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+The Project Gutenberg EBook History of The United Netherlands, 1588-89
+#59 in our series by John Lothrop Motley
+
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+Title: History of the United Netherlands, 1588-89
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+Author: John Lothrop Motley
+
+Release Date: January, 2004  [EBook #4859]
+[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule]
+[This file was first posted on April 5, 2002]
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+Edition: 10
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+Language: English
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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY UNITED NETHERLANDS, 1588-89 ***
+
+
+
+This eBook was produced by David Widger
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+[NOTE: There is a short list of bookmarks, or pointers, at the end of the
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+
+HISTORY OF THE UNITED NETHERLANDS
+From the Death of William the Silent to the Twelve Year's Truce--1609
+
+By John Lothrop Motley
+
+
+
+MOTLEY'S HISTORY OF THE NETHERLANDS, Project Gutenberg Edition, Vol. 59
+
+History of the United Netherlands, 1588-1589
+
+
+CHAPTER XX.
+
+     Alexander besieges Bergen-op-Zoom--Pallavicini's Attempt to seduce
+     Parma--Alexander's Fury--He is forced to raise the Siege, of Bergen
+     --Gertruydenberg betrayed to Parma--Indignation of the States--
+     Exploits, of Schenk--His Attack on Nymegen--He is defeated and
+     drowned--English-Dutch Expedition to Spain--Its meagre Results--
+     Death of Guise and of the Queen--Mother--Combinations after the
+     Murder of Henry III.--Tandem fit Surculus Arbor.
+
+The fever of the past two years was followed by comparative languor.
+The deadly crisis was past, the freedom of Europe was saved, Holland and
+England breathed again; but tension now gave place to exhaustion.  The
+events in the remainder of the year 1588, with those of 1589--although
+important in themselves--were the immediate results of that history which
+has been so minutely detailed in these volumes, and can be indicated in a
+very few pages.
+
+The Duke of Parma, melancholy, disappointed, angry stung to the soul by
+calumnies as stupid as they were venomous, and already afflicted with a
+painful and lingering disease, which his friends attributed to poison
+administered by command of the master whom he had so faithfully served--
+determined, if possible, to afford the consolation which that master was
+so plaintively demanding at his hands.
+
+So Alexander led the splendid army which had been packed in, and unpacked
+from, the flat boats of Newport and Dunkerk, against Bergen-op-Zoom, and
+besieged that city in form.  Once of great commercial importance,
+although somewhat fallen away from its original prosperity, Bergen was
+well situate on a little stream which connected it with the tide-waters
+of the Scheldt, and was the only place in Brabant, except Willemstad,
+still remaining to the States.  Opposite lay the Isle of Tholen from
+which it was easily to be supplied and reinforced.  The Vosmeer, a branch
+of the Scheldt, separated the island from the main, and there was a path
+along the bed of that estuary, which, at dead low-water, was practicable
+for wading.  Alexander, accordingly, sent a party of eight hundred
+pikemen, under Montigny, Marquis of Renty, and Ottavio Mansfeld,
+supported on the dyke by three thousand musketeers, across; the dangerous
+ford, at ebb-tide, in order to seize this important island.  It was an
+adventure similar to those, which, in the days of the grand commander,
+and under the guidance of Mondragon; had been on two occasions so
+brilliantly successful.  But the Isle of Tholen was now defended by Count
+Solms and a garrison of fierce amphibious Zeelanders--of those determined
+bands which had just been holding Farnese and his fleet in prison, and
+daring him to the issue--and the invading party, after fortunately
+accomplishing their night journey along the bottom of the Vosmeer, were
+unable to effect a landing, were driven with considerable loss into the
+waves again, and compelled to find their way back as best they could,
+along their dangerous path, and with a rapidly rising tide.  It was a
+blind and desperate venture, and the Vosmeer soon swallowed four hundred
+of the Spaniards.  The rest, half-drowned or smothered, succeeded in
+reaching the shore--the chiefs of the expedition, Renty and Mansfeld,
+having been with difficulty rescued by their followers, when nearly
+sinking in the tide.
+
+The Duke continued the siege, but the place was well defended by an
+English and Dutch garrison, to the number of five thousand, and commanded
+by Colonel Morgan, that bold and much experienced Welshman, so well known
+in the Netherland wars.  Willoughby and Maurice of Nassau, and Olden-
+Barneveld were, at different times, within the walls; for the Duke
+had been unable to invest the place so closely as to prevent all
+communications from without; and, while Maurice was present, there were
+almost daily sorties from the town, with many a spirited skirmish, to
+give pleasure to the martial young Prince.  The English, officers, Vere
+and Baskerville, and two Netherland colonels, the brothers Bax, most
+distinguished themselves on these occasions.  The siege was not going on
+with the good fortune which had usually attended the Spanish leaguer.  of
+Dutch cities, while, on the 29th September, a personal incident came to
+increase Alexander's dissatisfaction and melancholy.
+
+On that day the Duke was sitting in his tent, brooding, as he was apt to
+do, over the unjust accusations which had been heaped upon him in regard
+to the failure of the Armada, when a stranger was announced.  His name,
+he said, was Giacomo Morone, and he was the bearer of a letter from Sir
+Horace Pallavicini, a Genoese gentleman long established in London; and
+known to be on confidential terms with the English government.  Alexander
+took the letter, and glancing at the bottom of the last page, saw that it
+was not signed.
+
+"How dare you bring me a dispatch without a signature?"  he exclaimed.
+The messenger, who was himself a Genoese, assured the Duke that the
+letter was most certainly written by Pallavicini--who had himself placed
+it, sealed, in his hands--and that he had supposed it signed, although he
+had of course, not seen the inside.
