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+The Project Gutenberg EBook History of United Netherlands, 1590(b)
+#62 in our series by John Lothrop Motley
+
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+Title: History of the United Netherlands, 1590(b)
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+Author: John Lothrop Motley
+
+Release Date: January, 2004  [EBook #4862]
+[Yes, we are more than one year ahead of schedule]
+[This file was first posted on April 9, 2002]
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+*** START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY UNITED NETHERLANDS, 1590(b) ***
+
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+This eBook was produced by David Widger
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+
+HISTORY OF THE UNITED NETHERLANDS
+From the Death of William the Silent to the Twelve Year's Truce--1609
+
+By John Lothrop Motley
+
+
+
+MOTLEY'S HISTORY OF THE NETHERLANDS, Project Gutenberg Edition, Vol. 62
+
+History of the United Netherlands, 1590(b)
+
+
+CHAPTER XXIII.
+
+     Philip's scheme of aggrandizement--Projected invasion of France--
+     Internal condition of France--Character of Henry of Navarre--
+     Preparation for action--Battle of Ivry--Victory of the French king
+     over the League--Reluctance of the King to attack the French
+     capital--Siege of Paris--The pope indisposed towards the League--
+     Extraordinary demonstration of ecclesiastics--Influence of the
+     priests--Extremities of the siege--Attempted negotiation--State of
+     Philip's army--Difficult position of Farnese--March of the allies to
+     the relief of Paris--Lagny taken and the city relieved--Desertion of
+     the king's army--Siege of Corbeil--Death of Pope Sixtus V.--
+     Re-capture of Lagny and Corbeil--Return of Parma to the Netherlands
+     --Result of the expedition.
+
+The scene of the narrative shifts to France.  The history of the United
+Netherlands at this epoch is a world-history.  Were it not so, it would
+have far less of moral and instruction for all time than it is really
+capable of affording.  The battle of liberty against despotism was now
+fought in the hop-fields of Brabant or the polders of Friesland, now in
+the: narrow seas which encircle England, and now on the sunny plains of
+Dauphiny, among the craggy inlets of Brittany, or along the high roads
+and rivers which lead to the gates of Paris.  But everywhere a noiseless,
+secret, but ubiquitous negotiation was speeding with never an instant's
+pause to accomplish the work which lansquenettes and riders, pikemen and
+carabineers were contending for on a hundred battle-fields and amid a din
+of arms which for a quarter of a century had been the regular hum of
+human industry.  For nearly a generation of mankind, Germans and
+Hollanders, Englishmen, Frenchmen, Scotchmen, Irishmen, Spaniards and
+Italians seemed to be born into the world mainly to fight for or against
+a system of universal monarchy, conceived for his own benefit by a quiet
+old man who passed his days at a writing desk in a remote corner of
+Europe.  It must be confessed that Philip II. gave the world work enough.
+Whether--had the peoples governed themselves--their energies might not
+have been exerted in a different direction, and on the whole have
+produced more of good to the human race than came of all this blood and
+awoke, may be questioned.
+
+But the divine right of kings, associating itself with the power supreme
+of the Church, was struggling to maintain that old mastery of mankind
+which awakening reason was inclined to dispute.  Countries and nations
+being regarded as private property to be inherited or bequeathed by a few
+favoured individuals--provided always that those individuals were
+obedient to the chief-priest--it had now become right and proper for the
+Spanish monarch to annex Scotland, England, and France to the very
+considerable possessions which were already his own.  Scotland he claimed
+by virtue of the expressed wish of Mary to the exclusion of her heretic
+son.
+
+France, which had been unjustly usurped by another family in times past
+to his detriment, and which only a mere human invention--a "pleasantry"
+as Alva had happily termed it, called the "Salic law"--prevented from
+passing quietly to his daughter, as heiress to her mother, daughter of
+Henry II., he was now fully bent upon making his own without further loss
+of time.  England, in consequence of the mishap of the year eighty-eight,
+he was inclined to defer appropriating until the possession of the French
+coasts, together with those of the Netherlands, should enable him to risk
+the adventure with assured chances of success.
+
+The Netherlands were fast slipping beyond his control, to be sure, as he
+engaged in these endless schemes; and ill-disposed people of the day said
+that the king was like Aesop's dog, lapping the river dry in order to get
+at the skins floating on the surface.  The Duke of Parma was driven to
+his wits' ends for expedients, and beside himself with vexation, when
+commanded to withdraw his ill-paid and mutinous army from the Provinces
+for the purpose of invading France.  Most importunate were the appeals
+and potent the arguments by which he attempted to turn Philip from his
+purpose.  It was in vain.  Spain was the great, aggressive, overshadowing
+power at that day, before whose plots and whose violence the nations
+alternately trembled, and it was France that now stood in danger of being
+conquered or dismembered by the common enemy of all.  That unhappy
+kingdom, torn by intestine conflict, naturally invited the ambition and
+the greediness of foreign powers.  Civil war had been its condition, with
+brief intervals, for a whole generation of mankind.  During the last few
+years, the sword had been never sheathed, while "the holy Confederacy"
+and the Bearnese struggled together for the mastery.  Religion was the
+mantle under which the chiefs on both sides concealed their real designs
+as they led on their followers year after year to the desperate conflict.
+And their followers, the masses, were doubtless in earnest.  A great
+principle--the relation of man to his Maker and his condition in a future
+world as laid down by rival priesthoods--has in almost every stage of
+history had power to influence the multitude to fury and to deluge the
+world in blood.  And so long as the superstitious element of human nature
+enables individuals or combinations of them to dictate to their fellow-
+creatures those relations, or to dogmatize concerning those conditions--
+to take possession of their consciences in short, and to interpose their
+mummeries between man and his Creator--it is, probable that such scenes
+as caused the nations to shudder, throughout so large a portion of the
+sixteenth and seventeenth centuries will continue to repeat themselves at
+intervals in various parts of the earth.  Nothing can be more sublime
+than the self-sacrifice, nothing more demoniac than the crimes, which
+human creatures have seemed always ready to exhibit under the name of
+religion.
+
+It was and had been really civil war in France.  In the Netherlands it
+had become essentially a struggle for independence against a foreign
+monarch; although the germ out of which both conflicts had grown to their
+enormous proportions was an effort of the multitude to check the growth
+of papacy.  In France, accordingly, civil war, attended by that gaunt
+sisterhood, murder, pestilence, and famine, had swept from the soil
+almost everything that makes life valuable.  It had not brought in its
+train that extraordinary material prosperity and intellectual development
+at which men wondered in the Netherlands, and to which allusion has just
+been made.  But a fortunate conjunction of circumstances had now placed
+Henry of Navarre in a position of vantage.  He represented the principle
+of nationality, of French unity.  It was impossible to deny that he was
+in the regular line of succession, now that luckless Henry of Valois
+slept with his fathers, and the principle of nationality might perhaps
+prove as vital a force as attachment to the Roman Church.  Moreover, the
+adroit and unscrupulous Bearnese knew well how to shift the mantle of
+religion from one shoulder to the other, to serve his purposes or the
+humours of those whom he addressed.
+
+"The King of Spain would exclude me from the kingdom and heritage of my
+father because of my religion," he said to the Duke of Saxony; "but in
+that religion I am determined to persist so long as I shall live."  The
+hand was the hand of Henry, but it was the voice of Duplessis Mornay.
+
+"Were there thirty crowns to win," said he, at about the same time to the
+States of France, "I would not change my religion on compulsion, the
+dagger at my throat.  Instruct me, instruct me, I am not obstinate."
+There spoke the wily freethinker, determined not to be juggled out of
+what he considered his property by fanatics or priests of either church.
+Had Henry been a real devotee, the fate of Christendom might have been
+different.  The world has long known how much misery it is in the power
+of crowned bigots to inflict.
+
+On the other hand, the Holy League, the sacred Confederacy, was catholic
+or nothing.  Already it was more papist than the pope, and loudly
+denounced Sixtus V. as a Huguenot because he was thought to entertain a
+weak admiration both for Henry the heretic and for the Jezebel of
+England.
+
+But the holy confederacy was bent on destroying the national government
+of France, and dismembering the national domain.  To do this the pretext
+of trampling out heresy and indefinitely extending the power of Rome, was
+most influential with the multitude, and entitled the leaders to enjoy
+immense power for the time being, while maturing their schemes for
+acquiring permanent possession of large fragments of the national
+territory.  Mayenne, Nemours, Aumale, Mercoeur longed to convert
+temporary governments into independent principalities.  The Duke of
+Lorraine looked with longing eyes on Verdun, Sedan, and, the other fair
+cities within the territories contiguous--to his own domains.  The
+reckless house of Savoy; with whom freebooting and landrobbery seemed
+geographical, and hereditary necessities, was busy on the southern
+borders, while it seemed easy enough for Philip, II., in right of his
+daughter, to secure at least the duchy of Brittany before entering on
+the sovereignty of the whole kingdom.
+
+To the eyes of the world at large: France might well seem in a condition
+of hopeless disintegration; the restoration of its unity and former
+position among the nations, under the government of a single chief, a
+weak and wicked dream.  Furious and incessant were the anathemas hurled
+on the head of the Bearnese for his persistence in drowning the land in
+blood in the hope of recovering a national capital which never could be
+his, and of wresting from the control of the confederacy that power.
+which, whether usurped or rightful, was considered, at least by the
+peaceably inclined, to have become a solid fact.
+
+The poor puppet locked in the tower of Fontenay, and entitled Charles X.;
+deceived and scared no one.  Such money as there was might be coined, in
+its name, but Madam League reigned supreme in Paris.  The confederates,
+inspired by the eloquence of a cardinal legate, and supplied with funds
+by the faithful, were ready to dare a thousand  deaths rather than submit
+to the rule of a tyrant and heretic.
+
+What was an authority derived from the laws of the land and the history
+of the race compared with the dogmas of Rome and the trained veterans of
+Spain?  It remained to be seen whether nationality or bigotry would
+triumph.  But in the early days of 1590 the prospects of nationality were
+not encouraging.
+
+Francois de Luxembourg, due de Pincey, was in Rome at that moment,
+deputed by such catholic nobles of France as were friendly to Henry of
+Navarre.  Sixtus might perhaps be influenced as to the degree of respect
+to be accorded to the envoy's representations by the events of the
+campaign about to open.  Meantime the legate Gaetano, young, rich,
+eloquent, unscrupulous, distinguished alike for the splendour of his
+house and the brilliancy of his intellect, had arrived in Paris.
+
+Followed by a great train of adherents he had gone down to the House of
+Parliament, and was about to seat himself under the dais reserved for the
+king, when Brisson, first President of Parliament, plucked him back by
+the arm, and caused him to take a seat immediately below his own.
+
+Deeply was the bold president to expiate this defence of king and law
+against the Holy League.  For the moment however the legate contented
+himself with a long harangue, setting forth the power of Rome, while
+Brisson replied by an oration magnifying the grandeur of France.
