diff options
| author | nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org> | 2025-02-05 05:09:12 -0800 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org> | 2025-02-05 05:09:12 -0800 |
| commit | 0600ea4600618114c7c2aeac301dc56fb6ef0a4f (patch) | |
| tree | 6ccd0116dfab2e4bb98ca24a5637f0cb7f562ecb | |
| parent | 4c3ccd8ecce454ce2d98e7b5281494491aef42ae (diff) | |
| -rw-r--r-- | .gitattributes | 4 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | LICENSE.txt | 11 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | README.md | 2 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/50772-8.txt | 11076 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/50772-8.zip | bin | 242966 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/50772-h.zip | bin | 1537461 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/50772-h/50772-h.htm | 11277 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/50772-h/images/cover.jpg | bin | 75457 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/50772-h/images/i003.jpg | bin | 76203 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/50772-h/images/i014.jpg | bin | 76615 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/50772-h/images/i072.jpg | bin | 76181 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/50772-h/images/i124.jpg | bin | 71032 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/50772-h/images/i148.jpg | bin | 75536 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/50772-h/images/i174.jpg | bin | 77351 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/50772-h/images/i196.jpg | bin | 77041 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/50772-h/images/i214.jpg | bin | 49537 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/50772-h/images/i228.jpg | bin | 73941 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/50772-h/images/i262.jpg | bin | 102348 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/50772-h/images/i288.jpg | bin | 77304 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/50772-h/images/i310.jpg | bin | 74562 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/50772-h/images/i320.jpg | bin | 74489 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/50772-h/images/i328.jpg | bin | 74526 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/50772-h/images/i344.jpg | bin | 75746 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/50772-h/images/i398.jpg | bin | 75106 -> 0 bytes | |||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/50772.txt | 11076 | ||||
| -rw-r--r-- | old/50772.zip | bin | 242872 -> 0 bytes |
26 files changed, 17 insertions, 33429 deletions
diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..13960c5 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #50772 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/50772) diff --git a/old/50772-8.txt b/old/50772-8.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 252ddff..0000000 --- a/old/50772-8.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,11076 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook, Famous Givers and Their Gifts, by Sarah -Knowles Bolton - - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - - -Title: Famous Givers and Their Gifts - - -Author: Sarah Knowles Bolton - - - -Release Date: December 27, 2015 [eBook #50772] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - - -***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FAMOUS GIVERS AND THEIR GIFTS*** - - -E-text prepared by Shaun Pinder, Martin Pettit, and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net) from page images generously made -available by Internet Archive (https://archive.org) - - - -Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this - file which includes the original illustrations. - See 50772-h.htm or 50772-h.zip: - (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/50772/50772-h/50772-h.htm) - or - (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/50772/50772-h.zip) - - - Images of the original pages are available through - Internet Archive. See - https://archive.org/details/famousgiversthei00bolt - - - - - -FAMOUS GIVERS AND THEIR GIFTS - - - * * * * * * - -MRS. BOLTON'S FAMOUS BOOKS. - -"_Mrs. Bolton never fails to interest and instruct her -readers._"--Chicago Inter-Ocean. - - -POOR BOYS WHO BECAME FAMOUS $1.50 -GIRLS WHO BECAME FAMOUS 1.50 -FAMOUS MEN OF SCIENCE 1.50 -FAMOUS AMERICAN STATESMEN 1.50 -FAMOUS ENGLISH STATESMEN 1.50 -FAMOUS AMERICAN AUTHORS 1.50 -FAMOUS ENGLISH AUTHORS 1.50 -FAMOUS EUROPEAN ARTISTS 1.50 -FAMOUS TYPES OF WOMANHOOD 1.50 -FAMOUS VOYAGERS AND EXPLORERS 1.50 -FAMOUS LEADERS AMONG MEN 1.50 -FAMOUS LEADERS AMONG WOMEN 1.50 -FAMOUS GIVERS AND THEIR GIFTS 1.50 -STORIES FROM LIFE 1.25 - - -_For sale by all booksellers. Send for catalogue._ - -THOMAS Y. CROWELL & CO. -NEW YORK & BOSTON. - - * * * * * * - - -[Illustration: STEPHEN GIRARD. - -(Used by courtesy of Henry A. Ingram.)] - - -FAMOUS GIVERS AND THEIR GIFTS - -by - -SARAH KNOWLES BOLTON - -Author of "Poor Boys Who Became Famous," "Girls Who Became Famous," -"Famous American Authors," "Famous American Statesmen," "Famous Men of -Science," "Famous European Artists," "Famous Types of Womanhood," -"Stories from Life," "From Heart and Nature" (Poems), "Famous English -Authors," "Famous English Statesmen," "Famous Voyagers," "Famous Leaders -Among Women," "Famous Leaders Among Men," "The Inevitable, and Other -Poems," etc. - -"_For none of us liveth to himself._" - - - - - - - -New York: 46 East 14th Street -Thomas Y. Crowell & Company -Boston: 100 Purchase Street - -Copyright, 1896, -By Thomas Y. Crowell & Company. - -Typography by C. J. Peters & Son, -Boston, U.S.A. - - - -TO - -THE MEMORY - -OF - -William Frederick Poole, - -THE ORIGINATOR - -OF - -"POOLE'S INDEX." - - - - -PREFACE. - - -While it is interesting to see how men have built up fortunes, as a -rule, through industry, saving, and great energy, it is even more -interesting to see how those fortunes have been or may be used for the -benefit of mankind. - -In a volume of this size, of course, it is impossible to speak of but -few out of many who have given generously of their wealth, both in this -country and abroad. - -The book has been written with the hope that others may be incited to -give through reading it, and may see the results of their giving in -their lifetime. A sketch of George Peabody may be found in "Poor Boys -who became Famous;" a sketch of Johns Hopkins in "How Success is Won." - -S. K. B. - - - - -CONTENTS. - - PAGE -JOHN LOWELL, JR., AND HIS FREE LECTURES 1 - -STEPHEN GIRARD AND HIS COLLEGE FOR ORPHANS 29 - -ANDREW CARNEGIE AND HIS LIBRARIES 58 - -THOMAS HOLLOWAY; HIS SANATORIUM AND COLLEGE 89 - -CHARLES PRATT AND HIS INSTITUTE 108 - -THOMAS GUY AND HIS HOSPITAL 128 - -SOPHIA SMITH AND HER COLLEGE FOR WOMEN 153 - -JAMES LICK AND HIS TELESCOPE 173 - -LELAND STANFORD AND HIS UNIVERSITY 201 - -CAPTAIN THOMAS CORAM AND HIS FOUNDLING ASYLUM 234 - -HENRY SHAW AND HIS BOTANICAL GARDEN 247 - -JAMES SMITHSON AND THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 258 - -PRATT, LENOX, MARY MACRAE STUART, NEWBERRY, -CRERAR, ASTOR, REYNOLDS AND THEIR LIBRARIES 264 - -FREDERICK H. RINDGE AND HIS GIFTS 283 - -ANTHONY J. DREXEL AND HIS INSTITUTE 285 - -PHILIP D. ARMOUR AND HIS INSTITUTE 291 - -LEONARD CASE AND HIS SCHOOL OF APPLIED SCIENCE 297 - -ASA PACKER AND LEHIGH UNIVERSITY 301 - -CORNELIUS VANDERBILT AND VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY 306 - -BARON MAURICE DE HIRSCH 312 - -ISAAC RICH AND BOSTON UNIVERSITY 315 - -DANIEL B. FAYERWEATHER AND OTHERS 318 - -CATHARINE LORILLARD WOLFE 323 - -MARY ELIZABETH GARRETT 326 - -MRS. ANNA OTTENDORFER 328 - -DANIEL P. STONE AND VALERIA G. STONE 331 - -SAMUEL WILLISTON 332 - -JOHN F. SLATER AND DANIEL HAND 336 - -GEORGE T. ANGELL 347 - -WILLIAM W. CORCORAN 351 - -JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER AND CHICAGO UNIVERSITY 357 - - - - -JOHN LOWELL, JR., - -AND HIS FREE LECTURES. - - -There is often something pathetic about a great gift. The only son of -Leland Stanford dies, and the millions which he would have inherited are -used to found a noble institution on the Pacific Coast. - -The only son of Henry F. Durant, the noted Boston lawyer, dies, and the -sorrowing father and mother use their fortune to build beautiful -Wellesley College. - -The only son of Amasa Stone is drowned while at Yale College, and his -father builds Adelbert College of Western Reserve University, to honor -his boy, and bless his city and State. - -John Lowell, Jr., early bereft of his wife and two daughters, his only -children, builds a lasting monument for himself, in his Free Lectures -for the People, for all time,--the Lowell Institute of Boston. - -John Lowell, Jr., was born in Boston, Mass., May 11, 1799, of -distinguished ancestry. His great-grandfather, the Rev. John Lowell, was -the first minister of Newburyport. His grandfather, Judge John Lowell, -was one of the framers of the Massachusetts Constitution in 1780. He -inserted in the bill of rights the clause declaring that "all men are -born free and equal," for the purpose, as he said, of abolishing slavery -in Massachusetts; and offered his services to any slave who desired to -establish his right to freedom under that clause. His position was -declared to be constitutional by the Supreme Court of the State in 1783, -since which time slavery has had no legal existence in Massachusetts. In -1781 he was elected a member of the Continental Congress, and appointed -by President Washington a judge of the District Court of Massachusetts; -in 1801 President Adams appointed him chief justice of the Circuit -Court. He was brilliant in conversation, an able scholar, and an honest -and patriotic leader. He was for eighteen years a member of the -corporation of Harvard College. - -Judge Lowell had three sons, John, Francis Cabot, and Charles. John, a -lawyer, was prominent in all good work, such as the establishment of the -Massachusetts General Hospital, the Provident Institution for Savings in -the City of Boston, the Massachusetts Agricultural Society, and other -helpful projects. "He considered wealth," said Edward Everett, "to be no -otherwise valuable but as a powerful instrument of doing good. His -liberality went to the extent of his means; and where they stopped, he -exercised an almost unlimited control over the means of others. It was -difficult to resist the contagion of his enthusiasm; for it was the -enthusiasm of a strong, cultivated, and practical mind." - -[Illustration: JOHN LOWELL, JR. - -(From "The Lowell Institute," by Harriette Knight Smith, published by -Lamson, Wolffe & Co., Boston.)] - -Francis Cabot, the second son, was the father of the noted giver, John -Lowell, Jr. Charles, the third son, became an eminent Boston minister, -and was the father of the poet, James Russell Lowell. On his mother's -side the ancestors of John Lowell, Jr., were also prominent. His -maternal grandfather, Jonathan Jackson, was a generous man of means, a -member of the Congress of 1782, and at the close of the Revolutionary -War largely the creditor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. He was -the treasurer of the State and of Cambridge University. - -John Lowell, Jr., must have inherited from such ancestors a love of -country, a desire for knowledge, and good executive ability. He was -reared in a home of comfort and intelligence. His father, Francis Cabot, -was a successful merchant, a man of great energy, strength of mind, and -integrity of character. - -In 1810, when young John was about eleven years old, the health of his -father having become impaired, the Lowell family went to England for -rest and change. The boy was placed at the High School of Edinburgh, -where he won many friends by his lovable qualities, and his intense -desire to gain information. When he came back to America with his -parents, he entered Harvard College in 1813, when he was fourteen years -old. He was a great reader, especially along the line of foreign travel, -and had a better knowledge of geography than most men. After two years -at Cambridge, he was obliged to give up the course from ill health, and -seek a more active live. When he was seventeen, and the year following, -he made two voyages to India, and acquired a passion for study and -travel in the East. - -His father, meantime, had become deeply interested in the manufacture of -cotton in America. The war of 1812 had interrupted our commerce with -Europe, and America had been compelled to manufacture many things for -herself. In 1789 Mr. Samuel Slater had brought from England the -knowledge of the inventions of Arkwright for spinning cotton. These -inventions were so carefully guarded from the public that it was almost -impossible for any one to leave England who had worked in a cotton-mill -and understood the process of manufacture. Parliament had prohibited the -exportation of the new machinery. Without the knowledge of his parents, -Samuel Slater sailed to America, carrying the complicated machinery in -his mind. At Pawtucket, R.I., he set up some Arkwright machinery from -memory, and, after years of effort and obstacles, became successful and -wealthy. - -Mr. Lowell determined to weave cotton, and if possible use the thread -already made in this country. He proposed to his brother-in-law, Mr. -Patrick Tracy Jackson, that they put some money into experiments, and -try to make a power-loom, as this newly invented machine could not be -obtained from abroad. They procured the model of a common loom, and -after repeated failures succeeded in reinventing a fairly good -power-loom. - -The thread obtained from other mills not proving available for their -looms, spinning machinery was constructed, and land was purchased on the -Merrimac River for their mills; in time a large manufacturing city -gathered about them, and was named Lowell, for the energetic and upright -manufacturer. - -When the war of 1812 was over, Mr. Lowell knew that the overloaded -markets of Europe and India would pour their cotton and other goods into -the United States. He therefore went to Washington in the winter of -1816, and after overcoming much opposition, obtained a protective tariff -for cotton manufacture. "The minimum duty on cotton fabrics," says -Edward Everett, "the corner-stone of the system, was proposed by Mr. -Lowell, and is believed to have been an original conception on his -part. To this provision of law, the fruit of the intelligence and -influence of Mr. Lowell, New England owes that branch of industry which -has made her amends for the diminution of her foreign trade; which has -left her prosperous under the exhausting drain of her population to the -West; which has brought a market for his agricultural produce to the -farmer's door; and which, while it has conferred these blessings on this -part of the country, has been productive of good, and nothing but good, -to every other portion of it." - -At Mr. Lowell's death he left a large fortune to his four children, -three sons and a daughter, of whom John Lowell, Jr., was the eldest. -Like his father, John was a successful merchant; but as his business was -carried on largely with the East Indies, he had leisure for reading. He -had one of the best private libraries in Boston, and knew the contents -of his books. He did not forget his duties to his city. He was several -times a member of the Common Council and the Legislature of the State, -believing that no person has a right to shirk political responsibility. - -In the midst of this happy and useful life, surrounded by those who were -dear to him, in the years 1830 and 1831, when he was thirty-two years of -age, came the crushing blow to his domestic joy. His wife and both -children died, and his home was broken up. He sought relief in travel, -and in the summer of 1832 made a tour of the Western States. In the -autumn of the same year, November, 1832, he sailed for Europe, intending -to be absent for some months, or even years. As though he had a -premonition that his life would be a brief one, and that he might never -return, he made his will before leaving America, giving about two -hundred and fifty thousand dollars--half of his property--"to found and -sustain free lectures," "for the promotion of the moral and intellectual -and physical instruction or education of the citizens of Boston." - -The will provides for courses in physics, chemistry, botany, zoölogy, -mineralogy, the literature of our own and foreign nations, and -historical and internal evidences in favor of Christianity. - -The management of the whole fund, with the selection of lecturers, is -left to one trustee, who shall choose his successor; that trustee to be, -"in preference to all others, some male descendant of my grandfather, -John Lowell, provided there be one who is competent to hold the office -of trustee, and of the name of Lowell." The trustees of the Boston -Athenćum are empowered to look over the accounts each year, but have no -voice in the selection of the lecturers. "The trustee," says Mr. Lowell -in his will, "may also from time to time establish lectures on any -subject that, in his opinion, the wants and taste of the age may -demand." - -None of the money given by will is ever to be used in buildings; Mr. -Lowell probably having seen that money is too often put into brick and -stone to perpetuate the name of the donor, while there is no income for -the real work in hand. Ten per cent of the income of the Lowell fund is -to be added annually to the principal. It is believed that through wise -investing the fund is already doubled, and perhaps trebled. - -"The idea of a foundation of this kind," says Edward Everett, "on which, -unconnected with any place of education, provision is made, in the -midst of a large commercial population, for annual courses of -instruction by public lectures, to be delivered gratuitously to all who -choose to attend them, as far as it is practicable within our largest -halls, is, I believe, original with Mr. Lowell. I am not aware that, -among all the munificent establishments of Europe, there is anything of -this description upon a large scale." - -After Mr. Lowell reached Europe in the fall of 1832, he spent the winter -in Paris, and the summer in England, Scotland, and Ireland. He was all -the time preparing for his Eastern journey,--in the study of languages, -and the knowledge of instruments by which to make notes of the course of -winds, the temperature, atmospheric phenomena, the height of mountains, -and other matters of interest in the far-off lands which he hoped to -enter. Lord Glenelg, the Secretary of State for the Colonies, gave him -special facilities for his proposed tour into the interior of India. - -The winter of 1833 was spent in the southwestern part of France, in -visiting the principal cities of Lombardy, in Nice and Genoa, reaching -Florence early in February, 1834. In Rome he engaged a Swiss artist, an -excellent draftsman and painter, to accompany him, and make sketches of -scenery, ruins, and costumes throughout his whole journey. - -After some time spent in Naples and vicinity, he devoted a month to the -island of Sicily. He writes to Princess Galitzin, the granddaughter of -the famous Marshal Suvorof, whom he had met in Florence: "Clear and -beautiful are the skies in Sicily, and there is a warmth of tint about -the sunsets unrivalled even in Italy. It resembles what one finds under -the tropics; and so does the vegetation. It is rich and luxuriant. The -palm begins to appear; the palmetto, the aloe, and the cactus adorn -every woodside; the superb oleander bathes its roots in almost every -brook; the pomegranate and a large species of convolvulus are everywhere -seen. In short, the variety of flowers is greater than that of the -prairies in the Western States of America, though I think their number -is less. Our rudbeckia is, I think, more beautiful than the -chrysanthemum coronarium which you see all over Sicily; but there are -the orange and the lemon." - -Mr. Lowell travelled in Greece, and July 10 reached Athens, "that -venerable, ruined, dirty little town," he wrote, "of which the streets -are most narrow and nearly impassable; but the poor remains of whose -ancient taste in the arts exceed in beauty everything I have yet seen in -either Italy, Sicily, or any other portions of Greece." - -Late in September Mr. Lowell reached Smyrna, and visited the ruins of -Magnesia, Tralles, Nysa, Laodicea, Tripolis, and Hierapolis. He writes -to a friend in America; "I then crossed Mount Messogis in the rain, and -descended into the basin of the river Hermus, visited Philadelphia, the -picturesque site of Sardis, with its inaccessible citadel, and two -solitary but beautiful Ionic columns." - -Early in December Mr. Lowell sailed from Smyrna in a Greek brig, -coasting along the islands of Mitylene, Samos, Patmos, and Rhodes, -arrived in Alexandria in the latter part of the month, and proceeded up -the river Nile. On Feb. 12, 1835, he writes to his friends from the top -of the great pyramid:-- - -"The prospect is most beautiful. On the one side is the boundless -desert, varied only by a few low ridges of limestone hills. Then you -have heaps of sand, and a surface of sand reduced to so fine a powder, -and so easily agitated by the slightest breeze that it almost deserves -the name of fluid. Then comes the rich, verdant valley of the Nile, -studded with villages, adorned with green date-trees, traversed by the -Father of Rivers, with the magnificent city of Cairo on its banks; but -far narrower than one could wish, as it is bounded, at a distance of -some fifteen miles, by the Arabian desert, and the abrupt calcareous -ridge of Mokattam. Immediately below the spectator lies the city of the -dead, the innumerable tombs, the smaller pyramids, the Sphinx, and still -farther off and on the same line, to the south, the pyramids of Abou -Seer, Sakkârŕ, and Dashoor." - -While journeying in Egypt, Mr. Lowell, from the effects of the climate, -was severely attacked by intermittent, fever; but partially recovering, -proceeded to Thebes, and established his temporary home on the ruins of -a palace at Luxor. After examining many of its wonderful structures -carved with the names and deeds of the Pharaohs, he was again prostrated -by illness, and feared that he should not recover. He had thought out -more details about his noble gift to the people of Boston; and, sick and -among strangers, he completed in that ancient land his last will for the -good of humanity. "The few sentences," says Mr. Everett, "penned with a -tired hand, on the top of a palace of the Pharaohs, will do more for -human improvement than, for aught that appears, was done by all of that -gloomy dynasty that ever reigned." - -Mr. Lowell somewhat regained his health, and proceeded to Sioot, the -capital of Upper Egypt, to lay in the stores needed for his journey to -Nubia. While at Sioot, he saw the great caravan of Darfour in Central -Africa, which comes to the Nile once in two years, and is two or three -months in crossing the desert. It usually consists of about six hundred -merchants, four thousand slaves, and six thousand camels laden with -ivory, tamarinds, ostrich-feathers, and provisions for use on the -journey. - -Mr. Lowell writes in his journal: "The immense number of tall and lank -but powerful camels was the first object that attracted our attention in -the caravan. The long and painful journey, besides killing perhaps a -quarter of the original number, had reduced the remainder to the -condition of skeletons, and rendered their natural ugliness still more -appalling. Their skins were stretched, like moistened parchment scorched -by the fire, over their strong ribs. Their eyes stood out from their -shrunken foreheads; and the arched backbone of the animals rose sharp -and prominent above their sides, like a butcher's cleaver. The fat that -usually accompanies the middle of the backbone, and forms with it the -camel's bunch, had entirely disappeared. They had occasion for it, as -well as for the reservoir of water with which a bountiful nature has -furnished them, to enable them to undergo the laborious journey and the -painful fasts of the desert. Their sides were gored with the heavy -burdens they had carried. - -"The sun was setting. The little slaves of the caravan had just driven -in from their dry pasture of thistles, parched grass, and withered -herbage these most patient and obedient animals, so essential to -travellers in the great deserts, and without which it would be as -impossible to cross them as to traverse the ocean without vessels. Their -conductors made them kneel down, and gradually poured beans between -their lengthened jaws. The camels, not having been used to this food, -did not like it; they would have greatly preferred a bit of old, -worn-out mat, as we have found to our cost in the desert. The most -mournful cries, something between the braying of an ass and the lowing -of a cow, assailed our ears in all directions, because these poor -creatures were obliged to eat what was not good for them; but they -offered no resistance otherwise. When transported to the Nile, it is -said that the change of food and water kills most of them in a little -time." - -In June Mr. Lowell resumed his journey up the Nile, and was again ill -for some weeks. The thermometer frequently stood at 115 degrees. He -visited Khartoom, and then travelled for fourteen days across the desert -of Nubia to Sowakeen, a small port on the western coast of the Red Sea. -Near here, Dec. 22, he was shipwrecked on the island of Dassá, and -nearly lost his life. In a rainstorm the little vessel ran upon the -rocks. "All my people behaved well," Mr. Lowell writes. "Yanni alone, -the youngest of them, showed by a few occasional exclamations that it is -hard to look death in the face at seventeen, when all the illusions of -life are entire. As for swimming, I have not strength for that, -especially in my clothes, and so thorough a ducking and exposure might -of itself make an end of me." - -Finally they were rescued, and sailed for Mocha, reaching that place on -the 1st of January, 1836. Mr. Lowell was much exhausted from exposure -and his recent illness. His last letters were written, Jan. 17, at -Mocha, while waiting for a British steamer on her way to Bombay, India. -From Mr. Lowell's journal it is seen that the steamboat Hugh Lindsay -arrived at Mocha from Suez, Jan. 20; that Mr. Lowell sailed on the 23d, -and arrived at Bombay, Feb. 10. He had reached the East only to die. -After three weeks of illness, he expired, March 4, 1836, a little less -than thirty-seven years of age. For years he had studied about India and -China, and had made himself ready for valuable research; but his plans -were changed by an overruling Power in whom he had always trusted. Mr. -Lowell had wisely provided for a greater work than research in the East, -the benefits of which are inestimable and unending. - -Free public lectures for the people of Boston on the Lowell foundation -were begun on the evening of Dec. 31, 1839, by a memorial address on Mr. -Lowell by Edward Everett, in the Odeon, then at the corner of Federal -and Franklin Streets, before two thousand persons. - -The first course of lectures was on geology, given by that able -scientist, Professor Benjamin Silliman of Yale College. "So great was -his popularity," says Harriette Knight Smith in the _New England -Magazine_ for February, 1895, "that on the giving out of tickets for his -second course, on chemistry, the following season, the eager crowds -filled the adjacent streets, and crushed in the windows of the 'Old -Corner Bookstore,' the place of distribution, so that provision for the -same had to be made elsewhere. To such a degree did the enthusiasm of -the public reach at that time, in its desire to attend these lectures, -that it was found necessary to open books in advance to receive the -names of subscribers, the number of tickets being distributed by lot. -Sometimes the number of applicants for a single course was eight or ten -thousand." The same number of the magazine contains a valuable list of -all the speakers at the Institute since its beginning. The usual method -now is to advertise the lectures in the Boston papers a week or more in -advance; and then all persons desiring to attend meet at a designated -place, and receive tickets in the order of their coming. At the -appointed hour, the doors of the building where the lectures are given -are closed, and no one is admitted after the speaker begins. Not long -since I met a gentleman who had travelled seven miles to attend a -lecture, and failed to obtain entrance. Harriette Knight Smith says, -"This rule was at first resisted to such a degree that a reputable -gentleman was taken to the lockup and compelled to pay a fine for -kicking his way through an entrance door. Finally the rule was submitted -to, and in time praised and copied." - -For seven years the Lowell Institute lectures were given in the Odeon, -and for thirteen years in Marlboro Chapel, between Washington and -Tremont, Winter and Bromfield Streets. Since 1879 they have been heard -in Huntington Hall, Boylston Street, in the Rogers Building of the -Massachusetts Institute of Technology. - -Since the establishment of the free lectures, over five thousand have -been given to the people by some of the most eminent and learned men of -both hemispheres,--Lyell, Tyndall, Wallace, Holmes, Lowell, Bryce, and -more than three hundred others. Sir Charles Lyell lectured on Geology, -Professor Asa Gray on Botany, Oliver Wendell Holmes on English Poetry -of the Nineteenth Century, E. H. Davis on Mounds and Earthworks of the -Mississippi Valley, Lieutenant M. F. Maury on Winds and Currents of the -Sea, Mark Hopkins (President of Williams College) on Moral Philosophy, -Charles Eliot Norton on The Thirteenth Century, Henry Barnard on -National Education, Samuel Eliot on Evidences of Christianity, Burt G. -Wilder on The Silk Spider of South Carolina, W. D. Howells on Italian -Poets of our Century, Professor John Tyndall on Light and Heat, Dr. -Isaac I. Hayes on Arctic Discoveries, Richard A. Proctor on Astronomy, -General Francis A. Walker on Money, Hon. Carroll D. Wright on The Labor -Question, H. H. Boyesen on The Icelandic Saga Literature, the Rev. J. G. -Wood on Structure of Animal Life, the Rev. H. R. Haweis on Music and -Morals, Alfred Russell Wallace on Darwinism and Some of Its -Applications, the Rev. G. Frederick Wright on The Ice Age in North -America, Professor James Geikie on Europe During and after the Ice Age, -John Fiske on The Discovery and Colonization of America, Professor Henry -Drummond on The Evolution of Man, President Eliot of Harvard College on -Recent Educational Changes and Tendencies. - -Professor Tyndall, after his Lowell lectures, gave the ten thousand -dollars which he had received for his labors in America in scholarships -to the University of Pennsylvania, Harvard University, and Columbia -College. - -Mr. John Amory Lowell, a cousin of John Lowell, Jr., and the trustee -appointed by him, at the suggestion of Lyell, a mutual friend, invited -Louis Agassiz to come to Boston, and give a course of lectures before -the Institute in 1846. He came; and the visit resulted in the building, -by Mr. Abbott Lawrence, of the Lawrence Scientific School in connection -with Harvard College, and the retaining of the brilliant and noble -Agassiz in this country as a professor of zoölogy and geology. The -influence of such lectures upon the intellectual growth and moral -welfare of a city can scarcely be estimated. It is felt through the -State, and eventually through the nation. - -Mr. Lowell in his will planned also for other lectures, "those more -erudite and particular for students;" and for twenty years there have -been "Lowell free courses of instruction in the Institute of -Technology," given usually in the evening in the classrooms of the -professors. These are the same lectures usually given to regular -students, and are free alike to men and women over eighteen years of -age. These courses of instruction include mathematics, mechanics, -physics, drawing, chemistry, geology, natural history, navigation, -biology, English, French, German, history, architecture, and -engineering. Through the generosity of Mr. Lowell, every person in -Boston may become educated, if he or she have the time and desire. Over -three thousand such lectures have been given. - -For many years the Lowell Institute has furnished instruction in science -to the school-teachers of Boston. It now furnishes lectures on practical -and scientific subjects to workingmen, under the auspices of the Wells -Memorial Workingmen's Institute. - -As the University Extension Lectures carry the college to the people, so -more and more the Lowell fund is carrying helpful and practical -intelligence to every nook and corner of a great city. Young people are -stimulated to endeavor, encouraged to save time in which to gain -knowledge, and to become useful and honorable citizens. When more -"Settlements" are established in all the waste places, we shall have so -many the more centres for the diffusion of intellectual and moral aid. - -Who shall estimate the power and value of such a gift to the people as -that of John Lowell, Jr.? The Hon. Edward Everett said truly, "It will -be, from generation to generation, a perennial source of public good,--a -dispensation of sound science, of useful knowledge, of truth in its most -important associations with the destiny of man. These are blessings -which cannot die. They will abide when the sands of the desert shall -have covered what they have hitherto spared of the Egyptian temples; and -they will render the name of Lowell in all-wise and moral estimation -more truly illustrious than that of any Pharaoh engraven on their -walls." - -The gift of John Lowell, Jr., has resulted in other good work besides -the public lectures. In 1850 a free drawing-school was established in -Marlboro Chapel, and continued successfully for twenty-nine years, till -the building was taken for business purposes. The pupils were required -to draw from real objects only, through the whole course. In 1872 the -Lowell School of Practical Design, for the purpose of promoting -Industrial Art in the United States, was established, and the -Massachusetts Institute of Technology assumed the responsibility of -conducting it. The Lowell Institute bears the expenses of the school, -and tuition is free to all pupils. - -There is a drawing-room and a weaving-room, though applicants must be -able to draw from nature before they enter. In the weaving-room are two -fancy chain-looms for dress-goods, three fancy chain-looms for woollen -cassimeres, one gingham loom, and one Jacquard loom. Samples of brocaded -silk, ribbons, alpacas, and fancy woollen goods are constantly provided -for the school from Paris and elsewhere. - -The course of study requires three years; and students are taught the -art of designing, and making patterns from prints, ginghams, delaines, -silks, laces, paper-hangings, carpets, oilcloths, etc. They can also -weave their designs into actual fabrics of commercial sizes of every -variety of material. The school has proved a most helpful and beneficent -institution. It is an inspiration to visit it, and see the happy and -earnest faces of the young workers, fitting themselves for useful -positions in life. - -The Lowell Institute has been fortunate in its management. Mr. John -Amory Lowell was the able trustee for more than forty years; and the -present trustee, Mr. Augustus Lowell, like his father, has the great -work much at heart. Dr. Benjamin E. Cotting, the curator from the -formation of the Institute, a period of more than half a century, has -won universal esteem for his ability, as also for his extreme courtesy -and kindness. - -John Lowell, Jr., humanly speaking, died before his lifework was -scarcely begun. The studious, modest boy, the thorough, conscientious -man, planning a journey to Africa and India, not for pleasure merely, -but for helpfulness to science and humanity, died just as he entered the -long sought-for land. A man of warm affections, he went out from a -broken home to die among strangers. - -He was so careful of his moments that, says Mr. Everett, "he spared no -time for the frivolous pleasures of youth; less, perhaps, than his -health required for its innocent relaxations, and for exercise." Whether -or not he realized that the time was short, he accomplished more in his -brief thirty-seven years than many men in fourscore and ten. It would -have been easy to spend two hundred and fifty thousand dollars in houses -and lands, in fine equipage and social festivities; but Mr. Lowell had a -higher purpose in life. - -After five weeks of illness, thousands of miles from all who were dear -to him, on the ruins of Thebes, in an Arab village built on the remains -of an ancient palace, Mr. Lowell penned these words: "As the most -certain and the most important part of true philosophy appears to me to -be that which shows the connection between God's revelations and the -knowledge of good and evil implanted by him in our nature, I wish a -course of lectures to be given on natural religion, showing its -conformity to that of our Saviour. - -"For the more perfect demonstration of the truth of those moral and -religious precepts, by which alone, as I believe, men can be secure of -happiness in this world and that to come, I wish a course of lectures to -be delivered on the historical and internal evidences in favor of -Christianity. I wish all disputed points of faith and ceremony to be -avoided, and the attention of the lecturers to be directed to the moral -doctrines of the Gospel, stating their opinion, if they will, but not -engaging in controversy, even on the subject of the penalty for -disobedience. As the prosperity of my native land, New England, which is -sterile and unproductive, must depend hereafter, as it has heretofore -depended, first on the moral qualities, and second on the intelligence -and information of its inhabitants, I am desirous of trying to -contribute towards this second object also." - -The friend of the people, Mr. Lowell desired that they should learn from -the greatest minds of the age without expense to themselves. It should -be an absolutely free gift. - -The words from the Theban ruins have had their ever broadening influence -through half a century. What shall be the result for good many centuries -from now? Tens of thousands of fortunes have been and will be spent for -self, and the names of the owners will be forgotten. John Lowell, Jr., -did not live for himself, and his name will be remembered. - -Others in this country have adopted somewhat Mr. Lowell's plan of -giving. The Hon. Oakes Ames, the great shovel manufacturer, member of -Congress for ten years, and builder of the Union Pacific Railroad, left -at his death, May 8, 1873, a fund of fifty thousand dollars "for the -benefit of the school children of North Easton, Mass." The income is -thirty-five hundred dollars a year, part of which is used in furnishing -magazines to children--each family having children in the schools is -supplied with some magazine; part for an industrial school where they -are taught the use of tools; and part for free lectures yearly to the -school children, adults also having the benefit of them. Thirty or more -lectures are given each winter upon interesting and profitable subjects -by able lecturers. - -Some of the subjects already discussed are as follows: The Great -Yellowstone Park, A Journey among the Planets, The Chemistry of a -Match, Paris, its Gardens and Palaces, A Basket of Charcoal, Tobacco and -Liquors, Battle of Gettysburg, The Story of the Jeannette, Palestine, -Electricity, Picturesque Mexico, The Sponge and Starfish, Sweden, -Physiology, History of a Steam-Engine, Heroes and Historic Places of the -Revolution, The Four Napoleons, The World's Fair, The Civil War, and -others. - -What better way to spend an evening than in listening to such lectures? -What better way to use one's money than in laying the foundation of -intelligent and good citizenship in childhood and youth? - -The press of North Easton says, "The influence and educational power of -such a series of lectures and course of instruction in a community -cannot be measured or properly gauged. From these lectures a stream of -knowledge has gone out which, we believe, will bear fruit in the future -for the good of the community. Of the many good things which have come -from the liberality of Mr. Ames, this, we believe, has been the most -potent for good of any." - -Judge White of Lawrence, Mass., left at his death a tract of land in the -hands of three trustees, which they were to sell, and use the income to -provide a course of not less than six lectures yearly, especially to the -industrial classes. The subjects were to be along the line of good -morals, industry, economy, the fruits of sin and of virtue. The White -fund amounts to about one hundred thousand dollars. - -Mrs. Mary Hemenway of Boston, who died March 6, 1894, will always be -remembered for her good works, not the least of which are the yearly -courses of free lectures for young people at the Old South Church. When -the meeting-house where Benjamin Franklin was baptized, where the town -meeting was held after the Boston Massacre in 1770, and just before the -tea was thrown overboard in 1773, and which the British troops used for -a riding-school in 1775,--when this historic place was in danger of -being torn down because business interests seemed to demand the -location, Mrs. Hemenway, with other Boston women, came forward in 1876 -to save it. She once said to Mr. Larkin Dunton, head master of the -Boston Normal School, "I have just given a hundred thousand dollars to -save the Old South; yet I care nothing for the church on the corner lot. -But, if I live, such teaching shall be done in that old building, and -such an influence shall go out from it, as shall make the children of -future generations love their country so tenderly that there can never -be another civil war in this country." - -Mrs. Hemenway was patriotic. When asked why she gave one hundred -thousand dollars to Tileston Normal School in Wilmington, N.C.,--her -maiden name was Tileston,--and thus provide for schools in the South, -she replied, "When my country called for her sons to defend the flag, I -had none to give. Mine was but a lad of twelve. I gave my money as a -thank-offering that I was not called to suffer as other mothers who gave -their sons and lost them. I gave it that the children of this generation -might be taught to love the flag their fathers tore down." - -In December, 1878, Miss C. Alice Baker began at the Old South Church a -series of talks to children on New England history, between eleven and -twelve o'clock on Saturdays, which she called, "The Children's Hour." -From the relics on the floor and in the gallery, telling of Colonial -times, she riveted their attention, thus showing to the historical -societies of this country how easily they might interest and profit the -children of our public schools, if these were allowed to visit museums -in small companies with suitable leaders. - -From this year, 1878, the excellent work has been carried on. Every year -George Washington's birthday is appropriately celebrated at the Old -South Meeting-house, with speeches and singing of national patriotic -airs by the children of the public schools. In 1879 Mr. John Fiske, the -noted historical writer, gave a course of lectures on Saturday mornings -upon The Discovery and Colonization of America. These were followed in -succeeding years by his lectures on The American Revolution, and others -that are now published in book form. These were more especially for the -young, but adults seemed just as eager to hear them as young persons. - -Regular courses of free lectures for young people were established in -the summer of 1883, more especially for those who did not leave the city -during the long summer vacations. The lectures are usually given on -Wednesday afternoons in July and August. A central topic is chosen for -the season, such as Early Massachusetts History, The War for the Union, -The War for Independence, The Birth of the Nation, The American Indians, -etc.; and different persons take part in the course. - -With each lecture a leaflet of four or eight pages is given to those who -attend, and these leaflets can be bound at the end of the season for a -small sum. "These are made up, for the most part, from original papers -treated in the lectures," says Mr. Edwin D. Mead who prepares them, "in -the hope to make the men and the public life of the periods more clear -and real." These leaflets are very valuable, the subjects being, "The -Voyages to Vinland, from the Saga of Eric the Red," "Marco Polo's -Account of Japan and Java," "The Death of De Soto from the Narrative of -a Gentleman of Elvas," etc. They are furnished to the schools at the -bare cost of paper and printing. Mr. Mead, the scholarly author, and -editor of the _New England Magazine_, has been untiring in the Old South -work, and has been the means of several other cities adopting like -methods for the study of early history, especially by young people. - -Every year since 1881 four prizes, two of forty dollars, and two of -twenty-five dollars each, have been offered to high school pupils soon -to graduate, and also to those recently graduated, for the best essays -on assigned topics of American history. Those who compete and do not win -a prize receive a present of valuable books in recognition of their -effort. From the first, Mrs. Hemenway was the enthusiastic friend and -promoter of the Old South work. She spent five thousand a year, for many -years, in carrying it forward, and left provision for its continuation -at her death. It is not too much to say that these free lectures have -stimulated the study of our early history all over the country, and made -us more earnest lovers of our flag and of our nation. The world has -little respect for a "man without a country." - - - "Breathes there the man with soul so dead - Who never to himself hath said, - 'This is my own, my native land!' - Whose heart hath ne'er within him burned - As home his footsteps he hath turned - From wandering on a foreign strand?" - - -Mrs. Hemenway did not cease her good work with her free lectures for -young people. It is scarcely easier to stop in an upward career than in -a downward. When the heart and hand are once opened to the world's -needs, they can nevermore be closed. - -Mrs. Hemenway, practical with all her wealth, believed that everybody -should know how to work, and thus not only be placed above want, but -dignify labor. She said, "In my youth, girls in the best families were -accustomed to participate in many of the household affairs. Some -occasionally assisted in other homes. As for myself, I read not many -books. They were not so numerous as now. I was reared principally on -household duties, the Bible, and Shakespeare." - -Mrs. Hemenway began by establishing kitchen gardens in Boston, opened on -Saturdays. I remember going to one of them at the North End, in 1881, -through the invitation of Mrs. Hemenway's able assistant, Miss Amy -Morris Homans. In a large, plain room of the "Mission" I found -twenty-four bright little girls seated at two long tables. They were -eager, interesting children, but most had on torn and soiled dresses and -poor shoes. - -In front of each stood a tiny box, used as a table, on which were four -plates, each a little over an inch wide; four knives, each three inches -long, and forks to correspond; goblets, and cups and saucers of the same -diminutive sizes. - -At a signal from the piano, the girls began to set the little tables -properly. First the knives and forks were put in their places, then the -very small napkins, and then the goblets. In front of the "lady of the -house" were set the cups and saucers, spoon-holder, water-pitcher, and -coffee-pot. - -Then they listened to a useful and pleasant talk from the leader; and -when the order was given to clear the tables, twenty-four pairs of -little hands put the pewter dishes, made to imitate silver, into a -pitcher, and the other things into dishpans, about four or five inches -wide, singing a song to the music of the piano as they washed the -dishes. These children also learned to sweep and dust, make beds, and -perform other household duties. Each pupil was given a complete set of -new clothes by Mrs. Hemenway. - -Many persons had petitioned to have sewing taught in the public schools -of Boston, as in London; but there was opposition, and but little was -accomplished. Mrs. Hemenway started sewing-schools, obtained capable -teachers, and in time sewing became a regular part of the public-school -work, with a department of sewing in the Boston Normal School; so that -hereafter the teacher will be as able in her department as another in -mathematics. Drafting, cutting, and fitting have been added in many -schools, so that thousands of women will be able to save expense in -their homes through the skill of their own hands. - -Mrs. Hemenway knew that in many homes food is poorly cooked, and health -is thereby impaired. Mr. Henry C. Hardon of Boston tells of this -conversation between two teachers: "Name some one thing that would -enable your boys to achieve more, and build up the school."--"A plate of -good soup and a thick slice of bread after recess," was the reply. "I -could get twice the work before twelve. They want new blood." - -Mrs. Hemenway started cooking-schools in Boston, which she called -school kitchens; and when it was found to be difficult to secure -suitable teachers, she established and supported a normal school of -cooking. Boston, seeing the need of proper teachers in its future work -in the schools, has provided a department of cooking in the city Normal -School. - -Mrs. Hemenway believed in strong bodies, aided to become such by -physical training. She offered to the School Committee of Boston to -provide for the instruction of a hundred teachers in the Swedish system, -on condition that they be allowed to use the exercises in their classes -in case they chose to do so. The result proved successful, and now over -sixty thousand in the public schools take the Swedish exercises daily. - -Mrs. Hemenway established the Boston Normal School of Gymnastics, from -which teachers have gone to Radcliffe College, Cambridge; Bryn Mawr, -Pennsylvania; Denver, Colorado; Drexel Institute, Philadelphia; their -average salary being slightly less than one thousand dollars, the -highest salary reaching eighteen hundred dollars. Boston has now made -the teaching of gymnastics a part of its normal-school work, so that -every graduate goes out prepared to direct the work in the school. Mrs. -Hemenway gave generously to aid the Boston Teachers' Mutual Benefit -Association; for she said, "Nothing is too good for the Boston -teachers." She was a busy woman, with no time for fashionable life, -though she welcomed to her elegant home all who had any helpful work to -do in the world. She used her wealth and her social position to help -humanity. She died leaving her impress on a great city and State, and -through that upon the nation. - -New York State and City are now carrying out an admirable plan of free -lectures for the people. The State appropriates twenty-five thousand -dollars annually that free lectures may be given "in natural history, -geography, and kindred subjects by means of pictorial representation and -lectures, to the free common schools of each city and village of the -State that has, or may have, a superintendent of free common schools." -These illustrated lectures may also be given "to artisans, mechanics, -and other citizens." - -This has grown largely out of the excellent work done by Professor -Albert S. Bickmore of the American Museum of Natural History, Eighth -Avenue and Seventy-seventh Street, Central Park, New York. In 1869, when -the Museum was founded, the teachers of the public schools were required -to give object-lessons on animals, plants, human anatomy, and -physiology, and came to the Museum to the curator of the department of -ethnology, Professor Bickmore, for assistance. His lectures, given on -Saturday forenoons, illustrated by the stereopticon, were upon the -body,--the muscular system, nervous system, etc.; the mineral -kingdom,--granite, marble, coal, petroleum, iron, etc.; the vegetable -kingdom,--evergreens, oaks, elms, etc.; the animal kingdom,--the sea, -corals, oysters, butterflies, bees, ants, etc.; physical geography,--the -Mississippi Valley, Yellowstone National Park, Mexico, Egypt, Greece, -Italy, West Indies, etc.; zoölogy,--fishes, reptiles, and birds, the -whale, dogs, seals, lions, monkeys, etc. - -These lectures became so popular and helpful that the trustees of the -Museum hired Chickering Hall for some of the courses, which were -attended by over thirteen hundred teachers each week. Professor -Bickmore also gives free illustrated lectures to the people on the -afternoons of legal holidays at the Museum, under the auspices of the -State Department of Public Instruction. - -New York State has done a thing which might well be copied in other -States. Each normal school of the State, and each city and village -superintendent of schools, may be provided with a stereopticon, all -needed lantern slides, and the printed lectures of Professor Bickmore, -for use before the schools. In this way children have object-lessons -which they never forget. - -The Museum, in co-operation with the Board of Education of the city of -New York, is providing free lectures for the people at the Museum on -Saturday evenings, by various lecturers. The Board, under the direction -of Dr. Henry M. Leipziger, is doing good work in its free illustrated -lectures for the people in many portions of the city. These are given in -the evenings, and often at the grammar-school buildings, a good use to -which to put them. Such subjects are chosen as The Navy in the Civil -War, The Progress of the Telegraph, Life in the Arctic Regions, -Emergencies and How to Meet Them (by some physician), Iron and Steel -Ship-building, The Care of the Eyes and Teeth, Burns and Scotland, -Andrew Jackson, etc. Rich and poor are alike welcome to the lectures, -and all classes are present. - -A city or State that does such work for the people will reap a -hundred-fold in coming generations. - - - - -STEPHEN GIRARD - -AND HIS COLLEGE FOR ORPHANS. - - -Near the city of Bordeaux, France, on May 20, 1750, the eldest son of -Pierre Girard and his wife, Anne Marie Lafargue, was born. The family -were well-to-do; and Pierre was knighted by Louis XV. for bravery on -board the squadron at Brest, in 1744, when France and England were at -war. The king gave Pierre Girard his own sword, which Pierre at his -death ordered to be placed in his coffin, and it was buried with him. -Although the Girard family were devoted to the sea, Pierre wished to -have his boys become professional men; and this might have been the case -with the eldest son, Stephen, had not an accident changed his life. - -When the boy was eight years old, his right eye was destroyed. Some wet -oyster-shells were thrown upon a bonfire, and the heat breaking the -shells, a ragged piece flew into the eye. To make the calamity worse, -his playmates ridiculed his appearance with one eye closed; and he -became sensitive, and disinclined to play with any one save his brother -Jean. - -He was a grave and dignified lad, inclined to be domineering, and of a -quick temper. His mother tried to teach him self-control, and had she -lived, would doubtless have softened his nature; but a second mother -coming into the home, who had several children of her own, the effect -upon Stephen was disastrous. She seems not to have understood his -nature; and when he rebelled, the father sided with the new love, and -bade his son submit, or find a home as best he could. - -"I will leave your house," replied the passionate boy, hurt in feelings -as well as angered. "Give me a venture on any ship that sails from -Bordeaux, and I will go at once, where you shall never see me again." - -A business acquaintance, Captain Jean Courteau, was about to sail to San -Domingo in the West Indies. Pierre Girard gave his son sixteen thousand -livres, about three thousand dollars; and the lad of fourteen, small for -his age, went out into the world as a cabin-boy, to try his fortune. - -If his mother had been alive he would have been homesick, but as matters -were at present the Girard house could not be a home to him. His first -voyage lasted ten months; the three thousand dollars had gained him some -money, and the trip had made him in love with the sea. He returned for a -brief time to his brothers and sisters, and then made five other -voyages, having attained the rank of lieutenant of the vessel. - -When he was twenty-three, he was given authority to act as "captain of a -merchant vessel," and sailed away from Bordeaux forever. After stopping -at St. Marc's in the island of San Domingo, young Girard sailed for New -York, which he reached in July, 1774. With shrewd business ability he -disposed of the articles brought in his ship, and in so doing attracted -the interest of a prosperous merchant, Mr. Thomas Randall, who was -engaged in trade with New Orleans and the West Indies. - -Mr. Randall asked the energetic young Frenchman to take the position of -first officer in his ship L'Aimable Louise. This resulted so -satisfactorily that Girard was taken into partnership, and became master -of the vessel in her trade with New Orleans and the West Indies. - -After nearly two years, in May, 1776, Girard was returning from the West -Indies, and in a fog and storm at sea found himself in Delaware Bay, and -learned that a British fleet was outside. The pilot, who had come in -answer to the small cannon fired from Girard's ship, advised against his -going to New York, as he would surely be captured, the Revolutionary War -having begun. As he had no American money with him, a Philadelphia -gentleman who came with the pilot loaned him five dollars. This -five-dollar loan proved a blessing to the Quaker City, when in after -years she received millions from the merchant who came by accident into -her borders. - -Captain Girard sold his interest in L'Aimable Louise, and opened a small -store on Water Street, putting into it his cargo from the West Indies. -He hoped to go to sea again as soon as the war should be over, and -conferred with Mr. Lum, a plain shipbuilder near him on Water Street, -about building a ship for him. Mr. Lum had an unusually beautiful -daughter, Mary, a girl of sixteen, with black hair and eyes, and very -fair complexion. Though eleven years older than Mary, Stephen Girard -fell in love with her, and was married to her, June 6, 1777, before his -family could object, as they soon did strenuously, when they learned -that she was poor and below him in social rank. - -About three years after the marriage, Jean visited his brother Stephen -in America, and seems to have appreciated the beautiful and modest girl -to whom the family were so opposed. Henry Atlee Ingram, LL.B., in his -life of Girard, quotes several letters from Jean after he had returned -to France, or when at Cape François, San Domingo: "Be so kind as to -assure my dear sister-in-law of my true affection.... Say a thousand -kind things to her for me, and assure her of my unalterable -friendship.... Thousands and thousands of friendly wishes to your dear -wife. Say to her that if anything from here would give her pleasure, to -ask me for it. I will do everything in the world to prove to her my -attachment.... I send by Derussy the jar which your lovely wife filled -for me with gherkins, full of an excellent guava jelly for you people, -besides two orange-trees. He has promised me to take care of them. I -hope he will, and embrace, as well as you, my ever dear Mary." - -Three or four months after his marriage, Lord Howe having threatened the -city, Mr. Girard took his young wife to Mount Holly, N.J., to a little -farm of five or six acres which he had purchased the previous year for -five hundred dollars. Here they lived in a one-story-and-a-half frame -house for over a year, when they returned to Philadelphia and he resumed -his business. He had decided already to become a citizen of the -Republic, and took the oath of allegiance, Oct. 27, 1778. - -Mr. Lum at once began to build the sloop which Mr. Girard was planning -when he first met Mary, and she was named the Water-Witch. Until she -was shipwrecked, five or six years later, Mr. Girard believed she could -never cause him loss. Already he was worth over one hundred and fifty -thousand dollars, made by his own energy, prudence, and ability; but he -lived with great simplicity, and was accumulating wealth rapidly. In -1784 he built his second vessel, named, in compliment to Jean, the Two -Brothers. - -The next year, 1785, when he was thirty-five years old, the great sorrow -of his life came upon him. The beautiful wife, only a little beyond her -teens, became melancholy, and then hopelessly insane. Mr. Ingram -believes the eight years of Mary Girard's married life were happy years, -though the contrary has been stated. Without doubt Mr. Girard was very -fond of her, though his unbending will and temper, and the ignoring of -her relatives, were not calculated to make any woman continuously happy. -Evidently Jean, who had lived in the family, thought no blame attached -to his brother; for he wrote from Cape François: "It is impossible to -express to you what I felt at such news. I do truly pity the frightful -state I imagine you to be in, above all, knowing the regard and love you -bear your wife.... Conquer your grief, and show yourself by that worthy -of being a man; for, dear friend, when one has nothing with which to -reproach one's self, no blow, whatsoever it may be, should crush him." - -After a period of rest, Mrs. Girard seemed to recover. Stephen and Jean -formed a partnership, and the former sailed to the Mediterranean on -business for the firm. After three years the partnership was dissolved -by mutual consent, Stephen preferring to transact business alone. As -soon as these matters were settled, he and his wife were to take a -journey to France, which country she had long been anxious to visit. -Probably the family would then see for themselves that the unassuming -girl made an amiable, sensible wife for their eldest son. - -In the midst of preparations, the despondency again returned; and by the -advice of physicians, Mrs. Girard was taken to the Pennsylvania -Hospital, at Eighth and Spruce Streets, Aug. 31, 1790, where she -remained till her death in 1815, insane for over twenty-five years. She -retained much of the beauty of her girlhood, lived on the first floor of -the hospital in large rooms, had the freedom of the grounds, and was -"always sitting in the sunlight." Her mind became almost a blank; and -when the housekeeper came bringing the little daughters of Jean, Mrs. -Girard scarcely recognized her. - -To add still more to Mr. Girard's sorrow, after his wife had been at the -hospital several months, on March 3, 1791, a daughter was born to her, -who was named for the mother, Mary Girard. The infant was taken into the -country to be cared for, and lived but a few months. It was buried in -the graveyard of the parish church. - -Bereft of his only child, his home desolate, Mr. Girard plunged more -than ever into the whirl of business. He built six large ships, naming -some of them after his favorite authors,--Voltaire, Helvetius, -Montesquieu, Rousseau, Good Friends, and North America,--to trade with -China and India, and other Eastern countries. He would send grain and -cotton to Bordeaux, where, after unloading, his ships would reload with -fruit and wine for St. Petersburg. There they would dispose of their -cargo, and take on hemp and iron for Amsterdam. From there they would go -to Calcutta and Canton, and return, laden with tea and silks, to -Philadelphia. - -Little was known about the quiet, taciturn Frenchman; but every one -supposed he was becoming very rich, which was the truth. He was not -always successful. He says in one of his letters, "We are all the -subjects of what you call 'reverses of fortune.' The great secret is to -make good use of fortune, and when reverses come, receive them with -_sang froid_, and by redoubled activity and economy endeavor to repair -them." His ship Montesquieu, from Canton, China, arrived within the -capes of Delaware, March 26, 1813, not having heard of the war between -America and England, and was captured with her valuable cargo, the -fruits of the two years' voyage. The ship was valued at $20,000, and the -cargo over $164,000. He immediately tried to ransom her, and did so with -$180,000 in coin. When her cargo was sold, the sales amounted to nearly -$500,000, so that Girard's quickness and good sense, in spite of the -ransom, brought him large gains. The teas were sold for over two dollars -a pound, on account of their scarcity from the war. - -Mr. Girard rose early and worked late. He spent little on clothes or for -daily needs. He evidently did not care simply to make money; for he -wrote his friend Duplessis at New Orleans: "I do not value fortune. The -love of labor is my highest ambition.... I observe with pleasure that -you have a numerous family, that you are happy in the possession of an -honest fortune. This is all that a wise man has a right to wish for. As -to myself, I live like a galley-slave, constantly occupied, and often -passing the night without sleeping. I am wrapped up in a labyrinth of -affairs, and worn out with care." - -To another he wrote: "When I rise in the morning my only effort is to -labor so hard during the day that when the night comes I may be enabled -to sleep soundly." He had the same strong will as in his boyhood, but he -usually controlled his temper. He kept his business to himself, and -would not permit his clerks to gossip about his affairs. They had to be -men of correct habits while in his employ. Having some suspicion of one -of the officers of his ship Voltaire, he wrote to Captain Bowen: "I -desire you not to permit a drunken or immoral man to remain on board of -your ship. Whenever such a man makes disturbance, or is disagreeable to -the rest of the crew, discharge him whenever you have the opportunity. -And if any of my apprentices should not conduct themselves properly, I -authorize you to correct them as I would myself. My intention being that -they shall learn their business, so after they are free they may be -useful to themselves and their country." - -Mr. Girard gave minute instructions to all his employees, with the -direction that they were to "break owners, not orders." Miss Louise -Stockton, in "A Sylvan City, or Quaint Corners in Philadelphia," tells -the following incident, illustrative of Mr. Girard's inflexible rule: -"He once sent a young supercargo with two ships on a two years' voyage. -He was to go first to London, then to Amsterdam, and so from port to -port, selling and buying, until at last he was to go to Mocha, buy -coffee, and turn back. At London, however, the young fellow was charged -by the Barings not to go to Mocha, or he would fall into the hands of -pirates; at Amsterdam they told him the same thing. Everywhere the -caution was repeated; but he sailed on until he came to the last port -before Mocha. Here he was consigned to a merchant who had been an -apprentice to Girard in Philadelphia; and he, too, told him he must not -dare venture near the Red Sea. - -"The supercargo was now in a dilemma. On one side was his master's -order; on the other, two vessels, a valuable cargo, and a large sum of -money. The merchant knew Girard's peculiarities as well as the -supercargo did; but he thought the rule to "break owners, not orders" -might this time be governed by discretion. 'You'll not only lose all you -have made,' he said, 'but you'll never go home to justify yourself.' - -"The young man reflected. After all, the object of his voyages was to -get coffee; and there was no danger in going to Java, so he turned his -prow, and away he sailed to the Chinese seas. He bought coffee at four -dollars a sack, and sold it in Amsterdam at a most enormous advance, and -then went back to Philadelphia in good order, with large profits, sure -of approval. Soon after he entered the counting-room Girard came in. He -looked at the young fellow from under his bushy brows, and his one eye -gleamed with resentment. He did not greet him, nor welcome him, nor -congratulate him, but, shaking his angry hand, cried, 'What for you not -go to Mocha, sir?' And for the moment the supercargo wished he had. But -this was all Girard ever said on the subject. He rarely scolded his -employees. He might express his opinion by cutting down a salary, and -when a man did not suit him he dismissed him." - -When one of Girard's bookkeepers, Stephen Simpson, apparently with -little or no provocation, assaulted a fellow bookkeeper, injuring him so -severely about the head that the man was unable to leave his home for -more than a week, Girard simply laid a letter on Simpson's desk the next -morning, reducing his salary from fifteen hundred dollars to one -thousand per annum. The clerk was very angry, but did not give up his -situation. When an errand-boy was caught in the act of stealing small -sums of money from the counting-house, Mr. Girard put a more intricate -lock on the money-drawer, and made no comment. The boy was sorry for his -conduct, and gave no further occasion for complaint. - -Girard believed in labor as a necessity for every human being. He used -to say, "No man shall be a gentleman on _my_ money." If he had a son he -should labor. He said, "If I should leave him twenty thousand dollars, -he would be lazy or turn gambler." Mr. Ingram tells an amusing incident -of an Irishman who applied to Mr. Girard for work. "Engaging the man for -a whole day, he directed the removal from one side of his yard to the -other of a pile of bricks, which had been stored there awaiting some -building operations; and this task, which consumed several hours, being -completed, he was accosted by the Irishman to know what should be done -next. 'Why, have you finished that already?' said Girard; 'I thought it -would take all day to do that. Well, just move them all back again where -you took them from; that will use up the rest of the day;' and upon the -astonished Irishman's flat refusal to perform such fruitless labor, he -was promptly paid and discharged, Girard saying at the same time, in a -rather aggrieved manner, 'I certainly understood you to say that you -wanted _any_ kind of work.'" - -Absorbed as Mr. Girard was in his business, cold and unapproachable as -he seemed to the people of Philadelphia, he had noble qualities, which -showed themselves in the hour of need. In the latter part of July, 1793, -yellow fever in its most fatal form broke out in Water Street, within a -square of Mr. Girard's residence. The city was soon in a panic. Most of -the public offices were closed, the churches were shut up, and people -fled from the city whenever it was possible to do so. Corpses were taken -to the grave on the shafts of a chaise driven by a negro, unattended, -and without ceremony. - -"Many never walked in the footpath, but went in the middle of the -streets, to avoid being infected in passing houses wherein people had -died. Acquaintances and friends avoided each other in the streets, and -only signified their regard by a cold nod. The old custom of shaking -hands fell into such disuse that many shrank back with affright at even -the offer of a hand. The death-calls echoed through the silent, -grass-grown streets; and at night the watcher would hear at his -neighbor's door the cry, 'Bring out your dead!' and the dead were -brought. Unwept over, unprayed for, they were wrapped in the sheet in -which they died, and were hurried into a box, and thrown into a great -pit, the rich and the poor together." - -"Authentic cases are recorded," says Henry W. Arey in his "Girard -College and its Founder," "where parent and child and husband and wife -died deserted and alone, for want of a little care from the hands of -absent kindred." - -In the midst of this dreadful plague an anonymous call for volunteer aid -appeared in the _Federal Gazette_, the only paper which continued to be -published. All but three of the "Visitors of the Poor" had died, or had -fled from the city. The hospital at Bush Hill needed some one to bring -order out of chaos, and cleanliness out of filth. Two men volunteered to -do this work, which meant probable death. To the amazement of all, one -of these was the rich and reticent foreigner, Stephen Girard. The other -man was Peter Helm. The former took the interior of the hospital under -his charge. For two months Mr. Girard spent from six to eight hours -daily in the hospital, and the rest of the time helped to remove the -sick and the dead from the infected districts round about. He wrote to a -friend in Baltimore: "The deplorable situations to which fright and -sickness have reduced the inhabitants of our city demand succor from -those who do not fear death, or who at least do not see any risk in the -epidemic which now prevails here. This will occupy me for some time; and -if I have the misfortune to succumb, I will have at least the -satisfaction to have performed a duty which we all owe to each other." - -Mr. Ingram quotes from the _United States Gazette_ of Jan. 13, 1832, the -account of Girard at this time, witnessed by a merchant who was hurrying -by with a camphor-saturated handkerchief pressed to his mouth: "A -carriage, rapidly driven by a black servant, broke the silence of the -deserted and grass-grown street. It stopped before a frame house in -Farmer's Row, the very hotbed of the pestilence; and the driver, first -having bound a handkerchief over his mouth, opened the door of the -carriage, and quickly remounted to the box. A short, thick-set man -stepped from the coach, and entered the house. - -"In a minute or two the observer, who stood at a safe distance watching -the proceedings, heard a shuffling noise in the entry, and soon saw the -visitor emerge, supporting, with extreme difficulty, a tall, gaunt, -yellow-visaged victim of the pestilence. His arm was around the waist of -the sick man, whose yellow face rested against his own, his long, damp, -tangled hair mingling with his benefactor's, his feet dragging helpless -upon the pavement. Thus, partly dragging, partly lifted, he was drawn to -the carriage door, the driver averting his face from the spectacle, far -from offering to assist. After a long and severe exertion, the well man -succeeded in getting the fever-stricken patient into the vehicle, and -then entering it himself, the door was closed, and the carriage drove -away to the hospital, the merchant having recognized in the man who thus -risked his life for another, the foreigner, Stephen Girard." - -Twice after this, in 1797 and 1798, when the yellow fever again appeared -in Philadelphia, Mr. Girard gave his time and money to the sick and the -poor. - -In January, 1799, he wrote to a friend in France: "During all this -frightful time I have constantly remained in the city, and without -neglecting my public duties, I have played a part which will make you -smile. Would you believe it, my friend, that I have visited as many as -fifteen sick people in one day, and what will surprise you still more, -I have lost only one patient, an Irishman, who would drink a little." - -Busy, as a mariner, merchant, and helper of the sick and the poor, Mr. -Girard found time to aid the Republic, to which he had become ardently -attached. Besides serving for several terms in the City Council, and as -Warden of the Port for twenty-two years, during the war of 1812 he -rendered valuable financial aid. In 1810 Mr. Girard, having about one -million dollars in the hands of Baring Bros. & Co., London, ordered the -whole of it to be used in buying stock and shares of the Bank of the -United States. When the charter of the bank expired in 1811, Mr. Girard -purchased the whole outfit, and opened "The Bank of Stephen Girard," -with a capital of one million two hundred thousand dollars. About this -time, 1811, an attempt was made by two men to kidnap Mr. Girard by -enticing him into a house to buy goods, then seize him, and carry him to -a small ship in the Delaware, where he would be confined till he had -paid the money which they demanded. The plot was discovered. After the -men were arrested, and in prison for several months, one was declared -insane, and the other was acquitted on the ground of comparative -ignorance of the plot. - -Everybody believed in Mr. Girard's honesty, and in the safety of his -bank. He made temporary loans to the Government, never refusing his aid. -When near the close of the war the Government endeavored to float a loan -of five million dollars, the bonds to bear interest at seven per cent -per annum, and a bonus offered to capitalists, there was so much -indifference or fear of future payment, or opposition to the war with -Great Britain, that only $20,000 were subscribed for. Mr. Girard -determined to stake his whole fortune to save the credit of his adopted -country. He put his name opposite the whole of the loan still -unsubscribed for. - -The effect was magical. People at once had faith in the Government, -professed themselves true patriots, and persisted in taking shares from -Mr. Girard, which he gave them on the original terms. "The sinews of war -were thus furnished," says Mr. Arey, "public confidence was restored, -and a series of brilliant victories resulted in a peace, to which he -thus referred in a letter written in 1815 to his friend Morton of -Bordeaux: 'The peace which has taken place between this country and -England will consolidate forever our independence, and insure our -tranquillity.'" - -Soon after the close of the war, on Sept. 13, 1815, word was sent to Mr. -Girard that his wife, still insane, was dying. Years before, when he -found that she was incurable, he had sought a divorce, which those who -admire him most must wish that he had never attempted; and the bill -failed. He was now sixty-five, and growing old. His life had been too -long in the shadow ever to be very full of light. - -He asked to be sent for when all was over. Toward sunset, when Mary -Girard was in her plain coffin, word was sent to him. He came with his -household, and followed her to her resting-place, in the lawn at the -north front of the hospital. "I shall never forget the last and closing -scene," writes Professor William Wagner. "We all stood about the coffin, -when Mr. Girard, filled with emotion, stepped forward, kissed his wife's -corpse, and his tears moistened her cheek." - -She was buried in silence, after the manner of the Friends, who manage -the hospital. After the coffin was lowered, Mr. Girard looked in, and -saying to Mr. Samuel Coates, "It is very well," returned to his home. - -Mary Girard's grave, and that of another who died in 1807, giving the -hospital five thousand dollars on condition that he be buried there, are -now covered by the Clinic Building, erected in 1868. The bodies were not -disturbed, as there is no cellar under the structure. As a reward for -the care of his wife, soon after the burial Mr. Girard gave the hospital -about three thousand dollars, and small sums of money to the attendants -and nurses. It was his intention to be buried beside his wife, but this -plan was changed later. - -The next year, 1816, President Madison having chartered the second Bank -of the United States, there were so few subscribers that it was evident -that the scheme would fail. At the last moment Mr. Girard placed his -name against the stock not subscribed for,--three million one hundred -thousand dollars. Again confidence was restored to a hesitating and -timid public. Some years later, in 1829, when the State of Pennsylvania -was in pressing need for money to carry on its daily functions, the -governor asked Mr. Girard to loan the State one hundred thousand -dollars, which was cheerfully done. - -As it was known that Mr. Girard had amassed great wealth, and had no -children, he was constantly besought to give, from all parts of the -country. Letters came from France, begging that his native land be -remembered through some grand institution of benevolence. - -Ambitious though Mr. Girard was, and conscious of the power of money, -he had without doubt been saving and accumulating for other reasons than -love of gain. His will, made Feb. 16, 1830, by his legal adviser, Mr. -William J. Duane, after months of conference, showed that Mr. Girard had -been thinking for years about the disposition of his millions. When -persons seemed inquisitive during his life, he would say, "My deeds must -be my life. When I am dead, my actions must speak for me." - -To the last Mr. Girard was devoted to business. "When death comes for -me," he said, "he will find me busy, unless I am asleep in bed. If I -thought I was going to die to-morrow, I should plant a tree, -nevertheless, to-day." - -His only recreation from business was going daily to his farm of nearly -six hundred acres, in Passyunk Township, where he set out choice plants -and fruit-trees, and raised the best produce for the Philadelphia -market. His yellow-bodied gig and stout horse were familiar objects to -the townspeople, though he always preferred walking to riding. - -His home in later years, a four-story brick house, was somewhat -handsomely furnished, with ebony chairs and seats of crimson plush from -France, a present from his brother Étienne; a tall writing-cabinet, -containing an organ given him by Joseph Bonaparte, the brother of -Napoleon, and the ex-king of Spain and Naples, who usually dined with -Mr. Girard on Sunday; a Turkey carpet, and marble statuary purchased in -Leghorn by his brother Jean. The home was made cheerful by his young -relatives. He had in his family the three daughters of Jean, and two -sons of Étienne, whom he educated. - -He loved animals, always keeping a large watch-dog at his home and on -each of his ships, saying that his property was thus much more -efficiently protected than through the services of those to whom he paid -wages. He was very fond of children, horses, dogs, and canary-birds. In -his private office several canaries swung in brass cages; and these he -taught to sing with a bird organ, which he imported from France for that -purpose. - -When Mr. Girard was seventy-six years of age a violent attack of -erysipelas in the head and legs led him to confine himself thereafter to -a vegetable diet as long as he lived. The sight of his one eye finally -grew so dim that he was scarcely able to find his way about the streets, -and he was often seen to grope about the vestibule of his bank to find -the door. On Feb. 12, 1820, as he was crossing the road at Second and -Market Streets, he was struck and badly injured by a wagon, the wheel of -which passed over his head and cut his face. He managed to regain his -feet and reach his home. While the doctors were dressing the wound and -cleansing it of the sand, he said, "Go on, Doctor, I am an old sailor; I -can bear a good deal." - -After some months he was able to return to his bank; but in December, -1831, nearly two years after the accident, an attack of influenza, then -prevailing, followed by pneumonia, caused his death. He lay in a stupor -for some days, but finally rallied, and walked across the room. The -effort was too great, and putting his hand against his forehead, he -exclaimed, "How violent is this disorder! How very extraordinary it is!" -and soon died, without speaking again, at five o'clock in the afternoon -of Dec. 26, 1831, nearly eighty-two years old. - -He was given a public funeral by the city which he had so many times -befriended. A great concourse of people gathered to watch the procession -or to join it, all houses being closed along the route, the city -officials walking beside the coffin carried in an open hearse. So large -a funeral had never been known in Philadelphia, said the press. The body -was taken to the Holy Trinity Roman Catholic Church, and placed in the -vault of Baron Henry Dominick Lallemand, General of Artillery under -Napoleon I., who had married the youngest daughter of Girard's brother -Jean. Mr. Girard was born in the Romish Church, and never severed his -connection, although he attended a church but rarely. He liked the -Friends, and modelled his life after their virtues; but he said it was -better for a man to die in the faith in which he was born. He gave -generously to all religious denominations and to the poor. - -When Mr. Girard's will was read, it was apparent for what purpose he had -saved his money. He gave away about $7,500,000, a remarkable record for -a youth who left home at fourteen, and rose from a cabin-boy to be one -of the wealthiest men of his time. - -The first gift in the will, and the largest to any existing corporation, -was $30,000 to the Pennsylvania hospital where Mary Girard died and was -buried, the income to be used in providing nurses. To the Institution -for the Deaf and Dumb, Mr. Girard left $20,000; to the Philadelphia -Orphan Asylum, $10,000; public schools, $10,000; to purchase fuel -forever, in March and August, for distribution in January among poor -white housekeepers of good character, the income from $10,000; to the -Society for poor masters of ships and their families, $10,000; to the -poor among the Masonic fraternity of Pennsylvania, $20,000; to build a -schoolhouse at Passyunk, where he had his farm, $6,000; to his brother -Étienne, and to each of the six children of this brother, $5,000; to -each of his nieces from $10,000 to $60,000; to each captain of his -vessels $1,500, and to each of his housekeepers an annuity or yearly sum -of $500, besides various amounts to servants; to the city of -Philadelphia, to improve her Delaware River front, to pull down and -remove wooden buildings within the city limits, and to widen and pave -Water Street, the income of $500,000; to the Commonwealth of -Pennsylvania, for internal improvements by canal navigation, $300,000; -to the cities of New Orleans and Philadelphia, "to promote the health -and general prosperity of the inhabitants," 280,000 acres of land in the -State of Louisiana. - -The city of Philadelphia has been fortunate in her gifts. The Elias -Boudinot Fund, for supplying the poor of the city with fuel, furnished -over three hundred tons of coal last year; "and this amount will -increase annually, by reason of the larger income derived from the -12,000 acres of land situated in Centre County, the property of this -trust." The investments and cash balance on Dec. 31, 1893, amounted to -$40,600. - -Benjamin Franklin, at his death, April 17, 1790, gave to each of the two -cities, Philadelphia and Boston, in trust, Ł1,000 ($5,000), to be loaned -to young married mechanics under twenty-five years of age, to help them -start in business, in sums not to exceed Ł60, nor to be less than Ł15, -at five per cent interest, the money to be paid back by them in ten -annual payments of ten per cent each. Two respectable citizens were to -become surety for the payment of the money. This Franklin did because -two men helped him when young to begin business in Philadelphia by a -loan, and thus, he said, laid the foundation of his fortune. A bequest -somewhat similar was founded in London more than twenty years -previously, in 1766,--the Wilson's Loan Fund, "to lend sums of Ł100 to -Ł300 to young tradesmen of the city of London, etc., at two per cent per -annum." - -Dr. Franklin estimated that his $5,000 at interest for one hundred years -would increase to over $600,000 (Ł131,000); and then the managers of the -fund were to lay out $500,000 (Ł100,000) says the will, "in public -works, which may be judged of most general utility to the inhabitants, -such as fortifications, bridges, aqueducts, public buildings, baths, -pavements, or whatever may make living in the town more convenient to -its people, and render it more agreeable to strangers resorting hither -for health or a temporary residence." In Philadelphia Dr. Franklin hoped -the Ł100,000 would be used in bringing by pipes the water of the -Wissahickon Creek to take the place of well water, and in making the -Schuylkill completely navigable. If these things had been done by the -end of the hundred years, the money could be used for other public -works. - -The remaining Ł31,000 was to be put at interest for another hundred -years, when it would amount to Ł4,600,000 or $23,000,000. Of this amount -Ł1,610,000 was to be given to Philadelphia, and the same to Boston, and -the balance, Ł3,000,000 or $15,000,000, paid to each State. The figures -are of especial interest, as showing how fast money will accumulate if -kept at interest. - -The descendants of Franklin have tried to break the will, but have not -succeeded. The Board of Directors of City Trusts of Philadelphia report -for the year ending Dec. 31, 1893, that the fund of $5,000 for the first -hundred years, though not equalling the sum which Franklin hoped, has -yet reached the large amount of $102,968.48. The Boston fund, says Mr. -Samuel F. McCleary, the treasurer, amounted, at the end of a hundred -years, to $431,395.70. Of this sum, $328,940 was paid to the city of -Boston, and $102,455.70 was put at interest for another hundred years. -This has already increased to $110,806.83. What an amount of good some -other man or woman might do with $5,000! - -It remains to be seen to what use the two cities will put their gifts. -Perhaps they will provide work for the unemployed in making good roads -or in some other useful labor, or instead of loaning money to mechanics, -as Franklin intended, perhaps they will erect tenement houses for -mechanics or other working people, as is done by some cities in England -and Scotland, following the example so nobly set by George Peabody, when -he gave his $3,000,000, which has now doubled, to build houses for the -London poor. He said, "If judiciously managed for two hundred years, its -accumulation will amount to a sum sufficient to buy the city of London." - -If Stephen Girard's $300,000 to the State of Pennsylvania had been given -for the making of good roads, thousands of the unemployed might have -been provided with labor, tens of thousands of poor horses saved from -useless over-work in hauling loads over muddy roads where the wheels -sink to the hubs, and the farmers saved thousands of dollars in carrying -their produce to cities. - -Stephen Girard had a larger gift in mind than those to his adopted city -and State. He said in his will, "I have been for a long time impressed -with the importance of educating the poor, and of placing them, by the -early cultivation of their minds, and the development of their moral -principles, above the many temptations to which, through poverty and -ignorance, they are exposed; and I am particularly desirous to provide -for such a number of poor male white orphan children, as can be trained -in one institution, a better education, as well as a more comfortable -maintenance, than they usually receive from the application of the -public funds." - -With this object in view, a college for orphan boys, Mr. Girard gave to -"the Mayor, Aldermen, and citizens of Philadelphia, all the residue and -remainder of my real and personal estate" in trust; first, to erect and -maintain a college for poor white male orphans; second, to establish "a -competent police;" and third, "to improve the general appearance of the -city itself, and, in effect, to diminish the burden of taxation, now -most oppressive, especially on those who are the least able to bear it," -"after providing for the college as my primary object." - -He left $2,000,000, allowing "as much of that sum as may be necessary in -erecting the college," which was "to be constructed with the most -durable materials, and in the most permanent manner, avoiding needless -ornament." He gave the most minute directions in his will for its size, -material, "marble or granite," and the training and education of the -inmates. - -This residue "and remainder of my real and personal estate" had grown in -1891 to more than $15,000,000, with an income yearly of about -$1,500,000. Truly Stephen Girard had saved and labored for a magnificent -and enduring monument! The Girard estate is one of the largest owners of -real estate in the city of Philadelphia. Outside of the city some of the -Girard land is valuable in coal production. In the year 1893, 1,542,652 -tons of anthracite coal were mined from the Girard land. More than -$4,500,000 received from its coal has been invested, that the college -may be doubly sure of its support when the coal-mines are exhausted. - -Girard College, of white marble, in the form of a Greek temple, was -begun in May, 1833, two years after Mr. Girard's death, and was fourteen -years and six months in building. A broad platform, reached by eleven -marble steps, supports the main building. Thirty-four Corinthian columns -form a colonnade about the structure, each column six feet in diameter -and fifty-five feet high, and each weighing one hundred and three tons, -and costing about $13,000 apiece. They are beautiful and substantial, -and yet $13,000 would support several orphans for a year or more. - -The floors and roof are of marble; and the three-story building weighs -over 76,000 tons, the average weight on each superficial foot of -foundation being, according to Mr. Arey, about six tons. Four auxiliary -white marble buildings were required by the will of Mr. Girard for -dormitories, schoolrooms, etc. The whole forty-five acres in which stand -the college buildings are surrounded, according to the given -instructions, by a wall ten feet high and sixteen inches thick, covered -with a heavy marble capping. - -The five buildings were completed Nov. 13, 1847, at a cost of nearly -$2,000,000 ($1,933,821.78); and on Jan. 1, 1848, Girard College was -opened with one hundred orphans. In the autumn one hundred more were -admitted, and on April 1, 1849, one hundred more. Those born in the city -of Philadelphia have the first preference, after them those born in the -State, those born in New York City where