+
+Alexander began to read the note, which was not a very long one, and his
+brow instantly darkened.  He read a line or two more, when, with an
+exclamation of fury, he drew his dagger, and, seizing the astonished
+Genoese by the throat, was about to strike him dead.  Suddenly mastering
+his rage, however, by a strong effort, and remembering that the man might
+be a useful witness; he flung Morone from him.
+
+"If I had Pallavicini here," he said, "I would treat, him as I have just
+refrained from using you.  And if I had any suspicion that you were aware
+of the contents of this letter, I would send you this instant to be
+hanged."
+
+The unlucky despatch-bearer protested his innocence of all complicity
+with Pallavicini, and his ignorance of the tenor of the communication by
+which the Duke's wrath had been so much excited.  He was then searched
+and cross-examined most carefully by Richardot and other counsellors,
+and his innocence being made apparent-he was ultimately discharged.
+
+The letter of Pallavicini was simply an attempt to sound Farnese as to
+his sentiments in regard to a secret scheme, which could afterwards be
+arranged in form, and according, to which he was to assume the
+sovereignty of the Netherlands himself, to the exclusion of his King, to
+guarantee to England the possession of the cautionary towns, until her
+advances to the States should be refunded, and to receive the support and
+perpetual alliance of the Queen in his new and rebellious position.
+
+Here was additional evidence, if any were wanting, of the universal
+belief in his disloyalty; and Alexander, faithful, if man ever were to
+his master--was cut to the heart, and irritated almost to madness, by
+such insolent propositions.  There is neither proof nor probability that
+the Queen's government was implicated in this intrigue of Pallavicini,
+who appears to have been inspired by the ambition of achieving a bit of
+Machiavellian policy, quite on his own account.  Nothing came of the
+proposition, and the Duke; having transmitted to the King a minute
+narrative of, the affair, together with indignant protestations of the
+fidelity, which all the world seemed determined to dispute, received
+most affectionate replies from that monarch, breathing nothing but
+unbounded confidence in his nephew's innocence and devotion.
+
+Such assurances from any other man in the world might have disarmed
+suspicion, but Alexander knew his master too well to repose upon his
+word, and remembered too bitterly the last hours of Don John of Austria
+--whose dying pillow he had soothed, and whose death had been hastened,
+as he knew, either by actual poison or by the hardly less fatal venom
+of slander--to regain tranquillity as to his own position.
+
+The King was desirous that Pallavicini should be invited over to
+Flanders, in order that Alexander, under pretence of listening to his
+propositions, might draw from the Genoese all the particulars of his
+scheme, and then, at leisure, inflict the punishment which he had
+deserved.  But insuperable obstacles presented themselves, nor was
+Alexander desirous of affording still further pretexts for his
+slanderers.
+
+Very soon after this incident--most important as showing the real
+situation of various parties, although without any immediate result--
+Alexander received a visit in his tent from another stranger.  This time
+the visitor was an Englishman, one Lieutenant Grimstone, and the object
+of his interview with the Duke was not political, but had, a direct
+reference to the siege of Bergen.  He was accompanied by a countryman
+of his own, Redhead by name, a camp-suttler by profession.  The two
+represented themselves as deserters from the besieged city, and offered,
+for a handsome reward, to conduct a force of Spaniards, by a secret path,
+into one of the gates.  The Duke questioned them narrowly, and being
+satisfied with their intelligence and coolness, caused them to take an
+oath on the Evangelists, that they were not playing him false.  He then
+selected a band of one hundred musketeers, partly Spaniards, partly
+Walloons--to be followed at a distance by a much, more considerable
+force; two thousand in number, under Sancho de Leyva: and the Marquis of
+Renti--and appointed the following night for an enterprise against the
+city, under the guidance of Grimstone.
+
+It was a wild autumnal night, moonless, pitch-dark, with a storm of
+wind and rain.  The waters were out--for the dykes had been cut in all
+'directions by the defenders of the city--and, with exception of some
+elevated points occupied by Parma's forces, the whole country was
+overflowed.  Before the party set forth on their daring expedition,
+the two Englishmen were tightly bound with cords, and led, each by two
+soldiers, instructed to put them to instant death if their conduct should
+give cause for suspicion.  But both Grimstone and Redhead preserved a
+cheerful countenance, and inspired a strong confidence in their honest
+intention to betray their countrymen.  And thus the band of bold
+adventurers plunged at once into the darkness, and soon found themselves
+contending with the tempest, and wading breast high in the black waters
+of the Scheldt.
+
+After a long and perilous struggle, they at length reached the appointed
+gate, The external portcullis was raised and the fifteen foremost of the
+band rushed into tho town.  At the next moment, Lord Willoughby, who had
+been privy to the whole scheme, cut with his own hand the cords which,
+held the portcullis, and entrapped the leaders of the expedition, who
+were all, at once put to the sword, while their followers were thundering
+at the gate.  The lieutenant and suttler who had thus overreached that
+great master of dissimulation; Alexander Farnese; were at the same time
+unbound by their comrades, and rescued from the fate intended for them.
+
+Notwithstanding the probability--when the portcullis fell--that the whole
+party, had been deceived by an artifice of war the adventurers, who had
+come so far, refused to abandon the enterprise, and continued an
+impatient battery upon the gate.  At last it was swung wide open, and
+a furious onslaught was made by the garrison upon the Spaniards.  There
+was--a fierce brief struggle, and then the assailants were utterly
+routed.  Some were killed under the walls, while the rest were hunted
+into the waves.  Nearly every one of the, expedition (a thousand in
+number) perished.