+
+Soon afterwards the cardinal addressed himself to the counteraction
+of Henry's projects of conversion.  For, well did the subtle priest
+understand that in purging himself of heresy, the Bearnese was about to
+cut the ground from beneath his enemies' feet.  In a letter to the
+archbishops and bishops of France, he argued the matter at length.
+Especially he denied the necessity or the legality of an assembly of all
+the prelates of France, such as Henry desired to afford him the requisite
+"instruction" as to the respective merits of the Roman and the reformed
+Church.  Certainly, he urged, the Prince of Bearne could hardly require
+instruction as to the tenets of either, seeing that at different times he
+had faithfully professed both.
+
+But while benches of bishops and doctors of the Sorbonne were burnishing
+all the arms in ecclesiastical and legal arsenals for the approaching
+fray, the sound of louder if not more potent artillery began to be heard
+in the vicinity of Paris.  The candid Henry, while seeking ghostly
+instruction with eagerness from his papistical patrons, was equally
+persevering in applying for the assistance of heretic musketeers and
+riders from his protestant friends in England, Holland, Germany, and
+Switzerland.
+
+Queen Elizabeth and the States-General vied with each other in generosity
+to the great champion of protestantism, who was combating the holy league
+so valiantly, and rarely has a great historical figure presented itself
+to the world so bizarre of aspect, and under such shifting perplexity of
+light and shade, as did the Bearnese in the early spring of 1590.
+
+The hope of a considerable portion of the catholic nobility of his realm,
+although himself an excommunicated heretic; the mainstay of Calvinism
+while secretly bending all his energies to effect his reconciliation with
+the pope; the idol of the austere and grimly puritanical, while himself a
+model of profligacy; the leader of the earnest and the true, although
+false as water himself in every relation in which human beings can stand
+to each other; a standardbearer of both great branches of the Christian
+Church in an age when religion was the atmosphere of men's daily lives,
+yet finding his sincerest admirer, and one of his most faithful allies,
+in the Grand Turk,
+
+     [A portion of the magnificently protective letter of Sultan Amurath,
+     in which he complimented Henry on his religious stedfastness, might
+     almost have made the king's cheek tingle.]
+
+the representative of national liberty and human rights against regal and
+sacerdotal absolutism, while himself a remorseless despot by nature and
+education, and a believer in no rights of the people save in their
+privilege to be ruled by himself; it seems strange at first view that
+Henry of Navarre should have been for centuries so heroic and popular an
+image.  But he was a soldier, a wit, a consummate politician; above all,
+he was a man, at a period when to be a king was often to be something
+much less or much worse.
+
+To those accustomed to weigh and analyse popular forces it might well
+seem that he was now playing an utterly hopeless game.  His capital
+garrisoned by the Pope and the King of Spain, with its grandees and its
+populace scoffing at his pretence of authority and loathing his name;
+with an exchequer consisting of what he could beg or borrow from Queen
+Elizabeth--most parsimonious of sovereigns reigning over the half of a
+small island--and from the States-General governing a half-born, half-
+drowned little republic, engaged in a quarter of a century's warfare with
+the greatest monarch in the world; with a wardrobe consisting of a dozen
+shirts and five pocket-handkerchiefs, most of them ragged, and with a
+commissariat made up of what could be brought in the saddle-bags of his
+Huguenot cavaliers who came to the charge with him to-day, and to-morrow
+were dispersed again to their mountain fastnesses; it did not seem likely
+on any reasonable theory of dynamics that the power of the Bearnese was
+capable of outweighing Pope and Spain, and the meaner but massive
+populace of France, and the Sorbonne, and the great chiefs of the
+confederacy, wealthy, long descended, allied to all the sovereigns of
+Christendom, potent in territorial possessions and skilful in wielding
+political influences.
+
+"The Bearnese is poor but a gentleman of good family," said the cheerful
+Henry, and it remained to-be seen whether nationality, unity, legitimate
+authority, history, and law would be able to neutralise the powerful
+combination of opposing elements.
+
+The king had been besieging Dreux and had made good progress in reducing
+the outposts of the city.  As it was known that he was expecting
+considerable reinforcements of English ships, Netherlanders, and Germans,
+the chiefs of the league issued orders from Paris for an attack before he
+should thus be strengthened.
+
+For Parma, unwillingly obeying the stringent commands of his master, had
+sent from Flanders eighteen hundred picked cavalry under Count Philip
+Egmont to join the army of Mayenne.  This force comprised five hundred
+Belgian heavy dragoons under the chief nobles of the land, together with
+a selection, in even proportions, of Walloon, German, Spanish, and
+Italian troopers.
+
+Mayenne accordingly crossed the Seine at Mantes with an army of ten
+thousand foot, and, including Egmont's contingent, about four thousand
+horse.  A force under Marshal d'Aumont, which lay in Ivry at the passage
+of the Eure, fell back on his approach and joined the remainder of the
+king's army.  The siege of Dreux was abandoned; and Henry withdrew to the
+neighbourhood of Nonancourt.  It was obvious that the duke meant to offer
+battle, and it was rare that the king under any circumstances could be
+induced to decline a combat.
+
+On the night of the 12th-13th March, Henry occupied Saint Andre, a
+village situated on an elevated and extensive plain four leagues from
+Nonancourt, in the direction of Ivry, fringed on three sides by villages
+and by a wood, and commanding a view of all the approaches from the
+country between the Seine and Eure.  It would have been better had
+Mayenne been beforehand with him, as the sequel proved; but the duke was
+not famed for the rapidity of his movements.  During the greater part of
+the night, Henry was employed in distributing his orders for that
+conflict which was inevitable on the following day.  His army was drawn
+up according to a plan prepared by himself, and submitted to the most
+experienced of his generals for their approval.  He then personally
+visited every portion of the encampment, speaking words of encouragement
+to his soldiers, and perfecting his arrangements for the coming conflict.
+Attended by Marshals d'Aumont and Biron he remained on horseback during a
+portion of the night, having ordered his officers to their tents and
+reconnoitred as well as he could the position of the enemy.  Towards
+morning he retired to his headquarters at Fourainville, where he threw
+himself half-dressed on his truckle bed, and although the night was
+bitterly cold, with no covering but his cloak.  He was startled from his
+slumber before the dawn by a movement of lights in the enemy's camp, and
+he sprang to his feet supposing that the duke was stealing a march upon
+him despite all his precautions.  The alarm proved to be a false one, but
+Henry lost no time in ordering his battle.  His cavalry he divided in
+seven troops or squadrons.  The first, forming the left wing, was a body
+of three hundred under Marshal d'Aumont, supported by two regiments of
+French infantry.  Next, separated by a short interval, was another troop
+of three hundred under the Duke of Montpensier, supported by two other
+regiments of foot, one Swiss and one German.  In front of Montpensier was
+Baron Biron the younger, at the head of still another body of three
+hundred.  Two troops of cuirassiers, each four hundred strong, were on
+Biron's left, the one commanded by the Grand Prior of France, Charles
+d'Angouleme, the other by Monsieur de Givry.  Between the Prior and Givry
+were six pieces of heavy artillery, while the battalia, formed of eight
+hundred horse in six squadrons, was commanded by the king in person, and
+covered on both sides by English and Swiss infantry, amounting to some
+four thousand in all.  The right wing was under the charge of old Marshal
+Biron, and comprised three troops of horse, numbering one hundred and
+fifty each, two companies of German riders, and four regiments of French
+infantry.  These numbers, which are probably given with as much accuracy
+as can be obtained, show a force of about three thousand horse and twelve
+thousand foot.
+
+The Duke of Mayenne, seeing too late the advantage of position which he
+might have easily secured the day before, led his army forth with the
+early light, and arranged it in an order not very different from that
+adopted by the king, and within cannon-shot of his lines.  The right wing
+under Marshal de la Chatre consisted of three regiments of French and one
+of Germans, supporting three regiments of Spanish lancers, two cornets of
+German riders under the Bastard of Brunswick, and four hundred
+cuirassiers.  The battalia, which was composed of six hundred splendid
+cavalry, all noblemen of France, guarding the white banner of the Holy
+League, and supported by a column of three thousand Swiss and two
+thousand French infantry, was commanded by Mayenne in person, assisted by
+his half-brother, the Duke of Nemours.  In front of the infantry was a
+battery of six cannon and three culverines.  The left wing was commanded
+by Marshal de Rene, with six regiments of French and Lorrainers, two
+thousand Germans, six hundred French cuirassiers, and the mounted
+troopers of Count Egmont.  It is probable that Mayenne's whole force,
+therefore, amounted to nearly four thousand cavalry and at least thirteen
+thousand foot.
+
+Very different was the respective appearance of the two armies, so far,
+especially, as regarded the horsemen on both sides.  Gay in their gilded
+armour and waving plumes, with silken scarves across their shoulders, and
+the fluttering favours of fair ladies on their arms or in their helmets,
+the brilliant champions of the Holy Catholic Confederacy clustered around
+the chieftains of the great house of Guise, impatient for the conflict.
+It was like a muster for a brilliant and chivalrous tournament.  The
+Walloon and Flemish nobles, outrivalling even the self-confidence of
+their companions in arms, taunted them with their slowness.  The,
+impetuous Egmont, burning to eclipse the fame of his ill-fated father at
+Gravelines and St. Quintin in the same holy cause, urged on the battle
+with unseemly haste, loudly proclaiming that if the French were faint-
+hearted he would himself give a good account of the Navarrese prince
+without any assistance from them.
+
+A cannon-shot away, the grim puritan nobles who had come forth from their
+mountain fastnesses to do battle for king and law and for the rights of
+conscience against the Holy League--men seasoned in a hundred battle-
+fields, clad all in iron, with no dainty ornaments nor holiday luxury of
+warfare--knelt on the ground, smiting their mailed breasts with iron
+hands, invoking blessings on themselves and curses and confusion on their
+enemies in the coming conflict, and chanting a stern psalm of homage to
+the God of battles and of wrath.  And Henry of France and Navarre,
+descendant of Lewis the Holy and of Hugh the Great, beloved chief of the
+Calvinist cavaliers, knelt among his heretic brethren, and prayed and
+chanted with them.  But not the staunchest Huguenot of them all, not
+Duplessis, nor D'Aubigne, nor De la Noue with the iron arm, was more
+devoted on that day to crown and country than were such papist supporters
+of the rightful heir as had sworn to conquer the insolent foreigner on
+the soil of France or die.
+
+When this brief prelude was over, Henry made an address to his soldiers,
+but its language has not been preserved.  It is known, however, that he
+wore that day his famous snow-white plume, and that he ordered his
+soldiers, should his banner go down in the conflict, to follow wherever
+and as long as that plume should be seen waving on any part of the field.