Mr. Girard first landed in -America, and then those born in New Orleans where he first traded. They -must enter between the ages of six and ten, be fatherless, although the -mother may be living, and must remain in the college till they are -between fourteen and eighteen, when they are bound out by the mayor till -they are twenty-one, to learn some suitable trade in the arts, -manufacture, or agriculture, their tastes being consulted as far as -possible. Each orphan has three suits of clothing, one for every day, -one better, and one usually reserved for Sundays. - -The first president of Girard College was Alexander Dallas Bache, a -great-grandson of Benjamin Franklin, and head of the Coast Survey of the -United States. He visited similar institutions in Europe, and purchased -the necessary books and apparatus for the school. - -While the college was building, the heirs, with the not unusual -disregard of the testator's desires, endeavored to break the will. Mr. -Girard had given the following specific direction in his will: "I enjoin -and require that no ecclesiastic, missionary, or minister of any sect -whatsoever shall ever hold or exercise any station or duty whatever in -the said college, nor shall any such person ever be admitted for any -purpose, or as a visitor, within the premises appropriated to the -purposes of the said college:--In making this restriction I do not mean -to cast any reflection upon any sect or person whatsoever; but as there -is such a multitude of sects, and such a diversity of opinion amongst -them, I desire to keep the tender minds of the orphans, who are to -derive advantage from this bequest, free from the excitement which -clashing doctrines and sectarian controversy are so apt to produce. My -desire is that all the instructors and teachers in the college shall -take pains to instil into the minds of the scholars the purest -principles of morality, so that on their entrance into active life they -may from inclination and habit evince benevolence toward their -fellow-creatures, and a love of truth, sobriety, and industry, adopting -at the same time such religious tenets as their matured reason may -enable them to prefer." The heirs of Mr. Girard claimed that by reason -of the above the college was "illegal and immoral, derogatory and -hostile to the Christian religion;" but it was the unanimous decision of -the Supreme Court that there was in the will "nothing inconsistent with -the Christian religion, or opposed to any known policy of the State." - -On Sept. 30, 1851, the body of Stephen Girard was removed from the Roman -Catholic Church, but not without a lawsuit by the heirs on account of -its removal, to the college, and placed in a sarcophagus in the -vestibule. The ceremony was entirely Masonic, the three hundred orphans -witnessing it from the steps of the college. Over fifteen hundred Masons -were in the procession, and each deposited his palm-branch upon the -coffin. In front of the sarcophagus is a statue of Mr. Girard, by -Gevelot of Paris, costing thirty thousand dollars. - -Girard College now has ten white marble auxiliary buildings for its -nearly or quite two thousand orphans. There are more applicants than -there is room to accommodate. Its handsome Gothic chapel is also of -white marble, erected in 1867. Here each day the pupils gather for -worship morning and evening, the exercises, non-sectarian in character, -consisting of a hymn, reading from the Bible, and prayer. On Sundays the -pupils assemble in their section rooms at nine in the morning and two in -the afternoon for religious reading and instruction; and at 10.30 and 3 -they attend worship in the chapel, addresses being given by the -president, A. H. Fetterolf, Ph.D. LL.D., or some invited layman. - -In 1883 the Technical Building was erected in the western part of the -grounds. Here instruction is given in metal and woodwork, mechanical -drawing, shoemaking, blacksmithing, carpentry, foundry, plumbing, -steam-fitting, and electrical mechanics. Here the pupils learn about the -dynamo, motor, lighting by electricity, telegraphy, and the like. About -six hundred boys in this department spend five hours a week in this -practical work. - -At the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago, in the exhibit made by -Girard College, one could see the admirable work of the students in a -single-span bridge, a four horse-power yacht steam-engine, a vertical -engine, etc. The whole exhibit was given at the close of the Exposition -to Armour Institute, to which the founder, Mr. Philip D. Armour, has -given $1,500,000. - -To the west of the main college building is the monument erected by the -Board of Directors to the memory of Girard College boys killed in the -Civil War. A life-size figure of a soldier stands beneath a canopy -supported by four columns of Ohio sandstone. The granite base is -overgrown with ivy. On one side are the names of the fallen; on the -other, these words, from Mr. Girard's will, "And especially do I desire -that, by every proper means, a pure attachment to our Republican -institutions, and to the sacred rights of conscience, as guaranteed by -our happy constitutions, shall be formed and fostered in the minds of -the scholars." - -On May 20, each year, the anniversary of Mr. Girard's birth, the -graduates of Girard College gather from all parts of the country to do -honor to the generous giver. Games are played, the cadets parade, and a -dinner is provided for scholars and guests. The pupils seem happy and -contented. Their playgrounds are large; and they have a bathing-pool for -swimming in summer, and skating in winter. They receive a good education -in mathematics, astronomy, geology, history, chemistry, physics, French, -Spanish, with some Latin and Greek, with a course in business, -shorthand, etc. Through all the years they have "character lessons," -which every school should have throughout our country,--familiar -conversations on honesty, the dignity of labor, perseverance, courage, -self-control, bad language, value and use of time, truthfulness, -temperance, good temper, the good citizen and his duties, kindness to -animals, patriotism, the study of the lives and deeds of noble men and -women, the Golden Rule of play,--"No fun unless it is fun on both -sides," and similar topics. Oral and written exercises form a part of -this work. There is also a department of military science, a two years' -course being given, with one recitation a week. A United States army -officer is one of the college faculty, and commandant of the battalion. - -The annual cost of clothing and educating each of the two thousand -orphans, including current repairs on the buildings, is a little more -than three hundred dollars. On leaving college, each boy receives a -trunk with clothing and books, amounting to about seventy-five dollars. - -Probably Mr. Girard, with all his far-sightedness, could not have -foreseen the great good to the nation, as well as to the individual, in -thus fitting, year after year, thousands of poor orphans for useful -positions in life. Mr. Arey well says: "When in the fulness of time many -homes have been made happy, many orphans have been fed, clothed, and -educated, and many men rendered useful to their country and themselves, -each happy home, or rescued child, or useful citizen, will be a living -monument to perpetuate the name and embalm the memory of the dead -'Mariner and Merchant.'" - - - - -ANDREW CARNEGIE - -AND HIS LIBRARIES. - - -"This, then, is held to be the duty of the man of wealth: First, to set -an example of modest, unostentatious living, shunning display or -extravagance; to provide moderately for the legitimate wants of those -dependent upon him; and after doing so, to consider all surplus revenues -which come to him simply as trust funds, which he is called upon to -administer, and strictly bound as a matter of duty to administer in the -manner which, in his judgment, is best calculated to produce the most -beneficial results for the community,--the man of wealth thus becoming -the mere trustee and agent for his poorer brethren." - -Thus wrote Andrew Carnegie in his "Gospel of Wealth," published in the -_North American Review_ for June, 1889. This article so interested Mr. -Gladstone that he asked the editor of the _Review_ to permit its -republication in England, which was done. When the world follows this -"Gospel," and those who have means consider themselves "trustees for -their poorer brethren," and their money as "trust funds," we shall see -little of the heartbreak and the poverty of the present age. - -[Illustration: Always your friend, Andrew Carnegie] - - - "Ring in the valiant man and free, - The larger heart, the kindlier hand; - Ring out the darkness of the land, - Ring in the Christ that is to be." - - -Andrew Carnegie was born at Dunfermline, Scotland, Nov. 25, 1835, into a -poor but honest home. His father, William Carnegie, was a weaver, a man -of good sense, strongly republican, though living under a monarchy, and -well-read upon the questions of the day. The mother was a woman of -superior mind and character, to whom Andrew was unusually devoted, till -her death in 1886, when he had reached middle life. - -When Andrew was twelve years of age and his brother Thomas five, the -parents decided to make their home in the New World, coming to New York -in a sailing-vessel in 1847. They travelled to Pittsburg, Penn., and -lived for some time in Allegheny City. - -Andrew had been sent to school in Dunfermline, and, having a fondness -for books, was a bright, ambitious boy at twelve, ready to begin the -struggle for a living so as to make the family burdens lighter. Work was -not easily found; but finally he obtained employment as a bobbin-boy in -a cotton factory, at $1.20 a week. - -Mr. Carnegie, when grown to manhood, wrote in the _Youth's Companion_, -April 23, 1896:-- - -"I cannot tell you how proud I was when I received my first week's own -earnings. One dollar and twenty cents made by myself, and given to me -because I had been of some use in the world! No longer entirely -dependent upon my parents, but at last admitted to the family -partnership as a contributing member, and able to help them! I think -this makes a man out of a boy sooner than almost anything else, and a -real man too, if there be any germ of true manhood in him. It is -everything to feel that you are useful. - -"I have had to deal with great sums. Many millions of dollars have since -passed through my hands. But the genuine satisfaction I had from that -one dollar and twenty cents outweighs any subsequent pleasure in -money-getting. It was the direct reward of honest manual labor; it -represented a week of very hard work, so hard that but for the aim and -end which sanctified it, slavery might not be much too strong a term to -describe it. - -"For a lad of twelve to rise and breakfast every morning, except the -blessed Sunday morning, and go into the streets and find his way to the -factory, and begin work while it was still dark outside, and not be -released until after darkness came again in the evening, forty minutes' -interval only being allowed at noon, was a terrible task. - -"But I was young, and had my dreams; and something within always told me -that this would not, could not, should not last--I should some day get -into a better position. Besides this, I felt myself no longer a mere -boy, but quite 'a little man;' and this made me happy." - -Another place soon opened for the lad, where he was set to fire a boiler -in a cellar, and to manage the small steam-engine which drove the -machinery in a bobbin factory. "The firing of this boiler was all -right," says Mr. Carnegie; "for fortunately we did not use coal, but the -refuse wooden chips, and I always liked to work in wood. But the -responsibility of keeping the water right and of running the engine, -and the danger of my making a mistake and blowing the whole factory to -pieces, caused too great a strain, and I often awoke and found myself -sitting up in bed through the night trying the steam-gauges. But I never -told them at home that I was having a 'hard tussle.' No! no! everything -must be bright to them. - -"This was a point of honor; for every member of the family was working -hard except, of course, my little brother, who was then a child, and we -were telling each other only all the bright things. Besides this, no man -would whine and give up--he would die first. - -"There was no servant in our family, and several dollars per week were -earned by 'the mother' by binding shoes after her daily work was done! -Father was also hard at work in the factory. And could I complain?" - -Wages were small, and in every leisure moment Andrew looked for -something better to do. He went one day to the office of the Atlantic -and Ohio Telegraph Company, and asked for work as a messenger. James -Douglas Reid, the manager, was a Scotchman, and liked the lad's manner. -"I liked the boy's looks," said Mr. Reid afterwards; "and it was easy to -see that though he was little he was full of spirit. His pay was $2.50 a -week. He had not been with me a full month when he began to ask whether -I would teach him to telegraph. I began to instruct him, and found him -an apt pupil. He spent all his spare time in practice, sending and -receiving by sound, and not by tape as was largely the custom in those -days. Pretty soon he could do as well as I could at the key, and then -his ambition carried him away beyond doing the drudgery of messenger -work." - -The boy liked his new occupation. He once wrote: "My entrance into the -telegraph office was the transition from darkness to light; from firing -a small engine in a dirty cellar to a clean office where there were -books and papers. That was a paradise to me, and I bless my stars that -sent me to be a messenger-boy in a Pittsburg telegraph office." - -When Andrew was fourteen his father died, leaving him the only support -of his mother and brother, seven years old. He believed in work, and -never shirked any duty, however hard. - -He soon found employment as telegraph operator with the Pennsylvania -Railroad Company. At fifteen he was train-despatcher, a place of unusual -responsibility for a boy; but his energy, carefulness, and industry were -equal to the demands on him. - -When he was sixteen Andrew had thought out a plan by which trains could -be run on single tracks, and the telegraph be used to govern their -running. "His scheme was the one now in universal use on the -single-tracked roads in the country; namely, to run trains in opposite -directions until they approached within comparatively a few miles, and -then hold one at a station until the other had passed." This thought -about the telegraph brought Andrew into notice among those above him; -and he was transferred to Altoona, the headquarters of the general -manager. - -Young Carnegie had done what he recommends others to do in his "How to -win Fortune," in the New York _Tribune_, April 13, 1890. He says, -"George Eliot put the matter very pithily: 'I'll tell you how I got on. -I kept my ears and my eyes open, and I made my master's interest my -own.' - -"The condition precedent for promotion is that the man must first -attract notice. He must do something unusual, and especially must this -be beyond the strict boundary of his duties. He must suggest, or save, -or perform some service for his employer which he could not be censured -for not having done. When he has thus attracted the notice of his -immediate superior, whether that be only the foreman of a gang, it -matters not; the first great step has been taken, for upon his immediate -superior promotion depends. How high he climbs is his own affair." - -Carnegie "kept his eyes and ears open." In his "Triumphant Democracy" he -relates the following incident: "Well do I remember that, when a clerk -in the service of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, a tall, spare, -farmer-looking kind of man came to me once when I was sitting on the end -seat of the rear car looking over the line. He said he had been told by -the conductor that I was connected with the railway company, and he -wished me to look at an invention he had made. With that he drew from a -green bag (as if it were for lawyers' briefs) a small model of a -sleeping-berth for railway cars. He had not spoken a minute before, like -a flash, the whole range of the discovery burst upon me. 'Yes,' I said, -'that is something which this continent must have.' I promised to -address him upon the subject as soon as I had talked over the matter -with my superior, Thomas A. Scott. - -"I could not get that blessed sleeping-car out of my head. Upon my -return I laid it before Mr. Scott, declaring that it was one of the -inventions of the age. He remarked, 'You are enthusiastic, young man; -but you may ask the inventor to come and let me see it.' I did so; and -arrangements were made to build two trial cars, and run them on the -Pennsylvania Railroad. I was offered an interest in the venture, which, -of course, I gladly accepted. Payments were to be made ten per cent per -month after the cars were delivered, the Pennsylvania Railroad Company -guaranteeing to the builders that the cars should be kept upon its line -and under its control. - -"This was all very satisfactory until the notice came that my share of -the first payment was $217.50. How well I remember the exact sum; but -two hundred and seventeen dollars and a half were as far beyond my means -as if it had been millions. I was earning fifty dollars per month, -however, and had prospects, or at least I always felt that I had. What -was to be done? I decided to call on the local banker, Mr. Lloyd, state -the case, and boldly ask him to advance the sum upon my interest in the -affair. He put his hand on my shoulder, and said, 'Why, of course, -Andie, you are all right. Go ahead. Here is the money.' - -"It is a proud day for a man when he pays his last note, but not to be -named in comparison with the day in which he makes his first one, and -_gets a banker to take it_. I have tried both, and I know. The cars paid -the subsequent payments from their earnings. I paid my first note from -my savings, so much per month; and thus did I get my foot on fortune's -ladder. It is easy to climb after that. A triumphant success was -scored. And thus came sleeping-cars into the world. 'Blessed be the man -who invented sleep,' says Sancho Panza. Thousands upon thousands will -echo the sentiment, 'Blessed be the man who invented sleeping-cars.' Let -me record his name, and testify my gratitude to him, my dear, quiet, -modest, truthful, farmer-looking friend, T. T. Woodruff, one of the -benefactors of the age." - -Mr. Pullman later engaged in sleeping-car building, and Carnegie advised -his firm "to capture Mr. Pullman." "There was a capture," says Mr. -Carnegie, "but it did not quite take that form. They found themselves -swallowed by this ogre, and Pullman monopolized everything." - -While a very young man, Carnegie was appointed superintendent of the -Western Division of the Pennsylvania Railroad. As superintendent he -became the friend of Colonel Scott; and, together with some others, they -bought several farms along the line of the road, which proved very -valuable oil-lands. Mr. Carnegie says of the Storey Farm, Oil Creek, "We -purchased the farm for $40,000; and so small was our faith in the -ability of the earth to yield for any considerable time the hundred -barrels per day which the property was then producing, that we decided -to make a pond capable of holding one hundred thousand barrels of oil, -which we estimated would be worth, when the supply ceased, $1,000,000. -Unfortunately for us the pond leaked fearfully, evaporation also caused -much loss; but we continued to run oil in to make the losses good day -after day, until several hundred thousand barrels had gone in this -fashion. - -"Our experience with the farm may be worth reciting. Its value rose to -$5,000,000; that is, the shares of the company sold in the market upon -this basis; and one year it paid in cash dividends $1,000,000--rather a -good return upon an investment of $40,000. So great was the yield in the -district that in two years oil became almost valueless, often selling as -low as thirty cents per barrel, and not infrequently it was suffered to -run to waste as utterly worthless. - -"But as new uses were found for the oil, prices rose again; and to -remove the difficulty of high freights, pipes were laid, first for short -distances, and then to the seaboard, a distance of about three hundred -miles. Through these pipes, of which six thousand two hundred miles have -been laid, the oil is now pumped from two thousand one hundred wells. It -costs only ten cents to pump a barrel of oil to the Atlantic. The value -of petroleum and its products _exported_ up to January, 1884, exceeds in -value $625,000,000." - -Within ten years from the time when Mr. Carnegie and his friends bought -the oil-farms, their investment had returned them four hundred and one -per cent, and the young Scotchman could count himself a rich man. Before -this, however, he had entered the iron and steel industry, in which his -great wealth has been made. With a little money which he had saved, he -borrowed $1,250 from a bank, and, with five other persons, established -the Keystone Bridge Works of Pittsburg, with the small capital of -$6,000. This was a success from the first, and in latter years has had a -capital of $1,000,000. It has built bridges all over the country, and -structural frames for many public buildings in New York, Chicago, and -other cities. From this time forward Mr. Carnegie's career has been a -most successful one. He has become chief owner in the Union Iron Works, -the Edgar Thomson Steel Works, the Homestead Steel Works, formerly a -rival company, the Duquesne Works of the Allegheny Bessemer Steel -Company, and several other iron and coke companies. The capital of these -companies is about $30,000,000, and about twenty-five thousand men are -employed. - -"In 1890 Carnegie Bros. & Co., Limited," says the _Engineering and -Mining Journal_ for July 4, 1891, "had a capacity to produce 600,000 -tons of steel rails per annum, or over twenty-five per cent of the total -capacity of all the rolling-mills of the United States, while its -products of steel girders, plates, nails, and other forms of -manufactured iron and steel are greater than at any other works in this -country, and exceed the amount turned out at the famous Krupp Works in -Germany." The company has supplied the United States Government with a -large amount of armor plates for our new ships, and also filled a large -order for the Russian Government. - -The Edgar Thomson Steel Works have an annual capacity of 1,000,000 gross -tons of ingots, 600,000 gross tons of rails and billets, and 50,000 -gross tons of castings. The Duquesne Furnaces have a yearly capacity of -700,000 gross tons of pig-iron; the Lucy Furnaces, 200,000 gross tons -yearly; the Duquesne Steel Works, an annual capacity of 450,000 gross -tons of ingots. The Homestead Steel Works have an annual capacity of -375,000 gross tons of Bessemer steel and ingots, and 400,000 gross tons -of open-hearth steel ingots. The Upper Union Mills have an annual output -of 140,000 gross tons of steel bars and steel universal mill-plates, -etc.; the Lower Union Mills, an annual capacity of 65,000 gross tons of -mill-plates, bridge-work, car-forgings, etc. - -The industrious, ambitious boy was not satisfied merely to amass wealth. -He had always been a great reader and thinker. In 1883 Charles -Scribner's Sons published a book by this successful telegraph operator -and iron manufacturer, "An American Four-in-Hand in Britain." The trip -was suggested by Mr. Black's novel, "The Strange Adventures of a -Phaeton," and extended from Brighton to Inverness, a distance of eight -hundred and thirty-one miles. - -Mr. Carnegie and his party of chosen friends made the journey by coach -in seven weeks, from July 17 to Aug. 3, 1881, and had a most enjoyable -as well as instructive trip. _The Critic_ gives Mr. Carnegie -well-merited praise, saying that "he has produced a book of travel as -fresh as though he had been exploring Thibet or navigating the River of -Golden Sand." The book is dedicated to "My favorite heroine, my mother," -who was the queen dowager of the volume, and whose happiness during the -journey seemed to be the chief concern of her devoted son. - -This book had so cordial a reception that the following year, 1884, -another volume was published, "Round the World," covering a trip made in -1878-1879; Mr. Carnegie having sailed from San Francisco to Japan, and -thence through the lands of the East. As he starts, his mother puts in -his hand Shakespeare in thirteen small volumes; and these are his -company and delight in the long ocean voyage. Through China, India, and -other countries, he observes closely, learns much, and tells it in a -way that is always interesting. "Life at the East," he says, "lacks two -of its most important elements,--the want of intelligent and refined -women as the companion of man, and a Sunday. It has been a strange -experience to me to be for several months without the society of some of -this class of women,--sometimes many weeks without even speaking to one, -and often a whole week without even seeing the face of an educated -woman. And, bachelor as I am, let me confess what a miserable, dark, -dreary, and insipid life this would be without their constant -companionship." - -Ten years later, in 1886, Mr. Carnegie published a book that had a very -wide reading, and at once placed the author prominently before the New -World and the Old World as well, "Triumphant Democracy, or Fifty Years' -March of the Republic." - -The book showed extensive research, a deep love for his adopted country, -America, a warm heart, and an able mind. He wrote: "To the beloved -Republic, under whose equal laws I am made the peer of any man, although -denied political equality by my native land, I dedicate this book, with -an intensity of gratitude and admiration which the native-born citizen -can neither feel nor understand." - -No one can read this book without being amazed at the power and -possibilities of the Republic, and without a deeper love for, and pride -in the greatness and true worth of, his country. The style is bright and -attractive, and the facts stated remarkable. Americans must always be -debtors to the Scotchman who has shown them how to prize their native -land. - -Mr. Carnegie wrote the book "as a labor of love," to show the people of -the Old World the advantages of a republic over a monarchical form of -government, and to Americans, "a juster estimate than prevails in some -quarters of the political and social advantages which they so abundantly -possess over the people of the older and less advanced lands, that they -may be still prouder and even more devoted, if possible, to their -institutions than they are." - -Mr. Carnegie shows by undisputed facts that America, so recently a -colony of Great Britain, has now become "the wealthiest nation in the -world," "the greatest agricultural nation," "the greatest manufacturing -nation," "the greatest mining nation in the world." "In the ten years -from 1870 to 1880," says Mr. Carnegie, "eleven and a half millions were -added to the population of America. Yet these only added three persons -to each square mile of territory; and should America continue to double -her population every thirty years, instead of every twenty-five years as -hitherto, seventy years must elapse before she will attain the density -of Europe. The population will then reach two hundred and ninety -millions." - -Mr. Carnegie has said in his "Imperial Federation," published in the -_Nineteenth Century_, September, 1891, "Even if the United States -increase is to be much less rapid than it has been hitherto, yet the -child is born who will see more than 400,000,000 under her sway. No -possible increase of the race can be looked for in all the world -combined comparable to this. Green truly says that its 'future home is -to be found along the banks of the Hudson and the Mississippi.'" - -It will surprise many to know that "the whole United Kingdom (England, -Scotland, and Ireland) could be planted in Texas, and leave plenty of -room around it." - -"The farms of America equal the entire territory of the United Kingdom, -France, Belgium, Germany, Austria, Hungary, and Portugal. The -corn-fields equal the extent of England, Scotland, and Belgium; while -the grain-fields generally would overlap Spain. The cotton-fields cover -an area larger than Holland, and twice as large as Belgium." - -The growth of manufactures in America is amazing. In thirty years, from -1850 to 1880, Mr. Carnegie says there was an increase of nearly six -hundred per cent, while the increase in British manufactures was little -more than a hundred per cent. The total in America in 1880 was -$5,560,000,000; in the United Kingdom, $4,055,000,000. - -"Probably the most rapid development of an industry that the world has -ever seen," says Mr. Carnegie, "is that of Bessemer steel in America." -In 1870 America made 40,000 tons of Bessemer; in 1885, fifteen years -later, she made 1,373,513 tons, which was 74,000 tons more than Great -Britain made. "This is advancing not by leaps and bounds, it is one -grand rush--a rush without pause, which has made America the greatest -manufacturer of Bessemer steel in the world.... One is startled to find -that more yards of carpet are manufactured in and around the city of -Philadelphia alone than in the whole of Great Britain. It is not twenty -years since the American imported his carpets, and now he makes more at -one point than the greatest European manufacturing nation does in all -its territory." - -Of the manufacture of boots and shoes by machinery, Mr. Carnegie says, -"A man can make three hundred pairs of boots in a day, and a single -factory in Massachusetts turns out as many pairs yearly as thirty-two -thousand bootmakers in Paris.... Twenty-five years ago the American -conceived the idea of making watches by machinery upon a gigantic scale. -The principal establishment made only five watches per day as late as -1854. Now thirteen hundred per day is the daily task, and six thousand -watches per month are sent to the London agency." - -The progress in mining has been equally remarkable. "To the world's -stock of gold," says Mr. Carnegie, "America has contributed, according -to Mulhall, more than fifty per cent. In 1880 he estimated the amount of -gold in the world at 10,355 tons, worth $7,240,000,000. Of this the New -World contributed 5,302 tons, or more than half. One of the most -remarkable veins of metal known is the Comstock Lode in Nevada.... In -fourteen years this single vein yielded $180,000,000. In one year, 1876, -the product of the lode was $18,000,000 in gold, and $20,500,000 in -silver,--a total of $38,500,000. Here, again, is something which the -world never saw before. - -"America also leads the world in copper, the United States and Chili -contributing nearly one-half the world's supply.... On the south shore -of Lake Superior this metal is found almost pure, in masses of all -sizes, up to many tons in weight. It was used by the native Indians, and -traces of their rude mining operations are still visible." - -Mr. Carnegie says the anthracite coal-fields of Pennsylvania will -produce 30,000,000 tons per year for four hundred and thirty-nine years; -and he thinks by that time "men will probably be burning the hydrogen of -water, or be fully utilizing the solar rays or the tidal energy." The -coal area of the United States comprises 300,000 square miles; and Mr. -Carnegie "is almost ashamed to confess it, she has three-quarters of all -the coal area of the earth." - -While Mr. Carnegie admires and loves the Republic, he is devoted to the -mother country, and is a most earnest advocate of peace between us. He -writes: "Of all the desirable political changes which it seems to me -possible for this generation to effect, I consider it by far the most -important for the welfare of the race, that every civilized nation -should be pledged, as the Republic is, to offer peaceful arbitration to -its opponent before the senseless, inhuman work of human slaughter -begins." - -In his "Imperial Federation" he writes: "War between members of our race -may be said to be already banished; for English-speaking men will never -again be called upon to destroy each other.... Both parties in America, -and each successive government, are pledged to offer peaceful -arbitration for the adjustment of all international difficulties,--a -position which it is to be hoped will soon be reached by Britain, at -least in regard to all the differences with members of the same race. - -"Is it too much to hope that, after this stage has been reached, and -occupied successfully for a period, another step forward will be taken, -and that, having jointly banished war between themselves, a general -council should be evolved by the English-speaking nations, to which may -at first only be referred all questions of dispute between them?... - -"The Supreme Court of the United States is extolled by the statesmen of -all parties in Britain, and has just received the compliment of being -copied in the plan for the Australian Commonwealth. Building upon it, -may we not expect that a still higher Supreme Court is one day to come, -which shall judge between the nations of the entire English-speaking -race, as the Supreme Court at Washington already judges between States -which contain the majority of the race?" - -Mr. Carnegie believes that the powers of the council would increase till -the commanding position of the English-speaking race would make other -races listen to its demands for peace, and so war be forever done away -with. Mr. Carnegie rightly calls war "international murder," and, like -Tennyson, looks forward to that blessed time when-- - - - "All men's good - Be each man's rule, and universal Peace - Lie like a shaft of light across the land, - And like a lane of beams athwart the sea." - - -Mr. Carnegie has also written, in the _North American Review_ for June, -1891, "The A. B. C. of Money," urging the Republic to keep "its standard -in the future, as in the past, not fluctuating silver, but unchanging -gold." - -In his articles in the newspapers, and in his public addresses, he has -given good advice to young men, in whom he takes the deepest interest. -He believes there never were so many opportunities to succeed as now for -the sober, frugal, energetic young man. "Real ability, the capacity for -doing things, never was so eagerly searched for as now, and never -commanded such rewards.... The great dry-goods houses that interest -their most capable men in the profits of each department succeed, when -those fail that endeavor to work with salaried men only. Even in the -management of our great hotels it is found wise to take into partnership -the principal men. In every branch of business this law is at work; and -concerns are prosperous, generally speaking, just in proportion as they -succeed in interesting in the profits a larger and larger proportion of -their ablest workers. Co-operation in this form is fast coming in all -great establishments." To young men he says, "Never enter a barroom.... -It is low and common to enter a barroom, unworthy of any self-respecting -man, and sure to fasten upon you a taint which will operate to your -disadvantage in life, whether you ever become a drunkard or not." - -"Don't smoke.... The use of tobacco requires young men to withdraw -themselves from the society of women to indulge the habit. I think the -absence of women from any assembly tends to lower the tone of that -assembly. The habit of smoking tends to carry young men into the society -of men whom it is not desirable that they should choose as their -intimate associates. The practice of chewing tobacco was once common. -Now it is considered offensive. I believe the race is soon to take -another step forward, and that the coming man is to consider smoking as -offensive as chewing was formerly considered." - -"Never speculate. Never buy or sell grain or stocks upon a margin.... -The man who gambles upon the exchanges is in the condition of the man -who gambles at the gaming-table. He rarely, if ever, makes a permanent -success." - -"Don't indorse.... There are emergencies, no doubt, in which men should -help their friends; but there is a rule that will keep one safe. No man -should place his name upon the obligation of another if he has not -sufficient to pay it without detriment to his own business. It is -dishonest to do so." - -Mr. Carnegie has not only written books and made money, he has -distinguished himself as a giver of millions, and that while he is -alive. He has seen too many wills broken, and fortunes misapplied, when -the money was not given away till death. He says of Mr. Tilden's bequest -of over $5,000,000 for a free library in the city of New York: "How much -better if Mr. Tilden had devoted the last years of his own life to the -proper administration of this immense sum; in which case neither legal -contest nor any other cause of delay could have interfered with his -aims." - -Of course money is sometimes so tied up in business that it cannot be -given during a man's life; "yet," says Mr. Carnegie, "the day is not far -distant when the man who dies leaving behind him millions of available -wealth, which was free for him to administer during life, will pass away -'unwept, unhonored, and unsung,' no matter to what uses he leaves the -dross which he cannot take with him. Of such as these the public verdict -will then be, 'The man who dies thus rich dies disgraced.'" - -He believes large estates left at death should be taxed by the State, as -is the case in Pennsylvania and some other States. Mr. Carnegie does -not favor large gifts left to families. "Why should men leave great -fortunes to their children?" he asks. "If this is done from affection, -is it not misguided affection? Observation teaches that, generally -speaking, it is not well for the children that they should be so -burdened. Neither is it well for the State. Beyond providing for the -wife and daughters moderate sources of income, and very moderate -allowances indeed, if any, for the sons, men may well hesitate; for it -is no longer questionable that great sums bequeathed often work more for -the injury than for the good of the recipients. There are instances of -millionnaires' sons unspoiled by wealth, who, being rich, still perform -great services to the community. Such are the very salt of the earth, as -valuable as unfortunately they are rare." Again Mr. Carnegie says of -wealth left to the young, "It deadens their energies, destroys their -ambition, tempts them to destruction, and renders it almost impossible -that they should lead lives creditable to themselves or valuable to the -State. Such as are not deadened by wealth deserve double credit, for -they have double temptation." - -In the _North American Review_ for December, 1889, Mr. Carnegie suggests -what he considers seven of the best uses for surplus wealth: The -founding of great universities; free libraries; hospitals or any means -to alleviate human suffering; public parks and flower-gardens for the -people, conservatories such as Mr. Phipps has given to the park at -Allegheny City, which are visited by thousands; suitable halls for -lectures, elevating music, and other gatherings, free, or rented for a -small sum; free swimming-baths for the people; attractive places of -worship, especially in poor localities. Mr. Carnegie's own great gifts -have been largely along the line which he believes the "best gift to a -community,"--a free public library. He thinks with John Bright that "it -is impossible for any man to bestow a greater benefit upon a young man -than to give him access to books in a free library." - -"It is, no doubt," he says, "possible that my own personal experience -may have led me to value a free library beyond all other forms of -beneficence. When I was a working-boy in Pittsburg, Colonel Anderson of -Allegheny--a name I can never speak without feelings of devotional -gratitude--opened his little library of four hundred books to boys. -Every Saturday afternoon he was in attendance at his house to exchange -books. No one but he who has felt it can ever know the intense longing -with which the arrival of Saturday was awaited that a new book might be -had. My brother and Mr. Phipps, who have been my principal business -partners through life, shared with me Colonel Anderson's precious -generosity; and it was when revelling in the treasures which he opened -to us that I resolved, if ever wealth came to me, that it should be used -to establish free libraries, that other poor boys might receive -opportunities similar to those for which we were indebted to that noble -man." - - - "How far that little candle throws his beams! - So shines a good deed in a naughty world." - - -Again Mr. Carnegie says, "I also come by heredity to my preference for -free libraries. The newspaper of my native town recently published a -history of the free library in Dunfermline, and it is there recorded -that the first books gathered together and opened to the public were the -small collections of three weavers. Imagine the feelings with which I -read that one of these three men was my honored father. He founded the -first library in Dunfermline, his native town; and his son was -privileged to found the last.... I have never heard of a lineage for -which I would exchange that of the library-founding weaver." - -Mr. Carnegie has given for the Edinburgh Free Library, Scotland, -$250,000; for one in his native town of Dunfermline, $90,000; and -several thousand dollars each to libraries in Aberdeen, Peterhead, -Inverness, Ayr, Elgin, Wick and Kirkwall, besides contributions towards -public halls and reading-rooms at Newburgh, Aberdour, and many other -places abroad. Mr. Carnegie's mother laid the corner-stone for the free -library in Dunfermline. He writes in his "American Four-in-Hand in -Britain," "There was something of the fairy-tale in the fact that she -had left her native town, poor, thirty odd years before, with her loved -ones, to found a new home in the great Republic, and was to-day -returning in her coach, to be allowed the privilege of linking her name -with the annals of her beloved native town in one of the most enduring -forms possible." - -When the corner-stone of the Peterhead Free Library in Scotland was -laid, Aug. 8, 1891, the wife of Mr. Carnegie was asked to lay the stone -with square and trowel, and endeared herself to the people by her hearty -interest and attractive womanhood. She was presented with the silver -trowel with ivory handle which she had used, and with a vase of -Peterhead granite from the employees of the Great North of Scotland -Granite Works. - -Mr. Carnegie did not marry till he was fifty-two years of age, in 1887, -the year following the death of his mother and only brother Thomas. The -latter died Oct. 19, 1886. Mr. Carnegie's wife, who is thoroughly in -sympathy with her husband's constant giving, was Miss Louise Whitfield, -the daughter of the late Mr. John Whitfield of New York, of the large -importing firm of Whitfield, Powers, & Co. Mr. Carnegie had been an -intimate friend of the family for many years, and knew well the -admirable qualities and cultivation of the lady he married. He once -wrote: "There is no improving companionship for man in an ignorant or -frivolous woman." Miss Whitfield acted upon the advice which Mr. -Carnegie has given in some of his addresses: "To the young ladies I say, -'Marry the man who loves most his mother.'" Mr. Carnegie now has two -homes, one in New York City, the other at Cluny Castle, Kingussie, -Scotland. He gives little personal attention to business, having -delegated those matters to others. "I throw the responsibility upon -others," he once said, "and allow them full swing." Mr. Carnegie is a -man of great energy, with cheerful temperament, sound judgment, -earnestness, and force of character. He has a large, well-shaped head, -high forehead, brown hair and beard, and expressive face. - -Mr. Carnegie's gifts in his adopted country have been many and large. To -the Johnstown Free Library, Pennsylvania, he has given $40,000. To the -Jefferson County Library at Fairfield, Iowa, he has given $40,000, which -provides an attractive building for books, museum, and lecture-hall. -The late Senator James F. Wilson gave the ground for the fire-proof -building. The library owes much of its success to its librarian, Mr. A. -T. Wells, who has given his life to the work, having held the position -for thirty-two years. For many years he labored without salary, giving -both time and money. - -To the Braddock Free Library, Mr. Carnegie has given $200,000. Braddock, -ten miles east of Pittsburg, has a population of 16,000, mainly the -employees of the Edgar Thomson Steel Works; and the village of Homestead -lies just opposite. The handsome library building has a very attractive -reading-room, which is filled in the evening and much used during the -day by the families of the employees. There is also a large reading-room -exclusively for boys and girls, where are found juvenile books and -periodicals. The librarian, Miss Helen Sperry, writes: "There is a great -deal of local pride in the library, and it grows constantly in the -affection of the people." - -The building was much enlarged in 1894 to accommodate the Carnegie Club -of six hundred men and boys. The new portion contains a hall capable of -seating eleven hundred persons, a large gymnasium, bathrooms, -swimming-pool, bowling-alleys, etc. - -"In order to encourage public spirit in Braddock," says the _Review of -Reviews_ for October, 1895, "a selection of books on municipal -improvement, streets and roads, public health, and other subjects in -which the community should be interested, was placed on the library -shelves; and it is said that these books have been consulted by the -municipal officers, and results are already apparent." This is a good -example for other librarians. Much work is being done in local history -and in co-operation with the public schools. - -To the Carnegie Free Library of Allegheny City, Mr. Carnegie has given -$300,000, the city making an annual appropriation of $15,000 to carry on -its work. The building is of gray granite, Romanesque in style, with a -shelving capacity of about 75,000 volumes. The library has a -delivery-room, a general reading-room, women's reading-room, -reference-room, besides trustees' and librarians' rooms. The building -also contains, on the first floor, a music-hall, with a seating-capacity -of eleven hundred, where free concerts are given every Saturday -afternoon on a ten-thousand-dollar organ; there is an art-gallery on the -second floor, and a lecture-room. The latter seats about three hundred -persons, and is used for University Extension lectures, meetings of the -Historical Society, etc. A room adjoining is for the accommodation of -scientific societies. The city appropriates about $8,000 yearly for the -music-hall, fuel, repairs, etc. - -The Allegheny Free Library was formally opened by President Harrison on -Feb. 13, 1890. Mr. Carnegie said, in presenting the gift of the library, -"My wife,--for her spirit and influence are here to-night,--my wife and -I realize to-night how infinitely more blessed it is to give than to -receive.... I wish that the masses of working men and women, the -wage-earners of all Allegheny, will remember and act upon the fact that -this is their library, their gallery, and their hall. The poorest -citizen, the poorest man, the poorest woman, that toils from morn till -night for a livelihood, as, thank Heaven, I had that toil to do in my -early days, as he walks this hall, as he reads the books from these -alcoves, as he listens to the organ, and admires the works of art in -this gallery, equally with the millionnaire and the foremost citizen, I -want him to exclaim in his own heart, 'Behold, all this is mine. I -support it, and I am proud to support it. I am joint proprietor here.'" -"Since the library opened four years ago," says Mr. William M. -Stevenson, the librarian, "over 1,000,000 books and periodicals have -been put into the hands of readers.... The concerts have been -exceedingly popular, and incidentally have helped the library by drawing -people to the library who might otherwise have remained in ignorance of -the popularity and usefulness of the institution." - -Mr. Carnegie's greatest gift has been the Pittsburg Library. It is a -magnificent building of gray Ohio sandstone, in the Italian Renaissance -style of architecture, with roof of red tile. The architects were -Longfellow, Alden, and Harlow, their plan being chosen from the one -hundred and two sets of plans offered. The library building is 393 feet -long and 150 feet wide, with two graceful towers, each 162 feet high, -and has capacity for 300,000 volumes. The entire "stack" or set of -shelves for books is made of iron in six stories, and is as nearly -fireproof as possible. The lower stories are for the circulating-books; -the upper stories for reference-books. - -The library proper is in the centre of the building, reached by a broad -flight of stone steps. Above, cut in stone, are the words, "Carnegie -Library; Free to the People." The vestibule, finished in marble with -mosaic floors, is handsomely decorated. On the first floor are the -circulating-library, "its blue-ceiling panels bordered with an interlace -in orange and white," a periodical room on either side, one for -scientific and technical, the other for popular and literary magazines, -with rooms for cataloguing and for the library officials. - -"The reference reading-room on the second floor, large, beautiful, and -well-lighted," says the efficient librarian, Mr. Edwin H. Anderson, "is -for quiet study. Here reference-books, such as encyclopćdias, -dictionaries, atlases, etc., are at hand, on the shelves along the -walls, to be freely consulted." This room is of a greenish tone, with -ivory-colored pilasters and arches, and a _fleur-de-lis_ pattern painted -in the wall-panels, from the "mark" of a famous Florentine printer and -engraver four centuries ago. - -Across the corridor from the reference reading-room are five smaller -rooms for special collections of books. One is occupied by a musical -library of two thousand volumes, of the late Karl Merz, which was bought -and presented to the library by several citizens of Pittsburg. Another -will contain the collection to be purchased from the fund left by Mr. J. -D. Bernd, and will bear his name. Another will be used for art-books, -and another for science. - -The children are to have a reading-room, made attractive by juvenile -books, magazines, and copies of good pictures. A large and well-lighted -room in the basement is used for the leading newspapers of the country. - -The library has a wing on either side, one containing the art-gallery, -and the other the science museum. The former has three large -picture-rooms on the second floor, painted in dull red, with a -wall-space of 8,300 feet for the exhibition of paintings and prints. A -corridor 148 feet long, in which statuary will be placed, is decorated -with copies of the frieze of the Parthenon. The basement of this wing -will be devoted to the various departments of the art-schools of -Pittsburg. - -In the science museum three large, well-lighted rooms on the second -floor will be used for collections in zoölogy, botany, and mineralogy. -"The closely allied branches of geology, the study of the earth's crust; -paleontology, the study of life in former ages; anthropology, the -natural history of the human species; archćology, the science of -antiquity; and ethnology and ethnography, treating of the origin, -relation, characteristic costumes and habits of the human races, will, -no doubt, receive as much attention as space and funds will permit." - -It is also expected that works of skill and invention will be gathered -into an industrial museum for the benefit especially of the many -artisans of Pittsburg. Courses of free lectures will be given to -teachers, to pupils, and to the public, as in the American Museum of -Natural History of New York. Below the three rooms in the museum are -three lecture-rooms, which can be used separately or as one room. - -In one end of the large library building, and separated from it by a -thick wall so as to deaden sound, is the music-hall, semi-circular in -plan, with seats for two thousand one hundred persons, and a stage for -sixty musicians and a chorus of two hundred. Much Sienna marble is used, -the floor is mosaic, the walls are painted a deep rose-color, and the -architecture proper in a soft ivory tone, with gilded ornamentation. Two -free concerts, or organ recitals, are given each week through the year, -on the large modern concert organ, built expressly for this hall. -Musical lectures are also given, free from technicalities, illustrated -by choir, organ, and piano. This is certainly taking music, art, and -science to the people as a free gift. To this noble work Mr. Carnegie -has given $2,100,000. Of this amount, $800,000 was for the main -building, $300,000 for the seven branch libraries or distributing -stations, and $1,000,000 as an endowment fund for the art-gallery. From -the annual income of this art-fund, which will be about $50,000, at -least three of the pictures purchased are to be the work of American -artists exhibited that year, preferably in the Pittsburg gallery. - -The city of Pittsburg agrees to appropriate $40,000 annually for the -maintenance of the library system. Mr. Carnegie has always felt that the -people should bear a part of the burden. He said at the opening of the -library, Nov. 5, 1895, "Every citizen of Pittsburg, even the very -humblest, now walks into this, his own library; for the poorest laborer -contributes his mite indirectly to its support. The man who enters a -library is in the best society this world affords; the good and the -great welcome him, surround him, and humbly ask to be allowed to become -his servants; and if he himself, from his own earnings, contributes to -its support, he is more of a man than before.... If library, hall, -gallery, or museum be not popular, and attract the manual toilers and -benefit them, it will have failed in its mission; for it was chiefly for -the wage-earners that it was built, by one who was himself a -wage-earner, and who has the good of that class at heart." - -Mr. Carnegie has said elsewhere, "Every free library in these days -should contain upon its shelves all contributions bearing upon the -relations of labor and capital from every point of view,--socialistic, -communistic, co-operative, and individualist; and librarians should -encourage visitors to read them all." - -The library stands near the entrance of the valuable park of about 439 -acres given to the city by Mrs. Schenley in 1889. "This lady," says Mr. -Carnegie, "although born in Pittsburg, married an English gentleman -while yet in her teens. It is forty years and more since she took up her -residence in London among the titled and wealthy of the world's -metropolis; but still she turns to the home of her childhood, and by -means of Schenley Park links her name with it forever. A noble use this -of great wealth by one who thus becomes her own administrator." - -Near the library are the $125,000 conservatories given to the people by -Mr. Phipps, and a source of most elevating pleasure. Mr. Carnegie's -gifts in and about Pittsburg amount already to $5,000,000; yet he is -soon to build a library for Homestead, and one each for Duquesne and the -town of Carnegie. "Such other districts as may need branch libraries," -says Mr. Carnegie, "we ardently hope we may be able to supply; for to -provide free libraries for all the people of Pittsburg is a field which -we would fain make our own, as chief part of our life-work. I have -dropped into the plural, for there is one always with me to prompt, -encourage, suggest, discuss, and advise, and fortunately, sometimes, -when necessary, gently to criticise; whose heart is as keenly in this -work as my own, preferring it to any other as the best possible use of -surplus wealth, and without whose wise and zealous co-operation I often -feel little useful work could be done." - -Mr. Carnegie has given $50,000 to Bellevue Hospital Medical College, New -York, for a histological laboratory. He is also the founder of the -magnificent Music Hall on the corner of Fifty-second Street and Seventh -Avenue, New York City. The press says his investment in the Music Hall -Company Limited equals nine-tenths of the full cost of the hall. "It was -the dearest wish of the elder Damrosch that a grand concert-hall -suitable for oratorio, choral, and symphony performances might be built -in New York. The questions of cost, endowment, etc., have been discussed -many times by his associates and successors, without definite result. It -was the liberality and public spirit of Andrew Carnegie which finally -made possible the establishment of a completely equipped home for -music." - -The main hall, exquisite in its decorations of ivory white, gold, and -old rose, will seat about three thousand persons, with standing-room for -a thousand more. In the decorations 1,217 lamps are placed. Of these, -189 are in the ceiling and the walls of the stage, 339 around the boxes -and balconies, and 689 in the main ceiling. When the electric current is -turned on at night the effect is magical. The electric-light plant -consists of four dynamos, each weighing 20,000 pounds. Besides the main -hall, there are several smaller rooms for recitals, lectures, readings, -receptions, and studios. - -Mr. Carnegie will need no other monument than his great libraries, the -influence of which will increase in the coming centuries. - - - - -THOMAS HOLLOWAY: - -HIS SANATORIUM AND COLLEGE. - - -Thomas Holloway, one of England's most munificent givers, was born in -Devonport, England, Sept. 22, 1800. His father, who had been a warrant -officer in a militia regiment, had become a baker in Devonport. - -Finding that he could support his several children better by managing an -inn, he removed to Penzance, and took charge of Turk's Head Inn on -Chapel Street. His son Thomas went to school at Camborne and Penzance -until he was sixteen. - -He was a saving lad, for the family were obliged to be economical. He -must also have been energetic, for this quality he displayed remarkably -through life. After his father died, he and his mother and his brother -Henry opened a grocery and bakery shop in the marketplace at Penzance. -Mrs. Holloway, the mother, was the daughter of a farmer at Trelyon, -Lelant Parish, Cornwall, and knew how to help her sons make a living in -the Penzance shop. - -When Thomas was twenty-eight he seems to have tired of this kind of work -or of the town, for he went to London to struggle with its millions in -making a fortune. It seemed extremely improbable that he would make -money; but if he did not make, he was too poor to lose much. - -For twelve years he worked in various situations, some of the time being -"secretary to a gentleman," showing that he had improved his time while -in school to be able to hold such a position. In 1836 he had established -himself as "a merchant and foreign commercial agent" at 13 Broad Street -Buildings. - -One of the men for whom Mr. Holloway, then thirty-six years old, did -business, was Felix Albinolo, an Italian from Turin, who sold leeches -and the "St. Come et St. Damien Ointment." Mr. Holloway introduced the -Italian to the doctors at St. Thomas's Hospital, who liked the ointment, -and gave testimonials in its favor. - -Mr. Holloway, hoping that he could make some money out of it, prepared -an ointment somewhat similar, and announced it for sale, Oct. 15, 1837. -He stated in his advertisement in the paper that "Holloway's Family -Ointment" had received the commendation of Herbert Mayo, senior surgeon -at Middlesex Hospital, Aug. 19, 1837. - -Albinolo warned the people in the same paper that the surgeon's letter -was given in connection with his ointment, the composition of which was -a secret. Whether this was true or not, the surgeon made no denial of -Mr. Holloway's statement. A year later, as Albinolo could not sell his -wares, and was in debt, he was committed to the debtors' prison, and -nothing more is known of him or his ointment. - -There were various reports about the Holloway ointment, and the pills -which he soon after added to his stock. It was said that for the making -of one or both of these preparations an old German woman had confided -her knowledge to Mr. Holloway's mother, and she in turn had told her -son. Mr. Holloway as long as he lived had great faith in his medicines, -and believed they would sell if they could be brought to the notice of -the people. - -Every day he took his pills and his ointment to the docks to try to -interest the captains and passengers sailing to all parts of the world. -People, as usual, were indifferent to an unknown man and unknown -medicines, and Mr. Holloway went back to his rooms day after day with -little money or success. He advertised in the press as much as he was -able, indeed, more than he was able; for he got into debt, and, like -Albinolo, was thrust into a debtors' prison on White Cross Street. He -effected a release by arranging with his creditors, whom he afterwards -paid in full, with ten per cent interest, it is said, to such as -willingly granted his release. - -Mr. Holloway had married an unassuming girl, Miss Jane Driver, soon -after he came to London; and she was assisting in his daily work. Mr. -Holloway used to labor from four o'clock in the morning till ten at -night, living, with his wife, over his patent-medicine warehouse at 244 -Strand. He told a friend years afterwards that the only recreation he -and his wife had during the week was to take a walk in that crowded -thoroughfare. Speaking of the great labor and anxiety in building up a -business, he said, "If I had then offered the business to any one as a -gift they would not have accepted it." - -The constant advertising created a demand for the medicines. In 1842, -five years after he began to make his pills and ointment, Mr. Holloway -spent Ł5,000 in advertising; in 1845 he spent Ł10,000; in 1851, Ł20,000; -in 1855, Ł30,000; in 1864, Ł40,000; in 1882, Ł45,000, and later Ł50,000, -or $250,000, each year. - -Mr. Holloway published directions for the use of his medicines in nearly -every known language,--Chinese, Turkish, Armenian, Arabic, and most of -the vernaculars of India. He said he "believed he had advertised in -every respectable newspaper in existence." The business had begun to pay -well evidently in 1850, about twelve years after he started it; for in -that year Mr. Holloway obtained an injunction against his brother, who -had commenced selling "Holloway's Pills and Ointment at 210 Strand." -Probably the brother thought a partnership in the bakery in their boyish -days had fitted him for a partnership in the sale of the patent -medicines. - -In 1860 Mr. Holloway sent a physician to France to introduce his -preparations; but the laws not being favorable to secret remedies, not -much was accomplished. When the new Law Courts were built in London, Mr. -Holloway moved his business to 533 New Oxford Street, since renumbered -78, where he employed one hundred persons, besides the scores in his -branch offices. - -"Of late years," says the Manchester _Guardian_, "his business became a -vast banking-concern, to which the selling of patent medicines was -allied; and he was understood to say some few years ago that his profits -as a dealer in money approached the enormous sum of Ł100,000 a year.... -The ground-floor of his large establishment in Oxford Street was -occupied with clerks engaged in bookkeeping. On the first and second -floors one might gain a notion of the profits of pill-making by seeing -young women filling boxes from small hillocks of pills containing a -sufficient dose for a whole city. On the topmost floor were Mr. -Holloway's private apartments." - -Later in life Mr. Holloway moved to a country home, Tittenhurst, -Sunninghill, which is about six miles from Windsor, and on the borders -of the great park of eighteen hundred acres, where he lived without any -display, and where his wife died, Sept. 25, 1871, at the age of -seventy-one. - -He never had any desire for title or public prominence, and when, after -his gifts had made him known and honored, a baronetcy was suggested to -him, he would not consent to it. Mr. Holloway had worked untiringly; he -had not spent his money in extravagant living; and now, how should he -use it for the best good of his country? - -The noble Earl of Shaftesbury had been giving much of his early life to -the amelioration of the insane. He had visited asylums in England, and -seen lunatics chained to their beds, living on bread and water, or shut -up in dark, filthy cells, neglected, and often abused. He ascertained -that over seventy-five per cent may be cured if treatment is given in -the first twelve months; only five per cent if given later. He was -astonished to find that no one seemed to care about these unfortunates. - -He longed to see an asylum built for the insane of the middle classes. -He addressed public meetings in their behalf; and Mr. Holloway was in -one of these meetings, and listened to Lord Shaftesbury's fervent -appeal. His heart was greatly moved; and he visited Shaftesbury, and -together they conferred about the great gift which was consummated -later. It is said also that at Mr. Gladstone's breakfast-table, Mrs. -Gladstone advised with Mr. Holloway about the need of convalescent -homes. - -In the year 1873 Mr. Holloway put aside nearly Ł300,000 ($1,500,000) for -an institution for the insane of the middle classes, such as -professional men, clerks, teachers, and governesses, as the lower -classes were quite well provided for in public asylums. - -A picturesque spot was chosen for the Holloway Sanatorium,--forty acres -of ground near Virginia Water, which is six miles from Windsor, though -within the royal domains. Virginia Water is a beautiful artificial lake, -about seven miles in circumference, a mile and a half long, and -one-third of a mile wide. The lake was formed in 1746, in order to drain -the moorland, by William, Duke of Cumberland, uncle of George III. Near -by is an obelisk with this inscription: "This obelisk was raised by the -command of George II., after the battle of Culloden, in commemoration of -the services of his son William, Duke of Cumberland, the success of his -arms, and the gratitude of his father." This lake, with its adjacent -gardens, pavilions, and cascades, was the favorite summer retreat of -George IV., who built there a fishing-temple richly decorated. A royal -barge, thirty-two feet long, for the use of royalty, is stationed on the -lake. - -In the midst of this attractive scenery Mr. Holloway caused his forty -acres to be laid out with tasteful flower-beds, walks, and thousands of -trees and shrubs. Occupied with his immense business, he yet had time to -watch the growth of his great benevolent project. - -Mr. W. H. Crossland, who had built the fine Town Hall at Rochdale, was -chosen as the architect, and began at Virginia Water the stately and -handsome Sanatorium in the English Renaissance style of architecture, of -red brick with stone trimmings. There is a massive and lofty tower in -the centre. The interior is finished in gray marble, which is enriched -with cheerful colors and plentiful gilding. The great lecture or concert -hall, adorned with portraits of distinguished persons by Mr. Girardot -and other artists, has a very richly gilded roof. The refectory is -decorated by a series of beautiful fancy groups after Watteau, forming a -frieze. - -The six hundred rooms of the building, great and small, on the four -floors, are exquisitely finished and furnished, all made as attractive -as possible, that those of both sexes who are weary and broken in mind -may have much to interest them in their long days of absence from home -and friends. Students of the National Art Training School, under Mr. -Poynter, did much of the art work. There are no blank walls. - -The Holloway Sanatorium, which is five hundred feet by two hundred feet -in extent, has a model laundry in a separate building, pretty red brick -houses for the staff and those who are not obliged to sleep in the -building, a pleasure-house for rest and recreation for the inmates, and -a handsome chapel. - -Four hundred or more patients can be accommodated. A moderate charge is -made for those who can afford to pay, and only those persons thought to -be curable are received. As much freedom is allowed as possible, that -the inmates may not unnecessarily feel the surveillance under which they -are obliged to live. - -The Sanatorium was opened June 15, 1885, by the Prince of Wales, -accompanied by the Princess, their three daughters, and the Duke of -Cambridge. Mr. Martin Holloway, the brother-in-law of Mr. Thomas -Holloway, spoke of the uses of the Sanatorium, and the Prince of Wales -replied in a happy manner. - -Many inmates were received at once, and the institution has proved a -great blessing. - -To what other uses should Mr. Holloway put his large fortune? He and -Mrs. Holloway had long thought of a college for women, and after her -death he determined to build one as a memorial to her who had helped him -through all those days of poverty and self-sacrifice. - -In 1875 Mr. Holloway held a conference with the blind Professor Henry -Fawcett, Member of Parliament, and his able wife, Mrs. Millicent Garrett -Fawcett, Mr. Samuel Morley, M.P., Sir James Kay-Shuttleworth, Bart., Mr. -David Chadwick, M.P., Dr. Hague of New York, and others interested in -the higher education of women. Mr. Holloway foresaw, with these -educators, that in the future women would seek a university education -like their brothers. "For many years," says Mr. Martin Holloway, "his -mind was dominated by the idea that if a higher form of education would -ennoble women, the sons of such mothers would be nobler men." - -On May 8, 1876, Mr. Holloway purchased, and conveyed in trust to Mr. -Henry Driver Holloway and Mr. George Martin Holloway, his -brother-in-law, and Mr. David Chadwick, M.P., ninety-five acres on the -southern slope of Egham Hill, Surrey, for his college for women. It is -in the midst of most picturesque and beautiful scenery, rich in -historical associations. Egham is five miles from Windsor, near the -Thames, and on the borders of Runnymede, so called from the Saxon -Runemede, or Council Meadow, where the barons, June 15, 1215, compelled -King John to sign the Magna Charta. A building was erected to -commemorate this important event, and the table on which the charter was -signed is still preserved. - -Near by is Windsor Great Park, with seven thousand fallow deer in its -eighteen hundred acres, and its noted long walk, an avenue of elms three -miles in length, extending from the gateway of George IV., the principal -entrance to Windsor Castle, to Snow Hill, crowned by a statue of George -III., by Westmacott. Not far away from Egham are lovely Virginia Water -and Staines, from Stana, the Saxon for stone, where one sees the city -boundary stone, on which is inscribed, "God preserve the city of London, -A.D. 1280." This marks the limit of jurisdiction of the Lord Mayor of -London over the Thames. - -After Mr. Holloway had decided to build his college, he visited the -chief cities of Europe with Mr. Martin Holloway to ascertain what was -possible about the best institutions of learning, and the latter made a -personal inspection of colleges in the United States. Mr. Holloway was -seventy-six, and too old for a long journey to America. - -Plans were prepared by Mr. W. H. Crossland of London, who spent much -time in France studying the old French châteaux before he began his work -on the college. The first brick was laid Sept. 12, 1879. Mr. Holloway -wished this structure to be the best of its kind in England, if not in -the world. The _Annual Register_ says in regard to Mr. Holloway's two -great gifts, "When their efficiency or adornment was concerned, his -customary principle of economy failed to restrain him." - -The college is a magnificent building in the style of the French -Renaissance, reminding one of the Louvre in Paris, of red brick with -Portland stone dressings, with much artistic sculpture. - -"It covers," says a report prepared by the college authorities, "more -ground than any other college in the world, and forms a double -quadrangle, measuring 550 feet by 376 feet. The general design is that -of two long, lofty blocks running parallel to each other, and connected -in the middle and at either end by lower cross buildings.... The -quadrangles each measure about 256 feet by 182 feet. Cloisters run from -east to west on two sides of each quadrangle, with roofs whose upper -sides are constructed as terraces, the capitals being arranged as -triplets." - -No pains or expense have been spared to finish and furnish this college -with every comfort, even luxury. There are over 1,000 rooms, and -accommodations for about 300 students. Each person has two rooms, one -for sleeping and one for study; and there is a sitting-room for every -six persons. The dining-hall is 100 feet long, 30 wide, and 30 high. The -semi-circular ceiling is richly ornamented. The recreation-hall, which -is in reality a picture-gallery, is 100 feet long, 30 wide, and 50 high, -with beautiful ceiling and floor of polished marquetry. The pictures -here were collected by Mr. Martin Holloway, and cost about Ł100,000, or -half a million dollars. Sir Edwin Landseer's famous picture, "Man -proposes, God disposes," was purchased for Ł6,000. It was painted in -1864 by Landseer, who received Ł2,500 for it. It represents an arctic -incident suggested by the finding of the relics of Sir John Franklin. - -Here are "The Princes in the Tower" and "Princess Elizabeth in Prison at -St. James," by Sir John Millais; "The Babylonian Marriage Market" and -"The Suppliants," by Edwin Long; "The Railway Station," by W. P. Frith; -and other noted works. The gallery is open to the public every Thursday -afternoon, and in the summer months on Saturdays also. There are several -thousand visitors each year. - -The college has twelve rooms with deadened walls for practising music, a -gymnasium, six tennis-courts (three of asphalt and three of grass), a -large swimming-bath, a lecture theatre, museum, a library with carved -oak bookcases reaching nearly to the ceiling, and an immense kitchen -which serves for a school for cookery. Electric lights and steam heat -are used throughout the buildings, and there are open fireplaces for the -students' rooms. - -The chapel, 130 feet long by 30 feet wide, says the London _Graphic_ for -July 10, 1886, "is a singularly elaborate building in the Renaissance -style.... In its decoration a strong tendency to the Italian school of -the latter part of the sixteenth century is apparent. This is especially -the case with the roof, which bears a kind of resemblance to that of the -Sistine Chapel at Rome, though it cannot in any way be said to be a copy -of that magnificent work.... The choir, or nave, is seated with oak -benches arranged stall-ways, as is usual in the college chapels of -Oxford and Cambridge.... The roof is formed of an elliptic barrel-vault, -the lower portions of which are adorned with statues and candelabra in -high relief, and the upper portion by painted enrichments. The former -are a very remarkable series of works by the Italian sculpture Fucigna, -who had learned his art in the studios of Tenerani and Rauch at Rome. -These were his last works, and he did not live to complete them. The -figures represent the prophets and other personages from the Old -Testament on the left side, and apostles, evangelists, and saints from -the New Testament on the right. The baldachino is constructed of walnut -and oak, richly carved; and the organ front, at the opposite end of the -chapel, is a beautiful example of wood-carving." - -The building and furnishing of the college cost Ł600,000, the endowment -Ł300,000, the pictures Ł100,000, making in all about one million -sterling, or five million dollars. The deed of foundation states that -"the college is founded by the advice and counsel of the founder's dear -wife." When Mrs. Holloway was toiling with her husband over the shop in -the Strand, with no recreation during the week except a walk, as he -said, in that crowded thoroughfare, how little she could have realized -that this beautiful monument would be built to her memory! - -Mr. Holloway did not live to see his college completed; as he died, -after a brief illness of bronchitis, at Tittenhurst, Wednesday, Dec. 26, -1883, aged eighty-three, and was buried in St. Michael's Churchyard, -Sunninghill, Jan. 4, 1884. - -Mr. Martin Holloway faithfully carried out his relative's wishes; and -when the college was ready for occupancy, it was opened by Queen -Victoria in person, on Wednesday, June 30, 1886. The day was fine; and -Egham was gayly decorated for the event with flowers, banners, and -arches. The Queen, with Princess Beatrice and her husband, the late -Prince Henry of Battenberg, the Duke of Connaught, and other members of -the royal family, drove over from Windsor through Frogmore, where Prince -Albert is buried, and Runnymede to Egham, in open carriages, each -carriage drawn by four gray horses ridden by postilions. Outriders in -scarlet preceded the procession, which was accompanied by an escort of -Life Guards. - -Reaching the college at 5.30 P.M., the Queen and Princess Beatrice were -each presented with a bouquet by Miss Driver Holloway, and were -conducted to the chapel, where a throne had been prepared for her -Majesty. Princess Beatrice, Prince Henry of Battenberg, and the Duke of -Cambridge stood on her left, with the Duke of Connaught, the Archbishop -of Canterbury, and others on her right. The choir sang an ode composed -by Mr. Martin Holloway, and the Archbishop of Canterbury offered prayer. - -The Queen then admired the decorations of the chapel, and proceeded to -the picture gallery, where the architect presented to her an album with -illustrations of the college, and the contractor, Mr. J. Thompson, -offered her a beautiful key of gold. The top of the stem is encircled by -two rows of diamonds; and the bow at the top is an elegant piece of -gold, enamel, and diamonds. A laurel wreath of diamonds surrounds the -words, "Opened by H. M. the Queen, June 30, 1886." - -The Queen was then conducted to the upper quadrangle, where she seated -herself in a chair of state on a dais, under a canopy of crimson velvet. -A great concourse of people were gathered to witness the formal opening -of the college. The lawn was also crowded, six hundred children being -among the people. After the band of the Royal Artillery played to the -singing of the national anthem, "God save the Queen," Mr. Martin -Holloway presented an address to her Majesty in a beautiful casket of -gold. "The casket rests on four pediments, on each of which is seated a -female figure," says the London _Times_, "which are emblematical of -education, science, music, and painting. On the front panel is a view of -Royal Holloway College, on either side of which is a medallion -containing the royal and imperial monogram, V.R.I., executed in colored -enamel. Underneath the view is the monogram of the founder, Mr. Thomas -Holloway, in enamel." - -At one end of the casket are the royal arms, and at the opposite end the -Holloway arms and motto, "Nil Desperandum," richly emblazoned in enamel. -The casket is surmounted by a portrait model of Mr. Holloway, seated in -a classic chair, being a reduction from the model from life taken by -Signor Fucigna. - -After the address in the casket was presented to Queen Victoria, the -Earl of Kimberley, the minister in attendance, stepped forward, and -said, "I am commanded by her Majesty to declare the college open." -Trumpets were blown by the Royal Scots' Greys, cheers were given, the -archbishop pronounced the benediction, and the choir sang "Rule -Britannia." The Queen before her departure expressed her pleasure and -satisfaction in the arrangement of the institution, and commanded that -it be styled, "The Royal Holloway College." - -More than a year later, on Friday, Dec. 16, 1887, a statue of the Queen -was unveiled in the upper quadrangle of the college by Prince Christian. -A group of the founder and his wife in the lower quadrangle was also -unveiled. Both statues are of Tyrolese marble, and are the work of -Prince Victor of Hohenlohe-Langenburg. The Rt. Hon. Earl Granville, -K.G., made a very interesting address. - -The college has done admirable work during the ten years since its -opening. The founder desired that ultimately the college should confer -degrees, but at present the students qualify for degrees at existing -universities. In the report for 1895 of Miss Bishop, the principal, she -says, "We have now among our students, past and present, fifty-one -graduates of the University of London (twenty-one in honors), and -twenty-one students who have obtained Oxford University honors.... This -is the second year that a Holloway student has won the Gilchrist medal, -which is awarded to the first woman on the London B.A. list, provided -she obtains two-thirds of the possible marks." In 1891 a Holloway -student was graduated from the Royal University of Ireland with honors. - -Students are received who do not wish to work for a university -examination, "provided they are _bona fide_ students, with a definite -course of work in view," says the college report for 1895. They must be -over seventeen, pass an entrance examination, and remain not less than -one year. There are twelve entrance scholarships of the value of Ł50 to -Ł75 a year, and twelve founder's scholarships of Ł30 a year, besides -bursaries of the same value. The charge for board, lodging, and -instruction is Ł90 or $450 a year. - -Courses of practical instruction are given in cookery, ambulance-work, -sick-nursing, wood-carving, and dressmaking. Mr. Holloway states in his -deed: "The curriculum of the college shall not be such as to discourage -students who desire a liberal education apart from the Greek and Latin -languages; and proficiency in classics shall not entitle students to -rewards of merit over others equally proficient in other branches of -knowledge." While the governors, some of whom rightly must always be -women, may provide instruction in subjects which seem most suitable, Mr. -Holloway expresses his sensible belief that "the education of women -should not be exclusively regulated by the traditions and methods of -former ages." - -The students at Holloway, according to an article in Harper's _Bazar_, -March 10, 1894, by Miss Elizabeth C. Barney, have a happy as well as -busy life. She says, "The girls have a running-club, which requires an -entrance examination of each candidate for election, the test being a -rousing sprint around the college--one-third of a mile--within three -minutes, or fail. After this has been successfully passed, the condition -of continued membership is a repetition of this performance eight times -every two weeks, on pain of a penny fine for every run neglected. On -stormy days the interior corridors are not a bad course, inasmuch as -each one measures one-tenth of a mile in length." - -"Nor are in-door amusements less in vogue than out-door sports. There -are the 'Shakespeare Evenings' and the 'French Evenings,' the 'Fire -Brigade' and the 'Debating Society,' and a host of other more or less -social events.... The Debating Society is an august body, which holds -its sittings in the lecture theatre, and deals with all the questions of -the United Kingdom in the most irreproachable Parliamentary style. They -divide into Government and Opposition, and pass and reject bills in a -way which would do credit to the nation in Parliament assembled." - -The girls also, she says, "have a string orchestra of violins and -'celli, numbering about fifteen performers. The girls meet one evening a -week in the library for practice, and enter into it more as recreation -before study than as serious work. They play very well indeed together, -and sometimes give concerts for the rest of the college." - -A writer in the Atlanta _Constitution_ for April 3, 1892, thus describes -the drill of the fair fire brigade: "'The Holloway Volunteer Brigade' -formed in three sections of ten students each, representing the -occupants of different floors. They were drawn up in line at 'Right -turn! Quick march! Position!' Then each section went quite through with -two full drills. - -"A fire in sitting-room No. 10 was supposed. At command 'Get to work!' -the engine was run down to the doorway, a 'chain' of recruits was formed -to the nearest source of water-supply, and the buckets were handed in -line that the engine might be kept in full play. The pump was vigorously -applied by two girls, while another worked the small hose quickly and -ingeniously, so that the engine was at full speed in less than a -minute. When the drill was concluded with the orders 'Knock off!' and -'Make up!' everything had been put in its own place. - -"Then came the 'Hydrant Drill,' which was conducted at the hydrant -nearest the point of a supposed outbreak of fire. In this six students -from each section took part. Directly the alarm was given one hundred -feet of canvas hose was run out, and an additional length (regulated, of -course, by the distance) was joined to it. At the words 'Turn on!' by -the officer known as 'branch hoseman,' the hose was directed so that, -had there been water in it, it must have streamed onto the supposed -fire. This drill was also accomplished in only a minute; and at the -commands 'Knock off!' and 'Make up!' the hose-pipes were promptly -disconnected, the pipe that is always kept attached to the hydrant was -'flaked down,' and an extra one hundred feet 'coiled up' on the bight -with astonishing rapidity. The drills are genuine realities, and the -students thoroughly enjoy them." - -There is also a way of escape for the students in case of fire. The -"Merryweather Chute," a large tube of specially woven fire-proof canvas, -is attached to a wrought-iron frame that fits the window opening. There -is also a drill with this chute. When the word is given, "Make ready to -go down chute," the young woman draws her dress around her, steps feet -foremost into the tube, and regulates her speed by means of a rope made -fast to the frame, and running through the chute to the ground. Fifty -students can descend from a window in five minutes with no fear after -they have practised. - -Mr. Holloway and his wife worked hard to accumulate their fortune, but -they placed it where it will do great good for centuries to come. In so -doing they made for themselves an honored name and lasting remembrance. - - - - -CHARLES PRATT - -AND HIS INSTITUTE. - - -"It is a good thing to be famous, provided that the fame has been -honestly won. It is a good thing to be rich when the image and -superscription of God is recognized on every coin. But the sweetest -thing in the world is to be _loved_. The tears that were shed over the -coffin of Charles Pratt welled up out of loving hearts.... I count his -death to have been the sorest bereavement Brooklyn has ever suffered; -for he was yet in his vigorous prime, with large plans and possibilities -yet to be accomplished. - -"Charles Pratt belonged to the only true nobility in America,--the men -who do not inherit a great name, but make one for themselves." Thus -wrote the Rev. Dr. Theodore L. Cuyler of Brooklyn, after Mr. Pratt's -death in 1891. - -Charles Pratt, the founder of Pratt Institute, was born at Watertown, -Mass., Oct. 2, 1830. His father, Asa Pratt, a cabinet-maker, had ten -children to support, so that it became necessary for each child to earn -for himself whenever that was possible. - -[Illustration: CHARLES PRATT.] - -When Charles was ten years old, he left home, and found a place to labor -on a neighboring farm. For three years the lad, slight in physique, but -ambitious to earn, worked faithfully, and was allowed to attend school -three months in each winter. At thirteen he was eager for a broader -field, and, going to Boston, was employed for a year in a grocery store. -Soon after he went to Newton, and there learned the machinist's trade, -saving every cent carefully, because he had a plan in his mind; and that -plan was to get an education, even if a meagre one, that he might do -something in the world. - -Finally he had saved enough for a year's schooling, and going to -Wilbraham Academy, at Wilbraham, Mass., "managed," as he afterwards -said, "to live on one dollar a week while I studied." Fifty dollars -helped to lay the foundation for a remarkably useful and noble life. - -When the year was over and the money spent, having learned already the -value of depending upon himself rather than upon outside help, the youth -became a clerk in a paint-and-oil store in Boston. Here the thirst for -knowledge, stimulated but only partially satisfied by the short year at -the academy, led him to the poor man's blessing,--the library. Here he -could read and think, and be far removed from evil associations. - -When he was twenty-one, in 1851, Charles Pratt went to New York as a -clerk for Messrs. Schanck & Downing, 108 Fulton Street, in the oil, -paint, and glass business. The work was constant; but he was happy in -it, because he believed that work should be the duty and pleasure of -all. He never changed in this love for labor. He said years afterwards, -when he was worth millions, "I am convinced that the great problem which -we are trying to solve is very much wrapped up in the thought of -educating the people to find happiness in a busy, active life, and that -the occupation of the hour is of more importance than the wages -received." He found "happiness in a busy, active life," when he was -earning fifty dollars a year as well as when he was a man of great -wealth. - -Years later Mr. Pratt's son Charles relates the following incident, -which occurred when his father came to visit him at Amherst College: "He -was present at a lecture to the Senior class in mental science. The -subject incidentally discussed was 'Work,' its necessary drain upon the -vital forces, and its natural and universal distastefulness. On being -asked to address the class, my father assumed to present the matter from -a point of view entirely different from that of the text-book, and -maintained that there was no inherent reason why man should consider his -daily labor, of whatever nature, as necessarily disagreeable and -burdensome, but that the right view was the one which made of work a -delight, a source of real satisfaction, and even pleasure. Such, indeed, -it was to him; he believed it might prove to be such to all others." - -After Mr. Pratt had worked three years for his New York firm, in -connection with two other gentlemen he bought the paint-and-oil business -of his employers, and the new firm became Raynolds, Devoe, & Pratt. For -thirteen years he worked untiringly at his business; and in 1867 the -firm was divided, the oil portion of the business being carried on by -Charles Pratt & Co. In the midst of this busy life the influence of the -Mercantile Library of Boston was not lost. He had become associated with -the Mercantile Library of New York, and both this and the one in Boston -had a marked influence on his life and his great gifts. - -When the immense oil-fields of Pennsylvania began to be developed, about -1860, Mr. Pratt was one of the first to see the possibilities of the -petroleum trade. He began to refine the crude oil, and succeeded in -producing probably the best upon the market, called "Pratt's Astral -Oil." Mr. Pratt took a just pride in its wide use, and was pleased, says -a friend, "when the Rev. Dr. Buckley told him that he had found that the -Russian convent on Mount Tabor was lighted with Pratt's Astral Oil. He -meant that the stamp 'Pratt' should be like the stamp of the mint,--an -assurance of quality and quantity." - -For years he was one of the officers of the Standard Oil Company, and of -course a sharer in its enormous wealth. Nothing seemed more improbable -when he was spending a year at Wilbraham Academy, living on a dollar a -week, than this ownership of millions. Now, as then, he was saving of -time as well as money. - -Says Mr. James McGee of New York, "He brought to business a hatred of -waste. He disliked waste of every kind. He was not willing that the -smallest material should be lost. He did not believe in letting time go -to waste. He was punctual at his engagements, or gave good excuse for -his tardiness. Speaking of an evening spent in congratulations, he said -that it was time lost; it would have been better spent in reviewing -mistakes, that they might be corrected. It is said that a youth who had -hurried into business applied to Mr. Pratt for advice as to whether he -should go West. He questioned the young man as to how he occupied his -time; what he did before business hours, and what after; what he was -reading or doing to improve his mind. Finding that the young man was -taking no pains to educate himself, he said emphatically, 'No; don't go -West. They don't want you.'" - -Active as Mr. Pratt was in the details of a great business, he found -time for other work. Desiring an education, which he in his early days -could not obtain, he provided the best for his children. He became -deeply interested in Adelphi Academy, Brooklyn, was a trustee, and later -president of the Board. In 1881 he erected the wing of the main -building; and six years later, in 1887, he gave $160,000 for the -erection of a new building. - -He gave generously to the Baptist Church in Brooklyn in which he -worshipped, and from the pews of which he was seldom absent on the -Sabbath. He bestowed thousands upon struggling churches. He generously -aided Rochester Theological Seminary. He gave to Amherst College, -through his son Charles M. Pratt, about $40,000 for a gymnasium, and -through