated in the marshes or the river, and those who were
+burned in the farm-houses where they had taken refuge.  It was uncertain
+which of those various modes of death had been the lot of Count Louis,
+his brother, and his friend.  The mystery was never solved.  They had,
+probably, all died on the field; but, stripped of their clothing, with
+their, faces trampled upon by the hoofs of horses, it was not possible to
+distinguish them from the less illustrious dead.  It was the opinion of,
+many that they had been drowned in the river; of others, that they had
+been burned.
+
+     [Meteren, v.  91.  Bor, vii.  491, 492.  Hoofd, Bentivoglio, ubi
+     sup.  The Walloon historian, occasionally cited in these pages, has
+     a more summary manner of accounting for the fate of these
+     distinguished personages.  According to his statement, the leaders
+     of the Protestant forces dined and made merry at a convent in the
+     neighbourhood upon Good Friday, five days before the battle, using
+     the sacramental chalices at the banquet, and mixing consecrated
+     wafers with their wine.  As a punishment for this sacrilege, the
+     army was utterly overthrown, and the Devil himself flew away with
+     the chieftains, body and soul.]
+
+There was a vague tale that Louis, bleeding but not killed, had struggled
+forth from the heap of corpses where he had been thrown, had crept to
+the, river-side, and, while washing his wounds, had been surprised and
+butchered by a party of rustics.  The story was not generally credited,
+but no man knew, or was destined to learn, the truth.
+
+A dark and fatal termination to this last enterprise of Count Louis had
+been anticipated by many.  In that superstitious age, when emperors and
+princes daily investigated the future, by alchemy, by astrology, and by
+books of fate, filled with formula; as gravely and precisely set forth as
+algebraical equations; when men of every class, from monarch to peasant,
+implicitly believed in supernatural portents and prophecies, it was not
+singular that a somewhat striking appearance, observed in the sky some
+weeks previously to the battle of Mookerheyde, should have inspired many
+persons with a shuddering sense of impending evil.
+
+Early in February five soldiers of the burgher guard at Utrecht, being on
+their midnight watch, beheld in the sky above them the representation of
+a furious battle.  The sky was extremely dark, except directly over:
+their heads; where, for a space equal in extent to the length of the
+city, and in breadth to that of an ordinary chamber, two armies, in
+battle array, were seen advancing upon each other.  The one moved rapidly
+up from the north-west, with banners waving; spears flashing, trumpets
+sounding; accompanied by heavy artillery and by squadrons of cavalry.
+The other came slowly forward from the southeast; as if from an
+entrenched camp, to encounter their assailants.  There was a fierce
+action for a few moments, the shouts of the combatants, the heavy
+discharge of cannon, the rattle of musketry; the tramp of heavy-aimed
+foot soldiers, the rush of cavalry, being distinctly heard.  The
+firmament trembled with the shock of the contending hosts, and was lurid
+with the rapid discharges of their artillery.  After a short, fierce
+engagement, the north-western army was beaten back in disorder, but
+rallied again, after a breathing-time, formed again into solid column,
+and again advanced.  Their foes, arrayed, as the witnesses affirmed, in a
+square and closely serried grove of spears' and muskets, again awaited
+the attack.  Once more the aerial cohorts closed upon each other, all the
+signs and sounds of a desperate encounter being distinctly recognised by
+the eager witnesses.  The struggle seemed but short.  The lances of the
+south-eastern army seemed to snap "like hemp-stalks," while their firm
+columns all went down together in mass, beneath the onset of their
+enemies.  The overthrow was complete, victors and vanquished had faded,
+the clear blue space, surrounded by black clouds, was empty, when
+suddenly its whole extent, where the conflict had so lately raged, was
+streaked with blood, flowing athwart the sky in broad crimson streams;
+nor was it till the five witnesses had fully watched and pondered over
+these portents that the vision entirely vanished.
+
+So impressed were the grave magistrates of Utrecht with the account given
+next day by the sentinels, that a formal examination of the circumstances
+was made, the deposition of each witness, under oath, duly recorded, and
+a vast deal of consultation of soothsayers' books and other auguries
+employed to elucidate the mystery.  It was universally considered typical
+of the anticipated battle between Count Louis and the Spaniards.  When,
+therefore, it was known that the patriots, moving from the south-east,
+had arrived at Mookerheyde, and that their adversaries, crossing the
+Meuse at Grave, had advanced upon them from the north-west, the result of
+the battle was considered inevitable; the phantom battle of Utrecht its
+infallible precursor.
+
+Thus perished Louis of Nassau in the flower of his manhood, in the midst
+of a career already crowded with events such as might suffice for a
+century of ordinary existence.  It is difficult to find in history a more
+frank and loyal character.  His life was noble; the elements of the
+heroic and the genial so mixed in him that the imagination contemplates
+him, after three centuries, with an almost affectionate interest.  He was
+not a great man.  He was far from possessing the subtle genius or the
+expansive views of his brother; but, called as he was to play a prominent
+part in one of the most complicated and imposing dramas ever enacted by
+man, he, nevertheless, always acquitted himself with honor.  His direct,
+fearless and energetic nature commanded alike the respect of friend and
+foe.  As a politician, a soldier, and a diplomatist, he was busy, bold,
+and true.  He, accomplished by sincerity what many thought could only be
+compassed by trickery.  Dealing often with the most adroit and most
+treacherous of princes and statesmen, he frequently carried his point,
+and he never stooped to flattery.  From the time when, attended by his
+"twelve disciples," he assumed the most prominent part in the
+negotiations with Margaret of Parma, through all the various scenes of
+the revolution, through, all the conferences with Spaniards, Italians,
+Huguenots.  Malcontents, Flemish councillors, or German princes, he was
+the consistent and unflinching supporter of religious liberty and
+constitutional law.  The battle of Heiliger Lee and the capture of Mons
+were his most signal triumphs, but the fruits of both were annihilated by
+subsequent disaster.  His headlong courage was his chief foible.  The
+French accused him of losing the battle of Moncontour by his impatience
+to engage; yet they acknowledged that to his masterly conduct it was
+owing that their retreat was effected in so successful, and even so
+brilliant a manner.  He was censured for rashness and precipitancy in
+this last and fatal enterprise, but the reproach seems entirely without
+foundation.  The expedition as already stated, had been deliberately
+arranged, with the full co-operation of his brother, and had been
+preparing several months.  That he was able to set no larger force on
+foot than that which he led into Gueldres was not his fault.  But for the
+floating ice which barred his passage of the Meuse, he would have
+surprised Maestricht; but for the mutiny, which rendered his mercenary
+soldiers cowards, he might have defeated Avila at Mookerheyde.  Had he
+done so he would have joined his brother in the Isle of Bommel in
+triumph; the Spaniards would, probably, have been expelled from Holland,
+and Leyden saved the horrors of that memorable siege which she was soon
+called, upon to endure.  These results were not in his destiny.
+Providence had decreed that he should perish in the midst of his
+usefulness; that the Prince, in his death,'should lose the right hand
+which had been so swift to execute his various plans, and the faithful
+fraternal heart which had always responded so readily to every throb of
+his own.
+
+In figure, he was below the middle height, but martial and noble in his
+bearing.  The expression of his countenance was lively; his manner frank
+and engaging.  All who knew him personally loved him, and he was the idol
+of his gallant brethren: His mother always addressed him as her dearly
+beloved, her heart's-cherished Louis.  "You must come soon to me," she
+wrote in the last year of his life, "for I have many matters to ask your
+advice upon; and I thank you beforehand, for you have loved me as your
+mother all the days of your life; for which may God Almighty have you in
+his holy keeping."
+
+It was the doom of this high-born, true-hearted dame to be called upon to
+weep oftener for her children than is the usual lot of mothers.  Count
+Adolphus had already perished in his youth on the field of Heiliger Lee,
+and now Louis and his young brother Henry, who had scarcely attained his
+twenty-sixth year, and whose short life had been passed in that faithful
+service to the cause of freedom which was the instinct of his race, had
+both found a bloody and an unknown grave.  Count John, who had already
+done so much for the cause, was fortunately spared to do much more.
+Although of the expedition, and expecting to participate in the battle,
+he had, at the urgent solicitation of all the leaders, left the army for
+a brief, season, in order to obtain at Cologne a supply of money, for the
+mutinous troops: He had started upon this mission two days before the
+action in which he, too, would otherwise have been sacrificed.  The young
+Duke Christopher, "optimm indolis et magnee spei adolescens," who had
+perished on the same field, was sincerely mourned by the lovers of
+freedom.  His father, the Elector, found his consolation in the
+Scriptures, and in the reflection that his son had died in the bed of
+honor, fighting for the cause of God.  "'T was better thus," said that
+stern Calvinist, whose dearest wish was to "Calvinize the world," than to
+have passed his time in idleness, "which is the Devil's pillow."
+
+Vague rumors of the catastrophe had spread far and wide.  It was soon
+certain that Louis had been defeated, but, for a long time, conflicting
+reports were in circulation as to the fate of the leaders.  The Prince of
+Orange, meanwhile, passed days of intense anxiety, expecting hourly to
+hear from his brothers, listening to dark rumors, which he refused to
+credit and could not contradict, and writing letters, day after day, long
+after the eyes which should have read the friendly missives were closed.