+He had taken a position by which his troops had the sun and wind in their
+backs, so that the smoke rolled toward the enemy and the light shone in
+their eyes.  The combat began with the play of artillery, which soon
+became so warm that Egmont, whose cavalry--suffering and galled--soon
+became impatient, ordered a charge.  It was a most brilliant one.  The
+heavy troopers of Flanders and Hainault, following their spirited
+chieftain, dashed upon old Marshal Biron, routing his cavalry, charging
+clean up to the Huguenot guns and sabring the cannoneers.  The shock was
+square, solid, irresistible, and was followed up by the German riders
+under Eric of Brunswick, who charged upon the battalia of the royal army,
+where the king commanded in person.
+
+There was a panic.  The whole royal cavalry wavered, the supporting
+infantry recoiled, the day seemed lost before the battle was well begun.
+Yells of "Victory!  Victory!  up with the Holy League, down with the
+heretic Bearnese," resounded through the Catholic squadrons.  The king
+and Marshal Biron, who were near each other, were furious with rage, but
+already doubtful of the result.  They exerted themselves to rally the
+troops under their immediate command, and to reform the shattered ranks.
+
+The German riders and French lancers under Brunswick and Bassompierre
+had, however, not done their work as thoroughly as Egmont had done.  The
+ground was so miry and soft that in the brief space which separated the
+hostile lines they had not power to urge their horses to full speed.
+Throwing away their useless lances, they came on at a feeble canter,
+sword in hand, and were unable to make a very vigorous impression on the
+more heavily armed troopers opposed to them.  Meeting with a firm
+resistance to their career, they wheeled, faltered a little and fell a
+short distance back.  Many of the riders being of the reformed religion,
+refused moreover to fire upon the Huguenots, and discharged their
+carbines in the air.
+
+The king, whose glance on the battle-field was like inspiration, saw the
+blot and charged upon them in person with his whole battalia of cavalry.
+The veteran Biron followed hard upon the snow-white plume.  The scene was
+changed, victory succeeded to impending defeat, and the enemy was routed.
+The riders and cuirassiers, broken into a struggling heap of confusion,
+strewed the ground with their dead bodies, or carried dismay into the
+ranks of the infantry as they strove to escape.  Brunswick went down in
+the melee, mortally wounded as it was believed.  Egmont renewing the
+charge at the head of his victorious Belgian troopers, fell dead with a
+musket-ball through his heart.  The shattered German and Walloon cavalry,
+now pricked forward by the lances of their companions, under the
+passionate commands of Mayenne and Aumale, now fading back before the
+furious charges of the Huguenots, were completely overthrown and cut to
+pieces.
+
+Seven times did Henry of Navarre in person lead his troopers to the
+charge; but suddenly, in the midst of the din of battle and the cheers of
+victory, a message of despair went from lip to lip throughout the royal
+lines.  The king had disappeared.  He was killed, and the hopes of
+Protestantism and of France were fallen for ever with him.  The white
+standard of his battalia had been seen floating wildly and purposelessly
+over the field; for his bannerman, Pot de Rhodes, a young noble of
+Dauphiny, wounded mortally in the head, with blood streaming over his
+face and blinding his sight, was utterly unable to control his horse, who
+gallopped hither and thither at his own caprice, misleading many troopers
+who followed in his erratic career.  A cavalier, armed in proof, and
+wearing the famous snow-white plume, after a hand-to-hand struggle with
+a veteran of Count Bossu's regiment, was seen to fall dead by the side of
+the bannerman: The Fleming, not used to boast, loudly asserted that he
+had slain the Bearnese, and the news spread rapidly over the battle-
+field.  The defeated Confederates gained new courage, the victorious
+Royalists were beginning to waver, when suddenly, between the hostile
+lines, in the very midst of the battle, the king gallopped forward,
+bareheaded, covered with blood and dust, but entirely unhurt.  A wild
+shout of "Vive le Roi!"  rang through the air.  Cheerful as ever, he
+addressed a few encouraging words to his soldiers, with a smiling face,
+and again led a charge.  It was all that was necessary to complete the
+victory.  The enemy broke and ran away on every side in wildest
+confusion, followed by the royalist cavalry, who sabred them as they
+fled.  The panic gained the foot-soldiers, who should have supported the
+cavalry, but had not been at all engaged in the action.  The French
+infantry threw away their arms as they rushed from the field and sought
+refuge in the woods.  The Walloons were so expeditious in the race, that
+they never stopped till they gained their own frontier.  The day was
+hopelessly lost, and although Mayenne had conducted himself well in the
+early part of the day, it was certain that he was excelled by none in the
+celerity of his flight when the rout had fairly begun.  Pausing to draw
+breath as he gained the wood, he was seen to deal blows with his own
+sword among the mob of fugitives, not that he might rally them to their
+flag and drive them back to another encounter, but because they
+encumbered his own retreat.
+
+The Walloon carbineers, the German riders, and the French lancers,
+disputing as to the relative blame to be attached to each corps, began
+shooting and sabring each other, almost before they were out of the
+enemy's sight.  Many were thus killed.  The lansquenets were all put to
+the sword.  The Swiss infantry were allowed to depart for their own
+country on pledging themselves not again to bear arms against Henry IV.
+
+It is probable that eight hundred of the leaguers were either killed on
+the battle-field or drowned in the swollen river in their retreat.  About
+one-fourth of that number fell in the army of the king.  It is certain
+that of the contingent from the obedient Netherlands, two hundred and
+seventy, including their distinguished general, lost their lives.  The
+Bastard of Brunswick, crawling from beneath a heap of slain, escaped with
+life.  Mayenne lost all his standards and all the baggage of his army,
+while the army itself was for a time hopelessly dissolved.
+
+Few cavalry actions have attained a wider celebrity in history than the
+fight of Ivry.  Yet there have been many hard-fought battles, where the
+struggle was fiercer and closer, where the issue was for a longer time
+doubtful, where far more lives on either side were lost, where the final
+victory was immediately productive of very much greater results, and
+which, nevertheless, have sunk into hopeless oblivion.  The, personal
+details which remain concerning the part enacted by the adventurous king
+at this most critical period of his career, the romantic interest which
+must always gather about that ready-witted, ready-sworded Gascon, at the
+moment when, to contemporaries, the result of all his struggles seemed so
+hopeless or at best so doubtful; above all, the numerous royal and
+princely names which embellished the roll-call of that famous passage of
+arms, and which were supposed, in those days at least, to add such lustre
+to a battle-field, as humbler names, however illustrious by valour or
+virtue, could never bestow, have made this combat for ever famous.
+
+Yet it is certain that the most healthy moral, in military affairs, to be
+derived from the event, is that the importance of a victory depends less
+upon itself than on the use to be made of it.  Mayenne fled to Mantes,
+the Duke of Nemours to Chartres, other leaders of the League in various
+directions, Mayenne told every body he met that the Bearnese was killed,
+and that although his own army was defeated, he should soon have another
+one on foot.  The same intelligence was communicated to the Duke of
+Parma, and by him to Philip.  Mendoza and the other Spanish agents went
+about Paris spreading the news of Henry's death, but the fact seemed
+woefully to lack confirmation, while the proofs of the utter overthrow
+and shameful defeat of the Leaguers were visible on every, side.  The
+Parisians--many of whom the year before had in vain hired windows in the
+principal streets, in order to witness the promised entrance of the
+Bearnese, bound hand and foot, and with a gag in his mouth, to swell the
+triumph of Madam League--were incredulous as to the death now reported to
+them of this very lively heretic, by those who had fled so ignominiously
+from his troopers.
+
+De la None and the other Huguenot chieftains, earnestly urged upon Henry
+the importance of advancing upon Paris without an instant's delay, and it
+seems at least extremely probable that, had he done so, the capital would
+have fallen at once into his hands.  It is the concurrent testimony of
+contemporaries that the panic, the destitution, the confusion would have
+made resistance impossible had a determined onslaught been made.  And
+Henry had a couple of thousand horsemen flushed with victory, and a dozen
+thousand foot who had been compelled to look upon a triumph in which they
+had no opportunity of sharing: Success and emulation would have easily
+triumphed over dissension and despair.
+
+But the king, yielding to the councils of Biron and other Catholics,
+declined attacking the capital, and preferred waiting the slow, and in
+his circumstances eminently hazardous, operations of a regular siege.
+Was it the fear of giving a signal triumph to the cause of Protestantism
+that caused the Huguenot leader--so soon to become a renegade--to pause
+in his career?  Was it anxiety lest his victorious entrance into Paris
+might undo the diplomacy of his catholic envoys at Rome? or was it simply
+the mutinous condition of his army, especially of the Swiss mercenaries,
+who refused to advance a step unless their arrears of pay were at once
+furnished them out of the utterly empty exchequer of the king?  Whatever
+may have been the cause of the delay, it is certain that the golden fruit
+of victory was not plucked, and that although the confederate army had
+rapidly dissolved, in consequence of their defeat, the king's own forces
+manifested as little cohesion.
+
+And now began that slow and painful siege, the details of which are as
+terrible, but as universally known, as those of any chapters in the
+blood-stained history of the century.  Henry seized upon the towns
+guarding the rivers Seine and Marne, twin nurses of Paris.  By
+controlling the course of those streams as well as that of the Yonne and
+Oise--especially by taking firm possession of Lagny on the Marne, whence
+a bridge led from the Isle of France to the Brie country--great
+thoroughfare of wine and corn--and of Corbeil at the junction of the
+little river Essonne with the Seine-it was easy in that age to stop the
+vital circulation of the imperial city.
+
+By midsummer, Paris, unquestionably the first city of Europe at that day,
+was in extremities, and there are few events in history in which our
+admiration is more excited by the power of mankind to endure almost
+preternatural misery, or our indignation more deeply aroused by the
+cruelty with which the sublimest principles of human nature may be made
+to serve the purposes of selfish ambition and grovelling superstition,
+than this famous leaguer.
+
+Rarely have men at any epoch defended their fatherland against foreign
+oppression with more heroism than that which was manifested by the
+Parisians of 1590 in resisting religious toleration, and in obeying a
+foreign and priestly despotism.  Men, women, and children cheerfully laid
+down their lives by thousands in order that the papal legate and the king
+of Spain might trample upon that legitimate sovereign of France who was
+one day to become the idol of Paris and of the whole kingdom.
+
+A census taken at the beginning of the siege had showed a populace of two
+hundred thousand souls, with a sufficiency of provisions, it was thought,
+to last one month.  But before the terrible summer was over--so
+completely had the city been invested--the bushel of wheat was worth
+three hundred and sixty crowns, rye and oats being but little cheaper.