his son Frederick B. Pratt thirteen acres for athletic grounds. -He helped foreign missions and missions at home with an open hand. - -"There were," says Dr. Cuyler, "innumerable little rills of benevolence -that trickled into the homes of the needy and the hearts of the -straitened and suffering. I never loved Charles Pratt more than when he -was dealing with the needs of a bright orphan girl, whose case appealed -strongly to his sympathies. After inquiring into it carefully, he said -to me, 'We must be careful when trying to aid this young lady, not to -cripple her energies, or lower her sense of independence.' - -"The last time his hand ever touched paper was to sign a generous check -for the benefit of our Brooklyn Bureau of Charities. Almost the last -words that he ever wrote was this characteristic sentence: 'I feel that -life is so short that I am not satisfied unless I do each day the best I -can.'" - -Mr. Pratt was not willing to spend his life in accumulating millions -except for a purpose. He once told Dr. Cuyler, "The greatest humbug in -this world is the idea that the mere possession of money can make any -man happy. I never got any satisfaction out of mine until I began to do -good with it." - -He did not wish his wealth to build fine mansions for himself, for he -preferred to live simply. He had no pleasure in display. "He needed," -says his minister, Dr. Humpstone, "neither club nor playhouse to afford -him rest; his home sufficed. For those who use such diversions he had no -criticism. In these matters he was neither narrow nor ascetic. He was -the brother of his own children. His home was to him the fairest spot on -earth. He filled it with sunshine. Outside of his business, his church, -and his philanthropy, it was his only sphere." - -He was a man of few words and much self-control. Dr. Humpstone relates -this incident, told him by a friend: "Some one made upon Mr. Pratt, -openly, a bitter personal attack. The future revealed that this charge -was entirely unmerited, and the man who made it lived to regret his act; -but the moment revealed the greatness of our dead friend's love. He said -no word; only a face pale with pain revealed how determined was his -effort at self-control, and how keen was his suffering. When his -accuser turned to go, he bade him good-morning, as though he had left a -blessing and not a bane behind him. As I recall the past at this moment, -I think of no word he ever spoke in my hearing that was proof of an -unloving spirit in him." - -For years Mr. Pratt had been thinking about industrial education; "such -education as enables men and women to earn their own living by applied -knowledge and the skilful use of their hands in the various productive -industries." He knew that the majority of young men and women are born -poor, and must struggle for a livelihood, and, whether poor or rich, -ought to know how to be self-supporting, and not helpless members of the -community. The study of algebra and English literature might be a -delight, but not all can be teachers or clerks in stores; some must be -machinists, carpenters, and skilled workmen in various trades. - -Mr. Pratt never forgot that he had been a poor boy. He never grew cold -in manner and selfish in life. "He presented," says Mr. James -MacAlister, President of the Drexel Institute, Philadelphia, "the rare -spectacle of a rich man in strong sympathy with the industrial -revolution that was progressing around him. His ardent desire was to -recognize labor, to improve it, to elevate it; and his own experience -taught him that the best way to do this was to put education into the -handiwork of the laborer." - -Mr. Pratt gained information from all possible sources about the kind of -an institution which should be built to provide the knowledge of books -and the knowledge of earning a living. He travelled widely in his own -country, corresponded with the heads of various schools, such as The -Rose Polytechnic Institute at Terre Haute, Ind., the Institute of -Technology in Boston, and with Dr. John Eaton, then Commissioner of -Education, Dr. Felix Adler of New York, and others. Then Mr. Pratt took -his son, Mr. F. B. Pratt, and his private secretary, Mr. Heffley, to -twenty of the leading cities in England, France, Austria, Switzerland, -and Germany, to see what the Old World was doing to educate her people -in self-help. - -He found great industrial schools on the Continent supported by the city -or state, where every boy or girl could learn the theory or practice, or -both, of the trade to be followed for a livelihood. On leaving the -schools the pupils could earn a dollar or more a day. Our own country -was sadly backward in such matters. The public schools had introduced -manual training only to a very limited extent. Mr. Pratt determined to -build an institute where any who wished to engage in "mechanical, -commercial, and artistic pursuits" should have a thorough "theoretic and -practical knowledge." It should dignify labor, because he believed there -should be no idlers among rich or poor. It should teach "that personal -character is of greater consequence than material productions." - -Mr. Pratt, on Sept. 11, 1885, bought a large piece of land on Ryerson -Street, Brooklyn, a total of 32,000 square feet, and began to carry out -in brick and stone his noble thought for the people. He not only gave -his millions, but he gave his time and thought in the midst of his busy -life. He said, "_The giving which counts, is the giving of one's self_. -The faithful teacher who gives his strength and life without stint or -hope of reward, other than the sense of fidelity to duty, gives most; -and so the record will stand when our books are closed at the day of -final accounting." - -Mr. Pratt at first erected the main building six stories high, 100 feet -by 86, brick with terra-cotta and stone trimmings, and the machine-shop -buildings, consisting of metal-working and wood-working shops, forge and -foundry rooms, and a building 103 feet by 95 for bricklaying, -stone-carving, plumbing, and the like. Later the high-school building -was added; and a library building has recently been erected, the library -having outgrown its rooms. In the main building, occupying the whole -fourth floor as well as parts of several other floors, is the art -department of the Institute. Here, in morning, afternoon, and evening -classes, under the best instructors, a three years' course in art may be -taken, in drawing, painting, and clay-modelling; also courses in -architectural and mechanical drawing, where in the adjacent shops the -properties of materials and their power to bear strain can be learned. -Many students take a course in design, and are thus enabled to win good -positions as designers of book-covers, tiles, wall-papers, carpets, etc. -The normal art course of two years fits for teaching. Of those who left -the Institute between 1890 and 1893, having finished the course, -seventy-six became supervisors of drawing in public schools, or teach -art elsewhere, with salaries aggregating $47,620. Courses are also given -in wood-carving and art needlework. Though there were but twelve in the -class in the art department at the opening of the Institute in 1887, in -three years the number of pupils had increased to about seven hundred. - -Mr. Pratt instituted another department in the main building,--that of -domestic science. There are morning, afternoon, and evening classes in -sewing, cooking, and other household matters. A year's course, two -lessons a week, is given in dressmaking, cutting, fitting, and draping, -or the course may be taken in six months if time is limited; a course in -millinery with five lessons a week, and the full course in three months -if the person has little time to give; lectures in hygiene and home -nursing, that women in their homes may know what to do in cases of -sickness; classes in laundry work, in plain and fancy cooking, and -preparing food for invalids. There are Normal courses to fit teachers -for schools and colleges to give instruction in house sanitation, -ventilation, heating, cooking, etc. - -This department of domestic science has been most useful and popular. As -many as 2,800 pupils have been enrolled in a single year. A club of men -came to take lessons in cooking preparatory to camp-life. Nurses come -from the training-schools in hospitals to learn how to cook for -invalids. Many teachers have gone out from this department. The -Institute has not been able to supply the demand for sewing-women and -dressmakers during the busy season. - -Mr. Pratt rightly thought "that a knowledge of household employments is -thoroughly consistent with the grace and dignity and true womanliness of -every American girl.... The housewife who knows how to manage the -details of her home has more courage than one who is dependent upon -servants, no matter how faithful they may be. She is a better mistress; -for she can sympathize with them, and appreciate their work when well -done." - -Mr. Pratt had another object in view, as he said, "To help those -families who must live on small incomes,--say, not over $400 or $500 per -year,--teaching the best disposition of this money in wise purchase, -economical use of material, and little waste. One aim of this department -is to make the home of the workingman more attractive." - -Mr. Pratt said in the last address which he ever made to his Institute: -"Home is the centre from which the life of the nation emanates; and the -highest product of modern civilization is a contented, happy home. How -can we help to secure such homes? By teaching the people that happiness, -to some extent at least, consists in having something to occupy the head -and hand, and in doing some useful work." - -In the department of commerce, there are day and evening classes in -phonography, typewriting, bookkeeping, commercial law, German, and -Spanish, as the latter language, it is believed, will be used more in -our commercial relations in the future. - -There is a department of music to encourage singing among the people, -with courses in vocal music, and in the art of teaching music; this has -over four hundred students. In the department of kindergartens in the -Institute Mr. Pratt took a deep interest. A model kindergarten is -conducted with training-classes, and classes for mothers, who may thus -be able to introduce it into their homes. The high-school department, a -four years' course, combining the academic and the manual training, has -proved very valuable. It was originally intended to make the Institute -purely manual, but later it was felt to be wise to give an opportunity -for a completer education by combining head-work and hand-work. The -school day is from nine o'clock till three. Of the seven periods into -which this time is divided, three are devoted to recitations, one to -study,--the lessons are prepared at home,--one to drawing, and two to -the workshop, in wood, forging, tinsmithing, machine-tool work, etc. -When the high school was opened, Mr. Pratt said, "We believe in the -value of co-education, and are pleased to note the addition of more than -twenty young women to this entering class." - -The high school has some excellent methods. "For making the machinery of -National and State elections clear," says Mr. F. B. Pratt, the secretary -of the Institute and son of the founder, "the school has conducted a -campaign and election in close imitation of the actual process.... Every -morning the important news of the preceding day has been announced and -explained by selected pupils." The Institute annually awards ten -scholarships to ten graduates of the Brooklyn grammar schools, five boys -and five girls, who pass the best entrance examinations for the high -school of Pratt Institute. The pupils after leaving the high school are -fitted to enter any scientific institution of college grade. - -Mr. Pratt was "so much impressed with the far-reaching influence of good -books as distributed through a free library," that he established a -library in the Institute for the use of the pupils, and for the public -as well. It now has fifty thousand volumes, with a circulation of over -two hundred thousand volumes. In connection with it, there are library -training-classes, graduates of which have found good positions in -various libraries. - -A museum was begun by Mr. Pratt in 1887, as an aid to the students in -their work. The finest specimens of glass, earthenware, bronzes, -iron-work, and minerals were obtained from the Old World, specimens of -iron and steel from our own country to illustrate their manufacture in -the various articles of use; much attention will be given to artistic -work in iron after the manner of Quentin Matsys; lace, ancient and -modern; all common cloth, with kind of weave and price; various wools -and woollen goods from many countries. - -In the basement of the main building Mr. Pratt opened a lunch-room, a -most sensible department, especially for those who live at some distance -from the Institute. Dinners at a reasonable price are served from twelve -to two o'clock, and suppers three nights a week from six to seven P.M. -Over forty thousand meals are served yearly. Soups, cold meats, salads, -sandwiches, tea, coffee, milk, and fruit are usually offered. - -Another thought of Mr. Pratt, who seemed not to overlook anything, was -the establishing of an association known as "The Thrift." Mr. Pratt -said, "Pupils are taught some useful work by which they can earn money. -It seems a natural thing that the next step should be to endeavor to -teach them how to save this money; or, in other words, how to make a -wise use of it. It is not enough that one be trained so that he can join -the bands of the world's workers and become a producer; he needs quite -as much to learn habits of economy and thrift in order to make his life -a success." - -"The Thrift" was divided into the investment branch and the loan branch. -The investment shares were $150, payable at the rate of one dollar a -month for ten years. The investor would then have $160. Any person -could loan money to purchase a home, and make small monthly payments -instead of rent. As many persons were unable to save a dollar a month, -stamps were sold as in Europe; and a person could buy them at any time, -and these could be redeemed for cash. In less than four years, the -Thrift had 650 depositors, with a total investment of over $90,000. -Twenty-four loans had been made, aggregating over $100,000. The total -deposits up to 1895 were $260,000. - -Most interesting to me of all the departments of Pratt Institute are the -machine-shops and the Trade School Building, where boys can learn a -trade. "The aim of these trade classes," says Mr. F. B. Pratt, in the -_Independent_ for April 30, 1891, "is to afford a thorough grounding in -the principles of a mechanical trade, and sufficient practice in its -different operations to produce a fair amount of hand skill." The old -apprenticeship system has been abandoned, and our boys must learn to -earn a living in some other way. The trades taught at Pratt Institute -are carpentry, forging, machine-work, plastering, plumbing, -blacksmithing, bricklaying, house and fresco painting, etc. There is an -evening class of sheet-metal workers, who study patterns for cornices, -elbows, and other designs in sheet-metal. Much attention is given to -electrical construction and to electricity in general. The day and -evening classes are always full. Some of the master-mechanics' -associations are cordial in their co-operation and examination of -students through their committees. After leaving the Institute, work -seems to be readily obtained at good wages. - -Mr. Pratt wished the instruction here to be of the best. He said, "The -demand is for a better and better quality of work, and our American -artisans must learn that to claim first place in any trade they must be -intelligent.... They must learn to have pride in their work, and to love -it, and believe in our motto, 'Be true to your work, and your work will -be true to you.'" - -The sons of the founder are alive to the necessities of the young in -this direction. If it is true that out of the 52,894 white male -prisoners in the prisons and reformatory institutions of the United -States in 1890 nearly three-fourths were native born, and 31,426 had -learned no trade whatever, it is evident that one of the most pressing -needs of our time is the teaching of trades to boys and young men. - -Mr. Charles M. Pratt, the president of the Institute, says in his -Founder's Day Address in 1893 concerning technical instruction: "Our -possible service here seems almost limitless. The President of the Board -of Education of Boston in a recent address congratulated his -fellow-citizens upon the fact that Boston has her system of public -schools and kindergartens, and now, and but lately, her public school of -manual training; but what is needed, he said, 'is a school of _technical -training in the trades_, such as Pratt Institute and other similar -institutions furnish. I sincerely trust that the next five years of life -and growth here will develop much in this direction.... We are willing -to enlarge our present special facilities, or provide new ones for new -trade-class requirements, as long as the demand for such opportunities -truly exists.'" - -One rejoices in such institutions as the New York Trade Schools on First -Avenue, between Sixty-seventh and Sixty-eighth Streets, with their day -and evening classes in plumbing, gasfitting, bricklaying, plastering, -stone-cutting, fresco-painting, wood-carving, carpentry, and the like. A -printing department has also been added. This work owes its inception -and success to the brain and devotion of the late lamented Richard -Tylden Auchmuty, who died in New York, July 18, 1893. Mrs. Auchmuty, the -wife of the founder, has given the land and buildings to the school, -valued at $220,000, and a building-fund of $100,000. Mr. J. Pierpont -Morgan has endowed the school with a gift of $500,000. - -Mr. Pratt did not cease working when his great Institute was fairly -started. He built in Greenpoint, Long Island, a large apartment building -called the "Astral," five stories high, of brick and stone, with 116 -suites of rooms, each suite capable of accommodating from three to six -persons. The building cost $300,000, and is rented to workingmen and -their families, the income to be used in helping to maintain the -Institute. A public library was opened in the Astral, with the thought -at first of using it only for the people in the building; but it was -soon opened to all the inhabitants of Greenpoint, and has been most -heartily appreciated and used. Cut in stone over the fireplace in the -reading-room of the Astral are the words, "Waste neither time nor -money." - -When Mr. Pratt made his first address to the students of Pratt Institute -on Founder's Day, Oct. 2, 1888, his birthday, taking the Bible from the -desk, he said, before reading it and offering prayer, "Whatever I have -done, whatever I hope to do, I have done trusting in the Power from -above." - -Before he built the Institute many persons asked him to use his wealth -in other ways; some urged a Theological School, others a Medical School, -but his interest in the workingman and the home led him to found the -Institute. He rejoiced in the work and its outlook for the future. He -said, "I am so grateful, so grateful that the Almighty has inclined my -heart to do this thing." - -On the second and third Founder's Days, Mr. Pratt spoke with hope and -the deepest interest in the work of the Institute. He had been asked -often what he had spent for the work, and had prepared a statement at -considerable cost of time, but with characteristic modesty he could -never bring himself to make it public. "I have asked myself over and -over again what good could result from any statement we could make of -the amount of money we have spent. The quality and amount of service -rendered by the Institute is the only fair estimate of its real value." - -In closing his address Mr. Pratt said, "To my sons and co-trustees, who -will have this work to carry on when I am gone, I wish to say, 'The -world will overestimate your ability, and will underestimate the value -of your work; will be exacting of every promise made or implied; will be -critical of your failings; will often misjudge your motives, and hold -you to strict account for all your doings. Many pupils will make -demands, and be forgetful of your service to them. Ingratitude will -often be your reward. When the day is dark, and full of discouragement -and difficulty, you will need to look on the other side of the picture, -which you will find full of hope and gladness.'" - -When the next Founder's Day came, Mr. Pratt was gone, and the Institute -was in the hands of others. At the close of a day of work and thought in -his New York office, Mr. Pratt fell at his post, May 4, 1891, and was -carried to his home in Clinton Avenue, Brooklyn. After the funeral, May -7, memorial services were held in the Emmanuel Baptist Church on Sunday -afternoon, May 17, with addresses by distinguished men who loved and -honored him. - -A beautiful memorial chapel was erected by his family on his estate at -Dosoris, Glen Cove, Long Island; and there the body of Mr. Pratt was -buried, July 31, 1894. The chapel is of granite, in the Romanesque -style, with exquisite stained glass windows. The main room is wainscoted -with polished red granite, the arching ceiling lined with glass mosaic -in blue, gold, and green. At the farther end, in a semi-circular apse -reached by two steps through an imposing arch, stands the sarcophagus of -Siena marble, with the name, Charles Pratt, and dates of birth and -death. The campanile contains the chime of bells so admired by everybody -who visited the Columbian Exposition at Chicago, and heard it ring out -from the central clock tower in the Building of Manufactures and Liberal -Arts. Few, comparatively, will ever see this monument erected by a -devoted family to a husband and father; but thousands upon thousands -will see the monument which Mr. Pratt built for himself in his noble -Institute. Every year thousands come to learn its methods and to copy -some of its features, even from Africa and South America. The Earl of -Meath, who has done so much for the improvement of his race, said to Dr. -Cuyler, "Of all the good things I have seen in America, there is none -that I would so like to carry back to London as this splendid -establishment." - -One may read in Baedeker's "Guide Book of the United States" -instructions how to find "the extensive buildings of Pratt Institute, -one of the best-equipped technical institutions in the world. None -interested in technical education should fail to visit this -institution." - -During his life, Mr. Pratt gave to the Institute about $3,700,000, and -thus had the pleasure of seeing it bear fruit. Of this, $2,000,000 is -the endowment fund. Small charges are made to the pupils, but not nearly -enough to pay the running expenses. Mr. Pratt's sons are nobly carrying -forward the work left to their care by their father, who died in the -midst of his labors. Playgrounds have been laid out, a gymnasium -provided, new buildings erected, and other measures adopted which they -feel that their father would approve were he alive. - -Courses of free lectures are given at Pratt Institute to the public as -well as the students; a summer school is provided at Glen Cove, Long -Island, for such as wish to learn about agriculture, with instruction -given in botany, chemistry, physiology, raising and harvesting crops, -and the care of animals; nurses are trained in the care and development -of children; a bright monthly magazine is published by the Institute; a -Neighborship Association has been formed of alumni, teachers, and -pupils, which meets for the discussion of such topics as "The relation -of the rich to the poor," "The ethics of giving," "Citizenship," etc., -and to carry out the work and spirit of the Institute wherever -opportunity offers. - -Already the influence of Pratt Institute has been very great. Public -schools all over the country are adopting some form of manual training -whereby the pupils shall be better fitted to earn their living. Mr. -Chas. M. Pratt, in one of his Founder's Day addresses, quotes the words -of a successful teacher and merchant: "There is nothing under God's -heaven so important to the individual as to acquire the power to earn -his own living; to be able to stand alone if necessary; to be dependent -upon no one; to be indispensable to some one." - -About four thousand students receive instruction each year at the -Institute. Many go out as teachers to other schools all over the -country. As the founder said in his last address, "The world goes on, -and Pratt Institute, if it fulfils the hopes and expectations of its -founder, must go on, and as the years pass, the field of its influence -should grow wider and wider." - -On the day that he died, Mr. Herbert S. Adams, the sculptor, had -finished a bust of Mr. Pratt in clay. It was put into bronze by the -teachers and pupils, and now stands in the Institute, with these words -of the founder cut in the bronze: "_The giving which counts is the -giving of one's self_." - - - - -THOMAS GUY - -AND HIS HOSPITAL. - - -One day the rich Matthew Vassar stood before the great London hospital -founded by Thomas Guy, and read these words on the pedestal of the -bronze statue:-- - - - THOMAS GUY, - SOLE FOUNDER OF THIS HOSPITAL IN HIS LIFETIME - A.D. MDCCXXI. - - -The last three words made a deep impression. Matthew Vassar had no -children. He wished to leave his fortune where it would be of permanent -value; and lest something might happen to thwart his plan, he had to do -it _in his lifetime_. - -Sir Isaac Newton said, "They who give nothing till they die, never give -at all." Several years before his death, Matthew Vassar built Vassar -College near Poughkeepsie, N.Y.; for he said, "There is not in our -country, there is not in the world so far as known, a single fully -endowed institution for the education of women. It is my hope to be the -instrument, in the hands of Providence, of founding and perpetuating an -institution _which shall accomplish for young women what our colleges -are accomplishing for young men_." - -To this end he gave a million dollars, and was happy in the results. -His birthday is celebrated each year as "Founder's Day." On one of these -occasions he said, "This is almost more happiness than I can bear. This -one day more than repays me for all I have done." - -And what of Thomas Guy, whose example led to Matthew Vassar's noble gift -while the latter was alive? He was an economical, self-made bookbinder -and bookseller, who became the "greatest philanthropist of his day." - -Thomas Guy was born in Horselydown, Southwark, in the outskirts of -London, in 1644 or 1645. His father, Thomas Guy, was a lighterman and -coalmonger, one who transferred coal from the colliers to the wharves, -and also sold it to customers. He was a member of the Carpenters' -Company of the city of London, and probably owned some barges. - -His wife, Anne Vaughton, belonged to a family of better social position -than her husband, as several of her relatives had been mayors in -Tamworth, or held other offices of influence. - -When the boy Thomas was eight years old, his father died, leaving Mrs. -Guy to bring up three small children, Thomas, John, and Anne. The eldest -probably went to the free grammar school of Tamworth, and when fifteen -or sixteen years of age was apprenticed for eight years to John Clarke -the younger, bookseller and bookbinder in Cheapside, London. - -John Clarke was ruined in the great fire of Sept. 2, 1666, which, says -H. R. Fox Bourne in his "London Merchants," "destroyed eighty-nine -churches, and more than thirteen thousand houses in four hundred -streets. Of the whole district within the city walls, four hundred and -thirty-six acres were in ruins, and only seventy-five acres were left -covered. Property worth Ł10,000,000 was wasted, and thousands of -starving Londoners had to run for their lives, and crouch for days and -weeks on the bare fields of Islington and Hampstead, Southwark and -Lambeth." - -What Thomas Guy was in his later life he probably was as a -boy,--hard-working, economical, of good habits, and determined to -succeed. When the eight years of apprenticeship were over he was -admitted a freeman of the Stationers' Company; and having a little -means, he began a business at the junction of Cornhill and Lombard -Streets, where he resided through his whole life. His stock of books at -the beginning was worth about two hundred pounds. - -At this time many English Bibles were printed in Holland on account of -the better paper and types found there, and vast numbers were imported -to England with large profits. Young Guy, with business shrewdness, soon -became an importer of Bibles, and very probably Prayer-books and Psalms. - -The King's printers were opposed to such importations, and caused the -arrest of booksellers and publishers, so that this Holland trade was -largely broken up. It is said that the King's printers so raised the -price of Bibles that the poor were unable to buy them. The privilege of -printing was limited to London, York, and the Universities of Oxford and -Cambridge. Then London and Oxford quarrelled over Bible printing, and -each tried to undersell the other. - -[Illustration: THOMAS GUY.] - -Thomas Guy and Peter Parker printed Bibles for Oxford, had four presses -in use within four months of their undertaking the Oxford work, and -showed the greatest activity, skill, and energy in the enterprise. -Their work was excellent, and some of their Bibles and other volumes are -still found in the English libraries. - -These University printers, Parker & Guy, had many lawsuits with other -firms, who claimed that the former had made Ł10,000, or even Ł15,000, by -their connection with Oxford. Doubtless they had made money; but they -had done their work well, and deserved their success. - -Concerning Oxford Bibles, a writer in _McClure's Magazine_ says, "In -these days the privilege of printing a Bible is hardly less jealously -guarded in the United Kingdom than the privilege of printing a banknote. -It is accorded by license to the Queen's printers, and by charter to the -Universities of Oxford and Cambridge; and it is, as a matter of fact, at -the University of Oxford that the greatest bulk of the work is done. -From this famous press there issue annually about one million copies of -the sacred book; copies ranging in price from tenpence to ten pounds, -and in form from the brilliant Bible, which weighs in its most handsome -binding less than four ounces, and measures 3˝ by 2-1/8 by ž inches, to -the superb folio Bible for church use, the page of which measures 19 by -12 inches, which is the only folio Bible in existence--seventy-eight -editions in all; copies in all manner of languages, even the most -barbarous." - -The choicest paper is used, and the utmost care taken with setting the -type. It is computed that to set up and "read" a reference Bible costs -Ł1,000. - -"The first step is to make a careful calculation, showing what, in the -particular type employed, will be the exact contents of each page, from -the first page to the last. It must be known before a single type is -set just what will be the first and last word on each page. It is not -enough that this calculation shall be approximate, it must be exact to -the syllable. - -"The proofs are then read again by a fresh reader, from a fresh model; -and this process is repeated until, before being electrotyped, they have -been read five times in all. Any compositor who detects an error in the -model gets a reward; but only two such rewards have ever been earned. -Any member of the public who is first to detect an error in the -authorized text is entitled to one guinea, but the average annual outlay -of the press under this head is almost nil." - -As soon as Thomas Guy prospered, he gave to various causes. He gave five -pounds to help rebuild the schoolhouse at Tamworth, where he had been a -student a few years before; and when a little over thirty years of age, -in 1678, he bought some land in Tamworth, and erected an almshouse for -seven poor women. A good-sized room was used for their library. The -whole cost was Ł200, a worthy beginning for a young man. - -A little later Mr. Guy gave ten pounds yearly to a "Spinning School," -where the children of the poor were taught how to work, probably some -kind of industrial training. Also ten pounds yearly to a Dissenting -minister, and the same amount to one of the Established Church. - -When Mr. Guy was a little over forty, he gave another Ł200 for -almshouses for poor men at Tamworth; and the town called him, "Our -incomparable benefactor." - -When Mr. Guy was forty-five years of age, in 1690, he attempted to enter -Parliament from Tamworth, but was defeated. This was the second -Parliament under William and Mary. In 1694 he was elected sheriff of -London, but refused to serve, perhaps on account of the expense, as he -disliked display, and paid the penalty of refusing, Ł400. - -In the third Parliament, 1695, Mr. Guy tried again, and succeeded. He -was re-elected after an exciting contest in 1698, and again in 1701 and -1702, and in two Parliaments under Queen Anne. - -While in Parliament he built a town hall for the people of Tamworth. In -1708, after thirteen years of service, Mr. Guy was rejected. It is said -that he promised the people of Tamworth, so much did he enjoy -Parliamentary life, that if they would elect him again he would leave -his whole fortune to the town, so they should never have a pauper; but -for once they forgot their "incomparable benefactor," and Thomas Guy in -turn forgot them. - -"The cause of Guy's rejection," says the history of Tamworth, "is said -to have been his neglect of the gastronomic propensities of his worthy, -patriotic, and enlightened constituents, by whom the virtues of fasting -appear to have been entirely forgotten. In the anger of the moment he -threatened to pull down the town hall which he had built, and to abolish -the almshouses. The burgesses, repenting of their rash act, sent a -deputation to wait upon him with the offer of re-election in the ensuing -Parliament, 1810; but he rejected all conciliation. He always considered -that he had been treated with great ingratitude, and he deprived the -inhabitants of Tamworth of the advantage of his almshouses." His will -provided that persons from certain towns might find a home in his -almshouses, his own relatives to be preferred, should any offer -themselves; but Tamworth was left out of the list of towns. - -Mr. Guy already had become very wealthy. During the wars of William and -Anne with Louis XIV., the soldiers and seamen were sometimes unpaid for -years, from lack of funds. Tickets were given them, and they were -willing to sell these at whatever price they would bring. Mr. Guy bought -largely from the seamen, and has been blamed for so doing; but his -latest biographers, Messrs. Wilks and Bettany, in their interesting and -valuable "Biographical History of Guy's Hospital," think he did it with -a spirit of kindness rather than of avarice. "It is at least consistent -with his general philanthropy to suppose that, compassionating the poor -seamen who could not get their money, he offered them more than they -could get elsewhere, and that this accounts for his being so large a -purchaser of seamen's tickets. Instead of being to his discredit, we -think rather that it is to his credit, and that he managed to benefit a -large number of necessitous men, while at the same time, in the future, -benefiting himself." - -Mr. Guy also made a great amount of money in the South Sea Company. With -regard to the South Sea stock, says the _Saturday Magazine_, "Mr. Guy -had no hand in framing or conducting that scandalous fraud; he obtained -the stock when low, and had the good sense to sell it at the time it was -at its height." - -Chambers's "Book of Days" gives a very interesting account of this -"South Sea Bubble." Harley, Earl of Oxford, who had helped Queen Anne to -get rid of her advisers, the Duke of Marlborough and the proud Duchess, -Sarah, with a desire to "restore public credit, and discharge ten -millions of the floating debt, agreed with a company of merchants that -they should take the debt upon themselves for a certain time, at the -interest of six per cent, to provide for which, amounting to Ł600,000 -per annum, the duties for certain articles were rendered permanent. At -the same time was granted the monopoly of trade to the South Seas, and -the merchants were incorporated as the South Sea Company; and so proud -was the minister of his scheme that it was called by his flatterers, -'The Earl of Oxford's Masterpiece.'" - -The South Sea Company, after a time, agreed to take upon themselves the -whole of the national debt, Ł30,981,712, about $150,000,000. Sir John -Blount, a speculator, first propounded the scheme. It was rumored that -Spain, by treaty with England, would grant free trade to all her -colonies, and that silver would thus be brought from Potosi, and become -as plentiful as iron; and that Mexico would part with gold in abundance -for English cotton and woollen goods. It was also said that Spain, in -exchange for Gibraltar and Port Mahon, would give up places on the coast -of Peru. It was promised that each person who took Ł100 of stock would -make fifty per cent, and probably much more. Mr. Guy took Ł45,500 of -stock, probably the amount which the government owed him for seamen's -tickets. Others who had claims "were empowered to subscribe the several -sums due to them ... for which he and the rest of the subscribers were -to receive an annual interest of six per cent upon their respective -subscriptions, until the same were discharged by Parliament." - -The speculating mania spread widely. Great ladies pawned their jewels -in order to invest. Lords were eager to double and treble their money. A -journalist of the time writes: "The South Sea equipages increase daily; -the city ladies buy South Sea jewels, hire South Sea maids, take new -country South Sea houses; the gentlemen set up South Sea coaches, and -buy South Sea estates." - -The people seemed wild with speculation. All sorts of companies were -established; one with ten million dollars capital to import walnut-trees -from Virginia; one with five million dollars capital for a "wheel for -perpetual motion." An unknown adventurer started "a company for carrying -on an undertaking of great advantage, but nobody to know what it is." -Next morning this great man opened an office in Cornhill, and before -three o'clock one thousand shares had been subscribed for at ten dollars -a share, and the deposits paid. He put the ten thousand dollars in his -pocket, set off the same evening for the Continent, and was never heard -of again. He had assured them that nobody would know what the -undertaking was, and he had kept his word. - -The South Sea stock rose in one day from 130 per cent to 300, and -finally to 1,000 per cent. It then became known that Sir John Blount, -the chairman, and some others had sold out, making vast fortunes. The -price of stock began to fall, and at last the crisis brought ruin to -thousands. The poet Gay, who had been given Ł20,000 of stock, and had -thought himself rich, lost all, and was so ill in consequence that his -life was in danger. Some men committed suicide on account of their -losses, and some became insane. Prior said, "I am lost in the South Sea. -The roaring of the waves and the madness of the people are justly put -together." The people were now as wild with anger as they had been -intoxicated with hope for gain. They demanded redress, and the -punishment of the directors of the South Sea Company. Men high in -position were thrown into the Tower after it was found that the books of -the company had been tampered with or destroyed, and large amounts of -stock used to bribe men in office. The directors were fined over ten -million dollars, and their fortunes distributed among the sufferers. Sir -John Blount was allowed but Ł5,000 out of a fortune of Ł183,000. The -fortune of another, a million and a half pounds, was given to the -losers. One man was treated with especial severity because he was -reported to have said that "he would feed his carriage horses off gold." - -Mr. Guy, fearing that there was trickery when the stock rose so rapidly, -sold out when the prices were from three to six hundred, and thereby -saved himself from financial ruin. He was now very rich, having always -lived economically. When he was a bookseller it is said that he always -ate his dinner on his counter, using a newspaper for a tablecloth. - -The following story is told by Walter Thornbury in his "Old and New -London:"-- - -"'Vulture' Hopkins, so called from his alleged desire to seize upon -gains, and who had become rich in South Sea stock, once called upon Mr. -Guy to learn a lesson, as he said, in the art of saving. Being -introduced into the parlor, Guy, not knowing his visitor, lighted a -candle; but when Hopkins said, 'Sir, I always thought myself perfect in -the art of getting and husbanding money, but being informed that you far -exceed me, I have taken the liberty of waiting upon you to be satisfied -on this subject.' Guy replied, 'If that is all your business, we can as -well talk it over in the dark,' and immediately put out the candle. This -was evidence sufficient for Hopkins, who acknowledged Guy to be his -master, and took his leave." - -Notwithstanding Mr. Guy's penuriousness, he had the grace of gratitude. -Thousands forget their helpers after prosperity comes to them. Not so -Thomas Guy. The _Saturday Magazine_ for Aug. 2, 1834, relates this -incident: "The munificent founder of Guy's Hospital was a man of very -humble appearance, and of a melancholy cast of countenance. One day, -while pensively leaning over one of the bridges, he attracted the -attention and commiseration of a bystander, who, apprehensive that he -meditated self-destruction, could not refrain from addressing him with -an earnest entreaty not to let his misfortunes tempt him to commit any -rash act; then, placing in his hand a guinea, with the delicacy of -genuine benevolence he hastily withdrew. - -"Guy, roused from his revery, followed the stranger, and warmly -expressed his gratitude, but assured him that he was mistaken in -supposing him to be either in distress of mind or of circumstances, -making an earnest request to be favored with the name of the good man, -his intended benefactor. The address was given, and they parted. Some -years later Guy, observing the name of his friend in the bankrupt list, -hastened to his house, brought to his recollection their former -interview; found upon investigation that no blame could be attached to -him under his misfortunes; intimated his ability and also his intention -to serve him; entered into immediate arrangements with his creditors; -and finally re-established him in a business which ever after prospered -in his hands, and in the hands of his children's children, for many -years in Newgate Street." - -Those who knew Mr. Guy best declared that "his chief design in getting -money seems to have been with a view of employing the same in good -works." He gave five guineas to Mr. Bowyer, a printer, who had lost -everything by fire, "not knowing," said Mr. Guy, "how soon it may be our -own case." He also gave in 1717 to the Stationer's Company Ł1,000, to be -distributed to poor members and widows at the rate of Ł50 per annum. - -"Many of his poor though distant relations had stated allowances from -him of Ł10 or Ł20 a year, and occasionally larger sums; and to two of -them he gave Ł500 apiece to advance them in the world. He has several -times given Ł50 for discharging insolvent debtors. He has readily given -Ł100 at a time on application to him on behalf of a distressed family." - -In 1704 Mr. Guy was asked to become the governor of St. Thomas's -Hospital, partly because he was a prominent and able citizen, and partly -because he might thus become interested and give some money. Mr. Guy -accepted the office, and soon built three new wards at a cost of Ł1,000, -and provided the hospital with Ł100 a year for the benefit of its poor. -When patients left the hospital they were often unfit for work, and this -money would provide food for them for a time. He had given already to -the steward money and clothes for such cases of need. He also built, in -1724, a new entrance to St. Thomas's Hospital, improved the front, and -erected two large brick houses, these works costing him Ł3,000. - -Mr. Guy seems to have given constantly from his youth, and always with -good sense in his gifts. He was growing old. He probably had meditated -long and carefully as to what use he should put his wealth. Highmore, in -his "History of the Public Charities of London," tells this rather -improbable story: "For the application of this fortune to charitable -uses the public are indebted to a trifling circumstance. He employed a -female servant whom he had agreed to marry. Some days previous to the -intended ceremony he had ordered the pavement before his door to be -mended up to a particular stone which he had marked, and then left his -house on business. - -"The servant, in his absence, looking at the workmen, saw a broken stone -beyond this mark which they had not repaired; and on pointing to it with -that design, they acquainted her that Mr. Guy had not ordered them to go -so far. She, however, directed it to be done, adding, with the security -incidental to her expectation of soon becoming his wife, 'Tell him I -bade you, and he will not be angry.' But she soon learnt how fatal it is -for one in a dependent position to exceed the limits of his or her -authority; for her master, on his return, was angered that they had gone -beyond his orders, renounced his engagement to his servant, and devoted -his ample fortune to public charity." - -In 1721, when Mr. Guy was seventy-six years of age, he leased a large -piece of ground of St. Thomas's Hospital for a thousand years at Ł30 a -year, to erect upon it a great hospital for incurables; "to receive and -entertain therein four hundred poor persons, or upwards, laboring under -any distempers, infirmities, or disorders, thought capable of relief by -physic or surgery; but who, by reason of the small hopes there may be of -their cure, or the length of time which for that purpose may be required -or thought necessary, are or may be adjudged or called incurable, and as -such not proper subjects to be received into or continued in the present -hospital, in and by which no provision has been made for distempers -deemed or called incurable." - -While Mr. Guy had primarily in mind the poor and incurable, and the -insane as well, in his will he directed the trustees to use their -judgment about the length of time patients should remain, either for -life or for a short period. Mr. Guy at once procured a plan for his -hospital, and in the spring of 1722 laid the foundations. He went to the -work "with all the expedition of a youth of fortune erecting a house for -his own residence." The original central building of stone cost Ł18,793. -The eastern wing, begun in 1738, was completed at a cost of Ł9,300; the -western wing, in 1780, at a cost of Ł14,537. - -Mr. Guy lived to see his treasured gift roofed in before his death, -which occurred Dec. 27, 1724, in his eightieth year. In a little more -than a week afterwards, Jan. 6, 1725, his hospital was opened, and sixty -patients were admitted. - -After the death of Mr. Guy one thousand guineas were found in his iron -chest; and as it was imagined that these were placed there to defray -his funeral expenses, they were used for that purpose. His body lay in -state at Mercer's Hall, Cheapside, and was taken with "great funeral -pomp" to the Parish Church of St. Thomas, Southwark, to rest there till -the chapel at the hospital should be completed. Two hundred blue-coat -boys from Christ's Hospital walked in the procession, and sang before -the hearse, which was followed by forty coaches, each drawn by six -horses. - -Mr. Guy had not forgotten these "blue-coat boys" in his will, and left a -perpetual annuity of Ł400 to educate four children yearly, with -preference for his own relatives. The boys from Christ's Hospital always -interest tourists in London. They wear long blue gowns, yellow -stockings, and knee-breeches. No cover is worn on their heads, even in -winter. - -This school was founded by the boy king, Edward VI., for poor boys, -though his father, Henry VIII., gave the building, which belonged to the -Grey Friars, to the city of London, but Edward caused the school to be -established. It is a quaint and most interesting spot, where four queens -and scores of lords and ladies are buried,--Margaret, second wife of -Edward I.; Isabella, the infamous wife of Edward II.; Joan, daughter of -Edward II., and wife of David Bruce, King of Scotland; and others. -Twelve hundred boys study at the hospital. Lamb, Coleridge, and other -famous men were among the blue-coats. The latter tells some interesting -things about the school in his "Table-Talk." "The discipline at Christ's -Hospital in my time was ultra-Spartan; all domestic ties were to be put -aside. 'Boy!' I remember Boyer saying to me once when I was crying the -first day of my return after the holidays, 'boy! the school is your -father; boy! the school is your mother; boy! the school is your brother; -the school is your sister; the school is your first cousin, and your -second cousin, and all the rest of your relatives. Let's have no more -crying!' - -"No tongue can express good Mrs. Boyer. Val Le Grice and I were once -going to be flogged for some domestic misdeed, and Boyer was thundering -away at us by way of prologue, when Mrs. B. looked in and said, 'Flog -them soundly, sir, I beg!' This saved us. Boyer was so nettled by the -interruption that he growled out, 'Away, woman! away!' and we were let -off." - -While Mr. Guy remembered the blue-coat orphans, he seemed to have -remembered everybody else in his will. So much were the people -interested in the lengthy document with its numerous gifts, that the -will went through three editions the first year of its publication. Mr. -Guy gave to every living relative, even to distant cousins--in all over -Ł75,000. These were mainly gifts of Ł1,000 each at four per cent, so -that each one received Ł40 a year. These legacies were called "Guy's -Thousands." If the recipients were under age, the interest was to be -used for his or her education and apprenticeship. - -One thousand pounds were given for the release of poor prisoners for -debt in London, Middlesex, or Surrey, in sums not to exceed five pounds -each. About six hundred persons were thus set at liberty. Another -thousand pounds were left to the trustees to relieve "such poor people, -being housekeepers, as in their judgments shall be thought convenient." -The interest on more than Ł2,000 was left for "putting out children -apprentices, nursing, or such like charitable deed." - -Then followed the great gift of nearly a million and a half dollars for -the hospital. After the buildings were erected, the remainder was to be -used "in the purchase of lands or reversions in fee simple, so that the -rents might be a perpetual provision for the sick." Considerably over a -million dollars were thus expended in purchasing over 8,000 acres in -Essex, a large estate of the Duke of Chandos, for Ł60,800, and other -tracts of land and houses. - -About six years after the death of the founder, a bronze statue of him -by Scheymaker was erected in the open square in front of the hospital, -costing five hundred guineas. On the pedestal are representations of the -Good Samaritan, Christ healing the sick, and Mr. Guy's armorial -bearings. In the chapel a marble statue of Mr. Guy, costing Ł1,000, was -erected by Mr. Bacon in 1779. The founder is represented as holding out -one hand to raise a poor invalid lying on the earth, and pointing with -the other hand to a person carried on a litter into one of the hospital -wards. On the pedestal is an inscription beginning with these words,-- - - - UNDERNEATH ARE DEPOSITED THE REMAINS OF - THOMAS GUY, - CITIZEN OF LONDON, MEMBER OF PARLIAMENT, AND THE SOLE - FOUNDER OF THIS HOSPITAL IN HIS LIFETIME. - - -In 1788 the noble John Howard visited Guy's Hospital; and while he found -some of the wards too low, being only nine feet and a half high, in the -new wards he praised the iron bedsteads and hair beds as being clean -and wholesome. - -For over one hundred and seventy years Guy's Hospital has done its noble -work. Departments have been added for special treatment of the eye, the -ear, the teeth, the throat, etc., while thousands of mothers are cared -for at their homes at the birth of their children. - -In 1829, at his death, another governor of Guy's Hospital, Mr. William -Hunt, left Ł180,000 to the hospital. He was buried in the vault under -the chapel by the side of Thomas Guy. After some years, Hunt's House, a -large central block, with north and south wings of brick with stone -facings, was erected, the whole costing nearly Ł70,000. From time to -time other needed buildings have been added, such as laboratories, -museums, etc. There are now in the hospital over seven hundred beds. -Only a few beds are reserved for those who can afford to pay; with this -exception patients are admitted to all parts of the hospital free of -charge. "The Royal Guide to London Charities," compiled by Herbert Fry, -says, "No recommendation is needed for admission to this hospital. -Sickness allied to poverty is an all-sufficient qualification." A fund -has been established for relieving the families of deserving and poor -patients while they are in the hospital. This is not only a blessing to -the dependent ones, but prevents the anxiety and worry of the suffering -inmates. - -Guy's Hospital now receives into its wards yearly over 6,000 patients, -and affords medical relief to about 70,000. The annual income of the -hospital is about Ł40,000. Saving, industrious Thomas Guy wrought even -better things for humanity than he could have hoped. It paid him to use -a newspaper on his counter instead of a tablecloth for his meals, if -every year thousands of poor men and women could be cared for in -sickness without money, walk about his pleasant six acres during -convalescence, and bless forever the name of Thomas Guy. What a contrast -such a life to that of one who spends his wealth in fine houses, -parties, expensive yachts, and self-indulgence! - -In 1825 Guy's Medical School was opened in connection with the hospital, -and has proved a great success. "It has become world-famed," write -Messrs. Wilks and Bettany, "and has received pupils from all -English-speaking lands, and not a few foreigners." Of Guy's Hospital -Reports which began to be published in 1836, they say, "Nothing, -perhaps, has done more to establish the reputation of Guy's Hospital -abroad than these Reports. They may be found in the best libraries in -Europe and in America, and have been well perused by many of the leading -men on the Continent." - -Those who wish to study medicine at Guy's have to pass a preliminary -examination in arts, and take a five years' course. During four years -"the time is equally divided between the study of the elements of -medical science and clinical instruction in the practice of the -profession." The last year is chiefly devoted to hospital practice. With -this amount of study it is easily seen why Guy's Medical School takes -high rank. - -On March 26, 1890, a college built of red brick was formally opened by -Mr. Gladstone. It cost Ł21,000, and is for the resident staff and -students. A gymnasium was built also in 1890. - -Guy's Hospital has been fortunate in the noted men who have been -connected with it. One of its early surgeons, John Belchier, lies buried -in the same vault with Thomas Guy. He fell in his office; and his -servant, not being able to lift him, as he was a heavy man, offered to -go for assistance. "No, John, I am dying," he said. "Fetch me a pillow; -I may as well die here as anywhere else." It is related of him that, -seeing the vanity of all earthly riches, he desired to be buried in the -hospital, with iron nails in his coffin, which was to be filled with -sawdust. - -The learned Dr. Walter Moxon, who has been called from his combination -of tenderness and ability "the perfect physician," was associated with -Guy's Hospital for twenty years. Dr. Wilks says, in the garden of Dr. -Moxon, "In the winter lumps of suet and cocoanut sawn in rings were hung -upon the arches and boughs for the benefit of the tits, and loaves of -bread were broken up for the blackbirds, thrushes, finches, and -sparrows. Always before taking his own breakfast on a winter's morning, -Moxon first saw to the feeding of his feathered friends." - -Dr. Richard Bright, whose name is given to the disease which he so -carefully studied, was for years connected with Guy's Hospital. He wrote -valuable books, and was an untiring student. "He was sincerely -religious, both in doctrine and in practice, and of so pure a mind that -he never was heard to utter a sentiment or to relate an anecdote that -was not fit to be heard by the merest child or the most refined woman." - -Sir Astley Paston Cooper was associated with Guy's for twenty-five -years. His father was a clergyman, and his mother an author. It is said -that he was first attracted towards surgery by an accident to one of -his foster-brothers. The youth fell from a heavy wagon, the wheels of -which passed over his body, tearing the flesh from the thigh and -injuring an artery, from which the blood flowed freely. Nobody seemed to -know how to stop the blood, when Astley, a boy scarcely more than -twelve, took out his handkerchief, and tied it tightly around the thigh -and above the wound, thus staying the blood till a surgeon could be -brought. Sir Astley used to say this accident, which resulted so well, -created in his mind a love for surgery. His uncle, William Cooper, was a -surgeon at Guy's, and encouraged his nephew's inclination for the -medical profession. At twenty-three Sir Astley married a lady of wealth, -lecturing on surgery on the evening of his wedding-day without any of -the pupils being aware of his marriage. The first year of his practice -he received Ł5 5_s._; the second year, Ł26; the third year, Ł54; the -fourth year, Ł96; the fifth year, Ł100; the sixth year, Ł200; the -seventh, Ł400; the eighth, Ł610; the ninth, Ł1,100. When he was in the -zenith of his fame he received Ł21,000 in one year. One merchant paid -him Ł600 yearly. For a successful operation he was sometimes paid one -thousand guineas. Each year he is said to have given Ł2,000 or Ł3,000 to -poor relations. - -"In his busy years," writes Dr. Samuel Wilks, "he rose at six, dissected -privately until eight, and from half-past eight saw large numbers of -patients gratuitously. At breakfast he ate only two well-buttered hot -rolls, drank his tea cool, at a draught, read his paper a few minutes, -and then was off to his consulting-room, turning round with a sweet, -benign smile as he left the room." At one o'clock he would scarcely see -another patient. "Sometimes the people in the hall and the anteroom were -so importunate that Mr. Cooper was driven to escape through his stables -and into a passage by Bishopsgate Church. At Guy's he was awaited by a -crowd of pupils on the steps, and at once went into the wards, -addressing the patients with such tenderness of voice and expression -that he at once gained their confidence. His few pertinent questions and -quick diagnosis were of themselves remarkable, no less than the -judicious, calm manner in which he enforced the necessity for operations -when required." - -At two o'clock Sir Astley Cooper went across the street to St. Thomas's -Hospital to lecture on anatomy. "After the lecture, which was often so -crowded that men stood in the gangways and passages near to gain such -portion of his lecture as they might fortunately pick up, he went round -the dissecting-room, and afterwards left the hospital to visit patients -or to operate privately, returning home at half-past six or seven. Every -spare minute in his carriage was occupied with dictating to his -assistants notes or remarks on cases or other subjects on which he was -engaged. At dinner he ate rapidly, and not very elegantly, talking and -joking; after dinner he slept for ten minutes at will, and then started -to his surgical lecture, if it were a lecture night. In the evening he -was usually again on a round of visits till midnight." - -Sir Astley received a baronetcy and a fee of Ł500 for successfully -removing a small tumor from the head of George IV. He wrote several -books, and was president of various societies. He was as famous abroad -as at home. The king of the French bestowed upon him the decoration of -the Legion of Honor. He died of dropsy in 1841 in his chair, surrounded -by his friends, saying, as he passed away, "God bless you; adieu to you -all," and was buried under the chapel near Thomas Guy. His only child -died in infancy. There is a statue of Sir Astley in St. Paul's -Cathedral, and a bust of him in the museum of Guy's. He said of himself: -"My own success depended upon my zeal and industry; but for this I take -no credit, as it was given to me from above." He is said to have left a -fortune of half a million of dollars. - -The beloved Frederick Denison Maurice was elected chaplain of Guy's -Hospital in 1836, when he was thirty-one. He wrote to a friend, "If I -could get any influence over the medical students I should indeed think -myself honored; and though some who have had experience think such a -hope quite a dream, I still venture to entertain it." There seems no -reason why a medical student, or any student indeed, should be rough in -manner or hard of heart. A true man will be a gentleman not less in the -dissecting-room than in the parlor. He will be humane to the lowest -animal, and tender and considerate in the presence of suffering. - -Sir William Withey Gull, the son of a barge-owner and wharfinger in -Essex, who rose to eminence by his power of work and will, was for -twenty years physician and lecturer at Guy's Hospital. Going there as a -student when he was twenty-one, he was told by the treasurer, "I can -help you if you will help yourself." He used to say that his real -education was given him by his sweet-faced mother. He won many prizes, -acted as tutor to gain the means of living, and made friends by his -winsome manner as well as his knowledge. The lady to whom he was engaged -died, but her father was so attached to young Gull that he left him a -considerable legacy. Mr. Gull afterwards married a sister of his friend -Dr. Lacy. He rose rapidly in his profession, and was made F.R.S. in -1869, having been made LL.D. of Oxford and Cambridge the previous year. - -His knowledge was profound on many subjects,--poetry, philosophy, and of -course medicine. His industry was astonishing to all, and his personal -influence remarkable. "Not many years ago," says Dr. Wilks, "we heard an -old student of Guy's descant on his beautiful lectures, and especially -those on fever. On being questioned as to what Gull said which most -struck him, he said he could not remember anything in particular, but he -would come to London any day to hear Gull reiterate the words in very -slow measure, 'Now typhoid, gentlemen.' ... When Gull left the bedside -of his patient, and said in measured tones, 'You will get well,' it was -like a message from above.... It was not penetration only which Gull -possessed, but endurance. It was ever being remarked with what -deliberate care he went over every case, as if that particular one was -his sole charge for the day." - -Dr. Gull attended the Prince of Wales in his very severe illness from -typhoid fever in 1871, when his life was despaired of; and for this he -was created a baronet, and Physician Extraordinary to the Queen. He died -of apoplexy, Jan. 29, 1890, leaving a fortune of Ł344,000 (over a -million and a half of dollars), largely earned by his own industry and -ability. His son, Sir Cameron Gull, has founded a studentship of -pathology at Guy's, worth about Ł150 per annum. Sir William was buried, -by his own desire, in his native village, Thorpe-le-Soken, beside his -father and mother. - -Thomas Guy has slept for over a century in the midst of the great work -which his fortune began and still carries forward. Who shall estimate -the good done every year to six thousand suffering persons, mostly poor, -who need the care and skill of a great hospital, and to seventy -thousand, or two hundred daily, who come for medical treatment? The fact -that Thomas Guy became rich through industry, economy, and business -sagacity will be forgotten; the fact that he was a member of Parliament -for thirteen years is of little moment; but the fact that he gave his -wealth to bless the world will be remembered as long as England lasts, -or humanity suffers. - - - - -SOPHIA SMITH - -AND HER COLLEGE FOR WOMEN. - - -Miss Sophia Smith, the founder of Smith College, came from a family of -savers as well as givers. Self-indulgent persons rarely give. - -She was the niece of Oliver Smith, whose unique charities have been a -blessing to many towns. Mr. Smith, who died at Hatfield, Mass., Dec. 22, -1845, left to the towns of Northampton, Hadley, Hatfield, Amherst, and -Williamsburg, in the county of Hampshire, and Deerfield, Greenfield, and -Whately, in the county of Franklin, about a million dollars to a Board -of Trustees, to be used as follows:-- - -To be set aside for sixty years from the time of his death, so as to -double and treble itself, for an Agricultural School at Northampton, -$30,000. In 1894, forty-nine years after Mr. Smith died, this fund had -become $190,801.15, so rapidly does interest accumulate. This will be -used to purchase two farms, one a Pattern Farm, to become a model to all -farmers; the other an Experimental Farm, to aid the Pattern Farm in the -art and science of husbandry and agriculture. Buildings are to be -erected on the grounds suitable for mechanics, and workshops for the -manufacture of implements of husbandry of the most approved models. If -the income will warrant it, tools for other trades may be manufactured. - -There is also to be a School of Industry on the farms for the benefit of -the poor. The boys to be aided must be from the poorest in the town, are -to receive a good common education, and be taught in agriculture or in -some mechanic art in the shops on the premises. When twenty-one years of -age they are to be loaned $200 each, and after paying interest for five -years at five per cent are to receive the $200 as a gift, if they have -proved themselves worthy. Three years before they are twenty-one, each -is to have a portion of his time to earn for himself. - -After a bequest of $10,000 to the American Colonization Society, Mr. -Smith's will provided that his property should go to poor boys and -girls, poor young women and widows. The boy, not under twelve, of good -moral character, should be bound out to some respectable family, and -receive at twenty-one, if he had been a faithful apprentice, a loan of -$500, and after five years the gift in full to help him make a start in -the world. - -The girl so bound out, if maintaining a good moral character, should -receive $300 as a marriage portion, if the man she was to marry seemed a -worthy man. If he was unworthy, the girl was to be aided in sickness or -mental derangement up to the full amount of the marriage portion. - -[Illustration: SOPHIA SMITH.] - -Each young woman in indigent or moderate circumstances, if she were to -marry a sober man, could, by applying to the trustees, receive a -marriage portion of fifty dollars, to be expended for necessary articles -of household furniture. Each widow, with a child or children dependent -on her for support, could receive fifty dollars; and this might be given -yearly if the trustees thought wise. - -Mr. Smith lived and died unmarried; but he knew that the pathway of many -struggling lovers would be made easier if the young woman had even fifty -dollars, or, if the girl had been bound out with strangers, $300 would -make many a little home after marriage comfortable. - -Mr. Smith has been dead over half a century, but his quaint and -beautiful gift has been doing its work. During the year 1894, 51 boys -and 17 girls were placed in good homes, and reared for useful lives. -Nine received their marriage portion, and sixteen were helped in -sickness. Thirty boys received their loan of $500 each, and thirty their -gift of a like amount. There are now apprenticed 137 boys and 38 girls. -Marriage gifts were made to 118 young women, and $50 were paid to each -of 116 widows. Last year 289 persons received gifts to the amount of -$30,785. What happiness this money means to those for the most part just -looking out into the cares and work of life! How many fortunes are built -on that first $500 so difficult to accumulate! How many homes kept from -dire poverty by that first $300 with which to make the place attractive -as well as comfortable! What an incentive for a boy or girl to be -industrious, saving, temperate, and upright! What a comfort to feel that -after we are silent our work can speak for us through a whole State, and -even a whole nation! - -Mr. Oliver Smith depended much upon his nephew, Austin Smith, a -successful and wealthy man, to carry out his wishes. Austin and his -brother Joseph were members of the General Court of Massachusetts. When -their father died, though he was not wealthy like Oliver, he left his -two sons the larger part of his fortune, and his two daughters, Harriet -and Sophia, enough to support them with close economy. The father was a -soldier in the Revolutionary War; and the grandfather, Samuel Smith, was -commissioned lieutenant in 1755 by Governor Phipps. - -Sophia, who must have been a sweet-faced girl, judging from her -appearance in later life, was eager for study; but there was little -chance for a girl to obtain an education, and little sympathy, as a -rule, with those girls who desired it. She was born in Hatfield, Mass., -Aug. 27, 1796. When Sophia was a little girl, Abigail Adams, the noble -wife of John Adams, our second president, wrote to a friend in England, -"You need not be told how much, in this country, female education is -neglected, nor how fashionable it is to ridicule female learning." - -Mrs. Samuel D. (Locke) Stow, in a history of Mount Holyoke Seminary, -shows how meagre were the early advantages for girls. "Boston did not -permit girls to attend the public schools till 1790, and then only -during the summer months, when there were not boys enough to fill them. -This lasted till 1822, when Boston became a city. An aged resident of -Hatfield used to tell of going to the schoolhouse when she was a girl, -and sitting on the doorstep to hear the boys recite their lessons. No -girl could cross the threshold as a scholar. The girls of Northampton -were not admitted to the public schools till 1792. In the Centennial -_Hampshire Gazette_ it was stated: 'In 1788 the question was before the -town, and it was voted not to be at any expense for schooling girls.' -The advocates of the measure were persistent, however, and appealed to -the courts; the town was indicted and fined for this neglect. In 1792 it -was voted by a large majority to admit girls between the ages of eight -and fifteen to the schools from May 1 to Oct. 31. It was not till 1802 -that all restrictions were removed." - -These summer schools from May to October were of comparatively little -worth. All children brought their work, braiding, sewing, and knitting, -and were taught to read and write, and to have "good manners," according -to the accepted notions of the time. "At first arithmetic and geography -were taught only in the winter, for a knowledge of numbers or ability to -cast accounts was deemed quite superfluous for girls. When Colburn's -Mental Arithmetic was introduced, some of our mothers who desired to -study it were told derisively, 'If you expect to become widows, and have -to carry pork to market, it may be well enough to study mental -arithmetic.' - -"The first school in New England," says Mrs. Stow, "designed exclusively -for the instruction of girls in branches not taught in the common -schools, is said to have been an evening school conducted by William -Woodbridge, who was a graduate of Yale in 1780. His theme on graduation -was, 'Improvement in Female Education.' Reducing his theory to practice, -in addition to his daily occupation he gave his evenings to the -instruction of girls in Lowth's Grammar, Guthrie's Geography, and the -art of composition. The popular sentiment deemed him visionary. 'Who,' -it said, 'shall cook our food and mend our clothes if the girls are to -be taught philosophy and astronomy?' In Waterford, N.Y., in 1820, -occurred the public examination of a young lady in geometry. It was the -first instance of the kind in the State, and perhaps in the country, and -called forth a storm of ridicule. Her teacher was Mrs. Emma Willard." - -Sophia Smith's girlhood was passed during this indifference or -opposition to education for women. When she was fourteen, in 1810, she -went to school in Hartford, Conn., for twelve weeks; and four years -later, at eighteen, she was for a short time a pupil in the Hopkins -Academy in Hadley. She studied diligently with her quick, eager mind, -and was thankful for these crumbs of knowledge, though she lamented -through her life that her opportunities had been so limited. - -Year by year went by in the quiet New England home, her sister Harriet -taking upon herself the burden of household cares and business, as -Sophia was frail, and at forty had become very deaf. Her mind had been -broadened, and her heart kept tender to every sorrow, by her Christian -faith and devotion to duty. The town of Hatfield had capable ministers, -who were intellectual as well as spiritual helpers, and Sophia Smith -enjoyed cultivated minds. - -"By reading mostly," says the Rev. John M. Greene of Lowell, Mass., "she -kept herself familiar with the common events and occurrences of the day. -Probably what she and others called a calamity was a blessing to her. -She had fortitude to bear the trial, and the wisdom to improve the -reflective and meditative powers of her mind, far beyond what the -fashionable and gossiping woman attains. Deafness is an admirable remedy -for insincerity, shallowness, and foolish talking. It sifts what we -hear, and compels us to try to say what is worth attention." - -Miss Smith attended the services of the Congregational Church, of which -she was a member; and though she could not hear a word of the sermon -perhaps, she felt accountable for the influence of her presence. She -loved the Bible, and would quote the words of Sir William Jones: "The -Bible contains more true sublimity, more exquisite beauty, more pure -morality, more important history, and finer strains of poetry and -eloquence, than can be collected from all other books, in whatever age -or language they have been written." She had the strength of character -of the typical New England woman, yet possessing gentle manners and most -refined tastes. - -She loved nature; and in Hatfield, with its magnificent elms and -beautiful river, Miss Smith had much to enjoy. Some of these great elms -measure twenty-eight feet in circumference, three yards from the ground. - -In this charming scenery, reading her books, and doing good as she had -opportunity, Miss Smith was growing old. Her sister Harriet had died a -little before the time of our Civil War, and the lonely woman bent her -energies towards helping other aching hearts. She worked with her own -hands to aid the soldiers and their families, and when she had the means -used it generously. - -Her brother Austin died March 8, 1861; and very unexpectedly Sophia -Smith became the possessor, through his gift, of over $200,000. "God -permitted him," says the Rev. Mr. Greene, to "gather the gold, preparing -all the while the heart of a devout and Christlike sister to dispense -it." - -Miss Smith at once felt her great responsibility. Some persons living -all their lives most carefully would have rejoiced at the opportunity to -buy comforts,--a carriage for daily riding, attractive clothes, more -books, or take a journey to the Old World or elsewhere. But Miss Smith -said at once, "This is a large property put into my hands, but I am only -the steward of God in respect to it." She very wisely sought the advice -of her pastor, the Rev. John M. Greene, a man of broad scholarship and -generous nature. Dr. Greene was a lover of books; and finding so much -happiness for himself in a student's life, he rightly thought that woman -should have the bliss of possessing knowledge for her own sake, as well -as for her increased influence in the world. - -Miss Smith desired so to give as would accord with the wishes of her -brother Austin were he alive, but could not be sure what were his -preferences. She wished to give the money for education; for that was -her great joy, mingled with regret that her way, as that of every other -woman at that time, had been so hedged up by mistaken public opinion. - -She longed to build a college for women, even when learned doctors wrote -books to show that girls would be ruined in health by study, and that -they were mentally inferior to the other sex. It was said that women -would not care for higher education; that if they went to college they -would not marry, and would cease to be attractive to men; that in any -event the intellectual standard would be lowered if women were admitted -to any college. - -Miss Smith said, "There is no justice in denying women equal educational -advantages with men. Women are the natural educators and physicians of -the race, and they ought to be fitted for their work." When the foolish -and untrue argument was used, that educated women do not make good wives -and mothers, Miss Smith would say, "Then they are wrongly educated--some -law is violated in the process." - -Miss Smith had read history, and she knew that the Aspasias and the De -Maintenons are the women who have had the strongest power with men. She -knew that an educated woman is the companion of her children and their -intellectual guide. She knew that women ought to be interested in the -welfare of the state, rather than in a round of parties and amusements. -She had no love for display, though she had taste in dress and in her -home; and she longed to see all women have a purpose in life other than -frivolity and pleasure-seeking. But Miss Smith feared that $200,000 -would not be sufficient to found a college for women, and gave up the -idea. Two months after her brother died she made her will, giving -$75,000 for an Academy at Hatfield, $100,000 to a Deaf Mute Institution -in Hatfield, and $50,000 to a Scientific School in connection with -Amherst College. Six years later Mr. John Clarke provided a deaf mute -institution for the Commonwealth, and Miss Smith was at liberty to turn -her fortune into another channel. - -The old idea of a _real college_ for women, a project as dear to Dr. -Greene as to herself, was again upon her mind. She read all she could -find upon the subject. She loved and believed in her own sex, and knew -the low intellectual standard of the ordinary boarding-school. She said, -"We should educate the whole woman, physical, intellectual, moral, and -spiritual." She insisted that the education given in the college which -she hoped to found should be _equal_ to that obtained in a college for -men. - -"There is a good deal that is heroic," says a writer in _Scribner's -Monthly_, May, 1877, "in the spectacle of this lonely woman, shut out in -a great measure by her infirmity and secluded life from so many human -interests and pleasures, quietly elaborating a plan by which she could -broaden and enrich the lives of multitudes of her sex, and give -increased dignity and power to woman in the generations to come." - -In July, 1868, Miss Smith made her last will, stating the object for -which she wished her money to be used: "The establishment and -maintenance of an institution for the higher education of young women, -with the design to furnish them means and facilities for education equal -to those which are afforded in our colleges for young men." - -"The formal wording," says M. A. Jordan in the _New England Magazine_ -for January, 1887, "hardly tells the story of self-denial, painful -industry, commonplace restriction and isolation, that lies behind it in -the lives of this brother and sister." - -Miss Smith wished the college to be Christian, "not Congregational," she -said, "or Baptist, or Methodist, or Episcopalian, but _Christian_." She -hoped the Bible would be studied in the Hebrew and Greek in her -college, so that the students could know for themselves the truth of the -translations which we have to-day. - -Miss Smith gave about $400,000 for the founding of Smith College,--the -fortune left by her brother had increased,--with the express condition -that not more than half the amount should be used in buildings and -grounds. It required much urging to allow the college to bear her name. -After counselling with friends, Miss Smith decided that the college -should be built at Northampton, which George Bancroft thought "the most -beautiful town in New England, where no one can live without imbibing -love for the place," with the provision that the town should raise -$25,000, which was done. Northampton seemed preferable to Hatfield, -because more easy of access, and possessed of a public library and other -intellectual attractions. After her brother's money came into her hands, -Miss Smith continued to economize for herself, but gave generously to -others. Often in her journal she wrote, "I feel the responsibility of -this great property." - -She subscribed $5,000 to the Massachusetts Agricultural College if it -should be located at Northampton, $300 for a library for the young -people's Literary Association in Hatfield, $1,000 towards the organ in -the church, $30,000 for the endowment of a professorship in Andover -Theological Seminary, and to many other objects. "She gave to them -_all_," says Dr. Greene, "Home Missions and Foreign Missions, the Bible -Society and Tract Society, the Seamen and Freedmen,--to all the objects -presented. In her journal she writes: 'I desire to give where duty -calls.' ... Before her death she had great satisfaction and comfort in -her Andover donation.... When she was considering whether or not to make -her donation to Andover Theological Seminary, Professor Park asked her -if he might consult a mutual friend, an eminent lawyer and business man, -about it. With uplifted hands and almost a rebuking gesture she replied, -'No, no; I'll make up my mind myself.' One of her most intimate friends, -a graduate of Mount Holyoke Seminary, remarked, 'I never was acquainted -with a person who felt more deeply than Miss Smith her accountability to -God.'" - -Miss Smith's life declined pleasantly and happily. In 1866 she wrote in -her journal: "Sunday afternoon. It is a most splendid day; have been to -church, although I have not heard. I feel the presence of Him who is -everywhere, and who is all love to him that seeketh Him and serves -Him.... I resolve with His blessing to give myself unreservedly anew to -Him, to watch over my thoughts and words, and to strive after a more -perfect life in all my dealings with my fellow-men, and strive to make -this great affliction [deafness] a means of sanctification, and make it -a means of improvement in the divine life." - -May 9, 1870, she made her last record in her journal: "I resolve to -begin anew to strive to be better in everything; to guard against -carelessness in talking; to strive for more patience and sense, and to -strive for more earnestness, to do more good; to strive against -selfishness, and to cultivate good feelings in all; to live to God's -glory, that others, seeing our good works, may glorify our Father in -heaven." - -Such golden words might well be cut on the walls of Smith College, that -the students might imitate the resolve of the founder, who believed, as -she said in her will, "that all education should be for the glory of God -and the good of man.... It is not my design to render my sex any the -less feminine, but to develop as fully as may be the powers of -womanhood, and furnish women with the means of usefulness, happiness, -and honor, now withheld from them." - -One month after writing in her journal, June 12, 1870, Sophia Smith -passed to her reward, at the age of seventy-five. She was in her usual -health till four days before her death, when she was prostrated by -paralysis. She was buried in the Hatfield Cemetery under a simple -monument of her own erecting. She had provided for a better and more -enduring monument in Smith College, and she knew that no other was -needed. The seventy-five-thousand-dollar academy at Hatfield would also -keep her in blessed remembrance. - -The thought of Miss Smith, after her death, began to shape itself into -brick and stone. Thirteen acres of ground were purchased for the site of -the college, commanding a view of the beautiful valley of the -Connecticut River; and the main building, of brick and freestone, was -erected in secular Gothic style, the interior finished in unpainted -native woods. On the large stained-glass window over the entrance of the -building is a copy of the college seal, a woman radiant with light, with -the motto underneath in Greek which expressed the desire of the founder: -"Add to your virtue knowledge." - -The homestead which was on the estate when purchased was made over for a -home for the students, as the plan of small dwellings to accommodate -from twenty to fifty young women had been decided upon in preference to -several hundreds gathered under one roof. - -The right person for the right place had been chosen as president, the -Rev. Dr. L. Clark Seelye, at that time a professor in Amherst College. -He had made a careful inspection of the principal educational -institutions both in this country and in Europe, and his plans as to -buildings and courses of study were adopted. - -Smith College was dedicated July 14, 1875, and opened to students in the -following September. President Seelye in his admirable inaugural address -said, "One hundred years ago a female college would have been simply an -object of ridicule.... You have seen machines invented to do the work -which formerly absorbed the greater portion of woman's time and -strength. Factories have supplanted the spinning-wheel and distaff. -Sewing-machines will stitch in an hour more than our grandmothers could -in a day. I need not ask you what we are to do with force which has thus -been set free. The answer comes clearly from an enlightened public -opinion, saying, 'Put it to higher uses; train it to think correctly; to -work intelligently; to do its share in bringing the human mind to the -perfection for which it was designed.'" - -Dr. Seelye emphasized the fact that this college was to give women "an -education as high and thorough and complete as that which young men -receive in Harvard, Yale, and Amherst." "I believe," he said, "this is -the only female college that insists upon substantially the same -requisites for admission which have been found practicable and essential -in male colleges." He disapproved of a preparatory department, and other -colleges for women have wisely followed the standard and example of -Smith. Secondary schools have seen the necessity of a higher fitting for -their students, that they may enter our best colleges. - -Greek and the higher mathematics were made an essential part of the -course. To this, exception was taken; and Dr. Seelye was frequently -asked, "What use have young women of Greek?" He answered, "A study of -Greek brings us into communion with the best scholarship and the acutest -intellects of all European countries.... It would simply justify its -place in our college curriculum upon the relation which it has had, and -ever must have, to the growth of the human intellect." - -Dr. Seelye favored the teaching of music and art, but not to the -exclusion of other things, unless one had special gifts along those -lines. "Musical entertainments," he said, "have generally been the grand -parade-ground of female boarding-schools. All of us are familiar with -the many wearisome hours which young ladies ordinarily are required to -spend at the piano,--time enough to master most of the sciences and -languages; and all of us are familiar with the remark, heard so -frequently after school-days are over, 'I cannot play; I am out of -practice.'" - -President Seelye had to meet all sorts of objections to higher education -for women. When he told a friend that Greek was to be studied in Smith -College, the friend replied, "Nonsense! girls cannot bear such a -strain;" "and yet his own daughters," says Dr. Seelye, "were going, with -no remonstrance from him, night after night, through the round of -parties and fashionable amusements in a great city. We question whether -any greater expenditure of physical force is necessary to master Greek -than to endure ordinary fashionable amusements. Woman's health is -endangered far more by balls and parties than by schools. For one ruined -by over-study, we can point to a hundred ruined by dainties and dances." - -Another said to President Seelye, "Think of a wife who forced you to -talk perpetually about metaphysics, or to listen to Greek and Latin -quotations!" This would be much more agreeable conversation to some men -than to hear about dress and servants and gossip. - -When Smith College was opened in 1875, there were many applicants; but -with requirements for admission the same as at Harvard, Yale, Brown, and -Amherst, only fifteen could pass the examinations. The next year -eighteen were accepted. - -Each year the number has increased, till in the year 1895 there were 875 -students at Smith College. The professorships are about equally divided -between men and women. The chair of Greek, on the John M. Greene -foundation, "is founded in honor of the Rev. John M. Greene, D.D., who -first suggested to Miss Smith the idea of the college, and was her -confidential adviser in her bequest," says the College Calendar. - -There are three courses of study, each extending through four -years,--the classical course leading to the degree of Bachelor of Arts, -the scientific to Bachelor of Science, the literary to Bachelor of -Letters. The maximum of work allowed to any student in a regular course -is sixteen hours of recitation each week. - -Year by year Miss Smith's noble gift has been supplemented by the gifts -of others. - -In 1878 the Lilly Hall of Science was dedicated, the gift of Mr. Alfred -Theodore Lilly. This building contains lecture rooms, and laboratories -for chemistry, physics, geology, zoölogy, and botany. In 1881 Mr. -Winthrop Hillyer gave the money to erect the Hillyer Art Gallery, which -now contains an extensive collection of casts, engravings, and -paintings, and is provided with studios. One corridor of engravings and -an alcove of original drawings were given by the Century Company. Mr. -Hillyer gave an endowment of $50,000 for his gallery. A music-hall was -also erected in 1881. - -The observatory, given by two donors unknown to the public, has an -eleven-inch refracting telescope, a spectroscope, siderial clock, -chronograph, a portable telescope, and a meridian circle, aperture four -inches. - -The alumnć gymnasium contains a swimming-bath, and a large hall for -gymnastic exercises and in-door sport. A large greenhouse has been -erected to aid in botanical work, with an extensive collection of -tropical plants. - -There are eight or more dwelling-houses for the students, each presided -over by a competent woman, where the scholars find cheerful, happy -homes. The Tenney House, bequeathed by Mrs. Mary A. Tenney, for -experiments in co-operative housekeeping, enables the students to adapt -their expenses to their means, if they choose to make the experiment -together. Tuition is $100 a year, with $300 for board and furnished room -in the college houses. - -Smith College is fortunately situated. Opposite the grounds is the -beautiful Forbes Library, with an endowment of $300,000 for books alone, -and not far away a public library with several thousand volumes, and a -permanent endowment of $50,000 for its increase. The students have -access to the collections at Amherst College and the Massachusetts -Agricultural College, also at Mount Holyoke College, about seven miles -distant. - -There are no secret societies at Smith. "Instead of hazing newcomers," -says President Seelye, "the second or sophomore class will give them a -reception in the art-gallery, introduce them to the older students with -the courteous hospitality which good breeding dictates." - -There are several literary and charitable societies in Smith College. -Great interest is taken in the working-girls of New York, and in the -college settlement of that city. - -None of the evil effects predicted for young women in college have been -realized. "Some of our best scholars," says President Seelye, "have -steadily improved in health since entering college. Some who came so -feeble that it was doubtful whether they could remain a term have become -entirely well and strong.... We have had frequently professors from male -institutions to give instruction; and their testimony is to the effect -that the girls study better than the boys, and that the average -scholarship is higher." - -"The general atmosphere of the college is one of freedom," writes Louise -Walston, in the "History of Higher Education in Massachusetts," by -George Gary Bush, Ph.D. "The written code consists of one law,--Lights -out at ten; the unwritten is that of every well-regulated community, -and to the success of this method of discipline every year is a witness. - -"This freedom is not license.... The system of attendance upon -recitation at Smith is in this respect unique. It is distinctively a -'no-cut' system. In the college market that commodity known as -indulgences is not to be found; and no student is expected to absent -herself from lecture or recitation except for good reasons, the validity -of which, however, is left to her own conscience. Knowledge is offered -as a privilege, and is so received." - -As Miss Smith directed in her will, "the Holy Scriptures are daily and -systematically read and studied in the college." A chapel service is -held in the morning of week-days, and a vesper service on Sunday. -Students attend the churches of their preference in Northampton. - -All honor to Sophia Smith, the quiet Christian woman, who, forgetting -herself, became a blessing to tens of thousands by her gifts. At the -request of the trustees of Smith College, Dr. Greene is preparing a -volume on her life and character. - -All honor, too, to the Rev. John M. Greene, who for twenty-five years -has been the beloved pastor of the Eliot Church in Lowell, Mass. His -quarter century of service was fittingly celebrated at Lowell, Sept. 26, -1895. Out of five hundred Congregational ministers in Massachusetts, -only ten have held so long a pastorate as he over one church. - -Among the hundreds of congratulations and testimonies to Dr. Greene's -successful ministry, the able Professor Edwards A. Park of Andover, -wrote to the congregation: "The city of Lowell has been favored with -clergymen who will be remembered by a distant posterity, but not one of -them will be remembered longer than the present pastor of Eliot Church. -He was the father of Smith College, now so flourishing in Northampton, -Mass. Had it not been for him that great institution would never have -existed. For this great benefaction to the world, he will be honored a -hundred years hence." - - - - -JAMES LICK - -AND HIS TELESCOPE. - - -James Lick, one of the great givers of the West, was born in -Fredericksburg, Penn., Aug. 25, 1796. Little is known of his early life, -except that his ancestors were Germans, and that he was born in poverty. -His grandfather served in the Revolutionary War. James learned to make -organs and pianos in Hanover, Penn., and in 1819 worked for Joseph -Hiskey, a prominent piano manufacturer of Baltimore. - -One day Conrad Meyer, a poor lad, came into the store and asked for -work. Young Lick gave him food and clothing, and secured a place for him -in the establishment. They became fast friends, and continued thus for -life. Later Conrad Meyer was a wealthy manufacturer of pianos in -Philadelphia. - -James Lick in 1820, when he was twenty-four, went to New York, hoping to -begin business for himself, but finding his capital too limited, in the -following year, 1821, went to Buenos Ayres, South America, where he -lived for ten years. At the end of that time he went to Philadelphia, -and met his old friend Conrad Meyer. He had brought with him for sale -$40,000 worth of hides and nutria skins. The latter are obtained from a -species of otter found along the La Plata River. - -He intended settling in Philadelphia, and rented a house on Eighth -Street, near Arch, but soon abandoned his purpose, probably because the -business outlook was not hopeful, and returned to Buenos Ayres to sell -pianos. From the east side of South America he went to the west side, -and remained in Valparaiso, Chili, for four years. He spent eleven years -in Peru, making and selling pianos. Once, when his workmen left him -suddenly to go to Mexico, rather than break a contract he did all the -work himself, and accomplished it in two years. - -In 1847 he went to San Francisco, which had only one thousand -inhabitants. He was then about fifty years old, and took with him over -$30,000, which, foreseeing California's wonderful prospects, he invested -in land in San Francisco, and farther south in Santa Clara Valley. - -[Illustration: JAMES LICK. - -(Used by courtesy of "The Overland Monthly.")] - -In 1854, to the surprise of everybody, the quiet, parsimonious James -Lick built a magnificent flour-mill six miles from San José. He tore -down an old structure, and erected in its place a mill, finished within -in solid mahogany highly polished, and furnished it with the best -machinery possible. It was called "The Mahogany Mill," or more -frequently "Lick's Folly." He made the grounds about the mill very -attractive. "Upon it," says the San José _Daily Mercury_, June 28, 1888, -"he began early to set out trees of various kinds, both for fruit and -ornament. He held some curious theories of tree-planting, and believed -in the efficiency of a bone deposit about the roots of every young tree. -Many are the stories told by old residents of James Lick going along the -highway in an old rattletrap, rope-tied wagon, with a bearskin robe for -a seat cushion, and stopping every now and then to gather in the bones -of some dead beast. People used to think him crazy until they saw him -among his beloved trees, planting some new and rare variety, and -carefully mingling about its young roots the finest of loams with the -bones he had gathered during his lonely rides. - -"There is a story extant, and probably well-founded, which illustrates -the odd means he employed to secure hired help at once trustworthy and -obedient. One day while he was planting his orchard a man applied to him -for work. Mr. Lick directed him to take the trees he indicated to a -certain part of the grounds, and then to plant them with the tops in the -earth and the roots in the air. The man obeyed the directions to the -letter, and reported in the evening for further orders. Mr. Lick went -out, viewed his work with apparent satisfaction, and then ordered him to -plant the trees the proper way and thereafter to continue in his -employ." Nineteen years after Mr. Lick built his mill, Jan. 16, 1873, he -surprised the people of San José again, by giving it to the Paine -Memorial Society of Boston, half the proceeds of sale to be used for a -Memorial Hall, and half to sustain a lecture course. He had always been -an admirer of Thomas Paine's writings. The mill was annually inundated -by the floods from the Guadalupe River, spoiling his orchards and his -roads, so that he tired of the property. - -An agent of the Boston Society went to California, sold the mill for -$18,000 cash, and carried the money back to Boston. Mr. Lick was -displeased that the property which had cost him $200,000 should be sold -at such a low price, and without his knowledge, as he would willingly -have bought it in at $50,000. - -It is said by some that Mr. Lick built his mill as a protest against the -cheap and flimsy style of building on the Pacific Coast, but it is much -more probable that he built it for another reason. In early life it is -believed that young Lick fell in love with the daughter of a well-to-do -miller for whom he worked. When the young man made known his love, which -was reciprocated by the girl, the miller was angry, and is said to have -replied, "Out, you beggar! Dare you cast your eyes upon my daughter, who -will inherit my riches? Have you a mill like this? Have you a single -penny in your purse?" - -To this Lick replied "that he had nothing as yet, but one day he would -have a mill beside which this one would be a pigsty." - -Lick caused his elegant mill to be photographed without and within, and -sent the pictures to the miller. It was, however, too late to win the -girl, if indeed he ever hoped to do so; for she had long since married, -and Mr. Lick went through life a lonely and unresponsive man. He never -lived in his palatial mill, but occupied for a time a humble abode near -by. - -After Mr. Lick disposed of his mill, he began to improve a tract of land -south of San José known as "The Lick Homestead Addition." "Day after -day," says the San José _Mercury_, "long trains of carts and wagons -passed slowly through San José carrying tall trees and full-grown -shrubbery from the old to the new location. Winter and summer alike the -work went on, the old man superintending it all in his rattletrap wagon -and bearskin robe. His plans for this new improvement were made -regardless of expense. Tradition tells that he had imported from -Australia rare trees, and in order to secure their growth had brought -with them whole shiploads of their native earth. He conceived the idea -of building conservatories superior to any on the Pacific Coast, and for -that purpose had imported from England the materials for two large -conservatories after the model of those in the Kew Gardens in London. -His death occurred before he could have these constructed; and they -remained on the hands of the trustees until a body of San Francisco -gentlemen contributed funds for their purchase and donation to the use -of the public in Golden Gate Park, where they now stand as the wonder -and delight of all who visit that beautiful resort." - -Mr. Lick also built in San Francisco a handsome hotel called the Lick -House. With his own hands he carved some of the rosewood frames of the -mirrors. He caused the walls to be decorated with pictures of California -scenery. The dining-room has a polished floor made of many thousand -pieces of wood of various kinds. - -When Mr. Lick was seventy-seven years old, and found himself the owner -of millions, with a laudable desire to be remembered after death, and a -patriotism worthy of high commendation, he began to think deeply how -best to use his property. - -On Feb. 15, 1873, Mr. Lick offered to the California Academy of Sciences -a piece of land on Market Street, the site of its present building. -Professor George Davidson, then president of the academy, called to -thank him, when Mr. Lick unfolded to him his purpose of giving a great -telescope for future investigation of the heavenly bodies. He had become -deeply interested from reading, it is said, about possible life on other -planets. It is supposed by some that while Mr. Lick lived his lonely -life in Peru, a priest, who gained his friendship, interested him in -astronomy. Others think his mind was drawn towards it by reading about -the Washington Observatory, completed in 1874, and noticed widely by the -press. - -Mr. Lick was not a scientist nor an astronomer; he had been too absorbed -in successful business life for that; but he earned money that others -might have the time and opportunity to devote their lives to science. - -Mr. Lick appears to have had a passion for statuary, as shown by his -gifts. At one time he thought of having expensive memorial statues of -himself and family erected on the heights overlooking the ocean and the -bay, but was dissuaded by one of his pioneer friends, according to Miss -M. W. Shinn's account in the _Overland Monthly_, November, 1892. - -"Mr. D. J. Staples felt it his duty to tell Mr. Lick frankly that his -bequests for statues of himself and family would be utterly useless as a -memorial; that the world would not be interested in them; and when Mr. -Lick urged that such costly statues would be preserved for all time, as -the statues of antiquity now remained the precious relics of a lost -civilization, answered, almost at random, 'More likely we shall get into -a war with Russia or somebody, and they will come around here with -warships, and smash the statues to pieces in bombarding the city.'" - -Mr. Lick conferred with his friends, but had his own decided wishes and -plans which usually he carried out. On July 16, 1874, he conveyed all -his property, real and personal, over $3,000,000, by deed of trust to -seven men; but becoming dissatisfied with some members of the Board of -Lick Trustees, he made a new deed, Sept. 21, 1875, under which his -property has been used as he directed. A year later he changed some of -the members, but the deed itself remained as before. - -One of the first bequests under his deed of trust was for the telescope -and observatory, $700,000. Another, to the Protestant Orphan Asylum of -San Francisco, $25,000. - -For an Orphan Asylum in San José, "free to all orphans without regard to -creed or religion of parents," $25,000. - -To the Ladies' Protective and Belief Society of San Francisco, $25,000. - -To the Mechanics' Institute of San Francisco, "to be applied to the -purchase of scientific and mechanical works for such Institute," -$10,000. - -To the Trustees of the Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, of -San Francisco, $10,000, with the hope expressed by him, "that the -trustees of said society may organize such a system as will result in -establishing similar societies in every city and town in California, to -the end that the rising generations may not witness or be impressed with -such scenes of cruelty and brutality as constantly occur in this State." - -To found in San Francisco "an institution to be called The Old Ladies' -Home," $100,000. For the erection and the maintenance of that extremely -useful public charity, Free Public Baths, $150,000. These baths went -into use Nov. 1, 1890. - -For the erection of a monument to be placed in Golden Gate Park, "to the -memory of Francis Scott Key, the author of 'The Star-Spangled Banner,'" -$60,000. This statue was unveiled July 4, 1888. - -To endow an institution to be called the California School of Mechanical -Arts, "to be open to all youths born in California," $540,000. - -For statuary emblematical of three important epochs in the history of -California, to be placed in front of the San Francisco City Hall, -$100,000. - -To John H. Lick, his son, born in Pennsylvania, June 30, 1818, $150,000. -The latter contested the will; and a compromise was effected whereby he -received $533,000, the expense of the suit being a little over $60,000. -This son, at his death, founded Lick College, Fredericksburg, Penn., -giving it practically all his fortune. It is now called Schuylkill -Seminary, and had 285 pupils in 1893, according to the Report of the -Commissioner of Education. A family monument was erected at -Fredericksburg, Penn., Mr. Lick's birthplace, at a cost of $20,000. - -Mr. Lick set aside some personal property for his own economical use -during his life. After all these bequests had been attended to, the -remainder of his fortune was to be given in "equal proportions to the -California Academy of Sciences and the Society of California Pioneers," -to be expended in erecting buildings for them, and in the purchase of a -"suitable library, natural specimens, chemical and philosophical -apparatus, rare and curious things useful in the advancement of -science, and generally in the carrying out of the objects and purposes -for which said societies were respectively established." Each society -has received about $800,000 from the Lick estate. These were very -remarkable gifts from a man who had been a mechanic, brought up in -narrow circumstances, and with limited education. - -The California School of Mechanical Arts was opened in January, 1895, -and now, in the spring of 1896, has 230 pupils. The substantial brick -buildings are in Spanish architecture, and cost, with machinery and -furniture, about $115,000, leaving $425,000 for endowment. The Academic -Building is three stories high, and the shops one and two stories. The -requirements for pupils in entering the school are substantially the -same as for the last of the grammar grades of the public schools. There -is no charge for tuition. - -Mr. Lick in making this bequest stated its object: "To educate males and -females in the practical arts of life, such as working in wood, iron, -and stone, or any of the metals, and in whatever industry intelligent -mechanical skill now is or can hereafter be applied." - -In view of this desire on the part of the giver, a careful survey of -industrial education was made; and it was decided to "give each student -a thorough knowledge of the technique of some one industrial pursuit, -from which he may earn a living." - -The school course is four years. At the beginning of the third year the -student must choose his field of work for the last year and a half, and -give his time to it. Besides the ordinary branches, carpentry, forging, -moulding, machine and architectural drawing, wood-carving, dressmaking, -millinery, cookery, etc., are taught. It is expected that graduates will -be able to earn good wages at once after leaving the school, and the -teachers endeavor to find suitable situations for their pupils. - -Miss Caroline Willard Baldwin, at the head of the science department, -who is herself a Bachelor of Science from the University of California, -and a Doctor of Science from Cornell University, writes me: "The grade -of work is much the same as that given in the Pratt Institute in -Brooklyn, and the entire equipment of the school is excellent." - -The Lick Bronze Statuary at the City Hall in San Francisco was unveiled -on Thanksgiving Day, Thursday, Nov. 29, 1894. Mr. Lick had specified in -his deed of trust that it should "represent by appropriate designs and -figures the history of California; first, from the early settlement of -the Missions to the acquisition of California by the United States; -second, from such acquisition by the United States to the time when -agriculture became the leading interest of the State; third, from the -last-named period to the first day of January, 1874." He knew that there -is no more effective way to teach history and inculcate love of city and -nation than by object-lessons. A great gift is a continual suggestion to -others to give also. The statue of a noble man or woman is a constant -educator and inspirer to good deeds. - -The Lick Statuary is of granite, surmounted by bronze figures of heroic -proportions. The main column is forty-six feet high, with a bronze -figure twelve feet high, weighing 7,000 pounds, on the top, representing -Eureka, a woman typical of California, with a grizzly bear by her side. -Beneath are four panels, depicting a family of immigrants crossing the -Sierras, a vaquero lassoing a steer, traders with the Indians, and -California under American rule. - -Below these panels are the heads in bronze of James Lick, Father -Junipero Serra, Sir Francis Drake, and John C. Frémont; and below these, -the names of men famous in the history of California,--James W. -Marshall, the discoverer of gold at Sutter's mill, and others. There are -granite wings to the main pedestal, the bronze figures of which -represent early times,--a native Indian over whom bends a Catholic -priest, and a Spaniard throwing his lasso; a group of miners in '49, and -figures denoting commerce and agriculture. The artist was Mr. Frank -Happersberger, a native of California. Members of the California -Pioneers made eloquent addresses at the unveiling of the beautiful -statue, the band played "The Star-Spangled Banner," and the children of -the public schools sang "America." - -"The benefactions of James Lick were not of a posthumous character," -said the Hon. Willard B. Farwell in his address. "There was no -indication of a desire to accumulate for the sake of accumulation alone, -and to cling with greedy purpose and tenacity to the last dollar gained, -until the heart had ceased its pulsations, and the last breath had been -drawn, before yielding it up for the good of others. On the contrary, he -provided for the distribution of his wealth while living.... There was -no room for cavil then over the manner of his giving. He fulfilled in -its broadest measure the injunction of the aphorism, 'He gives well who -gives quickly.'" - -The gift nearest to Mr. Lick's heart was his great telescope, to be, as -he said in his deed of trust, "superior to and more powerful than any -telescope yet made, with all the machinery appertaining thereto, and -appropriately connected therewith." - -This telescope with its building was to be conveyed to the University of -California, and to be known as the "Lick Astronomical Department of the -University of California." - -Various sites were suggested for the great telescope. A gentleman -relates the following story: "One of the sites suggested was a mountain -north of San Francisco. Mr. Lick was ill, but determined upon visiting -this mountain; so he was taken on a cot to the station; and on arriving -at the town nearest the mountain, the cot was removed to a wagon, and -they started towards the summit. By some accident the rear of the wagon -gave way, and the cot containing the old gentleman slid out on the -mountain-side. This so angered him that he said he would never place the -telescope on a mountain that treated him in that way, and ordered the -party to turn back towards San Francisco." - -During the summer of 1875 Mr. Lick sent Mr. Fraser, his trusted agent, -to report on Mount St. Helena, Monte Diablo, Mount Hamilton, and others. -In many respects the latter, in sight of his old mill at San José, -seemed the best situated of all the mountain peaks. "Yet the possibility -that a complete astronomical establishment might one day be planted on -its summit seemed more like a fairy-tale than like sober fact," says -Professor Edward S. Holden, Director of the Lick Observatory. "It was at -that time a wilderness. A few cattle-ranches occupied the valleys -around it. Its slopes were covered with chaparral or thickets of scrub -oak. Not even a trail led over it. The nearest house was eleven miles -away." It was and is the home of many rattlesnakes. They live upon -squirrels, and small birds and their eggs, and come up to the top of the -mountain in quest of water. - -Sir Edwin Arnold, who visited Mount Hamilton, tells this incident of the -"road-runner," the bird sometimes called "chaparral cock," as it was -told to him. "The rattlesnake is the deadly enemy of its species, always -hunting about in the thickets for eggs and young birds, since the -'road-runner' builds its nest on the ground. When, therefore, the -'chaparral cocks' find a 'rattler' basking in the sun, they gather, I -was assured, leaves of the prickly cactus, and lay them in a circle all -around the serpent, which cannot draw its belly over the sharp needles -of these leaves. Thus imprisoned, the reptile is set upon by the birds, -and pecked or spurred to death." - -Mount Hamilton, fifty miles southeast of San Francisco, is near San -José, twenty-six miles eastward, and thus easy of access, save the -difficulty of reaching its summit, 4,300 feet above the sea. This was -overcome by the willingness of Santa Clara County to construct a road to -its top; which road was completed in December, 1876, at a cost of about -$78,000. The road rises 4,000 feet in twenty-two miles; and the grade -nowhere exceeds six and one-half feet in one hundred, or 343 feet to the -mile. Towards the top it winds round and round the flanks of the -mountain itself. - -The view from the top of the mountain is most inspiring. "The lovely -valley of Santa Clara and the Santa Cruz mountains to the west, a bit -of the Pacific and the Bay of Monterey to the southwest, the Sierra -Nevada (13,000-14,000 feet) with countless ranges between to the -southeast, the San Joaquin valley with the Sierras beyond to the east, -while to the north lie many lower ranges of hills, and on the horizon -Mount Shasta, or Lassens' Butte (14,400 feet), 175 miles away. The Bay -of San Francisco lies flat before you, and beyond it is Mount Tamalpais -at the entrance to the Golden Gate." - -"One of the gorges in the vicinity of Mount Hamilton," writes Taliesin -Evans in the May, 1886, _Century_, "is reputed to have been a favorite -retreat of Joaquin Murietta, the famous bandit, whose name was a terror -to the early settlers of the State. A spring, situated a mile and a half -east of Observatory Peak, at which he is said to have drawn water, now -bears the name of 'Joaquin's Spring.'" - -On June 7, 1876, Congress gave the land for the site, 1,350 acres; and -other land was given and purchased, till the Observatory now has 2,581 -acres. It was necessary to remove 72,000 tons of solid rock from the -mountain summit, which was lowered as much as thirty-two feet in places, -that the buildings might have a level foundation. Clay for making the -brick was found about two and one-half miles below the Observatory (by -the road), thus saving over $46,000 in the 2,600,000 bricks used. -Springs also were fortunately discovered about 340 feet below the -present level of the summit. - -In 1879, after the site had been decided upon, Professor S. W. Burnham -of Chicago was asked by the Lick trustees to test it for astronomical -purposes. He took his telescope, and remained there during August, -September, and October. Out of sixty nights he found forty-two were of -the very highest class for making observations, while eleven were foggy -or cloudy. He discovered forty-two new double stars while on the top of -the mountain. - -Professor Burnham said in his Report, "The remarkable steadiness of the -air, and the continued succession of nights of almost perfect -definition, are conditions not to be hoped for in any place with which I -am acquainted, and judging from the previous reports of the various -observatories, are not to be met with elsewhere." - -Meantime, even before Congress gave the land in 1876, Mr. D. O. Mills, -one of the first trustees, had visited Professor Holden and Professor -Newcomb at Washington to determine about the general plans for the -Observatory. It was agreed that the latter should go to Europe to -investigate the matter of procuring the glass necessary for a large -reflector or refractor. It was finally decided that a refracting -telescope was the best for the study of double stars and nebulć, the -moon's surface, etc., giving more distinctness and brilliancy, and being -less subject to atmospheric disturbance. - -Professor Newcomb experienced much difficulty in Europe in finding a -firm ready to undertake to make a glass for a telescope larger and more -powerful than any yet made. The firm of M. Feil & Sons, Paris, was -finally chosen. Professor Newcomb wrote an interesting report of the -process of making the glass. - -"The materials," he said, "are mixed and melted in a clay pot holding -from five hundred pounds to a ton, and are constantly stirred with an -iron rod until the proper combination is obtained. The heat is then -slowly diminished until the glass becomes too stiff to be stirred -longer. Then the mass, pot and all, is placed in the annealing furnace. -Here it must remain undisturbed for a period of a month or more, when it -is taken out; the pot and the outside parts of the glass are broken away -to find whether a lump suitable for the required disk can be found in -the interior. - -"If the interior were perfectly solid and homogeneous, there would be no -further difficulty; the lump would be softened by heat, pressed into a -flat disk, and reannealed, when the work would be complete. But in -practice, the interior is always found to be crossed in every direction -by veins of unequal density, which will injure the performance of the -glass; and the great mechanical difficulty in the production of the disk -is to cut these veins out and still leave a mass which can be pressed -into a disk without any folding of the original surface." - -The glass for a telescope is usually composed of a double convex lens of -crown glass, and a plano-concave lens of flint glass. M. Feil & Sons -made and shipped the latter, which weighed three hundred and -seventy-five pounds, but broke the crown glass in packing it. Then -during three years they made twenty unsuccessful trials before obtaining -a perfect glass. - -The cutting away of the clay pot and outside glass is a tedious process, -requiring weeks and even months. No ordinary tools can be used. The -pieces are "sawed by a wire working in sand and water.... When it is -done," says Professor Newcomb, "the mass must be pressed into the shape -of a disk, like a very thin grindstone, and in order to do this the lump -must first be heated to the melting-point, so as to become plastic. But -when Feil began to heat this large mass it flew to pieces." He took more -and more time for heating, and finally succeeded. - -The noted firm of Alvan Clark & Sons of Cambridge, Mass., did the -polishing and shaping of the lenses, a labor requiring great skill and -delicacy of workmanship. The objective glass was ordered in 1880, and -reached Mount Hamilton late in 1886, having cost $51,000. It weighs with -its cell 638 pounds. The Clarks would not undertake any larger objective -than thirty-six inches. This was six inches larger than the great glass -which they had made for the Imperial Observatory at Pulkowa, near St. -Petersburg in Russia. - -The glass, though an important part of the telescope, was only one of -many things to be obtained. In 1876 Captain Richard S. Floyd, president -of the Lick trustees, himself a graduate of the United States Naval -Academy, met Professor Holden in London; and the latter became the -planner and adviser, throughout the construction of the buildings and -the telescope. Captain Floyd visited many observatories, and carried on -a vast correspondence, amounting to several thousand letters, with -astronomers and opticians all over the world. - -Professor Holden was a graduate of West Point, had been a professor of -mathematics in the navy, one of the astronomers at the Washington -Observatory, in charge of several eclipse expeditions sent out by the -government for observation, a member of various scientific societies in -Europe as well as America, and associate member of the Royal -Astronomical Society of England, and well-fitted for the position he was -afterwards called to fill,--the directorship of the Lick Observatory. -For some time he was also president of the University of California. - -Between the years 1880 and 1888 the large astronomical buildings were -erected on the top of Mount Hamilton. The main building of red brick -consists of two domes, one twenty-five feet and six inches in diameter; -the other seventy-six feet in diameter, connected by a hall over one -hundred and ninety-one feet long. This hall is paved and wainscoted with -marble. The rooms for work and study open towards the east into this -hall. The library, a handsome room with white polished ash cases and -tables, also opens into it. Near the main entrance is the visitors' -room, where the visitors register their names, among them many noted -scientists from various parts of the world. J. H. Fickel in the -_Chautauquan_, June, 1893, says, "In this room stands the workbench -which Mr. Lick used in his trade, that of piano-making, while in Peru. -Though not an elaborate affair, nothing attracts the attention of -visitors more than this article of furniture." - -The large rotating dome at the south end of the building, made by the -Union Iron Works of San Francisco, is covered with sheet steel, and the -movable parts weigh about eighty-nine tons. It is easily handled by -means of a small engine in the basement. The small dome weighs about -eight tons. - -Near the main building are the meridian circle house, with its -instrument for measuring the declination of stars, the transit house, -the astronomers' dwellings, the shops, etc. - -[Illustration: THE LICK OBSERVATORY. - -(Used by courtesy of "The Overland Monthly.")] - -In the smaller dome is a twelve-inch equatorial telescope made by Alvan -Clark & Sons, mounted at the Lick Observatory in October, 1881. There -are also at Mount Hamilton, a six-and-one-half-inch equatorial -telescope, a six-and-one-half-inch meridian circle, a four-inch transit -and zenith telescope, a four-inch comet-seeker, a five-inch horizontal -photoheliograph, the Crocker photographic telescope, and numerous -clocks, spectroscopes, chronographs, meteorological instruments, and -seismometers for measuring the time and intensity of earthquake shocks. - -The buildings and instruments at Mount Hamilton are imbedded in the -solid rock, so as not to be affected by the high winds on the top of the -mountain. - -In the _Century_ for March, 1894, Professor Holden gives an interesting -account of earthquakes, and the instruments for measuring them at the -Lick Observatory. In the Charleston earthquake of 1886, it is computed -that 774,000 square miles trembled, besides a vast ocean area. The -effects of the shock were noted from Florida to Vermont, and from the -Carolinas to Ontario, Iowa, and Arkansas. - -The science of the measurement of earthquakes had its birth in Tokio, -Japan, in which country there are, on an average, two earthquake shocks -daily. "Every part of the upper crust of the earth is in a state of -constant change," says Professor Holden. "These changes were first -discovered by their effects on the position of astronomical -instruments.... The earthquake of Iquique, a seaport town of South -America, in 1877, was shown at the Imperial Observatory near St. -Petersburg, an hour and fourteen minutes later, by its effects on the -delicate levels of an astronomical instrument. I myself have watched the -changes in a hill (100 feet above a frozen lake which was 700 feet -distant) as the ice bent and buckled, and changed the pressure on the -adjacent shore. The level would faithfully indicate every movement: ... - -"In Italy and in Japan microphones deeply buried in the earth make the -earth tremors audible in the observatory telephones. During the years -1808-1888 there were 417 shocks recorded in San Francisco. The severest -earthquake felt within the city of San Francisco was that of 1868. This -shock threw down chimneys, broke glass along miles of streets, and put a -whole population in terror." The Lick Observatory has a complete set of -Professor Ewing's instruments for earthquake measurements. - -Accurate time signals are sent from the Observatory every day at noon, -and are received at every railway station between San Francisco and -Ogden, and many other cities. The instrumental equipment of the -Observatory is declared to be unrivalled. - -Interest centres most of all in the great telescope under the rotating -dome, for which the 36-inch objective was made with so much difficulty. -The great steel tube, a little over 56 feet long, holding the lens, and -weighing with all its attachments four and one-half tons, the iron pier -38 feet high, the elaborate yet delicate machinery, were all made by -Warner & Swasey of Cleveland, Ohio, whose skill has brought them -well-deserved fame. The entire weight of the instrument is 40 tons. Its -magnifying power ranges from 180 to 3,000 diameters. - -On June 1, 1888, the Observatory, with its instruments, was transferred -by the Lick trustees to the University of California. The whole cost was -$610,000, leaving $90,000 for endowment out of the $700,000 given by -Mr. Lick. - -Fourteen years had passed since Mr. Lick made his deed of trust. He -lived long enough to see the site chosen and the plans made for the -telescope, but died at the Lick House, Oct. 1, 1876, aged eighty. The -body lay in state in Pioneer Hall, and on Oct. 4 was buried in Lone -Mountain Cemetery, having been followed to the grave by a long -procession of State and city officials, faculty and students of the -University, and members of the various societies to which Mr. Lick had -given so generously. - -He had expressed a desire to be buried on Mount Hamilton, either within -or near the Observatory. Therefore a tomb was made in the base of the -pier of the great 36-inch telescope; "such a tomb," says Professor -Holden, "as no Old World emperor could have commanded or imagined." - -On Sunday, Jan. 9, 1887, the body of James Lick having been removed from -the cemetery, the casket was enclosed in a lead-lined white maple -coffin, and laid in the new tomb with appropriate ceremonies, witnessed -by a large gathering of people. A memorial document stating that "this -refracting telescope is the largest which has ever been constructed, and -the astronomers who have used it declare that its performance surpasses -that of all other telescopes," was engrossed on parchment in India ink, -and signed by the officials. It was then placed between two finely -tanned skins, backed by black silk, and soldered in a leaden box -eighteen inches in length, the same in width, and one inch in thickness. -This was placed upon the iron coffin, and the outer casket was soldered -up air-tight. After the vault had been built up to the level of the -foundation stone, a great stone weighing two and one-half tons was let -down slowly upon the brick-work, beneath which was the casket. Three -other stones were placed in position, and then one section was laid of -the iron pier, which weighs 25 tons. - -Sir Edwin Arnold, who in 1892 went to see the great telescope, and "by a -personal pilgrimage to do homage to the memory of James Lick," writes: -"With my hand upon the colossal tube, slightly managing it as if it were -an opera-glass, and my gaze wandering around the splendidly equipped -interior, full of all needful astronomical resources, and built to stand -a thousand storms, I think with admiration of its dead founder, and ask -to see his tomb. It is placed immediately beneath the big telescope, -which ascends and descends directly over the sarcophagus wherein repose -the mortal relics of this remarkable man,--a marble chest, bearing the -inscription, 'Here lies the body of James Lick.' - -"Truly James Lick sleeps gloriously under the bases of his big glass! -Four thousand feet nearer heaven than any of his dead fellow-citizens, -he is buried more grandly than any king or queen, and has a finer -monument than the pyramids furnished to Cheops and Cephrenes." - -Mr. Lick wished both to help the world and to be remembered, and his -wish has been gratified. - -From 1888 to 1893 the Lick telescope, with its 36-inch object-glass, was -the largest refracting telescope in the world. The Yerkes telescope, -with its 40-inch object-glass, is now the largest in the world. It is -on the shore of Lake Geneva, Wis., seventy-five miles from Chicago, and -belongs to the Chicago University. It will be remembered by those who -visited the World's Fair at Chicago, and saw it in the Manufactures and -Liberal Arts Building. Professor George E. Hale is the director of this -great observatory. The glass was furnished by Mantois of Paris, from -which the lenses were made by Alvan G. Clark, the sole survivor of the -famous firm of Alvan Clark & Sons. The crown-glass double convex lens -weighs 200 pounds; the plano-concave lens of flint glass, nearest the -eye end of the telescope, weighs over 300 pounds. - -The telescope and dome were made by Warner & Swasey, who made also the -26-inch telescope at Washington, the 18-inch at the University of -Pennsylvania, the 10˝-inch at the University of Minnesota, the -12-inch at Columbus, Ohio, and others. Of this firm Professor C. A. -Young, in the _North American Review_ for February, 1896, says, "It is -not too much to say that in design and workmanship their instruments do -not suffer in comparison with the best foreign make, while in -'handiness' they are distinctly superior. There is no longer any -necessity for us to go abroad for astronomical instruments, which are -fully up to the highest standards." - -The steel tube of the Yerkes telescope is 64 feet long, and the 90-foot -rotating dome, also of steel, weighs nearly 150 tons. The observatory, -of gray Roman brick with gray terra-cotta and stone trimmings, is in the -form of a Roman cross, with three domes, the largest dome at the western -end covering the great telescope. Of the two smaller domes, one will -contain a 12-inch telescope, and the other a 16-inch. Professor Young -says of the Yerkes telescope, "It gathers three times as much light as -the 23-inch instrument at Princeton; two and three-eighths as much as -the 26-inch telescopes of Washington and Charlottesville; one and -four-fifths as much as the 30-inch at Pulkowa; and 23 per cent more than -the gigantic, and hitherto unrivalled, 36-inch telescope of the Lick -Observatory. Possibly in this one quality of 'light,' the six-foot -reflector of Lord Rosse, and the later five-foot reflector of Mr. -Common, might compete with or even surpass it; but as an instrument for -seeing things, it is doubtful whether either of them could hold its own -with even the smallest of the instruments named above, because of the -reflector's inherent inferiority in distinctness of definition." - -Professor Young thinks the Yerkes telescope can hardly hope for the -exceptional excellence of the "seeing" at Mount Hamilton, Nice, or -Ariquipa, at least at night. The magnifying power of the Yerkes -telescope is so great, being from 200 to 4,000, that the moon can be -brought optically within sixty miles of the observer's eye. "Any lunar -object five or six hundred feet square would be distinctly visible,--a -building, for instance, as large as the Capitol at Washington." - -Since the death of Mr. Lick others have added to his generous gifts for -the purchase of special instruments, for sending expeditions to foreign -countries to observe total solar eclipses, and the like. Mrs. Phoebe -Hearst has given the fund which will yield $2,000 or more each year for -Hearst Fellowships in astronomy or other special work. Colonel C. F. -Crocker has given a photographic telescope and dome, and provided a sum -sufficient to pay the expenses of an eclipse expedition to be sent from -Mount Hamilton to Japan, in August, 1896, under charge of Professor -Schćberle. - -Mr. Edward Crossley, a wealthy member of Parliament for Halifax, -England, has given a reflector and forty-foot dome, which reached Mount -Hamilton from Liverpool in the latter part of 1895. - -Mr. Lick's gift of the telescope has stimulated a love for astronomical -study and research, not only in California, but throughout the world. -The Astronomical Society of the Pacific was founded Feb. 7, 1889; and -any man or woman with genuine interest in the science was invited to -join. It has a membership of over five hundred, and its publications are -valuable. The society holds its summer meetings on Mount Hamilton. Very -wisely, for the sake of diffusing knowledge, visitors are made welcome -to Mount Hamilton every Saturday evening between the hours of seven and -ten o'clock, to look through the big telescope and through the smaller -ones when not in use. In five years, from June 1, 1889, to June 1, 1894, -there were 33,715 visitors. Each person is shown the most interesting -celestial objects, and the whole force of the Observatory is on duty, -and spares no pains to make the visits both interesting and profitable. - -James Lick planned wisely when he thought of his great telescope, even -if he had no other wish than to be remembered and honored. Undoubtedly -he did have other motives; for Professor Holden says, "A very extensive -course of reading had given him the generous idea that the future -well-being of the race was the object for a good man to strive to -forward. Towards the end of his life, at least, the utter futility of -his money to give any inner satisfaction oppressed him more and more." - -The results of scientific work of the Lick Observatory have been most -interesting and remarkable. Professor Edward E. Barnard discovered, -Sept. 9, 1892, the fifth satellite of Jupiter, one hundred miles in -diameter. He discovered nineteen comets in ten years, and has been -called the "comet-seeker." He has also, says Professor Holden, made a -very large number of observations "upon the physical appearance of the -planets Venus, Jupiter, and Saturn; upon the zodiacal light, etc.; upon -meteors, lunar eclipses, double stars, occultations of stars, etc.; and -he has discovered a considerable number of new nebulć also." Professor -Barnard resigned Oct. 1, 1895, to accept the position of professor of -astronomy in the University of Chicago, and is succeeded by Professor -Wm. J. Hussey of the Leland Stanford Junior University. - -Sir Edwin Arnold, during his visit to the Observatory, at the suggestion -of Professor Campbell, looked through the great telescope upon the -nebula in Orion. "I saw," he writes, "in the well-known region of 'Beta -Orionis,' the vast separate system of that universe clearly outlined,--a -fleecy, irregular, mysterious, windy shape, its edges whirled and curled -like those of a storm-cloud, with stars and star clusters standing forth -against the milky white background of the nebula like diamonds lying -upon silver cloth. The central star, which to the naked eye or to a -telescope of lower power looks single and of no great brilliancy, -resolved itself, under the potent command of the Lick glass, into a -splendid trapezium of four glittering worlds, arranged very much like -those of the Southern Cross. - -"At the lower right-hand border of the beautiful cosmic mist, there -opens a black abyss of darkness, which has the appearance of an inky -cloud about to swallow up the silvery filigree of the nebula; but this -the great glass fills up with unsuspecting worlds when the photographic -apparatus is fitted to it. I understood Professor Holden's views to be -that we were beholding, in that almost immeasurably remote silvery haze, -an entirely separated system of worlds and clusters, apart from all -others, as our own system is, but inconceivably grander, larger, and -more populous with suns and planets and their starry allies." - -Professor John M. Schćberle, formerly of Michigan University, has -discovered two or more comets, written much on solar eclipses, the -"canals" of Mars, and the sun's corona. He, with Professor S. W. -Burnham, went to South America to observe the solar eclipse of Dec. -21-22, 1889; and the former took observations on the solar eclipse April -16, 1893, at Mina Bronces, Chili. - -Professor Burnham catalogued over one hundred and ninety-eight new -double stars, which he discovered while at Mount Hamilton. He, with -Professor Holden and others, have taken remarkable photographs of the -moon; and the negatives have been sent to Professor Weinek of Prague, -who makes enlarged drawings and photographs of them. Astronomers in -Copenhagen, Vienna, Great Britain, and other parts of Europe, are -working with the Lick astronomers. Star maps, in both northern and -southern hemispheres, have been made at the Lick Observatory, and -photographs of the milky way, the sun and its spots, comets, nebulć, -Mars, Jupiter, etc. Professor Holden has written much in the magazines, -the _Century_, _McClure's_, _The Forum_, and elsewhere, concerning these -photographs, "What we really know about Mars," and kindred topics. - -Professor Perrine discovered a new comet in February, 1896, which for -some time travelled towards the earth at the rate of 1,600,000 miles per -day. Professor David P. Todd of Amherst College was enabled to make at -the Lick Observatory the finest photographs ever made of the transit of -Venus, Dec. 6, 1882. As there will not be another transit of Venus till -Jan. 8, 2004, so that no living astronomer will ever behold another, -this transit was of special importance. The transit of Mercury was also -observed in 1881 by Professor Holden and others. - -The equipment at the Lick Observatory is admirable, and the sight -excellent; but the income from the $90,000 endowment is too small to -allow the desired work. There are but seven observers at Mount Hamilton, -while at Greenwich, at Paris, and other observatories, there are from -forty to fifty men. The total income for salaries and all other expenses -is $22,000 at the Lick Observatory; at Paris, Greenwich, Harvard -College, the United States Naval Observatory at Washington, etc., from -$60,000 to $100,000 is spent yearly, and is all useful. Fellowships -producing $600 a year are greatly needed, to be named after the givers, -and the money to provide a larger force of astronomers. Mr. Lick's great -gift has been nobly begun, but funds are necessary to carry on the work. - - - - -LELAND STANFORD - -AND HIS UNIVERSITY. - - -"The biographer of Leland Stanford will have to tell the fascinating -story of a career almost matchless in the splendor of its incidents. It -was partly due to the circumstances of his time, but chiefly due to the -largeness and boldness of his nature, that this plain, simple man -succeeded in cutting so broad a swath. He lived at the top of his -possibilities." Thus wrote Dr. Albert Shaw in the _Review of Reviews_, -August, 1893. - -Leland Stanford, farmer-boy, lawyer, railroad builder, governor, United -States Senator, and munificent giver, was born at Watervliet, N.Y., -eight miles from Albany, March 9, 1824. He was the fourth son in a -family of seven sons and one daughter, the latter dying in infancy. - -His father, Josiah Stanford, was a native of Massachusetts, but moved -with his parents to the State of New York when he was a boy. He became a -successful farmer, calling his farm by the attractive name of Elm Grove. -He had the energy and industry which it seems Leland inherited. He built -roads and bridges in the neighborhood, and was an earnest advocate of -DeWitt Clinton's scheme of the Erie Canal, connecting the great lakes -with New York City by way of the Hudson River. - -"Gouverneur Morris had first suggested the Erie Canal in 1777," says T. -W. Higginson, "and Washington had indeed proposed a system of such -waterways in 1774. But the first actual work of this kind in the United -States was that dug around Turner's Falls in Massachusetts soon after -1792. In 1803 DeWitt Clinton again proposed the Erie Canal. It was begun -in 1817, and opened July 4, 1825, being cut mainly through a wilderness. -The effect produced on public opinion was absolutely startling. When men -found that the time from Albany to Buffalo was reduced one-half, and -that the freight on a ton of merchandise was cut down from $100 to $10, -and ultimately to $3, similar enterprises sprang into being everywhere." - -[Illustration: LELAND STANFORD.] - -People were not excited over canals only; everybody was interested about -the coming railroads. George Stephenson, in the midst of the greatest -opposition, landowners even driving the surveyors off their grounds, had -built a road from Liverpool to Manchester, England, which was opened -Sept. 15, 1830. The previous month, August, the Mohawk and Hudson River -Railroad from Albany to Schenectady, sixteen miles, was commenced, a -charter having been granted sometime before this. Josiah Stanford was -greatly interested in this enterprise, and took large contracts for -grading. Men at the Stanford home talked of the great future of -railroads in America, and even prophesied a road to Oregon. "Young as he -was when the question of a railroad to Oregon was first agitated," says -a writer, "Leland Stanford took a lively interest in the measure. Among -its chief advocates at that early day was Mr. Whitney, one of the -engineers in the construction of the Mohawk and Hudson River Railway. -On one occasion, when Whitney passed the night at Elm Grove, Leland -being then thirteen years of age, the conversation ran largely on this -overland railway project; and the effect upon the mind of such a boy may -be readily imagined. The remembrance of that night's discussion between -Whitney and his father never left him, but bore the grandest fruits." - -The cheerful, big-hearted boy worked on his father's farm with his -brothers, rising at five o'clock, even on cold winter mornings, that he -might get his work done before school hours. He himself tells how he -earned his first dollar. "I was about six years old," he said. "Two of -my brothers and I gathered a lot of horseradish from the garden, washed -it clean, took it to Schenectady, and sold it. I got two of the six -shillings received. I was very proud of my money. My next financial -venture was two years later. Our hired man came from Albany, and told us -chestnuts were high. The boys had a lot of them on hand which we had -gathered in the fall. We hurried off to market with them, and sold them -for twenty-five dollars. That was a good deal of money when grown men -were getting only two shillings a day." - -Perhaps the boy felt that he should not always like to work on the farm, -for he had made up his mind to get an education if possible. When he was -eighteen his father bought a piece of woodland, and told him if he would -cut off the timber he might have the money received for it. He -immediately hired several persons to help him, and together they cut and -piled 2,600 cords of wood, which Leland sold to the Mohawk and Hudson -River Railroad at a profit of $2,600. - -After using some of this money to pay for his schooling at an academy -at Clinton, N.Y., he went to Albany, and for three years studied law -with the firm of Wheaton, Doolittle, & Hadley. He disliked Greek and -Latin, but was fond of science, particularly geology and chemistry, and -was a great reader, especially of the newspapers. He attended all the -lectures attainable, and was fond of discussion upon all progressive -topics. Later in life he studied sociological matters, and read John -Stuart Mill and Herbert Spencer. - -Young Stanford determined to try his fortune in the West. He went as far -as Chicago, and found it low, marshy, and unattractive. This was in -1848, when he was twenty-four years old. The town had been organized but -fifteen years, and did not have much to boast of. There were only -twenty-eight voters in Chicago in 1833. In 1837 the entire population -was 4,470. Chicago had grown rapidly by 1848; but mosquitoes were -abundant, and towns farther up Lake Michigan gave better promise for the -future. Mr. Stanford finally settled at Port Washington, Wis., above -Milwaukee, which place it was thought would prove a rival of Chicago. -Forty years later, in 1890, Port Washington had a population of 1,659, -while Chicago had increased to 1,099,850. - -Mr. Stanford did well the first year at Port Washington, earning $1,260. -He remained another year, and then, at twenty-six, went back to Albany -to marry Miss Jane Lathrop, daughter of Mr. Dyer Lathrop, a respected -merchant. They returned to Port Washington, but Mr. Stanford did not -find the work of a country lawyer congenial. He had chosen his -profession, however, and would have gone on to a measure of success in -it, probably, had not an accident opened up a new field. - -He had been back from his wedding journey but a year or more, when a -fire swept away all his possessions, including a quite valuable law -library. The young couple were really bankrupt, but they determined not -to return to Albany for a home. - -Several of Mr. Stanford's brothers had gone to California in 1849, after -the gold-fields were discovered, and had opened stores near the -mining-camps. If Leland were to join them, it would give him at least -more variety than the quiet life at Port Washington. The young wife went -back to Albany to care for three years for her invalid father, who died -in April, 1855. The husband sailed from New York, spending twelve days -in crossing the isthmus, and in thirty-eight days reached San Francisco, -July 12, 1852. For four years he had charge of a branch store at -Michigan Bluffs, Placer County, among the miners. - -He engaged also in mining, and was not afraid of the labor and -privations of the camp. He said some years later, "The true history of -the Argonauts of the nineteenth century has to be written. They had no -Jason to lead them, no oracles to prophesy success nor enchantments to -avert dangers; but, like self-reliant Americans, they pressed forward to -the land of promise, and travelled thousands of miles, when the Greek -heroes travelled hundreds. They went by ship and by wagon, on horseback -and on foot; a mighty army, passing over mountains and deserts, enduring -privations and sickness; they were the creators of a commonwealth, the -builders of states." - -Mr. Stanford had the energy of his father; he had learned how to work -while on the farm, and he had a pleasant and kindly manner to all. Said -a friend of his, after Mr. Stanford had become the governor of a great -State, and the possessor of many millions, "The man who held the -throttle of the locomotive, he who handled the train, worked the brake, -laid the rail, or shovelled the sand, was his comrade, friend, and -equal. His life was one of tender, thoughtful compassion for the man -less fortunate in life than himself." - -The young lawyer was making money, and a good reputation as well, in the -mining-camps. Says an old associate, "Mr. Stanford in an unusual degree -commanded the respect of the heterogeneous lot of men who composed the -mining classes, and was frequently referred to by them as a sort of -arbitrator in settling their disputes for them. While at Michigan Bluffs -he was elected a justice of the peace, which office was the court before -which all disputes and contentions of the miners and their claims were -settled. It is a singular fact, with all the questions that came before -him for settlement, not one of them was appealed to a higher court. - -"Leland Stanford was at this time just as gentle in his manner and as -cordial and respectful to all as in his later years. Yet he was -possessed of a courage which, when tested, as occasion sometimes -required, satisfied the rough element that he was not a man who could be -imposed upon. His principle seemed to be to stand up for the right at -all times. He never indulged in profanity or coarse words of any kind, -and was as considerate in his conduct when holding intercourse with the -rough element as though in the midst of the highest refinement." - -Mr. Stanford had prospered so well that in 1855 he purchased the -business of his brothers in Sacramento, and went East to bring his wife -to the Pacific Coast. He studied his business carefully. He made himself -conversant with the statistics of trade, the tariff laws, the best -markets and means of transportation. He read and thought, while some -others idled away their hours. He was deeply interested in the new -Republican party, which was then in the minority in California. He -believed in it, and worked earnestly for it. When the party was -organized in the State in 1856, he was one of the founders of it. He -became a candidate for State treasurer, and was defeated. Three years -later he was nominated for governor; "but the party was too small to -have any chance, and the contest lay between opposing Democratic -factions." Mr. Stanford was to learn how to win success against fires -and political defeats. - -A year later he was a delegate at large to the Republican National -Convention; and instead of supporting Mr. Seward, who was from his own -State of New York, he worked earnestly for Abraham Lincoln, with whom he -formed a lasting friendship. After Mr. Lincoln was inaugurated, Mr. -Stanford remained in Washington several weeks, at the request of the -president and Secretary Seward, to confer with them about the surest -means of keeping California loyal to the Union. - -Mr. Blaine says of California and Oregon at this time: "Jefferson Davis -had expected, with a confidence amounting to certainty, and based, it is -believed, on personal pledges, that the Pacific Coast, if it did not -actually join the South, would be disloyal to the Union, and would, from -its remoteness and its superlative importance, require a large -contingent of the national forces to hold it in subjection. - -"It was expected by the South that California and Oregon would give at -least as much trouble as Kentucky and Missouri, and would thus -indirectly, but powerfully, aid the Southern cause." - -In the spring of 1861 Mr. Stanford was again nominated by the -Republicans for governor. Though he declined at first, after he had -consented, with his usual vigor, earnestness, and perseverance, with -faith in himself and his fellow-men as well, he and his friends made a -thorough and spirited canvass; and Mr. Stanford received 56,036 votes, -about six times as many as were given him two years before. - -"The period," says the San Francisco _Chronicle_, "was one of unexampled -difficulty of administration; and to add to the embarrassments -occasioned by the Civil War, the city of Sacramento and a vast area of -the valley were inundated. On the day appointed for the inauguration the -streets of Sacramento were swept by a flood, and Mr. Stanford and his -friends were compelled to go and return to the Capitol in boats. The -messages of Governor Stanford, and indeed all his state papers, -indicated wide information, great common-sense, and a comprehensive -grasp of State and national affairs, remarkable in one who had never -before held office under either the State or national government. During -his administration he kept up constant and cordial intercourse with -Washington, and had the satisfaction of leaving the chair of state at -the close of his term of office feeling that no State in the Union was -more thoroughly loyal." - -There was much disloyalty in California at first, but Mr. Stanford was -firm as well as conciliatory. The militia was organized, a State normal -school was established, and the indebtedness of the State reduced -one-half under his leadership as governor. - -After the war was over, Governor Stanford cherished no animosities. When -Mr. Lamar's name was sent to the Senate as associate justice of the -Supreme Court, and many were opposed, Mr. Stanford said, "No man -sympathized more sincerely than myself with the cause of the Union, or -deprecated more the cause of the South. I would have given fortune and -life to have defeated that cause. But the war has terminated, and what -this country needs now is absolute and profound peace. Lamar was a -representative Southern man, and adhered to the convictions of his -boyhood and manhood. There never can be pacification in this country -until these war memories are obliterated by the action of the Executive -and of Congress." - -Mr. Stanford declined a re-election to the governorship, because he -wished to give his time to the building of a railroad across the -continent. He had never forgotten the conversation in his father's home -about a railroad to Oregon. When he went back to Albany for Mrs. -Stanford, after being a storekeeper among the mines, and she was ill -from the tiresome journey, he cheered her with the promise, "Never mind; -a time will come when I will build a railroad for you to go home on." - -Every one knew that a railroad was needed. Vessels had to go around -Cape Horn, and troops and produce had to be transported over the -mountains and across the plains at great expense and much hardship. Some -persons believed the building of a road over the snow-capped Sierra -Nevada Mountains was possible; but most laughed the project to scorn, -and denounced it as "a wild scheme of visionary cranks." - -"The huge snow-clad chain of the Sierra Nevadas," says Mr. Perkins, the -senator from California who succeeded Mr. Stanford, "whose towering -steeps nowhere permitted a thoroughfare at an elevation less than seven -thousand feet above the sea, must be crossed; great deserts, waterless, -and roamed by savage tribes, must be made accessible; vast sums of money -must be raised, and national aid secured at a time in which the credit -of the central government had fallen so low that its bonds of guaranty -to the undertaking sold for barely one-third their face value." - -In the presence of such obstacles no one seemed ready to undertake the -work of building the railroad. One of the persistent advocates of the -plan was Theodore J. Judah, the engineer of the Sacramento Valley and -other local railroads. He had convinced Mr. Stanford that the thing was -possible. The latter first talked with C. P. Huntington, a hardware -merchant of Sacramento; then with Mark Hopkins, Mr. Huntington's -partner, and later with Charles Crocker and others. A fund was raised to -enable Mr. Judah and his associates to perfect their surveys; and the -Central Pacific Railroad Company was formed, June 28, 1861, with Mr. -Stanford as president. - -In Mr. Stanford's inaugural address as governor he had dwelt upon the -necessity of this railroad to unite the East and the West; and now that -he had retired from the gubernatorial office, he determined to push the -enterprise with all his power. Neither he nor his associates had any -great wealth at their command, but they had faith and force of -character. The aid of Congress was sought and obtained by a strictly -party vote, Republicans being in the majority; and the bill was signed -by President Lincoln, July 1, 1862. - -The government agreed to give the company the alternate sections of 640 -acres in a belt of land ten miles wide on each side of the railroad, and -$16,000 per mile in bonds for the easily constructed portion of the -road, and $32,000 and $48,000 per mile for the mountainous portions. The -company was to build forty miles before it received government aid. - -It was so difficult to raise money during the Civil War that Congress -made a more liberal grant July 2, 1864, whereby the company received -alternate sections of land within a belt twenty miles on each side of -the road, or the large amount of 12,800 acres per mile, making for the -company nearly 9,000,000 acres of land. The government was to retain, to -apply on its debt, only half the money it owed the company for -transportation instead of the whole. The most important provision of the -new Act was the authority of the company to issue its own first-mortgage -bonds to an amount not exceeding those of the United States, and making -the latter take a second mortgage. - -There is no question but the United States has given lavishly to -railroads, as the cities have given their streets free to street -railroads; but during the Civil War the need of communication between -East and West seemed to make it wise to build the road at almost any -sacrifice. Mr. Blaine says, "Many capitalists who afterwards indulged in -denunciations of Congress for the extravagance of the grants, were urged -at the time to take a share in the scheme, but declined because of the -great risk involved." - -Mr. Stanford broke ground for the railroad by turning the first -shovelful of earth early in 1863. "At times failure seemed inevitable," -says the New York _Tribune_, June 22, 1893. "Even the stout-hearted -Crocker declared that there were times when he would have been glad to -'lose all and quit;' but the iron will of Stanford triumphed over -everything. As president of the road he superintended its construction -over the mountains, building 530 miles in 293 days. On the last day, -Crocker laid the rails on more than ten miles of track. That the great -railroad builders survived the ordeal is a marvel. Crocker, indeed, -never recovered from the effects of the terrific strain. He died in -1888. Hopkins died twelve years before, in 1876." - -With a silver hammer Governor Stanford drove a golden spike at -Promontory Point, Utah, May 10, 1869, which completed the line of the -Central Pacific, and joined it with the Union Pacific Railroad, and the -telegraph flashed the news from the Atlantic to the Pacific. The Union -Pacific was built from Omaha, Neb., to Promontory Point, though Ogden, -Utah, fifty-two miles east of Promontory Point, is now considered the -dividing line. - -After this road was completed, Mr. Stanford turned to other labors. He -was made president or director of several railroads,--the Southern -Pacific, the California & Oregon, and other connecting lines. He was -also president of the Oriental and Occidental Steamship Company, which -plied between San Francisco and Chinese ports, and was interested in -street railroads, woollen mills, and the manufacture of sugar. - -Foreseeing the great future of California, he purchased very large -tracts of land, including Vina with nearly 60,000 acres, the Gridley -Ranch with 22,000 acres, and his summer home, Palo Alto, thirty miles -from San Francisco, with 8,400 acres. He built a stately home in San -Francisco costing over $1,000,000, and in his journeys abroad collected -for it costly paintings and other works of art. - -But his chief delight was in his Palo Alto estate. Here he sought to -plant every variety of tree, from the world over, that would grow in -California. Many thousands were set out each year. He was a great lover -of trees, and could tell the various kinds from the bark or leaf. - -He loved animals, especially the horse, and had the largest horse farm -for raising horses in the world. Some of his remarkable thoroughbreds -and trotters were Electioneer, Arion, Palo Alto, Sunol, "the flying -filly," Racine, Piedmont that cost $30,000, and many others. He spent -$40,000, it is said, in experiments in instantaneous photography of the -horse; and a book resulted, "The Horse in Motion," which showed that the -ideas of painters about a horse at high speed were usually wrong. No one -was ever allowed to kick or whip a horse or destroy a bird on the -estate. Mr. George T. Angell of Boston tells of the remark made to -General Francis A. Walker by Mr. Stanford. The horses of the latter -were so gentle that they would put their noses on his shoulder, or come -up to visitors to be petted. "How do you contrive to have your horses so -gentle?" asked General Walker. "I never allow a man to _speak_ unkindly -to one of my horses; and if a man _swears_ at one of them, I discharge -him," was the reply. There were large greenhouses and vegetable gardens -at Palo Alto, and acres of wheat, rye, oats, and barley. But the most -interesting and beautiful and highly prized of all the charms at Palo -Alto was an only child, a lad named Leland Stanford, Jr. He was never a -rugged boy; but his sunny, generous nature and intellectual qualities -gave great promise of future usefulness. Mrs. Sallie Joy White, in the -January, 1892, _Wide Awake_, tells some interesting things about him. -She says, "His chosen playmate was a little lame boy, the son of people -in moderate circumstances, who lived near the Stanfords in San -Francisco. The two were together almost constantly, and each was at home -in the other's house. He was very considerate of his little playfellow, -and constituted himself his protector." - -When Mrs. Sarah B. Cooper was making efforts to raise money for the free -kindergarten work in San Francisco suggested by Felix Adler in 1878, she -called on Mrs. Stanford, and the boy Leland heard the story of the needs -of poor children. Putting his hand in his mother's, he said, "Mamma, we -must help those children." - -"Well, Leland," said his mother, "what do you wish me to do?" - -"Give Mrs. Cooper $500 now, and let her start a school, then come to us -for more." And Leland's wish was gratified. - -"Between this time, 1879, and 1892," says Miss M. V. Lewis in the _Home -Maker_ for January, 1892, "Mrs. Leland Stanford has given $160,000, -including a permanent endowment fund of $100,000 for the San Francisco -kindergartens." She supports seven or more, five in San Francisco, and -two at Palo Alto. - -A writer in the press says, "Her name is down for $8,000 a year for -these schools, and I am told she spends much more. I attended a -reception given her by the eight schools under her patronage; and it was -a very affecting sight to watch these four hundred children, all under -four years of age, marching into the hall and up to their benefactor, -each tiny hand grasping a fragrant rose which was deposited in Mrs. -Stanford's lap. These children are gathered from the slums of the city. -It is far wiser to establish schools for the training of such as these, -than to wait until sin and crime have done their work, and then make a -great show of trying to reclaim them through reformatory institutions." - -Leland, Jr., was very fond of animals. Mrs. White tells this story: "One -day, when he was about ten years of age, he was standing looking out of -the window, and his mother heard a tumult outside, and saw Leland -suddenly dash out of the house, down the steps, into a crowd of boys in -front of the house. Presently he reappeared covered with dust, holding a -homely yellow dog in his arms. Quick as a flash he was up the steps and -into the house with the door shut behind him, while a perfect howl of -rage went up from the boys outside. - -"Before his mother could reach him he had flown to the telephone, and -summoned the family doctor. Thinking from the agonized tones of the boy -that some of the family had been taken suddenly and violently ill, the -doctor hastened to the house. - -"He was a stately old gentleman, who believed fully in the dignity of -his profession; and he was somewhat disconcerted and a good deal annoyed -at being confronted with a very dusty, excited boy, holding a -broken-legged dog that was evidently of the mongrel family. At first he -was about to be angry; but the earnest, pleading look on the little -face, and the perfect innocence of any intent of discourtesy, disarmed -the dignified doctor, and he explained to Leland that he did not -understand the case, not being accustomed to treating dogs, but that he -would take him and the dog to one who was. So they went, doctor, boy, -and dog, in the doctor's carriage to a veterinary surgeon, the leg was -set, and they returned home. Leland took the most faithful care of the -dog until it recovered, and it repaid him with a devotion that was -touching." - -Leland, knowing that he was to be the heir of many millions, was already -thinking how some of the money should be used. He had begun to gather -materials for a museum, to which the parents devoted two rooms in their -San Francisco home. He was fitting himself for Yale College, was -excellent in French and German, and greatly interested in art and -archćology. Before entering upon the long course of study at college, he -travelled with his parents abroad. In Athens, in London, on the -Bosphorus, everywhere, with an open hand, his parents allowed him to -gather treasures for his museum, and for a larger institution which he -had in mind to establish sometime. - -While staying for a while in Rome, symptoms of fever developed in young -Leland, and he was taken at once to Florence. The best medical skill was -of no avail; and he soon died, March 13, 1884, two months before his -sixteenth birthday. His parents telegraphed this sad message home, "Our -darling boy went to heaven this morning." - -The story is told that while watching by the bedside of his son, worn -with care and anxiety, Governor Stanford fell asleep, and dreamed that -his son said to him, "Father, don't say you have nothing to live for; -you have a great deal to live for. Live for humanity, father," and that -this dream proved a comforter. - -The almost prostrated parents brought home their beloved boy to bury him -at Palo Alto. On Thanksgiving Day, Thursday, Nov. 27, 1884, the doors of -the tomb which had been prepared near the house were opened at noon, and -Leland Stanford, Jr., was laid away for all time from the sight of those -who loved him. The bearers were sixteen of the oldest employees on the -Palo Alto farm. The sarcophagus in which Leland, Jr., sleeps is eight -feet four inches long, four feet wide, and three feet six inches high, -built of pressed bricks, with slabs of white Carrara marble one inch -thick firmly fastened to the bricks with cement. In the front slab of -this sarcophagus are cut these words:-- - - - BORN IN MORTALITY - MAY 14, 1868, - LELAND STANFORD, JR. - PASSED TO IMMORTALITY - MARCH 13, 1884. - - -Electric wires were placed in the walls of the tomb, in the doors of -iron, and even in the foundations, so that no sacrilegious hand should -disturb the repose of the sleeper without detection. Memorial services -for young Leland were held in Grace Church, San Francisco, on the -morning of Sunday, Nov. 30, 1884, the Rev. Dr. J. P. Newman of New York -preaching an eloquent sermon. The floral decorations were exquisite; one -bower fifteen feet high with four floral posts supporting floral arches, -a cross six feet high of white camellias, lilies, and tuberoses, -relieved by scarlet and crimson buds, and pillows and wreaths of great -beauty. - -"Nature had highly favored him for some noble purpose," said Dr. Newman. -"Although so young, he was tall and graceful as some Apollo Belvidere, -with classic features some master would have chosen to chisel in marble -or cast in bronze; with eyes soft and gentle as an angel's, yet dreamy -as the vision of a seer; with broad, white forehead, home of a radiant -soul.... He was more than a son to his parents,--he was their companion. -He was as an angel in his mother's sick room, wherein he would sit for -hours and talk of all he had seen, and would cheer her hope of returning -health by the assurance that he had prayed on his knees for her recovery -on each of the twenty-four steps of the Scala Santa in Rome, and that -when he was but eleven years old.... - -"He had selected, catalogued, and described for his projected museum -seventeen cases of antique glass vases, bronze work, and terra-cotta -statuettes, dating back far into the centuries, and which illustrate the -creative genius of those early ages of our race." - -Such a youth wasted no time in foolish pleasures or useless companions. -Like his father he loved history, and sought out, says Dr. Newman, the -place where Pericles had spoken, and Socrates died; "reverently pausing -on Mars Hill where St. Paul had preached 'Jesus and the Resurrection;' -and lingering with strange delight in the temple of Eleusis wherein -death kissed his cheek into a consuming fire." - -At the close of Dr. Newman's memorial address the favorite hymn of young -Leland was sung, "Tell Me the Old, Old Story." From this crushing blow -of his son's death Mr. Stanford never recovered. For years young -Leland's room in the San Francisco home was kept ready and in waiting, -the lamp dimly lighted at night, and the bedclothes turned back by -loving hands as if he were coming back again. The horses the boy used to -ride were kept unused in pasture at Palo Alto, and cared for, for the -sake of their fair young owner. The little yellow dog whose broken leg -was set was left at Palo Alto when the boy went to Europe with his -parents. When he was brought back a corpse, the dog knew all too well -the story of the bereavement. After the body was placed in the tomb, the -faithful creature took his place in front of the door. He could not be -coaxed away even for his food, and one morning he was found there dead. -He was buried near his devoted human friend. - -"Toots," an old black and tan whom young Leland had brought from Albany, -was much beloved. "Mr. Stanford would not allow a dog in the house save -this one," says a writer in the San Francisco _Chronicle_. "'Toots' was -an exception, and he had full run of the house. He was the envy of all -the dogs, even of the noble old Great Dane. 'Toots' would climb upon the -sofa alongside of Mr. Stanford, and forgetting a well-known repugnance -he would pet him and say, 'There is always a place for you; always a -place for you.'" - -The year following the death of young Leland, on Nov. 14, 1885, Mr. -Stanford and his wife founded and endowed their great University at Palo -Alto. In conveying the estates to the trustees, Mr. Stanford said, -"Since the idea of establishing an institution of this kind for the -benefit of mankind came directly and largely from our son and only -child, Leland, and in the belief that had he been spared to advise us as -to the disposition of our estate he would have desired the devotion of a -large portion thereof to this purpose, we will that for all time to come -the institution hereby founded shall bear his name, and shall be known -as the 'Leland Stanford, Jr., University.'" - -Mr. Stanford and his wife visited various institutions of learning -throughout the country, and found consolation in raising this noble -monument to a noble son--infinitely to be preferred to shafts or statues -of marble and bronze. - -This same year, 1885, Mr. Stanford's friends, fearing the effect of his -sorrow, and hoping to divert him somewhat from it, secured his election -by the California Legislature to the United States Senate. He took his -seat March 4, 1885, just a year after the death of his son. He did not -make many speeches, but he proved a very useful member from his good -sense and counsel and kindly leaning toward all helpful legislation for -the poor and the unfortunate. He was re-elected March 3, 1891, for a -second term of six years. - -He will be most remembered in Congress for his Land-Loan Bill which he -originated and presented to the Senate. "The bill proposed that money -should be issued upon land to half the amount of its value, and for such -loan the government was to receive an annual interest of two per cent -per annum." - -"Whatever may be thought by some of the practical utility of his -financial scheme," says Mr. Mitchell, a senator from Oregon, "which he -so earnestly and ably advocated, and which was approved by millions of -his countrymen, for the loaning of money by the United States direct to -the people at a low rate of interest, taking mortgages on farms as -security, all will now agree it indicated in unmistakable terms a -philanthropic spirit, an earnest desire to aid, through the -instrumentality of what he regarded as constitutional and proper -governmental influence, not the great moneyed institutions of the -country, not the vast corporations of the land, with several of which he -was prominently identified in a business way, but rather the great -masses of producers,--the farmers, the planters, and the wage-workers of -his country." - -In this connection the suggestion of Professor Richard T. Ely in his -book on "Socialism and Social Reform," page 334, might well be heeded. -After showing that Germany and other countries have used government -credit to some extent in behalf of the farming community, and that New -York State has been making loans to farmers for a generation or more, he -says, "A sensible demand on the part of farmers' organizations would be -that Congress should appoint a commission of experts to investigate -thoroughly the use of government credit in various countries and at -different times, in behalf of the individual citizen, especially the -farmer, and to make a full and complete report, in order that anything -which is done should be based upon the lessons to be derived from actual -experience." - -Mr. and Mrs. Stanford were much beloved in Washington for their -cordiality and generosity. They gave an annual dinner to the Senate -pages, with a gift for each boy of a gold scarf-pin, or something -attractive, and at Christmas a five-dollar gold-piece to each. Also a -luncheon each winter, and gifts of money, gloves, etc., to the telegraph -and messenger boys. Every orphan asylum and charity hospital in -Washington was remembered at Christmas. Mr. Sibley, representative for -Pennsylvania, relates this incident showing Mr. Stanford's habit of -giving. "My partner and myself had purchased a young colt of him, for -which we paid him $12,500. He took out his check-book, drew two checks -of $6,250 each, and sent them to two different city homes for friendless -children; and with a twinkle in his eye, and broadly beaming benevolence -in his features, said, 'Electric Bell ought to make a great horse; he -starts in making so many people happy in the very beginning of his -life.'" - -Mr. Daniels of Virginia tells how Mr. Stanford was observed one day by a -friend to give $2,000 to an inventor who was trying to apply an electric -motor to the sewing-machine. Mr. Stanford remarked, "This is the -thirtieth man to whom I have given a like sum to develop that idea." - -After Mr. Stanford had been in the Senate two years, on May 14, 1887, -he and Mrs. Stanford laid the corner-stone of their University at Palo -Alto, on the 19th anniversary of the birthday of Leland Stanford, Jr. In -less than four years, on October 1, 1891, the doors of the University -were opened to receive five hundred students, young men and women; for -Mr. Stanford had written in his grant of endowment "to afford equal -facilities and give equal advantages in the University to both sexes." -In his address to the trustees he said, "The rights of one sex, -political or otherwise, are the same as those of the other sex, and this -equality of rights ought to be fully recognized." - -Mrs. Stanford said to Mrs. White as they sat in her library at Palo -Alto, "Whatever the boys have, the girls have as well. We mean that the -girls of our country shall have a fair chance. There shall be no -dividing line in the studies. If a girl desires to become an -electrician, she shall have the opportunity, and that opportunity shall -be the same as the young men's. If she wishes to study mechanics, she -may do it." - -Mr. Stanford said in his address on the day of opening, "I speak for -Mrs. Stanford as well as for myself, for she has been my active and -sympathetic coadjutor, and is co-grantor with me in the endowment and -establishment of this University." - -They had been urged to give their fortune in other directions, as some -persons believed that much education would unfit people for labor. "We -do not believe," said Mr. Stanford, and the world honors him for his -belief, "there can be superfluous education. As man cannot have too much -health and intelligence, so he cannot be too highly educated. Whether -in the discharge of responsible or humble duties he will ever find the -knowledge he has acquired through education, not only of practical -assistance to him, but a factor in his personal happiness, and a joy -forever." - -Mr. Stanford desired that the students should "not only be scholars, but -have a sound practical idea of commonplace, every-day matters, a -self-reliance that will fit them, in case of emergency, to earn their -own livelihood in an humble as well as an exalted sphere." To this end -he provided, besides the usual studies in colleges, for "mechanical -institutes, laboratories, etc." There are departments of civil -engineering, mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, besides -shorthand and typewriting, agriculture, and other practical work. - -He wished to have taught in the University "the right and advantages of -association and co-operation. ... Laws should be formed to protect and -develop co-operative associations. Laws with this object in view will -furnish to the poor man complete protection against the monopoly of the -rich; and such laws, properly administered and availed of, will insure -to the workers of the country the full fruits of their industry and -enterprise." - -He gave directions that "no drinking saloons shall be opened upon any -part of the premises." He "prohibited sectarian instruction," but wished -"to have taught in the University the immortality of the soul, the -existence of an all-wise and benevolent Creator, and that obedience to -His laws is the highest duty of man." Mr. Stanford said, "It seems to us -that the welfare of man on earth depends on the belief in immortality, -and that the advantages of every good act and the disadvantages of -every evil one follow man from this life into the next, there attaching -to him as certainly as individuality is maintained." - -The object of the University is, he said, "to qualify students for -personal success and direct usefulness in life." Again he said, "The -object is not alone to give the student a technical education, fitting -him for a successful business life, but it is also to instil into his -mind an appreciation of the blessings of this government, a reverence -for its institutions, and a love for God and humanity." - -Mr. Stanford wished plain and substantial buildings, "built as needed -and no faster," urging the trustees to bear in mind "that extensive and -expensive buildings do not make a university; that it depends for its -success rather upon the character and attainments of its faculty." - -Mr. Stanford chose for the president of his University David Starr -Jordan, well-known for his scientific work and his various books. Though -a comparatively young man, being forty years of age, Dr. Jordan had had -wide experience. He was graduated from Cornell University in 1872, and -for two years was professor at institutions in Illinois and Wisconsin. -In 1874 he was lecturer in marine botany at the Anderson School at -Penikese, and the following year at the Harvard Summer School at -Cumberland Gap. During the next four years, while holding the chair of -biology in Butler University, Indianapolis, he was the naturalist of two -geological surveys in Indiana and Ohio. For six years he was professor -of zoölogy in Indiana University, and for the six years following its -president. For fourteen years he had been assistant to the United States -Fish Commission, exploring many of our rivers, and part of that time -agent for the United States Census Bureau in investigating the marine -industries of the Pacific Coast. He had studied also in the large -museums abroad. - -Dr. Albert Shaw tells this interesting incident. "President Jordan had -once met the young Stanford boy on the seashore, and won the lad's -gratitude by telling him of shells and submarine life. It was a singular -coincidence that the parents afterwards heard Dr. Jordan make allusions -in a public address which gave them the knowledge that this was the -interesting stranger who had taught their son so much, and had so -enkindled the boy's enthusiasm. His choice as president was an eminently -wise one." - -Mr. Stanford wished ten acres to be set aside "as a place of burial and -of last rest on earth for the bodies of the grantors and of their son, -Leland Stanford, Jr., and, as the board may direct, for the bodies of -such other persons who may have been connected with the University." - -Mr. Stanford lived to see his University opened and doing successful -work. The plan of its buildings, suggested by the old Spanish Missions -of California, was originally that of Richardson, the noted architect of -Boston; but as he died before it was completed, the work was done by his -successors, Shepley, Rutan, & Coolidge. - -The plan contemplates a number of quadrangles in the midst of 8,400 -acres. "The central group of buildings will constitute two quadrangles, -one entirely surrounding the other," says the _University Register_ for -1894--1895. "Of these the inner quadrangle, with the exception of the -chapel, is now completed. Its twelve one-story buildings are connected -by a continuous open arcade, facing a paved court 586 feet long by 246 -feet wide, or three and a quarter acres. The buildings are of a buff -sandstone, somewhat varied in color. The stone-work is of broken ashlar, -with rough rock face, and the roofs are covered with red tile." Within -the quadrangle are several circular beds of semi-tropical trees and -plants. - -Miss Milicent W. Shinn, in the _Overland Monthly_ for October, 1891, -says, "I should think it hard to say too much of the simple dignity, the -calm influence on mind and mood, of the great, bright court, the deep -arcade with its long vista of columns and arches, the heavy walls, the -unchanging stone surfaces. They seemed to me like the rock walls of -nature; they drew me back, and made me homesick for them when I had gone -away." - -Behind the central quadrangle are the shops, foundry, and boiler-house. -On the east side is Encina Hall, a dormitory for 315 men, provided with -electric lights, steam heat, and bathrooms on each floor. It is four -stories high, and, like the quadrangle, of buff Almaden sandstone. - -On the west side of the quadrangle is Roble Hall, for one hundred young -women, and is built of concrete. There are two gymnasiums, called Encina -and Roble gymnasiums. - -Perhaps the most interesting of all the buildings, the especial gift of -Mrs. Stanford, is the Leland Stanford Junior Museum, of concrete, in -Greek style of architecture, 313 by 156 feet, including wings, situated -a quarter of a mile from the quadrangle, and between the University and -the Stanford residence. The collection made by young Leland is placed -here, and his own arrangement reproduced. The collection includes -Egyptian bronzes, Greek and Roman glass and statues. The Cesnola -collection contains five thousand pieces of Greek and Roman pottery and -glass. The Egyptian collection, made by Brugsch Bey, Curator of the -Gizeh Museum, for Mrs. Stanford, comprises casts of statuary, mummies, -scarabees, etc. Mr. Timothy Hopkins of San Francisco, one of the -trustees, has given for the Egyptian collection embroideries dating from -the sixth to the twenty-first dynasty. He has also given a collection of -ancient and modern coins and costumes, household goods, etc., from -Corea. There are stone implements from Copenhagen, Denmark, and relics -from the mounds of America. Mrs. Stanford is making the collection of -fine arts, and a very large number of copies of great paintings is -intended. Much attention will be given to local history, Indian -antiquities, and Spanish settlements of early California. - -The library has 23,000 volumes and 6,000 pamphlets. Mr. Hopkins has -given a valuable collection of railway books, unusually rich in the -early history of railways in Europe and America, with generous provision -for its increase. Mr. Hopkins has also founded the Hopkins Seaside -Laboratory at Pacific Grove, two miles west of Monterey, to provide for -investigations in marine biology, as a branch of the biological work of -the University. - -Students are not received into the University under sixteen years of -age, and if special students, not under twenty, and must present -certificates of good moral character. If from other colleges they must -bring letters of honorable dismissal. They are offered a choice of -twenty-two subjects for entrance examination, and must pass in twelve -subjects. _Tuition in all departments is free._ - -"The degree of Bachelor of Arts is granted to students who have -satisfactorily completed the equivalent of four years' work of 15 hours -of lecture or recitation weekly, or a total of 120 hours, and who have -also satisfied the requirements in major and minor subjects." - -President Jordan says, in the _Educational Review_ for June, 1892: "In -the arrangement of the courses of study two ideas are prominent: first, -that every student who shall complete a course in the University must be -thoroughly trained in some line of work. His education must have as its -central axis an accurate and full knowledge of something. The second is -that the degree to be received is wholly a subordinate matter, and that -no student should be compelled to turn out of his way in order to secure -it. The