+
+It had now become obvious to the Duke that his siege must be raised.
+The days were gone when the walls of Dutch towns seemed to melt before
+the first scornful glance of the Spanish invader; and when a summons
+meant a surrender, and a surrender a massacre.  Now, strong in the
+feeling of independence, and supported by the courage and endurance of
+their English allies, the Hollanders had learned to humble the pride of
+Spain as it had never been humbled before.  The hero of a hundred battle-
+fields, the inventive and brilliant conqueror of Antwerp, seemed in the
+deplorable issue of the English invasion to have lost all his genius, all
+his fortune.  A cloud had fallen upon his fame, and he now saw himself;
+at the head of the best army in Europe, compelled to retire, defeated and
+humiliated, from the walls of Bergen.  Winter was coming on apace; the
+country was flooded; the storms in that-bleak region and inclement season
+were incessant; and he was obliged to retreat before his army should be
+drowned.
+
+On the night of 12-13 November he set fire to his camp; and took his
+departure.  By daybreak he was descried in full retreat, and was hotly
+pursued by the English and Dutch from the city, who drove the great
+Alexander and his legions before them in ignominious flight. Lord
+Willoughby, in full view of the retiring enemy, indulged the allied
+forces with a chivalrous spectacle.  Calling a halt, after it had become
+obviously useless, with their small force of cavalry; to follow any
+longer, through a flooded country, an enemy who had abandoned his design,
+he solemnly conferred the honour of knighthood, in the name of Queen
+Elizabeth, on the officers who had most distinguished themselves during
+the siege, Francis Vere, Baskerville, Powell, Parker, Knowles, and on the
+two Netherland brothers, Paul and Marcellus Bax.
+
+The Duke of Parma then went into winter quarters in Brabant, and, before
+the spring, that obedient Province had been eaten as bare as Flanders had
+already been by the friendly Spaniards.
+
+An excellent understanding between England and Holland had been the
+result of their united and splendid exertions against the Invincible
+Armada.  Late in the year 1588 Sir John Norris had been sent by the Queen
+to offer her congratulations and earnest thanks to the States for their
+valuable assistance in preserving her throne, and to solicit their
+cooperation in some new designs against the common foe.  Unfortunately,
+however, the epoch of good feeling was but of brief duration.  Bitterness
+and dissension seemed the inevitable conditions of the English-Dutch
+alliance.  It will be, remembered, that, on the departure of Leicester,
+several cities had refused to acknowledge the authority of Count Maurice
+and the States; and that civil war in the scarcely-born commonwealth had
+been the result.  Medenblik, Naarden, and the other contumacious cities,
+had however been reduced to obedience after the reception of the Earl's
+resignation, but the important city of Gertruydenberg had remained in a
+chronic state of mutiny.  This rebellion had been partially appeased
+during the year 1588 by the efforts of Willoughby, who had strengthened,
+the garrison by reinforcements of English troops under command of his
+brother-in-law, Sir John Wingfield.  Early in 1589 however, the whole
+garrison became rebellious, disarmed and maltreated the burghers, and
+demanded immediate payment of the heavy arrearages still due to the
+troops.  Willoughby, who--much disgusted with his career in the
+Netherlands--was about leaving for England, complaining that the States
+had not only left him without remuneration for his services, but had not
+repaid his own advances, nor even given him a complimentary dinner, tried
+in vain to pacify them.  A rumour became very current, moreover, that the
+garrison had opened negotiations with Alexander Farnese, and accordingly
+Maurice of Nassau--of whose patrimonial property the city of
+Gertruydenberg made a considerable proportion, to the amount of eight
+thousand pounds sterling a years--after summoning the garrison, in his
+own name and that of the States, to surrender, laid siege to the place
+in form.  It would have been cheaper, no doubt, to pay the demands of the
+garrison in full, and allow them to depart.  But Maurice considered his
+honour at stake.  His letters of summons, in which he spoke of the
+rebellious commandant and his garrison as self-seeking foreigners and
+mercenaries, were taken in very ill part.  Wingfield resented the
+statement in very insolent language, and offered to prove its falsehood
+with his sword against any man and in any place whatever.  Willoughby
+wrote to his brother-in-law, from Flushing, when about to embark,
+disapproving of his conduct and of his language; and to Maurice,
+deprecating hostile measures against a city under the protection of Queen
+Elizabeth.  At any rate, he claimed that Sir John Wingfield and his wife,
+the Countess of Kent, with their newly-born child, should be allowed to
+depart from the place.  But Wingfield expressed great scorn at any
+suggestion of retreat, and vowed that he would rather surrender the city
+to the Spaniards than tolerate the presumption of Maurice and the States.
+The young Prince accordingly, opened his batteries, but before an
+entrance could be effected into the town, was obliged to retire at the
+approach of Count Mansfield with a much superior force.  Gertruydenberg
+was now surrendered to the Spaniards in accordance with a secret
+negotiation which had been proceeding all the spring, and had been
+brought to a conclusion at last.  The garrison received twelve months'
+pay in full and a gratuity of five months in addition, and the city was
+then reduced into obedience to Spain and Rome on the terms which had been
+usual during the government of Farnese.
+
+The loss of this city was most severe to the republic, for the enemy had
+thus gained an entrance into the very heart of Holland.  It was a more
+important acquisition to Alexander than even Bergen-op-Zoom would have
+been, and it was a bitter reflection that to the treachery of
+Netherlanders and of their English allies this great disaster was owing.