+Indeed, grain might as well have cost three thousand crowns the bushel,
+for the prices recorded placed it beyond the reach of all but the
+extremely wealthy.  The flesh of horses, asses, dogs, cats, rats had
+become rare luxuries.  There was nothing cheap, said a citizen bitterly,
+but sermons.  And the priests and monks of every order went daily about
+the streets, preaching fortitude in that great resistance to heresy, by
+which Paris was earning for itself a crown of glory, and promising the
+most direct passage to paradise for the souls of the wretched victims
+who fell daily, starved to death, upon the pavements.  And the monks and
+priests did their work nobly, aiding the general resolution by the
+example of their own courage.  Better fed than their fellow citizens,
+they did military work in trench, guard-house and rampart, as the
+population became rapidly unfit, from physical exhaustion, for the
+defence of the city.
+
+The young Duke of Nemours, governor of the place, manifested as much
+resolution and conduct in bringing his countrymen to perdition as if the
+work in which he was engaged had been the highest and holiest that ever
+tasked human energies.  He was sustained in his task by that proud
+princess, his own and Mayenne's mother, by Madame Montpensier, by the
+resident triumvirate of Spain, Mendoza, Commander Moreo, and John Baptist
+Tasais, by the cardinal legate Gaetano, and, more than all, by the
+sixteen chiefs of the wards, those municipal tyrants of the unhappy
+populace.
+
+Pope Sixtus himself was by no means eager for the success of the League.
+After the battle of Ivry, he had most seriously inclined his ear to the
+representations of Henry's envoy, and showed much willingness to admit
+the victorious heretic once more into the bosom of the Church.  Sixtus
+was not desirous of contributing to the advancement of Philip's power.
+He feared his designs on Italy, being himself most anxious at that time
+to annex Naples to the holy see.  He had amassed a large treasure, but he
+liked best to spend it in splendid architecture, in noble fountains, in
+magnificent collections of art, science, and literature, and, above all,
+in building up fortunes for the children of his sister the washerwoman,
+and in allying them all to the most princely houses of Italy, while never
+allowing them even to mention the name of their father, so base was his
+degree; but he cared not to disburse from his hoarded dollars to supply
+the necessities of the League.
+
+But Gaetano, although he could wring but fifty thousand crowns from his
+Holiness after the fatal fight of Ivry, to further the good cause, was
+lavish in expenditures from his own purse and from other sources, and
+this too at a time when thirty-three per cent. interest was paid to the
+usurers of Antwerp for one month's loan of ready money.  He was
+indefatigable, too, and most successful in his exhortations and ghostly
+consolations to the people.  Those proud priests and great nobles were
+playing a reckless game, and the hopes of mankind beyond the grave were
+the counters on their table.  For themselves there were rich prizes for
+the winning.  Should they succeed in dismembering the fair land where
+they were enacting their fantastic parts, there were temporal
+principalities, great provinces, petty sovereignties, to be carved out
+of the heritage which the Bearnese claimed for his own.  Obviously then,
+their consciences could never permit this shameless heretic, by a
+simulated conversion at the critical moment, to block their game and
+restore the national unity and laws.  And even should it be necessary to
+give the whole kingdom, instead of the mere duchy of Brittany, to Philip
+of Spain, still there were mighty guerdons to be bestowed on his
+supporters before the foreign monarch could seat himself on the throne of
+Henry's ancestors.
+
+As to the people who were fighting, starving, dying by thousands in
+this great cause, there were eternal rewards in another world profusely
+promised for their heroism instead of the more substantial bread and
+beef, for lack of which they were laying down their lives.
+
+It was estimated that before July twelve thousand human beings in Paris
+had died, for want of food, within three months.  But as there were no
+signs of the promised relief by the army of Parma and Mayenne, and as the
+starving people at times appeared faint-hearted, their courage was
+strengthened one day by a stirring exhibition.
+
+An astonishing procession marched through the streets of the city, led by
+the Bishop of Senlis and the Prior of Chartreux, each holding a halberd
+in one hand and a crucifix in the other, and graced by the presence of
+the cardinal-legate, and of many prelates from Italy.  A lame monk,
+adroitly manipulating the staff of a drum major, went hopping and limping
+before them, much to the amazement of the crowd.  Then came a long file
+of monks-Capuchins, Bernardists, Minimes, Franciscans, Jacobins,
+Carmelites, and other orders--each with his cowl thrown back, his long
+robes trussed up, a helmet on his head, a cuirass on his breast, and a
+halberd in his hand.  The elder ones marched first, grinding their teeth,
+rolling their eyes, and making other ferocious demonstrations.  Then came
+the younger friars, similarly attired, all armed with arquebusses, which
+they occasionally and accidentally discharged to the disadvantage of the
+spectators, several of whom were killed or wounded on the spot.  Among
+others a servant of Cardinal Gaetano was thus slain, and the even caused
+much commotion, until the cardinal proclaimed that a man thus killed in
+so holy a cause had gone straight to heaven and had taken his place among
+the just.  It was impossible, thus argued the people in their simplicity,
+that so wise and virtuous a man as the cardinal should not know what was
+best.
+
+The procession marched to the church of our Lady of Loretto, where they
+solemnly promised to the blessed Virgin a lamp and ship of gold--should
+she be willing to use her influence in behalf of the suffering city--to
+be placed on her shrine as soon as the siege should be raised.
+
+But these demonstrations, however cheering to the souls, had
+comparatively little effect upon the bodies of the sufferers.  It was
+impossible to walk through the streets of Paris without stumbling over
+the dead bodies of the citizens.  Trustworthy eye-witnesses of those
+dreadful days have placed the number of the dead during the summer at
+thirty thousand.  A tumultuous assemblage of the starving and the forlorn
+rushed at last to the municipal palace, demanding peace or bread.  The
+rebels were soon dispersed however by a charge, headed by the Chevalier
+d'Aumale, and assisted by the chiefs of the wards, and so soon as the
+riot was quelled, its ringleader, a leading advocate, Renaud by name, was
+hanged.
+
+Still, but for the energy of the priests, it is doubtful whether the city
+could have been held by the Confederacy.  The Duke of Nemours confessed
+that there were occasions when they never would have been able to sustain
+a determined onslaught, and they were daily expecting to see the Prince
+of Bearne battering triumphantly at their gates.
+
+But the eloquence of the preachers, especially of the one-eyed father
+Boucher, sustained the fainting spirits of the people, and consoled the
+sufferers in their dying agonies by glimpses of paradise.  Sublime was
+that devotion, superhuman that craft; but it is only by weapons from the
+armoury of the Unseen that human creatures can long confront such horrors
+in a wicked cause.  Superstition, in those days at least, was a political
+force absolutely without limitation, and most adroitly did the agents of
+Spain and Rome handle its tremendous enginery against unhappy France.
+For the hideous details of the most dreadful sieges recorded in ancient
+or modern times were now reproduced in Paris.  Not a revolutionary
+circumstance, at which the world had shuddered in the accounts of the
+siege of Jerusalem, was spared.  Men devoured such dead vermin as could
+be found lying in the streets.  They crowded greedily around stalls in
+the public squares where the skin, bones, and offal of such dogs, cats
+and unclean beasts as still remained for the consumption of the wealthier
+classes were sold to the populace.  Over the doorways of these flesh
+markets might be read "Haec runt munera pro iis qui vitam pro Philippo
+profuderunt."  Men stood in archways and narrow passages lying in wait
+for whatever stray dogs still remained at large, noosed them, strangled
+them, and like savage beasts of prey tore them to pieces and devoured
+them alive.  And it sometimes happened, too, that the equally hungry dog
+proved the more successful in the foul encounter, and fed upon the man.
+A lady visiting the Duchess of Nemours--called for the high pretensions
+of her sons by her two marriages the queen-mother--complained bitterly
+that mothers in Paris had been compelled to kill their own children
+outright to save them from starving to death in lingering agony.  "And if
+you are brought to that extremity," replied the duchess, "as for the sake
+of our holy religion to be forced to kill your own children, do you think
+that so great a matter after all?  What are your children made of more
+than other people's children?  What are we all but dirt and dust?"  Such
+was the consolation administered by the mother of the man who governed
+Paris, and defended its gates against its lawful sovereign at the command
+of a foreigner; while the priests in their turn persuaded the populace
+that it was far more righteous to kill their own children, if they had no
+food to give them, than to obtain food by recognising a heretic king.
+
+It was related too, and believed, that in some instances mothers had
+salted the bodies of their dead children and fed upon them, day by day,
+until the hideous repast would no longer support their own life.  They
+died, and the secret was revealed by servants who had partaken of the
+food.  The Spanish ambassador, Mendoza, advised recourse to an article of
+diet which had been used in some of the oriental sieges.  The counsel at
+first was rejected as coming from the agent of Spain, who wished at all
+hazards to save the capital of France from falling out of the hands of
+his master into those of the heretic.  But dire necessity prevailed, and
+the bones of the dead were taken in considerable quantities from the
+cemeteries, ground into flour, baked into bread, and consumed.  It was
+called Madame Montpensier's cake, because the duchess earnestly
+proclaimed its merits to the poor Parisians.  "She was never known to
+taste it herself, however," bitterly observed one who lived in Paris
+through that horrible summer.  She was right to abstain, for all who ate
+of it died, and the Montpensier flour fell into disuse.
+
+Lansquenets and other soldiers, mad with hunger and rage, when they could
+no longer find dogs to feed on, chased children through the streets, and
+were known in several instances to kill and devour them on the spot.   To
+those expressing horror at the perpetration of such a crime, a leading
+personage, member of the Council of Nine, maintained that there was less
+danger to one's soul in satisfying one's hunger with a dead child, in
+case of necessity, than in recognizing the heretic Bearnese, and he added
+that all the best theologians and doctors of Paris were of his opinion.
+
+As the summer wore on to its close, through all these horrors, and as
+there were still no signs of Mayenne and Parma leading their armies to
+the relief of the city, it became necessary to deceive the people by a
+show of negotiation with the beleaguering army.  Accordingly, the Spanish
+ambassador, the legate, and the other chiefs of the Holy League appointed
+a deputation, consisting of the Cardinal Gondy, the Archbishop of Lyons,
+and the Abbe d'Elbene, to Henry.  It soon became evident to the king,
+however, that these commissioners were but trifling with him in order to
+amuse the populace.  His attitude was dignified and determined throughout
+the interview.  The place appointed was St. Anthony's Abbey, before the
+gates of Paris.  Henry wore a cloak and the order of the Holy Ghost, and
+was surrounded by his council, the princes of the blood, and by more than
+four hundred of the chief gentlemen of his army.  After passing the
+barricade, the deputies were received by old Marshal Biron, and conducted
+by him to the king's chamber of state.  When they had made their
+salutations, the king led the way to an inner cabinet, but his progress
+was much impeded by the crowding of the nobles about him.  Wishing to
+excuse this apparent rudeness, he said to the envoys: "Gentlemen, these
+men thrust me on as fast to the battle against the foreigner as they now
+do to my cabinet.  Therefore bear with them."  Then turning to the crowd,
+he said: "Room, gentlemen, for the love of me," upon which they all
+retired.