+
+The victory of the King's army at Mookerheyde had been rendered
+comparatively barren by the mutiny which broke forth the day after the
+battle.  Three years' pay were due to the Spanish troops, and it was not
+surprising that upon this occasion one of those periodic rebellions
+should break forth, by which the royal cause was frequently so much
+weakened, and the royal governors so intolerably perplexed.  These
+mutinies were of almost regular occurrence, and attended by as regular a
+series of phenomena.  The Spanish troops, living so far from their own
+country, but surrounded by their women, and constantly increasing swarms
+of children, constituted a locomotive city of considerable population,
+permanently established on a foreign soil.  It was a city walled in by
+bayonets, and still further isolated from the people around by the
+impassable moat of mutual hatred.  It was a city obeying the articles of
+war, governed by despotic authority, and yet occasionally revealing, in
+full force, the irrepressible democratic element.  At periods which could
+almost be calculated, the military populace were wont to rise upon the
+privileged classes, to deprive them of office and liberty, and to set up
+in their place commanders of their own election.  A governor-in-chief, a
+sergeant-major, a board of councillors and various other functionaries,
+were chosen by acclamation and universal suffrage.  The Eletto, or chief
+officer thus appointed, was clothed with supreme power, but forbidden to
+exercise it.  He was surrounded by councillors, who watched his every
+motion, read all his correspondence, and assisted at all his conferences,
+while the councillors were themselves narrowly watched by the commonalty.
+These movements were, however, in general, marked by the most exemplary
+order.  Anarchy became a system of government; rebellion enacted and
+enforced the strictest rules of discipline; theft, drunkenness, violence
+to women, were severely punished.  As soon as the mutiny broke forth, the
+first object was to take possession of the nearest city, where the Eletto
+was usually established in the town-house, and the soldiery quartered
+upon the citizens.  Nothing in the shape of food or lodging was too good
+for these marauders.  Men who had lived for years on camp rations--coarse
+knaves who had held the plough till compelled to handle the musket, now
+slept in fine linen, and demanded from the trembling burghers the
+daintiest viands.  They ate the land bare, like a swarm of locusts.
+"Chickens and partridges," says the thrifty chronicler of Antwerp,
+"capons and pheasants, hares and rabbits, two kinds of wines;--for
+sauces, capers and olives, citrons and oranges, spices and sweetmeats;
+wheaten bread for their dogs, and even wine, to wash the feet of their
+horses;"--such was the entertainment demanded and obtained by the
+mutinous troops.  They were very willing both to enjoy the luxury of this
+forage, and to induce the citizens, from weariness of affording compelled
+hospitality, to submit to a taxation by which the military claims might
+be liquidated.
+
+A city thus occupied was at the mercy of a foreign soldiery, which had
+renounced all authority but that of self-imposed laws. The King's
+officers were degraded, perhaps murdered; while those chosen to supply
+their places had only a nominal control. The Eletto, day by day,
+proclaimed from the balcony of the town-house the latest rules and
+regulations.  If satisfactory, there was a clamor of applause; if
+objectionable, they were rejected with a tempest of hisses, with
+discharges of musketry; The Eletto did not govern: he was a dictator who
+could not dictate, but could only register decrees.  If too honest, too
+firm, or too dull for his place, he was deprived of his office and
+sometimes of his life.  Another was chosen in his room, often to be
+succeeded by a series of others, destined to the same fate.  Such were
+the main characteristics of those formidable mutinies, the result of the
+unthriftiness and dishonesty by which the soldiery engaged in these
+interminable hostilities were deprived of their dearly earned wages.  The
+expense of the war was bad enough at best, but when it is remembered that
+of three or four dollars sent from Spain, or contributed by the provinces
+for the support of the army, hardly one reached the pockets of the
+soldier, the frightful expenditure which took place may be imagined.  It
+was not surprising that so much peculation should engender revolt.
+
+The mutiny which broke out after the defeat of Count Louis was marked
+with the most pronounced and inflammatory of these symptoms.  Three
+years' pay was due, to the Spaniards, who, having just achieved a signal
+victory, were-disposed to reap its fruits, by fair means or by force.
+On receiving nothing but promises, in answer to their clamorous demands,
+they mutinied to a man, and crossed the Meuse to Grave,  whence, after
+accomplishing the usual elections, they took their course to Antwerp.
+Being in such strong force, they determined to strike at the capital.
+Rumour flew before them.  Champagny, brother of Granvelle, and royal
+governor of the city, wrote in haste to apprise Requesens of the
+approaching danger.  The Grand Commander, attended only by Vitelli,
+repaired.  instantly to Antwerp.  Champagny advised throwing up a
+breastwork with bales of merchandize, upon the esplanade, between the
+citadel and the town,  for it was at this point, where the connection
+between the fortifications of the castle and those of the city had never
+been thoroughly completed, that the invasion might be expected.
+Requesens hesitated.  He trembled at a conflict with his own soldiery.
+If successful, he could only be so by trampling upon the flower of his
+army.  If defeated, what would become of the King's authority, with
+rebellious troops triumphant in rebellious provinces?  Sorely perplexed,
+the Commander, could think of no expedient.  Not knowing what to do, he
+did nothing.  In the meantime, Champagny, who felt himself odious to the
+soldiery, retreated to the Newtown, and barricaded himself, with a few
+followers, in the house of the Baltic merchants.
+
+On the 26th of April, the mutinous troops in perfect order, marched into
+the city, effecting their entrance precisely at the weak point where they
+had been expected.  Numbering at least three thousand, they encamped on
+the esplanade, where Requesens appeared before them alone on horseback,
+and made them an oration.  They listened with composure, but answered
+briefly and with one accord, "Dineros y non palabras," dollars not
+speeches.  Requesens promised profusely, but the time was past for
+promises.  Hard Silver dollars would alone content an army which, after
+three years of bloodshed and starvation, had at last taken the law into
+their own hands.  Requesens withdrew to consult the Broad Council of the
+city.  He was without money himself, but he demanded four hundred
+thousand crowns of the city.  This was at first refused, but the troops
+knew the strength of their position, for these mutinies were never
+repressed, and rarely punished.  On this occasion the Commander was
+afraid to employ force, and the burghers, after the army had been
+quartered upon them for a time, would gladly pay a heavy ransom to be rid
+of their odious and expensive guests.  The mutineers foreseeing that the
+work might last a few weeks, and determined to proceed leisurely; took
+possession of the great square.  The Eletto, with his staff of
+councillors, was quartered in the town-house, while the soldiers
+distributed themselves among the houses of the most opulent citizens,
+no one escaping a billet who was rich enough to receive such company:
+bishop or burgomaster, margrave or merchant.  The most famous kitchens
+were naturally the most eagerly sought, and sumptuous apartments,
+luxurious dishes, delicate wines, were daily demanded.  The burghers
+dared not refuse.
+
+The six hundred Walloons, who had been previously quartered in the city,
+were expelled, and for many days, the mutiny reigned paramount.  Day
+after day the magistracy, the heads of guilds, all the representatives of
+the citizens were assembled in the Broad Council.  The Governor-General
+insisted on his demand of four hundred thousand crowns, representing,
+with great justice, that the mutineers would remain in the city until
+they had eaten and drunk to that amount, and that there would still be
+the arrearages; for which the city would be obliged to raise the funds.
+On the 9th of May, the authorities made an offer, which was duly
+communicated to the Eletto.  That functionary stood forth on a window-
+sill of the town-house, and addressed the soldiery.  He informed them
+that the Grand Commander proposed to pay ten months' arrears in cash,
+five months in silks and woollen cloths, and the balance in promises, to
+be fulfilled within a few days.  The terms were not considered
+satisfactory, and were received with groans of derision.  The Eletto, on
+the contrary, declared them very liberal, and reminded the soldiers of
+the perilous condition in which they stood, guilty to a man of high
+treason, with a rope around every neck.  It was well worth their while to
+accept the offer made them, together with the absolute pardon for the
+past, by which it was accompanied.  For himself, he washed his hands of
+the consequences if the offer were rejected.  The soldiers answered by
+deposing the Eletto and choosing another in his room.
+
+Three days after, a mutiny broke out in the citadel--an unexampled
+occurrence.  The rebels ordered Sancho d'Avila, the commandant, to
+deliver the keys of the fortress.  He refused to surrender them but with
+his life.  They then contented themselves with compelling his lieutenant
+to leave the citadel, and with sending their Eletto to confer with the
+Grand Commander, as well as with the Eletto of the army.  After
+accomplishing his mission, he returned, accompanied by Chiappin Vitelli,
+as envoy of the Governor-General.  No sooner, however, had the Eletto set
+foot on the drawbridge than he was attacked by Ensign Salvatierra of the
+Spanish garrison, who stabbed him to the heart and threw him into the
+moat.  The ensign, who was renowned in the army for his ferocious
+courage, and who wore embroidered upon his trunk hose the inscription,
+"El castigador de los Flamencos," then rushed upon the Sergeant-major of
+the mutineers, despatched him in the same way, and tossed him likewise
+into the moat.  These preliminaries being settled, a satisfactory
+arrangement was negotiated between Vitelli and the rebellious garrison.
+Pardon for the past, and payment upon the same terms as those offered in
+the city, were accepted, and the mutiny of the citadel was quelled.  It
+was, however, necessary that Salvatierra should conceal himself for a
+long time, to escape being torn to pieces by the incensed soldiery.