+All the wrath aroused a year before by the famous treason of York and
+Stanley, and which had been successfully extinguished, now flamed forth
+afresh.  The States published a placard denouncing the men who had thus
+betrayed the cause of freedom, and surrendered the city of Gertruydenberg
+to the Spaniards, as perjured traitors whom it was made lawful to hang,
+whenever or wherever caught, without trial or sentence, and offering
+fifty florins a-head for every private soldier and one hundred florins
+for any officer of the garrison.  A list of these Englishmen and
+Netherlanders, so far as known, was appended to the placard, and the
+catalogue was headed by the name of Sir John Wingfield.
+
+Thus the consequences of the fatal event were even more deplorable than
+the loss of the city itself.  The fury of Olden-Barneveld at the treason
+was excessive, and the great Advocate governed the policy of the
+republic, at this period, almost like a dictator.  The States, easily
+acknowledging the sway of the imperious orator, became bitter--and
+wrathful with the English, side by side with whom they had lately been
+so cordially standing.
+
+Willoughby, on his part, now at the English court, was furious with the
+States, and persuaded the leading counsellors of the Queen as well as her
+Majesty herself, to adopt his view of the transaction.  Wingfield, it was
+asserted, was quite innocent in the matter; he was entirely ignorant of
+the French language, and therefore was unable to read a word of the
+letters addressed to him by Maurice and the replies which had been signed
+by himself.  Whether this strange excuse ought to be accepted or not, it
+is quite certain that he was no traitor like York and Stanley, and no
+friend to Spain; for he had stipulated for himself the right to return
+to England, and had neither received nor desired any reward.  He hated
+Maurice and he hated the States, but he asserted that he had been held
+in durance, that the garrison was mutinous, and that he was no more
+responsible for the loss of the city than Sir Francis Vere had been, who
+had also been present, and whose name had been subsequently withdrawn, in
+honourable fashion from the list of traitors, by authority of the States.
+His position--so far as he was personally concerned--seemed defensible,
+and the Queen was thoroughly convinced of his innocence.  Willoughby
+complained that the republic was utterly in the hands of Barneveld, that
+no man ventured to lift his voice or his eyes in presence of the terrible
+Advocate who ruled every Netherlander with a rod of iron, and that his
+violent and threatening language to Wingfield and himself at the dinner-
+table in Bergen-op-Zoom on the subject of the mutiny (when one hundred of
+the Gertruydenberg garrison were within sound of his voice) had been the
+chief cause of the rebellion.  Inspired by these remonstrances, the Queen
+once more emptied the vials of her wrath upon the United Netherlands.
+The criminations and recriminations seemed endless, and it was most
+fortunate that Spain had been weakened, that Alexander, a prey to
+melancholy and to lingering disease, had gone to the baths of Spa to
+recruit his shattered health, and that his attention and the schemes of
+Philip for the year 1589 and the following period were to be directed
+towards France.  Otherwise the commonwealth could hardly have escaped
+still more severe disasters than those already experienced in this
+unfortunate condition of its affairs, and this almost hopeless
+misunderstanding with its most important and vigorous friend.
+
+While these events had been occurring in the heart of the republic,
+Martin Schenk, that restless freebooter, had been pursuing a bustling and
+most lucrative career on its outskirts.  All the episcopate of Cologne--
+that debatable land of the two rival paupers, Bavarian Ernest and Gebhard
+Truchsess--trembled before him.  Mothers scared their children into
+quiet with the terrible name of Schenk, and farmers and land-younkers
+throughout the electorate and the land of Berg, Cleves, and Juliers, paid
+their black-mail, as if it were a constitutional impost, to escape the
+levying process of the redoubtable partisan.
+
+But Martin was no longer seconded, as he should have been, by the States,
+to whom he had been ever faithful since he forsook the banner of Spain
+for their own; and he had even gone to England and complained to the
+Queen of the short-comings of those who owed him so much.  His ingenious
+and daring exploit--the capture of Bonn--has already been narrated, but
+the States had neglected the proper precautions to secure that important
+city.  It had consequently, after a six months' siege, been surrendered
+to the Spaniards under Prince Chimay, on the 19th of September; while, in
+December following, the city of Wachtendonk, between the Rhine and Meuse,
+had fallen into Mansfeld's hands.  Rheinberg, the only city of the
+episcopate which remained to the deposed Truchsess, was soon afterwards
+invested by the troops of Parma, and Schenk in vain summoned the States-
+General to take proper measures for its defence.  But with the enemy now
+eating his way towards the heart of Holland, and with so many dangers
+threatening them on every side, it was thought imprudent to go so far
+away to seek the enemy.  So Gebhard retired in despair into Germany,
+and Martin did what he could to protect Rheinberg, and to fill his own
+coffers at the expense of the whole country side.
+
+He had built a fort, which then and long afterwards bore his name-
+Schenken Schans, or Schenk's Sconce--at that important point where the
+Rhine, opening its two arms to enclose the "good meadow" island of
+Batavia, becomes on the left the Waal, while on the right it retains its
+ancient name; and here, on the outermost edge of the republic, and
+looking straight from his fastness into the fruitful fields of Munster,
+Westphalia, and the electorate, the industrious Martin devoted himself
+with advantage to his favourite pursuits.