elective system is subjected to a single check. In order to -prevent undue scattering, the student is required to select the work in -general of some one professor as major subject or specialty, and to -pursue this subject or line of subjects as far as the professor in -charge may deem it wise or expedient. In order that all courses and all -departments may be placed on exactly the same level, the degree of -Bachelor of Arts is given in all alike for the equivalent of the four -years' course. Should his major subject, for instance, be Greek, then -the title is given that of Bachelor of Arts in Greek; should the major -subject be chemistry, Bachelor of Arts in chemistry, and so on." - -In 1895 there were 1,100 students in the University, of whom 728 were -men, and 372 women. Several of the students are from the New England -States. - -Mr. Stanford spent over a million dollars in the University buildings, -and gave as an endowment over 89,000 acres of land valued at more than -five million dollars. The Palo Alto estate has 8,400 acres; the Vina -estate, 59,000 acres, with over 4,000 acres planted to grapes which are -made into wine--those of us who are total abstainers regret such use; -and the Gridley estate 22,000 acres, one of California's great wheat -farms. In years to come it is hoped that these properties, which are -never to be sold, will so increase in value that they will be worth -several times five millions. - -Mr. and Mrs. Stanford made their wills, giving to the University -"additional property," that the endowment, as Mr. Stanford said, "will -be ample to establish and maintain a university of the highest grade." -It has been stated, frequently, that the "full endowment" in land and -money will be $20,000,000 or more. - -Senator Stanford's death came suddenly at the last, at Palo Alto, -Tuesday, June 20-21, 1893. He had not been well for some time; but -Tuesday he had driven about the estate, with his usual interest and good -cheer. He retired to rest about ten o'clock; and at midnight his wife, -who occupied an adjoining apartment, heard a movement as if Mr. Stanford -were making an effort to rise. She spoke to him, but received no answer. -His breathing was unnatural; and in a few minutes he passed away, -apparently without pain. - -Mr. Stanford was buried at Palo Alto, Saturday, June 24. The body lay -in the library of his home, in a black cloth-covered casket, with these -words on the silver plate:-- - - - LELAND STANFORD. - - BORN TO MORTALITY MARCH 9, 1824. - PASSED TO IMMORTALITY, JUNE 21, 1893. - AGED 69 YRS., 3 MOS., 12 DAYS. - - -Flowers filled every part of the library. The Union League Club sent a -floral piece representing the Stars and Stripes worked in red and white -in "everlasting," with star lilies on a ground of violets. There was a -triple arch of white and pink flowers representing the central arch of -the main University building. There were wreaths and crosses and a -broken wheel of carnations, hollyhocks, violets, white peas, and ferns. - -At half-past one, after all the employees had taken their last look -of the man who had always been their friend,--one, seventy-six -years old, who had worked with Mr. Stanford in the mine, broke down -completely,--the body was borne to the quadrangle of the University by -eight of the oldest engineers in point of service on the Southern -Pacific Railroad. The funeral _cortčge_ passed through a double line of -the two hundred or more employees at Palo Alto, several Chinese laborers -being at the end of the line. Senator Stanford was always opposed to any -legislation against the Chinese. - -The body was placed on a platform at one end of the quadrangle, the -remaining space being filled with several thousand persons. About -sixteen hundred chairs were provided, but these could accommodate only a -small portion of those present. The platform was decorated with ferns, -smilax, white sweet peas, and thousands of St. Joseph's lilies. The -temporary chancel was flanked by two remarkable flower pieces: on the -left, a _fac-simile_ of the first locomotive ever purchased and operated -on the Central Pacific Railroad, the "Governor Stanford," sent by the -employees of the company. The boiler and smoke-stack were of -mauve-colored sweet peas; the headlight and bell were of yellow pansies; -the cab of white sweet peas bordered by yellow pansies; the tender of -white sweet peas edged by pansies and lined with ivy; on the side of the -cab, in heliotrope, the name Governor Stanford. On the right of the bier -was the gift of the employees of the Palo Alto stock-farm, a -representation in sweet peas of the senator's favorite bay horse. - -After the burial service of the Episcopal Church, a solo, "O sweet and -blessed country," and address by Dr. Horatio Stebbins of the First -Unitarian Church of San Francisco, the choir sang "Lead Kindly Light," -and the body of Senator Stanford was conveyed through the cypress avenue -to the mausoleum in the ten acres adjoining the residence grounds. The -tomb is in the form of a Greek temple lined with white marble, guarded -by a sphinx on either side of the entrance. - -Here beside the open doors stood another beautiful floral tribute, a -shield eight feet high, of roses, lilies, and other flowers sent by the -employees of the Sacramento Railroad shops. Worked in violets were the -words "The Laborers' Tribute to the Laborers' Friend." The choir sang, -"Abide with Me," the body was laid in the tomb, and the bronze doors -were closed. A few days later the body of Leland Stanford, Junior, the -boy whose death, as Dr. Stebbins said at the senator's funeral, "drew -the sunbeams out of the day," was laid beside that of his father. Some -time the mother will sleep here with her precious dead. - -Mr. Stanford's heart was bound up in his University. He said, after his -son died, "The children of California shall be our children." Mr. Sibley -of Pennsylvania tells how, three years after Leland Junior died, he and -Mr. Stanford "went together to the tomb of the boy, and the father told -amid tears and sobs how, since the death of his son, he had adopted and -taken to his heart and love every friendless boy and girl in all the -land, and that, so far as his means afforded, they should go to make the -path of every such an one smoother and brighter." - -Mr. Stanford told Dr. Stebbins, in speaking of the University: "We feel -[he always used the plural, thus including that womanly heart from whose -fountains his life had ever been refreshed] that we have good ground for -hope. We are very happy in our work. We do not feel that we are making -great sacrifices. We feel that we are working with and for the Almighty -Providence." - -By the will of Mr. Stanford the University receives two and a half -million dollars, but this bequest is not yet available. He always felt, -and rightly, that his wife owned all their large fortune equally with -himself; therefore he placed no restrictions upon her disposal of it. -Inasmuch as she is a co-founder of the University, she will doubtless -add largely to its endowment. Should she do this, the power of Leland -Stanford Junior University for good will be almost unlimited. - -Even granite mausoleums crumble away; but great deeds last forever, and -make their doers immortal. - - - - -CAPTAIN THOMAS CORAM - -AND HIS FOUNDLING ASYLUM. - - -One of the best of England's charities is the Foundling Asylum in -London, founded in 1739 by Captain Thomas Coram. He was not a man of -family or means, but he had a warm heart and great perseverance. For -seventeen years he labored against indifference and prejudice, till -finally his home for little waifs and outcasts became a visible fact, -and for more than a century has been doing its noble work. - -Captain Coram was born at Lyme Regis, in Dorsetshire, in 1668, a seaport -town which carried on some trade with Newfoundland. It is probable that -his father was a seafaring man, as the lad early followed that -occupation. When he was twenty-six years old we hear of him in the New -World at Taunton, Mass., earning his living as a shipwright. - -[Illustration: CAPTAIN THOMAS CORAM] - -He did not wait to become rich--as indeed he never was--before he began -to plan good works. He had saved some money by the year 1703, when he -was thirty-five; for we see by the early records that he conveyed to the -governor and other authorities in Taunton, fifty-nine acres to be used -whenever the people so desired, for an Episcopal church or a -schoolhouse. This gift, the deed alleges, was made "in consideration of -the love and respect which the donor had and did bear unto the said -church, as also for divers other good causes and considerations him -especially at that present moving." - -Later he gave to Taunton a quite valuable library, a portion of which -remains at present. A Book of Common Prayer is now in the church, on -whose title-page it is stated that it was the gift "by the Right -Honorable Arthur Onslow, Speaker of the Honourable House of Commons of -Great Britain, one of His Majesty's most Honourable Privy Council, and -Treasurer of His Majesty's Navy, etc., to Thomas Coram, of London, -Gentleman, for the use of a church, lately built at Taunton, in New -England." - -About this time, 1703, Mr. Coram moved to Boston, and became the master -of a ship. He was deeply interested in the colonies of the mother -country, and though in a comparatively humble station, began to project -plans for their increase in commerce, and growth in wealth. In 1704 he -helped to procure an Act of Parliament for encouraging the making of tar -in the northern colonies of British America by a bounty to be paid on -the importation. Before this all the tar was brought from Sweden. The -colonies were thereby saved five million dollars. - -In 1719, when on board the ship Sea Flower for Hamburgh, that he might -obtain supplies of timber and other naval stores for the royal navy, -Captain Coram was stranded off Cuxhaven and his cargo plundered. - -Some years later, in 1732, having become much interested in the -settlement of Georgia, Captain Coram was appointed one of the trustees -by a charter from George II. - -Three years after this, in 1735, the energetic Captain Coram addressed -a memorial to George II., about the settlement of Nova Scotia, as he had -found there "the best cod-fishing of any in the known parts of the -world, and the land is well adapted for raising hemp and other naval -stores." One hundred laboring men signed this memorial, asking for free -passage thither, and protection after reaching Nova Scotia. - -Captain Coram was so interested in the project that he appeared on -several occasions before the Lords Commissioners for Trade and -Plantations, and was, says Horace Walpole, "the most knowing person -about the plantations I ever talked with." For several years nothing was -done about his memorial, but before his death England took action about -her now valuable colony. - -About 1720 Captain Coram lived in Rotherhithe, and going often to London -early in the morning and returning late at night, became troubled about -the infants whom he saw exposed or deserted in the public streets, -sometimes dead, or dying, or perhaps murdered to avoid publicity. -Sometimes these foundlings, if not deserted, were placed in poor -families to whom a small sum was paid for their board; and often they -were blinded or maimed as they grew older, and sent on the streets to -beg. - -The young mother, usually homeless and friendless, was almost as -helpless as her child if she tried to keep it and earn a living. People -scorned her, or arrested her and threw her into prison: the shipmaster -tried to find a remedy for the evil. - -He talked with his friends and acquaintances, but no one seemed to -care. He besought those high in authority, but few seemed to think that -foundlings were worth saving. The poor and the disgraced should bear -their sorrows alone. Some from all ranks thought the charity a noble -one, and wondered that it had been so long neglected; but none gave a -penny, or put forth any effort. - -"His arguments," wrote Coram's most intimate friend, Dr. Brocklesby, -"moved some, the natural humanity of their own temper more, his firm but -generous example most of all; and even people of rank began to be -ashamed to see a man's hair become gray in the course of a solicitation -by which he was to get nothing. Those who did not enter far enough into -the case to compassionate the unhappy infants for whom he was a suitor, -could not help pitying him." - -Captain Coram finally turned to woman for aid, and obtained the names of -"twenty-one ladies of quality and distinction" who were willing to help -in his project of a foundling asylum. Not all "ladies of quality" were -willing to help, however; for in the Foundling Hospital may be seen this -note, attached to a memorial addressed to "H.R.H., the Princess Amelia." - -"On Innocents' Day, the 28th December, 1737, I went to St. James' Palace -to present this petition, having been advised first to address the lady -of the bedchamber in waiting to introduce it. But the Lady Isabella -Finch, who was the lady in waiting, gave me rough words, and bid me gone -with my petition, which I did, without opportunity of presenting it." - -Finally Captain Coram's incessant labors bore fruit. On Tuesday, Nov. -20, 1739, at Somerset House, London, a meeting of the nobility and -gentry was held, appointed by his Majesty's royal charter to be -governors and guardians of the hospital. Captain Coram, now seventy-one -years of age, addressed the president, the Duke of Bedford, with great -feeling. "My Lord," he said, "although my declining years will not -permit me to hope seeing the full accomplishment of my wishes, yet I can -now rest satisfied; and it is what I esteem an ample reward of more than -seventeen years' expensive labor and steady application, that I see your -Grace at the head of this charitable trust, assisted by so many noble -and honorable governors." - -The house for the foundlings was opened in Hatton Garden in 1741, no -child being received over two months old. No questions as to parentage -were to be asked; and when no more infants could be taken in, the sign, -"The house is full," was hung over the door. Sometimes one hundred women -would be at the door with babies in their arms; and when only twenty -could be received, the poor creatures would fight to be first at the -door, that their child might find a home. Finally the infants were -admitted by ballot, by means of balls drawn by the mothers out of a bag. -If they drew a white ball, the child was received; if a black ball, it -was turned away. - -The present Foundling Hospital was begun in 1740, and the western wing -finished and occupied in 1745, on the north side of Guilford Street, -London, the governors having bought the land, fifty-five acres, from the -Earl of Salisbury. - -Hogarth, the painter, was deeply interested in Captain Coram's -benevolent object. He painted for the hospital some of his finest -pictures, and influenced his brother artists to do the same. Hogarth's -"March to Finchley" was intended to be dedicated to George II. A proof -print was accordingly presented to the king for his approval. The -picture gives "a view of a military march, and the humors and disorders -consequent thereon." - -The king was indignant, and exclaimed, "Does the fellow mean to laugh at -my guards?" - -"The picture, please your Majesty," said one of the bystanders, "must be -considered as a burlesque." - -"What! a painter burlesque a soldier? He deserves to be picketed for his -insolence," replied the king. - -The picture was returned to the mortified artist, who dedicated it to -"the king of Prussia, an encourager of the arts." - -So many fine paintings were presented to the hospital,--one of Raphael's -cartoons, a picture by Benjamin West, and others,--and such a crowd of -people came daily to see them in splendid carriages and gilt sedan -chairs, that the institution "became the most fashionable morning lounge -in the reign of George II." - -This exhibition of pictures of the united artists was the precursor of -the Royal Academy, founded in 1768. Before this time the artists had -their annual reunion and dinner together at the Foundling Hospital, the -children entertaining them with music. - -Hogarth, notwithstanding his busy life, requested that several of the -infants should be sent to Chiswick, where he resided; and he and Mrs. -Hogarth looked carefully after their welfare. It was the custom to send -the babies into the country to be nursed by some mother, as soon as -they were received at the hospital. - -Handel, as well as Hogarth, was interested in the foundlings. The chapel -had been erected by subscription in 1847. George II subscribed Ł2,000 -towards its erection, and Ł1,000 towards supplying a preacher. Handel -offered a performance in vocal and instrumental music to raise money in -building the chapel. The most distinguished persons in the realm came to -hear the music. Over a thousand were present, the tickets being half a -guinea each. - -Each year, as long as Handel was able to do so, he superintended the -performance of his great Oratorio of the Messiah in the chapel, which -netted the treasury Ł7,000. When he died he made the following bequest: -"I give a fair copy of the Score, and all the parts of my Oratorio -called the Messiah, to the Foundling Hospital." - -A singular gift to the hospital was from Omychund, a black merchant of -Calcutta, who bequeathed to that and the Magdalen Hospital 37,500 -current rupees, to be equally divided between them. - -Captain Coram lived ten years after his good work was begun. He loved to -visit the hospital, and looked upon the children as if they were his -own. He rejoiced in every gift, although he had no money of his own to -give. He had buried his wife, Eunice, after whom the first girl at the -hospital was named. The first boy was called Thomas Coram, after the -founder. - -During the last two years of Captain Coram's life, when it was known by -his friends that he was without funds, Dr. Brocklesby called to ask him -if a subscription in his behalf would offend him. He replied, "I have -not wasted the little wealth of which I was formerly possessed in -self-indulgence and vain expenses, and am not ashamed to confess that, -in this my old age, I am poor." - -Mr. Gideon, his friend, obtained various sums from those interested. The -late Prince of Wales subscribed twenty guineas yearly. - -Captain Coram, content with supplying his barest needs, turned his -thoughts to more benevolence. He desired to unite the Indians in North -America more closely to British interests, by establishing among them a -school for girls. He lived long enough to make some progress in this -work, but he was too old to be very active. - -He died at his lodgings near Leicester Square, on Friday, March 29, -1751, at the age of eighty-four, his last request being that he might be -buried in the chapel of his Foundling Hospital. He was buried there -April 3, at the east end of the vault, in a lead coffin enclosed in -stone. His funeral was attended by a great concourse of people. The -choir of St. Paul's Cathedral, with many notables, were at the hospital -to receive the body, and pay it suitable honors. The shipmaster had won -renown, not by learning or wealth, but by disinterested benevolence. -Seventeen years of patient and persistent labor brought its reward. - -In the southern arcade of the chapel one may read a long inscription to -the memory of - - - CAPTAIN THOMAS CORAM, - WHOSE NAME WILL NEVER WANT A MONUMENT AS - LONG AS THIS HOSPITAL SHALL SUBSIST. - - -In front of the hospital is a fine statue of the founder by William -Calder Marshall, R.A.; and within, in the girls' dining-room, is Coram's -portrait by Hogarth. - -After fifteen years from the time of opening the hospital, the -governors, their land having risen in value so that their income was -larger, and Parliament having given Ł10,000, determined that their -institution should be carried on in an unrestricted manner, as is the -case in Russia and some other countries on the Continent. - -In Moscow the Foundling Hospital admits 13,000 children yearly. The -mother may reclaim her child at any time before it is ten years of age. -The state knows that the child has received a better start in life than -it could have done with the poor mother. - -The Foundling Asylum at St. Petersburg, established by Catherine the -Great, is the largest and finest in the world. The buildings cover -twenty-eight acres, and the institution has an annual revenue from the -government and from private sources of nearly $5,000,000. Thirteen -thousand babies are sometimes brought in one year, who but for this -blessed charity would probably have been put out of the way. Twenty-five -thousand foundlings are constantly enrolled. In Russia infanticide is -said to be almost unknown. - -Married people, if poor, may bring their child for one year. If not able -to provide for it at the end of that time, then it belongs to the state. -The boys become mechanics, or enter the army and navy; and the girls -become teachers, nurses, etc. - -The Foundling Hospital in London determined to welcome all deserted or -destitute infants, and save as many as possible from sin and want. A -basket was hung outside the gate of the hospital, and one hundred and -seventeen infants were put in it the first day. - -Abuses of this kind intention soon crept in. Parents too poor to care -for their children sent them from the country to London, and they died -often on the way thither. One man, who carried five infants in a basket, -got drunk on the journey, lay all night on a common, and three out of -the five babies were found dead in the morning. Often the carriers stole -all the clothing of the little ones, and they were thrown into the -basket naked. Within four years about fifteen thousand babies were -received, but only forty-four hundred lived to be sent out into homes. -The mothers hated to part with their infants, and would often follow -them for miles on foot. The poor mother would leave some token by which -her child could be identified. Sometimes it was a coin or a ribbon, or -possibly the daintiest cap the poverty of the mother would permit her to -make. Sometimes a verse of poetry was pinned on the dress:-- - - - "If Fortune should her favors give, - That I in better plight might live, - I'd try to have my boy again, - And train him up the best of men." - - -"The court-room of the Foundling," says a writer in "Chambers's -Journal," "has probably witnessed as painful scenes as any chamber in -Great Britain; and again, when the children, at five years old, are -brought up to London, and separated from their foster-mothers, these -scenes are renewed." - -"The stratagems resorted to by women to identify their children," says -"Old and New London," "and to assure themselves of their well-being, -are often singularly touching. Sometimes notes are found pinned to the -infant's garments, beseeching the nurse to tell the mother her name and -residence, that the latter may visit the child during its stay in the -country. They will also attend the baptism in the chapel, in the hope of -hearing the name conferred upon the infant; for, if they succeed in -identifying the child during its stay at nurse, they can always preserve -its identification during its subsequent abode in the hospital, since -the children appear in chapel twice on Sunday, and dine in public on -that day, which gives opportunity of seeing them from time to time, and -preserving the recollection of their features." - -So many children were brought to the hospital after all restrictions -were removed, in 1756, the death-roll was so large, and the expenses so -great, that after four years different methods were adopted. There are -now about five hundred children in the Foundling Hospital, who remain -till they are fifteen years old, when they are apprenticed till of age -at some kind of labor. None are received at the hospital except when a -vacancy occurs, as the size of the buildings and funds will not permit -more inmates. Usually about forty are received, one-sixth of those who -apply. There is a fund provided to help those in later life who prove -idiotic or blind, or unfitted to earn their support. - -Sundays visitors in London go often to hear the trained voices of the -foundlings. The girls, in their white caps and white kerchiefs, sit on -one side of the organ, a gift from the great Handel, and the boys, -neatly dressed, on the other side. There is a juvenile band of -musicians among the boys; and so well do they play, that, on leaving the -institution, they often find positions in the bands of Her Majesty's -Household Troops or in the navy. Lieutenant-Colonel James C. Hyde -presented the boys with a set of brass instruments, and some valuable -drawings of native artists of India, for the adornment of their walls. - -Some time ago I visited with much interest the New York Foundling -Hospital, on Sixty-eighth Street, six stories high, founded by and in -charge of the Sisters of Charity. During the year 1895 there were cared -for 3,109 infants and little children, and 516 needy and homeless -mothers. On one side of the Foundling Hospital is the Maternity -Hospital, and on the other side the Children's Hospital. - -The cradle to receive the baby is placed within the vestibule, so that -the Sister, when the bell is rung, may talk kindly with the person -bringing it, and often persuades her to remain for some months and care -for her child. No information is sought as to names, family, etc. Other -infants are taken into the country to be nursed by foster-mothers, and -the institution does not lose its close oversight of the little ones. - -When these infants are unclaimed, they are usually sent to homes in the -West to be adopted. Since the opening of the Foundling Hospital in 1869, -twenty-six years ago, 27,171 waifs have been received and cared for. - -The "Nursery and Child's Hospital," Fifty-first Street and Lexington -Avenue, carries on a work similar to the Foundling Asylum, and, though -under Protestant control, is not a denominational enterprise. - -In Cleveland, Ohio, one of the most interesting charities is the "Lida -Baldwin Infants' Rest," for which Mr. H. R. Hatch has given an admirable -building, at 1416 Cedar Avenue, costing $17,000 or $18,000. Babies, if -over two years old, are taken to the Protestant Orphan Asylum on St. -Clair Street. The "Rest" is named after the first wife of Mr. Hatch, an -enterprising and philanthropic merchant, who, among other gifts, has -just presented a handsome granite library building, costing nearly -$100,000, to Adelbert College of Western Reserve University. - -When Reuben Runyan Springer died in Cincinnati, Ohio, Dec. 10, 1884, at -the age of eighty-four years, he did not forget to give the Sisters of -Charity $20,000 for a foundling asylum. His family were originally from -Sweden. When a youth he was clerk on a steamboat from Cincinnati to New -Orleans, and soon acquired an interest in the boat, and began his -fortune. Later, he was partner in a grocery house. Mr. Springer gave to -the Little Sisters of the Poor $35,000, Good Samaritan Hospital $30,000, -St. Peter's Benevolent Society $50,000, besides many other gifts. To -music and art he gave $420,000. To his two faithful domestics and -friends, he gave $7,500 each, and to his coachman his horses, carriages, -harness, and $5,000. His various charities amounted to a million dollars -or more. - -Most cities have, or ought to have, a foundling asylum, though often it -bears a different name. The Roman Catholics seem to be wiser in this -respect, and more careful to save infant life, than we of the Protestant -faith. - - - - -HENRY SHAW - -AND HIS BOTANICAL GARDEN. - - -It is rare that a poor boy comes to America from a foreign land, with -almost no money in his pocket, and leaves to his adopted town and State -a million four hundred thousand dollars to beautify a city, to elevate -its taste, and to help educate its people. - -Henry Shaw of St. Louis, Mo., was born in Sheffield, England, July 24, -1800. He was the oldest of four children, having had a brother who died -in infancy and two sisters. His father, Joseph Shaw, was a manufacturer -of grates, fire-irons, etc., at Sheffield. - -The boy obtained his early education at Thorne, a village not far from -his native town, and used to get his lessons in an arbor, half hidden by -vines, and surrounded by trees and flowers. From childhood he had a -passion for a garden, and worked with his two little sisters in planting -anemones and buttercups. - -From the school at Thorne the lad was transferred to Mill Hill, about -twenty miles from London, to a "Dissenting" school, the father being a -Baptist. Here he studied for six years, Latin, French, and probably -other languages, as he knew in later life German, Italian, and Spanish. -He became especially fond of French literature, and in manhood read and -wrote French as easily and correctly as English. He was for a long time -regarded as the best mathematician in St. Louis. - -In 1818, when Henry was eighteen, he and the rest of the family came to -Canada. The same year his father sent him to New Orleans to learn how to -raise cotton; but the climate did not please him, and he removed to a -small French trading-post, called St. Louis, May 3, 1819. - -The youth had a little stock of cutlery with him, the capital for which -his uncle, Mr. James Hoole, had furnished. His nephew was always -grateful for this kind act. He rented a room on the second floor of a -building, and cooked, slept, ate, and sold his goods in this one room. -He went out very little in the evening, preferring to read books, and -sometimes played chess with a friend. It is thought that he rather -avoided meeting young ladies, as he perhaps naturally preferred to marry -an English girl, when able to support her; but when the fortune was -earned he was wedded to his gardens, his flowers, and his books, so that -he never married. The young man showed great energy in his hardware -business, was very economical, honest, and always punctual. He had -little patience with persons who were not prompt, and failed to keep an -engagement. - -Though usually self-poised, possessing almost perfect control over a -naturally quick temper, a gentleman relates that he once saw him angry -because a man failed to keep an appointment; but Mr. Shaw regretted that -he had allowed himself to speak sharply, and asked the offending person -to dine with him. His head-gardener, Mr. James Gurney, from the Royal -Botanical Garden in Regent's Park, London, said many years ago of Mr. -Shaw, "In twenty-three years I never heard him speak a harsh or an -irritable word. No matter what went wrong,--and on such a place, and -with so many men, things will go wrong occasionally,--he was always -pleasant and cheerful, making the best of what could not be helped." - -Mr. Shaw gave close attention to business in the growing town of St. -Louis, and in 1839, after he had been there twenty years, was astonished -to find that his annual profits were $25,000. He said, "this was more -money than any man in my circumstances ought to make in a single year;" -and he resolved to go out of business as soon as a good opportunity -presented itself. This occurred the following year, in 1840; and at -forty years of age, Mr. Shaw retired from business with a fortune of -$250,000, equivalent to a million, probably, at the present day. - -After twenty years of constant labor he determined to take a little rest -and change. In September, 1840, he went to Europe, stopping in -Rochester, N.Y., where his parents and sisters then resided, and took -his younger sister with him. - -He was absent two years, and coming home in 1842, soon arranged for -another term of travel abroad. He remained in Europe three years, -travelling in almost all places of interest, including Constantinople -and Egypt. He kept journals, and wrote letters to friends, showing -careful observation and wide reading. He made a third and last visit to -Europe in 1851, to attend the first World's Fair, held in London. During -this visit he conceived the plan of what eventually became his great -gift. While walking through the beautiful grounds of Chatsworth, the -magnificent home of the Duke of Devonshire, Mr. Shaw said to himself, -"Why may not I have a garden too? I have enough land and money for -something of the same sort in a smaller way." - -The old love for flowers and trees, as in boyhood, made the man in -middle life determine to plant not so much for himself as for posterity. -He had finished a home in the suburbs of St. Louis, Tower Grove, in -1849; and another was in process of building in the city on the corner -of Seventh and Locust Streets, when Mr. Shaw returned from Europe in -1851. - -For five or six years he beautified the grounds of his country home, and -in 1857 commissioned Dr. Engelmann, then in Europe, to examine botanical -gardens and select proper books for a botanical library. Correspondence -was begun with Sir William J. Hooker, the distinguished director of the -famous Kew Gardens in London, our own beloved botanist, Professor Asa -Gray of Harvard College, and others. Dr. Engelmann urged Mr. Shaw to -purchase the large herbarium of the then recently deceased Professor -Bernhardi of Erfurt, Germany, which was done, Hooker writing, "The State -ought to feel that it owes you much for so much public spirit, and so -well directed." - -March 14, 1859, Mr. Shaw secured from the State Legislature an Act -enabling him to convey to trustees seven hundred and sixty acres of -land, "in trust, upon a portion thereof to keep up, maintain, and -establish a botanic garden for the cultivation and propagation of -plants, flowers, fruit and forest trees, and for the dissemination of -the knowledge thereof among men, by having a collection thereof easily -accessible; and the remaining portion to be used for the purpose of -maintaining a perpetual fund for the support and maintenance of said -garden, its care and increase, and the museum, library, and instruction -connected therewith." - -For the next twenty-five years Mr. Shaw gave his time and strength to -the development of his cherished garden and park. "He lived for them," -says Mr. Thomas Dimmock, "and, as far as was practicable, _in_ them; -walking or driving every day, when weather and health allowed, and -permitting no work of importance to go on without more or less of his -personal inspection and direction. The late Dr. Asa Gray, than whom -there can be no higher authority, once said, 'This park and the -Botanical Garden are the finest institutions of the kind in the country; -in variety of foliage the park is unequalled.'" - -Once when Mr. Shaw was escorting a lady through his gardens, she said, -"I cannot understand, sir, how you are able to remember all these -different and difficult names."--"Madam," he replied, with a courtly -bow, "did you ever know a mother who could forget the names of her -children? These plants and flowers are my children. How can I forget -them?" - -So devoted was Mr. Shaw to his work, that he did not go out of St. Louis -for nearly twenty years, except for a drive to the neighboring village -of Kirkwood to dine with a friend. - -Nine years after the garden had been established, in 1866, Mr. Shaw -began to create Tower Grove Park, of two hundred and seventy-six acres, -planting from year to year over twenty thousand trees, all raised in the -arboretum of the garden. Walks were gravelled, flower-beds laid out, -ornamental water provided, and artistic statues of heroic size, made by -Baron von Mueller of Munich, of Shakespeare, Humboldt, and Columbus. The -niece of Humboldt, who saw the statue of her uncle at Munich, wrote to -Mr. Shaw, saying that "Europe had done nothing comparable to it for the -great naturalist." - -Mr. Shaw used to say, when setting out these trees, that he was -"planting them for posterity," as he did not expect to live to see them -reach maturity. They were, however, of good size when he died in his -ninetieth year, Sunday, Aug. 25, 1889. - -"The death, peaceful and painless," says Mr. Dimmock, "occurred in his -favorite room on the second floor of the old homestead, by the window of -which he sat nearly every night for more than thirty years until the -morning hours, absorbed in the reading which had been the delight of his -life. This room was always plainly furnished, containing only a brass -bedstead, tables, chairs, and the few books he loved to have near him. -The windows looked out upon the old garden which was the first botanical -beginning at Tower Grove. - -"On Saturday, Aug. 31, after such ceremonial as St. Louis never before -bestowed upon any deceased citizen, Henry Shaw was laid to rest in the -mausoleum long prepared in the midst of the garden he had created--not -for himself merely, but for the generations that shall come after him, -and who, enjoying it, will 'rise up and call him blessed.'" - -Mr. Shaw was beloved by his workmen for his uniform kindness to them. -Once when a young boy who was visiting him, and walking with him in the -garden, passed a lame workman, and did not speak, although Mr. Shaw -said "Good-morning, Henry," the courteous old gentleman said, "Charles, -you did not speak to Henry. Go back and say 'Good-morning' to him." Mr. -Shaw employed many Bohemians, because he said, "They do not seem to be -very popular with us, and I think I ought to help them all I can." - -Mr. Shaw was always simple in his tastes and economical in his habits. -He drove his one-horse barouche till his friends, owing to his -infirmities from increasing age, prevailed upon him to have a carriage -and a driver. - -Four years before the death of Mr. Shaw he endowed a School of Botany as -a department of Washington University, giving improved real estate -yielding over $5,000 annually. He desired "to promote education and -investigation in that science, and in its application to horticulture, -arboriculture, medicine, and the arts, and for the exemplification of -the Divine wisdom and goodness as manifested throughout the vegetable -kingdom." - -Dr. Asa Gray had been deeply interested in this movement, and twice -visited St. Louis to consult with Mr. Shaw. By the recommendation of Dr. -Gray, Mr. William Trelease, Professor of Botany in Wisconsin University -at Madison, a graduate of Cornell University, and associated for some -time with Professor Gray in various labors, was made Englemann Professor -in the Henry Shaw School of Botany. - -Professor Trelease was also made director of the Missouri Botanical -Garden, and has proved his fitness for the position by his high rank in -scholarship, his contributions to literature, and his devotion to the -work which Mr. Shaw felt satisfaction in committing to his care. His -courtesy as well as ability have won him many friends. Mr. Shaw left by -will various legacies to relatives and institutions, his property, -invested largely in land, having become worth over a million dollars. He -gave to hospitals, several orphan asylums, Old Ladies' Home, Girls' -Industrial Home, Young Men's Christian Association, etc., but by far the -larger part to his beloved garden. He wished it to be open every day of -the week to the public, except on Sundays and holidays, the first Sunday -in June and the first Sunday in September being exceptions to the rule. -When the garden was opened the first Sunday of June, 1895, there were -20,159 visitors, and in September, though showery, 15,500. - -Mr. Shaw bequeathed $1,000 annually for a banquet to the trustees of the -garden, and literary and scientific men whom they choose to invite, thus -to spread abroad the knowledge of the useful work the garden and schools -of botany are doing; also $400 for a banquet to the gardeners of the -institution, with the florists, nurserymen, and market-gardeners of St. -Louis and vicinity. Each year $500 is to be used in premiums at -flower-shows, and $200 for an annual sermon "on the wisdom and goodness -of God as shown in the growth of flowers, fruits, and other products of -the vegetable kingdom." - -The Missouri Botanical Garden, Shaw's Garden as it is more commonly -called, covering about forty-five acres, is situated on Tower Grove -Avenue, about three miles southwest of the New Union Station. The former -city residence of Mr. Shaw has been removed to the garden, in which are -the herbarium and library, with 12,000 volumes. The herbarium contains -the large collection of the late Dr. George Engelmann, about 100,000 -specimens of pressed plants; and the general collection contains even -more than this number of specimens from all parts of the world. The -palms, the cacti, the tree-ferns, the fig-trees, etc., are of much -interest. There is an observatory in the centre of the garden; and south -of this, in a grove of shingle-oaks and sassafras-trees, is the -mausoleum of Henry Shaw, containing a life-like reclining marble statue -of the founder of the garden, with a full-blown rose in his hand. - -During the past year several ponds have been made in the garden for the -Victoria Regia, or Amazon water-lily, and other lilies. On the approach -of winter, over a thousand plants are taken from the ground, potted, and -distributed to charitable institutions and poor homes in the city. - -Much practical good has resulted from the great gift of Henry Shaw. -According to his will, there are six scholarships provided for garden -pupils. Three hundred dollars a year are given to each, with tuition -free, and lodging in a comfortable house adjacent to the garden. So many -persons have applied for instruction, that as many are received as can -be taught conveniently, each paying $25 yearly tuition fee. - -The culture of flowers, small fruits, orchards, house-plants, etc., is -taught; also landscape-gardening, drainage, surveying, and kindred -subjects. "It is safe to predict," says the Hon. Wm. T. Harris, -Commissioner of Education, "that the future will see a large -representation of specialists resorting to St. Louis to pursue the -studies necessary for the promotion of agricultural industry." - -Dr. Trelease gives two courses of evening lectures at Washington -University each year, and at the garden he gives practical help to his -learners. He investigates plant diseases and the remedies, and aids the -fruit-grower, the florist, and the farmer, in the best methods with -grasses, seeds, trees, etc. He deprecates the reckless manner in which -troublesome weeds are scattered from farm to farm with clover and grass -seed. He and his assistants are making researches concerning plants, -flowers, etc., which are published annually. - -The memory of Henry Shaw, "the first great patron of botanical science -in America," is held in honor and esteem by the scientific world. The -flowers and trees which he loved and found pleasure in cultivating, each -year make thousands happier. - -Nature was to him a great teacher. In his garden, over a statue of -"Victory," these words are engraved in stone: "O Lord, how manifold are -thy works: in wisdom hast thou made them all." - -The seasons will come and go; the flowers will bud and blossom year -after year, and the trees spread out their branches: they will be a -continual reminder of the white-haired man who planted them for the sake -of doing good to others. - -Harvard College received a valuable gift May, 1861, through the -munificence of the late Benjamin Bussey of Roxbury, Mass., in property -estimated at $413,092.80, "for a course of instruction in practical -agriculture, and the various arts subservient thereto." The superb -estate is near Jamaica Plain. The students of the Bussey Institute -generally intend to become gardeners, florists, landscape-gardeners, and -farmers. The Arnold Arboretum occupies a portion of the Bussey farm in -West Roxbury. The fund given by the late James Arnold of New Bedford, -Mass., for this purpose now amounts to $156,767.97. - - - - -JAMES SMITHSON - -AND THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. - - -Another Englishman besides Henry Shaw to whom America is much indebted -is James Smithson, the giver of the Smithsonian Institution at -Washington. Born in 1765 in France, he was the natural son of Hugh, -third Duke of Northumberland, and Mrs. Elizabeth Macie, heiress of the -Hungerfords of Audley, and niece of Charles, Duke of Somerset. - -At Pembroke College, Oxford, he was devoted to science, especially -chemistry, and spent his vacations in collecting minerals. He was -graduated May 26, 1786, and thereafter gave his time to study and -original research. In 1790 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, -and became the friend of many distinguished men, both in England and on -the Continent, where he lived much of the time. Among his friends and -correspondents, were Sir Humphry Davy, Berzelius (the noted chemist of -Sweden), Gay-Lussac the chemist, Thomson, Wollaston, and others. - -[Illustration: JAMES SMITHSON.] - -He wrote and published in the _Philosophical Transactions of the Royal -Society_, and also in Thomson's _Annals of Philosophy_, many valuable -papers on the "Composition of Zeolite," "On a Substance Procured from -the Elm Tree, called Ulmine," "On a Saline Substance from Mount -Vesuvius," "On Facts Relating to the Coloring Matter of Vegetables," -etc. At his death he left about two hundred manuscripts. He was deeply -interested in geology, and made copious notes in his journal on rocks -and mining. His life seems to have been a quiet one, devoted to -intellectual pursuits. - -Professor Henry Carrington Bolton, in the _Popular Science Monthly_ for -January and February, 1896, relates this incident of Smithson: "It is -said that he frequently narrated an anecdote of himself which -illustrated his remarkable skill in analyzing minute quantities of -substances, an ability which rivalled that of Dr. Wollaston. Happening -to observe a tear gliding down a lady's cheek, he endeavored to catch it -on a crystal vessel. One-half the tear-drop escaped; but he subjected -the other half to reagents, and detected what was then called -microcosmic salt, muriate of soda, and some other saline constituents -held in solution." - -When Mr. Smithson was over fifty years of age, in 1818 or 1819, he had a -misunderstanding with the Royal Society, owing to their refusal to -publish one of his papers. It is said that prior to this he intended to -leave all his wealth, over $500,000 to the society. - -About three years before his death, he made a brief will, giving the -income of his fortune to his nephew, Henry James Hungerford, and the -whole fortune to the children of his nephew, if he should marry. In case -he did not marry, Smithson bequeathed the whole of his property "to the -United States of America, to found at Washington, under the name of the -Smithsonian Institution, an establishment for the increase and diffusion -of knowledge among men." - -Mr. Smithson, says Professor Simon Newcomb, "is not known to have had -the personal acquaintance of an American, and his tastes were supposed -to have been aristocratic rather than democratic. We thus have the -curious spectacle of a retired English gentleman bequeathing the whole -of his large fortune to our Government, to found an establishment which -was described in ten words, without a memorandum of any kind by which -his intentions could be divined, or the recipient of the gift guided in -applying it." - -Mr. Smithson died June 27, 1829, in Genoa, Italy, at the age of -sixty-four. His nephew survived him only six years, dying unmarried at -Pisa, Italy, June 5, 1835. He used the income from his uncle's estate -while he lived, and upon his death it passed to the United States. -Hungerford's mother, who had married a Frenchman, Madame Théodore de la -Batut, claimed a life-interest in the estate of Smithson, which was -granted till her death in 1861. To meet this annuity $26,210 was -retained in England until she died. - -For several years it was difficult to decide in what way Congress should -use the money "for the increase and diffusion of knowledge among men." -John Quincy Adams desired a great astronomical observatory; Rufus Choate -of Massachusetts urged a grand library; a senator from Ohio wished a -botanical garden; another person a college for women; another a school -for indigent children of the District of Columbia; still another a great -agricultural school. - -After seven years of indecision and discussion the Smithsonian -Institution was organized by act of Congress, Aug. 10, 1846, which -provided for a suitable building to contain objects of natural history, -a chemical laboratory, a library, gallery of art, and geological and -mineralogical collections. The minerals, books, and other property of -James Smithson, were to be preserved in the Institution. - -Professor Joseph Henry, whose interesting life I have sketched in my -"Famous Men of Science," was called to the headship of the new -Institution. For thirty-three years he devoted his life to make -Smithson's gift a blessing to the world and an honor to the name of the -generous giver. The present secretary is the well-known Professor Samuel -P. Langley. - -The library was after a time transferred to the Library of Congress, the -art department to the Corcoran Art Gallery, and the Smithsonian -Institution began to do its specific work of helping men to make -original scientific research, to aid in explorations, and to send -scientific publications all over the world. Its first publication was a -work on the mounds and earthworks found in the Mississippi Valley. Much -time has also been given to the study of the character and pursuits of -the earliest races on this continent. - -The Smithsonian Institution now owns two large buildings, one completed -in 1855, costing about $314,000, and the great National Museum, which -Congress helped to build. This building has a floor space of 100,000 -square feet, and contains over three and one-half million specimens of -birds, fishes, Oriental antiquities, minerals, fossils, etc. So much of -value has been gathered by government surveys, as well as by -contributions from other nations by way of exchange, that halls twice as -large as those now built could be filled by the specimens. So popular -is the museum as a place to visit, that in the year ending June 30, -1893, over 300,000 persons enjoyed its interesting accumulations. - -Correspondence is carried on with learned societies and men of science -all over the world. The official list of correspondents is over 24,000. -The transactions of learned societies and some other scientific works -are exchanged with those abroad. The weight of matter sent abroad by the -Smithsonian Institution at the end of the first decade was 14,000 pounds -for 1857; at the end of the third decade 99,000 pounds for the year -1877. The official documents of Congress, or by the government bureaus, -are exchanged for similar works of foreign nations. In one year, -1892-1893, over 100 tons of books were handled. - -The "Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge" now number over thirty -volumes, and are valuable treatises on various branches of science. The -scholarly William B. Taylor said these books "distributed over every -portion of the civilized or colonized world constitute a monument to the -memory of the founder, James Smithson, such as never before was builded -on the foundation of Ł100,000." - -The Smithsonian Institution has been a blessing in many ways. It -organized a system of telegraphic meteorology, and gave to the world -"that most beneficent national application of modern sciences,--the -storm warnings." - -In the year 1891 the Institution received valuable aid from Mr. Thomas -G. Hodgkins of Setauket, N.Y., by the gift of $200,000. The income from -$100,000 is to be used in prizes for essays relating to atmospheric -air. Mr. Hodgkins, also an Englishman, died Nov. 25, 1892, nearly -ninety years old. He gave $100,000 to the Royal Institution of Great -Britain, and $50,000 each to the Society for Prevention of Cruelty to -Children, and to Animals. He made his fortune, and having no family, -spent it for "the diffusion of knowledge among men." - -A very interesting feature was added to the work of the Smithsonian -Institution in 1890, when Congress appropriated $200,000 for the -purchase of land for the National Zoölogical Park. As no native wild -animals in America seem safe from the cupidity of the trader, or the -slaughter of the pleasure-loving sportsman, it became necessary to take -measures for their preservation. About 170 acres were purchased on Rock -Creek, near Washington; and there are already more than 500 -animals--bisons, etc.--in these picturesque grounds. These will be -valuable object-lessons to the people, and help still further to carry -out James Smithson's idea, "the increase and diffusion of knowledge -among men." - - - - -PRATT, LENOX, MARY MACRAE STUART, NEWBERRY, CRERAR, ASTOR, REYNOLDS, - -AND THEIR LIBRARIES. - - -ENOCH PRATT. - -Enoch Pratt was born in North Middleborough, Mass., Sept. 10, 1808. He -graduated at Bridgewater Academy when he was fifteen; and a position was -found for him in a leading house in Boston, where he remained until he -was twenty-one years of age. He had written to a friend in Boston two -weeks before his school closed, "I do not want to stay at home long -after it is out." - -The eager, ambitious boy, with good habits, constant application to -business, the strictest honesty, and good common-sense, soon made -himself respected by his employers and his acquaintances. - -He removed to Baltimore in 1831, when he was twenty-three years old, -without a dollar at his command, and established himself as a commission -merchant. He founded the wholesale iron house of Pratt & Keith, and -subsequently that of Enoch Pratt & Brother. "Prosperity soon followed," -says the Hon. George Wm. Brown, "not rapidly but steadily, because it -was based on those qualities of honesty, industry, sagacity, and -energy, which, mingled with thrift, although they cannot be said to -insure success, are certainly most likely to achieve it." - -Six years after coming to Baltimore, when he was twenty-nine years old, -Mr. Pratt married Maria Louisa Hyde, Aug. 1, 1837. Her paternal -ancestors were among the earliest settlers of Massachusetts; her -maternal, a German family who settled in Baltimore over a century and a -half ago. - -As years went by, and the unobtrusive, energetic man came to middle -life, he was sought to fill various positions of honor and trust in -Baltimore. He was made director and president of a bank, which position -he has held for over twoscore years, director and vice-president of -railroads and steamboat lines, president of the House of Reformation at -Cheltenham (for colored children), and of the Maryland School for the -Deaf and Dumb at Frederick. He has also taken active interest in the -Maryland Institute for the Promotion of the Mechanic Arts, and is -treasurer of the Peabody Institute. - -For years he has been one of the finance commissioners elected by the -city council, without regard to his political belief, but on account of -his ability as a financier, and his wisdom. He is an active member of -the Unitarian Church. - -For several years Mr. Pratt had thought about giving a free public -library to the people of Baltimore. In 1882, when he was seventy-four, -Mr. Pratt gave to the city $1,058,000 for the establishing of his -library, the building to cost about $225,000, and the remainder, a -little over $833,000, to be invested by the city, which obligated -itself to pay $50,000 yearly forever for the maintenance of the free -library. Mr. Pratt also provided for four branch libraries, which cost -$50,000, located wisely in different parts of the city. - -The main library was opened Jan. 4, 1886, with appropriate ceremonies. -The Romanesque building of Baltimore County white marble is 82 feet -frontage, with a depth of 140 feet. A tower 98 feet high rises in the -centre of the front. The floor of the vestibule is in black and white -marble, and the wainscoting of Tennessee and Vermont marbles, -principally of a dove color. The reading-room in the second story is 75 -feet long, 37 feet wide, and 25 feet high. The walls are frescoed in -buff and pale green tints, the wainscoting is of marble, and the floor -is inlaid with cherry, pine, and oak. The main building will hold -250,000 volumes. - -The Romanesque branch libraries are 40 by 70 feet, one story in height, -built of pressed brick laid with red mortar, with buff stone trimmings. -The large reading-room in each is light and cheerful, and the book-room -has shelving for 15,000 volumes. - -The librarian's report shows that in nine years, ending with Jan. 1, -1895, over 4,000,000 books have been circulated among the people of -Baltimore. Over a half-million books are circulated each year. The -library possesses about 150,000 volumes. "The usefulness of the branch -libraries cannot be stated in too strong terms," says the librarian, Mr. -Bernard C. Steiner. Fifty-seven persons are employed in the -library,--fourteen men and forty-three women. - -Mr. Pratt is now eighty-eight years old, and has not ceased to do good -works. In 1865 he founded the Pratt Free School at Middleborough, -Mass., where he was born. Ex-Mayor James Hodges tells this incident of -Mr. Pratt: "Some years ago he sold a farm in Virginia to a worthy but -poor young man for $20,000. The purchaser had paid from time to time -one-half the purchase money, when a series of bad seasons and failure of -crops made it impossible to meet the subsequent payments. Mr. Pratt sent -for him, and learned the facts. - -"After expressing sympathy for the young man's misfortunes, and -encouraging him to persevere and hope, he cancelled his note for the -balance due,--$10,000,--and handed him a valid deed for the property. -Astonished and overwhelmed by this princely liberality, the recipient -uttered a few words, and retired from his benefactor's presence. Not -until he had reached his Virginia home was he able to find words to -express his gratitude." - -The great gift of Enoch Pratt in his free library has stimulated like -gifts all over the country; and in his lifetime he is enjoying the -fruits of his generosity. - - -JAMES LENOX. - -The founder of Lenox Library on Seventy-second Street, overlooking -Central Park, was born in New York City, Aug. 19, 1800, and died there -Feb. 17, 1880. His father, Robert, was a wealthy Scotch merchant of New -York, who left to his only son and seven daughters several million -dollars. - -Robert purchased from the corporation of New York a farm of thirty acres -of land in Fourth and Fifth Avenues, near Seventy-second Street. For -twelve acres on one side he gave $500, and for the rest on the other -side, $10,700. He thought the land might "at no distant day be the site -of a village," and left it to his son on condition that it be kept from -sale for several years. - -The son was educated at Princeton and Columbia Colleges, studied law, -but, being devoted to literary matters, spent much time abroad in -collecting valuable books and works of art. The only lady to whom he was -ever attached, it is stated, refused him, and both remained single. - -He was a quiet, retiring man, a member of the Presbyterian Church, and a -most generous giver, though his benefactions were kept from publicity as -much as possible. He once sent $7,000 to a lady for a deserving charity, -and refused her second application because she had told of his former -gift. - -He built Lenox Library of Lockport limestone, and gave to it $735,000 in -cash, and ten city lots of great value, on which the building stands. -The collection of books, marbles, pictures, etc., which he gave is -valued at a million dollars. - -He gave probably a million in money and land to the Presbyterian -Hospital, of which he was for many years the president. He was also -president of the American Bible Society, to which he gave liberally. To -the Presbyterian Home for Aged Women he gave land assessed at $64,000. -He gave to Princeton College and Theological Seminary, to his own -church, and to needy men of letters. - -After his death, his last surviving sister, Henrietta Lenox, in 1887 -gave to the library ten valuable adjoining lots, and $100,000 for the -purchase of books. - -The nephew of Mr. Lenox, Robert Lenox Kennedy, who succeeded his uncle -as president of the Board of Trustees of the library, presented to the -institution, in 1879, Munkacsy's great picture of "Blind Milton -dictating 'Paradise Lost' to his Daughter." He died at sea, Sept. 14, -1887. - -The Lenox Library has a remarkable collection of works, which will -always be an honor to America. Its early American newspapers bear dates -from 1716 to 1800, and include examples of nearly every important -gazette of the Colonial and Revolutionary times. The library received in -1894 over 45,000 papers. The _Boston News Letter_, the first regular -newspaper printed in America, is an object of interest. Several of the -newspapers appeared in mourning on account of the Stamp Act in October, -1765. - -The library has large collections in American history, Bibles, early -educational books, and old English literature. "The Souldier's Pocket -Bible" is one of two known copies--the other being in the British -Museum--of the famous pocket Bible used by Cromwell's soldiers. Many of -the Bibles are extremely rare, and of great value. There are five copies -of Eliot's Indian Bible. There are 2,200 English Bibles from 1493, and -1,200 Bibles in other languages. - -One of the oldest American publications in the library is "Spiritual -Milk for Boston Babes in Either England," by John Cotton, B.D., in 1656. -An old English work has this title: "The Boke of Magna Carta, with -divers other statutes, etc., 1534 (Colophon:) Thus endyth the boke -called Magna Carta, translated out of Latyn and Frenshe into Englyshe by -George Ferrers." - -There are several interesting books concerning witchcraft. The original -book of testimony taken in the trial of Hugh Parsons for witchcraft at -Springfield, in 1651, is mostly in the handwriting of William Pynchon, -but with some entries by Secretary Edward Rawson. The library possesses -the manuscript of Henry Harrisse's work on the "Discovery of America," -forming ten folio volumes. The library of the Hon. George Bancroft was -purchased by the Lenox Library in 1893. - -The Milton collection in the library contains about 250 volumes, nearly -every variety of the early editions. Several volumes have Milton's -autograph and annotations. There are about 500 volumes of Bunyan's -"Pilgrim's Progress," and books relating to the writer, containing -nearly 350 editions in many languages. There are also about 200 volumes -of Spanish manuscripts relating to America. The set of "Jesuit -Relations," the journals of the early Jesuit missionaries in this -country, is the most complete in existence. - -Many thousands of persons come each year to see the books and pictures, -as well as to read, and all are aided by the courteous librarian, Mr. -Wilberforce Eames, who loves his work, and has the scholarship necessary -for it. - - -MARY MACRAE STUART. - -At her death in New York City, Dec. 30, 1891, gave the Robert L. Stuart -fine-art collections valued at $500,000, her shells, minerals, and -library, to the Lenox Library, on condition that they should never be -exhibited on Sunday. To nine charitable institutions in New York she -gave $5,000 each; to Cooper Union, $10,000; to the Cancer Hospital, -$25,000; and about $5,000,000 to home and foreign missions of the -Presbyterian Church, hospitals, disabled ministers, freedmen, Church -Extension Society, aged women, etc., of the same church, and also the -Young Men's Christian Association, Woman's Hospital, Society for -Prevention of Cruelty to Children, Society for Relief of Poor Widows -with Small Children, City Mission and Tract Society, Bible Society, -Colored Orphans, Juvenile Asylum, and other institutions in New York. - -Mrs. Stuart was the daughter of a wealthy New York merchant, Robert -Macrae, and married Robert L. Stuart, the head of the firm of -sugar-refiners, R. L. & A. Stuart. Both brothers were rich, and gave -away before Alexander's death a million and a half. Robert left an -estate valued at $6,000,000 to his wife, as they had no children; and -she, in his behalf, gave away his fortune and also her own. She would -have given largely to the Museum of Natural History and Museum of Art in -New York, but from a fear that they would be opened to the public on -Sundays. - - -WALTER L. NEWBERRY. - -Chicago has been recently enriched by two great gifts, the Newberry and -Crerar Libraries. Walter Loomis Newberry was born at East Windsor, -Conn., Sept. 18, 1804. He was educated at Clinton, N.Y., and fitted for -the United States Military Academy, but could not pass the physical -examination. After a time spent with his brother in commercial life in -Buffalo, N.Y., he removed to Detroit in 1828, and engaged in the -dry-goods business. He went to Chicago in 1834, when that city had but -three thousand inhabitants, and became first a commission merchant, and -later a banker. He invested some money which he brought with him in -forty acres on the "North Side," which is now among the best residence -property in the city, and of course very valuable. - -Mr. Newberry helped to found the Merchants' Loan & Trust Companies' -Bank, and was one of its directors. He was also the president of a -railroad. - -He was always deeply interested in education; was for many years on the -school-board, and twice its chairman. He was president of the Chicago -Historical Society, and was the first president of the Young Men's -Library Association, which he helped to found. - -Mr. Newberry died at sea, Nov. 6, 1868, at the age of sixty-four, -leaving about $5,000,000 to his wife and two daughters. - -If these children died unmarried, half the property was to go to his -brothers and sisters, or their descendants, after the death of his wife, -and half to the founding of a library. - -Both daughters died unmarried,--Mary Louisa on Feb. 18, 1874, at Pau, -France; and Julia Rosa on April 4, 1876, at Rome, Italy. Mrs. Julia -Butler Newberry, the wife, died at Paris, France, Dec. 9, 1885. - -The Newberry Library building, 300 feet by 60, of granite, is on the -north side of Chicago, facing the little park known as Washington -Square. It is Spanish-Romanesque in style, and has room for 1,000,000 -books. There will be space for 4,000,000 volumes when the other -portions of the library are added. A most necessary part of the work of -the trustees was the choosing of a librarian with ability and experience -to form a useful reference library, which it was decided that the -Newberry Library should be, the Public Library, with its annual income -of over $70,000, seeming to meet the needs of the people at large. Dr. -William Frederick Poole, for fourteen years the efficient librarian of -the Chicago Public Library, was chosen librarian of the Newberry -Library. - -Dictionaries, bibliographies, cyclopćdias, and the like, were at once -purchased. The first gift made to the library was the Caxton Memorial -Bible, presented Sept. 29, 1877, by the Oxford University Press, through -the late Henry Stevens, Esq., of London. The edition was limited to one -hundred copies, and the copy presented to the Newberry Library is the -ninety-eighth. Mr. George P. A. Healey, the distinguished artist, also -gave about fifty of his valuable paintings to the library. Several -thousand volumes on early American and local history, collected by Mr. -Charles H. Guild of Somerville, Mass., were purchased by Dr. Poole for -the library. A collection of 415 volumes of bound American newspapers, -covering the period of the Civil War, 1861-1865, were procured. An -extremely useful medical library has been given by Dr. Nicholas Senn, -Professor of Surgery in Rush Medical College. A valuable collection on -fish, fish culture, and angling, made during forty years by the -publisher, Robert Clarke of Cincinnati, has been bought for the library. -A very interesting collection of early books and manuscripts was -purchased from Mr. Henry Probasco of Cincinnati. The collection of -Bibles is very rich; also of Shakespeare, Homer, Dante, Horace, and -Petrarch. There were in 1895 over 125,600 volumes in the library, and -over 30,000 pamphlets. - -To the great regret of scholars everywhere, Dr. Poole died March 1, -1894. Born in Salem, Mass., Dec. 24, 1821, descended from an old English -family, young Poole attended the common school in Danvers till he was -twelve, helped his father on the farm, and learned the tanner's trade. -He loved his books, and his good mother determined that he should have -an opportunity to go back to his studies. - -In 1842 he entered Yale College, at the close of the Freshman year, -spent three years in teaching, and was graduated in 1849. While in -college, he was appointed assistant librarian of his college society, -the "Brothers in Unity," which had 10,000 volumes. He soon saw the -necessity of an index for the bound sets of periodicals in the library, -if they were to be of practical use, and began to make such an index. -The little volume of one hundred and fifty-four pages appeared in 1848, -and the edition was soon exhausted. A volume of five hundred and -thirty-one pages appeared in 1853; and "Poole's Index" at once secured -fame for its author, both at home and abroad. - -Dr. Poole was the librarian of the Boston Athenćum for thirteen years, -and accepted a position in Chicago, October, 1873, to form the public -library. In 1882 Dr. Poole issued the third edition of his famous "Index -to Periodical Literature," having 1,469 pages. In this work he had the -co-operation of the American Library Association, the Library -Association of Great Britain and Ireland, and the able assistance of Wm. -I. Fletcher, M.A., librarian of Amherst College. Since Dr. Poole's -death, Mr. Fletcher and Mr. R. R. Bowker have carried forward the Index, -aided by many other librarians. - -Dr. Poole was president of the American Historical Society, 1887, of the -American Library Association 1886-1888, and had written much on -historical and literary topics. The Boston _Herald_ says, "Dr. Poole was -a bibliographer of world-wide reputation, and one whose extended -knowledge of books was simply wonderful." His "Index to Periodical -Literature," invaluable to both writers and readers, will perpetuate his -name. Dr. Poole was succeeded by the well-known author, Mr. John Vance -Cheney, who had been eight years at the head of the San Francisco public -library. - - -JOHN CRERAR. - -Was born in New York City, the son of John Crerar, his parents both -natives of Scotland. - -He was educated in a common school, and at the age of eighteen became a -clerk in a mercantile house. In 1862 he went to Chicago, and associated -himself with J. McGregor Adams in the iron business. He was also -interested in railroads, and was the president of a company. He was an -upright member of the Second Presbyterian Church, and his first known -gift was $10,000 to that church. - -Unmarried, he lived quietly at the Grand Pacific Hotel until his death, -Oct. 19, 1889. In his will he said, "I ask that I may be buried by the -side of my honored mother, in Greenwood Cemetery, Brooklyn, N.Y., in the -family lot, and that some of my many friends see that this request is -complied with. I desire a plain headstone, similar to that which marks -my mother's grave, to be raised over my head." The income of $1,000 was -left to care for the family lot. He left various legacies to relatives. -To first cousins he gave $20,000 each; to second cousins, $10,000; and -to third cousins, $5,000 each. To one second cousin, on account of -kindness to his mother, an additional $10,000; to the widow of a cousin, -$10,000 for kindness to his only brother, Peter, then dead. To several -other friends sums from $50,000 to $5,000 each. - -To his partner he gave $50,000, and the same to his junior partner. To -his own church, $100,000, and a like amount to the missions of the -church. To the church in New York to which his family formerly belonged, -and where he was baptized, $25,000. To the Chicago Orphan Asylum, the -Chicago Nursery, the American Sunday-school Union, the Chicago Relief -Society, the Illinois Training-School for Nurses, the Chicago Manual -Training-School, the Old People's Home, the Home for the Friendless, the -Young Men's Christian Association, each $50,000. - -To the Chicago Historical Society, the St. Luke's Free Hospital, and the -Chicago Bible Society, each $25,000. To St. Andrew's Society of New York -and of Chicago, each $10,000. To the Chicago Literary Club, $10,000. For -a statue of Abraham Lincoln, $100,000. - -All the rest of the property, about three millions, was to be used for a -free public library, to be called "The John Crerar Library," located on -the South Side, inasmuch as the Newberry was to be on the North Side. - -Mr. Crerar said in his will, "I desire the books and periodicals -selected with a view to create and sustain a healthy moral and Christian -sentiment in the community. I do not mean by this that there shall not -be anything but hymn-books and sermons; but I mean that dirty French -novels, and all sceptical trash, and works of questionable moral tone, -shall never be found in this library. I want its atmosphere that of -Christian refinement, and its aim and object the building up of -character." - -Mr. Crerar was fond of reading the best books. His liberality and love -of literature helped to bring Thackeray to this country to lecture. - -Some of the cousins of Mr. Crerar tried to break the will on the grounds -put forth for breaking Mr. Tilden's will, whereby New York City failed -to receive five or six millions for a public library. Fortunately the -courts accepted the plain intention of the giver, and the property is -now devoted to the public good through a great library largely devoted -to science. - - -JOHN JACOB ASTOR. - -From the little village of Waldorf, near Heidelberg, Germany, came the -head of the Astor family to America when he was twenty years old. Born -July 17, 1763, the fourth son of a butcher, he helped his father until -he was sixteen, and then determined to join an elder brother in London, -who worked in the piano and flute factory of their uncle. - -Having no money, he set out on foot for the Rhine; and resting under a -tree, he made this resolution, which he always kept, "to be honest, -industrious, and never gamble." Finding employment on a raft of timber, -he earned enough money to procure a steerage passage from Holland to -London, where he remained till 1783, helping his brother, and learning -the English language. Having saved about seventy-five dollars at the end -of three or four years, John Jacob invested about twenty-five in seven -flutes, purchased a steerage ticket across the water for a like amount, -and put about twenty-five in his pocket. - -On the journey over he met a furrier, who told him that money could be -made in buying furs from the Indians and men on the frontier, and -selling them to large dealers. As soon as he reached New York, he -entered the employ of a Quaker furrier, and learned all he could about -the business, meantime selling his flutes, and using the money to buy -furs from the Indians and hunters. He opened a little shop in New York -for the sale of furs and musical instruments, walked nearly all over New -York State in collecting his furs, and finally went back to London to -sell his goods. - -He married, probably in 1786, Sarah Todd, who brought as her marriage -portion $300, and what was better still, economy, energy, and a -willingness to share her husband's constant labors. As fast as a little -money was saved he invested it in land, having great faith in the future -of New York City. He lived most simply in the same house where he -carried on his business, and after fifteen years found himself the owner -of $250,000. - -[Illustration: John Jacob Astor] - -In 1809 he organized the American Fur Company, and established trade in -furs with France, England, Germany, and Russia, and engaged in trade -with China. He used to say in his old age, "The first hundred thousand -dollars--that was hard to get; but afterward it was easy to make more." - -He died March 29, 1848, leaving a fortune estimated at $20,000,000, much -of it the result of increased values of land, on which he had built -houses for rent. By will Mr. Astor conveyed the large sum, at that time, -of $400,000 to found a public library; his friends, Washington Irving, -Dr. Joseph G. Cogswell, and Fitz-Greene Halleck, the poet, who was his -secretary for seventeen years, having advised the gift of a library when -he expressed a desire to do something helpful for the city of New York. -He also left $50,000 for the benefit of the poor in his native town of -Waldorf. - -John Jacob Astor's eldest son, and third of his seven children, William -B. Astor, left and gave during his lifetime $550,000 to Astor Library. -His estate of $45,000,000 was divided between his two sons, John Jacob -and William. The son of John Jacob, William Waldorf Astor, a graduate of -Columbia College, ex-minister to Italy, is a scholarly man, and the -author of several books. The son of William Astor, John Jacob Astor, a -graduate of Harvard, lives on Fifth Avenue, New York. He has also -written one or more books. - -In 1879 John Jacob, the grandson of the first Astor in this country, a -graduate of Columbia College, a student of the University of Göttingen, -and a graduate of the Harvard Law School, erected a third structure for -the library similar to those built by his father and grandfather, and -gave in all $850,000 to Astor Library. The entire building now has a -frontage of two hundred feet, with a depth of one hundred feet. It is -of brown-stone and brick, and is Byzantine in style of architecture. In -1893 its total number of volumes was 245,349. - -Astor Library possesses some very rare and valuable books. "Here is one -of the very few extant copies of Wyckliffe's translation of the New -Testament in manuscript," writes Frederick K. Saunders, the librarian, -in the _New England Magazine_ for April, 1890, "so closely resembling -black-letter type as almost to deceive even a practised eye. It is -enriched with illuminated capitals, and its supposed date is 1390. It is -said to have been once the property of Duke Humphrey. There is an -Ethiopic manuscript on vellum, the service book of an Abyssinian convent -at Jerusalem. There are two richly illuminated Persian manuscripts on -vellum which once belonged to the library of the Mogul Emperors of -Delhi; also two exquisitely illuminated missals or books of Hours, the -gift of the late Mr. J. J. Astor. One of the glories of the collection -is the splendid Salisbury Missal, written with wonderful skill, and -profusely emblazoned with burnished gold. Here also may be found the -second printed Bible, on vellum, folio, 1462, which cost $9,000." - -Mrs. Astor gave a valuable collection of autographs of eminent persons; -and the family also gave "a magnificent manuscript written with liquid -gold, on purple vellum, entitled 'Evangelistarium,' of almost unrivalled -beauty, but no less remarkable for its great age, the date being A.D. -870. This is probably the oldest book in America." Ptolemy's Geography -is represented by fifteen editions, the earliest printed in 1478. - -John Jacob Astor, the grandson of the first John Jacob, died in New -York, Feb. 22, 1890. He presented to Trinity Church the reredos and -altar, costing $80,000, as a memorial of his father, William B. Astor. -Through his wife, who was a Miss Gibbs of South Carolina, he virtually -built the New York Cancer Hospital, and gave largely to the Woman's -Hospital. He gave $100,000 to St. Luke's Hospital, $50,000 to the -Metropolitan Museum of Art, with his wife's superb collection of laces -after her death in 1887. The paintings of John Jacob Astor costing -$75,000 were presented to Astor Library by his son, William Waldorf -Astor, after his father's death. - - -MORTIMER FABRICIUS REYNOLDS. - -"On the 2d of December, 1814, there was born, in the narrow clearing -that skirted the ford of the Genesee River, the first child of white -parents to see the light upon that 'Hundred-Acre Tract' which was the -primitive site of the present city of Rochester. Mortimer Fabricius -Reynolds was the name given, for family reasons, to the first-born of -this backwoods settlement." Thus states the "Semi-Centennial History of -the City of Rochester, N.Y.," published in 1888. - -This boy, grown to manhood and engaged in commerce, was the sole -survivor of the six children of his father, Abelard Reynolds. He was -proud of the family name; but "his childlessness, and the consciousness -that with him the name was to be extinct, had come to weigh with a -painful gravity." Abelard Reynolds had made a fortune from the increase -in land values, and both he and his son William had interested -themselves deeply in the intellectual and moral advance of the -community in which they lived. - -Mortimer F. Reynolds desired to leave a memorial of his father, of his -brother, William Abelard Reynolds, and of himself. He wisely chose to -found a library, that the name might be forever remembered. He died June -13, 1892, leaving nearly one million to found and endow the Reynolds -Library of Rochester, N.Y., Alfred S. Collins, librarian. - -It is stated in the press that President Seth Low of Columbia College -has given over a million dollars for the new library in connection with -that college. - -In "Public Libraries of America," page 144, a most useful book by -William I. Fletcher, librarian of Amherst College, may be found a -suggestive list of the principal gifts to libraries in the United -States. Among the larger bequests are Dr. James Rush, Philadelphia, -$1,500,000; Henry Hall, St. Paul, Minn., $500,000; Charles E. Forbes, -Northampton, Mass., $220,000; Mr. and Mrs. Converse, Malden, Mass., -$125,000; Hiram Kelley, Chicago, to public library, $200,000; Silas -Bronson, Waterbury, Conn., $200,000; Dr. Kirby Spencer, Minneapolis, -Minn., $200,000; Mrs. Maria C. Robbins of Brooklyn, N.Y., to her former -home, Arlington, Mass., for public library building and furnishing, -$150,000. - - - - -FREDERICK H. RINDGE - -AND HIS GIFTS. - - -Mr. Rindge, born in Cambridge, Mass., in 1857, but at present residing -in California, has given his native city a public library, a city hall, -a manual training-school, and a valuable site for a high school. - -The handsome library, Romanesque in style, of gray stone with brown -stone trimmings, was opened to the public in 1889. One room of especial -interest on the first floor contains war relics, manuscripts, autographs -and pictures of distinguished persons, and literary and historical -matter connected with the history of Cambridge. The European note-book -of Margaret Fuller is seen here, the lock, key, and hinges of the old -Holmes mansion, removed to make way for the Law School, etc. - -The library has six local stations where books may be ordered by filling -out a slip; and these orders are gathered up three times a day, and -books are sent to these stations the same day. - -The City Hall, a large building also of gray stone with brown stone -trimmings, is similar to the old town halls of Brussels, Bruges, and -others of medićval times. Its high tower can be seen at a great -distance. - -The other important gift to Cambridge from Mr. Rindge is a manual -training-school for boys. Ground was broken for this school in the -middle of July, 1888, and pupils were received in September. The boys -work in wood, iron, blacksmithing, drawing, etc. The system is similar -to that adopted by Professor Woodward at St. Louis. The boys, to protect -their clothes, wear outer suits of dark brown and black duck, and round -paper caps. - -The fire-drill is especially interesting to strangers. Hose-carriages -and ladders are kept in the building, and the boys can put streams of -water to the top in a very brief time. Mr. Rindge supports the school. -_The instruction is free_, and is a part of the public-school work. The -pupils may take in the English High School a course of pure head-work, -or part head-work and part hand-work. If they elect the latter, they -drop one study, and in its place take three hours a day in manual -training. The course covers three years. - -Mr. Rindge inherited his wealth largely from his father. He made these -gifts when he was twenty-nine years of age. Being an earnest Christian, -he made it a condition of his gifts that verses of Scripture and maxims -of conduct should be inscribed upon the walls of the various buildings. -These are found on the library building; and the inscription on the City -Hall reads as follows: "God has given commandments unto men. From these -commandments men have framed laws by which to be governed. It is -honorable and praiseworthy to faithfully serve the people by helping to -administer these laws. If the laws are not enforced, the people are not -well governed." - - - - -ANTHONY J. DREXEL - -AND HIS INSTITUTE. - - -The Drexel family, like a majority of the successful and useful families -in this country, began poor. Anthony J. Drexel's father, Francis Martin -Drexel, was born at Dornbirn, in the Austrian Tyrol, April 7, 1792. When -he was eleven years old, his father, a merchant, sent him to a school -near Milan. Later, when there was a war with France, he was obliged to -go to Switzerland to avoid conscription. - -He earned a scanty living at whatever he could find to do, but his chief -work and pleasure was in portrait painting. When he was twenty-five, in -1817, he determined to try his fortune in the New World, and reached the -United States after a voyage of seventy-two days. - -He settled in Philadelphia as an artist, with probably little -expectation of any future wealth. After nine years of work he went to -Peru, Chili, and Mexico, and seems to have had good success in painting -the portraits of noted people, General Simon Bolivar among them. - -Returning to Philadelphia, he surprised his acquaintances by starting a -bank in 1837. There were fears of failure from what seemed an inadequate -capital and lack of knowledge of business; but Mr. Drexel was -economical, strictly honest, energetic, and devoted to his work. - -He opened a little office in Third Street, and placed his son Anthony, -born Sept. 13, 1826, in the small bank. "While waiting on customers," -says _Harper's Weekly_, "the boy was in the habit of eating his cold -dinner from a basket under the counter." He was but a lad of thirteen, -yet he soon showed a special fitness for the place by his quickness and -good sense. - -The bank grew in patrons, in reputation, and in wealth; and when Francis -Drexel died, June 5, 1863, he had long been a millionnaire, had retired -from business, and left the bank to the management of his sons. - -Besides the bank in Philadelphia, branch houses were formed in New York, -Paris, and London. "As a man of affairs," wrote his very intimate -friend, George W. Childs, "no one has ever spoken ill of Anthony J. -Drexel; and he spoke ill of no one. He did not drive sharp bargains; he -did not profit by the hard necessities of others; he did not exact from -those in his employ excessive tasks and give them inadequate pay. He was -a lenient, patient, liberal creditor, a generous employer, considerate -of and sympathetic with every one who worked for him.... - -[Illustration: ANTHONY J. DREXEL.] - -"He was a devoted husband, a loving parent, a true friend, a generous -host, and in all his domestic relations considerate, just, and kind. His -manners were finely courteous, manly, gentle, and refined. His mind was -as pure as a child's; and during all the years of our close -companionship I never knew him to speak a word that he might not have -freely spoken in the presence of his own children. His religion was as -deep as his nature, and rested upon the enduring foundations of faith, -hope, and charity. - -"He observed always a strict simplicity of living; he walked daily to -and from his place of business, which was nearly three miles distant -from his home. I was his companion for the greater part of the way every -morning in these long walks; and as he passed up and down Chestnut -Street, he was wont to salute in his cordial, pleasant, friendly manner, -large numbers of all sorts and conditions of people. His smile was -especially bright and attractive, and his voice low and sweet." - -Mr. Drexel inherited his father's artistic tastes, and in his home at -West Philadelphia, and at his country place, "Runnymede," near -Lansdowne, he had many beautiful works of art, statuary, books, -paintings, bronzes, and the like. He was also especially fond of music. - -He was a great friend of General Grant, and Dec. 19, 1879, gave him and -Mrs. Grant a notable reception with about seven hundred prominent -guests. He was one of the pall-bearers at Grant's funeral in 1885. - -Mr. Drexel was always a generous giver. He was a large contributor to -the University of Pennsylvania, to hospitals, to churches of all -denominations, and to asylums. With Mr. Childs and others he built an -Episcopal church at Elberon, Long Branch, where he usually went in the -summer. - -His largest and best gift, for which he will be remembered, is that of -about three million dollars to found and endow Drexel Institute, erected -in his lifetime. He wished to fit young men and women to earn their -living; and after making a careful examination of Cooper Institute, New -York, and Pratt Institute, Brooklyn, and sending abroad to learn the -best methods and plan of buildings for such industrial education, he -began his own admirable Drexel Institute of Art, Science, and Industry -in West Philadelphia. He erected the handsome building of light buff -brick with terra-cotta trimmings, at the corner of Thirty-second and -Chestnut Streets, at a cost of $550,000, and then gave an endowment of -$1,000,000. At various times he gave to the library, museum, etc., over -$600,000. - -The Institute was dedicated on the afternoon of Dec. 17, 1891, Chauncey -M. Depew making the dedication address, and was opened to students Jan. -4, 1892. James MacAlister, LL.D., superintendent of the public schools -of Philadelphia, a man of fine scholarship, great energy, and -enthusiastic love for the work of education, was chosen as the -president. - -From the first the school has been filled with eager students in the -various departments. The art department gives instruction in painting, -modelling, architecture, design and decoration, wood-carving, etc.; the -department of science and technology, courses in mathematics, chemistry, -physics, machine construction, and electrical engineering; the -department of mechanic arts, shopwork in wood and iron with essential -English branches; the business department, commercial law, stenography, -and typewriting, etc.; the department of domestic science and arts gives -courses in cooking, dressmaking, and millinery. There are also courses -in physical training, in music, library work, and evening classes open -five nights in the week from October to April. - -The Institute was attended by more than 2,700 students in 1893-1894; -and 35,000 persons attended the free public lectures in art, science, -technology, etc., and free concerts, chiefly organ recitals, weekly, -during the winter months. - -The Institute has been fortunate in its gifts from friends. Mr. George -W. Childs gave to it his rare and valuable collection of manuscripts and -autographs, fine engravings, ivories, books on art, etc.; Mrs. John R. -Fell, a daughter of Mr. Drexel, a collection of ancient jewellery and -rare old clocks; Mrs. James W. Paul, another daughter of Mr. Drexel, -$10,000 as a memorial of her mother, to be used in the purchase of -articles for the museum; while other members of the family have given -bronzes, metal-work, and unique and useful gifts. - -Mr. Drexel lived to see his Institute doing its noble work. So -interested was he that he stopped daily as he went to the bank to see -the young people at their duties. He was greatly interested in the -evening classes. "This part of the work," says Dr. MacAlister, "he -watched with great eagerness, and he was specially desirous that young -people who were compelled to work through the day should have -opportunities in the evening equal to those who took the regular daily -work of the Institution." - -Mr. Drexel died suddenly, June 30, 1893, about two years after the -building of the Institute, from apoplexy, at Carlsbad, Germany. He had -gone to Europe for his health, as was his custom yearly, and seemed -about as well as usual until the stroke came. Two weeks before he had -had a mild attack of pleurisy, but would not permit his family to be -told of it, thinking that he would fully recover. - -Mr. Drexel left behind him the memory of a modest, unassuming man; so -able a financier that he was asked to accept the position of Secretary -of the Treasury of the United States, but declined; so generous a giver, -that he built his monument before his death in his elegant and helpful -Institute, an honor to his native city, Philadelphia, and an honor to -his family. - - - - -PHILIP D. ARMOUR - -AND HIS INSTITUTE. - - -Philip D. Armour was born in Stockbridge, Madison County, N.Y., and -spent his early life on a farm. In 1852, when he was twenty years of -age, he went to California, and finally settled in Chicago, where he has -become very wealthy by dealing in packed meat, which is sent to almost -every corner of the earth. - -"He pays six or seven millions of dollars yearly in wages," writes -Arthur Warren in an interesting article in _McClure's Magazine_, -February, 1894, "owns four thousand railway cars, which are used in -transporting his goods, and has seven or eight hundred horses to haul -his wagons. Fifty or sixty thousand persons receive direct support from -the wages paid in his meatpacking business alone, if we estimate -families on the census basis. He is a larger owner of grain-elevators -than any other individual in either hemisphere; he is the proprietor of -a glue factory, which turns out a product of seven millions of tons a -year; and he is actively interested in an important railway enterprise." - -He manages his business with great system, and knows from his heads of -departments, some of whom he pays a salary of $25,000 yearly, what takes -place from day to day in his various works. He is a quiet, self-centred -man, a good listener, has excellent judgment, and possesses untiring -energy. - -"All my life," he says, "I have been up with the sun. The habit is as -easy at sixty-one as it was at sixteen; perhaps easier, because I am -hardened to it. I have my breakfast at half-past five or six; I walk -down town to my office, and am there by seven, and I know what is going -on in the world without having to wait for others to come and tell me. -At noon I have a simple luncheon of bread and milk, and after that, -usually, a short nap, which freshens me again for the afternoon's work. -I am in bed again at nine o'clock every night." - -Mr. Armour thinks there are as great and as many opportunities for men -to succeed in life as there ever have been. He said to Mr. Warren: -"There was never a better time than the present, and the future will -bring even greater opportunities than the past. Wealth, capital, can do -nothing without brains to direct it. It will be as true in the future as -it is in the present that brains make capital--capital does not make -brains. The world does not stand still. Changes come quicker now than -they ever did, and they will come quicker and quicker. New ideas, new -inventions, new methods of manufacture, of transportation, new ways to -do almost everything, will be found as the world grows older; and the -men who anticipate them, and who are ready for them, will find -advantages as great as any their fathers or grandfathers have had." - -[Illustration: PHILIP D. ARMOUR.] - -Mr. Frank G. Carpenter, the well-known journalist, relates this incident -of Mr. Armour:-- - -"He is a good judge of men, and he usually puts the right man in the -right place. I am told that he never discharges a man if he can help it. -If the man is not efficient he gives instructions to have him put in -some other department, but to keep him if possible. There are certain -things, however, which he will not tolerate; and among these are -laziness, intemperance, and getting into debt. As to the last, he says -he believes in good wages, and that he pays the best. He tells his men -that if they are not able to live on the wages he pays them he does not -want them to work for him. Not long ago he met a policeman in his -office. - -"'What are you doing here, sir?' he asked. - -"'I am here to serve a paper,' was the reply. - -"'What kind of a paper?' asked Mr. Armour. - -"'I want to garnishee one of your men's wages for debt,' said the -policeman. - -"'Indeed,' replied Mr. Armour; 'and who is the man?' He thereupon asked -the policeman into his private office, and ordered the debtor to come -in. He then asked the clerk how long he had been in debt. The man -replied that for twenty years he had been behind, and that he could not -catch up. - -"'But you get a good salary,' said Mr. Armour, 'don't you?' - -"'Yes,' said the clerk; 'but I can't get out of debt. My life is such -that somehow or other I can't get out.' - -"'But you must get out,' said Mr. Armour, 'or you must leave here. How -much do you owe?' - -"The clerk then gave the amount. It was less than $1,000. Mr. Armour -took his check-book, and wrote out an order for the amount. 