+
+Meantime, affairs in the city were more difficult to adjust.  The
+mutineers raised an altar of chests and bales upon the public square,
+and celebrated mass under the open sky, solemnly swearing to be true to
+each other to the last.  The scenes of carousing and merry-making were
+renewed at the expense of the citizens, who were again exposed to nightly
+alarms from the boisterous mirth and ceaseless mischief-making of the
+soldiers.  Before the end of the month; the Broad Council, exhausted by
+the incubus which had afflicted them so many weeks, acceded to the demand
+of Requesens.  The four hundred thousand crowns were furnished, the Grand
+Commander accepting them as a loan, and giving in return bonds duly
+signed and countersigned, together with a mortgage upon all the royal
+domains.  The citizens received the documents, as a matter of form, but
+they had handled such securities before, and valued them but slightly.
+The mutineers now agreed to settle with the Governor-General, on
+condition of receiving all their wages, either in cash or cloth, together
+with a solemn promise of pardon for all their acts of insubordination.
+This pledge was formally rendered with appropriate religious ceremonies,
+by Requesens, in the cathedral.  The payments were made directly
+afterwards, and a great banquet was held on the same day, by the whole
+mass of the soldiery, to celebrate the event.  The feast took place on
+the place of the Meer, and was a scene of furious revelry.  The soldiers,
+more thoughtless than children, had arrayed themselves in extemporaneous
+costumes, cut from the cloth which they had at last received in payment
+of their sufferings and their blood.  Broadcloths, silks, satins, and
+gold-embroidered brocades, worthy of a queen's wardrobe, were hung in
+fantastic drapery around the sinewy forms and bronzed faces of the
+soldiery, who, the day before, had been clothed in rags.  The mirth was
+fast and furious; and scarce was the banquet finished before every drum-
+head became a gaming-table, around which gathered groups eager to
+sacrifice in a moment their dearly-bought gold.
+
+The fortunate or the prudent had not yet succeeded in entirely plundering
+their companions, when the distant booming of cannon was heard from the
+river.  Instantly, accoutred as they were in their holiday and fantastic
+costumes, the soldiers, no longer mutinous, were summoned from banquet
+and gaming-table, and were ordered forth upon the dykes.  The patriot
+Admiral Boisot, who had so recently defeated the fleet of Bergen, under
+the eyes of the Grand Commander, had unexpectedly sailed up the Scheld,
+determined to destroy the, fleet of Antwerp, which upon that occasion had
+escaped.  Between, the forts of Lillo and Callao, he met with twenty-two
+vessels under the command of Vice-Admiral Haemstede.  After a short and
+sharp action, he was completely victorious.  Fourteen of the enemy's
+ships were burned or sunk, with all their crews, and Admiral Haemstede
+was taken prisoner.  The soldiers opened a warm fire of musketry upon
+Boisot from the dyke, to which he responded with his cannon.  The
+distance of the combatants, however, made the action unimportant; and the
+patriots retired down the river, after achieving a complete victory.  The
+Grand Commander was farther than ever from obtaining that foothold on the
+sea, which as he had informed his sovereign, was the only means by which
+the Netherlands could be reduced.
+
+
+
+
+1574 [CHAPTER II.]
+
+     First siege of Leyden--Commencement of the second--Description of
+     the city--Preparations for defence--Letters of Orange--Act of
+     amnesty issued by Requesens--Its conditions--Its reception by the
+     Hollanders--Correspondence of the Glippers--Sorties and fierce
+     combats beneath the walls of Leyden--Position of the Prince--His
+     project of relief Magnanimity of the people--Breaking of the dykes--
+     Emotions in the city and the besieging camp--Letter of the Estates
+     of Holland--Dangerous illness of the Prince--The "wild Zealanders"--
+     Admiral Boisot commences his voyage--Sanguinary combat on the Land--
+     Scheiding--Occupation of that dyke and of the Green Way--Pauses and
+     Progress of the flotilla--The Prince visits the fleet--Horrible
+     sufferings in the city--Speech of Van der Werf--Heroism of the
+     inhabitants--The Admiral's letters--The storm--Advance of Boisot--
+     Lammen fortress----An anxious night--Midnight retreat of the
+     Spaniards--The Admiral enters the city--Thanksgiving in the great
+     church The Prince in Leyden--Parting words of Valdez--Mutiny--Leyden
+     University founded--The charter--Inauguration ceremonies.
+
+The invasion of Louis of Nassau had, as already stated, effected the
+raising of the first siege of Leyden.  That leaguer had lasted from the
+31st of October, 1573, to the 21st of March, 1574, when the soldiers were
+summoned away to defend the frontier.  By an extraordinary and culpable
+carelessness, the citizens, neglecting the advice of the Prince, had not
+taken advantage of the breathing time thus afforded them to victual the
+city and strengthen the garrison.  They seemed to reckon more confidently
+upon the success of Count Louis than he had even done himself; for it was
+very probable that, in case of his defeat, the siege would be instantly
+resumed.  This natural result was not long in following the battle of
+Mookerheyde.
+
+On the 26th of May, Valdez reappeared before the place, at the head of
+eight thousand Walloons and Germans, and Leyden was now destined to pass
+through a fiery ordeal.  This city was one of the most beautiful in the
+Netherlands.  Placed in the midst of broad and fruitful pastures, which
+had been reclaimed by the hand of industry from the bottom of the sea; it
+was fringed with smiling villages, blooming gardens, fruitful Orchards.
+The ancient and, at last, decrepit Rhine, flowing languidly towards its
+sandy death-bed, had been multiplied into innumerable artificial
+currents, by which the city was completely interlaced.  These watery
+streets were shaded by lime trees, poplars, and willows, and crossed by
+one hundred and forty-five bridges, mostly of hammered stone.  The houses
+were elegant, the squares and streets spacious, airy and clean, the
+churches and public edifices imposing, while the whole aspect, of the
+place suggested thrift, industry, and comfort.  Upon an artificial
+elevation, in the centre of the city, rose a ruined tower of unknown
+antiquity.  By some it was considered to be of Roman origin, while others
+preferred to regard it as a work of the Anglo-Saxon Hengist, raised to
+commemorate his conquest of England.
+
+     [Guicciardini, Descript.  Holl, et Zelandire.  Bor, vii. 502.
+     Bentivoglio, viii. 151
+
+                        "Putatur Engistus Britanno
+                         Orbe redus posuisse victor," etc., etc.
+
+     according to the celebrated poem of John Yon der Does, the
+     accomplished and valiant Commandant of the city.  The tower, which
+     is doubtless a Roman one, presents, at the present day, almost
+     precisely the same appearance as that described by the
+     contemporaneous historians of the siege.  The verses of the
+     Commandant show the opinion, that the Anglo-Saxon conquerors of
+     Britain went from Holland, to have been a common one in the
+     sixteenth century.]
+
+Surrounded by fruit trees, and overgrown in the centre with oaks, it
+afforded, from its mouldering battlements, a charming prospect over a
+wide expanse of level country, with the spires of neighbouring cities
+rising in every direction.  It was from this commanding height, during
+the long and terrible summer days which were approaching, that many an
+eye was to be strained anxiously seaward, watching if yet the ocean had
+begun to roll over the land.
+
+Valdez lost no time in securing himself in the possession of
+Maeslandsluis, Vlaardingen, and the Hague.  Five hundred English, under
+command of Colonel Edward Chester, abandoned the fortress of Valkenburg,
+and fled towards Leyden.  Refused admittance by the citizens, who now,
+with reason, distrusted them, they surrendered to Valdez, and were
+afterwards sent back to England.  In the course of a few days, Leyden was
+thoroughly invested, no less than sixty-two redoubts, some of them having
+remained undestroyed from the previous siege, now girdling the city,
+while the besiegers already numbered nearly eight thousand, a force to be
+daily increased.  On the other hand, there were no troops in the town,
+save a small corps of "freebooters," and five companies of the burgher
+guard.  John Van der Does, Seigneur of Nordwyck, a gentleman of
+distinguished family, but still more distinguished for his learning, his
+poetical genius, and his valor, had accepted the office of military
+commandant.
+
+The main reliance of the city, under God, was on the stout hearts of its
+inhabitants within the walls, and on, the sleepless energy of William the
+Silent without.  The Prince, hastening to comfort and encourage the
+citizens, although he had been justly irritated by their negligence in
+having omitted to provide more sufficiently against the emergency while
+there had yet been time, now reminded them that they were not about to
+contend for themselves alone, but that the fate of their country and of
+unborn generations would, in all human probability, depend on the issue
+about to be tried.  Eternal glory would be their portion if they
+manifested a courage worthy of their race and of the sacred cause of
+religion and liberty.  He implored them to hold out at least three
+months, assuring them that he would, within that time, devise the means
+of their deliverance.  The citizens responded, courageously and
+confidently, to these missives, and assured the Prince of their firm
+confidence in their own fortitude and his exertions.