+
+On the 7th of August, on the heath of Lippe, he had attacked a body of
+Spanish musketeers, more than a thousand strong, who were protecting a
+convoy of provisions, treasure, and furniture, sent by Farnese to
+Verdugo, royal governor of Friesland.  Schenk, without the loss of a
+single man, had put the greater part of these Spaniards and Walloons to
+the sword, and routed the rest.  The leader of the expedition, Colonel
+Aristotle Patton, who had once played him so foul a trick in the
+surrender of Gelder, had soon taken to flight, when he found his ancient
+enemy upon him, and, dashing into the Lippe, had succeeded, by the
+strength and speed of his horse, in gaining the opposite bank, and
+effecting his escape.  Had he waited many minutes longer it is probable
+that the treacherous Aristotle would have passed a comfortless half-hour
+with his former comrade.  Treasure to the amount of seven thousand crowns
+in gold, five hundred horses, with jewels, plate, and other articles of
+value, were the fruit of this adventure, and Schenk returned with his
+followers, highly delighted, to Schenkenschans, and sent the captured
+Spanish colours to her Majesty of England as a token.
+
+A few miles below his fortress was Nymegen, and towards that ancient and
+wealthy city Schenk had often cast longing eyes.  It still held for the
+King, although on the very confines of Batavia; but while acknowledging
+the supremacy of Philip, it claimed the privileges of the empire.  From
+earliest times it had held its head very high among imperial towns, had
+been one of the three chief residences of the Emperor.  Charlemagne, and
+still paid the annual tribute of a glove full of pepper to the German
+empire.
+
+On the evening of the 10th of August, 1589, there was a wedding feast in
+one of the splendid mansions of the stately city.  The festivities were
+prolonged until deep in the midsummer's night, and harp and viol were
+still inspiring the feet of the dancers, when on a sudden, in the midst
+of the holiday-groups, appeared the grim visage of Martin Schenk, the man
+who never smiled.  Clad in no wedding-garment, but in armour of proof,
+with morion on head, and sword in hand, the great freebooter strode
+heavily through the ball-room, followed by a party of those terrible
+musketeers who never gave or asked for quarter, while the affrighted
+revellers fluttered away before them.
+
+Taking advantage of a dark night, he had just dropped down the river from
+his castle, with five-and-twenty barges, had landed with his most trusted
+soldiers in the foremost vessels, had battered down the gate of St.
+Anthony, and surprised and slain the guard.  Without waiting for the rest
+of his boats, he had then stolen with his comrades through the silent
+streets, and torn away the lattice-work, and other slight defences on the
+rear of the house which they had now entered, and through which they
+intended to possess themselves of the market-place.  Martin had long
+since selected this mansion as a proper position for his enterprise, but
+he had not been bidden to the wedding, and was somewhat disconcerted when
+he found himself on the festive scene which he had so grimly interrupted.
+Some of the merry-makers escaped from the house, and proceeded to alarm
+the town; while Schenk hastily fortified his position; and took
+possession of the square.  But the burghers and garrison were soon on
+foot, and he was driven back into the house.  Three times he recovered
+the square by main strength of his own arm, seconded by the handful of
+men whom he had brought with him, and three times he was beaten back by
+overwhelming numbers into the wedding mansion.  The arrival of the
+greater part of his followers, with whose assistance he could easily have
+mastered the city in the first moments of surprise, was mysteriously
+delayed.  He could not account for their prolonged, absence, and was
+meanwhile supported only by those who had arrived with him in the
+foremost barges.
+
+The truth--of which he was ignorant--was, that the remainder of the
+flotilla, borne along by the strong and deep current of the Waal, then in
+a state of freshet, had shot past the landing-place, and had ever since
+been vainly struggling against wind and tide to force their way back to
+the necessary point.  Meantime Schenk and his followers fought
+desperately in the market-place, and desperately in the house which he
+had seized.  But a whole garrison, and a town full of citizens in arms
+proved too much for him, and he was now hotly besieged in the mansion,
+and at last driven forth into the streets.
+
+By this time day was dawning, the whole population, soldiers and
+burghers, men, women, and children, were thronging about the little band
+of marauders, and assailing them with every weapon and every missile to
+be found.  Schenk fought with his usual ferocity, but at last the
+musketeers, in spite of his indignant commands, began rapidly to retreat
+towards the quay.  In vain Martin stormed and cursed, in vain with his
+own hand he struck more than one of his soldiers dead.  He was swept
+along with the panic-stricken band, and when, shouting and gnashing his
+teeth with frenzy, he reached the quay at last, he saw at a glance why
+his great enterprise had failed.  The few empty barges of his own party
+were moored at the steps; the rest were half a mile off, contending
+hopelessly against the swollen and rapid Waal.  Schenk, desperately
+wounded, was left almost alone upon the wharf, for his routed followers
+had plunged helter skelter into the boats, several of which, overladen in
+the panic, sank at once, leaving the soldiers to drown or struggle with
+the waves.  The game was lost.  Nothing was left the freebooter but
+retreat.  Reluctantly turning his back on his enemies, now in full cry
+close behind him, Schenk sprang into the last remaining boat just pushing
+from the quay.  Already overladen, it foundered with his additional
+weight, and Martin Schenk, encumbered with his heavy armour, sank at once
+to the bottom of the Waal.
+
+Some of the fugitives succeeded in swimming down the stream, and were
+picked up by their comrades in the barges below the town, and so made
+their escape.  Many were drowned with their captain.  A few days
+afterwards, the inhabitants of Nymegen fished up the body of the famous
+partisan.  He was easily recognized by his armour, and by his truculent
+face, still wearing the scowl with which he had last rebuked his
+followers.  His head was taken off at once, and placed on one of the
+turrets of the town, and his body, divided in four, was made to adorn
+other portions of the battlements; so that the burghers were enabled to
+feast their eyes on the remnants of the man at whose name the whole
+country had so often trembled.