'There,' he -said, as he handed the clerk the check, 'there is enough to pay all -your debts. Now I want you to keep out of debt, and if I hear of your -getting into debt again you will have to leave.' - -"The man took the check. He did pay his debts, and remodelled his life -on a cash basis. About a year after the above incident happened he came -to Mr. Armour, and told him that he had had a place offered him at a -higher salary, and that he was going to leave. He thanked Mr. Armour, -and told him that his last year had been the happiest of his life, and -that getting out of debt had made a new man of him." - -When Mr. Armour was asked by Mr. Carpenter to what he attributed his -great success, he replied:-- - -"I think that thrift and economy have had much to do with it. I owe much -to my mother's training, and to a good line of Scotch ancestors, who -have always been thrifty and economical." - -Mr. Armour has not been content to spend his life in amassing wealth -only. After the late Joseph Armour bequeathed a fund to establish Armour -Mission, Philip D. Armour doubled the fund, or more than doubled it; and -now the Mission has nearly two thousand children in its Sunday-school, -with free kindergarten and free dispensary. Mr. Armour goes to the -Mission every Sunday afternoon, and finds great happiness among the -children. - -To yield a revenue yearly for the Mission, Mr. Armour built "Armour -Flats," a great building adjoining the Mission, with a large grass-plot -in the centre, where in two hundred and thirteen flats, having each from -six to seven rooms, families can find clean and attractive homes, with a -rental of from seventeen to thirty-five dollars a month. - -"There is an endowed work," says Mr. Armour, "that cannot be altered by -death, or by misunderstandings among trustees, or by bickerings of any -kind. Besides, a man can do something to carry out his ideas while he -lives, but he can't do so after he is in the grave. Build pleasant homes -for people of small incomes, and they will leave their ugly -surroundings, and lead brighter lives." - -Mr. Armour, aside from many private charities, has given over a million -and a half dollars to the Armour Institute of Technology. The five-story -fire-proof building of red brick trimmed with brown stone was finished -Dec. 6, 1892, on the corner of Thirty-third Street and Armour Avenue; -and the keys were put in the hands of the able and eloquent preacher, -Dr. Frank W. Gunsaulus, "to formulate," says the Chicago _Tribune_, Oct. -15, 1893, "more exactly than Mr. Armour had done the lines on which this -work was to go forward. Dr. Gunsaulus had long ago reached the -conclusion that the best way to prepare men for a home in heaven is to -make it decently comfortable for them here." - -Dr. Gunsaulus put his heart and energy into this noble work. The -academic department prepares students to enter any college in the -country; the technical department gives courses in mechanical -engineering, electricity, and electrical engineering, mining -engineering, and metallurgy. The department of domestic arts offers -instruction in cooking, dressmaking, millinery, etc.; the department of -commerce fits persons for a business life, wisely combining with its -course in shorthand and typewriting such a knowledge of the English -language, history, and some modern languages, as will make the students -do intelligent work for authors, lawyers, and educated people in -general. - -Special attention has been given to the gymnasium, that health may be -fully attended to. Mr. Armour has spared neither pains nor expense to -provide the best machinery, especially for electrical work. "In a few -years," he says, "we shall be doing everything by electricity. Before -long our steam-engines will be as old-fashioned as the windmills are -now." - -Dr. Gunsaulus has taken great pleasure in gathering books, prints, etc., -for the library, which already has a choice collection of works on the -early history of printing. - -The Institute was opened in September, 1893, with six hundred pupils, -and has been most useful and successful from the first. - - - - -LEONARD CASE - -AND THE SCHOOL OF APPLIED SCIENCE. - - -Technological schools are springing up so rapidly all over our country -that it would be impossible to name them all. The Stevens Institute of -Technology at Hoboken, N.J., was organized in 1871, with a gift of -$650,000; the Towne Scientific School, Philadelphia, 1872, $1,000,000; -the Miller School, Batesville, Va., 1878, $1,000,000; the Rose -Polytechnic, Terre Haute, Ind., 1883, over $500,000; the Case School of -Applied Science of Cleveland, Ohio, 1881, over $2,000,000. - -Leonard Case, the giver of the Case School and the Case Library, born -June 27, 1820, was a quiet, scholarly man, who gave wisely the wealth -amassed by his father. The family on the paternal side came from -Holland; on the maternal side from Germany. Mr. James D. Cleveland, in a -recent sketch of the founder of Case School, gives an interesting -account of the ancestors of Mr. Case. - -The great-grandfather of Leonard Case, Leonard Eckstein, when a youth, -had a quarrel with the Catholic clergy in Nuremberg, near which city he -was born, and was in consequence thrown into prison, where he nearly -starved. One day his sister brought him a cake which contained a slender -silk cord baked in it. This cord was let down from his cell window to a -friend, who fastened it to a rope which, when drawn up, enabled the -young man to slide down a wall eighty feet above the ground. - -After his escape, the youth of nineteen came to America, and landed in -Philadelphia without a cent of money. Later he married and moved to -Western Pennsylvania; and his daughter Magdalene married Meshach Case, -the grandfather of Leonard Case. - -Meshach was an invalid from asthma. In 1799 he and his wife came on -horseback to explore Ohio, and perhaps make a home. They bought two -hundred acres of the wilderness in the township of Warren, built a log -cabin, and cleared an acre of timber around it. The following year -others came to settle, and all celebrated the Fourth of July with -instruments made on the grounds. Their drum was a piece of hollow -pepperidge-tree with a fawn's skin stretched over it, and a fife was -made from an elder stem. - -The eldest son, Leonard, who was a hard worker from a child, at seven -cutting wood for the fires, at ten thrashing grain, at fourteen -ploughing and harvesting, took cold when heated, and became ill for two -years and a cripple for the rest of his life, using crutches as he -walked. Early in life, when it was the fashion to use intoxicating -liquors, Leonard made a pledge never to use them, and was a total -abstainer as long as he lived, thus setting a noble example to the -growing community. - -Determined to have an education, he invented some instruments for -drafting, bottomed all the chairs in the neighborhood, made sieves for -the farmers, and thus earned a little money for books. As his -handwriting was good, he was made clerk of the little court at Warren, -and later of the Supreme Court for Trumbull County, where he had an -opportunity to study, and copy the records of the Connecticut Land -Company. - -A friend advised him to study law, and furnished him with books, which -advice he followed. Later, in 1816, he moved to Cleveland, and was made -cashier of a bank just organized. He was a man of public spirit, -suggested the planting of trees which have made Cleveland known as the -Forest City, was sent to the Legislature, and finally became president -of a bank, as well as land agent of the Connecticut Land Company. He was -universally respected and esteemed. - -The hard-working invalid had become rich through increase in value of -the large amount of land which he had purchased. He died Dec. 7, 1864, -seven years after his wife's death, and two years after the death of his -very promising son William, of consumption. The latter was deeply -interested in natural history, and in 1859 had begun to erect a building -for the Young Men's Library Association and the Kirtland Society of -Natural History. This project his surviving brother, Leonard, carried -out. - -After the death of father, mother, and brother, Leonard Case was left to -inherit the property. He had graduated at Yale College in 1842, and was -admitted to the bar in 1844. He, however, devoted himself to literary -pursuits, and travelled extensively over this country and abroad. - -Ill health in later years increased his natural reticence and dislike of -publicity. He gave generously where he became interested. To the Library -Association he first gave $20,000. In 1876 he gave Case Building and -grounds, then valued at $225,000, to the Library Association. It is now -worth over half a million dollars, and furnishes a good income for its -library of over 40,000 volumes. Under the excellent management of Mr. -Charles Orr, the librarian, the building has been remodelled, and the -library much enlarged. The membership fee is one dollar annually. - -The same year, 1876, Mr. Case determined to carry out his plan of a -School of Applied Science. He corresponded with various eminent men; and -on Feb. 24, 1877, after gifts to his father's relatives, he conveyed his -property to trustees for a school where should be taught mathematics, -physics, mechanical and civil engineering, chemistry, mining and -metallurgy, natural history, modern languages, etc., to fit young men -for practical work in life. - -"How well this foresight was inspired," says Mr. Cleveland, "is shown in -the great demand by the city and country at large for the men who have -received training at the Case School. Hundreds are called for by iron, -steel, and chemical works, here and elsewhere, to act in laboratories or -in direction of important engineering, in mines, railroads, construction -of docks, waterworks, electrical projects, and architecture. Nearly -forty new professions have been opened to the youth of Cleveland, which -were unavailable before this school was founded." - -Cady Staley, Ph.D. LL.D., is the president of Case School, which has an -able corps of professors. There are nearly 250 students in the -institution. - -Leonard Case died Jan. 6, 1880; but his school and his library -perpetuate his name, and make his memory honored. - - - - -ASA PACKER - -AND LEHIGH UNIVERSITY. - - -In the midst of twenty acres stands Lehigh University, at South -Bethlehem, Penn., founded by Asa Packer,--a great school of technology, -with courses in civil, mechanical, mining, and electrical engineering, -chemistry, and architecture. The school of general literature of the -University has a classical course, a Latin-scientific course, and a -course in science and letters. - -To this institution Judge Packer gave three and one-quarter millions -during his life; and by will, eventually, the University will become one -of the richest in the country. - -He did not give to Lehigh University alone. "St. Luke's Hospital, so -well known throughout eastern Pennsylvania for its noble and practical -charity," says Mr. Davis Brodhead in the _Magazine of American History_, -June, 1885, "is also sustained by the endowments of Asa Packer. Indeed, -when we consider the scope of his generosity, of which Washington and -Lee University of Virginia, Muhlenburg College at Allentown, Penn., -Jefferson Medical College of Philadelphia, and many churches throughout -his native State, of different denominations, can bear witness, we can -the better appreciate how truly catholic were his gifts. His -benefactions did not pause upon State lines, nor recognize sectional -divisions. - -"In speaking of his generosity, Senator T. F. Bayard once said, 'The -confines of a continent were too narrow for his sense of human -brotherhood, which recognized its ties everywhere upon this footstool of -the Almighty, and decreed that all were to be united to share in the -fruits of his life-long labor.'" - -Asa Packer was born in Groton, Conn., Dec. 29, 1805. As his father had -been unsuccessful in business he could not educate his boy, who found -employment in a tannery in North Stonington. His employer soon died, and -the youth was obliged to go to work on a farm. - -He was ambitious, and determined to seek his fortune farther west; so -with real courage walked from Connecticut to Susquehanna County, Penn., -and in the new county took up the trade of carpenter and joiner. - -For ten years he worked hard at his trade. He purchased a few acres in -the native forest, cleared off the trees, and built a log house, to -which he took his bride. When children were born into the home she made -all the clothing, and in every way helped the poor, industrious -carpenter to make a living. - -In 1833, when he was twenty-eight years old, Mr. Packer moved his family -to Mauch Chunk in the Lehigh Valley, hoping that he could earn a little -more money by his trade. - -When he had leisure, his busy mind was thinking how the vast supplies of -coal and iron in the Lehigh Valley could be transported East. In the -fall of 1833 the carpenter chartered a canal boat, and doing most of -the manual labor himself, he started with a load of coal to -Philadelphia through the Lehigh Canal. - -Making a little money out of this venture, he secured another boat, and -in 1835 took his brother into partnership, and they together commenced -dealing in general merchandise. This firm was the first to carry -anthracite coal through to New York, it having been carried previously -to Philadelphia, and from there re-shipped to New York. - -With Asa Packer's energy, honesty, and broad thinking, the business grew -to good-sized proportions. Then he realized that they must have steam -for quicker transportation. He urged the Lehigh Coal and Navigation -Company to build a railroad along the banks of their canal; but they -refused, thinking that coal and lumber could only pay water freights. In -September, 1847, a charter was granted to the Delaware, Lehigh, -Schuylkill, and Susquehanna Railroad Company; but the people were -indifferent, and the time of the charter was within seventeen days of -expiring, when Asa Packer became one of the board of managers, and by -his efforts graded one mile of the road, thus saving the charter. Two -years later the name of the company was changed to the Lehigh Valley -Railroad Company, and Mr. Packer had a controlling portion of the stock. - -So much faith had he in the project that no one else, apparently, had -faith in, that he offered to build the road from Mauch Chunk to Easton, -a distance of forty-six miles, and take his pay in the stocks and bonds -of the company. - -The offer was accepted; and the road was finished in 1855, four years -after it was begun, but not without many discouragements and great -financial strain. Mr. Packer was made president of the railroad company, -which position he held as long as he lived. - -Already wealth and honors had come to the energetic carpenter. In 1842 -and 1843 he was elected to the State Legislature, and became one of the -two associate judges for the new county of Carbon. - -In 1852, and again in 1854, he was elected to Congress as a Democrat, -and made a useful record for himself. So universally respected was he in -Pennsylvania for his Christian life, as well as for his successful -business career, that he was prominently mentioned as a presidential -candidate, Pennsylvania voting solidly for him through fourteen ballots; -and when his name was withdrawn the delegates voted for Horatio Seymour. - -In 1869, Judge Packer was nominated for governor; but the State was -strongly Republican, having given General Grant the previous year 25,000 -majority. Judge Packer was defeated by only 4,500 votes, showing his -popularity in his own State. - -Two years before this, in the autumn of 1867, his great gift, Lehigh -University, had been opened to pupils. It has now considerably over four -hundred students, from thirty-five various States and countries. It was -named by Judge Packer, who would not allow his own name to be used. -After his death the largest of the buildings was called Packer Hall, but -by the wording of the charter the name of the University can never be -changed. The Packer Memorial Church, a handsome structure, is the gift -of Mrs. Packer Cummings, the daughter of the founder. To the east of -Packer Hall is the University Library with 97,000 volumes, the building -costing $100,000, erected by Judge Packer in memory of his daughter Mrs. -Lucy Packer Linderman. At his death he endowed the library with a fund -of $500,000. - -Judge Packer died May 17, 1879, and is buried in the little cemetery at -Mauch Chunk in the picturesque Lehigh Valley. He lived simply, giving -away during the last few years of his life over $4,000,000. - -Said the president of the University, Rev. Dr. John M. Leavitt, in a -memorial sermon delivered in University Chapel, June 15, 1879, "Not only -his magnificent bequests are our treasures; we have something more -precious,--his _character_ is the noblest legacy of Asa Packer to the -Lehigh University.... - -"He was both gentle and inflexible, persuasive and commanding, in his -sensibilities refined and delicate as a woman, and in his intellect and -resolve clear and strong as a successful military leader.... Genial -kindness flowed out from him as beams from the sun. Never at any period -of his life is it possible to conceive in him a churlish or niggardly -spirit.... During nearly fifty years he was connected with our church, -usually as an officer, and for much of the long period was a constant -and exemplary communicant.... Like the silent light giving bloom to the -world, his faith had a vitalizing power. He grasped the truth of -Christianity and the position of the church, and showed his creed by his -life." - - - - -CORNELIUS VANDERBILT - -AND VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY. - - -Cornelius Vanderbilt, born May 27, 1794, descended from a Dutch farmer, -Jan Aertsen Van der Bilt, who settled in Brooklyn, N.Y., about 1650, -began his career in assisting his father to convey his produce to market -in a sail-boat. The boy did not care for education, but was active in -pursuit of business. At sixteen he purchased for one hundred dollars a -boat, in which he ferried passengers and goods between New York City and -Staten Island, where his father lived. He saved carefully until he had -paid for it. At eighteen he was the owner of two boats, and captain of a -third. - -At nineteen he married a cousin, Sophia Johnson, who by her saving and -her energy helped him to accumulate his fortune. At twenty-three he was -worth $9,000, and was the captain of a steamboat at a salary of $1,000 a -year. The boat made trips between New York City and New Brunswick, N.J., -where his wife managed a small hotel. - -[Illustration: CORNELIUS VANDERBILT.] - -In 1829, when he was thirty-five, he began to build steamboats, and -operated them on the Hudson River, on Long Island Sound, and on the -route to Boston. When he was forty his property was estimated at -$500,000. When the gold-seekers rushed to California, in 1848-1849, Mr. -Vanderbilt established a line by way of Lake Nicaragua, and made large -profits. He also established a line between New York and Havre. - -During the Civil War Mr. Vanderbilt gave the Vanderbilt, his finest -steamship, costing $800,000, to the government, and sent her to the -James River to assist when the Merrimac attacked the national vessels at -Hampton Roads. Congress voted him a gold medal for his timely gift. - -In 1863 he began to invest in railroads, purchasing a large part of the -stock of the New York and Harlem Railroad. His property was at this time -estimated at $40,000,000. He soon gained controlling interest in other -roads. His chief maxim was, "Do your business well, and don't tell -anybody what you are going to do until you have done it." - -In February, 1873, Bishop McTyeire of Nashville, Tenn., was visiting -with the family of Mr. Vanderbilt in New York City. The first wife was -dead, and Mr. Vanderbilt had married a second time. Both men had married -cousins in the city of Mobile, who were very intimate in their girlhood, -and this brought the bishop and Mr. Vanderbilt into friendly relations. -One evening when they were conversing about the effects of the Civil War -upon the Southern States, Commodore Vanderbilt, as he was usually -called, expressed a desire to do something for the South, and asked the -bishop what he would suggest. - -The Methodist Church at the South had organized Central University at -Nashville, but found it impossible to raise the funds needed to carry on -the work. The bishop stated the great need for such an institution, and -Mr. Vanderbilt at once gave $500,000. In his letter to the Board of -Trust, Mr. Vanderbilt said, "If it shall through its influence -contribute even in the smallest degree to strengthening the ties which -should exist between all geographical sections of our common country, I -shall feel that it has accomplished one of the objects that has led me -to take an interest in it." - -Later, in his last illness, he gave enough to make his gift a million. -The name of the institution was changed to Vanderbilt University. Mr. -Vanderbilt died in New York, Jan. 4, 1877, leaving the larger part of -his millions to his son, William Henry Vanderbilt. He gave $50,000 to -the Rev. Charles F. Deems to purchase the Church of the Strangers. - -Founder's Day at Vanderbilt University is celebrated yearly on the late -Commodore's birthday, May 27, the day being ushered in by the playing of -music and the ringing of the University bell. - -Bishop McTyeire, who, Mr. Vanderbilt insisted, should accept the -presidency of the University, used to say, "My wife was a silent but -golden link in the chain of Providence that led to Vanderbilt -University." - -When an attractive site of seventy-five acres of land was chosen for the -buildings, an agent who was recommending an out-of-the-way place -protested, and said, "Bishop, the boys will be looking out of the -windows there." - -"We want them to look out," said the practical bishop, "and to know what -is going on outside." - -The secretary of the faculty tells a characteristic incident of this -noble man. "He once cordially thanked me for conducting through the -University building a company of plain country people, among whom was a -woman with a baby in her arms. 'Who knows what may come of that visit?' -said he. 'It may bring that baby here as a student. He may yet be one of -our illustrious men. Who knows? Who knows? Such people are not to be -neglected. Great men come of them.'" - -Vanderbilt University now has over seven hundred students, and is -sending out many capable scholars into fields of usefulness. - -Mr. William H. Vanderbilt, the son of Cornelius, gave over $450,000 to -the University. His first gift of $100,000 was for the gymnasium, -Science Hall, and Wesley Hall, the Home of the Biblical Department. -Another $100,000 was for the engineering department. At his death, Dec. -8, 1885, he left the University by will $200,000. - -Mr. Vanderbilt's estate was estimated at $200,000,000, double the amount -left by his father. It is said that he left $10,000,000 to each of his -eight children, the larger part of his fortune going to two of his sons, -Cornelius and William K. Vanderbilt. - -He gave for the removing of the obelisk from Egypt to Central Park, -$103,000; to the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York City, -$500,000. His daughter Emily, wife of William D. Sloan, gave a Maternity -Home in connection with the college, costing $250,000. Mr. Vanderbilt's -four sons, Cornelius, William, Frederick, and George, have erected a -building for clinical instruction as a memorial of their father. - -Mr. Vanderbilt gave $100,000 each to the Home and Foreign Missions of -the Primitive Episcopal Church, to the New York Missions of that church, -to St. Luke's Hospital, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the United -Brethren Church at New Dorp, Staten Island, and to the Young Men's -Christian Association. He gave $50,000 each to the Theological Seminary -of the Episcopal Church, the New York Bible Society, the Home for -Incurables, Seamen's Society, New York Home for Intemperate Men, and the -American Museum of Natural History. - -Cornelius Vanderbilt, the grandson of Commodore Vanderbilt, has given -$10,000 for the library, and $20,000 for the Hall of Mechanical -Engineering of Vanderbilt University. He has also given a building to -Yale College in memory of his son, a large building at the corner of -Madison Avenue and Forty-fifth Street to his railroad employees for -reading, gymnasium hall, bathrooms, etc., $100,000 for the Protestant -Cathedral, and much to other good works. - -Another son of William H., George W. Vanderbilt, who is making at his -home in Asheville, N.C., a collection as complete as possible of all -trees and plants, established the Thirteenth Street Branch of The Free -Circulating Library in New York City, in July, 1888, and has supported a -normal training-school. - -A daughter of William H., Mrs. Elliott F. Shepard, has given to the -Young Women's Christian Association in New York the Margaret Louisa -Home, 14 and 16 East Sixteenth Street, a handsome and well-appointed -structure where working-women can find a temporary home and comfort. The -limit of time for each guest is four weeks. The house contains -fifty-eight single and twenty-one double rooms. It has proved a great -blessing to those who are strangers in a great city, and need -inexpensive and respectable surroundings. - -It is stated in the press that Mrs. Frederick Vanderbilt uses a generous -portion of her income in preparing worthy young women for some useful -position in life,--as nurses, or in sewing or art, each individual -having $500 expended for such training. - - - - -BARON MAURICE DE HIRSCH. - - -"The death of Baron Hirsch," says the New York _Tribune_, April 22, -1896, "is a loss to the whole human race. To one of the most ancient and -illustrious branches of that race it will seem a catastrophe. No man of -this century has done so much for the Jews as he.... In his twelfth -century castle of Eichorn in Moravia he conceived vast schemes of -beneficence. On his more than princely estate of St. Johann in Hungary -he elaborated the details. In his London and Paris mansions he put them -into execution. He rose early and worked late, and kept busy a staff of -secretaries and agents in all parts of the world. He not only relieved -the immediate distress of the people, he founded schools to train them -to useful work. He transported them by thousands from lands of bondage -to lands of freedom, and planted them there in happy colonies. In -countless other directions he gave his wealth freely for the benefit of -mankind without regard to race or creed." - -Baron Hirsch died at Presburg, Hungary, April 20, 1896, of apoplexy. He -was the son of a Bavarian merchant, and was born in 1833. At eighteen he -became a clerk in the banking-firm of Bischoffsheim & Goldschmidt, and -married the daughter of the former. He was the successful promoter of -the great railway system from Budapest to Varna on the Black Sea. He -made vast sums out of Turkish railway bonds, and is said to have been as -rich as the Rothschilds. - -He gave away in his lifetime an enormous amount, stated in the press to -have been $15,000,000 yearly, for the five years before his death. - -The New York _Tribune_ says he gave much more than $20,000,000 for the -help of the Jews. He gave to institutions in Egypt, Turkey, and Asia -Minor, which bear his name. He offered the Russian Government -$10,000,000 for public education if it would make no discrimination as -to race or religion; but it declined the offer, and banished the Jews. - -To the Hirsch fund in this country for the help of the Jews the baron -sent more than $2,500,000. The managers of the fund spent no money in -bringing the Jews to this country, but when here, opened schools for the -children to prepare them to enter the public schools, evening schools -for adults, training-schools to teach them carpentry, plumbing, and the -like; provided public baths for them; bought farm-lands for them in New -Jersey and Connecticut, and assisted them to buy small farms; provided -factories for young men and women, as at Woodbine, N.J., where 5,100 -acres have been purchased for the Hirsch Colony, and a brickyard and -kindling-wood factory established. The baron is said to have received -400 begging letters daily, some of them from crowned heads, to whom he -loaned large amounts. The favorite home of the baron was in Paris, where -he lost his only and idolized son Lucien, in 1888, at the age of twenty. -Much of the fortune that was to be the son's the father devoted to -charity, especially to the alleviation of the condition of the European -Jews, in whom the son was deeply interested. Many millions were left to -Lucienne, the extremely pretty natural daughter of his son Lucien. - - - - -ISAAC RICH - -AND BOSTON UNIVERSITY. - - -Isaac Rich left to Boston University, chartered in 1869, more than a -million and a half dollars. He was born in Wellfleet, Mass., in 1801, of -humble parentage. At the age of fourteen he was assisting his father in -a fish-stall in Boston, and afterwards kept an oyster-stall in Faneuil -Hall. He became a very successful fish-merchant, and gave his wealth for -noble purposes. - -Unfortunately, immediately after his death, Jan. 13, 1872, the great -fire of 1872 consumed the best investments of the estate, and the panic -of 1873 and other great losses followed; so that for rebuilding the -stores and banks in which the estate had been largely invested money had -to be borrowed, and at the close of ten years the estate actually -transferred to the University was a little less than $700,000. - -This sum would have been much larger had not the statutes of New York -State made it illegal to convey to a corporation outside the State, like -Boston University, the real estate owned by Mr. Rich in Brooklyn, which -reverted to the legal heirs. It is claimed that Mr. Rich was "the first -Bostonian who ever donated so large a sum to the cause of collegiate -education." - -The Hon. Jacob Sleeper, one of the three original incorporators of the -University, gave to it over a quarter of a million dollars. The College -of Liberal Arts is named in his honor. - -Boston University owes much of its wide reputation to its president, the -Rev. Dr. William F. Warren, a successful author as well as able -executive. From the first he has favored co-education and equal -opportunities for men and women. Dr. Warren said in 1890, "In my opinion -the co-education of the sexes in high and grammar schools, as also in -colleges and universities, is absolutely essential to the best results -in the education of youth. - -"I believe it to be best for boys, best for girls, best for teachers, -best for tax-payers, best for the community, best for morals and manners -and religion." - -More than sixty years ago, in 1833, at its beginning, Oberlin College -gave the first example of co-education in this country. In 1880 a little -more than half the colleges in the United States, 51.3 per cent, had -adopted the policy; in 1890 the proportion had increased to 65.5 per -cent. Probably a majority of persons will agree with Dr. James -MacAlister of Philadelphia, that "co-education is becoming universal -throughout this country." - -Concerning Boston University, the report prepared for the admirable -education series edited by Professor Herbert B. Adams of Johns Hopkins -University, says, "This University was the first to afford the young -women of Massachusetts the advantages of the higher education. Its -College of Liberal Arts antedated Wellesley and Smith and the Harvard -Annex. Its doors, furthermore, were not reluctantly opened in -consequence of the pressure of an outside public opinion too great to -be resisted. On the contrary, it was in advance of public sentiment on -this line, and directed it. Its school of theology was the earliest -anywhere to present to women all the privileges provided for men. In -fact, this University was the first in history to present to women -students unrestricted opportunities to fit themselves for each of the -learned professions. It was the first ever organized from foundation to -capstone without discrimination on the ground of sex. Its publications -bearing upon the joint education of the sexes have been sought in all -countries where the question of opening the older universities to women -has been under discussion." - -Boston University, 1896, has at present 1,270 students,--women 377, men -893,--and requires high grade of scholarship. It is stated that "the -first four years' course of graded medical instruction ever offered in -this country was instituted by this school in the spring of 1878." - - - - -DANIEL B. FAYERWEATHER - -AND OTHERS - - -Mr. Fayerweather was born in Stepney, Conn., in 1821; he was apprenticed -to a farmer, learned the shoemaker's trade in Bridgeport, and worked at -the trade until he became ill. Then he bought a tin-peddler's outfit, -and went to Virginia. When he could not sell for cash he took hides in -payment. - -Afterwards he returned to his trade at Bridgeport, where he remained -till 1854, when he was thirty-three years old. He then removed to New -York City, and entered the employ of Hoyt Brothers, dealers in leather. -Years later, on the withdrawal of Mr. Hoyt, the firm name became -Fayerweather & Ladew. Mr. Fayerweather was a retiring, economical man, -honest and respected. At his death in 1890, he gave to the Presbyterian -Hospital, St. Luke's Hospital, and Manhattan Eye and Ear Infirmary, -$25,000 each; to the Woman's Hospital and Mount Sinai Hospital, $10,000 -each; to Yale College, Columbia College, Cornell University, $200,000 -each; to Bowdoin College, Amherst, Williams, Dartmouth, Wesleyan, -Hamilton, Maryville, Yale Scientific School, University of Virginia, -Rochester, Lincoln, and Hampton Universities, $100,000 each; to Union -Theological Seminary, Lafayette, Marietta, Adelbert, Wabash, and Park -Colleges, $50,000 each. The residue of the estate, over $3,000,000, was -divided among various colleges and hospitals. - - -GEORGE I. SENEY, - -Who died April 7, 1893, in New York City, gave away, between 1879 and -1884, to Seney Hospital in Brooklyn, $500,000, and a like amount each to -the Wesleyan University, and to the Methodist Orphan Asylum, Brooklyn. -To Emory College and Wesleyan Female College, Macon, Ga., he gave -$250,000; to the Long Island Historical Society, $100,000; to the -Brooklyn Library, $60,000; to Drew Theological Seminary, Madison, N.J., -a large amount; to the Industrial School for Homeless Children, -Brooklyn, $25,000, and a like amount to the Eye and Ear Infirmary of -that city. He also gave twenty valuable paintings to the Metropolitan -Museum of Art in New York. - -The givers to colleges have been too numerous to mention. The College of -New Jersey, at Princeton, has received not less than one and a half -million or two million dollars from the John C. Greene estate. - -Johns Hopkins left seven millions to found a university and hospital in -Baltimore. - -The Hon. Washington C. De Pauw left at his death forty per cent of his -estate, estimated at from two to five million dollars, to De Pauw -University, Greencastle, Ind. Though some of the real estate decreased -in value, the university has received already $300,000, and will -probably receive not less than $600,000, or possibly much more, in the -future. - -Mr. Jonas G. Clark gave to found Clark University, Worcester, Mass., -about a million dollars to be devoted to post-graduates, or a school -for specialists. Mr. Clark spent about eight years in Europe studying -the highest institutions of learning. Matthew Vassar gave a million -dollars to Vassar College for women at Poughkeepsie, N.Y. Ezra B. -Cornell gave a million to Cornell University at Ithaca, N.Y. Mr. Henry -W. Sage has also been a most munificent giver to the same institution. -Dr. Joseph W. Taylor of Burlington, N.J., a physician and merchant, and -member of the Society of Friends, founded Bryn Mawr College for Women, -at Bryn Mawr, Penn. His gift consisted of property and academic -buildings worth half a million, and one million dollars in invested -funds as endowment. - -Mr. Paul Tulane gave over a million to Tulane University, New Orleans. -George Peabody gave away nine millions in charities,--three millions to -educational institutions, three millions to education at the South to -both whites and negroes, and three millions to build tenement houses for -the poor of London, England. - - -HORACE KELLEY, - -Of Cleveland, Ohio, left a half-million dollars for the foundation of an -art gallery and school. His family were among the pioneer settlers, and -their purchases of land in what became the heart of the city made their -children wealthy. He was born in Cleveland, July 8, 1819, and died in -the same city, Dec. 5, 1890. - -He married Miss Fanny Miles, of Elyria, Ohio, and spent much of his life -in foreign travel and in California, where they had a home at Pasadena. -His fortune was the result of saving as well as the increase in -real-estate values. - -Mr. John Huntington made a somewhat larger gift for the same purpose. -Mr. H. B. Hurlbut gave his elegant home, his collection of pictures, -etc., valued at half a million, and Mr. J. H. Wade and others have -contributed land, which make nearly two million dollars for the -Cleveland Art Gallery and School. Mr. W. J. Gordon, of Cleveland, Ohio, -gave land for Gordon's Park, bordering on Lake Erie, valued at a million -dollars. It was beautifully laid out by him with drives, lakes, and -flower-beds, and was his home for many years. - - -MR. HART A. MASSEY, - -Formerly a resident of Cleveland, but in later years a manufacturer at -Toronto, Canada, at his death, in the spring of 1896, left a million -dollars in charities. To Victoria College, Toronto, $200,000, all but -$50,000 as an endowment fund. This $50,000 is to be used for building a -home for the women students. To each of two other colleges, $100,000, -and to each of two more, $50,000, one of the latter being the new -American University at Washington, D.C. To the Salvation Army, Toronto, -$5,000. To the Fred Victor Mission, to provide missionary nurses to go -from house to house in Toronto, and care for the sick and the needy, -$10,000. Many thousands were given to churches and various homes, and -$10,000 to ministers worn out in service. To Mr. D. L. Moody's schools -at Northfield, Mass., $10,000. Many have given to this noble institution -established by the great evangelist, and it needs and deserves large -endowments. The Frederick Marquand Memorial Hall, brick with gray stone -trimmings, was built as a dormitory for one hundred girls, in 1884, at -a cost of $67,000. Recitation Hall, of colored granite, was built in -1885, at a cost of $40,000, and, as well as some other buildings, was -paid for out of the proceeds of the Moody and Sankey hymn-books. Weston -Hall, costing $25,000, is the gift of Mr. David Weston of Boston. -Talcott Library, a beautiful structure costing $20,000, with a capacity -for forty thousand volumes, is the gift of Mr. James Talcott of New -York, who, among many other benefactions, has erected Talcott Hall at -Oberlin College, a large and handsome boarding-hall for the young women. - - - - -CATHARINE LORILLARD WOLFE. - - -In the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City, one sees an -interesting picture of this noted giver, painted by Alexander Cabanel, -commander of the Legion of Honor, and professor in the École des Beaux -Arts of Paris. - -Miss Wolfe, who was born in New York, March 8, 1828, and died in New -York, April 4, 1887, at the age of fifty-nine, was descended from an old -Lutheran family, her great-grandfather, John David Wolfe, coming to this -country from Saxony in 1729. Two of his four children, David and -Christopher, served with credit in the War of the Revolution. After the -war, David and a younger brother were partners in the hardware business, -and their sons succeeded them. - -John David Wolfe, the son of David, born July 24, 1792, retired from -business in the prime of his life, and devoted himself to benevolent -work. He was a vestryman of Trinity Parish, and later senior warden of -Grace Church, New York. He gave to schools and churches all over the -country, to St. Johnland on Long Island, to the Sheltering Arms in New -York, the High School at Denver, Col., the Diocesan School at Topeka, -Kan., etc. He was a helper in the New York Historical Society, and one -of the founders of the American Museum of Natural History in New York. -He was its first president when he died, May 17, 1872, in his eightieth -year, leaving only one child, Catharine, to inherit his large property. - -A portion of Miss Wolfe's seven millions came from her mother, Dorothea -Lorillard, and the rest from her father. She was an educated woman, who -had read much and travelled extensively, and, like her father, used her -money in doing good while she lived. Her private benefactions were -constant, and she went much among the poor and suffering. - -She built in East Broadway a Newsboy's Lodging House for not less than -$50,000; the Italian Mission Church in Mulberry Street, $50,000, with -tenement house in the same street, $20,000; the house for the clergy of -the diocese of New York, 29 Lafayette Place, $170,000; St. Luke's -Hospital, $30,000; Home for Incurables at Fordham, $30,000; Union -College, Schenectady, N.Y., $100,000; Schools in the Western States, -$50,000; Home and Foreign Missions, $100,000; American Church in Rome, -$40,000; American School of Classical Studies at Athens, $20,000; -Virginia Seminary, $25,000; Grace House, containing reading and lecture -rooms for the poor, and Grace Church, $200,000 or more. She paid the -expense of the exploring expedition to Babylonia under the leadership of -the distinguished Oriental scholar, Dr. William Hayes Ward, editor of -the _Independent_. A friend tells of her sending him to New York, from -her boat on the Nile, a check for $25,000 to be distributed in -charities. She educated young girls; she helped those who are unable to -make their way in the world. - -Having given all her life, she gave away over a million at her death in -money and objects of art. To the Metropolitan Museum of Art she gave the -Catharine Lorillard Wolfe collection, with pictures by Rosa Bonheur, -Meissonnier, Gérôme, Verboeckhoven, Hans Makart, Sir Frederick Leighton, -Couture, Bouguéreau, and many others. She added an endowment of $200,000 -for the preservation and increase of the collection. - -One of the most interesting to me of all the pictures in the Wolfe -collection is the sheep in a storm, No. 118, "Lost," souvenir of -Auvergne, by Auguste Frederic Albrecht Schenck, a member of the Legion -of Honor, born in the Duchy of Holstein, 1828. Those who love animals -can scarcely stand before it without tears. - -Others besides Miss Wolfe have made notable gifts to the Museum of Art. -Mr. Cornelius Vanderbilt gave, in 1887, Rosa Bonheur's world-renowned -"Horse Fair," for which he paid $53,500. It was purchased at the auction -sale of Mr. A. T. Stewart's collection, March 25, 1887. - -Meissonnier's "Friedland, 1807" was purchased at the Stewart sale by Mr. -Henry Hilton for $66,000, and presented to the museum. Mr. Stephen -Whitney Phoenix, who gave so generously to Columbia College, was also, -like Mr. George I. Seney, a great giver to the museum. - - - - -MISS MARY ELIZABETH GARRETT - - -Of Baltimore gave to the Medical School of Johns Hopkins University over -$400,000, that women might have equal medical opportunities with men. - -President Daniel C. Gilman, in an article on Johns Hopkins University, -says, "Much attention had been directed to the importance of medical -education for women; and efforts had been made by committees of ladies -in Baltimore and other cities to secure for this purpose an adequate -endowment, to be connected with the foundations of Johns Hopkins. As a -result of this movement, the trustees accepted a gift from the committee -of ladies, a sum which, with its accrued interest, amounted to $119,000, -toward the endowment of a medical school to which 'women should be -admitted upon the same terms which may be prescribed for men.' - -"This gift was made in October, 1891; but as it was inadequate for the -purposes proposed, Miss Mary E. Garrett, in addition to her previous -subscriptions, offered to the trustees the sum of $306,977, which, with -other available resources, made up the amount of $500,000, which had -been agreed upon as the minimum endowment of the Johns Hopkins Medical -School. These contributions enabled the trustees to proceed to the -organization of a school of medicine which was opened to candidates for -the degree of doctor of medicine in October, 1893." - -Several women have aided Johns Hopkins, as indeed they have most -institutions of learning in America. Mrs. Caroline Donovan gave to the -university $100,000 for the foundation of a chair of English literature. -In 1887 Mrs. Adam T. Bruce of New York gave the sum of $10,000 to found -the Bruce fellowship in memory of her son, the late Adam T. Bruce, who -had been a fellow and an instructor at the university. Mrs. William E. -Woodyear gave the sum of $10,000 to found five scholarships as a -memorial of her deceased husband. Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence Turnbull endowed -the Percy Turnbull memorial lectureship of poetry with an income of -$1,000 per annum. - - - - -MRS. ANNA OTTENDORFER. - - -"Whenever our people gratefully point out their benefactors, whenever -the Germans in America speak of those who are objects of their -veneration and their pride, the name of Anna Ottendorfer will assuredly -be among the first. For all time to come her memory and her work will be -blessed." Thus spoke the Hon. Carl Schurz at the bier of Mrs. -Ottendorfer in the spring of 1884. - -Anna Behr was born in Würzburg, Bavaria, in a simple home, Feb. 13, -1815. In 1837, when twenty-two years old, she came to America, remained -a year with her brother in Niagara County, N.Y., and then married Jacob -Uhl, a printer. - -In 1844 Mr. Uhl started a job-office in Frankfort Street, New York, and -bought a small weekly paper called the _New-Yorker Staats-Zeitung_. His -young wife helped him constantly, and finally the weekly paper became a -daily. - -Her husband died in 1852, leaving her with six children and a daily -paper on her hands. She was equal to the task. She declined to sell the -paper, and managed it well for seven years. Then she married Mr. Oswald -Ottendorfer, who was on the staff of the paper. - -Both worked indefatigably, and made the paper more successful than ever. -She was always at her desk. "Her callers," says _Harper's Bazar_, May -3, 1884, "had been many. Her visitors represented all classes of -society,--the opulent and the poor, the high and the lowly. There was -advice for the one, assistance for the other; an open heart and an open -purse for the deserving; a large charity wisely used." - -In 1875 Mrs. Ottendorfer built the Isabella Home for Aged Women in -Astoria, Long Island, giving to it $150,000. It was erected in memory of -her deceased daughter, Isabella. - -In 1881 she contributed about $40,000 to a memorial fund in support of -several educational institutions, and the next year built and furnished -the Woman's Pavilion of the German Hospital of New York City, giving -$75,000. For the German Dispensary in Second Avenue she gave $100,000, -also a library. - -At her death she provided liberally for many institutions, and left -$25,000 to be divided among the employees of the _Staats-Zeitung_. In -1879 the property of the paper was turned into a stock-company; and, at -the suggestion of Mrs. Ottendorfer, the employees were provided for by a -ten-per-cent dividend on their annual salary. Later this was raised to -fifteen per cent, which greatly pleased the men. - -The New York _Sun_, in regard to her care for her employees, especially -in her will, says, "She had always the reputation of a very clever, -business-like, and charitable lady. Her will shows, however, that she -was much more than that--she must have been a wonderful woman." A year -before her death the Empress Augusta of Germany sent her a medal in -recognition of her many charities. - -Mrs. Ottendorfer died April 1, 1884, and was buried in Greenwood. Her -estate was estimated at $3,000,000, made by her own skill and energy. -Having made it, she enjoyed giving it to others. - -Her husband, Mr. Oswald Ottendorfer, has given most generously to his -native place Zwittau,--an orphan asylum and home for the poor, a -hospital, and a fine library with a beautiful monumental fountain before -it, crowned by a statue representing mother-love; a woman carrying a -child in her arms and leading another. His statue was erected in the -city in 1886, and the town was illuminated in his honor at the -dedication of the library. - - - - -DANIEL P. STONE AND VALERIA G. STONE. - - -When Mr. Stone, who was a dry-goods merchant of Boston, died in Malden, -Mass., in 1878, it was agreed between him and his wife, Mrs. Valeria G. -Stone, that the property earned and saved by them should be given to -charity. - -While Mrs. Stone lived she gave generously; and at her death, Jan. 15, -1884, over eighty years old, she gave away more than $2,000,000. To -Andover Theological Seminary, to the American Missionary Association for -schools among the colored people, $150,000 each, and much to aid -struggling students and churches, and to save mortgaged homes. To -Wellesley College to build Stone Hall, $110,000; to Bowdoin College, -Amherst, Dartmouth, Drury, Carleton, Chicago Seminary, Hamilton, Iowa, -Oberlin, Hampton Institute, Woman's Board for Armenia College, Turkey, -Olivet College, Ripon, Illinois, Marietta, Beloit, Robert College, -Constantinople, Berea, Doane, Colorado, Washburne, Howard University, -each from five to seventy-five thousand dollars. She gave also to -hospitals, city mission work, rescue homes, and Christian associations. -For evangelical work in France she gave $15,000. - - - - -SAMUEL WILLISTON, - - -The giver of over one million and a half dollars was born at -Easthampton, Mass., July 17, 1795. - -He was the son of the Rev. Payson Williston, first pastor of the First -Church in Easthampton in 1789, and the grandson of the Rev. Noah -Williston of West Haven, Conn., on his father's side, and of the Rev. -Nathan Birdseye of Stratford, Conn., on his mother's. - -As the salary of the father probably never exceeded $350 yearly, the -family were brought up in the strictest economy. At ten years of age the -boy Samuel worked on a farm, earning for the next six years about seven -dollars a month, and saving all that was possible. In the winters he -attended the district school, and studied Latin with his father, as he -hoped to fit himself for the ministry. - -He began his preparation at Phillips Academy, Andover, carrying thither -his worldly possessions in a bag under his arm. "We were both of us -about as poor in money as we could be," said his roommate years -afterward, the Rev. Enoch Sanford, D.D., "but our capital in hope and -fervor was boundless." Samuel's eyes soon failed him, and he was obliged -to give up the project of ever becoming a minister. He entered the store -of Arthur Tappan, in New York, as clerk; but ill health compelled him to -return to the farm with its out-door life. - -When he was twenty-seven he married Emily Graves of Williamsburg, Mass. -She brought to the marriage partnership a noble heart, and every -willingness to help. The story is told that she cut off a button from -the coat of a visitor, with his consent, learned how it was covered, and -soon furnished work for her neighbors as well as herself. - -After some years Mr. Williston began in a small way to manufacture -buttons, and the business grew under his capable management till a -thousand families found employment. He formed a partnership with Joel -and Josiah Hayden at Haydenville, for the manufacture of machine-made -buttons in 1835, then first introduced into this country from England. -Four years later the business was transferred to Easthampton. - -Mr. Williston did not wait till he was very rich before he began to -give. In 1837 he helped largely towards the erection of the First Church -in Easthampton. In 1841 he established Williston Seminary, which became -a most excellent fitting-school for college. During his lifetime he gave -to this school about $270,000, and left it at his death an endowment of -$600,000. - -He was also deeply interested in Amherst College, establishing the -Williston professorship of rhetoric and oratory, the Graves, now -Williston, professorship of Greek, and some others. "He began giving to -Amherst College," writes Professor Joseph H. Sawyer, "when the -institution was in the depths of poverty and well-nigh given over as a -failure. He saved the college to mankind, and by example and personal -solicitation stimulated others to give." He built and equipped Williston -Hall, and assisted in the erection of other buildings. - -He aided Mary Lyon, in establishing Mount Holyoke Seminary, gave to -Iowa College, the Protestant College in Beirut, Syria, and to churches, -libraries, and various other institutions. - -He was active in all business enterprises, as well as works of -benevolence. He was president of the Williston Cotton Mills, the First -National Bank, Gas Company, and Nashawannuck (suspender) Company, all at -Easthampton. He was the first president of the Hampshire and Hampden -Railway, president of the First National Bank of Northampton, also of -the Greenville Manufacturing Company (cotton cloths), member of both -branches of the Legislature until he declined a re-election, one of the -trustees of Amherst College, of the Westborough, Mass., Reform School, -on the board of an asylum for idiots in Boston, a corporate member of -the American Board, a trustee of Mount Holyoke Seminary, etc. - -Mr. Williston overcame the obstacles of poor eyesight, ill health, and -poverty, and became a blessing to tens of thousands. His wife was -equally a giver with him. The Rev. William Seymour Tyler, D.D., of -Amherst College, said at the semi-centennial celebration of Williston -Seminary, June 14-17, 1891, "I knew its founders. I say 'founders,' for -Mrs. Williston had scarcely less to do than Mr. Williston in planning -and founding the building and endowing the seminary, as in all the -successful measures and achievements of his remarkable and useful life; -and the few enterprises in which he did not succeed were those in which -he did not follow her advice. I knew the founders from the time when, at -the beginning of their prosperity, their home and their factory were -both in a modest wing of Father Williston's parsonage, until they had -created Williston Seminary, made Easthampton, following out their great -and good work, and entered into their rest." - -Five children were born to Mr. and Mrs. Williston, but all died in -childhood. They adopted five children, two boys and three girls, reared -them, and educated them for honored positions in life. - -Mr. Williston died at Easthampton, July 17, 1874; and his wife, two -years younger than he, died April 12, 1885. Both are buried in the -cemetery at Easthampton, to which burying-ground Mr. Williston gave, at -his death, $10,000. He lived simply, and saved that he might give it in -charities. - - - - -JOHN F. SLATER AND DANIEL HAND, - -AND THEIR GIFTS TO THE COLORED PEOPLE. - - -One of the best charities our country has ever had bestowed upon it is -the million-dollar gift of Mr. Slater, and the million and a half gift -of Mr. Hand, for the education of the colored people in the Southern -States. Other millions of dollars are yet needed to train these millions -of the colored race to self-help and good citizenship. - -Mr. John Fox Slater was born in Slatersville, R.I., March 4, 1815. He -was the son of John Slater, who helped his brother Samuel to found the -first cotton manufacturing industry in the United States. - -Samuel Slater came from England; and setting up some machinery from -memory, after arriving in this country, as nobody was permitted to carry -plans out of England, he started the first cotton-mill in December, -1790. A few years later his brother John came from England, and together -they started a mill at Slatersville, R.I. - -They built mills also at Oxford, now Webster, Mass., and in time became -men of wealth. Mr. Samuel Slater opened a Sunday-school for his workmen, -one of the first institutions of that kind in this country. - -His son John early developed rare business qualities, and at the age of -seventeen was placed in charge of one of his father's mills at Jewett -City, near Norwich, Conn. He had received a good academical education, -had excellent judgment, would not speculate, and was noted for integrity -and honor. He became not only the head of his own extensive business, -but prominent in many outside enterprises. - -His manners were refined, he was self-poised and somewhat reserved, and -very unostentatious, thereby showing his true manhood. He read on many -subjects,--finance, politics, and religion, and was a good -conversationalist. - -As he grew richer he felt the responsibility of his wealth. He gave -generously to the country during the Civil War; he contributed largely -to the establishment of the Norwich Free Academy and to the -Congregational Church in Norwich with which he was connected, and to -other worthy objects. - -He determined to do good with his money while he lived. After the war, -having given largely for the relief of the freedmen, he decided to give -to a board of trustees $1,000,000, for the purpose of "uplifting the -lately emancipated population of the Southern States and their posterity -by conferring on them the blessings of Christian education." - -When asked the precise meaning of the phrase "Christian education," he -replied, "that in the sense which he intended, the common school -teaching of Massachusetts and Connecticut was Christian education. That -it is leavened with a predominant and salutary Christian influence." - -He said in his letter to the trustees, "It has pleased God to grant me -prosperity in my business, and to put it into my power to apply to -charitable uses a sum of money so considerable as to require the counsel -of wise men for the administration of it." In committing the money to -their hands he "humbly hoped that the administration of it might be so -guided by divine wisdom as to be, in its turn, an encouragement to -philanthropic enterprise on the part of others, and an enduring means of -good to our beloved country and to our fellow-men." - -Mr. Slater's gift awakened widespread interest and appreciation. The -Congress of the United States voted him thanks, and caused a gold medal -to be struck in his honor. - -Mr. Slater lived to see his work well begun, intrusted to such men as -ex-President Hayes at the head of the trust, Phillips Brooks, Governor -Colquitt of Georgia, his son William A. Slater, and others. He died May -7, 1884, at Norwich, at the age of sixty-nine. - -The general agent of the trust for several years was the late Dr. A. G. -Haygood of Georgia, who resigned when he was made a bishop in the -Methodist Church. Since 1891 Dr. J. L. M. Curry of Washington, D.C., -chairman of the Educational Committee, and author of "The Southern -States of the American Union" and other works, has been the able agent -of the Slater as well as Peabody Funds. Dr. Curry, member of both -National and Confederate Congresses, and minister to Spain for three -years, has been devoted to education all his life, and gives untiring -industry and deep interest to his work. - -The Slater Fund is used in normal schools to fit students for teaching -and for industrial education, and much of it is paid in salaries to -teachers. - -Dr. Curry, in his Report for 1892-1893, gives a list of the schools -aided in that year, all of which he visited during the year. To Bishop -College, Marshall, Tex., with 248 colored students, $1,000 was given for -normal work and manual training; to Central Tennessee College, -Nashville, with 493 students, $2,000, to pay the teachers in the -mechanical shop, carpentry, sewing, cooking, etc.; to Clark University, -Atlanta, Ga., 415 students, $2,500, mostly to the mechanical department, -etc.; to Spelman Female Institute, Atlanta, with 744 pupils, $5,000; the -institute has nine buildings, with property valued at $200,000. - -To Claflin University, Orangeburg, S.C., with 635 students, both men and -women, $3,096, chiefly to the industrial department,--iron-working, -harness-making, masonry, painting, etc.; to Hampton Normal Institute, -Hampton, Va., the noble institution to which General S. C. Armstrong -gave his life, $5,000, for training girls in housework, to the -machine-shop, for teachers in natural history, mathematics, etc. There -are nearly 800 pupils in the school. - -To the Leonard Medical School, Shaw University, Raleigh, N.C., $1,000. -The medical faculty are all white men. To the university itself, with -462 pupils, $2,500; to the Meharry Medical College, Nashville, 117 men -and four women, $1,500; to the State Normal School, Montgomery, Ala., -with 900 students, $2,500; to the Normal and Industrial Institute, -Tuskegee, Ala., with 400 men and 320 women, $2,100, given largely to the -departments of agriculture, leather and tin, brick-making, saw-mill -work, plastering, dressmaking, etc. "This institution is an achievement -of Mr. Booker T. Washington, a graduate of Hampton Normal Institute," -says the Report of the Commissioner of Education, 1891-1892. "Opened in -1881 with one teacher and thirty pupils, it attained such success that -in 1892 there were 44 officers and teachers and over 600 students. It -also owns property estimated at $150,000, upon which there is no -encumbrance. General S. C. Armstrong said of it, 'I think it is the -noblest and grandest work of any colored man in the land.'" - -To Straight University, New Orleans, La., with 600 pupils, the Slater -Fund gave $2,000. The late Thomas Lafon, a colored man, left at death -$5,800 to this excellent institution; to Talladega College, Talladega, -Ala., with 519 students, $2,500; to Tougaloo University, Tougaloo, -Miss., with 392 students, $3,000. This institute, under the charge of -the American Missionary Association, began twenty-five years ago with -one small building surrounded by negro cabins. Now there are ten -buildings in the midst of five hundred acres. Most of these institutions -for colored people have small libraries, which would be greatly helped -by the gift of good books. - -In nine years, from 1883 to 1892, nearly $400,000 was given from the -Slater Fund to push forward the education of the colored people. Most of -them were poor and left in ignorance through slavery; but they have made -rapid progress, and have shown themselves worthy of aid. The _American -Missionary_, June, 1883, tells of a law-student at Shaw University who -helped to support his widowed mother, taught a school of 80 scholars -four miles in the country, walking both ways, studying law and reciting -at night nearly a mile away from his home. When admitted to the bar, he -sustained the best examination in a class of 30, all the others white. - -The _Howard Quarterly_, January, 1893, cites the case of a young woman -who prepared for college at Howard University. She led the entire -entrance class at the Chicago University, and received a very -substantial reward in a scholarship that will pay all expenses of the -four years' course. - -Mr. La Port, the superintendent of construction of the George R. Smith -College, Sedalia, Mo., was born a slave; he ran away at twelve, worked -fourteen years to obtain money enough to secure his freedom, is now -worth $75,000, and supports his aged mother and the widow of the man -from whom he purchased his freedom. - -The highest honor at Boston University in 1892 was awarded to a colored -man, Thomas Nelson Baker, born a slave in Virginia in 1860. The class -orator at Harvard College in 1890 was a colored man, Clement Garnett -Morgan. - - -DANIEL HAND - -Was born in Madison, Conn., July 16, 1801. He was descended from good -Puritan ancestors, who came to this country in 1635 from Maidstone, -Kent, England. His grandfather on his father's side served in the War of -the Revolution, and his ancestors on his mother's side both in the old -French War and the Revolutionary War. - -Daniel, one of seven boys, lived on a farm till he was about sixteen -years of age, when he went to Augusta, Ga., in 1818, with an uncle, -Daniel Meigs, a merchant of that place and of Savannah. Young Hand -proved most useful in his uncle's business; in time succeeded him, and -became one of the leading merchants of the South. Some fifteen years -before the war Mr. Hand took into business partnership in Augusta Mr. -George W. Williams, a native of Georgia, who later established a -business in Charleston, S.C., Mr. Hand furnishing the larger part of the -capital. The business in Augusta was given in charge to a nephew, and -Mr. Hand temporarily removed to New York City. - -When the Civil War became imminent, Mr. Hand went South, was arrested as -a "Lincoln spy" in New Orleans; but no basis being found for the charge, -was released on parole that he would report to the Confederate authority -at Richmond. On his way thither, passing the night in Augusta, he would -have been mobbed by a lawless crowd who gathered about his hotel, had -not a few of the leading men of Atlanta hurried him off to jail in a -carriage with the mayor and a few friends as a guard. - -Reporting at Richmond, Mr. Hand was allowed to go where he chose, if -within the limits of the Confederacy, and chose Asheville, N.C., for his -home until the war ended, spending his time in reading, of which he was -very fond, and then came North. - -The Confederate Courts at Charleston tried to confiscate his property, -but this was prevented largely through the influence of Mr. Williams. -Some years later, when the latter became involved, and creditors were -pressing for payment, Mr. Hand, the largest creditor, refused to secure -his claim, saying, "If Mr. Williams lives, he will pay his debts. I am -not at all concerned about it." The money was paid by Mr. Williams at -his own convenience after several years. - -Mr. Hand had married early in life his cousin, Elizabeth Ward, daughter -of Dr. Levi Ward of Rochester, N.Y., who died early, as well as their -young children. Mr. Hand remained a widower for more than fifty years. - -Bereft of wife and children, fond of the Southern people, yet heartily -opposed to slavery, and realizing the helplessness and ignorance of the -slaves, Mr. Hand decided to give to the American Missionary Association -$1,000,894.25, the income to be used "for the purpose of educating needy -and indigent colored people of African descent, residing, or who may -hereafter reside, in the recent slave States of the United States of -America.... I would limit," he said, "the sum of $100 as the largest sum -to be expended for any one person in any one year from this fund." The -fund, transferred Oct. 22, 1888, was to be known as the "Daniel Hand -Educational Fund for Colored People." - -Upon Mr. Hand's death, at Guilford, Conn., Dec. 17, 1891, in the family -of one of his nieces, it was found that he had made the American -Missionary Association his residuary legatee. About $500,000 passed into -the possession of the Association, to be used for the same purpose as -the million dollars; and about $200,000, it is believed, will eventually -go to the organization after life-use by others. - -The American Missionary Association is a noble society, organized in -1846 and chartered in 1862, for helping the poor and neglected races at -our own doors, by establishing churches and schools in the South among -both negroes and whites, in the West among the Indians, and in the -Pacific States among the Chinese. - -The Rev. Dr. A. D. Mayo says, in his book on the Southern women in the -recent educational movement in the South, "Perhaps the most notable -success in the secondary, normal, and higher training of colored youth -has been achieved by the American Missionary Association.... At present -its labors in the South are largely directed to training superior -colored youth of both sexes for the work of teaching in the new public -schools. It now supports six institutions called colleges and -universities, in which not only the ordinary English branches are -taught, but opportunity is offered for the few who desire a moderate -college course." Fisk University of Nashville, which has sent out over -12,000 students, is one of the most interesting. - -The American Missionary Association assists 74 schools for colored -people with 12,000 pupils, 198 churches for the same with over 10,000 -members and a much larger number in the Sunday-schools; 14 churches -among the Indians with over 900 members; 20 schools among the Chinese at -the West with over 1,000 pupils and over 300 Christian Chinese. - -Mr. Hand's noble gift aids about fifty schools in the various Southern -States from its income of over $50,000 yearly. - -Mr. Hand was a man of fine personal presence, of extensive reading, and -wide observation. He gave, says his relative, Mr. George A. Wilcox, "for -the well-being of many, both within and without the family connection, -who have come within the province of deserved assistance; befriending -those who try to help themselves, whether successfully or not, but -unalterably stern in his disfavor when idleness or dissipation lead to -want." He gave the academy bearing his name to his native town of -Madison, Conn. He joined the First Presbyterian Church in Augusta, Ga., -when he was twenty-eight years of age, and was for thirty years its -efficient Sunday-school superintendent. He organized a teachers' -meeting, held every Saturday evening, which proved of great benefit. - -He always loved the Scriptures. He said one day to a friend, as he laid -his hand on his well-worn Bible, "I always read from that book every -morning, and have done so from my boyhood, except in a comparatively few -cases of unusual interruption or special hindrance." - -He was often heard to say, "I have now a very short time for this world, -but I take no concern about that; no matter where or when I die, I hope -I am ready to go when called." - -The temperance work needs another Daniel Hand to furnish a million -dollars for its labors among the colored men of the South, where, says -the thirtieth annual report of the National Temperance Society, "the -saloon is everywhere working their ruin. It destroys their manhood, -despoils their homes, impoverishes their families, defrauds their wives -and children, and debauches the whole community." - -The National Temperance Society, whose efficient and lamented Secretary, -John N. Stearns, died April 21, 1895, was organized in 1865. It has -printed and scattered over 900,000,000 pages of total-abstinence -literature. With its board of thirty managers representing nearly all -denominations and temperance organizations, ever on the alert to assist -in making and enforcing helpful laws and to lessen the power of the -liquor traffic, it is doing its work all over the nation. Says one who -has long been identified with this organization, "I believe there is no -Missionary Society, either Home or Foreign, that is doing more for the -cause of Christ than this society, especially in saving the boys and -girls; and yet, so far as I know, it receives less donations than any -other society, and very rarely a legacy." Mr. William E. Dodge, the -well-known merchant of New York, left the Society, by will, $5,000. Mr. -W. B. Spooner of Boston, and Mr. James H. Kellogg of Rochester, N.Y., -each left $5,000. - -It is a hopeful sign of the times when laws are passed in thirty-nine -States and all the Territories requiring the teaching of the nature and -effects of alcoholic drinks upon the human system. It is encouraging -when a million members of Christian Endeavor societies pledge themselves -"to seek the overthrow of this evil at all times in every lawful way." -Our country has given grandly for education; it will in the future give -more generously to reforms which help to do away with poverty and crime. - - - - -GEORGE T. ANGELL. - - -George T. Angell, the president and founder of "The American Humane -Education Society," and president and one of the founders of "The -Massachusetts Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals," -deserves, with the late lamented Henry Bergh of New York, the thanks of -the nation for their noble work in teaching kindness to dumb creatures, -and preventing cruelty. No charity can lie nearer to my own heart than -the societies for the prevention of cruelty to animals. - -Mr. Angell, now seventy-three years of age,--he was born at Southbridge, -Mass., June 5, 1823,--the son of a minister, a graduate of Dartmouth -College, a successful lawyer, gave up his practice of seventeen years, -in 1868, to devote himself and his means, without pay, to humane work -all over the world. He has enlisted the highest and the lowest in behalf -of dumb animals. He has spoken before schools and conventions, before -legislatures and churches, before kings and in prisons, in behalf of -those who must patiently submit to wrong, and have no voice to plead for -themselves. - -Mr. Angell helped to establish the first "American Band of Mercy;" and -now there are nearly 25,000 bands, with a membership of between one and -two million persons, all pledged "to try to be kind to all living -creatures, and try to protect them from cruel usage." - -He has helped to scatter more than two million copies, in nearly all -European and some Asiatic languages, of Anna Sewell's charming -autobiography of an English horse, "Black Beauty," telling both of kind -and cruel masters. Ten thousand copies have recently been printed for -circulation in the schools of Italy. - -A thousand cruel fashions, such as that of docking horses, or killing -for mere sport, will be done away when men and women have given these -subjects more careful thought. - - - "Evil is wrought by want of thought - As well as want of heart," - - -wrote Thomas Hood in "The Lady's Dream." - -"Our Dumb Animals," published in Boston, of which Mr. Angell is the -editor, and which should be in every home and school in the land, has a -circulation of about 50,000 to 60,000 a month, and is sent to the -editors of 20,000 American publications. Over one hundred and seventeen -million pages of humane literature are printed in a single year by the -American Humane Education Society and the Massachusetts S. P. C. A.; the -latter society has convicted about 5,000 persons in the last few years -of overloading horses, beating dogs or inciting them to fight, starving -animals, or other forms of cruelty. - -In most large cities drinking fountains have been provided for man and -beast; transportation and slaughter of animals have been rendered more -humane; children have been taught kindness to the weakest and smallest -of God's creatures; to feel with Cowper,-- - - - "I would not enter on my list of friends - (Though graced with polished manners and fine sense, - Yet wanting sensibility) the man - Who needlessly sets foot upon a worm." - - -Some persons are following the example of Baroness Burdett-Coutts in -London, who has provided a home for lost dogs, where they are kept till -their owners call for them, or are given away to those who know that to -have a pet in the home is a sure way to make people more tender and more -noble in character. Such a place is found on Lake Street, Brighton, -Mass., in the Ellen M. Gifford Sheltering Home for Animals, where each -year several hundred dogs and cats are received, and homes found for -them. There is a large playground for the dogs, and greater space for -the cats. It is stated in the Report that the Boston police "have always -generously and humanely aided the work of the Shelter." The objects of -the "Sheltering Home" are:-- - -"First, to aid and succor the waifs and strays of the city. - -"Second, to alleviate the sufferings of sick, abused, and homeless -animals. - -"Third, to find good homes for all those who come to the Shelter, as far -as possible. - -"Fourth, to spread the gospel of humanity towards dumb creatures by -practical example." - -It would be difficult to find in history a truly great person, like -Wellington, Abraham Lincoln, Dr. Samuel Johnson, or Sir Walter Scott, -who has not been a lover of dogs or birds or cats. Frederick the Great -when dying asked an attendant to cover one of his dogs which seemed to -be shivering with the cold. - -"Our Dumb Animals" for May, 1896, gives the names of more than a hundred -persons who have left legacies in the last few years to the -Massachusetts Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. Every -State and city needs more of these generous givers. A letter lies before -me from Mr. E. C. Parmelee, the general agent of the society in -Cleveland, Ohio, which says, "I regret to say that we have no dog -shelter.... We should very much like to have one, and a hospital for -broken-down and neglected horses.... We have very much hoped that we -should have a bequest at no very distant day sufficiently large to build -such a block as we need, with dormitories for children who are picked up -in the night, and with an apartment for keeping our horse-ambulance, -with a pair of horses and driver always at command, to remove such -horses as are disabled, and fall in the streets from various causes." - -Every society needs more agents to watch carefully the dumb creatures -who carry heavy loads, or are neglected or ill treated; and the gospel -of kindness to animals needs to be carried to every part of the earth. - - - - -WILLIAM W. CORCORAN - -AND HIS ART GALLERY. - - -William Wilson Corcoran was born Dec. 27, 1798, at Georgetown, D.C. He -was the son of Thomas Corcoran, who settled in Georgetown when a youth, -and became one of its leading citizens. He was mayor, postmaster, and -one of the founders of the Columbian College, of which institution he -was an active trustee while he lived. He was also one of the principal -founders of two Episcopal churches in Georgetown, St. John's and -Christ's Church, and was always a vestryman in one or the other. - -His son William, after a good preparatory education, spent a year at the -Georgetown College, and a year at the school of the Rev. Addison Belt, a -graduate of Princeton. His father desired that he should complete his -college course; but William was eager to enter upon a business life, and -when he was seventeen went into the dry-goods store of his brothers, -James and Thomas Corcoran. Two years later they established him in -business under the firm name of W. W. Corcoran & Co. The firm prospered -so well that the wholesale auction and commission business was begun in -1819. - -For four years the firm made money; but in the spring of 1823, they, -with many other merchants in Georgetown and Baltimore, failed, and were -obliged to settle with their creditors for fifty cents on the dollar. - -Young Corcoran, then twenty-five years of age, devoted himself to caring -for the property of his father, who was growing old. The father died -Jan. 27, 1830. Five years later, in 1835, Mr. Corcoran married Louise A. -Morris, who lived but five years after their marriage, dying Nov. 21, -1840, leaving a son and daughter. The son died soon after the death of -his mother; the daughter grew to womanhood, and became a great joy to -her father. She married the Hon. George Eustis, a member of Congress -from Louisiana, and died in early life at Cannes, France, 1867, leaving -three small children. - -Mr. Corcoran long before this had become a very successful banker. Two -years after his marriage, in 1837, he moved his family to Washington, -and began the brokerage business in a small store, ten by sixteen feet, -on Pennsylvania Avenue near Fifteenth Street. After three years he took -into partnership Mr. George W. Riggs, the son of a wealthy man from -Maryland, under the firm name of Corcoran & Riggs. - -In 1845 they purchased the old United States Bank building, corner of -Fifteenth Street and New York Avenue; and two years later Mr. Corcoran -settled with his creditors of 1823, paying principal and interest, about -$46,000. During the Mexican war the firm made extensive loans to the -government, which conservative bankers regarded as a hazardous -investment. Mr. Riggs retired from the firm July 1, 1848; and his -younger brother, Elisha, was made a junior partner. - -"In August, 1848, having about twelve millions of the six-per-cent loan -of 1848 on hand, and the demand for it falling off in this country, and -the stock being one per cent below the price at which Corcoran & Riggs -took it, Mr. Corcoran determined to try the European markets; and, after -one day's reflection, embarked for London, where, on arrival, he was -told by Mr. Bates, of the house of Baring Bros. & Co., and Mr. George -Peabody, that no sale could be made of the stock, and no money could be -raised by hypothecation thereof, and they regretted that he had not -written to them to inquire before coming over. He replied that he was -perfectly satisfied that such would be their views, and therefore came, -confident that he could convince them of the expediency of taking an -interest in the securities; and that the very fact that London bankers -had taken them would make it successful. - -"Ten days after his first interview with them, Mr. Thomas Baring -returned from the Continent, and with him he was more successful. A sale -of five millions at about cost (one hundred and one here) was made to -six of the most eminent and wealthy houses in London, viz., Baring Bros. -& Co., George Peabody, Overend, Gurney & Co., Dennison & Co., Samuel -Jones Lloyd, and James Morrison. - -"This was the first sale of American securities made in Europe since -1837; and on his return to New York he was greeted by every one with -marked expressions of satisfaction, his success being a great relief to -the money market by securing that amount of exchange in favor of the -United States. On his success being announced, the stock gradually -advanced until it reached one hundred and nineteen and one-half, thus -securing by his prompt and successful action a handsome profit which -would otherwise have resulted in a serious loss." - -On April 1, 1854, Mr. Corcoran withdrew from the banking-firm, and -devoted himself to the management of his property and to his benevolent -projects. - -In 1859 he began, at the northeast corner of Pennsylvania Avenue and -Seventeenth Street, a building for the encouragement of the Fine Arts. -The structure was used during the Civil War for military purposes. In -1869 Mr. Corcoran deeded this property to trustees. "I shall ask you to -receive," he wrote the trustees, "as a nucleus, my own gallery of art, -which has been collected at no inconsiderable pains; and I have -assurances from friends in other cities, whose tastes and liberality -have taken this direction, that they will contribute fine works of art -from their respective collections.... I venture to hope that with your -kind co-operation and judicious management we shall have provided, at no -distant day, not only a pure and refined pleasure for residents and -visitors of the national metropolis, but have accomplished something -useful in the development of American genius." - -In 1869 Mr. Corcoran also deeded to trustees the Louise Home, erected in -memory of his wife and daughter, as a home for refined and educated -gentlewomen who had "become reduced by misfortune." - -The deed specified that "there shall be no discrimination or distinction -on account of religious creed or sectarian opinions, in respect to the -trustees, directresses, officers, or inmates of the said establishment; -but all proper facilities that may be possible in the judgment of the -trustees shall be allowed and furnished to the inmates for the worship -of Almighty God, according to each one's conscientious belief." - -The building and grounds of the Louise Home in 1869 were estimated at -$200,000, and are now worth probably over $500,000. The endowment -consisted of an invested fund of $325,000. - -Mr. Corcoran gave generously as long as he lived, having decided early -in life that "at least one-half of his moneyed accumulations should be -held for the welfare of men." - -In Oak Hill Cemetery he erected a beautiful monument to the memory of -John Howard Payne, author of "Home, Sweet Home." It is a shaft of -Carrara marble, surmounted by a bust one and one-half times the size of -the average man. - -In his old age he purchased the Patapsco Institute at Ellicott's Mills, -and gave the title-deeds to the two grand-nieces of John Randolph of -Roanoke, who were in reduced circumstances, that they might open a -school. - -He gave to Columbian University, it is stated, houses and lands and -money, amounting to a quarter of a million dollars. The University of -Virginia, the Ascension Church, and other colleges and churches, were -enriched through his generosity. - -Mr. Corcoran died in Washington, Feb. 24, 1888, at the age of ninety -years. He had given away over five million dollars. - -"The treasures of the Corcoran Art Gallery," said its president in -laying the corner-stone of a new building two years ago, "represent a -money cost of $346,938 (exclusive of donations), a cost value which, of -course, is greatly below the real value which these treasures represent -to-day. The total value of the gallery, in its treasures, its -endowments, and its buildings, is estimated to-day at $1,926,938. The -total number of visitors who have inspected the paintings and sculpture -exhibited in the gallery from the date of its opening down to the -beginning of this month [May, 1896] was 1,696,489." - - - - -JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER - -AND CHICAGO UNIVERSITY. - - -From our windows we look out upon a forest of beautiful beech-trees, -great oaks, and maples. There are well-kept drives, cool ravines with -tasteful walks, a pretty lake and boat-house, and great stretches of -lawn, in the four hundred or more acres, such as one sees in England. -The gravelled roadways are appropriately named. "Blithedale" leads into -a charming valley, through which a brook winds in and out, under a dozen -bridges. The "Maze" leads through clusters of beeches and other -undergrowth, and opens upon a magnificent view of blue Lake Erie at the -right and the busy city at the left. In the distance, on a hilltop, -stands a large white frame house, with red roof. Vines clamber over the -broad double porches, red trumpet-creepers twine and blossom about some -of the big oaks, beds of roses send out their fragrance, and the place -looks most attractive and restful. - -It is "Forest Hill," at Cleveland, Ohio, the summer home of Mr. John D. -Rockefeller, probably the greatest giver in America. Our largest giver -heretofore, so far as known, was George Peabody, who gave at his death -$9,000,000. Mr. Rockefeller has given about $7,500,000 to one -institution, besides several hundred thousand dollars each year for the -past twenty-five years to various charities. - -Mr. Rockefeller comes from very honorable ancestry. The Rockefellers -were an old French family in Normandy, who moved to Holland, and came to -America about 1650, settling in New Jersey. Nearly a century ago, in -1803, Mr. Rockefeller's grandfather, Godfrey, married Lucy, one of the -Averys of Groton, Conn., a family distinguished in the Revolutionary -War, and which has since furnished to our country many able men and -women. - -The picturesque home of the Averys, built in 1656, in the town of New -London (now Groton), by Captain James Avery, was occupied by his -descendants until it was destroyed by fire in 1894. A monument has been -erected upon the site, with a bronze tablet containing a _fac-simile_ of -the old home. - -The youngest son of Captain James Avery was Samuel, whose fine face -looks out from the pages of the interesting Avery Genealogy, which Homer -D. L. Sweet, of Syracuse, spent thirty years in writing. Samuel, an able -and public-spirited man, married, in 1686, in Swanzey, Mass., Susannah -Palmes, a direct descendant, through thirty-four generations, of Egbert, -the first king of England. The name has always been retained in the -family, Lucy Avery Rockefeller naming her youngest son Egbert. Her -eldest son, William Avery, married Eliza Davison; and of their six -children, John Davison Rockefeller is the second child and eldest son. - -[Illustration: JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER.] - -He was born in Richford, Tioga County, N.Y., July 8, 1839. His father, -William Avery, was a physician and business man as well. With great -energy he cleared the forest, built a sawmill, loaned his money, and, -like his noted son, knew how to overcome obstacles. - -The mother, Eliza Davison, was a woman of rare common sense and -executive ability. Self-poised in manner, charitable, persevering in -whatever she attempted, she gave careful attention to the needs of her -family, but did not forget that she had Christian duties outside her -home. The devotion of Mr. Rockefeller to his mother as long as she lived -was marked, and worthy of example. - -The Rockefeller home in Richford was one of mutual work and helpfulness. -The eldest child, Lucy, now dead, was less than two years older than -John; the third child, William, about two years younger; Mary, Franklin -and Frances, twins, each about two years younger than the others; the -last named died early. All were taught the value of labor and of -economy. - -The eldest son, John, early took responsibility upon himself. Willing -and glad to work, he cared for the garden, milked the cows, and acquired -the valuable habit of never wasting his time. When about nine years old -he raised and sold turkeys, and instead of spending the money, probably -his first earnings, saved it, and loaned it at seven per cent. It would -be interesting to know if the lad ever dreamed then of being perhaps the -richest man in America? - -In 1853 the Rockefeller family moved to Cleveland, Ohio; and John, then -fourteen years of age, entered the high school. He was a studious boy, -especially fond of mathematics and of music, and learned to play on the -piano; he was retiring in manner, and exemplary in conduct. When -between fourteen and fifteen years of age, he joined the Erie Street -Baptist Church of Cleveland, Ohio, now known as the Euclid Avenue -Baptist Church, where he has been from that time an earnest and most -helpful