+
+And truly they had a right to rely on that calm and unflinching soul, as
+on a rock of adamant.  All alone, without a being near him to consult,
+his right arm struck from him by the death of Louis, with no brother left
+to him but the untiring and faithful John, he prepared without delay for
+the new task imposed upon him.  France, since the defeat and death of
+Louis, and the busy intrigues which had followed the accession of Henry
+III., had but small sympathy for the Netherlands.  The English
+government, relieved from the fear of France; was more cold and haughty
+than ever.  An Englishman  employed by Requesens to assassinate the
+Prince of Orange, had been arrested in Zealand, who impudently pretended
+that he had undertaken to perform the same office for Count John, with
+the full consent and privity of Queen Elizabeth.  The provinces of
+Holland and Zealand were stanch and true, but the inequality of the
+contest between a few brave men, upon that handsbreadth of territory,
+and the powerful Spanish Empire, seemed to render the issue hopeless.
+
+Moreover, it was now thought expedient to publish the amnesty which had
+been so long in preparation, and this time the trap was more liberally
+baited.  The pardon, which had: passed the seals upon the 8th of March,
+was formally issue: by the Grand Commander on the 6th of June.  By the
+terms of this document the King invited all his erring and repentant
+subjects, to return to his arms; and to accept a full forgiveness for
+their past offences, upon the sole condition that they should once more
+throw themselves upon the bosom of the Mother Church.  There were but few
+exceptions to the amnesty, a small number of individuals, all mentioned
+by name, being alone excluded;  but although these terms were ample,
+the act was liable to a few stern objections.  It was easier now for the
+Hollanders to go to their graves than to mass, for the contest, in its
+progress, had now entirely assumed the aspect of a religious war.
+Instead of a limited number of heretics in a state which, although
+constitutional was Catholic, there was now hardly a Papist to be found
+among the natives.  To accept the pardon then was to concede the victory,
+and the Hollanders had not yet discovered that they were conquered.  They
+were resolved, too, not only to be conquered, but annihilated, before the
+Roman Church should be re-established on their soil, to the entire
+exclusion of the Reformed worship.  They responded with steadfast
+enthusiasm to the sentiment expressed by the Prince of Orange, after the
+second siege of Leyden had been commenced; "As long as there is a living
+man left in the country, we will contend for our liberty and our
+religion."  The single condition of the amnesty assumed, in a phrase;
+what Spain had fruitlessly striven to establish by a hundred battles,
+and the Hollanders had not faced their enemy on land and sea for seven
+years to succumb to a phrase at last.
+
+Moreover, the pardon came from the wrong direction.  The malefactor
+gravely extended forgiveness to his victims.  Although the Hollanders
+had not yet disembarrassed their minds of the supernatural theory of
+government, and felt still the reverence of habit for regal divinity,
+they naturally considered themselves outraged by the trick now played
+before them.  The man who had violated all his oaths, trampled upon all
+their constitutional liberties, burned and sacked their cities,
+confiscated their wealth, hanged, beheaded, burned, and buried alive
+their innocent brethren, now came forward, not to implore, but to offer
+forgiveness.  Not in sackcloth, but in royal robes; not with ashes, but
+with a diadem upon his head, did the murderer present himself vicariously
+upon the scene of his crimes.  It may be supposed that, even in the
+sixteenth century, there were many minds which would revolt at such
+blasphemy.  Furthermore, even had the people of Holland been weak enough
+to accept the pardon, it was impossible to believe that the promise would
+be fulfilled.  It was sufficiently known how much faith was likely to be
+kept with heretics, notwithstanding that the act was fortified by a papal
+Bull, dated on the 30th of April, by which Gregory XIII.  promised
+forgiveness to those Netherland sinners who duly repented and sought
+absolution for their crimes, even although they had sinned more than
+seven times seven.
+
+For a moment the Prince had feared lest the pardon might produce some
+effect upon men wearied by interminable suffering, but the event proved
+him wrong.  It was received with universal and absolute contempt.  No man
+came forward to take advantage of its conditions, save one brewer in
+Utrecht, and the son of a refugee peddler from Leyden.  With these
+exceptions, the only ones recorded, Holland remained deaf to the royal
+voice.  The city of Leyden was equally cold to the messages of mercy,
+which were especially addressed to its population by Valdez and his
+agents.  Certain Netherlanders, belonging to the King's party, and
+familiarly called "Glippers," despatched from the camp many letters to
+their rebellious acquaintances in the city.  In these epistles the
+citizens of Leyden were urgently and even pathetically exhorted to
+submission by their loyal brethren, and were implored "to take pity upon
+their poor old fathers, their daughters, and their wives."  But the
+burghers of Leyden thought that the best pity which they could show to
+those poor old fathers, daughters, and wives, was to keep them from the
+clutches of the Spanish soldiery; so they made no answer to the Glippers,
+save by this single line, which they wrote on a sheet of paper, and
+forwarded, like a letter, to Valdez:
+
+          "Fistula dulce canit, volucrem cum decipit auceps."
+
+According to the advice early given by the Prince of Orange, the citizens
+had taken an account of their provisions of all kinds, including the live
+stock.  By the end of June, the city was placed on a strict allowance of
+food, all the provisions being purchased by the authorities at an
+equitable price.  Half a pound of meat and half a pound of bread was
+allotted to a full grown man, and to the rest, a due proportion.  The
+city being strictly invested, no communication, save by carrier pigeons,
+and by a few swift and skilful messengers called jumpers, was possible.
+Sorties and fierce combats were, however, of daily occurrence, and a
+handsome bounty was offered to any man who brought into the city gates
+the head of a Spaniard.  The reward was paid many times, but the
+population was becoming so excited and so apt, that the authorities felt
+it dangerous to permit the continuance of these conflicts.  Lest the
+city, little by little, should lose its few disciplined defenders, it was
+now proclaimed, by sound of church bell, that in future no man should
+leave the gates.
+
+The Prince had his head-quarters at Delft and at Rotterdam.  Between
+those two cities, an important fortress, called Polderwaert, secured him
+in the control of the alluvial quadrangle, watered on two sides by the
+Yssel and the Meuse.  On the 29th June, the Spaniards, feeling its value,
+had made an unsuccessful effort to carry this fort by storm.  They had
+been beaten off, with the loss of several hundred men, the Prince
+remaining in possession of the position, from which alone he could hope
+to relieve Leyden.  He still held in his hand the keys with which he
+could unlock the ocean gates and let the waters in upon the land, and he
+had long been convinced that nothing could save the city but to break the
+dykes.  Leyden was not upon the sea, but he could send the sea to.
+Leyden, although an army fit to encounter the besieging force under
+Valdez could not be levied.  The battle of Mookerheyde had, for the,
+present, quite settled the question, of land relief, but it was possible
+to besiege the besiegers, with the waves of the ocean.  The Spaniards
+occupied the coast from the Hague to Vlaardingen, but the dykes along the
+Meuse and Yssel were in possession of the Prince.  He determined, that
+these should be pierced, while, at the same time, the great sluices at
+Rotterdam, Schiedam, and Delftshaven should be opened.  The damage to the
+fields, villages, and growing crops would be enormous, but he felt that
+no other course could rescue Leyden, and with it the whole of Holland
+from destruction.  His clear expositions and impassioned eloquence at
+last overcame all resistance.  By the middle of July the estates
+consented to his plan, and its execution was immediately undertaken.
+"Better a drowned land than a lost land," cried the patriots, with
+enthusiasm, as they devoted their fertile fields to desolation.  The
+enterprise for restoring their territory, for a season, to the waves,
+from which it had been so patiently rescued, was conducted with as much
+regularity as if it had been a profitable undertaking.  A capital was
+formally subscribed, for which a certain number of bonds were issued,
+payable at a long date.  In addition to this preliminary fund, a monthly
+allowance of forty-five guldens was voted by the estates, until the work
+should be completed, and a large sum was contributed by the ladies of the
+land, who freely furnished their plate, jewellery, and costly furniture
+to the furtherance of the scheme.
+
+Meantime, Valdez, on the 30th July; issued most urgent and ample offers
+of pardon to the citizens, if they would consent to open their gates and
+accept the King's authority, but his Overtures were received with silent
+contempt, notwithstanding that the population was already approaching the
+starvation point.  Although not yet fully informed of the active measures
+taken by the Prince, yet they still chose to rely upon his energy and
+their own fortitude, rather than upon the honied words which had formerly
+been heard at the gates of Harlem and of Naarden.  On the 3rd of August,
+the Prince; accompanied by Paul Buys, chief of the commission appointed
+to execute the enterprise, went in person along the Yssel; as far as
+Kappelle, and superintended the rupture of the dykes in sixteen places.
+The gates at Schiedam and Rotterdam were, opened, and the ocean began to
+pour over the land.  While waiting for the waters to rise, provisions
+were rapidly, collected, according to an edict of the Prince, in all the
+principal towns of the neighbourhood, and some two hundred vessels, of
+various sizes, had also been got ready at Rotterdam, Delftshaven, and
+other ports.
+
+The citizens of Leyden were, however, already becoming impatient, for
+their bread was gone, and of its substitute malt cake, they had but
+slender provision.  On the 12th of August they received a letter from the
+Prince, encouraging them to resistance, and assuring them of a speedy
+relief, and on the 21st they addressed a despatch to him in reply,
+stating that they had now fulfilled their original promise, for they had
+held out two months with food, and another month without food.  If not
+soon assisted, human strength could do no more; their malt cake would
+last but four days, and after that was gone, there was nothing left but
+starvation.  Upon the same day, however, they received a letter, dictated
+by the Prince, who now lay in bed at Rotterdam with a violent fever,
+assuring them that the dykes were all pierced, and that the water was
+rising upon the "Land-Scheiding," the great outer barrier which separated
+the city from the sea.  He said nothing however of his own illness, which
+would have cast a deep shadow over the joy which now broke forth among
+the burghers.