+
+This was the end of Sir Martin Schenk of Niddegem, knight, colonel, and
+brigand; save that ultimately his dissevered limbs were packed in a
+chest, and kept in a church tower, until Maurice of Nassau, in course of
+time becoming master of Nymegen, honoured the valiant and on the whole
+faithful freebooter with a Christian and military burial.
+
+A few months later (October, 1589) another man who had been playing an
+important part in the Netherlands' drama lost his life.  Count Moeurs and
+Niewenaar, stadholder of Utrecht, Gelderland, and Overysael, while
+inspecting some newly-invented fireworks, was suddenly killed by their
+accidental ignition and explosion.  His death left vacant three great
+stadholderates, which before long were to be conferred upon a youth whose
+power henceforth was rapidly to grow greater.
+
+The misunderstanding between Holland and England continuing, Olden-
+Barneveld, Aerssens, and Buys, refusing to see that they had done wrong
+in denouncing the Dutch and English traitors who had sold Gertruydenberg
+to the enemy, and the Queen and her counsellors persisting in their anger
+at so insolent a proceeding, it may easily be supposed that there was no
+great heartiness in the joint expedition against Spain, which had been
+projected in the autumn of 1588, and was accomplished in the spring and
+summer of 1589.
+
+Nor was this well-known enterprise fruitful of any remarkable result.
+It had been decided to carry the war into Spain itself, and Don Antonio,
+prior of Crato, bastard of Portugal, and pretender to its crown, had
+persuaded himself and the English government that his name would be
+potent to conjure with in that kingdom, hardly yet content with the
+Spanish yoke.  Supported by a determined force of English and Dutch
+adventurers, he boasted that he should excite a revolution by the magic
+of his presence, and cause Philip's throne to tremble, in return for the
+audacious enterprise of that monarch against England.
+
+If a foray were to be made into Spain, no general and no admiral could be
+found in the world so competent to the adventure as Sir John Norris and
+Sir Francis Drake.  They were accompanied, too, by Sir Edward Norris, and
+another of those 'chickens of Mars,' Henry Norris; by the indomitable and
+ubiquitous Welshman, Roger Williams, and by the young Earl of Essex, whom
+the Queen in vain commanded to remain at home, and who, somewhat to the
+annoyance of the leaders of the expedition, concealed himself from her
+Majesty's pursuit, and at last embarked in a vessel which he had
+equipped, in order not to be cheated of his share in the hazard and
+the booty.  "If I speed well," said the spendthrift but valiant youth;
+"I will adventure to be rich; if not, I will never live, to see the end
+of my poverty."
+
+But no great riches were to be gathered in the expedition.  With some
+fourteen thousand men, and one hundred and sixty vessels--of which six
+were the Queen's ships of war, including the famous Revenge and the
+Dreadnought, and the rest armed merchantmen, English, and forty
+Hollanders--and with a contingent of fifteen hundred Dutchmen under
+Nicolas van Meetkerke and Van Laen, the adventurers set sail from
+Plymouth on the 18th of April, 1589.
+
+They landed at Coruna--at which place they certainly could not expect to
+create a Portuguese revolution, which was the first object of the
+expedition--destroyed some shipping in the harbour, captured and sacked
+the lower town, and were repulsed in the upper; marched with six thousand
+men to Burgos, crossed the bridge at push of pike, and routed ten
+thousand Spaniards under Andrada and Altamira--Edward Norris receiving a
+desperate blow on the head at the passage' of the bridge, and being
+rescued from death by his brother John--took sail for the south after
+this action, in which they had killed a thousand Spaniards, and had lost
+but two men of their own; were joined off Cape Finisterre by Essex;
+landed a force at Peniche, the castle of which place surrendered to them,
+and acknowledged the authority of Don Antonio; and thence marched with
+the main body of the troops, under Sir John Norris, forty-eight miles to
+Lisbon, while Drake, with the fleet, was to sail up the Tagus.
+
+Nothing like a revolution had been effected in Portugal.  No one seemed
+to care for the Pretender, or even to be aware that he had ever existed,
+except the governor of Peniche Castle, a few ragged and bare-footed
+peasants, who, once upon the road, shouted "Viva Don Antonio," and one
+old gentleman by the way side, who brought him a plate of plums.  His
+hopes of a crown faded rapidly, and when the army reached Lisbon it had
+dwindled to not much more than four thousand effective men--the rest
+being dead of dysentery, or on the sick-list from imprudence in eating
+and drinking--while they found that they had made an unfortunate omission
+in their machinery for assailing the capital, having not a single
+fieldpiece in the whole army.  Moreover, as Drake was prevented by bad
+weather and head-winds from sailing up the Tagus, it seemed a difficult
+matter to carry the city.  A few cannon, and the co-operation of the
+fleet, were hardly to be dispensed with on such an occasion.
+Nevertheless it would perhaps have proved an easier task than it
+appeared--for so great was the panic within the place that a large number
+of the inhabitants had fled, the Cardinal Viceroy Archduke Albert had but
+a very insufficient guard, and there were many gentlemen of high station
+who were anxious to further the entrance of the English, and who were
+afterwards hanged or garotted for their hostile sentiments to the Spanish
+government.
+
+While the leaders were deliberating what course to take, they were
+informed that Count Fuentes and Henriquez de Guzman, with six thousand
+men, lay at a distance of two miles from Lisbon, and that they had been
+proclaiming by sound of trumpet that the English had been signally
+defeated before Lisbon, and that they were in full retreat.