worker in it. The boy of fifteen did not confine his work in the -church to prayer-meetings and Sunday-school. There was a church debt, -and it had to be paid. He began to solicit money, standing in the -church-door as the people went out, ready to receive what each was -willing to contribute. He gave also of his own as much as was possible; -thus learning early in life, not only to be generous, but to incite -others to generosity. - -When about eighteen or nineteen, he was made one of the Board of -Trustees of the church, which position he held till his absence from the -city in the past few years prevented his serving. He has been the -superintendent of the Sunday-school of the Euclid Avenue Baptist Church -for about thirty years. When he had held the office for twenty-five -years the Sunday-school celebrated the event by a reception for their -leader. After addresses and music, each one of the five hundred or more -persons present shook hands with Mr. Rockefeller, and laid a flower on -the table beside him. From the first he has won the love of the children -from his sympathy, kindness, and his interest in their welfare. No -picnic even would be satisfactory to them without his presence. - -After two years passed in the Cleveland High School, the school-year -ending June, 1855, young Rockefeller took a summer course in the -Commercial College, and at sixteen was ready to see what obstacles the -business world presented to a boy. He found plenty of them. It was the -old story of every place seeming to be full; but he would not allow -himself to be discouraged by continued refusals. He visited -manufacturing establishments, stores, and shops, again and again, -determined to find a position. - -He succeeded on the twenty-sixth day of September, 1855, and became -assistant bookkeeper in the forwarding and commission house of Hewitt & -Tuttle. He did not know what pay he was to receive; but he knew he had -taken the first step towards success,--he had obtained work. At the end -of the year, for the three months, October, November, and December, he -received fifty dollars,--not quite four dollars a week. - -The next year he was paid twenty-five dollars a month, or three hundred -dollars a year, and at the end of fifteen months, took the vacant -position with the same firm, at five hundred dollars, as cashier and -bookkeeper, of a man who had been receiving a salary of two thousand -dollars. - -Desirous of earning more, young Rockefeller after a time asked for eight -hundred dollars as wages; and, the firm declining to give over seven -hundred dollars a year, the enterprising youth, not yet nineteen, -decided to start in business for himself. He had industry and energy; he -was saving of both time and money; he had faith in his ability to -succeed, and the courage to try. He had managed to save about a thousand -dollars; and his father loaned him another thousand, on which he paid -ten per cent interest, receiving the principal as a gift when he became -twenty-one years of age. This certainly was a modest beginning for one -of the founders of the Standard Oil Company. - -Having formed a partnership with Morris B. Clark, in 1858, in produce -commission and forwarding, the firm name became Clark & Rockefeller. The -closest attention was given to business. Mr. Rockefeller lived within -his means, and worked early and late, finding little or no time for -recreation or amusements, but always time for his accustomed work in the -church. There was always some person in sickness or sorrow to be -visited, some child to be brought into the Sunday-school, or some -stranger to be invited to the prayer-meetings. - -The firm succeeded in business, and was continued with various partners -for seven years, until the spring of 1865. During this time some parts -of the country, especially Pennsylvania and Ohio, had become -enthusiastic over the finding of large quantities of oil through -drilling wells. _The Petroleum Age_ for December, 1881, gives a most -interesting account of the first oil-well in this country, drilled at -Titusville, on Oil Creek, a branch of the Alleghany River, in August, -1859. - -Petroleum had long been known, both in Europe and America, under various -names. The Indians used it as a medicine, mixed it with paint to anoint -themselves for war, or set fire at night to the oil that floated upon -the surface of their creeks, making the illumination a part of their -religious ceremonies. In Ohio, in 1819, when, in boring for salt, -springs of petroleum were found, Professor Hildreth of Marietta wrote -that the oil was used in lamps in workshops, and believed it would be "a -valuable article for lighting the street-lamps in the future cities of -Ohio." But forty years went by before the first oil-well was drilled, -when men became almost as excited as in the rush to California for gold -in 1849. - -Several refineries were started in Cleveland to prepare the crude oil -for illuminating purposes. Mr. Rockefeller, the young commission -merchant, like his father a keen observer of men and things, as early as -1860, the year after the first well was drilled, helped to establish an -oil-refining business under the firm name of Andrews, Clark, & Co. - -The business increased so rapidly that Mr. Rockefeller sold his interest -in the commission house in 1865, and with Mr. Samuel Andrews bought out -their associates in the refining business, and established the firm of -Rockefeller & Andrews, the latter having charge of the practical -details. - -Mr. Rockefeller was then less than twenty-six years old; but an -exceptional opportunity had presented itself, and a young man of -exceptional ability was ready for the opportunity. A good and cheap -illuminator was a world-wide necessity; and it required brain, and -system, and rare business ability to produce the best product, and send -it to all nations. - -The brother of Mr. Rockefeller, William, entered into the partnership; -and a new firm was established, under the name of William Rockefeller & -Co. The necessity of a business house in New York for the sale of their -products soon became apparent, and all parties were united in the firm -of Rockefeller & Co. - -In 1867 Mr. Henry M. Flagler, well known in connection with his -improvements in St. Augustine, Fla., was taken into the company, which -became Rockefeller, Andrews, & Flagler. Three years later, in 1870, the -Standard Oil Company of Ohio was established with a capital of -$1,000,000, Mr. Rockefeller being made president. He was also made -president of the National Refiners' Association. - -He was now thirty-one years old, far-seeing, self-centred, quiet and -calm in manner, but untiring in work, and comprehensive in his grasp of -business. The determination which had won a position for him in youth, -even though it brought him but four dollars a week, the confidence in -his ability, integrity, and sound judgment, which made the banks willing -to lend him money, or men willing to invest their capital in his -enterprise, made him a power in the business world thus early in life. - -Amid all his business and his church work, he had found time to form -another partnership, the wisest and best of all. In the same high school -with him for two years was a young girl near his own age, Laura C. -Spelman, a bright scholar, refined and sensible. - -Her father was a merchant, a Representative in the Legislature of Ohio, -an earnest helper in the church, in temperance, and in all that lifts -the world upward. He was the friend of the slave; and the Spelman home -was one of the restful stations on that "underground railroad" to which -so many colored men and women owe their freedom. He was an active member -for years of Plymouth Congregational Church in Cleveland, and later of -Dr. Buddington's church in Brooklyn, and of the Broadway Tabernacle, New -York, under Dr. Wm. M. Taylor. He died in New York City, Oct. 10, 1881. - -Mrs. Spelman, the mother, was also a devoted Christian. She now lives, -at the age of eighty-six, with her daughter, grateful, as she says, for -life's beautiful sunset. She is loved by everybody, and her sweet face -and voice would be sadly missed. She retains all her faculties, and has -as deep an interest as ever in all religious, philanthropic, and -political affairs. - -The Spelman ancestors are English. Sir Henry Spelman, knighted by King -James I., died in 1641, and lies buried in Westminster Abbey. Henry S., -the third son of Sir Henry, and first of the name in America, came to -Jamestown, Va., in 1609, and was killed by the Indians. Richard Spelman, -born in Danbury, England, in 1665, came to Middletown, Conn., in 1700, -and died in 1750. Laura's grandfather, Samuel, was the fourth in line -from Richard. He was one of the pioneers in Ohio, moving thither from -Granville, Mass. Her father, Harvey B. Spelman, was born in a log cabin -in Rootstown, Ohio. Her mother's family came also from Massachusetts, -from the town of Blanford; and her father and mother met and were -married in Ohio. - -Laura Spelman was a member of the first graduating class of the -Cleveland High School, and has always retained the deepest interest in -her classmates. After graduating, and spending some time in a -boarding-school at the East, she taught very successfully for five years -in the Cleveland public schools, being assistant in one of the large -grammar schools. - -At the age of twenty-five Mr. Rockefeller married Miss Spelman, Sept. 8, -1864. Disliking display or extravagance, fond of books, a wise adviser -in her home, a leader for many years of the infant department in the -Sunday-school, like her father a worker for temperance and in all -philanthropic movements, Mrs. Rockefeller has been an example to the -rich, and a friend and helper to the poor. Comparatively few men and -women can be intrusted with millions, and make the best use of the -money. With Mr. Rockefeller's married life thus happily and wisely -begun, business activities went on as before, perchance with less wear -of body and mind. It was, of course, impossible to organize and carry -forward a great business without anxiety and care. - -In Cleave's "Biographical Cyclopćdia of Cuyahoga County," it is stated -that, in 1872, two years after the organization of the Standard Oil -Company, "nearly the entire refining interest of Cleveland, and other -interests in New York and the oil-regions, were combined in this company -[the Standard Oil], the capital stock of which was raised to two and a -half millions, and its business reached in one year over twenty-five -million dollars,--the largest company of the kind in the world. The New -York establishment was enlarged in its refining departments; large -tracts of land were purchased, and fine warehouses erected for the -storage of petroleum; a considerable number of iron cars were procured, -and the business of transporting oil entered upon; interests were -purchased in oil-pipes in the producing regions. - -"Works were erected for the manufacture of barrels, paints, and glue, -and everything used in the manufacture or shipment of oil. The works had -a capacity of distilling twenty-nine thousand barrels of crude oil per -day, and from thirty-five hundred to four thousand men were employed in -the various departments. The cooperage factory, the largest in the -world, turned out nine thousand barrels a day, which consumed over two -hundred thousand staves and headings, the product of from fifteen to -twenty acres of selected oak." - -Ten years after this time, in 1882, the Standard Oil Trust was formed, -with a capital of $70,000,000, afterwards increased to $95,000,000, -which in a few years became possessed of large oil-producing interests, -and of the stock of the companies controlling the greater part of the -refining of petroleum in this country. - -Ten years later, in 1892, the Supreme Court of Ohio having declared the -Trust to be illegal, it was dissolved, and the business is now conducted -by separate companies. In each of these Mr. Rockefeller is a -shareholder. - -Mr. Rockefeller has proved himself a remarkable organizer. His -associates have been able men; and his vast business has been so -systematized, and the leaders of departments held responsible, that it -is managed with comparative ease. - -The Standard Oil Companies own hundreds of thousands of acres of -oil-lands, and wells, refineries, and many thousand miles of pipe-lines -throughout the United States. They have business houses in the principal -cities of the Old World as well as the New, and carry their oil in their -own great oil-steamships abroad as easily as in their pipe-lines to the -American seaboard. They control the greater part of the petroleum -business of this country, and export much of the oil used abroad. They -employ from forty to fifty thousand men in this great industry, many of -whom have remained with the companies for twenty or thirty years. It is -said that strikes are unknown among them. - -When it is stated, as in the last United States Census reports, that the -production of crude petroleum in this country is about thirty-five -million barrels a year, the capital invested in the production -$114,000,000, and the value of the exports of petroleum in various forms -amounts to nearly $50,000,000 a year, the vastness of the business is -apparent. - -With such power in their hands, instead of selling their product at high -rates, they have kept oil at such low prices that the poorest all over -the world have been enabled to buy and use it. - -Mr. Rockefeller has not confined his business interests to the Standard -Oil Company. He owns iron-mines and land in various States; he owns a -dozen or more immense vessels on the lakes, besides being largely -interested in other steamship lines on both the ocean and the great -lakes; he has investments in several railroads, and is connected with -many other industrial enterprises. - -With all these different lines of business, and being necessarily a very -busy man, he never seems hurried or worried. His manner is always kindly -and considerate. He is a good talker, an equally good listener, and -gathers knowledge from every source. Meeting the best educators of the -country, coming in contact with leading business and professional men as -well, and having travelled abroad and in his own country, Mr. -Rockefeller has become a man of wide and varied intelligence. In -physique he is of medium height, light hair turning gray, blue eyes, and -pleasant face. - -He is a lover of trees, never allowing one to be cut down on his grounds -unless necessity demands it, fond of flowers, knows the birds by their -song or plumage, and never tires of the beauties of nature. - -He is as courteous to a servant as to a millionnaire, is social and -genial, and enjoys the pleasantry of bright conversation. He has great -power of concentration, is very systematic in business and also in his -every-day life, allotting certain hours to work, and other hours to -exercise, the bicycle being one of his chief out-door pleasures. He is -fond of animals, and owns several valuable horses. A great Saint Bernard -dog, white and yellow, called "Laddie," was for years the pet of the -household and the admiration of friends. When recently killed -accidentally by an electric wire, the dog was carefully buried, and the -grave covered with myrtle. A pretty stone, a foot and a half high, cut -in imitation of the trunk of an oak-tree, at whose base fern-leaves -cluster, marks the spot, with the words "Our dog Laddie; died, 1895," -carved upon a tiny slab. - -It may be comparatively easy to do great deeds, but the little deeds of -thoughtfulness and love for the dumb creatures who have loved us show -the real beauty and refinement of character. - -Mr. Rockefeller belongs to few social organizations, his church work and -his home-life sufficing. He is a member of the New England Society, the -Union League Club of New York, and of the Empire State Sons of the -Revolution, as his ancestors, both on his father's and mother's side, -were in the Revolutionary War. - -His home is a very happy one. Into it have been born five -children,--Bessie, Alice, who died early, Alta, Edith, and John D. -Rockefeller, Jr. - -Bessie is married to Charles A. Strong, Associate Professor of -Psychology in Chicago University, a graduate of both the University of -Rochester and Harvard, and has been a student at the Universities of -Berlin and Paris. He is a son of the Rev. Dr. Augustus H. Strong, -President of Rochester Theological Seminary. - -Edith is married to Harold F. McCormick of Chicago, a graduate of -Princeton, and son of the late Cyrus H. McCormick, whose invention of -the reaper has been a great blessing to the world. Mr. McCormick gave -generously of his millions after he had acquired wealth. - -John D. Rockefeller, Jr., is at Brown University, and will probably be -associated with his father in business, for which he has shown much -aptitude. - -The children have all been reared with the good sense and Christian -teaching that are the foundations of the best homes. They have dressed -simply, lived without display, been active in hospital, Sunday-school, -and other good works, and found their pleasures in music, in which all -the family are especially skilled, and in reading. They enjoy out-door -life, skating in winter, and rowing, walking, and riding in the summer; -but there is no lavish use of money for their pleasures. - -The daughters know how to sew, and have made many garments for poor -children. They have been taught the useful things of home-life, and -often cook delicacies for the sick. They have found out in their youth -that the highest living is not for self. A recent gift from Miss Alta -Rockefeller is $1,200 annually to sustain an Italian day-nursery in the -eastern part of Cleveland. This summer, 1896, about fifty little people, -two years old and upwards, enjoyed a picnic in the grounds of their -benefactor. Mrs. Rockefeller's mother and sister, Miss Lucy M. Spelman, -a cultivated and philanthropic woman, are the other members of the -Rockefeller family. - -Besides Mr. Rockefeller's summer home in Cleveland, he has another with -about one thousand acres of land at Pocantico Hills, near Tarrytown on -the Hudson. The place is picturesque and historic, made doubly -interesting through the legends of Washington Irving. From the summit of -Kaakoote Mountain the views are of rare beauty. Sleepy Hollow and the -grave of Irving are not far distant. The winter home in New York City is -a large brick house, with brown-stone front, near Fifth Avenue, -furnished richly but not showily, containing some choice paintings and a -fine library. - -Mr. Rockefeller will be long remembered as a remarkable financier and -the founder of a great organization, but he will be remembered longest -and honored most as a remarkable giver. We have many rich men in -America, but not all are great givers; not all have learned that it is -really more blessed to give than to receive; not all remember that we go -through life but once, with its opportunities to brighten the lives -about us, and to help to bear the burdens of others. - -Mr. Rockefeller began to give very early in life, and for the last forty -years has steadily increased his giving as his wealth has increased. -Always reticent about his gifts, it is impossible to learn how much he -has given or for what purposes. Of necessity some gifts become public, -such as his latest to Vassar College of $100,000, a like amount to -Rochester University and Theological Seminary, and the same, it is -believed, to Spelman Seminary, at Atlanta, Ga., named as a memorial to -his father-in-law. - -This is a school for colored women and girls, with preparatory, normal, -musical, and industrial departments. The institute opened with eleven -pupils in 1881, and now has 744, with nine buildings on fourteen acres -of land. Dr. J. L. M. Curry said in his report for 1893, "In process of -erection is the finest school building for normal purposes in the South, -planned and constructed expressly with reference to the work of training -teachers, which will cost over $50,000." In the industrial department, -dress-cutting, sewing, cooking, and laundry work are taught. There is -also a training-school for nurses. - -In a list of gifts for 1892, in the _New York Tribune_, Mr. -Rockefeller's name appears in connection with Des Moines College, Ia., -$25,000; Bucknell College, $10,000; Shurtleff College $10,000; the -Memorial Baptist Church in New York, erected through the efforts of Dr. -Edward Judson in memory of his father, Dr. Adoniram Judson, $40,000; -besides large amounts to Chicago University. It is probable that, aside -from Chicago University, these were only a small proportion of his gifts -during that year. - -An article in the press states that the recent anonymous gift of $25,000 -to help purchase the land for the site of Barnard College of Columbia -University was from Mr. Rockefeller. He has also pledged $100,000 -towards a million dollars, which are to be used for the construction of -model tenement houses for the poor in New York City. - -He has given largely to the Cleveland Young Men's Christian Association, -and to Young Men's and Women's Christian Associations both in this -country and abroad. He has built churches, given yearly large sums to -foreign and home missions, charity organization societies, Indian -associations, hospital work, fresh-air funds, libraries, kindergartens, -Societies for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, for the education of -the colored people at the South, and to the Woman's Christian Temperance -Unions and to the National Temperance Society. He is a total abstainer, -and no wine is ever upon his table. He does not use tobacco in any form. - -Mr. Rockefeller's private charities have been almost numberless. He has -aided young men and women through college, sometimes by gift and -sometimes by loan. He has provided the means for persons who were ill to -go abroad or elsewhere for rest. He does not forget, when his apples are -gathered at Pocantico Hills, to send hundreds of barrels to the various -charitable institutions in and near New York, or, when one of his -workingmen dies, to continue the support to his family while it is -needed. Some of us become too busy to think of the little ways of doing -good. It is said by those who know him best, that he gives more time to -his benevolences and to their consideration than to his business -affairs. He employs secretaries, whose time is given to the -investigation of requests for aid, and attending to such cases as are -favorably decided upon. - -Mr. Rockefeller's usual plan of giving is to pledge a certain sum on -condition that others give, thus making them share in the blessings of -benevolence. At one time he gave conditionally about $300,000, and it -resulted in $1,700,000 being secured for some twenty or thirty -institutions of learning in all parts of the country. It is said by a -friend, that on his pledge-book are hundreds of charities to which he -gives regularly many thousand dollars each month. - -His greatest gift has been that of $7,425,000 to the University of -Chicago. The first University of Chicago existed from 1858 to 1886, a -period of twenty-eight years, and was discontinued from lack of funds. -When the American Baptist Education Society, formed at Washington, D.C., -in May, 1888, held its first anniversary in Tremont Temple, Boston, it -was resolved "to take immediate steps toward the founding of a -well-equipped college in the city of Chicago." Mr. Rockefeller had -already become interested in founding such an institution, and made a -subscription of $600,000 toward an endowment fund, conditioned on the -pledging by others of $400,000 before June 1, 1890. The Rev. T. W. -Goodspeed, and the Rev. E. T. Gates, Secretary of the Education Society, -succeeded in raising this amount, and in addition a block and a half of -ground as a site for the institution, valued at $125,000, given by Mr. -Marshall Field of Chicago. Two and a half blocks were purchased for -$282,500, making in all twenty-four acres, lying between the two great -south parks of Chicago, Washington and Jackson, and fronting on the -Midway Plaisance, a park connecting the other two. These parks contain a -thousand acres. - -The university was incorporated in 1890, and Professor William Rainey -Harper of Yale University was elected President. The choice was an -eminently wise one, a man of progressive ideas being needed for the -great university. He had graduated at Muskingum College in 1870, taken -his degree of Ph.D. at Yale in 1875, been Professor of Hebrew and the -cognate languages at the Baptist Union Theological Seminary for seven -years, Professor of the Semitic Languages at Yale for five years, and -Woolsey Professor of Biblical Literature at Yale for two years, besides -filling other positions of influence. - -In September, 1890, Mr. Rockefeller made a second subscription of -$1,000,000; and, in accordance with the terms of this gift, the -Theological Seminary was removed from Morgan Park to the University -site, as the Divinity School of the University, and dormitories erected, -and an academy of the University established at Morgan Park. - -The University began the erection of its first buildings Nov. 26, 1891. -Mr. Henry Ives Cobb was chosen as the architect, and the English Gothic -style is to be maintained throughout. The buildings are of blue Bedford -stone, with red tiled roofs. The recitation buildings, laboratories, -chapel, museum, gymnasium, and library are the central features; while -the dormitories are arranged in quadrangles on the four corners. - -Mr. Rockefeller's third gift was made in February, 1892, "one thousand -five per cent bonds of the par value of one million dollars," for the -further endowment of instruction. In December of the same year he gave -an equal amount for endowment, "one thousand thousand-dollar five per -cent bonds." In June, 1893 he gave $150,000; the next year, December, -1894, in cash, $675,000. On Jan. 1, 1896, another million, promising two -millions more on condition that the University should also raise two -millions. Half of this sum was obtained at once through the gift of -Miss Helen Culver. In her letter to the trustees of the University, she -says, "The whole gift shall be devoted to the increase and spread of -knowledge within the field of biological science.... Among the motives -prompting this gift is the desire to carry out the ideas, and to honor -the memory, of Mr. Charles J. Hull, who was for a considerable time a -member of the Board of Trustees of the old University of Chicago." - -Miss Culver is a cousin of the late Mr. Hull, who left her his millions -for philanthropic purposes. Their home for many years was the mansion -since known as Hull House. - -The University of Chicago has been fortunate in other gifts. Mr. S. A. -Kent of Chicago gave the Kent Chemical Laboratory, costing $235,000, -opened Jan. 1, 1894. The Ryerson Physical Laboratory, costing $225,000, -opened July 2, 1894, was the gift of Mr. Martin A. Ryerson, as a -memorial to his father. Mrs. Caroline Haskell gave $100,000 for the -Haskell Oriental Museum, as a memorial of her husband, Mr. Frederick -Haskell. There will be rooms for Egyptian, Babylonian, Greek, Hebrew, -and other collections. Mr. George C. Walker, $130,000 for the Walker -Museum for geological and anthropological specimens; Mr. Charles T. -Yerkes, nearly a half million for the Yerkes Observatory and forty-inch -telescope; Mrs. N. S. Foster, Mrs. Henrietta Snell, Mrs. Mary Beecher, -and Mrs. Elizabeth G. Kelley have each given $50,000, or more, for -dormitories. It is expected that half a million will be realized from -the estate of William B. Ogden for "The Ogden (graduate) School of -Science." The first payment has amounted to half that sum. Considerably -over $10,000,000 have been given to the University. The total endowment -is over $6,000,000. - -The University opened its doors to students on Oct. 1, 1892, in Cobb -Lecture Hall, given by Mr. Silas B. Cobb of Chicago, and costing -$150,000. The number of students during the first year exceeded nine -hundred. The professors have been chosen with great care, and number -among them some very distinguished men, from both the Old World and the -New. The University of Chicago is co-educational, which is matter for -congratulation. Its courses are open on equal terms to men and women, -with the same teachers, the same studies, and the same diplomas. "Three -of the deans are women," says Grace Gilruth Rigby in _Peterson's -Magazine_ for February, 1896, "and half a dozen women are members of its -faculty. They instruct men as well as women, and in this particular it -differs from most co-educational schools." - -The University has some unique features. Instead of the usual college -year beginning in September, the year is divided into four quarters, -beginning respectively on the first day of July, October, January, and -April, and continuing twelve weeks each, with a recess of one week -between the close of each quarter and the beginning of the next. Degrees -are conferred the last week of every quarter. The summer quarter, which -was at first an experiment, has proved so successful that it is now an -established feature. - -The instructor takes his vacation in any quarter, or may take two -vacations of six weeks each. The student may absent himself for a term -or more, and take up the work where he left off, or he may attend all -the quarters, and thus shorten his college course. Much attention is -given to University Extension work, and proper preparatory work is -obtained through the affiliation of academies with the University. -Instruction is also given by the University through correspondence with -those who wish to pursue preparatory or college studies. - -"Chicago is, as far as I am aware," writes the late Hjalmar Hjorth -Boyesen in the _Cosmopolitan_ for April, 1893, "the first institution -which, by the appointment of a permanent salaried university extension -faculty, has formally charged itself with a responsibility for the -outside public. This is a great step, and one of tremendous -consequence." - -A non-resident student is expected to matriculate at the University, and -usually spends the first year in residence. Non-resident work is -accepted for only one-third of the work required for a degree. - -The University has eighty regular fellowships and scholarships, besides -several special fellowships. - -The institution, according to Robert Herrick, in _Scribner's Magazine_ -for October, 1895, seems to have the spirit of its founder. "Two college -settlements in the hard districts of Chicago," he writes, "are supported -and manned by the students.... The classes and clubs of the settlements -show that the college students feel the impossibility of an academic -life that lives solely to itself. On the philanthropic committee, and as -teachers in the settlement classes, men and women, instructors and -students, work side by side. The interest in sociological studies, which -is commoner at Chicago than elsewhere, stimulates this modern activity -in college life." - -The University of Chicago has been successful from the first. In 1895 it -numbered 1,265 students, of whom 493 were in the graduate schools, most -of them having already received their bachelor's degree at other -colleges. In 1896 there are over 1,900 students. The possibilities of -the university are almost unlimited. - -Dr. Albert Shaw writes in the _Review of Reviews_ for February, 1893, -"No rich man's recognition of his opportunity to serve society in his -own lifetime has ever produced results so mature and so extensive in so -very short a time as Mr. John D. Rockefeller's recent gifts to the -Chicago University." - -The _New York Sun_ for July 4, 1896, gives Mr. Rockefeller the following -well-deserved praise: "Mr. John D. Rockefeller has paid his first visit -to the University of Chicago, which was built up and endowed by his -magnificent gifts. The millions he has bestowed on that institution make -him one of the very greatest of private contributors to the foundation -of a school of learning in the whole history of the world. He has given -the money, moreover, in his lifetime, and thus differs from nearly all -others of the most notable founders and endowers of colleges. - -"By so giving, too, he has distinguished himself from the great mass of -all those who have made large benefactions for public uses. He has taken -the millions from his rapidly accumulating fortune; and he has made the -gifts quietly, modestly, and without the least seeking for popular -applause, or to win the conspicuous manifestations of honor their -munificence could easily have obtained for him. The reason for this -remarkable peculiarity of Mr. Rockefeller as a public benefactor is -that, being a deeply religious man, he has made his gifts as an -obligation of religious duty, as it seems to him." - -Mr. Rockefeller's latest gift, of $600,000, was made to the people of -Cleveland, Ohio, when that city celebrated her one hundredth birthday, -July 22, 1896. The gift was two hundred and seventy-six acres of land of -great natural beauty, to complete the park system of the city. For this -land Mr. Rockefeller paid $600,000. The land is already worth a million -dollars, and will be worth many times that amount in the years to come. - -When announcing Mr. Rockefeller's munificent gift to the city, Mr. J. G. -W. Cowles, president of the Chamber of Commerce, said of the giver: "His -modesty is equal to his liberality, and he is not here to share with us -this celebration. The streams of his benevolence flow largely in hidden -channels, unseen and unknown to men; but when he founds a university in -Chicago, or gives a beautiful park to Cleveland, with native forests and -shady groves, rocky ravines, sloping hillsides and level valleys, -cascades and running brook and still pools of water, all close by our -homes, open and easy of access to all our people, such deeds cannot be -hid--they belong to the public and to history, as the gift itself is for -the people and for posterity." - -The Centennial gift has caused great rejoicing and gratitude, and will -be a blessing forever to the whole people, but especially to those whose -daily work keeps them away from the fresh air and the sunshine. - -A day or two after the gift had been received, a large number of -Cleveland's prominent citizens visited the giver at his home at Forest -Hill, to express to him the thanks of the city. After the address of -gratitude, Mr. Rockefeller responded with much feeling. - -"This is our Centennial year," he said. "The city of Cleveland has grown -to great proportions, and has prospered far beyond anything any of us -had anticipated. What will be said by those who will come after us when -a hundred years hence this city celebrates its second Centennial -anniversary, and reference is made to you, gentlemen, and to me? Will it -be said that this or that man has accumulated great treasures? No; all -that will be forgotten. The question will be, What did we do with our -treasures? Did we, or did we not, use them to help our fellow-man? This -will be forever remembered." - -After referring to his early school-life in the city, and efforts to -find employment, he told how, needing a little money to engage in -business, and in the "innocence of his youth and inexperience" supposing -almost any of his business friends would indorse his note for the amount -needed, he visited one after another; and, said Mr. Rockefeller, "each -one of them had the most excellent reasons for refusing!" - -Finally he determined to try the bankers, and called upon a man whom the -city delights to honor, Mr. T. P. Handy. The banker received the young -man kindly, invited him to be seated, asked a few questions, and then -loaned him $2,000, "a large amount for me to have all at one time," said -Mr. Rockefeller. - -Mr. Rockefeller is still in middle life, with, it is hoped, many years -before him in which to carry out his great projects of benevolence. He -is as modest and gentle in manner, as unostentatious and as kind in -heart, as when he had no millions to give away. He is never harsh, seems -to have complete self-control, and has not forgotten to be grateful to -the men who befriended and trusted him in his early business life. - -His success may be attributed in part to industry, energy, economy, and -good sense. He loved his work, and had the courage to battle with -difficulties. He had steadiness of character, the ability to command the -confidence of business men from the beginning, and gave close and -careful attention to the matters intrusted to him. - -Mr. Rockefeller will be remembered, not so much because he accumulated -millions, but because he gave away millions, thereby doing great good, -and setting a noble example. - - - -***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FAMOUS GIVERS AND THEIR GIFTS*** - - -******* This file should be named 50772-8.txt or 50772-8.zip ******* - - -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: -http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/5/0/7/7/50772 - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, -and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive -specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this -eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook -for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, -performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given -away--you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks -not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the -trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. - -START: FULL LICENSE - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full -Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at -www.gutenberg.org/license. - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or -destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your -possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a -Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound -by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the -person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph -1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this -agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the -Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection -of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual -works in the collection are in the public domain in the United -States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the -United States and you are located in the United States, we do not -claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, -displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as -all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope -that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting -free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm -works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the -Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily -comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the -same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when -you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are -in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, -check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this -agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, -distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any -other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no -representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any -country outside the United States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other -immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear -prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work -on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, -performed, viewed, copied or distributed: - - This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and - most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no - restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it - under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this - eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the - United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you - are located before using this ebook. - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is -derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not -contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the -copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in -the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are -redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply -either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or -obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any -additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms -will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works -posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the -beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including -any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access -to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format -other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official -version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site -(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense -to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means -of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain -Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the -full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -provided that - -* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed - to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has - agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid - within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are - legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty - payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in - Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg - Literary Archive Foundation." - -* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all - copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue - all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm - works. - -* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of - any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of - receipt of the work. - -* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than -are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing -from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and The -Project Gutenberg Trademark LLC, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project -Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may -contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate -or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other -intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or -other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or -cannot be read by your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium -with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you -with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in -lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person -or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second -opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If -the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing -without further opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO -OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT -LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of -damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement -violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the -agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or -limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or -unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the -remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in -accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the -production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, -including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of -the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this -or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or -additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any -Defect you cause. - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of -computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It -exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations -from people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future -generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see -Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at -www.gutenberg.org - -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by -U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's principal office is in Fairbanks, Alaska, with the -mailing address: PO Box 750175, Fairbanks, AK 99775, but its -volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous -locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt -Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to -date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and -official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact - -For additional contact information: - - Dr. Gregory B. Newby - Chief Executive and Director - gbnewby@pglaf.org - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide -spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND -DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular -state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To -donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. - -Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project -Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be -freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and -distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of -volunteer support. - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in -the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not -necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper -edition. - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search -facility: www.gutenberg.org - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. - diff --git a/old/50772-8.zip b/old/50772-8.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 687448f..0000000 --- a/old/50772-8.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/50772-h.zip b/old/50772-h.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 895eafd..0000000 --- a/old/50772-h.zip +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/50772-h/50772-h.htm b/old/50772-h/50772-h.htm deleted file mode 100644 index 45ea177..0000000 --- a/old/50772-h/50772-h.htm +++ /dev/null @@ -1,11277 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" - "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"> -<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> -<head> -<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=ISO-8859-1" /> -<title>The Project Gutenberg eBook of Famous Givers and Their Gifts, by Sarah Knowles Bolton</title> - <style type="text/css"> - - p { margin-top: .75em; - text-align: justify; - margin-bottom: .75em; - } - - p.bold {text-align: center; font-weight: bold;} - p.bold2 {text-align: center; font-weight: bold; font-size: 150%;} - - h1,h2,h3,h4,h5,h6 { - text-align: center; /* all headings centered */ - clear: both; - } - h1 span, h2 span { display: block; text-align: center; } - #id1 { font-size: smaller } - - - hr { - width: 33%; - margin-top: 2em; - margin-bottom: 2em; - margin-left: 33.5%; - margin-right: 33.5%; - clear: both; - } - - hr.smler { - width: 10%; - margin-top: 2em; - margin-bottom: 2em; - margin-left: 45%; - margin-right: 45%; - clear: both; - } - - body{margin-left: 10%; - margin-right: 10%; - } - - table {margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; padding: 5px; border-collapse: collapse; border: none; text-align: right;} - - .pagenum { /* uncomment the next line for invisible page numbers */ - /* visibility: hidden; */ - position: absolute; - left: 92%; - font-size: smaller; - text-align: right; - text-indent: 0px; - } /* page numbers */ - - .center {text-align: center;} - .smaller {font-size: smaller;} - .smcap {font-variant: small-caps;} - .box {max-width: 30em; margin: 1.5em auto; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; padding: 0.5em;} - .space-above {margin-top: 3em;} - .right {text-align: right;} - .left {text-align: left;} - - .poem {display: inline-block; text-align: left;} - .poem br {display: none;} - .poem .stanza {margin: 1em 0em 1em 0em;} - .poem div {margin: 0; padding-left: 3em; text-indent: -3em;} - .poem div.i1 {margin-left: 1em;} - .poem div.i2 {margin-left: 2em;} - .poem div.i9 {margin-left: 9em;} - - hr.full { width: 100%; - margin-top: 3em; - margin-bottom: 0em; - margin-left: auto; - margin-right: auto; - height: 4px; - border-width: 4px 0 0 0; /* remove all borders except the top one */ - border-style: solid; - border-color: #000000; - clear: both; } - </style> -</head> -<body> -<h1>The Project Gutenberg eBook, Famous Givers and Their Gifts, by Sarah -Knowles Bolton</h1> -<p>This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States -and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no -restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it -under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this -eBook or online at <a -href="http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you are not -located in the United States, you'll have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this ebook.</p> -<p>Title: Famous Givers and Their Gifts</p> -<p>Author: Sarah Knowles Bolton</p> -<p>Release Date: December 27, 2015 [eBook #50772]</p> -<p>Language: English</p> -<p>Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1</p> -<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FAMOUS GIVERS AND THEIR GIFTS***</p> -<p> </p> -<h4>E-text prepared by Shaun Pinder, Martin Pettit,<br /> - and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br /> - (<a href="http://www.pgdp.net">http://www.pgdp.net</a>)<br /> - from page images generously made available by<br /> - Internet Archive<br /> - (<a href="https://archive.org">https://archive.org</a>)</h4> -<p> </p> -<table border="0" style="background-color: #ccccff;margin: 0 auto;" cellpadding="10"> - <tr> - <td valign="top"> - Note: - </td> - <td> - Images of the original pages are available through - Internet Archive. See - <a href="https://archive.org/details/famousgiversthei00bolt"> - https://archive.org/details/famousgiversthei00bolt</a> - </td> - </tr> -</table> -<p> </p> -<hr class="full" /> -<p> </p> -<p> </p> -<p> </p> - -<div class="center"><a name="cover.jpg" id="cover.jpg"></a><img src="images/cover.jpg" alt="cover" /></div> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_i" id="Page_i">[Pg i]</a></span></p> - -<div class="box"> - -<h2><span class="smcap">Mrs. Bolton's Famous Books.</span></h2> - -<hr class="smler" /> - -<p class="center">"<i>Mrs. Bolton never fails to interest and instruct her -readers.</i>"<br />—Chicago Inter-Ocean.</p> - -<hr class="smler" /> - -<table summary="book list"> - <tr> - <td class="left">POOR BOYS WHO BECAME FAMOUS</td> - <td> $1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="left">GIRLS WHO BECAME FAMOUS</td> - <td> 1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="left">FAMOUS MEN OF SCIENCE</td> - <td> 1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="left">FAMOUS AMERICAN STATESMEN</td> - <td> 1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="left">FAMOUS ENGLISH STATESMEN</td> - <td> 1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="left">FAMOUS AMERICAN AUTHORS</td> - <td> 1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="left">FAMOUS ENGLISH AUTHORS</td> - <td> 1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="left">FAMOUS EUROPEAN ARTISTS</td> - <td> 1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="left">FAMOUS TYPES OF WOMANHOOD</td> - <td> 1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="left">FAMOUS VOYAGERS AND EXPLORERS</td> - <td> 1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="left">FAMOUS LEADERS AMONG MEN</td> - <td> 1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="left">FAMOUS LEADERS AMONG WOMEN</td> - <td> 1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="left">FAMOUS GIVERS AND THEIR GIFTS</td> - <td> 1.50</td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="left">STORIES FROM LIFE</td> - <td> 1.25</td> - </tr> -</table> - -<hr class="smler" /> - -<p class="center"><i>For sale by all booksellers. Send for catalogue.</i></p> - -<hr class="smler" /> - -<p class="center">THOMAS Y. CROWELL & CO.</p> - -<p class="center">NEW YORK & BOSTON.</p> -</div> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_ii" id="Page_ii">[Pg ii]</a></span></p> - -<div class="center"><img src="images/i003.jpg" alt="STEPHEN GIRARD" /></div> - -<p class="bold">STEPHEN GIRARD</p> - -<p class="bold">(Used by courtesy of Henry A. Ingram.)</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_iii" id="Page_iii">[Pg iii]</a></span></p> - -<h1><span class="smcap">Famous Givers and Their<br />Gifts</span></h1> - -<p class="bold space-above">BY</p> - -<p class="bold2">SARAH KNOWLES BOLTON</p> - -<p class="bold">AUTHOR OF "POOR BOYS WHO BECAME FAMOUS," "GIRLS WHO BECAME FAMOUS,"<br /> -"FAMOUS AMERICAN AUTHORS," "FAMOUS AMERICAN STATESMEN," "FAMOUS<br /> -MEN OF SCIENCE," "FAMOUS EUROPEAN ARTISTS," "FAMOUS<br /> -TYPES OF WOMANHOOD," "STORIES FROM LIFE," "FROM HEART<br /> -AND NATURE" (POEMS), "FAMOUS ENGLISH AUTHORS,"<br />"FAMOUS ENGLISH STATESMEN," "FAMOUS VOYAGERS,"<br /> -"FAMOUS LEADERS AMONG WOMEN,"<br />"FAMOUS LEADERS AMONG MEN,"<br /> -"THE INEVITABLE, AND<br />OTHER POEMS," ETC.</p> - -<p class="bold space-above">"<i>For none of us liveth to himself.</i>"</p> - -<hr class="smler" /> - -<p class="bold space-above">NEW YORK: <span class="smcap">46 East 14th Street</span><br /> -THOMAS Y. CROWELL & COMPANY<br />BOSTON: <span class="smcap">100 Purchase Street</span></p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_iv" id="Page_iv">[Pg iv]</a></span></p> - -<p class="center space-above"><span class="smcap">Copyright, 1896,<br /> -By Thomas Y. Crowell & Company.</span></p> - -<p class="center space-above"><span class="smcap">Typography by C. J. Peters & Son,<br /> -Boston, U.S.A.</span></p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_v" id="Page_v">[Pg v]</a></span></p> - -<p class="center">TO<br /><br />THE MEMORY<br /><br />OF<br /><br /> -<b>William Frederick Poole</b>,<br /><br />THE ORIGINATOR<br /><br /> -OF<br /><br />"POOLE'S INDEX."</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_vii" id="Page_vii">[Pg vii]</a></span></p> - -<h2>PREFACE.</h2> - -<hr class="smler" /> - -<p>While it is interesting to see how men have built up fortunes, as a -rule, through industry, saving, and great energy, it is even more -interesting to see how those fortunes have been or may be used for the -benefit of mankind.</p> - -<p>In a volume of this size, of course, it is impossible to speak of but -few out of many who have given generously of their wealth, both in this -country and abroad.</p> - -<p>The book has been written with the hope that others may be incited to -give through reading it, and may see the results of their giving in -their lifetime. A sketch of George Peabody may be found in "Poor Boys -who became Famous;" a sketch of Johns Hopkins in "How Success is Won."</p> - -<p class="right">S. K. B.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_ix" id="Page_ix">[Pg ix]</a></span></p> - -<h2>CONTENTS.</h2> - -<hr class="smler" /> - -<table summary="CONTENTS"> - <tr> - <td></td> - <td><span class="smaller">PAGE</span></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="left"><span class="smcap">John Lowell, Jr., and His Free Lectures</span></td> - <td><a href="#Page_1">1</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="left"><span class="smcap">Stephen Girard and His College for Orphans</span></td> - <td><a href="#Page_29">29</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="left"><span class="smcap">Andrew Carnegie and His Libraries</span></td> - <td><a href="#Page_58">58</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="left"><span class="smcap">Thomas Holloway; His Sanatorium and College</span></td> - <td><a href="#Page_89">89</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="left"><span class="smcap">Charles Pratt and His Institute</span></td> - <td><a href="#Page_108">108</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="left"><span class="smcap">Thomas Guy and His Hospital</span></td> - <td><a href="#Page_128">128</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="left"><span class="smcap">Sophia Smith and Her College for Women</span></td> - <td><a href="#Page_153">153</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="left"><span class="smcap">James Lick and His Telescope</span></td> - <td><a href="#Page_173">173</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="left"><span class="smcap">Leland Stanford and His University</span></td> - <td><a href="#Page_201">201</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="left"><span class="smcap">Captain Thomas Coram and His Foundling Asylum</span></td> - <td><a href="#Page_234">234</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="left"><span class="smcap">Henry Shaw and His Botanical Garden</span></td> - <td><a href="#Page_247">247</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="left"><span class="smcap">James Smithson and the Smithsonian Institution</span></td> - <td><a href="#Page_258">258</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="left"><span class="smcap">Pratt, Lenox, Mary Macrae Stuart, Newberry,<br /> -Crerar, Astor, Reynolds and their Libraries</span></td> - <td><a href="#Page_264">264</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="left"><span class="smcap">Frederick H. Rindge and His Gifts</span></td> - <td><a href="#Page_283">283</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="left"><span class="smcap">Anthony J. Drexel and His Institute</span></td> - <td><a href="#Page_285">285</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="left"><span class="smcap">Philip D. Armour and His Institute</span></td> - <td><a href="#Page_291">291</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="left"><span class="smcap">Leonard Case and His School of Applied Science</span></td> - <td><a href="#Page_297">297</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="left"><span class="smcap">Asa Packer and Lehigh University</span></td> - <td><a href="#Page_301">301</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="left"><span class="smcap">Cornelius Vanderbilt and Vanderbilt University</span></td> - <td><a href="#Page_306">306</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="left"><span class="smcap">Baron Maurice de Hirsch</span></td> - <td><a href="#Page_312">312</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="left"><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_x" id="Page_x">[Pg x]</a></span><span class="smcap">Isaac Rich and Boston University</span></td> - <td><a href="#Page_315">315</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="left"><span class="smcap">Daniel B. Fayerweather and Others</span></td> - <td><a href="#Page_318">318</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="left"><span class="smcap">Catharine Lorillard Wolfe</span></td> - <td><a href="#Page_323">323</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="left"><span class="smcap">Mary Elizabeth Garrett</span></td> - <td><a href="#Page_326">326</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="left"><span class="smcap">Mrs. Anna Ottendorfer</span></td> - <td><a href="#Page_328">328</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="left"><span class="smcap">Daniel P. Stone and Valeria G. Stone</span></td> - <td><a href="#Page_331">331</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="left"><span class="smcap">Samuel Williston</span></td> - <td><a href="#Page_332">332</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="left"><span class="smcap">John F. Slater and Daniel Hand</span></td> - <td><a href="#Page_336">336</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="left"><span class="smcap">George T. Angell</span></td> - <td><a href="#Page_347">347</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="left"><span class="smcap">William W. Corcoran</span></td> - <td><a href="#Page_351">351</a></td> - </tr> - <tr> - <td class="left"><span class="smcap">John D. Rockefeller and Chicago University</span></td> - <td><a href="#Page_357">357</a></td> - </tr> -</table> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_1" id="Page_1">[Pg 1]</a></span></p> - -<h2><span><span class="smcap">JOHN LOWELL, Jr.,</span></span> <span class="smaller">AND HIS FREE LECTURES.</span></h2> - -<hr class="smler" /> - -<p>There is often something pathetic about a great gift. The only son of -Leland Stanford dies, and the millions which he would have inherited are -used to found a noble institution on the Pacific Coast.</p> - -<p>The only son of Henry F. Durant, the noted Boston lawyer, dies, and the -sorrowing father and mother use their fortune to build beautiful -Wellesley College.</p> - -<p>The only son of Amasa Stone is drowned while at Yale College, and his -father builds Adelbert College of Western Reserve University, to honor -his boy, and bless his city and State.</p> - -<p>John Lowell, Jr., early bereft of his wife and two daughters, his only -children, builds a lasting monument for himself, in his Free Lectures -for the People, for all time,—the Lowell Institute of Boston.</p> - -<p>John Lowell, Jr., was born in Boston, Mass., May 11, 1799, of -distinguished ancestry. His great-grandfather, the Rev. John Lowell, was -the first minister of Newburyport. His grandfather, Judge John Lowell, -was one of the framers of the Massachusetts Constitution in 1780. He -inserted in the bill of rights the clause declaring that "all men are -born free and equal," for the purpose, as he said, of abolishing slavery -in Massachusetts; and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_2" id="Page_2">[Pg 2]</a></span> offered his services to any slave who desired to -establish his right to freedom under that clause. His position was -declared to be constitutional by the Supreme Court of the State in 1783, -since which time slavery has had no legal existence in Massachusetts. In -1781 he was elected a member of the Continental Congress, and appointed -by President Washington a judge of the District Court of Massachusetts; -in 1801 President Adams appointed him chief justice of the Circuit -Court. He was brilliant in conversation, an able scholar, and an honest -and patriotic leader. He was for eighteen years a member of the -corporation of Harvard College.</p> - -<p>Judge Lowell had three sons, John, Francis Cabot, and Charles. John, a -lawyer, was prominent in all good work, such as the establishment of the -Massachusetts General Hospital, the Provident Institution for Savings in -the City of Boston, the Massachusetts Agricultural Society, and other -helpful projects. "He considered wealth," said Edward Everett, "to be no -otherwise valuable but as a powerful instrument of doing good. His -liberality went to the extent of his means; and where they stopped, he -exercised an almost unlimited control over the means of others. It was -difficult to resist the contagion of his enthusiasm; for it was the -enthusiasm of a strong, cultivated, and practical mind."</p> - -<div class="center"><img src="images/i014.jpg" alt="JOHN LOWELL, JR." /></div> - -<p class="bold">JOHN LOWELL, JR.</p> - -<p class="bold">(From "The Lowell Institute," by Harriette Knight Smith, published by -Lamson,<br />Wolffe & Co., Boston.)</p> - -<p>Francis Cabot, the second son, was the father of the noted giver, John -Lowell, Jr. Charles, the third son, became an eminent Boston minister, -and was the father of the poet, James Russell Lowell. On his mother's -side the ancestors of John Lowell, Jr., were also prominent. His -maternal grandfather, Jonathan Jackson, was a generous man of means, a -member of the Congress<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_3" id="Page_3">[Pg 3]</a></span> of 1782, and at the close of the Revolutionary -War largely the creditor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. He was -the treasurer of the State and of Cambridge University.</p> - -<p>John Lowell, Jr., must have inherited from such ancestors a love of -country, a desire for knowledge, and good executive ability. He was -reared in a home of comfort and intelligence. His father, Francis Cabot, -was a successful merchant, a man of great energy, strength of mind, and -integrity of character.</p> - -<p>In 1810, when young John was about eleven years old, the health of his -father having become impaired, the Lowell family went to England for -rest and change. The boy was placed at the High School of Edinburgh, -where he won many friends by his lovable qualities, and his intense -desire to gain information. When he came back to America with his -parents, he entered Harvard College in 1813, when he was fourteen years -old. He was a great reader, especially along the line of foreign travel, -and had a better knowledge of geography than most men. After two years -at Cambridge, he was obliged to give up the course from ill health, and -seek a more active live. When he was seventeen, and the year following, -he made two voyages to India, and acquired a passion for study and -travel in the East.</p> - -<p>His father, meantime, had become deeply interested in the manufacture of -cotton in America. The war of 1812 had interrupted our commerce with -Europe, and America had been compelled to manufacture many things for -herself. In 1789 Mr. Samuel Slater had brought from England the -knowledge of the inventions of Arkwright for spinning cotton. These -inventions<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_4" id="Page_4">[Pg 4]</a></span> were so carefully guarded from the public that it was almost -impossible for any one to leave England who had worked in a cotton-mill -and understood the process of manufacture. Parliament had prohibited the -exportation of the new machinery. Without the knowledge of his parents, -Samuel Slater sailed to America, carrying the complicated machinery in -his mind. At Pawtucket, R.I., he set up some Arkwright machinery from -memory, and, after years of effort and obstacles, became successful and -wealthy.</p> - -<p>Mr. Lowell determined to weave cotton, and if possible use the thread -already made in this country. He proposed to his brother-in-law, Mr. -Patrick Tracy Jackson, that they put some money into experiments, and -try to make a power-loom, as this newly invented machine could not be -obtained from abroad. They procured the model of a common loom, and -after repeated failures succeeded in reinventing a fairly good -power-loom.</p> - -<p>The thread obtained from other mills not proving available for their -looms, spinning machinery was constructed, and land was purchased on the -Merrimac River for their mills; in time a large manufacturing city -gathered about them, and was named Lowell, for the energetic and upright -manufacturer.</p> - -<p>When the war of 1812 was over, Mr. Lowell knew that the overloaded -markets of Europe and India would pour their cotton and other goods into -the United States. He therefore went to Washington in the winter of -1816, and after overcoming much opposition, obtained a protective tariff -for cotton manufacture. "The minimum duty on cotton fabrics," says -Edward Everett, "the corner-stone of the system, was proposed by Mr. -Lowell,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_5" id="Page_5">[Pg 5]</a></span> and is believed to have been an original conception on his -part. To this provision of law, the fruit of the intelligence and -influence of Mr. Lowell, New England owes that branch of industry which -has made her amends for the diminution of her foreign trade; which has -left her prosperous under the exhausting drain of her population to the -West; which has brought a market for his agricultural produce to the -farmer's door; and which, while it has conferred these blessings on this -part of the country, has been productive of good, and nothing but good, -to every other portion of it."</p> - -<p>At Mr. Lowell's death he left a large fortune to his four children, -three sons and a daughter, of whom John Lowell, Jr., was the eldest. -Like his father, John was a successful merchant; but as his business was -carried on largely with the East Indies, he had leisure for reading. He -had one of the best private libraries in Boston, and knew the contents -of his books. He did not forget his duties to his city. He was several -times a member of the Common Council and the Legislature of the State, -believing that no person has a right to shirk political responsibility.</p> - -<p>In the midst of this happy and useful life, surrounded by those who were -dear to him, in the years 1830 and 1831, when he was thirty-two years of -age, came the crushing blow to his domestic joy. His wife and both -children died, and his home was broken up. He sought relief in travel, -and in the summer of 1832 made a tour of the Western States. In the -autumn of the same year, November, 1832, he sailed for Europe, intending -to be absent for some months, or even years. As though he had a -premonition that his life would be a brief one, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_6" id="Page_6">[Pg 6]</a></span> that he might never -return, he made his will before leaving America, giving about two -hundred and fifty thousand dollars—half of his property—"to found and -sustain free lectures," "for the promotion of the moral and intellectual -and physical instruction or education of the citizens of Boston."</p> - -<p>The will provides for courses in physics, chemistry, botany, zoölogy, -mineralogy, the literature of our own and foreign nations, and -historical and internal evidences in favor of Christianity.</p> - -<p>The management of the whole fund, with the selection of lecturers, is -left to one trustee, who shall choose his successor; that trustee to be, -"in preference to all others, some male descendant of my grandfather, -John Lowell, provided there be one who is competent to hold the office -of trustee, and of the name of Lowell." The trustees of the Boston -Athenæum are empowered to look over the accounts each year, but have no -voice in the selection of the lecturers. "The trustee," says Mr. Lowell -in his will, "may also from time to time establish lectures on any -subject that, in his opinion, the wants and taste of the age may -demand."</p> - -<p>None of the money given by will is ever to be used in buildings; Mr. -Lowell probably having seen that money is too often put into brick and -stone to perpetuate the name of the donor, while there is no income for -the real work in hand. Ten per cent of the income of the Lowell fund is -to be added annually to the principal. It is believed that through wise -investing the fund is already doubled, and perhaps trebled.</p> - -<p>"The idea of a foundation of this kind," says Edward Everett, "on which, -unconnected with any place<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_7" id="Page_7">[Pg 7]</a></span> of education, provision is made, in the -midst of a large commercial population, for annual courses of -instruction by public lectures, to be delivered gratuitously to all who -choose to attend them, as far as it is practicable within our largest -halls, is, I believe, original with Mr. Lowell. I am not aware that, -among all the munificent establishments of Europe, there is anything of -this description upon a large scale."</p> - -<p>After Mr. Lowell reached Europe in the fall of 1832, he spent the winter -in Paris, and the summer in England, Scotland, and Ireland. He was all -the time preparing for his Eastern journey,—in the study of languages, -and the knowledge of instruments by which to make notes of the course of -winds, the temperature, atmospheric phenomena, the height of mountains, -and other matters of interest in the far-off lands which he hoped to -enter. Lord Glenelg, the Secretary of State for the Colonies, gave him -special facilities for his proposed tour into the interior of India.</p> - -<p>The winter of 1833 was spent in the southwestern part of France, in -visiting the principal cities of Lombardy, in Nice and Genoa, reaching -Florence early in February, 1834. In Rome he engaged a Swiss artist, an -excellent draftsman and painter, to accompany him, and make sketches of -scenery, ruins, and costumes throughout his whole journey.</p> - -<p>After some time spent in Naples and vicinity, he devoted a month to the -island of Sicily. He writes to Princess Galitzin, the granddaughter of -the famous Marshal Suvorof, whom he had met in Florence: "Clear and -beautiful are the skies in Sicily, and there is a warmth of tint about -the sunsets unrivalled even in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_8" id="Page_8">[Pg 8]</a></span> Italy. It resembles what one finds under -the tropics; and so does the vegetation. It is rich and luxuriant. The -palm begins to appear; the palmetto, the aloe, and the cactus adorn -every woodside; the superb oleander bathes its roots in almost every -brook; the pomegranate and a large species of convolvulus are everywhere -seen. In short, the variety of flowers is greater than that of the -prairies in the Western States of America, though I think their number -is less. Our rudbeckia is, I think, more beautiful than the -chrysanthemum coronarium which you see all over Sicily; but there are -the orange and the lemon."</p> - -<p>Mr. Lowell travelled in Greece, and July 10 reached Athens, "that -venerable, ruined, dirty little town," he wrote, "of which the streets -are most narrow and nearly impassable; but the poor remains of whose -ancient taste in the arts exceed in beauty everything I have yet seen in -either Italy, Sicily, or any other portions of Greece."</p> - -<p>Late in September Mr. Lowell reached Smyrna, and visited the ruins of -Magnesia, Tralles, Nysa, Laodicea, Tripolis, and Hierapolis. He writes -to a friend in America; "I then crossed Mount Messogis in the rain, and -descended into the basin of the river Hermus, visited Philadelphia, the -picturesque site of Sardis, with its inaccessible citadel, and two -solitary but beautiful Ionic columns."</p> - -<p>Early in December Mr. Lowell sailed from Smyrna in a Greek brig, -coasting along the islands of Mitylene, Samos, Patmos, and Rhodes, -arrived in Alexandria in the latter part of the month, and proceeded up -the river Nile. On Feb. 12, 1835, he writes to his friends from the top -of the great pyramid:—</p> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_9" id="Page_9">[Pg 9]</a></span></p><p>"The prospect is most beautiful. On the one side is the boundless -desert, varied only by a few low ridges of limestone hills. Then you -have heaps of sand, and a surface of sand reduced to so fine a powder, -and so easily agitated by the slightest breeze that it almost deserves -the name of fluid. Then comes the rich, verdant valley of the Nile, -studded with villages, adorned with green date-trees, traversed by the -Father of Rivers, with the magnificent city of Cairo on its banks; but -far narrower than one could wish, as it is bounded, at a distance of -some fifteen miles, by the Arabian desert, and the abrupt calcareous -ridge of Mokattam. Immediately below the spectator lies the city of the -dead, the innumerable tombs, the smaller pyramids, the Sphinx, and still -farther off and on the same line, to the south, the pyramids of Abou -Seer, Sakkârà, and Dashoor."</p> - -<p>While journeying in Egypt, Mr. Lowell, from the effects of the climate, -was severely attacked by intermittent, fever; but partially recovering, -proceeded to Thebes, and established his temporary home on the ruins of -a palace at Luxor. After examining many of its wonderful structures -carved with the names and deeds of the Pharaohs, he was again prostrated -by illness, and feared that he should not recover. He had thought out -more details about his noble gift to the people of Boston; and, sick and -among strangers, he completed in that ancient land his last will for the -good of humanity. "The few sentences," says Mr. Everett, "penned with a -tired hand, on the top of a palace of the Pharaohs, will do more for -human improvement than, for aught that appears, was done by all of that -gloomy dynasty that ever reigned."</p> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_10" id="Page_10">[Pg 10]</a></span></p><p>Mr. Lowell somewhat regained his health, and proceeded to Sioot, the -capital of Upper Egypt, to lay in the stores needed for his journey to -Nubia. While at Sioot, he saw the great caravan of Darfour in Central -Africa, which comes to the Nile once in two years, and is two or three -months in crossing the desert. It usually consists of about six hundred -merchants, four thousand slaves, and six thousand camels laden with -ivory, tamarinds, ostrich-feathers, and provisions for use on the -journey.</p> - -<p>Mr. Lowell writes in his journal: "The immense number of tall and lank -but powerful camels was the first object that attracted our attention in -the caravan. The long and painful journey, besides killing perhaps a -quarter of the original number, had reduced the remainder to the -condition of skeletons, and rendered their natural ugliness still more -appalling. Their skins were stretched, like moistened parchment scorched -by the fire, over their strong ribs. Their eyes stood out from their -shrunken foreheads; and the arched backbone of the animals rose sharp -and prominent above their sides, like a butcher's cleaver. The fat that -usually accompanies the middle of the backbone, and forms with it the -camel's bunch, had entirely disappeared. They had occasion for it, as -well as for the reservoir of water with which a bountiful nature has -furnished them, to enable them to undergo the laborious journey and the -painful fasts of the desert. Their sides were gored with the heavy -burdens they had carried.</p> - -<p>"The sun was setting. The little slaves of the caravan had just driven -in from their dry pasture of thistles, parched grass, and withered -herbage these most patient<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_11" id="Page_11">[Pg 11]</a></span> and obedient animals, so essential to -travellers in the great deserts, and without which it would be as -impossible to cross them as to traverse the ocean without vessels. Their -conductors made them kneel down, and gradually poured beans between -their lengthened jaws. The camels, not having been used to this food, -did not like it; they would have greatly preferred a bit of old, -worn-out mat, as we have found to our cost in the desert. The most -mournful cries, something between the braying of an ass and the lowing -of a cow, assailed our ears in all directions, because these poor -creatures were obliged to eat what was not good for them; but they -offered no resistance otherwise. When transported to the Nile, it is -said that the change of food and water kills most of them in a little -time."</p> - -<p>In June Mr. Lowell resumed his journey up the Nile, and was again ill -for some weeks. The thermometer frequently stood at 115 degrees. He -visited Khartoom, and then travelled for fourteen days across the desert -of Nubia to Sowakeen, a small port on the western coast of the Red Sea. -Near here, Dec. 22, he was shipwrecked on the island of Dassá, and -nearly lost his life. In a rainstorm the little vessel ran upon the -rocks. "All my people behaved well," Mr. Lowell writes. "Yanni alone, -the youngest of them, showed by a few occasional exclamations that it is -hard to look death in the face at seventeen, when all the illusions of -life are entire. As for swimming, I have not strength for that, -especially in my clothes, and so thorough a ducking and exposure might -of itself make an end of me."</p> - -<p>Finally they were rescued, and sailed for Mocha, reaching that place on -the 1st of January, 1836. Mr. Lowell<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_12" id="Page_12">[Pg 12]</a></span> was much exhausted from exposure -and his recent illness. His last letters were written, Jan. 17, at -Mocha, while waiting for a British steamer on her way to Bombay, India. -From Mr. Lowell's journal it is seen that the steamboat Hugh Lindsay -arrived at Mocha from Suez, Jan. 20; that Mr. Lowell sailed on the 23d, -and arrived at Bombay, Feb. 10. He had reached the East only to die. -After three weeks of illness, he expired, March 4, 1836, a little less -than thirty-seven years of age. For years he had studied about India and -China, and had made himself ready for valuable research; but his plans -were changed by an overruling Power in whom he had always trusted. Mr. -Lowell had wisely provided for a greater work than research in the East, -the benefits of which are inestimable and unending.</p> - -<p>Free public lectures for the people of Boston on the Lowell foundation -were begun on the evening of Dec. 31, 1839, by a memorial address on Mr. -Lowell by Edward Everett, in the Odeon, then at the corner of Federal -and Franklin Streets, before two thousand persons.</p> - -<p>The first course of lectures was on geology, given by that able -scientist, Professor Benjamin Silliman of Yale College. "So great was -his popularity," says Harriette Knight Smith in the <i>New England -Magazine</i> for February, 1895, "that on the giving out of tickets for his -second course, on chemistry, the following season, the eager crowds -filled the adjacent streets, and crushed in the windows of the 'Old -Corner Bookstore,' the place of distribution, so that provision for the -same had to be made elsewhere. To such a degree did the enthusiasm of -the public reach at that time, in its desire to attend these lectures, -that it was found necessary to open books<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_13" id="Page_13">[Pg 13]</a></span> in advance to receive the -names of subscribers, the number of tickets being distributed by lot. -Sometimes the number of applicants for a single course was eight or ten -thousand." The same number of the magazine contains a valuable list of -all the speakers at the Institute since its beginning. The usual method -now is to advertise the lectures in the Boston papers a week or more in -advance; and then all persons desiring to attend meet at a designated -place, and receive tickets in the order of their coming. At the -appointed hour, the doors of the building where the lectures are given -are closed, and no one is admitted after the speaker begins. Not long -since I met a gentleman who had travelled seven miles to attend a -lecture, and failed to obtain entrance. Harriette Knight Smith says, -"This rule was at first resisted to such a degree that a reputable -gentleman was taken to the lockup and compelled to pay a fine for -kicking his way through an entrance door. Finally the rule was submitted -to, and in time praised and copied."</p> - -<p>For seven years the Lowell Institute lectures were given in the Odeon, -and for thirteen years in Marlboro Chapel, between Washington and -Tremont, Winter and Bromfield Streets. Since 1879 they have been heard -in Huntington Hall, Boylston Street, in the Rogers Building of the -Massachusetts Institute of Technology.</p> - -<p>Since the establishment of the free lectures, over five thousand have -been given to the people by some of the most eminent and learned men of -both hemispheres,—Lyell, Tyndall, Wallace, Holmes, Lowell, Bryce, and -more than three hundred others. Sir Charles Lyell lectured on Geology, -Professor Asa Gray on Botany,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_14" id="Page_14">[Pg 14]</a></span> Oliver Wendell Holmes on English Poetry -of the Nineteenth Century, E. H. Davis on Mounds and Earthworks of the -Mississippi Valley, Lieutenant M. F. Maury on Winds and Currents of the -Sea, Mark Hopkins (President of Williams College) on Moral Philosophy, -Charles Eliot Norton on The Thirteenth Century, Henry Barnard on -National Education, Samuel Eliot on Evidences of Christianity, Burt G. -Wilder on The Silk Spider of South Carolina, W. D. Howells on Italian -Poets of our Century, Professor John Tyndall on Light and Heat, Dr. -Isaac I. Hayes on Arctic Discoveries, Richard A. Proctor on Astronomy, -General Francis A. Walker on Money, Hon. Carroll D. Wright on The Labor -Question, H. H. Boyesen on The Icelandic Saga Literature, the Rev. J. G. -Wood on Structure of Animal Life, the Rev. H. R. Haweis on Music and -Morals, Alfred Russell Wallace on Darwinism and Some of Its -Applications, the Rev. G. Frederick Wright on The Ice Age in North -America, Professor James Geikie on Europe During and after the Ice Age, -John Fiske on The Discovery and Colonization of America, Professor Henry -Drummond on The Evolution of Man, President Eliot of Harvard College on -Recent Educational Changes and Tendencies.</p> - -<p>Professor Tyndall, after his Lowell lectures, gave the ten thousand -dollars which he had received for his labors in America in scholarships -to the University of Pennsylvania, Harvard University, and Columbia -College.</p> - -<p>Mr. John Amory Lowell, a cousin of John Lowell, Jr., and the trustee -appointed by him, at the suggestion of Lyell, a mutual friend, invited -Louis Agassiz to come to Boston, and give a course of lectures before -the Institute<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_15" id="Page_15">[Pg 15]</a></span> in 1846. He came; and the visit resulted in the building, -by Mr. Abbott Lawrence, of the Lawrence Scientific School in connection -with Harvard College, and the retaining of the brilliant and noble -Agassiz in this country as a professor of zoölogy and geology. The -influence of such lectures upon the intellectual growth and moral -welfare of a city can scarcely be estimated. It is felt through the -State, and eventually through the nation.</p> - -<p>Mr. Lowell in his will planned also for other lectures, "those more -erudite and particular for students;" and for twenty years there have -been "Lowell free courses of instruction in the Institute of -Technology," given usually in the evening in the classrooms of the -professors. These are the same lectures usually given to regular -students, and are free alike to men and women over eighteen years of -age. These courses of instruction include mathematics, mechanics, -physics, drawing, chemistry, geology, natural history, navigation, -biology, English, French, German, history, architecture, and -engineering. Through the generosity of Mr. Lowell, every person in -Boston may become educated, if he or she have the time and desire. Over -three thousand such lectures have been given.</p> - -<p>For many years the Lowell Institute has furnished instruction in science -to the school-teachers of Boston. It now furnishes lectures on practical -and scientific subjects to workingmen, under the auspices of the Wells -Memorial Workingmen's Institute.</p> - -<p>As the University Extension Lectures carry the college to the people, so -more and more the Lowell fund is carrying helpful and practical -intelligence to every nook<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_16" id="Page_16">[Pg 16]</a></span> and corner of a great city. Young people are -stimulated to endeavor, encouraged to save time in which to gain -knowledge, and to become useful and honorable citizens. When more -"Settlements" are established in all the waste places, we shall have so -many the more centres for the diffusion of intellectual and moral aid.</p> - -<p>Who shall estimate the power and value of such a gift to the people as -that of John Lowell, Jr.? The Hon. Edward Everett said truly, "It will -be, from generation to generation, a perennial source of public good,—a -dispensation of sound science, of useful knowledge, of truth in its most -important associations with the destiny of man. These are blessings -which cannot die. They will abide when the sands of the desert shall -have covered what they have hitherto spared of the Egyptian temples; and -they will render the name of Lowell in all-wise and moral estimation -more truly illustrious than that of any Pharaoh engraven on their -walls."</p> - -<p>The gift of John Lowell, Jr., has resulted in other good work besides -the public lectures. In 1850 a free drawing-school was established in -Marlboro Chapel, and continued successfully for twenty-nine years, till -the building was taken for business purposes. The pupils were required -to draw from real objects only, through the whole course. In 1872 the -Lowell School of Practical Design, for the purpose of promoting -Industrial Art in the United States, was established, and the -Massachusetts Institute of Technology assumed the responsibility of -conducting it. The Lowell Institute bears the expenses of the school, -and tuition is free to all pupils.</p> - -<p>There is a drawing-room and a weaving-room, though<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_17" id="Page_17">[Pg 17]</a></span> applicants must be -able to draw from nature before they enter. In the weaving-room are two -fancy chain-looms for dress-goods, three fancy chain-looms for woollen -cassimeres, one gingham loom, and one Jacquard loom. Samples of brocaded -silk, ribbons, alpacas, and fancy woollen goods are constantly provided -for the school from Paris and elsewhere.</p> - -<p>The course of study requires three years; and students are taught the -art of designing, and making patterns from prints, ginghams, delaines, -silks, laces, paper-hangings, carpets, oilcloths, etc. They can also -weave their designs into actual fabrics of commercial sizes of every -variety of material. The school has proved a most helpful and beneficent -institution. It is an inspiration to visit it, and see the happy and -earnest faces of the young workers, fitting themselves for useful -positions in life.</p> - -<p>The Lowell Institute has been fortunate in its management. Mr. John -Amory Lowell was the able trustee for more than forty years; and the -present trustee, Mr. Augustus Lowell, like his father, has the great -work much at heart. Dr. Benjamin E. Cotting, the curator from the -formation of the Institute, a period of more than half a century, has -won universal esteem for his ability, as also for his extreme courtesy -and kindness.</p> - -<p>John Lowell, Jr., humanly speaking, died before his lifework was -scarcely begun. The studious, modest boy, the thorough, conscientious -man, planning a journey to Africa and India, not for pleasure merely, -but for helpfulness to science and humanity, died just as he entered the -long sought-for land. A man of warm affections, he went out from a -broken home to die among strangers.</p> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_18" id="Page_18">[Pg 18]</a></span></p><p>He was so careful of his moments that, says Mr. Everett, "he spared no -time for the frivolous pleasures of youth; less, perhaps, than his -health required for its innocent relaxations, and for exercise." Whether -or not he realized that the time was short, he accomplished more in his -brief thirty-seven years than many men in fourscore and ten. It would -have been easy to spend two hundred and fifty thousand dollars in houses -and lands, in fine equipage and social festivities; but Mr. Lowell had a -higher purpose in life.</p> - -<p>After five weeks of illness, thousands of miles from all who were dear -to him, on the ruins of Thebes, in an Arab village built on the remains -of an ancient palace, Mr. Lowell penned these words: "As the most -certain and the most important part of true philosophy appears to me to -be that which shows the connection between God's revelations and the -knowledge of good and evil implanted by him in our nature, I wish a -course of lectures to be given on natural religion, showing its -conformity to that of our Saviour.</p> - -<p>"For the more perfect demonstration of the truth of those moral and -religious precepts, by which alone, as I believe, men can be secure of -happiness in this world and that to come, I wish a course of lectures to -be delivered on the historical and internal evidences in favor of -Christianity. I wish all disputed points of faith and ceremony to be -avoided, and the attention of the lecturers to be directed to the moral -doctrines of the Gospel, stating their opinion, if they will, but not -engaging in controversy, even on the subject of the penalty for -disobedience. As the prosperity of my native land, New England, which is -sterile and unproductive, must<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_19" id="Page_19">[Pg 19]</a></span> depend hereafter, as it has heretofore -depended, first on the moral qualities, and second on the intelligence -and information of its inhabitants, I am desirous of trying to -contribute towards this second object also."</p> - -<p>The friend of the people, Mr. Lowell desired that they should learn from -the greatest minds of the age without expense to themselves. It should -be an absolutely free gift.</p> - -<p>The words from the Theban ruins have had their ever broadening influence -through half a century. What shall be the result for good many centuries -from now? Tens of thousands of fortunes have been and will be spent for -self, and the names of the owners will be forgotten. John Lowell, Jr., -did not live for himself, and his name will be remembered.</p> - -<p>Others in this country have adopted somewhat Mr. Lowell's plan of -giving. The Hon. Oakes Ames, the great shovel manufacturer, member of -Congress for ten years, and builder of the Union Pacific Railroad, left -at his death, May 8, 1873, a fund of fifty thousand dollars "for the -benefit of the school children of North Easton, Mass." The income is -thirty-five hundred dollars a year, part of which is used in furnishing -magazines to children—each family having children in the schools is -supplied with some magazine; part for an industrial school where they -are taught the use of tools; and part for free lectures yearly to the -school children, adults also having the benefit of them. Thirty or more -lectures are given each winter upon interesting and profitable subjects -by able lecturers.