+
+The letter was read publicly in the market-place, and to increase the
+cheerfulness, burgomaster Van der Werf, knowing the sensibility of his
+countrymen to music, ordered the city musicians to perambulate the
+streets, playing lively melodies and martial airs.  Salvos of cannon were
+likewise fired, and the starving city for a brief space put on the aspect
+of a holiday, much to the astonishment of the besieging forces, who were
+not yet aware of the Prince's efforts.  They perceived very soon,
+however, as the water everywhere about Leyden had risen to the depth of
+ten inches, that they stood in a perilous position.  It was no trifling
+danger to be thus attacked by the waves of the ocean, which seemed about
+to obey with docility the command of William the Silent.  Valdez became
+anxious and uncomfortable at the strange aspect of affairs, for the
+besieging army was now in its turn beleaguered, and by a stronger power
+than man's.  He consulted with the most experienced of his officers, with
+the country people, with the most distinguished among the Glippers, and
+derived encouragement from their views concerning the Prince's plan.
+They pronounced it utterly futile and hopeless: The Glippers knew the
+country well, and ridiculed the desperate project in unmeasured terms.
+
+Even in the city itself, a dull distrust had succeeded to the first vivid
+gleam of hope, while the few royalists among the population boldly
+taunted their fellow-citizens to their faces with the absurd vision of
+relief which they had so fondly welcomed.  "Go up to the tower, ye
+Beggars," was the frequent and taunting cry, "go up to the tower, and
+tell us if ye can see the ocean coming over the dry land to your relief"
+--and day after day they did go, up to the ancient tower of Hengist, with
+heavy heart and anxious eye, watching, hoping, praying, fearing, and at
+last almost despairing of relief by God or man.  On the 27th they
+addressed a desponding letter to the estates, complaining that the city
+had been forgotten in, its utmost need, and on the same day a prompt and
+warm-hearted reply was received, in which the citizens were assured that
+every human effort was to be made for their relief.  "Rather," said the
+estates, "will we see our whole land and all our possessions perish in
+the waves, than forsake thee, Leyden.  We know full well, moreover, that
+with Leyden, all Holland must perish also."  They excused themselves for
+not having more frequently written, upon the, ground that the whole
+management of the measures for their relief had been entrusted to the
+Prince, by whom alone all the details had been administered, and all the
+correspondence conducted.
+
+The fever of the Prince had, meanwhile, reached its height.  He lay at
+Rotterdam, utterly prostrate in body, and with mind agitated nearly to
+delirium, by the perpetual and almost unassisted schemes which he was
+constructing.  Relief, not only for Leyden, but for the whole country,
+now apparently sinking into the abyss, was the vision which he pursued as
+he tossed upon his restless couch.  Never was illness more unseasonable.
+His attendants were in despair, for it was necessary that his mind should
+for a time be spared the agitation of business.  The physicians who
+attended him agreed, as to his disorder, only in this, that it was the
+result of mental fatigue and melancholy, and could be cured only by
+removing all distressing and perplexing subjects from his thoughts, but
+all the physicians in the world could not have succeeded in turning his
+attention for an instant from the great cause of his country.  Leyden
+lay, as it were, anxious and despairing at his feet, and it was
+impossible for him to close his ears to her cry.  Therefore, from his
+sick bed he continued to dictate; words of counsel and encouragement to
+the city; to Admiral Boisot, commanding, the fleet, minute directions and
+precautions.  Towards the end of August a vague report had found its way
+into his sick chamber that Leyden had fallen, and although he refused to
+credit the tale, yet it served to harass his mind, and to heighten fever.
+Cornelius Van Mierop, Receiver General of Holland, had occasion to visit
+him at Rotterdam, and strange to relate, found the house almost deserted.
+Penetrating, unattended, to the Prince's bed-chamber, he found him lying
+quite alone.  Inquiring what had become, of all his attendants, he was
+answered by the Prince, in a very feeble voice, that he had sent them all
+away.  The Receiver-General seems, from this, to have rather hastily
+arrived at the conclusion that the Prince's disorder was the pest, and
+that his servants and friends had all deserted him from cowardice.
+
+This was very far from being the case.  His private secretary and his
+maitre d'hotel watched, day and night, by his couch, and the best
+physicians of the city were in constant attendance.  By a singular
+accident; all had been despatched on different errands, at the express
+desire of their master, but there had never been a suspicion that his
+disorder was the pest, or pestilential.  Nerves of steel, and a frame of
+adamant could alone have resisted the constant anxiety and the consuming
+fatigue to which he had so long been exposed.  His illness had been
+aggravated by the, rumor of Leyden's fall, a fiction which Cornelius
+Mierop was now enabled flatly to contradict.  The Prince began to mend
+from that hour.  By the end of the first week of September, he wrote
+along letter to his brother, assuring him of his convalescence, and
+expressing, as usual; a calm confidence in the divine decrees--"God will
+ordain for me," said he, "all which is necessary for my good and my
+salvation.  He will load me with no more afflictions than the fragility
+of this nature can sustain."
+
+The preparations for the relief of Leyden, which, notwithstanding his
+exertions, had grown slack during his sickness, were now vigorously
+resumed.  On the 1st of September, Admiral Boisot arrived out of Zealand
+with a small number of vessels, and with eight hundred veteran sailors.
+A wild and ferocious crew were those eight hundred Zealanders.  Scarred,
+hacked, and even maimed, in the unceasing conflicts in which their lives
+had passed; wearing crescents in their caps, with the inscription,
+"Rather Turkish than Popish;" renowned far and wide, as much for their
+ferocity as for their nautical skill; the appearance of these wildest of
+the "Sea-beggars" was both eccentric and terrific.  They were known never
+to give nor to take quarter, for they went to mortal combat only, and had
+sworn to spare neither noble nor simple, neither king, kaiser, nor pope,
+should they fall into their power.
+
+More than two hundred-vessels had been assembled, carrying generally ten
+pieces of cannon, with from ten to eighteen oars, and manned with twenty-
+five hundred veterans, experienced both on land and water.  The work was
+now undertaken in earnest.  The distance from Leyden to the outer dyke,
+over whose ruins the ocean had already been admitted, was nearly fifteen
+miles.  This reclaimed territory, however, was not maintained against the
+sea by these external barriers alone.  The flotilla made its way with
+ease to the Land-Scheiding, a strong dyke within five miles of Leyden,
+but here its progress was arrested.  The approach to the city was
+surrounded by many strong ramparts, one within the other, by which it was
+defended against its ancient enemy, the ocean, precisely like the
+circumvallations by means of which it was now assailed by its more recent
+enemy, the Spaniard.  To enable the fleet, however, to sail over the
+land; it was necessary to break through this two fold series of defences.
+Between the Land-Scheiding and Leyden were several dykes, which kept out
+the water; upon the level, were many villages, together with a chain of
+sixty-two forts, which completely occupied the land.  All these Villages
+and fortresses were held by the veteran, troops of the King; the
+besieging force, being about four times as strong as that which was
+coming to the rescue.
+
+The Prince had given orders that the Land-Scheiding, which was still one-
+and-a-half foot above water, should be taken possession of; at every
+hazard.  On the night of the 10th and 11th of September this was
+accomplished; by surprise; and in a masterly manner.  The few Spaniards
+who had been stationed upon the dyke were all, despatched or driven off,
+and the patriots fortified themselves upon it, without the loss of a man.
+As the day dawned the Spaniards saw the fatal error which they had
+committed in leaving thus bulwark so feebly defended, and from two
+villages which stood close to the dyke, the troops now rushed
+inconsiderable force to recover what they had lost.  A hot action
+succeeded, but the patriots had too securely established themselves.
+They completely defeated the enemy, who retired, leaving hundreds of
+dead on the field, and the patriots in complete possession of the Land-
+scheiding.  This first action was sanguinary and desperate.  It gave a
+earnest of what these people, who came to relieve; their brethren, by
+sacrificing their, property and their lives; were determined to effect.
+It gave a revolting proof, too, of the intense hatred which nerved their
+arms.  A Zealander; having struck down a Spaniard on the dyke, knelt on
+his bleeding enemy, tore his heart from his bosom; fastened his teeth in
+it for an instant, and then threw it to a dog, with the exclamation,
+"'Tis too bitter."  The Spanish heart was, however, rescued, and kept for
+years, with the marks of the soldier's teeth upon it, a sad testimonial
+of the ferocity engendered by this war for national existence.
+
+The great dyke having been thus occupied, no time was lost in breaking it
+through in several places, a work which was accomplished under the very
+eyes of the enemy.  The fleet sailed through the gaps, but, after their
+passage had been effected in good order, the Admiral found, to his
+surprise, that it was not the only rampart to be carried.  The Prince had
+been informed, by those who claimed to know, the country, that, when once
+the Land-scheiding had been passed, the water would flood the country.