+
+Fired at this bravado, Norris sent a trumpet to Fuentes and Guzman,
+with a letter signed and sealed, giving them the lie in plainest terms,
+appointing the next day for a meeting of the two forces, and assuring
+them that when the next encounter should take place, it should be seen
+whether a Spaniard or an Englishman would be first to fly; while Essex,
+on his part, sent a note, defying either or both those boastful generals
+to single combat.  Next day the English army took the field, but the
+Spaniards retired before them; and nothing came of this exchange of
+cartels, save a threat on the part of Fuentes to hang the trumpeter who
+had brought the messages.  From the execution of this menace he
+refrained, however, on being assured that the deed would be avenged by
+the death of the Spanish prisoner of highest rank then in English hands,
+and thus the trumpeter escaped.
+
+Soon afterwards the fleet set sail from the Tagus, landed, and burned
+Vigo on their way homeward, and returned to Plymouth about the middle of
+July.
+
+Of the thirteen thousand came home six thousand, the rest having perished
+of dysentery and other disorders.  They had braved and insulted Spain,
+humbled her generals, defied her power, burned some defenceless villages,
+frightened the peasantry, set fire to some shipping, destroyed wine, oil,
+and other merchandize, and had divided among the survivors of the
+expedition, after landing in England, five shillings a head prize-money;
+but they had not effected a revolution in Portugal.  Don Antonio had been
+offered nothing by his faithful subjects but a dish of plums--so that he
+retired into obscurity from that time forward--and all this was scarcely
+a magnificent result for the death of six or seven thousand good English
+and Dutch soldiers, and the outlay of considerable treasure.
+
+As a free-booting foray--and it was nothing else--it could hardly be
+thought successful; although it was a splendid triumph compared with the
+result of the long and loudly heralded Invincible Armada.
+
+In France, great events during the remainder of 1588 and the following
+year, and which are well known even to the most superficial student of
+history, had much changed the aspect of European affairs.  It was
+fortunate for the two commonwealths of Holland and England, engaged in
+the great struggle for civil and religious liberty, and national
+independence, that the attention of Philip became more and more absorbed-
+as time wore on--with the affairs of France.  It seemed necessary for him
+firmly to establish his dominion in that country before attempting once
+more the conquest of England, or the recovery of the Netherlands.  For
+France had been brought more nearly to anarchy and utter decomposition
+than ever.  Henry III., after his fatal forgiveness of the deadly offence
+of Guise, felt day by day more keenly that he had transferred his
+sceptre--such as it was--to that dangerous intriguer.  Bitterly did the
+King regret having refused the prompt offer of Alphonse Corse on the day
+of the barricades; for now, so long as the new generalissimo should live,
+the luckless Henry felt himself a superfluity in his own realm.  The
+halcyon days were for ever past, when, protected by the swords of Joyeuse
+and of Epernon, the monarch of France could pass his life playing at cup
+and ball, or snipping images out of pasteboard, or teaching his parrots-
+to talk, or his lap-dogs to dance.  His royal occupations were gone, and
+murder now became a necessary preliminary to any future tranquillity or
+enjoyment.  Discrowned as he felt himself already, he knew that life or
+liberty was only held by him now at the will of Guise.  The assassination
+of the Duke in December was the necessary result of the barricades in
+May; and accordingly that assassination was arranged with an artistic
+precision of which the world had hardly suspected the Valois to be
+capable, and which Philip himself might have envied.
+
+The story of the murders of Blois--the destruction of Guise and his
+brother the Cardinal, and the subsequent imprisonment of the Archbishop
+of Lyons, the Cardinal Bourbon, and the Prince de Joinville, now, through
+the death of his father, become the young Duke of Guise--all these events
+are too familiar in the realms of history, song, romance, and painting,
+to require more than this slight allusion here.
+
+Never had an assassination been more technically successful; yet its
+results were not commensurate with the monarch's hopes.  The deed which
+he had thought premature in May was already too late in December.  His
+mother denounced his cruelty now, as she had, six months before,
+execrated his cowardice.  And the old Queen, seeing that her game was
+played out--that the cards had all gone against her--that her son was
+doomed, and her own influence dissolved in air, felt that there was
+nothing left for her but to die.  In a week she was dead, and men spoke
+no more of Catharine de' Medici, and thought no more of her than if--in
+the words of a splenetic contemporary--"she had been a dead she-goat."
+Paris howled with rage when it learned the murders of Blois, and the
+sixteen quarters became more furious than ever against the Valois.  Some
+wild talk there was of democracy and republicanism after the manner of
+Switzerland, and of dividing France into cantons--and there was an
+earnest desire on the part of every grandee, every general, every soldier
+of fortune, to carve out a portion of French territory with his sword,
+and to appropriate it for himself and his heirs.  Disintegration was
+making rapid progress, and the epoch of the last Valois seemed mare dark
+and barbarous than the times of the degenerate Carlovingians had been.
+The letter-writer of the Escorial, who had earnestly warned his faithful
+Mucio, week after week, that dangers were impending over him, and that
+"some trick would be played upon him," should he venture into the royal
+presence, now acquiesced in his assassination, and placidly busied
+himself with fresh combinations and newer tools.
+
+Baked, hunted, scorned by all beside, the luckless Henry now threw
+himself into the arms of the Bearnese--the man who could and would have
+protected him long before, had the King been capable of understanding
+their relative positions and his own true interests.  Could the Valois
+have conceived the thought of religious toleration, his throne even then
+might have been safe.  But he preferred playing the game of the priests
+and bigots, who execrated his name and were bent upon his destruction.