+
+The deputies then stated that they had been sent by the authorities of
+Paris to consult as to the means of obtaining a general peace in France.
+They expressed the hope that the king's disposition was favourable to
+this end, and that he would likewise permit them to confer with the Duke
+of Mayenne.  This manner of addressing him excited his choler.  He told
+Cardinal Gondy, who was spokesman of the deputation, that he had long
+since answered such propositions.  He alone could deal with his subjects.
+He was like the woman before Solomon; he would have all the child or none
+of it.  Rather than dismember his kingdom he would lose the whole.  He
+asked them what they considered him to be.  They answered that they knew
+his rights, but that the Parisians had different opinions.  If Paris
+would only acknowledge him to be king there could be no more question of
+war.  He asked them if they desired the King of Spain or the Duke of
+Mayenne for their king, and bade them look well to themselves.  The King
+of Spain could not help them, for he had too much business on hand; while
+Mayenne had neither means nor courage, having been within three leagues
+of them for three weeks doing nothing.  Neither king nor duke should have
+that which belonged to him, of that they might be assured.  He told them
+he loved Paris as his capital, as his eldest daughter.  If the Parisians
+wished to see the end of their miseries it was to him they should appeal,
+not to the Spaniard nor to the Duke of Mayenne.  By the grace of God and
+the swords of his brave gentlemen he would prevent the King of Spain from
+making a colony of France as he had done of Brazil.  He told the
+commissioners that they ought to die of shame that they, born Frenchmen,
+should have so forgotten their love of country and of liberty as thus to
+bow the head to the Spaniard, and--while famine was carrying off
+thousands of their countrymen before their eyes--to be so cowardly as not
+to utter one word for the public welfare from fear of offending Cardinal.
+Gaetano, Mendoza, and Moreo.  He said that he longed for a combat to
+decide the issue, and that he had charged Count de Brissac to tell
+Mayenne that he would give a finger of his right hand for a battle, and
+two for a general peace.  He knew and pitied the sufferings of Paris, but
+the horrors now raging there were to please the King of Spain.  That
+monarch had told the Duke of Parma to trouble himself but little about
+the Netherlands so long as he could preserve for him his city of Paris.
+But it was to lean on a broken reed to expect support from this old,
+decrepit king, whose object was to dismember the flourishing kingdom of
+France, and to divide it among as many tyrants as he had sent viceroys to
+the Indies.  The crown was his own birthright.  Were it elective he
+should receive the suffrages of the great mass of the electors.  He hoped
+soon to drive those red-crossed foreigners out of his kingdom.  Should he
+fail, they would end by expelling the Duke of Mayenne and all the rest
+who had called them in, and Paris would become the theatre of the
+bloodiest tragedy ever yet enacted.  The king then ordered Sir Roger
+Williams to see that a collation was prepared for the deputies, and the
+veteran Welshman took occasion to indulge in much blunt conversation with
+the guests.  He informed them that he, Mr. Sackville, and many other
+strangers were serving the king from the hatred they bore the Spaniards
+and Mother League, and that his royal mistress had always 8000 Englishmen
+ready to maintain the cause.
+
+While the conferences were going on, the officers and soldiers of the
+besieging army thronged to the gate, and had much talk with the townsmen.
+Among others, time-honoured La None with the iron arm stood near the gate
+and harangued the Parisians.  "We are here," said he, "five thousand
+gentlemen; we desire your good, not your ruin.  We will make you rich:
+let us participate in your labour and industry.  Undo not yourselves to
+serve the ambition of a few men."  The townspeople hearing the old
+warrior discoursing thus earnestly, asked who he was.  When informed that
+it was La Noue they cheered him vociferously, and applauded his speech
+with the greatest vehemence.  Yet La Noue was the foremost Huguenot that
+the sun shone upon, and the Parisians were starving themselves to death
+out of hatred to heresy.  After the collation the commissioners were
+permitted to go from the camp in order to consult Mayenne.
+
+Such then was the condition of Paris during that memorable summer of
+tortures.  What now were its hopes of deliverance out of this Gehenna?
+The trust of Frenchmen was in Philip of Spain, whose legions, under
+command of the great Italian chieftain, were daily longed for to save
+them from rendering obedience to their lawful prince.
+
+For even the king of straw--the imprisoned cardinal--was now dead, and
+there was not even the effigy of any other sovereign than Henry of
+Bourbon to claim authority in France.  Mayenne, in the course of long
+interviews with the Duke of Parma at Conde and Brussels, had expressed
+his desire to see Philip king of France, and had promised his best
+efforts to bring about such a result.  In that case he stipulated for
+the second place in the kingdom for himself, together with a good rich
+province in perpetual sovereignty, and a large sum of money in hand.
+Should this course not run smoothly, he would be willing to take the
+crown himself, in which event he would cheerfully cede to Philip the
+sovereignty of Brittany and Burgundy, besides a selection of cities to be
+arranged for at a later day.  Although he spoke of himself with modesty,
+said Alexander, it was very plain that he meant to arrive at the crown
+himself: Well had the Bearnese alluded to the judgment of Solomon.  Were
+not children, thus ready to dismember their mother, as foul and unnatural
+as the mother who would divide her child?
+
+And what was this dependence on a foreign tyrant really worth?  As we
+look back upon those dark days with the light of what was then the almost
+immediate future turned full and glaring upon them, we find it difficult
+to exaggerate the folly of the chief actors in those scenes of crime.
+Did not the penniless adventurer, whose keen eyesight and wise
+recklessness were passing for hallucination and foolhardiness in the eyes
+of his contemporaries, understand the game he was playing better than did
+that profound thinker, that mysterious but infallible politician, who sat
+in the Escorial and made the world tremble at every hint of his lips,
+every stroke of his pen?
+
+The Netherlands--that most advanced portion of Philip's domain, without
+the possession of which his conquest of England and his incorporation of
+France were but childish visions, even if they were not monstrous
+chimeras at best--were to be in a manner left to themselves, while their
+consummate governor and general was to go forth and conquer France at the
+head of a force with which he had been in vain attempting to hold those
+provinces to their obedience.  At that very moment the rising young
+chieftain of the Netherlands was most successfully inaugurating his
+career of military success.  His armies well drilled, well disciplined,
+well paid, full of heart and of hope, were threatening their ancient
+enemy in every quarter, while the veteran legions of Spain and Italy,
+heroes of a hundred Flemish and Frisian battle-fields, were disorganised,
+starving, and mutinous.  The famous ancient legion, the terzo viejo, had
+been disbanded for its obstinate and confirmed unruliness.  The legion of
+Manrique, sixteen hundred strong, was in open mutiny at Courtray.
+Farnese had sent the Prince of Ascoli to negotiate with them, but his
+attempts were all in vain.  Two years' arrearages--to be paid, not in
+cloth at four times what the contractors had paid for it, but in solid
+gold--were their not unreasonable demands after years of as hard fighting
+and severe suffering as the world has often seen.  But Philip, instead of
+ducats or cloth, had only sent orders to go forth and conquer a new
+kingdom for him.  Verdugo, too, from Friesland was howling for money,
+garrotting and hanging his mutinous veterans every day, and sending
+complaints and most dismal forebodings as often as a courier could make
+his way through the enemy's lines to Farnese's headquarters.  And
+Farnese, on his part, was garrotting and hanging the veterans.
+
+Alexander did not of course inform his master that he was a mischievous
+lunatic, who upon any healthy principle of human government ought long
+ago to have been shut up from all communion with his species.  It was
+very plain, however, from his letters, that such was his innermost,
+thought, had it been safe, loyal, or courteous to express it in plain
+language.
+
+He was himself stung almost to madness moreover by the presence of
+Commander Moreo, who hated him, who was perpetually coming over from
+France to visit him, who was a spy upon all his actions, and who was
+regularly distilling his calumnies into the ears of Secretary Idiaquez
+and of Philip himself.  The king was informed that Farnese was working
+for his own ends, and was disgusted with his sovereign; that there never
+had been a petty prince of Italy that did not wish to become a greater
+one, or that was not jealous of Philip's power, and that there was not a
+villain in all Christendom but wished for Philip's death.  Moreo followed
+the prince about to Antwerp, to Brussels, to Spa, whither he had gone to
+drink the waters for his failing health, pestered him, lectured him,
+pried upon him, counselled him, enraged him.  Alexander told him at last
+that he cared not if the whole world came to an end so long as Flanders
+remained, which alone had been entrusted to him, and that if he was
+expected to conquer France it would be as well to give him the means of
+performing that exploit.  So Moreo told the king that Alexander was
+wasting time and wasting money, that he was the cause of Egmont's
+overthrow, and that he would be the cause of the loss of Paris and of
+the downfall of the whole French scheme; for that he was determined to
+do nothing to assist Mayenne, or that did not conduce to his private
+advantage.
+
+Yet Farnese had been not long before informed in sufficiently plain
+language, and by personages of great influence, that in case he wished to
+convert his vice-royalty of the Netherlands into a permanent sovereignty,
+he might rely on the assistance of Henry of Navarre, and perhaps of Queen
+Elizabeth.  The scheme would not have been impracticable, but the duke
+never listened to it for a moment.
+
+If he were slow in advancing to the relief of starving, agonising
+Paris, there were sufficient reasons for his delay.  Most decidedly and
+bitterly, but loyally, did he denounce the madness of his master's course
+in all his communications to that master's private ear.
+
+He told him that the situation in which he found himself was horrible.
+He had no money for his troops, he had not even garrison bread to put in
+their mouths.  He had not a single stiver to advance them on account.
+From Friesland, from the Rhine country, from every quarter, cries of
+distress were rising to heaven, and the lamentations were just.  He was
+in absolute penury.  He could not negotiate a bill on the royal account,
+but had borrowed on his own private security a few thousand crowns which
+he had given to his soldiers.  He was pledging his jewels and furniture
+like a bankrupt, but all was now in vain to stop the mutiny at Courtray.
+If that went on it would be of most pernicious example, for the whole
+army was disorganised, malcontent, and of portentous aspect.  "These
+things," said he, "ought not to surprise people of common understanding,
+for without money, without credit, without provisions, and in an
+exhausted country, it is impossible to satisfy the claims, or even to
+support the life of the army."  When he sent the Flemish cavalry to
+Mayenne in March, it was under the impression that with it that prince
+would have maintained his reputation and checked the progress of the
+Bearnese until greater reinforcements could be forwarded.  He was now
+glad that no larger number had been sent, for all would have been
+sacrificed on the fatal field of Ivry.
+
+The country around him was desperate, believed itself abandoned, and was
+expecting fresh horrors everyday.  He had been obliged to remove portions
+of the garrisons at Deventer and Zutphen purely to save them from
+starving and desperation.  Every day he was informed by his garrisons
+that they could feed no longer on fine words or hopes, for in them they
+found no sustenance.