+as far as Leyden, but the "Green-way," another long dyke three-quarters
+of a mile farther inward, now rose at least a foot above the water, to
+oppose their further progress.  Fortunately, by, a second and still more
+culpable carelessness, this dyke had been left by the Spaniards in as
+unprotected a state as the first had been, Promptly and audaciously
+Admiral Boisot took possession of this barrier also, levelled it in many
+places, and brought his flotilla, in triumph, over its ruins.  Again,
+however, he was doomed to disappointment.  A large mere, called the
+Freshwater Lake, was known to extend itself directly in his path about
+midway between the Land-scheiding and the city.  To this piece of water,
+into which he expected to have instantly floated, his only passage lay
+through one deep canal.  The sea which had thus far borne him on, now
+diffusing itself over a very wide surface, and under the influence of an
+adverse wind, had become too shallow for his ships.  The canal alone was
+deep enough, but it led directly towards a bridge, strongly occupied by
+the enemy.  Hostile troops, moreover, to the amount of three thousand
+occupied both sides of the canal.  The bold Boisot, nevertheless,
+determined to force his passage, if possible.  Selecting a few of his
+strongest vessels, his heaviest artillery, and his bravest sailors, he
+led the van himself, in a desperate attempt to make his way to the mere.
+He opened a hot fire upon the bridge, then converted into a fortress,
+while his men engaged in hand-to-hand combat with a succession of
+skirmishers from the troops along the canal.  After losing a few men,
+and ascertaining the impregnable position of the enemy, he was obliged
+to withdraw, defeated, and almost despairing.
+
+A week had elapsed since the great dyke had been pierced, and the
+flotilla now lay motionless--in shallow water, having accomplished less
+than two miles.  The wind, too, was easterly, causing the sea rather to
+sink than to rise.  Everything wore a gloomy aspect, when, fortunately,
+on the 18th, the wind shifted to the north-west, and for three days blew
+a gale.  The waters rose rapidly, and before the second day was closed
+the armada was afloat again.  Some fugitives from Zoetermeer village now
+arrived, and informed the Admiral that, by making a detour to the right,
+he could completely circumvent the bridge and the mere.  They guided him,
+accordingly, to a comparatively low dyke, which led between the villages
+of Zoetermeer and Benthuyzen: A strong force of Spaniards was stationed
+in each place, but, seized with a panic, instead of sallying to defend
+the barrier, they fled inwardly towards Leyden, and halted at the village
+of North Aa.  It was natural that they should be amazed.  Nothing is more
+appalling to the imagination than the rising ocean tide, when man feels
+himself within its power; and here were the waters, hourly deepening and
+closing around them, devouring the earth beneath their feet, while on the
+waves rode a flotilla, manned by a determined race; whose courage and
+ferocity were known throughout the world.  The Spanish soldiers, brave as
+they were on land, were not sailors, and in the naval contests which had
+taken place between them and the Hollanders had been almost invariably
+defeated.  It was not surprising, in these amphibious skirmishes, where
+discipline was of little avail, and habitual audacity faltered at the
+vague dangers which encompassed them, that the foreign troops should lose
+their presence of mind.
+
+Three barriers, one within the other, had now been passed, and the
+flotilla, advancing with the advancing waves, and driving the enemy
+steadily before it, was drawing nearer to the beleaguered city.  As one
+circle after another was passed, the besieging army found itself
+compressed within a constantly contracting field.  The "Ark of Delft," an
+enormous vessel, with shot-proof bulwarks, and moved by paddle-wheels
+turned by a crank, now arrived at Zoetermeer, and was soon followed by
+the whole fleet.  After a brief delay, sufficient to allow the few
+remaining villagers to escape, both Zoetermeer and Benthuyzen, with the
+fortifications, were set on fire, and abandoned to their fate.  The blaze
+lighted up the desolate and watery waste around, and was seen at Leyden,
+where it was hailed as the beacon of hope.  Without further impediment,
+the armada proceeded to North Aa; the enemy retreating from this position
+also, and flying to Zoeterwoude, a strongly fortified village but a mile
+and three quarters from the city walls.  It was now swarming with troops,
+for the bulk of the besieging army had gradually been driven into a
+narrow circle of forts, within the immediate neighbourhood of Leyden.
+Besides Zoeterwoude, the two posts where they were principally
+established were Lammen and Leyderdorp, each within three hundred rods of
+the town.  At Leyderdorp were the head-quarters of Valdez; Colonel Borgia
+commanded in the very strong fortress of Lammen.
+
+The fleet was, however, delayed at North Aa by another barrier, called
+the "Kirk-way."  The waters, too, spreading once more over a wider space,
+and diminishing under an east wind, which had again arisen, no longer
+permitted their progress, so that very soon the whole armada was stranded
+anew.  The, waters fell to the depth of nine inches; while the vessels
+required eighteen and twenty.  Day after day the fleet lay motionless
+upon.  the shallow sea.  Orange, rising from his sick bed as soon as he
+could stand, now came on board the fleet.  His presence diffused
+universal joy; his words inspired his desponding army with fresh hope.
+He rebuked the impatient spirits who, weary of their compulsory idleness,
+had shown symptoms of ill-timed ferocity, and those eight hundred mad
+Zealanders, so frantic in their hatred to the foreigners, who had so long
+profaned their land, were as docile as children to the Prince.  He
+reconnoitred the whole ground, and issued orders for the immediate
+destruction of the Kirkway, the last important barrier which separated
+the fleet from Leyden.  Then, after a long conference with Admiral
+Boisot, he returned to Delft.
+
+Meantime, the besieged city was at its last gasp.  The burghers had been
+in a state of uncertainty for many days; being aware that the fleet had
+set forth for their relief, but knowing full well the thousand obstacles
+which it, had to surmount.  They had guessed its progress by the
+illumination from, the blazing villages; they had heard its salvos of
+artillery, on its arrival at North Aa; but since then, all had been dark
+and mournful again, hope and fear, in sickening alternation, distracting
+every breast.  They knew that the wind was unfavorable, and at the dawn
+of each day every eye was turned wistfully to the vanes of the, steeples.
+So long as the easterly breeze prevailed, they felt, as they anxiously
+stood on towers and housetops; that they must look in vain for the
+welcome ocean.  Yet, while thus patiently waiting, they were literally
+starving; for even the misery endured at Harlem had not reached that
+depth and intensity of agony to which Leyden was now reduced.  Bread,
+malt-cake, horseflesh, had entirely disappeared; dogs, cats, rats, and
+other vermin, were esteemed luxuries: A small number of cows, kept as
+long as possible, for their milk, still remained; but a few were killed
+from day to day; and distributed in minute proportions, hardly sufficient
+to support life among the famishing population.  Starving wretches
+swarmed daily around the shambles where these cattle were slaughtered,
+contending for any morsel which might fall, and lapping eagerly the blood
+as it ran along the pavement; while the hides; chopped and boiled, were
+greedily devoured.  Women and children, all day long, were seen searching
+gutters and dunghills for morsels of food, which they disputed fiercely
+with the famishing dogs.  The green leaves were stripped from the trees,
+every living herb was converted into human food, but these expedients
+could not avert starvation.  The daily mortality was frightful infants
+starved to death on the maternal breasts, which famine had parched and
+withered; mothers dropped dead in the streets, with their dead children
+in their arms.  In many a house the watchmen, in their rounds, found a
+whole family of corpses, father, mother, and children, side by side, for
+a disorder called the plague, naturally engendered of hardship and
+famine, now came, as if in kindness, to abridge the agony of the people.
+The pestilence stalked at noonday through the city, and the doomed
+inhabitants fell like grass beneath its scythe.  From six thousand to
+eight thousand human beings sank before this scourge alone, yet the
+people resolutely held out--women and men mutually encouraging each other
+to resist the entrance of their foreign foe--an evil more horrible than
+pest or famine.
+
+The missives from Valdez, who saw more vividly than the besieged could
+do, the uncertainty of his own position, now poured daily into the city,
+the enemy becoming more prodigal of his vows, as he felt that the ocean
+might yet save the victims from his grasp.  The inhabitants, in their
+ignorance, had gradually abandoned their hopes of relief, but they
+spurned the summons to surrender.  Leyden was sublime in its despair.  A
+few murmurs were, however, occasionally heard at the steadfastness of the
+magistrates, and a dead body was placed at the door of the burgomaster,
+as a silent witness against his inflexibility.  A party of the more
+faint-hearted even assailed the heroic Adrian Van der Werf with threats
+and reproaches as he passed through the streets.  A crowd had gathered
+around him, as he reached a triangular place in the centre of the town,
+into which many of the principal streets emptied themselves, and upon one
+side of which stood the church of Saint Pancras, with its high brick
+tower surmounted by two pointed turrets, and with two ancient lime trees
+at its entrance.  There stood the burgomaster, a tall, haggard, imposing
+figure, with dark visage, and a tranquil but commanding eye.  He waved
+his broadleaved felt hat for silence, and then exclaimed, in language
+which has been almost literally preserved,  What would ye, my friends?
+Why do ye murmur that we do not break our vows and surrender the city to
+the Spaniards? a fate more horrible than the agony which she now endures.
+I tell you I have made an oath to hold the city, and may God give me
+strength to keep my oath!  I can die but once; whether by your hands, the
+enemy's, or by the hand of God.  My own fate is indifferent to me, not so
+that of the city intrusted to my care.  I know that we shall starve if
+not soon relieved; but starvation is preferable to the dishonored death
+which is the only alternative.  Your menaces move me not; my life is at
+your disposal; here is my sword, plunge it into my breast, and divide my
+flesh among you.  Take my body to appease your hunger, but expect no
+surrender, so long as I remain alive.