+At last, at Plessis les Tours, the Bearnese, in his shabby old chamois
+jacket and his well-dinted cuirass took the silken Henry in his arms, and
+the two--the hero and the fribble--swearing eternal friendship, proceeded
+to besiege Paris.  A few weeks later, the dagger of Jacques Clement put
+an end for ever to, the line of Valois.  Luckless Henry III. slept with
+his forefathers, and Henry of Bourbon and Navarre proclaimed himself King
+of France.  Catharine and her four sons had all past away at last, and it
+would be a daring and a dexterous schemer who should now tear the crown,
+for which he had so long and so patiently waited, from the iron grasp of
+the Bearnese.  Philip had a more difficult game than ever to play in
+France.  It would be hard for him to make valid the claims of the Infanta
+and any husband he might select for her to the crown of her grandfather
+Henry II.  It seemed simple enough for him, while waiting the course of
+events, to set up a royal effigy before the world in the shape of an
+effete old Cardinal Bourbon, to pour oil upon its head and to baptize it
+Charles X.; but meantime the other Bourbon was no effigy, and he called
+himself Henry IV.
+
+It was easy enough for Paris, and Madam League, and Philip the Prudent,
+to cry wo upon the heretic; but the cheerful leader of the Huguenots was
+a philosopher, who in the days of St. Bartholomew had become orthodox to
+save his life, and who was already "instructing himself" anew in order to
+secure his crown.  Philip was used to deal with fanatics, and had often
+been opposed by a religious bigotry as fierce as his own; but he might
+perhaps be baffled by a good-humoured free-thinker, who was to teach him
+a lesson in political theology of which he had never dreamed.
+
+The Leaguers were not long in doubt as to the meaning of "instruction,"
+and they were thoroughly persuaded that--so soon as Henry IV. should
+reconcile himself with Rome--their game was likely to become desperate.
+
+Nevertheless prudent Philip sat in his elbow-chairs writing his
+apostilles, improving himself and his secretaries in orthography, but
+chiefly confining his attention to the affairs of France.  The departed
+Mucio's brother Mayenne was installed as chief stipendiary of Spain and
+lieutenant-general for the League in France, until Philip should
+determine within himself in what form to assume the sovereignty of that
+kingdom.  It might be questionable however whether that corpulent Duke,
+who spent more time in eating than Henry IV. did in sleeping, and was
+longer in reading a letter than Henry in winning a battle, were likely to
+prove a very dangerous rival even with all Spain at his back--to the
+lively Bearnese.  But time would necessarily be consumed before the end
+was reached, and time and Philip were two.  Henry of Navarre and France
+was ready to open his ears to instruction; but even he had declared,
+several years before, that "a religion was not to be changed like a
+shirt."  So while the fresh garment was airing for him at Rome, and while
+he was leisurely stripping off the old, he might perhaps be taken at
+a disadvantage.  Fanaticism on both sides, during this process of
+instruction, might be roused.  The Huguenots on their part might denounce
+the treason of their great chief, and the Papists, on theirs, howl at the
+hypocrisy of the pretended conversion.  But Henry IV. had philosophically
+prepared himself for the denunciations of the Protestants, while
+determined to protect them against the persecutions of the Romanism to
+which he meant to give his adhesion.  While accepting the title of
+renegade, together with an undisputed crown, he was not the man to
+rekindle those fires of religious bigotry which it was his task to
+quench, now that they had lighted his way to the throne.  The demands
+of his Catholic supporters for the exclusion from the kingdom of all
+religions but their own, were steadily refused.
+
+And thus the events of 1588 and 1589 indicated that the great game of
+despotism against freedom would be played, in the coming years, upon the
+soil of France.  Already Elizabeth had furnished the new King with
+L22,000 in gold--a larger sum; as he observed, than he had ever seen
+before in his life,  and the States of the Netherlands had provided him
+with as much more.  Willoughby too, and tough Roger Williams, and
+Baskerville, and Umpton, and Vere, with 4000 English pikemen at their
+back, had already made a brief but spirited campaign in France; and the
+Duke of Parma, after recruiting his health; so, far as it was possible;
+at Spa, was preparing himself to measure swords with that great captain
+of Huguenots; who now assumed the crown of his ancestors, upon the same
+ground.  It seemed probable that for the coming years England would be
+safe from Spanish invasion, and that Holland would have a better
+opportunity than it had ever enjoyed before of securing its liberty and
+perfecting its political organization.  While Parma, Philip; and Mayenne
+were fighting the Bearnese for the crown of France, there might be a
+fairer field for the new commonwealth of the United Netherlands.
+
+And thus many of the personages who have figured in these volumes have
+already passed away.  Leicester had died just after the defeat of the
+Armada, and the thrifty Queen, while dropping a tear upon the grave of
+'sweet Robin,' had sold his goods at auction to defray his debts to
+herself; and Moeurs, and Martin Schenk, and 'Mucio,' and Henry III., and
+Catharine de' Medici, were all dead.  But Philip the Prudent remained,
+and Elizabeth of England, and Henry of France and Navarre, and John of
+Olden-Barneveld; and there was still another personage, a very young man
+still, but a deep-thinking, hard-working student, fagging steadily at
+mathematics and deep in the works of Stevinus, who, before long, might
+play a conspicuous part in the world's great drama.  But, previously to
+1590, Maurice of Nassau seemed comparatively insignificant, and he could
+be spoken of by courtiers as a cipher, and as an unmannerly boy just let
+loose from school.
+
+
+
+
+ETEXT EDITOR'S BOOKMARKS:
+
+I will never live, to see the end of my poverty
+Religion was not to be changed like a shirt
+Tension now gave place to exhaustion
+
+
+
+
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY UNITED NETHERLANDS, 1588-89 ***
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