+
+But Philip told him that he must proceed forthwith to France, where he
+was to raise the siege of Paris, and occupy Calais and Boulogne in order
+to prevent the English from sending succour to the Bearnese, and in order
+to facilitate his own designs on England.  Every effort was to be made
+before the Bearnese climbed into the seat.  The Duke of Parma was to talk
+no more of difficulties, but to conquer them; a noble phrase on the
+battle field, but comparatively easy of utterance at the writing-desk!
+
+At last, Philip having made some remittances, miserably inadequate for
+the necessities of the case, but sufficient to repress in part the
+mutinous demonstrations throughout the army, Farnese addressed himself
+with a heavy heart to the work required of him.  He confessed the deepest
+apprehensions of the result both in the Netherlands and in France.  He
+intimated a profound distrust of the French, who had, ever been Philip's
+enemies, and dwelt on the danger of leaving the provinces, unable to
+protect themselves, badly garrisoned, and starving.  "It grieves me to
+the soul, it cuts me to the heart," he said, "to see that your Majesty
+commands things which are impossible, for it is our Lord alone that can
+work miracles.  Your Majesty supposes that with the little money you have
+sent me, I can satisfy all the soldiers serving in these provinces,
+settle with the Spanish and the German mutineers--because, if they are
+to be used in the expedition, they must at least be quieted--give money
+to Mayenne and the Parisians, pay retaining wages (wartgeld) to the
+German Riders for the protection of these provinces, and make sure of the
+maritime places where the same mutinous language is held as at Courtray.
+The poverty, the discontent, and the desperation of this unhappy
+country," he added, "have, been so often described to your Majesty that I
+have nothing to add.  I am hanging and garrotting my veterans everywhere,
+only because they have rebelled for want of pay without committing any
+excess.  Yet under these circumstances I am to march into France with
+twenty thousand troops--the least number to effect anything withal.  I am
+confused and perplexed because the whole world is exclaiming against me,
+and protesting that through my desertion the country entrusted to my care
+will come to utter perdition.  On the other hand, the French cry out upon
+me that I am the cause that Paris is going to destruction, and with it
+the Catholic cause in France.  Every one is pursuing his private ends.
+It is impossible to collect a force strong enough for the necessary work.
+Paris has reached its extreme unction, and neither Mayenne nor any one of
+the confederates has given this invalid the slightest morsel to support
+her till your Majesty's forces should arrive."
+
+He reminded his sovereign that the country around Paris was eaten bare of
+food and forage, and yet that it was quite out of the question for him to
+undertake the transportation of supplies for his army all the way--
+supplies from the starving Netherlands to starving France.  Since the
+king was so peremptory, he had nothing for it but to obey, but he
+vehemently disclaimed all responsibility for the expedition, and, in case
+of his death, he called on his Majesty to vindicate his honour, which his
+enemies were sure to assail.
+
+The messages from Mayenne becoming daily more pressing, Farnese hastened
+as much as possible those preparations which at best were so woefully
+inadequate, and avowed his determination not to fight the Bearnese if it
+were possible to avoid an action.  He feared, however, that with totally
+insufficient forces he should be obliged to accept the chances of an
+engagement.
+
+With twelve thousand foot and three thousand horse Farnese left the
+Netherlands in the beginning of August, and arrived on the 3rd of that
+month at Valenciennes.  His little army, notwithstanding his bitter
+complaints, was of imposing appearance.  The archers and halberdiers of
+his bodyguard were magnificent in taffety and feathers and surcoats of
+cramoisy velvet.  Four hundred nobles served in the cavalry.  Arenberg
+and Barlaymont and Chimay, and other grandees of the Netherlands, in
+company with Ascoli and the sons of Terranova and Pastrana, and many more
+great lords of Italy and Spain were in immediate attendance on the
+illustrious captain.  The son of Philip's Secretary of State, Idiaquez,
+and the nephew of the cardinal-legate, Gaetano, were among the marshals
+of the camp.
+
+Alexander's own natural authority and consummate powers of organisation
+had for the time triumphed over the disintegrating tendencies which, it
+had been seen, were everywhere so rapidly destroying the foremost
+military establishment of the world.  Nearly half his forces, both
+cavalry and infantry, were Netherlanders; for--as if there were not
+graves enough in their own little territory--those Flemings, Walloons,
+and Hollanders were destined to leave their bones on both sides of every
+well-stricken field of that age between liberty and despotism.  And thus
+thousands of them had now gone forth under the banner of Spain to assist
+their own tyrant in carrying out his designs upon the capital of France,
+and to struggle to the death with thousands of their own countrymen who
+were following the fortunes of the Bearnese.  Truly in that age it was
+religion that drew the boundary line between nations.
+
+The army was divided into three portions.  The vanguard was under the
+charge of the Netherland General, Marquis of Renty.  The battalia was
+commanded by Farnese in person, and the rearguard was entrusted to that
+veteran Netherlander, La Motte, now called the Count of Everbeck.  Twenty
+pieces of artillery followed the last division.  At Valenciennes
+Farnese remained eight days, and from this place Count Charles Mansfeld
+took his departure in a great rage--resigning his post as chief of
+artillery because La Motte had received the appointment of general-
+marshal of the camp--and returned to his father, old Peter Ernest
+Mansfeld, who was lieutenant-governor of the Netherlands in Parma's
+absence.
+
+Leaving Valenciennes on the 11th, the army proceeded by way of Quesney,
+Guise, Soissons, Fritemilon to Meaux.  At this place, which is ten
+leagues from Paris, Farnese made his junction, on the 22nd of August,
+with Mayenne, who was at the head of six thousand infantry--one half of
+them Germans under Cobalto, and the other half French--and of two
+thousand horse.
+
+On arriving at Meaux, Alexander proceeded straightway to the cathedral,
+and there, in presence of all, he solemnly swore that he had not come
+to France in order to conquer that kingdom or any portion of it, in the
+interests of his master, but only to render succour to the Catholic cause
+and to free the friends and confederates of his Majesty from violence and
+heretic oppression.  Time was to show the value of that oath.
+
+Here the deputation from Paris--the Archbishop of Lyons and his
+colleagues, whose interview with Henry has just been narrated--were
+received by the two dukes.  They departed, taking with them promises of
+immediate relief for the starving city.  The allies remained five days at
+Meaux, and leaving that place on the 27th, arrived in the neighbourhood
+of Chelles, on the last day but one of the summer.  They had a united
+force of five thousand cavalry and eighteen thousand foot.
+
+The summer of horrors was over, and thus with the first days of autumn
+there had come a ray of hope for the proud city which was lying at its
+last gasp.  When the allies, came in sight of the monastery of Chellea
+they found themselves in the immediate neighbourhood of the Bearnese.
+
+The two great captains of the age had at last met face to face.  They
+were not only the two first commanders of their time, but there was not a
+man in Europe at that day to be at all compared with either of them.  The
+youth, concerning whose earliest campaign an account will be given in the
+following chapter, had hardly yet struck his first blow.  Whether that
+blow was to reveal the novice or the master was soon to be seen.
+Meantime in 1590 it would have been considered a foolish adulation to
+mention the name of Maurice of Nassau in the same breath with that of
+Navarre or of Farnese.
+
+The scientific duel which was now to take place was likely to task the
+genius and to bring into full display the peculiar powers and defects of
+the two chieftains of Europe.  Each might be considered to be still in
+the prime of life, but Alexander, who was turned of forty-five, was
+already broken in health, while the vigorous Henry was eight years
+younger, and of an iron constitution.  Both had passed then lives in the
+field, but the king, from nature, education, and the force of
+circumstances, preferred pitched battles to scientific combinations,
+while the duke, having studied and practised his art in the great Spanish
+and Italian schools of warfare, was rather a profound strategist than a
+professional fighter, although capable of great promptness and intense
+personal energy when his judgment dictated a battle.  Both were born with
+that invaluable gift which no human being can acquire, authority, and
+both were adored and willingly obeyed by their soldiers, so long as
+those soldiers were paid and fed.
+
+The prize now to be contended for was a high one.  Alexander's complete
+success would tear from Henry's grasp the first city of Christendom, now
+sinking exhausted into his hands, and would place France in the power of
+the Holy League and at the feet of Philip.  Another Ivry would shatter
+the confederacy, and carry the king in triumph to his capital and his
+ancestral throne.  On the approach of the combined armies under Parma and
+Mayenne, the king had found himself most reluctantly compelled to suspend
+the siege of Paris.  His army, which consisted of sixteen thousand foot
+and five thousand horse, was not sufficiently numerous to confront at the
+same time the relieving force and to continue the operations before the
+city.  So long, however, as he held the towns and bridges on the great
+rivers, and especially those keys to the Seine and Marne, Corbeil and
+Lagny, he still controlled the life-blood of the capital, which indeed
+had almost ceased to flow.
+
+On the 31st August he advanced towards the enemy.  Sir Edward Stafford,
+Queen Elizabeth's ambassador, arrived at St. Denis in the night of the
+30th August.  At a very early hour next morning he heard a shout under
+his window, and looking down beheld King Henry at the head of his troops,
+cheerfully calling out to his English friend as he passed his door.
+"Welcoming us after his familiar manner," said Stafford, "he desired us,
+in respect of the battle every hour expected, to come as his friends to
+see and help him, and not to treat of anything which afore, we meant,
+seeing the present state to require it, and the enemy so near that we
+might well have been interrupted in half-an-hour's talk, and necessity
+constrained the king to be in every corner, where for the most part we
+follow him."
+
+That day Henry took up his headquarters at the monastery of Chelles, a
+fortified place within six leagues of Paris, on the right bank of the
+Marne.  His army was drawn up in a wide valley somewhat encumbered with
+wood and water, extending through a series of beautiful pastures towards
+two hills of moderate elevation.  Lagny, on the left bank of the river,
+was within less than a league of him on his right hand.  On the other
+side of the hills, hardly out of cannon-shot, was the camp of the allies.
+Henry, whose natural disposition in this respect needed no prompting, was
+most eager for a decisive engagement.  The circumstances imperatively
+required it of him.  His infantry consisted of Frenchmen, Netherlanders,
+English, Germans, Scotch; but of his cavalry four thousand were French
+nobles, serving at their own expense, who came to a battle as to a
+banquet, but who were capable of riding off almost as rapidly, should the
+feast be denied them.  They were volunteers, bringing with them rations
+for but a few days, and it could hardly be expected that they would
+remain as patiently as did Parma's veterans, who, now that their mutiny
+had been appeased by payment of a portion of their arrearages, had become
+docile again.  All the great chieftains who surrounded Henry, whether
+Catholic or Protestant--Montpensier, Nevers, Soissons, Conti, the Birons,
+Lavradin, d'Aumont, Tremouille, Turenne, Chatillon, La Noue--were urgent
+for the conflict, concerning the expediency of which there could indeed
+be no doubt, while the king was in raptures at the opportunity of dealing
+a decisive blow at the confederacy of foreigners and rebels who had so
+long defied his authority and deprived him of his rights.