+
+The words of the stout burgomaster inspired a new courage in the hearts
+of those who heard him, and a shout of applause and defiance arose from
+the famishing but enthusiastic crowd.  They left the place, after
+exchanging new vows of fidelity with their magistrate, and again ascended
+tower and battlement to watch for the coming fleet.  From the ramparts
+they hurled renewed defiance at the enemy.  "Ye call us rat-eaters and
+dog-eaters," they cried, "and it is true.  So long, then, as ye hear dog
+bark or cat mew within the walls, ye may know that the city holds out.
+And when all has perished but ourselves, be sure that we will each devour
+our left arms, retaining our right to defend our women, our liberty, and
+our religion, against the foreign tyrant.  Should God, in his wrath, doom
+us to destruction, and deny us all relief, even then will we maintain
+ourselves for ever against your entrance.  When the last hour has come,
+with our own hands we will set fire to the city and perish, men, women,
+and children together in the flames, rather than suffer our homes to be
+polluted and our liberties to be crushed."  Such words of defiance,
+thundered daily from the battlements, sufficiently informed Valdez as to
+his chance of conquering the city, either by force or fraud, but at the
+same time, he felt comparatively relieved by the inactivity of Boisot's
+fleet, which still lay stranded at North Aa.  "As well," shouted the
+Spaniards, derisively, to the citizens, "as well can the Prince of Orange
+pluck the stars from the sky as bring the ocean to the walls of Leyden
+for your relief."
+
+On the 28th of September, a dove flew into the city, bringing a letter
+from Admiral Boisot.  In this despatch, the position of the fleet at
+North Aa was described in encouraging terms, and the inhabitants were
+assured that, in a very few days at furthest, the long-expected relief
+would enter their gates.  The letter was read publicly upon the market-
+place, and the bells were rung for joy.  Nevertheless, on the morrow, the
+vanes pointed to the east, the waters, so far from rising, continued to
+sink, and Admiral Boisot was almost in despair.  He wrote to the Prince,
+that if the spring-tide, now to be expected, should not, together with a
+strong and favorable wind, come immediately to their relief, it would be
+in pain to attempt anything further, and that the expedition would, of
+necessity, be abandoned.  The tempest came to their relief. A violent
+equinoctial gale, on the night of the 1st and 2nd of October, came
+storming from the north-west, shifting after a few hours full eight
+points, and then blowing still more violently from the south-west.  The
+waters of the North Sea were piled in vast masses upon the southern coast
+of Holland, and then dashed furiously landward, the ocean rising over the
+earth, and sweeping with unrestrained power across the ruined dykes.
+
+In the course of twenty-four hours, the fleet at North Aa, instead of
+nine inches, had more than two feet of water.  No time was lost.  The
+Kirk-way, which had been broken through according to the Prince's
+instructions, was now completely overflowed, and the fleet sailed at
+midnight, in the midst of the storm and darkness.  A few sentinel vessels
+of the enemy challenged them as they steadily rowed towards Zoeterwoude.
+The answer was a flash from Boisot's cannon; lighting up the black waste
+of waters.  There was a fierce naval midnight battle; a strange spectacle
+among the branches of those quiet orchards, and with the chimney stacks
+of half-submerged farmhouses rising around the contending vessels.
+The neighboring village of Zoeterwoude shook with the discharges of the
+Zealanders' cannon, and the Spaniards assembled in that fortress knew
+that the rebel Admiral was at last, afloat and on his course.  The
+enemy's vessels were soon sunk, their crews hurled into the waves.
+On went the fleet, sweeping over the broad waters which lay between
+Zoeterwoude and Zwieten.  As they approached some shallows, which led
+into the great mere, the Zealanders dashed into the sea, and with sheer
+strength shouldered every vessel through.  Two obstacles lay still in
+their path--the forts of Zoeterwoude and Lammen, distant from the city
+five hundred and two hundred and fifty yards respectively.  Strong
+redoubts, both well supplied with troops and artillery, they were likely
+to give a rough reception to the light flotilla, but the panic; which had
+hitherto driven their foes before the advancing patriots; had reached
+Zoeterwoude.  Hardly was the fleet in sight when the Spaniards in the
+early morning, poured out from the fortress, and fled precipitately to
+the left, along a road which led in a westerly direction towards the
+Hague.  Their narrow path was rapidly vanishing in the waves, and
+hundreds sank beneath the constantly deepening and treacherous flood.
+The wild Zealanders, too, sprang from their vessels upon the crumbling
+dyke and drove their retreating foes into the sea.  They hurled their
+harpoons at them, with an accuracy acquired in many a polar chase; they
+plunged into the waves in the keen pursuit, attacking them with boat-hook
+and dagger.  The numbers who thus fell beneath these corsairs, who
+neither gave nor took quarter, were never counted, but probably not less
+than a thousand perished.  The rest effected their escape to the Hague.
+
+The first fortress was thus seized, dismantled, set on fire, and passed,
+and a few strokes of the oars brought the whole fleet close to Lammen.
+This last obstacle rose formidable and frowning directly across their
+path.  Swarming as it was with soldiers, and bristling with artillery,
+it seemed to defy the armada either to carry it by storm or to pass under
+its guns into the city.  It appeared that the enterprise was, after all,
+to founder within sight of the long expecting and expected haven.  Boisot
+anchored his fleet within a respectful distance, and spent what remained
+of the day in carefully reconnoitring the fort, which seemed only too
+strong.  In conjunction with Leyderdorp, the head-quarters of Valdez, a
+mile and a half distant on the right, and within a mile of the city, it
+seemed so insuperable an impediment that Boisot wrote in despondent tone
+to the Prince of Orange.  He announced his intention of carrying the
+fort, if it were possible, on the following morning, but if obliged to
+retreat, he observed, with something like despair, that there would be
+nothing for it but to wait for another gale of wind.  If the waters
+should rise sufficiently to enable them to make a wide detour, it might
+be possible, if, in the meantime, Leyden did not starve or surrender, to
+enter its gates from the opposite side.
+
+Meantime, the citizens had grown wild with expectation.  A dove had been
+despatched by Boisot, informing them of his precise position, and a
+number of citizens accompanied the burgomaster, at nightfall, toward the
+tower of Hengist.  Yonder, cried the magistrate, stretching out his hand
+towards Lammen, "yonder, behind that fort, are bread and meat, and
+brethren in thousands.  Shall all this be destroyed by the Spanish guns,
+or shall we rush to the rescue of our friends?"--"We will tear the
+fortress to fragments with our teeth and nails," was the reply, "before
+the relief, so long expected, shall be wrested from us."  It was resolved
+that a sortie, in conjunction with the operations of Boisot, should be
+made against Lammen with the earliest dawn.  Night descended upon the
+scene, a pitch dark night, full of anxiety to the Spaniards, to the
+armada, to Leyden.  Strange sights and sounds occurred at different
+moments to bewilder the anxious sentinels.  A long procession of lights
+issuing from the fort was seen to flit across the black face of the
+waters, in the dead of night, and the whole of the city wall, between the
+Cow-gate and the Tower of Burgundy, fell with a loud crash.  The horror-
+struck citizens thought that the Spaniards were upon them at last; the
+Spaniards imagined the noise to indicate, a desperate sortie of the
+citizens.  Everything was vague and mysterious.
+
+Day dawned, at length, after the feverish, night, and, the Admiral
+prepared for the assault.  Within the fortress reigned a death-like
+stillness, which inspired a sickening suspicion.  Had the city, indeed,
+been carried in the night; had the massacre already commenced; had all
+this labor and audacity been expended in vain?  Suddenly a man was
+descried, wading breast-high through the water from Lammen towards the
+fleet, while at the same time, one solitary boy was seen to wave his cap
+from the summit of the fort.  After a moment of doubt, the happy mystery
+was solved.  The Spaniards had fled, panic struck, during the darkness.
+Their position would still have enabled them, with firmness, to frustrate
+the enterprise of the patriots, but the hand of God, which had sent the
+ocean and the tempest to the deliverance of Leyden, had struck her
+enemies with terror likewise.  The lights which had been seen moving
+during the night were the lanterns of the retreating Spaniards, and the
+boy who was now waving his triumphant signal from the battlements had
+alone witnessed the spectacle.  So confident was he in the conclusion to
+which it led him, that he had volunteered at daybreak to go thither all
+alone.  The magistrates, fearing a trap, hesitated for a moment to
+believe the truth, which soon, however, became quite evident.  Valdez,
+flying himself from Leyderdorp, had ordered Colonel Borgia to retire with
+all his troops from Lammen.  Thus, the Spaniards had retreated at the
+very moment that an extraordinary accident had laid bare a whole side of
+the city for their entrance.  The noise of the wall, as it fell, only
+inspired them with fresh alarm for they believed that the citizens had
+sallied forth in the darkness, to aid the advancing flood in the work of
+destruction.  All obstacles being now removed, the fleet of Boisot swept
+by Lammen, and entered the city on the morning of the 3rd of October.
+Leyden was relieved.
+
+The quays were lined with the famishing population, as the fleet rowed
+through the canals, every human being who could stand, coming forth to
+greet the preservers of the city.  Bread was thrown from every vessel
+among the crowd.  The poor creatures who, for two months had tasted no
+wholesome human food, and who had literally been living within the jaws
+of death, snatched eagerly the blessed gift, at last too liberally
+bestowed.  Many choked themselves to death, in the greediness with which
+they devoured their bread; others became ill with the effects of plenty
+thus suddenly succeeding starvation; but these were isolated cases, a
+repetition of which was prevented.  The Admiral, stepping ashore, was
+welcomed by the magistracy, and a solemn procession was immediately
+formed.  Magistrates and citizens, wild Zealanders, emaciated burgher
+guards, sailors, soldiers, women, children, nearly every living person
+within the walls, all repaired without delay to the great church, stout
+Admiral Boisot leading the way.  The starving and heroic city, which had
+been so firm in its resistance to an earthly king, now bent itself in
+humble gratitude before the King of kings.  After prayers, the whole vast
+congregation joined in the thanksgiving hymn.  Thousands of voices raised
+the-song, but few were able to carry it to its conclusion, for the
+universal emotion, deepened by the music, became too full for utterance.
+The hymn was abruptly suspended, while the multitude wept like children.
+This scene of honest pathos terminated; the necessary measures for
+distributing the food and for relieving the sick were taken by the
+magistracy.  A note dispatched to the Prince of Orange, was received by
+him at two o'clock, as he sat in church at Delft.  It was of a somewhat
+different purport from that of the letter which he had received early in
+the same day from Boisot; the letter in which the admiral had, informed
+him that the success of the enterprise depended; after-all, upon the
+desperate assault upon a nearly impregnable fort. The joy of the Prince
+may be easily imagined, and so soon as the sermon was concluded; he
+handed the letter just received to the minister, to be read to the
+congregation.  Thus, all participated in his joy, and united with him in
+thanksgiving.
+
+The next day, notwithstanding the urgent entreaties of his friends, who
+were anxious lest his life should be endangered by breathing, in his
+scarcely convalescent state; the air of the city where so many thousands
+had been dying of the pestilence, the Prince repaired to Leyden.  He, at
+least, had never doubted his own or his country's fortitude.  They could,
+therefore, most sincerely congratulate each other, now that the victory
+had been achieved.  "If we are doomed to perish," he had said a little
+before the commencement of the siege, "in the name of God, be it so!  At
+any rate, we shall have the honor to have done what no nation ever, did
+before us, that of having defended and maintained ourselves, unaided, in
+so small a country, against the tremendous efforts of such powerful
+enemies.  So long as the poor inhabitants here, though deserted by all
+the world, hold firm, it will still cost the Spaniards the half of Spain,
+in money and in men, before they can make an end of us."
+
+The termination of the terrible siege of Leyden was a convincing proof to
+the Spaniards that they had not yet made an end of the Hollanders.  It
+furnished, also, a sufficient presumption that until they had made an end
+of them, even unto the last Hollander, there would never be an end of the
+struggle in which they were engaged.  It was a slender consolation to the
+Governor-General, that his troops had been vanquished, not by the enemy,
+but by the ocean.  An enemy whom the ocean obeyed with such docility
+might well be deemed invincible by man.  In the head-quarters of Valdez,
+at Leyderdorp, many plans of Leyden and the neighbourhood were found
+lying in confusion about the room.  Upon the table was a hurried farewell
+of that General to the scenes of his, discomfiture, written in a Latin
+worthy of Juan Vargas:  "Vale civitas, valete castelli parvi, qui relicti
+estis propter aquam et non per vim inimicorum!"  In his precipitate
+retreat before the advancing rebels, the Commander had but just found
+time for this elegant effusion, and, for his parting instructions to
+Colonel Borgia that the fortress of Lammen was to be forthwith abandoned.
+These having been reduced to writing, Valdez had fled so speedily as to
+give rise to much censure and more scandal.  He was even accused of
+having been bribed by the Hollanders to desert his post, a tale which
+many repeated, and a few believed.  On the 4th of October, the day
+following that on which the relief of the city was effected, the wind
+shifted to the north-east, and again blew a tempest.  It was as if the
+waters, having now done their work, had been rolled back to the ocean by
+an Omnipotent hand, for in the course of a few days, the land was bare
+again, and the work of reconstructing the dykes commenced.
+
+After a brief interval of repose, Leyden had regained its former
+position.  The Prince, with advice of the estates, had granted the city,
+as a reward for its sufferings, a ten days' annual fair, without tolls or
+taxes,  and as a further manifestation of the gratitude entertained by
+the people of Holland and Zealand for the heroism of the citizens, it was
+resolved that an academy or university should be forthwith established
+within their walls.  The University of Leyden, afterwards so illustrious,
+was thus founded in the very darkest period of the country's struggle.
+
+The university was endowed with a handsome revenue, principally derived
+from the ancient abbey of Egmont, and was provided with a number of
+professors, selected for their genius, learning, and piety among all the
+most distinguished scholars of the Netherlands.  The document by which
+the institution was founded was certainly a masterpiece of ponderous
+irony, for as the fiction of the King's sovereignty was still maintained,
+Philip was gravely made to establish the university, as a reward to
+Leyden for rebellion to himself.  "Considering," said this wonderful
+charter, "that during these present wearisome wars within our provinces
+of Holland and Zealand, all good instruction of youth in the sciences and
+liberal arts is likely to come into entire oblivion. . . . .  Considering
+the differences of religion--considering that we are inclined to gratify
+our city of Leyden, with its burghers, on account of the heavy burthens
+sustained by them during this war with such faithfulness--we have
+resolved, after ripely deliberating with our dear cousin, William, Prince
+of Orange, stadholder, to erect a free public school and university,"
+etc., etc., etc.  So ran the document establishing this famous academy,
+all needful regulations for the government and police of the institution
+being entrusted by Philip to his "above-mentioned dear cousin of Orange."
+
+The university having been founded, endowed, and supplied with its,
+teachers, it was solemnly consecrated in the following winter, and it is
+agreeable to contemplate this scene of harmless pedantry, interposed, as
+it was, between the acts of the longest and dreariest tragedy of modern
+time.  On the 5th of February, 1575, the city of Leyden, so lately the
+victim of famine and pestilence, had crowned itself with flowers.  At
+seven in the morning, after a solemn religious celebration in the Church
+of St. Peter,  a grand procession was formed.  It was preceded by a
+military escort, consisting of the burgher militia and the five companies
+of infantry stationed in the city.  Then came, drawn by four horses, a
+splendid triumphal chariot, on which sat a female figure, arrayed in
+snow-white garments.  This was the Holy Gospel.  She was attended by the
+Four Evangelists, who walked on foot at each side of her chariot.  Next
+followed Justice, with sword and scales, mounted; blindfold, upon a
+unicorn, while those learned doctors, Julian, Papinian, Ulpian, and
+Tribonian, rode on either side, attended by two lackeys and four men at
+arms.  After these came Medicine, on horseback, holding in one hand a
+treatise of the healing art, in the other a garland of drugs.  The
+curative goddess rode between the four eminent physicians, Hippocrates,
+Galen, Dioscorides, and Theophrastus, and was attended by two footmen and
+four pike-bearers.  Last of the allegorical personages came Minerva,
+prancing in complete steel, with lance in rest, and bearing her Medusa
+shield.  Aristotle and Plato, Cicero and Virgil, all on horseback, with
+attendants in antique armor at their back, surrounded the daughter of
+Jupiter, while the city band, discoursing eloquent music from hautboy and
+viol, came upon the heels of the allegory.  Then followed the mace-
+bearers and other officials, escorting the orator of the day, the newly-
+appointed professors and doctors, the magistrates and dignitaries, and
+the body of the citizens generally completing the procession.
+
+Marshalled in this order, through triumphal arches, and over a pavement
+strewed with flowers, the procession moved slowly up and down the
+different streets, and along the quiet canals of the city.  As it reached
+the Nuns' Bridge, a barge of triumph, gorgeously decorated, came floating
+slowly down the sluggish Rhine.  Upon its deck, under a canopy enwreathed
+with laurels and oranges, and adorned with tapestry, sat Apollo, attended
+by the Nine Muses, all in classical costume; at the helm stood Neptune
+with his trident.  The Muses executed some beautiful concerted pieces;
+Apollo twanged his lute.  Having reached the landing-place, this
+deputation from Parnassus stepped on shore, and stood awaiting the
+arrival of the procession.  Each professor, as he advanced, was gravely
+embraced and kissed by Apollo and all the Nine Muses in turn, who greeted
+their arrival besides with the recitation of an elegant Latin poem.  This
+classical ceremony terminated, the whole procession marched together to
+the cloister of Saint Barbara, the place prepared for the new university,
+where they listened to an eloquent oration by the Rev. Caspar Kolhas,
+after which they partook of a magnificent banquet.  With this memorable
+feast, in the place where famine had so lately reigned, the ceremonies
+were concluded.
+
+
+
+
+ETEXT EDITOR'S BOOKMARKS:
+
+Crescents in their caps: Rather Turkish than Popish
+Ever-swarming nurseries of mercenary warriors
+Weep oftener for her children than is the usual lot of mothers
+
+
+
+
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK THE DUTCH REPUBLIC, 1573-74 ***
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