+
+Stafford came up with the king, according to his cordial invitation, on
+the same day, and saw the army all drawn up in battle array.  While Henry
+was "eating a morsel in an old house," Turenne joined him with six or
+seven hundred horsemen and between four and five thousand infantry.
+"They were the likeliest footmen," said Stafford, "the best
+countenanced, the best furnished that ever I saw in my life; the best
+part of them old soldiers that had served under the king for the Religion
+all this while."
+
+The envoy was especially enthusiastic, however, in regard to the French
+cavalry.  "There are near six thousand horse," said he, "whereof
+gentlemen above four thousand, about twelve hundred other French, and
+eight hundred reiters.  I never saw, nor I think never any man saw, in
+prance such a company of gentlemen together so well horsed and so well
+armed."
+
+Henry sent a herald to the camp of the allies, formally challenging them
+to a general engagement, and expressing a hope that all differences might
+now be settled by the ordeal of battle, rather than that the sufferings
+of the innocent people should be longer protracted.
+
+Farnese, on arriving at Meaux, had resolved to seek the enemy and take
+the hazards of a stricken field.  He had misgivings as to the possible
+result, but he expressly announced this intention in his letters to
+Philip, and Mayenne confirmed him in his determination.  Nevertheless,
+finding the enemy so eager and having reflected more maturely, he saw no
+reason for accepting the chivalrous cartel.  As commanderin-chief--for
+Mayenne willingly conceded the supremacy which it would have been absurd
+in him to dispute--he accordingly replied that it was his custom to
+refuse a combat when a refusal seemed advantageous to himself, and to
+offer battle whenever it suited his purposes to fight.  When that moment
+should arrive the king would find him in the field.  And, having sent
+this courteous, but unsatisfactory answer to the impatient Bearnese, he
+gave orders to fortify his camp, which was already sufficiently strong.
+Seven days long the two armies lay face to face--Henry and his chivalry
+chafing in vain for the longed-for engagement--and nothing occurred
+between those forty or fifty thousand mortal enemies, encamped within a
+mile or two of each other, save trifling skirmishes leading to no result.
+
+At last Farnese gave orders for an advance.  Renty, commander of the
+vanguard, consisting of nearly all the cavalry, was instructed to move
+slowly forward over the two hills, and descending on the opposite side,
+to deploy his forces in two great wings to the right and left.  He was
+secretly directed in this movement to magnify as much as possible the
+apparent dimensions of his force.  Slowly the columns moved over the
+hills.  Squadron after squadron, nearly all of them lancers, with their
+pennons flaunting gaily in the summer wind, displayed themselves
+deliberately and ostentatiously in the face of the Royalists.  The
+splendid light-horse of Basti, the ponderous troopers of the Flemish
+bands of ordnance under Chimay and Berlaymont, and the famous Albanian
+and Italian cavalry, were mingled with the veteran Leaguers of France who
+had fought under the Balafre, and who now followed the fortunes of his
+brother Mayenne.  It was an imposing demonstration.
+
+Henry could hardly believe his eyes as the much-coveted opportunity,
+of which he had been so many days disappointed, at last presented itself,
+and he waited with more than his usual caution until the plan of attack
+should be developed by his great antagonist.  Parma, on his side, pressed
+the hand of Mayenne as he watched the movement, saying quietly, "We have
+already fought our battle and gained the victory."  He then issued orders
+for the whole battalia--which, since the junction, had been under command
+of Mayenne, Farnese reserving for himself the superintendence of the
+entire army--to countermarch rapidly towards the Marne and take up a
+position opposite Lagny.  La Motte, with the rearguard, was directed
+immediately to follow.  The battalia had thus become the van, the
+rearguard the battalia, while the whole cavalry corps by this movement
+had been transformed from the vanguard into the rear.  Renty was
+instructed to protect his manoeuvres, to restrain the skirmishing as much
+as possible, and to keep the commander-in-chief constantly informed of
+every occurrence.  In the night he was to entrench and fortify himself
+rapidly and thoroughly, without changing his position.
+
+Under cover of this feigned attack, Farnese arrived at the river side on
+the 15th September, seized an open village directly opposite Lagny, which
+was connected with it by a stone bridge, and planted a battery of nine
+pieces of heavy artillery directly opposite the town.  Lagny was
+fortified in the old-fashioned manner, with not very thick walls, and
+without a terreplain.  Its position, however, and its command of the
+bridge, seemed to render an assault impossible, and De la Fin, who lay
+there with a garrison of twelve hundred French, had no fear for the
+security of the place.  But Farnese, with the precision and celerity
+which characterized his movements on special occasions, had thrown
+pontoon bridges across the river three miles above, and sent a
+considerable force of Spanish and Walloon infantry to the other side.
+These troops were ordered to hold themselves ready for an assault, so
+soon as the batteries opposite should effect a practicable breach.  The
+next day Henry, reconnoitering the scene, saw, with intense indignation,
+that he had been completely out-generalled.  Lagny, the key to the Marne,
+by holding which he had closed the door on nearly all the food supplies
+for Paris, was about to be wrested from him.  What should he do?  Should
+he throw himself across the river and rescue the place before it fell?
+This was not to be thought of even by the audacious Bearnese.  In the
+attempt to cross the river, under the enemy's fire, he was likely to lose
+a large portion of his army.  Should he fling himself upon Renty's
+division which had so ostentatiously offered battle the day before?  This
+at least might be attempted, although not so advantageously as would have
+been the case on the previous afternoon.  To undertake this was the
+result of a rapid council of generals.  It was too late.  Renty held the
+hills so firmly entrenched and fortified that it was an idle hope to
+carry them by assault.  He might hurl column after column against those
+heights, and pass the day in seeing his men mowed to the earth without
+result.
+
+His soldiers, magnificent in the open field, could not be relied upon to
+carry so strong a position by sudden storm; and there was no time to be
+lost.  He felt the enemy a little.  There was some small skirmishing, and
+while it was going on, Farnese opened a tremendous fire across the river
+upon Lagny.  The weak walls soon crumbled; a breach was effected, the
+signal for assault was given, and the troops posted on the other side,
+after a brief but sanguinary straggle, overcame all, resistance, and were
+masters of the town.  The whole garrison, twelve hundred strong, was
+butchered, and the city thoroughly sacked; for Farnese had been brought
+up in the old-fashioned school of Alva; and Julian Romero and Com-.
+wander Requesens.
+
+Thus Lagny was seized before the eyes of Henry, who was forced to look
+helplessly on his great antagonist's triumph.  He had come forth in full
+panoply and abounding confidence to offer battle.  He was foiled of his
+combat; and he had lost the prize.  Never was blow more successfully
+parried, a counter-stroke more ingeniously planted.  The bridges of
+Charenton and St. Maur now fell into Farnese's hands without a contest.
+In an incredibly short space of time provisions and munitions were poured
+into the starving city; two thousand boat-loads arriving in a single day.
+Paris was relieved.  Alexander had made his demonstration, and solved the
+problem.  He had left the Netherlands against his judgment, but he had at
+least accomplished his French work as none but he could have done it.
+The king was now in worse plight than ever.  His army fell to pieces.
+His cavaliers, cheated of their battle; and having neither food nor
+forage, rode off by hundreds every day.  "Our state is such," said
+Stafford; on the 16th September, "and so far unexpected and wonderful,
+that I am almost ashamed to write, because methinks everybody should
+think I dream.  Myself seeing of it methinketh that I dream.  For, my
+lord, to see an army such a one I think as I shall never see again--
+especially for horsemen and gentlemen to take a mind to disband upon the
+taking of such a paltry thing as Lagny, a town no better indeed than
+Rochester, it is a thing so strange to me that seeing of it I can scarce
+believe it.  They make their excuses of their want, which I know indeed
+is great--for there were few left with one penny in their purses--but yet
+that extremity could not be such but that they might have tarried ten
+days or fifteen at the most that the king desired of them . . . . . From
+six thousand horse that we were and above, we are come to two thousand
+and I do not see an end of our leave-takers, for those be hourly.
+
+"The most I can see we can make account of to tarry are the Viscount
+Turenne's troops, and Monsieur de Chatillon's, and our Switzers, and
+Lanaquenettes, which make very near five thousand.  The first that went
+away, though he sent word to the king an hour before he would tarry, was
+the Count Soissons, by whose parting on a sudden and without leave-taking
+we judge a discontentment."
+
+The king's army seemed fading into air.  Making virtue of necessity he
+withdrew to St. Denis, and decided to disband his forces, reserving to
+himself only a flying camp with which to harass the enemy as often as
+opportunity should offer.
+
+It must be confessed that the Bearnese had been thoroughly out-
+generalled.  "It was not God's will," said Stafford, who had been in
+constant attendance upon Henry through the whole business; "we deserved
+it not; for the king might as easily have had Paris as drunk, four or
+five times.  And at the last, if he had not committed those faults that
+children would not have done, only with the desire to fight and give the
+battle (which the other never meant), he had had it in the Duke of
+Parma's eight as he took Lagny in ours."  He had been foiled of the
+battle on which he had set his heart, and, in which he felt confident of
+overthrowing the great captain of the age, and trampling the League under
+his feet.  His capital just ready to sink exhausted into his hands had
+been wrested from his grasp, and was alive with new hope and new
+defiance.  The League was triumphant, his own army scattering to the four
+winds.  Even a man of high courage and sagacity might have been in
+despair.  Yet never were the magnificent hopefulness, the wise audacity
+of Henry more signally manifested than now when he seemed most blundering
+and most forlorn.  His hardy nature ever met disaster with so cheerful a
+smile as almost to perplex disaster herself.
+
+Unwilling to relinquish his grip without a last effort, he resolved on a
+midnight assault upon Paris.  Hoping that the joy at being relieved, the
+unwonted feasting which had succeeded the long fasting, and the
+conciousness of security from the presence of the combined armies of the
+victorious League, would throw garrison and citizens off their guard, he
+came into the neighbourhood of the Faubourgs St. Jacques, St. Germain,
+St. Marcel, and St. Michel on the night of 9th September.  A desperate
+effort was made to escalade the walls between St. Jacques and St.
+Germain.  It was foiled, not by the soldiers nor the citizens, but by the
+sleepless Jesuits, who, as often before during this memorable siege, had
+kept guard on the ramparts, and who now gave the alarm.  The first
+assailants were hurled from their ladders, the city was roused, and the
+Duke of Nemours was soon on the spot, ordering burning pitch hoops,
+atones, and other missiles to be thrown down upon the invaders.  The
+escalade was baffled; yet once more that night, just before dawn, the
+king in person renewed the attack on the Faubourg St. Germain.  The
+faithful Stafford stood by his side in the trenches, and was witness to
+his cool determination, his indomitable hope.  La None too was there,
+and was wounded in the leg--an accident the results of which were soon
+to cause much weeping through Christendom.  Had one of those garlands of
+blazing tar which all night had been fluttering from the walls of Paris
+alighted by chance on the king's head there might have been another
+history of France.  The ladders, too, proved several feet too short,
+and there were too few, of them.  Had they been more numerous and longer,
+the tale might have been a different one.  As it was, the king was forced
+to retire with the approaching daylight.
+
+The characteristics of the great commander of the Huguenots and of the
+Leaguers' chieftain respectively were well illustrated in several
+incidents of this memorable campaign.  Farnese had been informed by
+scouts and spies of this intended assault by Henry on the walls of Paris.
+With his habitual caution he discredited the story.  Had he believed it,
+he might have followed the king in overwhelming force and taken him
+captive.  The penalty of Henry's unparalleled boldness was thus remitted
+by Alexander's exuberant discretion.
+
+Soon afterwards Farnese laid siege to Corbeil.  This little place--owing
+to the extraordinary skill and determination of its commandant, Rigaut,
+an old Huguenot officer, who had fought with La Noue in Flanders--
+resisted for nearly four weeks.  It was assaulted at last, Rigaut killed,
+the garrison of one thousand French soldiers put to the sword, and the
+town sacked.  With the fall of Corbeil both the Seine and Marne were re-
+opened.
+
+Alexander then made a visit to Paris, where he was received with great
+enthusiasm.  The legate, whose efforts and whose money had so much
+contributed to the successful defence of the capital had returned to
+Italy to participate in the election of a new pope.  For the "Huguenot
+pope," Sixtus V., had died at the end of August, having never bestowed
+on the League any of his vast accumulated treasures to help it in its
+utmost need.  It was not surprising that Philip was indignant, and had
+resorted to menace of various kinds against the holy father, when he
+found him swaying so perceptibly in the direction of the hated Bearnese.
+Of course when he died his complaint was believed to be Spanish poison.
+In those days, none but the very obscure were thought capable of dying
+natural deaths, and Philip was esteemed too consummate an artist to allow
+so formidable an adversary as Sixtus to pass away in God's time only.
+Certainly his death was hailed as matter of great rejoicing by the
+Spanish party in Rome, and as much ignominy bestowed upon his memory as
+if he had been a heretic; while in Paris his decease was celebrated with
+bonfires and other marks of popular hilarity.
+
+To circumvent the great Huguenot's reconciliation with the Roman Church
+was of course an indispensable portion of Philip's plan; for none could
+be so dull as not to perceive that the resistance of Paris to its heretic
+sovereign would cease to be very effective, so soon as the sovereign had
+ceased to be heretic.  It was most important therefore that the successor
+of Sixtus should be the tool of Spain.  The leading confederates were
+well aware of Henry's intentions to renounce the reformed faith, and to
+return to the communion of Rome whenever he could formally accomplish
+that measure.  The crafty Bearnese knew full well that the road to Paris
+lay through the gates of Rome.  Yet it is proof either of the privacy
+with which great public matters were then transacted, or of the
+extraordinary powers of deceit with which Henry was gifted, that the
+leaders of protestantism were still hoodwinked in regard to his attitude.
+Notwithstanding the embassy of Luxembourg, and the many other indications
+of the king's intentions, Queen Elizabeth continued to regard him as the
+great champion of the reformed faith.  She had just sent him an emerald,
+which she had herself worn, accompanied by the expression of her wish
+that the king in wearing it might never strike a blow without demolishing
+an enemy, and that in his farther progress he might put all his enemies
+to rout and confusion.  "You will remind the king, too," she added, "that
+the emerald has this virtue, never to break so long as faith remains
+entire and firm."
+
+And the shrewd Stafford, who was in daily attendance upon him, informed
+his sovereign that there were no symptoms of wavering on Henry's part.
+"The Catholics here," said he, "cry hard upon the king to be a Catholic
+or else that he is lost, and they would persuade him that for all their
+calling in the Spaniards, both Paris and all other towns will yield to
+him, if he will but assure them that he will become a Catholic.  For my
+part, I think they would laugh at him when he had done so, and so I find
+he believeth the same, if he had mind to it, which I find no disposition
+in him unto it."  The not very distant future was to show what the
+disposition of the bold Gascon really was in this great matter, and
+whether he was likely to reap nothing but ridicule from his apostasy,
+should it indeed become a fact.  Meantime it was the opinion of the
+wisest sovereign in Europe, and of one of the most adroit among her
+diplomatists, that there was really nothing in the rumours as to the
+king's contemplated conversion.
+
+It was, of course, unfortunate for Henry that his staunch friend and
+admirer Sixtus was no more.  But English diplomacy could do but little in
+Rome, and men were trembling with apprehension lest that arch-enemy of
+Elizabeth, that devoted friend of Philip, the English Cardinal Allen,
+should be elected to the papal throne.  "Great ado is made in Rome," said
+Stafford, "by the Spanish ambassador, by all corruptions and ways that
+may be, to make a pope that must needs depend and be altogether at the
+King of Spain's devotion.  If the princes of Italy put not their hands
+unto it, no doubt they will have their wills, and I fear greatly our
+villainous Allen, for, in my judgment, I can comprehend no man more with
+reason to be tied altogether to the King of Spain's will than he.
+I pray God send him either to God or the Devil first.  An evil-minded
+Englishman, tied to the King of Spain by necessity, finding almost four
+millions of money, is a dangerous beast for a pope in this time."
+
+Cardinal Allen was doomed to disappointment.  His candidacy was not
+successful, and, after the brief reign--thirteen days long--of Urban VII,
+Sfondrato wore the triple tiara with the title of Gregory XIV.  Before
+the year closed, that pontiff had issued a brief urging the necessity of
+extirpating heresy in France, and of electing a Catholic king, and
+asserting his determination to send to Paris--that bulwark of the
+Catholic faith--not empty words alone but troops, to be paid fifteen
+thousand crowns of gold each month, so long as the city should need
+assistance.  It was therefore probable that the great leader of the
+Huguenots, now that he had been defeated by Farnese, and that his
+capital was still loyal to the League, would obtain less favour--however
+conscientiously he might instruct himself--from Gregory XIV. than he had
+begun to find in the eyes of Sixtus after the triumph of Ivry.
+
+Parma refreshed his army by a fortnight's repose, and early in November
+determined on his return to the Netherlands.  The Leaguers were aghast at
+his decision, and earnestly besought him to remain.  But the duke had
+given them back their capital, and although this had been accomplished
+without much bloodshed in their army or his own, sickness was now making
+sad ravages among his troops, and there was small supply of food or
+forage for such large forces as had now been accumulated, in the
+neighbourhood of Paris.  Moreover, dissensions were breaking out.
+between the Spaniards, Italians, and Netherlanders of the relieving army
+with their French allies.  The soldiers and peasants hated the foreigners
+who came there as victors, even although to assist the Leaguers in
+overthrowing the laws, government, and nationality of France.  The
+stragglers and wounded on Farnese's march were killed by the country
+people in considerable numbers, and it was a pure impossibility for him
+longer to delay his return to the provinces which so much against his
+will he had deserted.
+
+He marched back by way of Champagne rather than by that of Picardy, in
+order to deceive the king.  Scarcely had he arrived in Champagne when he
+heard of the retaking of Lagny and Corbeil.  So soon as his back was
+turned, the League thus showed its impotence to retain the advantage
+which his genius had won.  Corbeil, which had cost him a month of hard
+work, was recaptured in two days.  Lagny fell almost as quickly.
+Earnestly did the confederates implore him to return to their rescue,
+but he declined almost contemptuously to retrace his steps.  His march
+was conducted in the same order and with the same precision which--had
+marked his advance.  Henry, with his flying camp, hung upon his track,
+harassing him now in front, now in rear, now in flank.  None of the
+skirmishes were of much military importance.  A single cavalry combat,
+however, in which old Marshal Biron was nearly surrounded and was in
+imminent danger of death or capture, until chivalrously rescued by the
+king in person at the head of a squadron of lancers, will always possess
+romantic interest.  In a subsequent encounter, near Baroges on the Yesle,
+Henry had sent Biron forward with a few companies of horse to engage some
+five hundred carabineers of Farnese on their march towards the frontier,
+and had himself followed close upon the track with his usual eagerness to
+witness or participate in every battle.  Suddenly Alphonse Corse, who
+rode at Henry's aide, pointed out to him, not more than a hundred paces
+off, an officer wearing a felt hat, a great ruff, and a little furred
+cassock, mounted on a horse without armour or caparisons, galloping up
+and down and brandishing his sword at the carabineers to compel them to
+fall back.
+
+This was the Duke of Parma, and thus the two great champions of the
+Huguenots and of the Leaguers--the two foremost captains of the age--had
+met face to face.  At that moment La Noue, riding up, informed the king
+that he had seen the whole of the enemy's horse and foot in battle array,
+and Henry, suspecting the retreat of Farnese to be a feint for the
+purpose of luring him on with his small force to an attack, gave orders
+to retire as soon as possible.
+
+At Guise, on the frontier, the duke parted with Mayenne, leaving with him
+an auxiliary force of four thousand foot and five hundred horse, which he
+could ill spare.  He then returned to Brussels, which city he reached on
+the 4th December, filling every hotel and hospital with his sick
+soldiers, and having left one-third of his numbers behind him.  He had
+manifested his own military skill in the adroit and successful manner in
+which he had accomplished the relief of Paris, while the barrenness of
+the result from the whole expedition vindicated the political sagacity
+with which he had remonstrated against his sovereign's infatuation.
+
+Paris, with the renewed pressure on its two great arteries at Lagny and
+Corbeil, soon fell into as great danger as before; the obedient
+Netherlands during the absence of Farnese had been sinking rapidly to
+ruin, while; on the other hand, great progress and still greater
+preparations in aggressive warfare had been made by the youthful general
+and stadtholder of the Republic.
+
+
+
+
+ETEXT EDITOR'S BOOKMARKS:
+
+Alexander's exuberant discretion
+Divine right of kings
+Ever met disaster with so cheerful a smile
+Future world as laid down by rival priesthoods
+Invaluable gift which no human being can acquire, authority
+King was often to be something much less or much worse
+Magnificent hopefulness
+Myself seeing of it methinketh that I dream
+Nothing cheap, said a citizen bitterly, but sermons
+Obscure were thought capable of dying natural deaths
+Philip II. gave the world work enough
+Righteous to kill their own children
+Road to Paris lay through the gates of Rome
+Shift the mantle of religion from one shoulder to the other
+Thirty-three per cent. interest was paid (per month)
+Under the name of religion (so many crimes)
+
+
+
+
+
+*** END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORY UNITED NETHERLANDS, 1590(b) ***
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