</p> - -<p>Some of the subjects already discussed are as follows: The Great -Yellowstone Park, A Journey among<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_20" id="Page_20">[Pg 20]</a></span> the Planets, The Chemistry of a -Match, Paris, its Gardens and Palaces, A Basket of Charcoal, Tobacco and -Liquors, Battle of Gettysburg, The Story of the Jeannette, Palestine, -Electricity, Picturesque Mexico, The Sponge and Starfish, Sweden, -Physiology, History of a Steam-Engine, Heroes and Historic Places of the -Revolution, The Four Napoleons, The World's Fair, The Civil War, and -others.</p> - -<p>What better way to spend an evening than in listening to such lectures? -What better way to use one's money than in laying the foundation of -intelligent and good citizenship in childhood and youth?</p> - -<p>The press of North Easton says, "The influence and educational power of -such a series of lectures and course of instruction in a community -cannot be measured or properly gauged. From these lectures a stream of -knowledge has gone out which, we believe, will bear fruit in the future -for the good of the community. Of the many good things which have come -from the liberality of Mr. Ames, this, we believe, has been the most -potent for good of any."</p> - -<p>Judge White of Lawrence, Mass., left at his death a tract of land in the -hands of three trustees, which they were to sell, and use the income to -provide a course of not less than six lectures yearly, especially to the -industrial classes. The subjects were to be along the line of good -morals, industry, economy, the fruits of sin and of virtue. The White -fund amounts to about one hundred thousand dollars.</p> - -<p>Mrs. Mary Hemenway of Boston, who died March 6, 1894, will always be -remembered for her good works, not the least of which are the yearly -courses of free<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_21" id="Page_21">[Pg 21]</a></span> lectures for young people at the Old South Church. When -the meeting-house where Benjamin Franklin was baptized, where the town -meeting was held after the Boston Massacre in 1770, and just before the -tea was thrown overboard in 1773, and which the British troops used for -a riding-school in 1775,—when this historic place was in danger of -being torn down because business interests seemed to demand the -location, Mrs. Hemenway, with other Boston women, came forward in 1876 -to save it. She once said to Mr. Larkin Dunton, head master of the -Boston Normal School, "I have just given a hundred thousand dollars to -save the Old South; yet I care nothing for the church on the corner lot. -But, if I live, such teaching shall be done in that old building, and -such an influence shall go out from it, as shall make the children of -future generations love their country so tenderly that there can never -be another civil war in this country."</p> - -<p>Mrs. Hemenway was patriotic. When asked why she gave one hundred -thousand dollars to Tileston Normal School in Wilmington, N.C.,—her -maiden name was Tileston,—and thus provide for schools in the South, -she replied, "When my country called for her sons to defend the flag, I -had none to give. Mine was but a lad of twelve. I gave my money as a -thank-offering that I was not called to suffer as other mothers who gave -their sons and lost them. I gave it that the children of this generation -might be taught to love the flag their fathers tore down."</p> - -<p>In December, 1878, Miss C. Alice Baker began at the Old South Church a -series of talks to children on New England history, between eleven and -twelve o'clock on Saturdays, which she called, "The Children's Hour."<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_22" id="Page_22">[Pg 22]</a></span> -From the relics on the floor and in the gallery, telling of Colonial -times, she riveted their attention, thus showing to the historical -societies of this country how easily they might interest and profit the -children of our public schools, if these were allowed to visit museums -in small companies with suitable leaders.</p> - -<p>From this year, 1878, the excellent work has been carried on. Every year -George Washington's birthday is appropriately celebrated at the Old -South Meeting-house, with speeches and singing of national patriotic -airs by the children of the public schools. In 1879 Mr. John Fiske, the -noted historical writer, gave a course of lectures on Saturday mornings -upon The Discovery and Colonization of America. These were followed in -succeeding years by his lectures on The American Revolution, and others -that are now published in book form. These were more especially for the -young, but adults seemed just as eager to hear them as young persons.</p> - -<p>Regular courses of free lectures for young people were established in -the summer of 1883, more especially for those who did not leave the city -during the long summer vacations. The lectures are usually given on -Wednesday afternoons in July and August. A central topic is chosen for -the season, such as Early Massachusetts History, The War for the Union, -The War for Independence, The Birth of the Nation, The American Indians, -etc.; and different persons take part in the course.</p> - -<p>With each lecture a leaflet of four or eight pages is given to those who -attend, and these leaflets can be bound at the end of the season for a -small sum. "These are made up, for the most part, from original papers -treated in the lectures," says Mr. Edwin D. Mead who<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_23" id="Page_23">[Pg 23]</a></span> prepares them, "in -the hope to make the men and the public life of the periods more clear -and real." These leaflets are very valuable, the subjects being, "The -Voyages to Vinland, from the Saga of Eric the Red," "Marco Polo's -Account of Japan and Java," "The Death of De Soto from the Narrative of -a Gentleman of Elvas," etc. They are furnished to the schools at the -bare cost of paper and printing. Mr. Mead, the scholarly author, and -editor of the <i>New England Magazine</i>, has been untiring in the Old South -work, and has been the means of several other cities adopting like -methods for the study of early history, especially by young people.</p> - -<p>Every year since 1881 four prizes, two of forty dollars, and two of -twenty-five dollars each, have been offered to high school pupils soon -to graduate, and also to those recently graduated, for the best essays -on assigned topics of American history. Those who compete and do not win -a prize receive a present of valuable books in recognition of their -effort. From the first, Mrs. Hemenway was the enthusiastic friend and -promoter of the Old South work. She spent five thousand a year, for many -years, in carrying it forward, and left provision for its continuation -at her death. It is not too much to say that these free lectures have -stimulated the study of our early history all over the country, and made -us more earnest lovers of our flag and of our nation. The world has -little respect for a "man without a country."</p> - -<div class="center"><div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<div>"Breathes there the man with soul so dead</div> -<div>Who never to himself hath said,</div> -<div class="i1">'This is my own, my native land!'</div> -<div>Whose heart hath ne'er within him burned</div> -<div>As home his footsteps he hath turned</div> -<div class="i1">From wandering on a foreign strand?"</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_24" id="Page_24">[Pg 24]</a></span></p><p>Mrs. Hemenway did not cease her good work with her free lectures for -young people. It is scarcely easier to stop in an upward career than in -a downward. When the heart and hand are once opened to the world's -needs, they can nevermore be closed.</p> - -<p>Mrs. Hemenway, practical with all her wealth, believed that everybody -should know how to work, and thus not only be placed above want, but -dignify labor. She said, "In my youth, girls in the best families were -accustomed to participate in many of the household affairs. Some -occasionally assisted in other homes. As for myself, I read not many -books. They were not so numerous as now. I was reared principally on -household duties, the Bible, and Shakespeare."</p> - -<p>Mrs. Hemenway began by establishing kitchen gardens in Boston, opened on -Saturdays. I remember going to one of them at the North End, in 1881, -through the invitation of Mrs. Hemenway's able assistant, Miss Amy -Morris Homans. In a large, plain room of the "Mission" I found -twenty-four bright little girls seated at two long tables. They were -eager, interesting children, but most had on torn and soiled dresses and -poor shoes.</p> - -<p>In front of each stood a tiny box, used as a table, on which were four -plates, each a little over an inch wide; four knives, each three inches -long, and forks to correspond; goblets, and cups and saucers of the same -diminutive sizes.</p> - -<p>At a signal from the piano, the girls began to set the little tables -properly. First the knives and forks were put in their places, then the -very small napkins, and then the goblets. In front of the "lady of the -house"<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_25" id="Page_25">[Pg 25]</a></span> were set the cups and saucers, spoon-holder, water-pitcher, and -coffee-pot.</p> - -<p>Then they listened to a useful and pleasant talk from the leader; and -when the order was given to clear the tables, twenty-four pairs of -little hands put the pewter dishes, made to imitate silver, into a -pitcher, and the other things into dishpans, about four or five inches -wide, singing a song to the music of the piano as they washed the -dishes. These children also learned to sweep and dust, make beds, and -perform other household duties. Each pupil was given a complete set of -new clothes by Mrs. Hemenway.</p> - -<p>Many persons had petitioned to have sewing taught in the public schools -of Boston, as in London; but there was opposition, and but little was -accomplished. Mrs. Hemenway started sewing-schools, obtained capable -teachers, and in time sewing became a regular part of the public-school -work, with a department of sewing in the Boston Normal School; so that -hereafter the teacher will be as able in her department as another in -mathematics. Drafting, cutting, and fitting have been added in many -schools, so that thousands of women will be able to save expense in -their homes through the skill of their own hands.</p> - -<p>Mrs. Hemenway knew that in many homes food is poorly cooked, and health -is thereby impaired. Mr. Henry C. Hardon of Boston tells of this -conversation between two teachers: "Name some one thing that would -enable your boys to achieve more, and build up the school."—"A plate of -good soup and a thick slice of bread after recess," was the reply. "I -could get twice the work before twelve. They want new blood."</p> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_26" id="Page_26">[Pg 26]</a></span></p><p>Mrs. Hemenway started cooking-schools in Boston, which she called -school kitchens; and when it was found to be difficult to secure -suitable teachers, she established and supported a normal school of -cooking. Boston, seeing the need of proper teachers in its future work -in the schools, has provided a department of cooking in the city Normal -School.</p> - -<p>Mrs. Hemenway believed in strong bodies, aided to become such by -physical training. She offered to the School Committee of Boston to -provide for the instruction of a hundred teachers in the Swedish system, -on condition that they be allowed to use the exercises in their classes -in case they chose to do so. The result proved successful, and now over -sixty thousand in the public schools take the Swedish exercises daily.</p> - -<p>Mrs. Hemenway established the Boston Normal School of Gymnastics, from -which teachers have gone to Radcliffe College, Cambridge; Bryn Mawr, -Pennsylvania; Denver, Colorado; Drexel Institute, Philadelphia; their -average salary being slightly less than one thousand dollars, the -highest salary reaching eighteen hundred dollars. Boston has now made -the teaching of gymnastics a part of its normal-school work, so that -every graduate goes out prepared to direct the work in the school. Mrs. -Hemenway gave generously to aid the Boston Teachers' Mutual Benefit -Association; for she said, "Nothing is too good for the Boston -teachers." She was a busy woman, with no time for fashionable life, -though she welcomed to her elegant home all who had any helpful work to -do in the world. She used her wealth and her social position to help -humanity. She died leaving her impress on a great city and State, and -through that upon the nation.</p> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_27" id="Page_27">[Pg 27]</a></span></p><p>New York State and City are now carrying out an admirable plan of free -lectures for the people. The State appropriates twenty-five thousand -dollars annually that free lectures may be given "in natural history, -geography, and kindred subjects by means of pictorial representation and -lectures, to the free common schools of each city and village of the -State that has, or may have, a superintendent of free common schools." -These illustrated lectures may also be given "to artisans, mechanics, -and other citizens."</p> - -<p>This has grown largely out of the excellent work done by Professor -Albert S. Bickmore of the American Museum of Natural History, Eighth -Avenue and Seventy-seventh Street, Central Park, New York. In 1869, when -the Museum was founded, the teachers of the public schools were required -to give object-lessons on animals, plants, human anatomy, and -physiology, and came to the Museum to the curator of the department of -ethnology, Professor Bickmore, for assistance. His lectures, given on -Saturday forenoons, illustrated by the stereopticon, were upon the -body,—the muscular system, nervous system, etc.; the mineral -kingdom,—granite, marble, coal, petroleum, iron, etc.; the vegetable -kingdom,—evergreens, oaks, elms, etc.; the animal kingdom,—the sea, -corals, oysters, butterflies, bees, ants, etc.; physical geography,—the -Mississippi Valley, Yellowstone National Park, Mexico, Egypt, Greece, -Italy, West Indies, etc.; zoölogy,—fishes, reptiles, and birds, the -whale, dogs, seals, lions, monkeys, etc.</p> - -<p>These lectures became so popular and helpful that the trustees of the -Museum hired Chickering Hall for some of the courses, which were -attended by over thirteen<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_28" id="Page_28">[Pg 28]</a></span> hundred teachers each week. Professor -Bickmore also gives free illustrated lectures to the people on the -afternoons of legal holidays at the Museum, under the auspices of the -State Department of Public Instruction.</p> - -<p>New York State has done a thing which might well be copied in other -States. Each normal school of the State, and each city and village -superintendent of schools, may be provided with a stereopticon, all -needed lantern slides, and the printed lectures of Professor Bickmore, -for use before the schools. In this way children have object-lessons -which they never forget.</p> - -<p>The Museum, in co-operation with the Board of Education of the city of -New York, is providing free lectures for the people at the Museum on -Saturday evenings, by various lecturers. The Board, under the direction -of Dr. Henry M. Leipziger, is doing good work in its free illustrated -lectures for the people in many portions of the city. These are given in -the evenings, and often at the grammar-school buildings, a good use to -which to put them. Such subjects are chosen as The Navy in the Civil -War, The Progress of the Telegraph, Life in the Arctic Regions, -Emergencies and How to Meet Them (by some physician), Iron and Steel -Ship-building, The Care of the Eyes and Teeth, Burns and Scotland, -Andrew Jackson, etc. Rich and poor are alike welcome to the lectures, -and all classes are present.</p> - -<p>A city or State that does such work for the people will reap a -hundred-fold in coming generations.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_29" id="Page_29">[Pg 29]</a></span></p> - -<h2><span>STEPHEN GIRARD</span> <span class="smaller">AND HIS COLLEGE FOR ORPHANS.</span></h2> - -<hr class="smler" /> - -<p>Near the city of Bordeaux, France, on May 20, 1750, the eldest son of -Pierre Girard and his wife, Anne Marie Lafargue, was born. The family -were well-to-do; and Pierre was knighted by Louis XV. for bravery on -board the squadron at Brest, in 1744, when France and England were at -war. The king gave Pierre Girard his own sword, which Pierre at his -death ordered to be placed in his coffin, and it was buried with him. -Although the Girard family were devoted to the sea, Pierre wished to -have his boys become professional men; and this might have been the case -with the eldest son, Stephen, had not an accident changed his life.</p> - -<p>When the boy was eight years old, his right eye was destroyed. Some wet -oyster-shells were thrown upon a bonfire, and the heat breaking the -shells, a ragged piece flew into the eye. To make the calamity worse, -his playmates ridiculed his appearance with one eye closed; and he -became sensitive, and disinclined to play with any one save his brother -Jean.</p> - -<p>He was a grave and dignified lad, inclined to be domineering, and of a -quick temper. His mother tried to teach him self-control, and had she -lived, would doubtless have softened his nature; but a second mother<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_30" id="Page_30">[Pg 30]</a></span> -coming into the home, who had several children of her own, the effect -upon Stephen was disastrous. She seems not to have understood his -nature; and when he rebelled, the father sided with the new love, and -bade his son submit, or find a home as best he could.</p> - -<p>"I will leave your house," replied the passionate boy, hurt in feelings -as well as angered. "Give me a venture on any ship that sails from -Bordeaux, and I will go at once, where you shall never see me again."</p> - -<p>A business acquaintance, Captain Jean Courteau, was about to sail to San -Domingo in the West Indies. Pierre Girard gave his son sixteen thousand -livres, about three thousand dollars; and the lad of fourteen, small for -his age, went out into the world as a cabin-boy, to try his fortune.</p> - -<p>If his mother had been alive he would have been homesick, but as matters -were at present the Girard house could not be a home to him. His first -voyage lasted ten months; the three thousand dollars had gained him some -money, and the trip had made him in love with the sea. He returned for a -brief time to his brothers and sisters, and then made five other -voyages, having attained the rank of lieutenant of the vessel.</p> - -<p>When he was twenty-three, he was given authority to act as "captain of a -merchant vessel," and sailed away from Bordeaux forever. After stopping -at St. Marc's in the island of San Domingo, young Girard sailed for New -York, which he reached in July, 1774. With shrewd business ability he -disposed of the articles brought in his ship, and in so doing attracted -the interest of a prosperous merchant, Mr. Thomas Randall, who<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_31" id="Page_31">[Pg 31]</a></span> was -engaged in trade with New Orleans and the West Indies.</p> - -<p>Mr. Randall asked the energetic young Frenchman to take the position of -first officer in his ship L'Aimable Louise. This resulted so -satisfactorily that Girard was taken into partnership, and became master -of the vessel in her trade with New Orleans and the West Indies.</p> - -<p>After nearly two years, in May, 1776, Girard was returning from the West -Indies, and in a fog and storm at sea found himself in Delaware Bay, and -learned that a British fleet was outside. The pilot, who had come in -answer to the small cannon fired from Girard's ship, advised against his -going to New York, as he would surely be captured, the Revolutionary War -having begun. As he had no American money with him, a Philadelphia -gentleman who came with the pilot loaned him five dollars. This -five-dollar loan proved a blessing to the Quaker City, when in after -years she received millions from the merchant who came by accident into -her borders.</p> - -<p>Captain Girard sold his interest in L'Aimable Louise, and opened a small -store on Water Street, putting into it his cargo from the West Indies. -He hoped to go to sea again as soon as the war should be over, and -conferred with Mr. Lum, a plain shipbuilder near him on Water Street, -about building a ship for him. Mr. Lum had an unusually beautiful -daughter, Mary, a girl of sixteen, with black hair and eyes, and very -fair complexion. Though eleven years older than Mary, Stephen Girard -fell in love with her, and was married to her, June 6, 1777, before his -family could object, as they soon did<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_32" id="Page_32">[Pg 32]</a></span> strenuously, when they learned -that she was poor and below him in social rank.</p> - -<p>About three years after the marriage, Jean visited his brother Stephen -in America, and seems to have appreciated the beautiful and modest girl -to whom the family were so opposed. Henry Atlee Ingram, LL.B., in his -life of Girard, quotes several letters from Jean after he had returned -to France, or when at Cape François, San Domingo: "Be so kind as to -assure my dear sister-in-law of my true affection.... Say a thousand -kind things to her for me, and assure her of my unalterable -friendship.... Thousands and thousands of friendly wishes to your dear -wife. Say to her that if anything from here would give her pleasure, to -ask me for it. I will do everything in the world to prove to her my -attachment.... I send by Derussy the jar which your lovely wife filled -for me with gherkins, full of an excellent guava jelly for you people, -besides two orange-trees. He has promised me to take care of them. I -hope he will, and embrace, as well as you, my ever dear Mary."</p> - -<p>Three or four months after his marriage, Lord Howe having threatened the -city, Mr. Girard took his young wife to Mount Holly, N.J., to a little -farm of five or six acres which he had purchased the previous year for -five hundred dollars. Here they lived in a one-story-and-a-half frame -house for over a year, when they returned to Philadelphia and he resumed -his business. He had decided already to become a citizen of the -Republic, and took the oath of allegiance, Oct. 27, 1778.</p> - -<p>Mr. Lum at once began to build the sloop which Mr. Girard was planning -when he first met Mary, and she<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_33" id="Page_33">[Pg 33]</a></span> was named the Water-Witch. Until she -was shipwrecked, five or six years later, Mr. Girard believed she could -never cause him loss. Already he was worth over one hundred and fifty -thousand dollars, made by his own energy, prudence, and ability; but he -lived with great simplicity, and was accumulating wealth rapidly. In -1784 he built his second vessel, named, in compliment to Jean, the Two -Brothers.</p> - -<p>The next year, 1785, when he was thirty-five years old, the great sorrow -of his life came upon him. The beautiful wife, only a little beyond her -teens, became melancholy, and then hopelessly insane. Mr. Ingram -believes the eight years of Mary Girard's married life were happy years, -though the contrary has been stated. Without doubt Mr. Girard was very -fond of her, though his unbending will and temper, and the ignoring of -her relatives, were not calculated to make any woman continuously happy. -Evidently Jean, who had lived in the family, thought no blame attached -to his brother; for he wrote from Cape François: "It is impossible to -express to you what I felt at such news. I do truly pity the frightful -state I imagine you to be in, above all, knowing the regard and love you -bear your wife.... Conquer your grief, and show yourself by that worthy -of being a man; for, dear friend, when one has nothing with which to -reproach one's self, no blow, whatsoever it may be, should crush him."</p> - -<p>After a period of rest, Mrs. Girard seemed to recover. Stephen and Jean -formed a partnership, and the former sailed to the Mediterranean on -business for the firm. After three years the partnership was dissolved -by mutual consent, Stephen preferring to transact business<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_34" id="Page_34">[Pg 34]</a></span> alone. As -soon as these matters were settled, he and his wife were to take a -journey to France, which country she had long been anxious to visit. -Probably the family would then see for themselves that the unassuming -girl made an amiable, sensible wife for their eldest son.</p> - -<p>In the midst of preparations, the despondency again returned; and by the -advice of physicians, Mrs. Girard was taken to the Pennsylvania -Hospital, at Eighth and Spruce Streets, Aug. 31, 1790, where she -remained till her death in 1815, insane for over twenty-five years. She -retained much of the beauty of her girlhood, lived on the first floor of -the hospital in large rooms, had the freedom of the grounds, and was -"always sitting in the sunlight." Her mind became almost a blank; and -when the housekeeper came bringing the little daughters of Jean, Mrs. -Girard scarcely recognized her.</p> - -<p>To add still more to Mr. Girard's sorrow, after his wife had been at the -hospital several months, on March 3, 1791, a daughter was born to her, -who was named for the mother, Mary Girard. The infant was taken into the -country to be cared for, and lived but a few months. It was buried in -the graveyard of the parish church.</p> - -<p>Bereft of his only child, his home desolate, Mr. Girard plunged more -than ever into the whirl of business. He built six large ships, naming -some of them after his favorite authors,—Voltaire, Helvetius, -Montesquieu, Rousseau, Good Friends, and North America,—to trade with -China and India, and other Eastern countries. He would send grain and -cotton to Bordeaux, where, after unloading, his ships would reload with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_35" id="Page_35">[Pg 35]</a></span> -fruit and wine for St. Petersburg. There they would dispose of their -cargo, and take on hemp and iron for Amsterdam. From there they would go -to Calcutta and Canton, and return, laden with tea and silks, to -Philadelphia.</p> - -<p>Little was known about the quiet, taciturn Frenchman; but every one -supposed he was becoming very rich, which was the truth. He was not -always successful. He says in one of his letters, "We are all the -subjects of what you call 'reverses of fortune.' The great secret is to -make good use of fortune, and when reverses come, receive them with -<i>sang froid</i>, and by redoubled activity and economy endeavor to repair -them." His ship Montesquieu, from Canton, China, arrived within the -capes of Delaware, March 26, 1813, not having heard of the war between -America and England, and was captured with her valuable cargo, the -fruits of the two years' voyage. The ship was valued at $20,000, and the -cargo over $164,000. He immediately tried to ransom her, and did so with -$180,000 in coin. When her cargo was sold, the sales amounted to nearly -$500,000, so that Girard's quickness and good sense, in spite of the -ransom, brought him large gains. The teas were sold for over two dollars -a pound, on account of their scarcity from the war.</p> - -<p>Mr. Girard rose early and worked late. He spent little on clothes or for -daily needs. He evidently did not care simply to make money; for he -wrote his friend Duplessis at New Orleans: "I do not value fortune. The -love of labor is my highest ambition.... I observe with pleasure that -you have a numerous family, that you are happy in the possession of an -honest <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_36" id="Page_36">[Pg 36]</a></span>fortune. This is all that a wise man has a right to wish for. As -to myself, I live like a galley-slave, constantly occupied, and often -passing the night without sleeping. I am wrapped up in a labyrinth of -affairs, and worn out with care."</p> - -<p>To another he wrote: "When I rise in the morning my only effort is to -labor so hard during the day that when the night comes I may be enabled -to sleep soundly." He had the same strong will as in his boyhood, but he -usually controlled his temper. He kept his business to himself, and -would not permit his clerks to gossip about his affairs. They had to be -men of correct habits while in his employ. Having some suspicion of one -of the officers of his ship Voltaire, he wrote to Captain Bowen: "I -desire you not to permit a drunken or immoral man to remain on board of -your ship. Whenever such a man makes disturbance, or is disagreeable to -the rest of the crew, discharge him whenever you have the opportunity. -And if any of my apprentices should not conduct themselves properly, I -authorize you to correct them as I would myself. My intention being that -they shall learn their business, so after they are free they may be -useful to themselves and their country."</p> - -<p>Mr. Girard gave minute instructions to all his employees, with the -direction that they were to "break owners, not orders." Miss Louise -Stockton, in "A Sylvan City, or Quaint Corners in Philadelphia," tells -the following incident, illustrative of Mr. Girard's inflexible rule: -"He once sent a young supercargo with two ships on a two years' voyage. -He was to go first to London, then to Amsterdam, and so from port to -port, selling and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_37" id="Page_37">[Pg 37]</a></span> buying, until at last he was to go to Mocha, buy -coffee, and turn back. At London, however, the young fellow was charged -by the Barings not to go to Mocha, or he would fall into the hands of -pirates; at Amsterdam they told him the same thing. Everywhere the -caution was repeated; but he sailed on until he came to the last port -before Mocha. Here he was consigned to a merchant who had been an -apprentice to Girard in Philadelphia; and he, too, told him he must not -dare venture near the Red Sea.</p> - -<p>"The supercargo was now in a dilemma. On one side was his master's -order; on the other, two vessels, a valuable cargo, and a large sum of -money. The merchant knew Girard's peculiarities as well as the -supercargo did; but he thought the rule to "break owners, not orders" -might this time be governed by discretion. 'You'll not only lose all you -have made,' he said, 'but you'll never go home to justify yourself.'</p> - -<p>"The young man reflected. After all, the object of his voyages was to -get coffee; and there was no danger in going to Java, so he turned his -prow, and away he sailed to the Chinese seas. He bought coffee at four -dollars a sack, and sold it in Amsterdam at a most enormous advance, and -then went back to Philadelphia in good order, with large profits, sure -of approval. Soon after he entered the counting-room Girard came in. He -looked at the young fellow from under his bushy brows, and his one eye -gleamed with resentment. He did not greet him, nor welcome him, nor -congratulate him, but, shaking his angry hand, cried, 'What for you not -go to Mocha, sir?' And for the moment the supercargo wished he had. But -this was all Girard ever said on the subject. He rarely<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_38" id="Page_38">[Pg 38]</a></span> scolded his -employees. He might express his opinion by cutting down a salary, and -when a man did not suit him he dismissed him."</p> - -<p>When one of Girard's bookkeepers, Stephen Simpson, apparently with -little or no provocation, assaulted a fellow bookkeeper, injuring him so -severely about the head that the man was unable to leave his home for -more than a week, Girard simply laid a letter on Simpson's desk the next -morning, reducing his salary from fifteen hundred dollars to one -thousand per annum. The clerk was very angry, but did not give up his -situation. When an errand-boy was caught in the act of stealing small -sums of money from the counting-house, Mr. Girard put a more intricate -lock on the money-drawer, and made no comment. The boy was sorry for his -conduct, and gave no further occasion for complaint.</p> - -<p>Girard believed in labor as a necessity for every human being. He used -to say, "No man shall be a gentleman on <i>my</i> money." If he had a son he -should labor. He said, "If I should leave him twenty thousand dollars, -he would be lazy or turn gambler." Mr. Ingram tells an amusing incident -of an Irishman who applied to Mr. Girard for work. "Engaging the man for -a whole day, he directed the removal from one side of his yard to the -other of a pile of bricks, which had been stored there awaiting some -building operations; and this task, which consumed several hours, being -completed, he was accosted by the Irishman to know what should be done -next. 'Why, have you finished that already?' said Girard; 'I thought it -would take all day to do that. Well, just move them all back again where -you took them from; that will use up the rest of the day;' and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_39" id="Page_39">[Pg 39]</a></span> upon the -astonished Irishman's flat refusal to perform such fruitless labor, he -was promptly paid and discharged, Girard saying at the same time, in a -rather aggrieved manner, 'I certainly understood you to say that you -wanted <i>any</i> kind of work.'"</p> - -<p>Absorbed as Mr. Girard was in his business, cold and unapproachable as -he seemed to the people of Philadelphia, he had noble qualities, which -showed themselves in the hour of need. In the latter part of July, 1793, -yellow fever in its most fatal form broke out in Water Street, within a -square of Mr. Girard's residence. The city was soon in a panic. Most of -the public offices were closed, the churches were shut up, and people -fled from the city whenever it was possible to do so. Corpses were taken -to the grave on the shafts of a chaise driven by a negro, unattended, -and without ceremony.</p> - -<p>"Many never walked in the footpath, but went in the middle of the -streets, to avoid being infected in passing houses wherein people had -died. Acquaintances and friends avoided each other in the streets, and -only signified their regard by a cold nod. The old custom of shaking -hands fell into such disuse that many shrank back with affright at even -the offer of a hand. The death-calls echoed through the silent, -grass-grown streets; and at night the watcher would hear at his -neighbor's door the cry, 'Bring out your dead!' and the dead were -brought. Unwept over, unprayed for, they were wrapped in the sheet in -which they died, and were hurried into a box, and thrown into a great -pit, the rich and the poor together."</p> - -<p>"Authentic cases are recorded," says Henry W. Arey in his "Girard -College and its Founder," "where parent<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_40" id="Page_40">[Pg 40]</a></span> and child and husband and wife -died deserted and alone, for want of a little care from the hands of -absent kindred."</p> - -<p>In the midst of this dreadful plague an anonymous call for volunteer aid -appeared in the <i>Federal Gazette</i>, the only paper which continued to be -published. All but three of the "Visitors of the Poor" had died, or had -fled from the city. The hospital at Bush Hill needed some one to bring -order out of chaos, and cleanliness out of filth. Two men volunteered to -do this work, which meant probable death. To the amazement of all, one -of these was the rich and reticent foreigner, Stephen Girard. The other -man was Peter Helm. The former took the interior of the hospital under -his charge. For two months Mr. Girard spent from six to eight hours -daily in the hospital, and the rest of the time helped to remove the -sick and the dead from the infected districts round about. He wrote to a -friend in Baltimore: "The deplorable situations to which fright and -sickness have reduced the inhabitants of our city demand succor from -those who do not fear death, or who at least do not see any risk in the -epidemic which now prevails here. This will occupy me for some time; and -if I have the misfortune to succumb, I will have at least the -satisfaction to have performed a duty which we all owe to each other."</p> - -<p>Mr. Ingram quotes from the <i>United States Gazette</i> of Jan. 13, 1832, the -account of Girard at this time, witnessed by a merchant who was hurrying -by with a camphor-saturated handkerchief pressed to his mouth: "A -carriage, rapidly driven by a black servant, broke the silence of the -deserted and grass-grown street. It<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_41" id="Page_41">[Pg 41]</a></span> stopped before a frame house in -Farmer's Row, the very hotbed of the pestilence; and the driver, first -having bound a handkerchief over his mouth, opened the door of the -carriage, and quickly remounted to the box. A short, thick-set man -stepped from the coach, and entered the house.</p> - -<p>"In a minute or two the observer, who stood at a safe distance watching -the proceedings, heard a shuffling noise in the entry, and soon saw the -visitor emerge, supporting, with extreme difficulty, a tall, gaunt, -yellow-visaged victim of the pestilence. His arm was around the waist of -the sick man, whose yellow face rested against his own, his long, damp, -tangled hair mingling with his benefactor's, his feet dragging helpless -upon the pavement. Thus, partly dragging, partly lifted, he was drawn to -the carriage door, the driver averting his face from the spectacle, far -from offering to assist. After a long and severe exertion, the well man -succeeded in getting the fever-stricken patient into the vehicle, and -then entering it himself, the door was closed, and the carriage drove -away to the hospital, the merchant having recognized in the man who thus -risked his life for another, the foreigner, Stephen Girard."</p> - -<p>Twice after this, in 1797 and 1798, when the yellow fever again appeared -in Philadelphia, Mr. Girard gave his time and money to the sick and the -poor.</p> - -<p>In January, 1799, he wrote to a friend in France: "During all this -frightful time I have constantly remained in the city, and without -neglecting my public duties, I have played a part which will make you -smile. Would you believe it, my friend, that I have visited as many as -fifteen sick people in one day, and what will<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_42" id="Page_42">[Pg 42]</a></span> surprise you still more, -I have lost only one patient, an Irishman, who would drink a little."</p> - -<p>Busy, as a mariner, merchant, and helper of the sick and the poor, Mr. -Girard found time to aid the Republic, to which he had become ardently -attached. Besides serving for several terms in the City Council, and as -Warden of the Port for twenty-two years, during the war of 1812 he -rendered valuable financial aid. In 1810 Mr. Girard, having about one -million dollars in the hands of Baring Bros. & Co., London, ordered the -whole of it to be used in buying stock and shares of the Bank of the -United States. When the charter of the bank expired in 1811, Mr. Girard -purchased the whole outfit, and opened "The Bank of Stephen Girard," -with a capital of one million two hundred thousand dollars. About this -time, 1811, an attempt was made by two men to kidnap Mr. Girard by -enticing him into a house to buy goods, then seize him, and carry him to -a small ship in the Delaware, where he would be confined till he had -paid the money which they demanded. The plot was discovered. After the -men were arrested, and in prison for several months, one was declared -insane, and the other was acquitted on the ground of comparative -ignorance of the plot.</p> - -<p>Everybody believed in Mr. Girard's honesty, and in the safety of his -bank. He made temporary loans to the Government, never refusing his aid. -When near the close of the war the Government endeavored to float a loan -of five million dollars, the bonds to bear interest at seven per cent -per annum, and a bonus offered to capitalists, there was so much -indifference or fear of future payment, or opposition to the war with -Great<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_43" id="Page_43">[Pg 43]</a></span> Britain, that only $20,000 were subscribed for. Mr. Girard -determined to stake his whole fortune to save the credit of his adopted -country. He put his name opposite the whole of the loan still -unsubscribed for.</p> - -<p>The effect was magical. People at once had faith in the Government, -professed themselves true patriots, and persisted in taking shares from -Mr. Girard, which he gave them on the original terms. "The sinews of war -were thus furnished," says Mr. Arey, "public confidence was restored, -and a series of brilliant victories resulted in a peace, to which he -thus referred in a letter written in 1815 to his friend Morton of -Bordeaux: 'The peace which has taken place between this country and -England will consolidate forever our independence, and insure our -tranquillity.'"</p> - -<p>Soon after the close of the war, on Sept. 13, 1815, word was sent to Mr. -Girard that his wife, still insane, was dying. Years before, when he -found that she was incurable, he had sought a divorce, which those who -admire him most must wish that he had never attempted; and the bill -failed. He was now sixty-five, and growing old. His life had been too -long in the shadow ever to be very full of light.</p> - -<p>He asked to be sent for when all was over. Toward sunset, when Mary -Girard was in her plain coffin, word was sent to him. He came with his -household, and followed her to her resting-place, in the lawn at the -north front of the hospital. "I shall never forget the last and closing -scene," writes Professor William Wagner. "We all stood about the coffin, -when Mr. Girard, filled with emotion, stepped forward, kissed his wife's -corpse, and his tears moistened her cheek."</p> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_44" id="Page_44">[Pg 44]</a></span></p><p>She was buried in silence, after the manner of the Friends, who manage -the hospital. After the coffin was lowered, Mr. Girard looked in, and -saying to Mr. Samuel Coates, "It is very well," returned to his home.</p> - -<p>Mary Girard's grave, and that of another who died in 1807, giving the -hospital five thousand dollars on condition that he be buried there, are -now covered by the Clinic Building, erected in 1868. The bodies were not -disturbed, as there is no cellar under the structure. As a reward for -the care of his wife, soon after the burial Mr. Girard gave the hospital -about three thousand dollars, and small sums of money to the attendants -and nurses. It was his intention to be buried beside his wife, but this -plan was changed later.</p> - -<p>The next year, 1816, President Madison having chartered the second Bank -of the United States, there were so few subscribers that it was evident -that the scheme would fail. At the last moment Mr. Girard placed his -name against the stock not subscribed for,—three million one hundred -thousand dollars. Again confidence was restored to a hesitating and -timid public. Some years later, in 1829, when the State of Pennsylvania -was in pressing need for money to carry on its daily functions, the -governor asked Mr. Girard to loan the State one hundred thousand -dollars, which was cheerfully done.</p> - -<p>As it was known that Mr. Girard had amassed great wealth, and had no -children, he was constantly besought to give, from all parts of the -country. Letters came from France, begging that his native land be -remembered through some grand institution of benevolence.</p> - -<p>Ambitious though Mr. Girard was, and conscious of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_45" id="Page_45">[Pg 45]</a></span> the power of money, -he had without doubt been saving and accumulating for other reasons than -love of gain. His will, made Feb. 16, 1830, by his legal adviser, Mr. -William J. Duane, after months of conference, showed that Mr. Girard had -been thinking for years about the disposition of his millions. When -persons seemed inquisitive during his life, he would say, "My deeds must -be my life. When I am dead, my actions must speak for me."</p> - -<p>To the last Mr. Girard was devoted to business. "When death comes for -me," he said, "he will find me busy, unless I am asleep in bed. If I -thought I was going to die to-morrow, I should plant a tree, -nevertheless, to-day."</p> - -<p>His only recreation from business was going daily to his farm of nearly -six hundred acres, in Passyunk Township, where he set out choice plants -and fruit-trees, and raised the best produce for the Philadelphia -market. His yellow-bodied gig and stout horse were familiar objects to -the townspeople, though he always preferred walking to riding.</p> - -<p>His home in later years, a four-story brick house, was somewhat -handsomely furnished, with ebony chairs and seats of crimson plush from -France, a present from his brother Étienne; a tall writing-cabinet, -containing an organ given him by Joseph Bonaparte, the brother of -Napoleon, and the ex-king of Spain and Naples, who usually dined with -Mr. Girard on Sunday; a Turkey carpet, and marble statuary purchased in -Leghorn by his brother Jean. The home was made cheerful by his young -relatives. He had in his family the three daughters of Jean, and two -sons of Étienne, whom he educated.</p> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_46" id="Page_46">[Pg 46]</a></span></p><p>He loved animals, always keeping a large watch-dog at his home and on -each of his ships, saying that his property was thus much more -efficiently protected than through the services of those to whom he paid -wages. He was very fond of children, horses, dogs, and canary-birds. In -his private office several canaries swung in brass cages; and these he -taught to sing with a bird organ, which he imported from France for that -purpose.</p> - -<p>When Mr. Girard was seventy-six years of age a violent attack of -erysipelas in the head and legs led him to confine himself thereafter to -a vegetable diet as long as he lived. The sight of his one eye finally -grew so dim that he was scarcely able to find his way about the streets, -and he was often seen to grope about the vestibule of his bank to find -the door. On Feb. 12, 1820, as he was crossing the road at Second and -Market Streets, he was struck and badly injured by a wagon, the wheel of -which passed over his head and cut his face. He managed to regain his -feet and reach his home. While the doctors were dressing the wound and -cleansing it of the sand, he said, "Go on, Doctor, I am an old sailor; I -can bear a good deal."</p> - -<p>After some months he was able to return to his bank; but in December, -1831, nearly two years after the accident, an attack of influenza, then -prevailing, followed by pneumonia, caused his death. He lay in a stupor -for some days, but finally rallied, and walked across the room. The -effort was too great, and putting his hand against his forehead, he -exclaimed, "How violent is this disorder! How very extraordinary it is!" -and soon died, without speaking again, at five o'clock in the afternoon -of Dec. 26, 1831, nearly eighty-two years old.</p> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_47" id="Page_47">[Pg 47]</a></span></p><p>He was given a public funeral by the city which he had so many times -befriended. A great concourse of people gathered to watch the procession -or to join it, all houses being closed along the route, the city -officials walking beside the coffin carried in an open hearse. So large -a funeral had never been known in Philadelphia, said the press. The body -was taken to the Holy Trinity Roman Catholic Church, and placed in the -vault of Baron Henry Dominick Lallemand, General of Artillery under -Napoleon I., who had married the youngest daughter of Girard's brother -Jean. Mr. Girard was born in the Romish Church, and never severed his -connection, although he attended a church but rarely. He liked the -Friends, and modelled his life after their virtues; but he said it was -better for a man to die in the faith in which he was born. He gave -generously to all religious denominations and to the poor.</p> - -<p>When Mr. Girard's will was read, it was apparent for what purpose he had -saved his money. He gave away about $7,500,000, a remarkable record for -a youth who left home at fourteen, and rose from a cabin-boy to be one -of the wealthiest men of his time.</p> - -<p>The first gift in the will, and the largest to any existing corporation, -was $30,000 to the Pennsylvania hospital where Mary Girard died and was -buried, the income to be used in providing nurses. To the Institution -for the Deaf and Dumb, Mr. Girard left $20,000; to the Philadelphia -Orphan Asylum, $10,000; public schools, $10,000; to purchase fuel -forever, in March and August, for distribution in January among poor -white housekeepers of good character, the income from $10,000; to the -Society for poor masters of ships and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_48" id="Page_48">[Pg 48]</a></span> their families, $10,000; to the -poor among the Masonic fraternity of Pennsylvania, $20,000; to build a -schoolhouse at Passyunk, where he had his farm, $6,000; to his brother -Étienne, and to each of the six children of this brother, $5,000; to -each of his nieces from $10,000 to $60,000; to each captain of his -vessels $1,500, and to each of his housekeepers an annuity or yearly sum -of $500, besides various amounts to servants; to the city of -Philadelphia, to improve her Delaware River front, to pull down and -remove wooden buildings within the city limits, and to widen and pave -Water Street, the income of $500,000; to the Commonwealth of -Pennsylvania, for internal improvements by canal navigation, $300,000; -to the cities of New Orleans and Philadelphia, "to promote the health -and general prosperity of the inhabitants," 280,000 acres of land in the -State of Louisiana.</p> - -<p>The city of Philadelphia has been fortunate in her gifts. The Elias -Boudinot Fund, for supplying the poor of the city with fuel, furnished -over three hundred tons of coal last year; "and this amount will -increase annually, by reason of the larger income derived from the -12,000 acres of land situated in Centre County, the property of this -trust." The investments and cash balance on Dec. 31, 1893, amounted to -$40,600.</p> - -<p>Benjamin Franklin, at his death, April 17, 1790, gave to each of the two -cities, Philadelphia and Boston, in trust, £1,000 ($5,000), to be loaned -to young married mechanics under twenty-five years of age, to help them -start in business, in sums not to exceed £60, nor to be less than £15, -at five per cent interest, the money to be paid back by them in ten -annual <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_49" id="Page_49">[Pg 49]</a></span>payments of ten per cent each. Two respectable citizens were to -become surety for the payment of the money. This Franklin did because -two men helped him when young to begin business in Philadelphia by a -loan, and thus, he said, laid the foundation of his fortune. A bequest -somewhat similar was founded in London more than twenty years -previously, in 1766,—the Wilson's Loan Fund, "to lend sums of £100 to -£300 to young tradesmen of the city of London, etc., at two per cent per -annum."</p> - -<p>Dr. Franklin estimated that his $5,000 at interest for one hundred years -would increase to over $600,000 (£131,000); and then the managers of the -fund were to lay out $500,000 (£100,000) says the will, "in public -works, which may be judged of most general utility to the inhabitants, -such as fortifications, bridges, aqueducts, public buildings, baths, -pavements, or whatever may make living in the town more convenient to -its people, and render it more agreeable to strangers resorting hither -for health or a temporary residence." In Philadelphia Dr. Franklin hoped -the £100,000 would be used in bringing by pipes the water of the -Wissahickon Creek to take the place of well water, and in making the -Schuylkill completely navigable. If these things had been done by the -end of the hundred years, the money could be used for other public -works.</p> - -<p>The remaining £31,000 was to be put at interest for another hundred -years, when it would amount to £4,600,000 or $23,000,000. Of this amount -£1,610,000 was to be given to Philadelphia, and the same to Boston, and -the balance, £3,000,000 or $15,000,000, paid to each State. The figures -are of especial interest, as<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_50" id="Page_50">[Pg 50]</a></span> showing how fast money will accumulate if -kept at interest.</p> - -<p>The descendants of Franklin have tried to break the will, but have not -succeeded. The Board of Directors of City Trusts of Philadelphia report -for the year ending Dec. 31, 1893, that the fund of $5,000 for the first -hundred years, though not equalling the sum which Franklin hoped, has -yet reached the large amount of $102,968.48. The Boston fund, says Mr. -Samuel F. McCleary, the treasurer, amounted, at the end of a hundred -years, to $431,395.70. Of this sum, $328,940 was paid to the city of -Boston, and $102,455.70 was put at interest for another hundred years. -This has already increased to $110,806.83. What an amount of good some -other man or woman might do with $5,000!</p> - -<p>It remains to be seen to what use the two cities will put their gifts. -Perhaps they will provide work for the unemployed in making good roads -or in some other useful labor, or instead of loaning money to mechanics, -as Franklin intended, perhaps they will erect tenement houses for -mechanics or other working people, as is done by some cities in England -and Scotland, following the example so nobly set by George Peabody, when -he gave his $3,000,000, which has now doubled, to build houses for the -London poor. He said, "If judiciously managed for two hundred years, its -accumulation will amount to a sum sufficient to buy the city of London."</p> - -<p>If Stephen Girard's $300,000 to the State of Pennsylvania had been given -for the making of good roads, thousands of the unemployed might have -been provided with labor, tens of thousands of poor horses saved from<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_51" id="Page_51">[Pg 51]</a></span> -useless over-work in hauling loads over muddy roads where the wheels -sink to the hubs, and the farmers saved thousands of dollars in carrying -their produce to cities.</p> - -<p>Stephen Girard had a larger gift in mind than those to his adopted city -and State. He said in his will, "I have been for a long time impressed -with the importance of educating the poor, and of placing them, by the -early cultivation of their minds, and the development of their moral -principles, above the many temptations to which, through poverty and -ignorance, they are exposed; and I am particularly desirous to provide -for such a number of poor male white orphan children, as can be trained -in one institution, a better education, as well as a more comfortable -maintenance, than they usually receive from the application of the -public funds."</p> - -<p>With this object in view, a college for orphan boys, Mr. Girard gave to -"the Mayor, Aldermen, and citizens of Philadelphia, all the residue and -remainder of my real and personal estate" in trust; first, to erect and -maintain a college for poor white male orphans; second, to establish "a -competent police;" and third, "to improve the general appearance of the -city itself, and, in effect, to diminish the burden of taxation, now -most oppressive, especially on those who are the least able to bear it," -"after providing for the college as my primary object."</p> - -<p>He left $2,000,000, allowing "as much of that sum as may be necessary in -erecting the college," which was "to be constructed with the most -durable materials, and in the most permanent manner, avoiding needless -ornament." He gave the most minute directions in his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_52" id="Page_52">[Pg 52]</a></span> will for its size, -material, "marble or granite," and the training and education of the -inmates.</p> - -<p>This residue "and remainder of my real and personal estate" had grown in -1891 to more than $15,000,000, with an income yearly of about -$1,500,000. Truly Stephen Girard had saved and labored for a magnificent -and enduring monument! The Girard estate is one of the largest owners of -real estate in the city of Philadelphia. Outside of the city some of the -Girard land is valuable in coal production. In the year 1893, 1,542,652 -tons of anthracite coal were mined from the Girard land. More than -$4,500,000 received from its coal has been invested, that the college -may be doubly sure of its support when the coal-mines are exhausted.</p> - -<p>Girard College, of white marble, in the form of a Greek temple, was -begun in May, 1833, two years after Mr. Girard's death, and was fourteen -years and six months in building. A broad platform, reached by eleven -marble steps, supports the main building. Thirty-four Corinthian columns -form a colonnade about the structure, each column six feet in diameter -and fifty-five feet high, and each weighing one hundred and three tons, -and costing about $13,000 apiece. They are beautiful and substantial, -and yet $13,000 would support several orphans for a year or more.</p> - -<p>The floors and roof are of marble; and the three-story building weighs -over 76,000 tons, the average weight on each superficial foot of -foundation being, according to Mr. Arey, about six tons. Four auxiliary -white marble buildings were required by the will of Mr. Girard for -dormitories, schoolrooms, etc. The whole forty-five acres in which stand -the college buildings are <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_53" id="Page_53">[Pg 53]</a></span>surrounded, according to the given -instructions, by a wall ten feet high and sixteen inches thick, covered -with a heavy marble capping.</p> - -<p>The five buildings were completed Nov. 13, 1847, at a cost of nearly -$2,000,000 ($1,933,821.78); and on Jan. 1, 1848, Girard College was -opened with one hundred orphans. In the autumn one hundred more were -admitted, and on April 1, 1849, one hundred more. Those born in the city -of Philadelphia have the first preference, after them those born in the -State, those born in New York City where Mr. Girard first landed in -America, and then those born in New Orleans where he first traded. They -must enter between the ages of six and ten, be fatherless, although the -mother may be living, and must remain in the college till they are -between fourteen and eighteen, when they are bound out by the mayor till -they are twenty-one, to learn some suitable trade in the arts, -manufacture, or agriculture, their tastes being consulted as far as -possible. Each orphan has three suits of clothing, one for every day, -one better, and one usually reserved for Sundays.</p> - -<p>The first president of Girard College was Alexander Dallas Bache, a -great-grandson of Benjamin Franklin, and head of the Coast Survey of the -United States. He visited similar institutions in Europe, and purchased -the necessary books and apparatus for the school.</p> - -<p>While the college was building, the heirs, with the not unusual -disregard of the testator's desires, endeavored to break the will. Mr. -Girard had given the following specific direction in his will: "I enjoin -and require that no ecclesiastic, missionary, or minister of any sect -whatsoever shall ever hold or exercise any <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_54" id="Page_54">[Pg 54]</a></span>station or duty whatever in -the said college, nor shall any such person ever be admitted for any -purpose, or as a visitor, within the premises appropriated to the -purposes of the said college:—In making this restriction I do not mean -to cast any reflection upon any sect or person whatsoever; but as there -is such a multitude of sects, and such a diversity of opinion amongst -them, I desire to keep the tender minds of the orphans, who are to -derive advantage from this bequest, free from the excitement which -clashing doctrines and sectarian controversy are so apt to produce. My -desire is that all the instructors and teachers in the college shall -take pains to instil into the minds of the scholars the purest -principles of morality, so that on their entrance into active life they -may from inclination and habit evince benevolence toward their -fellow-creatures, and a love of truth, sobriety, and industry, adopting -at the same time such religious tenets as their matured reason may -enable them to prefer." The heirs of Mr. Girard claimed that by reason -of the above the college was "illegal and immoral, derogatory and -hostile to the Christian religion;" but it was the unanimous decision of -the Supreme Court that there was in the will "nothing inconsistent with -the Christian religion, or opposed to any known policy of the State."</p> - -<p>On Sept. 30, 1851, the body of Stephen Girard was removed from the Roman -Catholic Church, but not without a lawsuit by the heirs on account of -its removal, to the college, and placed in a sarcophagus in the -vestibule. The ceremony was entirely Masonic, the three hundred orphans -witnessing it from the steps of the college. Over fifteen hundred Masons -were in the procession,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_55" id="Page_55">[Pg 55]</a></span> and each deposited his palm-branch upon the -coffin. In front of the sarcophagus is a statue of Mr. Girard, by -Gevelot of Paris, costing thirty thousand dollars.</p> - -<p>Girard College now has ten white marble auxiliary buildings for its -nearly or quite two thousand orphans. There are more applicants than -there is room to accommodate. Its handsome Gothic chapel is also of -white marble, erected in 1867. Here each day the pupils gather for -worship morning and evening, the exercises, non-sectarian in character, -consisting of a hymn, reading from the Bible, and prayer. On Sundays the -pupils assemble in their section rooms at nine in the morning and two in -the afternoon for religious reading and instruction; and at 10.30 and 3 -they attend worship in the chapel, addresses being given by the -president, A. H. Fetterolf, Ph.D. LL.D., or some invited layman.</p> - -<p>In 1883 the Technical Building was erected in the western part of the -grounds. Here instruction is given in metal and woodwork, mechanical -drawing, shoemaking, blacksmithing, carpentry, foundry, plumbing, -steam-fitting, and electrical mechanics. Here the pupils learn about the -dynamo, motor, lighting by electricity, telegraphy, and the like. About -six hundred boys in this department spend five hours a week in this -practical work.</p> - -<p>At the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago, in the exhibit made by -Girard College, one could see the admirable work of the students in a -single-span bridge, a four horse-power yacht steam-engine, a vertical -engine, etc. The whole exhibit was given at the close of the Exposition -to Armour Institute, to which the founder, Mr. Philip D. Armour, has -given $1,500,000.</p> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_56" id="Page_56">[Pg 56]</a></span></p><p>To the west of the main college building is the monument erected by the -Board of Directors to the memory of Girard College boys killed in the -Civil War. A life-size figure of a soldier stands beneath a canopy -supported by four columns of Ohio sandstone. The granite base is -overgrown with ivy. On one side are the names of the fallen; on the -other, these words, from Mr. Girard's will, "And especially do I desire -that, by every proper means, a pure attachment to our Republican -institutions, and to the sacred rights of conscience, as guaranteed by -our happy constitutions, shall be formed and fostered in the minds of -the scholars."</p> - -<p>On May 20, each year, the anniversary of Mr. Girard's birth, the -graduates of Girard College gather from all parts of the country to do -honor to the generous giver. Games are played, the cadets parade, and a -dinner is provided for scholars and guests. The pupils seem happy and -contented. Their playgrounds are large; and they have a bathing-pool for -swimming in summer, and skating in winter. They receive a good education -in mathematics, astronomy, geology, history, chemistry, physics, French, -Spanish, with some Latin and Greek, with a course in business, -shorthand, etc. Through all the years they have "character lessons," -which every school should have throughout our country,—familiar -conversations on honesty, the dignity of labor, perseverance, courage, -self-control, bad language, value and use of time, truthfulness, -temperance, good temper, the good citizen and his duties, kindness to -animals, patriotism, the study of the lives and deeds of noble men and -women, the Golden Rule of play,—"No fun unless it is fun on both -sides," and similar topics.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_57" id="Page_57">[Pg 57]</a></span> Oral and written exercises form a part of -this work. There is also a department of military science, a two years' -course being given, with one recitation a week. A United States army -officer is one of the college faculty, and commandant of the battalion.</p> - -<p>The annual cost of clothing and educating each of the two thousand -orphans, including current repairs on the buildings, is a little more -than three hundred dollars. On leaving college, each boy receives a -trunk with clothing and books, amounting to about seventy-five dollars.</p> - -<p>Probably Mr. Girard, with all his far-sightedness, could not have -foreseen the great good to the nation, as well as to the individual, in -thus fitting, year after year, thousands of poor orphans for useful -positions in life. Mr. Arey well says: "When in the fulness of time many -homes have been made happy, many orphans have been fed, clothed, and -educated, and many men rendered useful to their country and themselves, -each happy home, or rescued child, or useful citizen, will be a living -monument to perpetuate the name and embalm the memory of the dead -'Mariner and Merchant.'"</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_58" id="Page_58">[Pg 58]</a></span></p> - -<h2><span>ANDREW CARNEGIE</span> <span class="smaller">AND HIS LIBRARIES.</span></h2> - -<hr class="smler" /> - -<p>"This, then, is held to be the duty of the man of wealth: First, to set -an example of modest, unostentatious living, shunning display or -extravagance; to provide moderately for the legitimate wants of those -dependent upon him; and after doing so, to consider all surplus revenues -which come to him simply as trust funds, which he is called upon to -administer, and strictly bound as a matter of duty to administer in the -manner which, in his judgment, is best calculated to produce the most -beneficial results for the community,—the man of wealth thus becoming -the mere trustee and agent for his poorer brethren."</p> - -<p>Thus wrote Andrew Carnegie in his "Gospel of Wealth," published in the -<i>North American Review</i> for June, 1889. This article so interested Mr. -Gladstone that he asked the editor of the <i>Review</i> to permit its -republication in England, which was done. When the world follows this -"Gospel," and those who have means consider themselves "trustees for -their poorer brethren," and their money as "trust funds," we shall see -little of the heartbreak and the poverty of the present age.</p> - -<div class="center"><img src="images/i072.jpg" alt="Always your friend, Andrew Carnegie" /></div> - -<p class="bold">Always your friend,<br />Andrew Carnegie</p> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_59" id="Page_59">[Pg 59]</a></span></p> - -<div class="center"><div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<div>"Ring in the valiant man and free,</div> -<div class="i2">The larger heart, the kindlier hand;</div> -<div class="i2">Ring out the darkness of the land,</div> -<div>Ring in the Christ that is to be."</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p>Andrew Carnegie was born at Dunfermline, Scotland, Nov. 25, 1835, into a -poor but honest home. His father, William Carnegie, was a weaver, a man -of good sense, strongly republican, though living under a monarchy, and -well-read upon the questions of the day. The mother was a woman of -superior mind and character, to whom Andrew was unusually devoted, till -her death in 1886, when he had reached middle life.</p> - -<p>When Andrew was twelve years of age and his brother Thomas five, the -parents decided to make their home in the New World, coming to New York -in a sailing-vessel in 1847. They travelled to Pittsburg, Penn., and -lived for some time in Allegheny City.</p> - -<p>Andrew had been sent to school in Dunfermline, and, having a fondness -for books, was a bright, ambitious boy at twelve, ready to begin the -struggle for a living so as to make the family burdens lighter. Work was -not easily found; but finally he obtained employment as a bobbin-boy in -a cotton factory, at $1.20 a week.</p> - -<p>Mr. Carnegie, when grown to manhood, wrote in the <i>Youth's Companion</i>, -April 23, 1896:—</p> - -<p>"I cannot tell you how proud I was when I received my first week's own -earnings. One dollar and twenty cents made by myself, and given to me -because I had been of some use in the world! No longer entirely -dependent upon my parents, but at last admitted to the family -partnership as a contributing member, and able to help them! I think -this makes a man out of a boy<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_60" id="Page_60">[Pg 60]</a></span> sooner than almost anything else, and a -real man too, if there be any germ of true manhood in him. It is -everything to feel that you are useful.</p> - -<p>"I have had to deal with great sums. Many millions of dollars have since -passed through my hands. But the genuine satisfaction I had from that -one dollar and twenty cents outweighs any subsequent pleasure in -money-getting. It was the direct reward of honest manual labor; it -represented a week of very hard work, so hard that but for the aim and -end which sanctified it, slavery might not be much too strong a term to -describe it.</p> - -<p>"For a lad of twelve to rise and breakfast every morning, except the -blessed Sunday morning, and go into the streets and find his way to the -factory, and begin work while it was still dark outside, and not be -released until after darkness came again in the evening, forty minutes' -interval only being allowed at noon, was a terrible task.</p> - -<p>"But I was young, and had my dreams; and something within always told me -that this would not, could not, should not last—I should some day get -into a better position. Besides this, I felt myself no longer a mere -boy, but quite 'a little man;' and this made me happy."</p> - -<p>Another place soon opened for the lad, where he was set to fire a boiler -in a cellar, and to manage the small steam-engine which drove the -machinery in a bobbin factory. "The firing of this boiler was all -right," says Mr. Carnegie; "for fortunately we did not use coal, but the -refuse wooden chips, and I always liked to work in wood. But the -responsibility of keeping the water<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_61" id="Page_61">[Pg 61]</a></span> right and of running the engine, -and the danger of my making a mistake and blowing the whole factory to -pieces, caused too great a strain, and I often awoke and found myself -sitting up in bed through the night trying the steam-gauges. But I never -told them at home that I was having a 'hard tussle.' No! no! everything -must be bright to them.</p> - -<p>"This was a point of honor; for every member of the family was working -hard except, of course, my little brother, who was then a child, and we -were telling each other only all the bright things. Besides this, no man -would whine and give up—he would die first.</p> - -<p>"There was no servant in our family, and several dollars per week were -earned by 'the mother' by binding shoes after her daily work was done! -Father was also hard at work in the factory. And could I complain?"</p> - -<p>Wages were small, and in every leisure moment Andrew looked for -something better to do. He went one day to the office of the Atlantic -and Ohio Telegraph Company, and asked for work as a messenger. James -Douglas Reid, the manager, was a Scotchman, and liked the lad's manner. -"I liked the boy's looks," said Mr. Reid afterwards; "and it was easy to -see that though he was little he was full of spirit. His pay was $2.50 a -week. He had not been with me a full month when he began to ask whether -I would teach him to telegraph. I began to instruct him, and found him -an apt pupil. He spent all his spare time in practice, sending and -receiving by sound, and not by tape as was largely the custom in those -days. Pretty soon he could do as well as I could at the key, and then -his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_62" id="Page_62">[Pg 62]</a></span> ambition carried him away beyond doing the drudgery of messenger -work."</p> - -<p>The boy liked his new occupation. He once wrote: "My entrance into the -telegraph office was the transition from darkness to light; from firing -a small engine in a dirty cellar to a clean office where there were -books and papers. That was a paradise to me, and I bless my stars that -sent me to be a messenger-boy in a Pittsburg telegraph office."</p> - -<p>When Andrew was fourteen his father died, leaving him the only support -of his mother and brother, seven years old. He believed in work, and -never shirked any duty, however hard.</p> - -<p>He soon found employment as telegraph operator with the Pennsylvania -Railroad Company. At fifteen he was train-despatcher, a place of unusual -responsibility for a boy; but his energy, carefulness, and industry were -equal to the demands on him.</p> - -<p>When he was sixteen Andrew had thought out a plan by which trains could -be run on single tracks, and the telegraph be used to govern their -running. "His scheme was the one now in universal use on the -single-tracked roads in the country; namely, to run trains in opposite -directions until they approached within comparatively a few miles, and -then hold one at a station until the other had passed." This thought -about the telegraph brought Andrew into notice among those above him; -and he was transferred to Altoona, the headquarters of the general manager.</p> - -<p>Young Carnegie had done what he recommends others to do in his "How to -win Fortune," in the New York <i>Tribune</i>, April 13, 1890. He says, -"George Eliot put<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_63" id="Page_63">[Pg 63]</a></span> the matter very pithily: 'I'll tell you how I got on. -I kept my ears and my eyes open, and I made my master's interest my own.'</p> - -<p>"The condition precedent for promotion is that the man must first -attract notice. He must do something unusual, and especially must this -be beyond the strict boundary of his duties. He must suggest, or save, -or perform some service for his employer which he could not be censured -for not having done. When he has thus attracted the notice of his -immediate superior, whether that be only the foreman of a gang, it -matters not; the first great step has been taken, for upon his immediate -superior promotion depends. How high he climbs is his own affair."</p> - -<p>Carnegie "kept his eyes and ears open." In his "Triumphant Democracy" he -relates the following incident: "Well do I remember that, when a clerk -in the service of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, a tall, spare, -farmer-looking kind of man came to me once when I was sitting on the end -seat of the rear car looking over the line. He said he had been told by -the conductor that I was connected with the railway company, and he -wished me to look at an invention he had made. With that he drew from a -green bag (as if it were for lawyers' briefs) a small model of a -sleeping-berth for railway cars. He had not spoken a minute before, like -a flash, the whole range of the discovery burst upon me. 'Yes,' I said, -'that is something which this continent must have.' I promised to -address him upon the subject as soon as I had talked over the matter -with my superior, Thomas A. Scott.</p> - -<p>"I could not get that blessed sleeping-car out of my<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_64" id="Page_64">[Pg 64]</a></span> head. Upon my -return I laid it before Mr. Scott, declaring that it was one of the -inventions of the age. He remarked, 'You are enthusiastic, young man; -but you may ask the inventor to come and let me see it.' I did so; and -arrangements were made to build two trial cars, and run them on the -Pennsylvania Railroad. I was offered an interest in the venture, which, -of course, I gladly accepted. Payments were to be made ten per cent per -month after the cars were delivered, the Pennsylvania Railroad Company -guaranteeing to the builders that the cars should be kept upon its line -and under its control.</p> - -<p>"This was all very satisfactory until the notice came that my share of -the first payment was $217.50. How well I remember the exact sum; but -two hundred and seventeen dollars and a half were as far beyond my means -as if it had been millions. I was earning fifty dollars per month, -however, and had prospects, or at least I always felt that I had. What -was to be done? I decided to call on the local banker, Mr. Lloyd, state -the case, and boldly ask him to advance the sum upon my interest in the -affair. He put his hand on my shoulder, and said, 'Why, of course, -Andie, you are all right. Go ahead. Here is the money.'</p> - -<p>"It is a proud day for a man when he pays his last note, but not to be -named in comparison with the day in which he makes his first one, and -<i>gets a banker to take it</i>. I have tried both, and I know. The cars paid -the subsequent payments from their earnings. I paid my first note from -my savings, so much per month; and thus did I get my foot on fortune's -ladder. It is easy to climb after that. A triumphant success was -scored.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_65" id="Page_65">[Pg 65]</a></span> And thus came sleeping-cars into the world. 'Blessed be the man -who invented sleep,' says Sancho Panza. Thousands upon thousands will -echo the sentiment, 'Blessed be the man who invented sleeping-cars.' Let -me record his name, and testify my gratitude to him, my dear, quiet, -modest, truthful, farmer-looking friend, T. T. Woodruff, one of the -benefactors of the age."</p> - -<p>Mr. Pullman later engaged in sleeping-car building, and Carnegie advised -his firm "to capture Mr. Pullman." "There was a capture," says Mr. -Carnegie, "but it did not quite take that form. They found themselves -swallowed by this ogre, and Pullman monopolized everything."</p> - -<p>While a very young man, Carnegie was appointed superintendent of the -Western Division of the Pennsylvania Railroad. As superintendent he -became the friend of Colonel Scott; and, together with some others, they -bought several farms along the line of the road, which proved very -valuable oil-lands. Mr. Carnegie says of the Storey Farm, Oil Creek, "We -purchased the farm for $40,000; and so small was our faith in the -ability of the earth to yield for any considerable time the hundred -barrels per day which the property was then producing, that we decided -to make a pond capable of holding one hundred thousand barrels of oil, -which we estimated would be worth, when the supply ceased, $1,000,000. -Unfortunately for us the pond leaked fearfully, evaporation also caused -much loss; but we continued to run oil in to make the losses good day -after day, until several hundred thousand barrels had gone in this -fashion.</p> - -<p>"Our experience with the farm may be worth <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_66" id="Page_66">[Pg 66]</a></span>reciting. Its value rose to -$5,000,000; that is, the shares of the company sold in the market upon -this basis; and one year it paid in cash dividends $1,000,000—rather a -good return upon an investment of $40,000. So great was the yield in the -district that in two years oil became almost valueless, often selling as -low as thirty cents per barrel, and not infrequently it was suffered to -run to waste as utterly worthless.</p> - -<p>"But as new uses were found for the oil, prices rose again; and to -remove the difficulty of high freights, pipes were laid, first for short -distances, and then to the seaboard, a distance of about three hundred -miles. Through these pipes, of which six thousand two hundred miles have -been laid, the oil is now pumped from two thousand one hundred wells. It -costs only ten cents to pump a barrel of oil to the Atlantic. The value -of petroleum and its products <i>exported</i> up to January, 1884, exceeds in -value $625,000,000."</p> - -<p>Within ten years from the time when Mr. Carnegie and his friends bought -the oil-farms, their investment had returned them four hundred and one -per cent, and the young Scotchman could count himself a rich man. Before -this, however, he had entered the iron and steel industry, in which his -great wealth has been made. With a little money which he had saved, he -borrowed $1,250 from a bank, and, with five other persons, established -the Keystone Bridge Works of Pittsburg, with the small capital of -$6,000. This was a success from the first, and in latter years has had a -capital of $1,000,000. It has built bridges all over the country, and -structural frames for many public buildings in New York, Chicago, and -other cities. From this time <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_67" id="Page_67">[Pg 67]</a></span>forward Mr. Carnegie's career has been a -most successful one. He has become chief owner in the Union Iron Works, -the Edgar Thomson Steel Works, the Homestead Steel Works, formerly a -rival company, the Duquesne Works of the Allegheny Bessemer Steel -Company, and several other iron and coke companies. The capital of these -companies is about $30,000,000, and about twenty-five thousand men are -employed.</p> - -<p>"In 1890 Carnegie Bros. & Co., Limited," says the <i>Engineering and -Mining Journal</i> for July 4, 1891, "had a capacity to produce 600,000 -tons of steel rails per annum, or over twenty-five per cent of the total -capacity of all the rolling-mills of the United States, while its -products of steel girders, plates, nails, and other forms of -manufactured iron and steel are greater than at any other works in this -country, and exceed the amount turned out at the famous Krupp Works in -Germany." The company has supplied the United States Government with a -large amount of armor plates for our new ships, and also filled a large -order for the Russian Government.</p> - -<p>The Edgar Thomson Steel Works have an annual capacity of 1,000,000 gross -tons of ingots, 600,000 gross tons of rails and billets, and 50,000 -gross tons of castings. The Duquesne Furnaces have a yearly capacity of -700,000 gross tons of pig-iron; the Lucy Furnaces, 200,000 gross tons -yearly; the Duquesne Steel Works, an annual capacity of 450,000 gross -tons of ingots. The Homestead Steel Works have an annual capacity of -375,000 gross tons of Bessemer steel and ingots, and 400,000 gross tons -of open-hearth steel ingots. The Upper Union Mills have an annual output -of 140,000 gross tons of steel<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_68" id="Page_68">[Pg 68]</a></span> bars and steel universal mill-plates, -etc.; the Lower Union Mills, an annual capacity of 65,000 gross tons of -mill-plates, bridge-work, car-forgings, etc.</p> - -<p>The industrious, ambitious boy was not satisfied merely to amass wealth. -He had always been a great reader and thinker. In 1883 Charles -Scribner's Sons published a book by this successful telegraph operator -and iron manufacturer, "An American Four-in-Hand in Britain." The trip -was suggested by Mr. Black's novel, "The Strange Adventures of a -Phaeton," and extended from Brighton to Inverness, a distance of eight -hundred and thirty-one miles.</p> - -<p>Mr. Carnegie and his party of chosen friends made the journey by coach -in seven weeks, from July 17 to Aug. 3, 1881, and had a most enjoyable -as well as instructive trip. <i>The Critic</i> gives Mr. Carnegie -well-merited praise, saying that "he has produced a book of travel as -fresh as though he had been exploring Thibet or navigating the River of -Golden Sand." The book is dedicated to "My favorite heroine, my mother," -who was the queen dowager of the volume, and whose happiness during the -journey seemed to be the chief concern of her devoted son.</p> - -<p>This book had so cordial a reception that the following year, 1884, -another volume was published, "Round the World," covering a trip made in -1878-1879; Mr. Carnegie having sailed from San Francisco to Japan, and -thence through the lands of the East. As he starts, his mother puts in -his hand Shakespeare in thirteen small volumes; and these are his -company and delight in the long ocean voyage. Through China, India, and -other countries, he observes closely, learns<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_69" id="Page_69">[Pg 69]</a></span> much, and tells it in a -way that is always interesting. "Life at the East," he says, "lacks two -of its most important elements,—the want of intelligent and refined -women as the companion of man, and a Sunday. It has been a strange -experience to me to be for several months without the society of some of -this class of women,—sometimes many weeks without even speaking to one, -and often a whole week without even seeing the face of an educated -woman. And, bachelor as I am, let me confess what a miserable, dark, -dreary, and insipid life this would be without their constant -companionship."</p> - -<p>Ten years later, in 1886, Mr. Carnegie published a book that had a very -wide reading, and at once placed the author prominently before the New -World and the Old World as well, "Triumphant Democracy, or Fifty Years' -March of the Republic."</p> - -<p>The book showed extensive research, a deep love for his adopted country, -America, a warm heart, and an able mind. He wrote: "To the beloved -Republic, under whose equal laws I am made the peer of any man, although -denied political equality by my native land, I dedicate this book, with -an intensity of gratitude and admiration which the native-born citizen -can neither feel nor understand."</p> - -<p>No one can read this book without being amazed at the power and -possibilities of the Republic, and without a deeper love for, and pride -in the greatness and true worth of, his country. The style is bright and -attractive, and the facts stated remarkable. Americans must always be -debtors to the Scotchman who has shown them how to prize their native land.</p> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_70" id="Page_70">[Pg 70]</a></span></p><p>Mr. Carnegie wrote the book "as a labor of love," to show the people of -the Old World the advantages of a republic over a monarchical form of -government, and to Americans, "a juster estimate than prevails in some -quarters of the political and social advantages which they so abundantly -possess over the people of the older and less advanced lands, that they -may be still prouder and even more devoted, if possible, to their -institutions than they are."</p> - -<p>Mr. Carnegie shows by undisputed facts that America, so recently a -colony of Great Britain, has now become "the wealthiest nation in the -world," "the greatest agricultural nation," "the greatest manufacturing -nation," "the greatest mining nation in the world." "In the ten years -from 1870 to 1880," says Mr. Carnegie, "eleven and a half millions were -added to the population of America. Yet these only added three persons -to each square mile of territory; and should America continue to double -her population every thirty years, instead of every twenty-five years as -hitherto, seventy years must elapse before she will attain the density -of Europe. The population will then reach two hundred and ninety -millions."</p> - -<p>Mr. Carnegie has said in his "Imperial Federation," published in the -<i>Nineteenth Century</i>, September, 1891, "Even if the United States -increase is to be much less rapid than it has been hitherto, yet the -child is born who will see more than 400,000,000 under her sway. No -possible increase of the race can be looked for in all the world -combined comparable to this. Green truly says that its 'future home is -to be found along the banks of the Hudson and the Mississippi.'"</p> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_71" id="Page_71">[Pg 71]</a></span></p><p>It will surprise many to know that "the whole United Kingdom (England, -Scotland, and Ireland) could be planted in Texas, and leave plenty of -room around it."</p> - -<p>"The farms of America equal the entire territory of the United Kingdom, -France, Belgium, Germany, Austria, Hungary, and Portugal. The -corn-fields equal the extent of England, Scotland, and Belgium; while -the grain-fields generally would overlap Spain. The cotton-fields cover -an area larger than Holland, and twice as large as Belgium."</p> - -<p>The growth of manufactures in America is amazing. In thirty years, from -1850 to 1880, Mr. Carnegie says there was an increase of nearly six -hundred per cent, while the increase in British manufactures was little -more than a hundred per cent. The total in America in 1880 was -$5,560,000,000; in the United Kingdom, $4,055,000,000.</p> - -<p>"Probably the most rapid development of an industry that the world has -ever seen," says Mr. Carnegie, "is that of Bessemer steel in America." -In 1870 America made 40,000 tons of Bessemer; in 1885, fifteen years -later, she made 1,373,513 tons, which was 74,000 tons more than Great -Britain made. "This is advancing not by leaps and bounds, it is one -grand rush—a rush without pause, which has made America the greatest -manufacturer of Bessemer steel in the world.... One is startled to find -that more yards of carpet are manufactured in and around the city of -Philadelphia alone than in the whole of Great Britain. It is not twenty -years since the American imported his carpets, and now he makes more at -one point than the greatest European manufacturing nation does in all -its territory."</p> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_72" id="Page_72">[Pg 72]</a></span></p><p>Of the manufacture of boots and shoes by machinery, Mr. Carnegie says, -"A man can make three hundred pairs of boots in a day, and a single -factory in Massachusetts turns out as many pairs yearly as thirty-two -thousand bootmakers in Paris.... Twenty-five years ago the American -conceived the idea of making watches by machinery upon a gigantic scale. -The principal establishment made only five watches per day as late as -1854. Now thirteen hundred per day is the daily task, and six thousand -watches per month are sent to the London agency."</p> - -<p>The progress in mining has been equally remarkable. "To the world's -stock of gold," says Mr. Carnegie, "America has contributed, according -to Mulhall, more than fifty per cent. In 1880 he estimated the amount of -gold in the world at 10,355 tons, worth $7,240,000,000. Of this the New -World contributed 5,302 tons, or more than half. One of the most -remarkable veins of metal known is the Comstock Lode in Nevada.... In -fourteen years this single vein yielded $180,000,000. In one year, 1876, -the product of the lode was $18,000,000 in gold, and $20,500,000 in -silver,—a total of $38,500,000. Here, again, is something which the -world never saw before.</p> - -<p>"America also leads the world in copper, the United States and Chili -contributing nearly one-half the world's supply.... On the south shore -of Lake Superior this metal is found almost pure, in masses of all -sizes, up to many tons in weight. It was used by the native Indians, and -traces of their rude mining operations are still visible."</p> - -<p>Mr. Carnegie says the anthracite coal-fields of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_73" id="Page_73">[Pg 73]</a></span>Pennsylvania will -produce 30,000,000 tons per year for four hundred and thirty-nine years; -and he thinks by that time "men will probably be burning the hydrogen of -water, or be fully utilizing the solar rays or the tidal energy." The -coal area of the United States comprises 300,000 square miles; and Mr. -Carnegie "is almost ashamed to confess it, she has three-quarters of all -the coal area of the earth."</p> - -<p>While Mr. Carnegie admires and loves the Republic, he is devoted to the -mother country, and is a most earnest advocate of peace between us. He -writes: "Of all the desirable political changes which it seems to me -possible for this generation to effect, I consider it by far the most -important for the welfare of the race, that every civilized nation -should be pledged, as the Republic is, to offer peaceful arbitration to -its opponent before the senseless, inhuman work of human slaughter -begins."</p> - -<p>In his "Imperial Federation" he writes: "War between members of our race -may be said to be already banished; for English-speaking men will never -again be called upon to destroy each other.... Both parties in America, -and each successive government, are pledged to offer peaceful -arbitration for the adjustment of all international difficulties,—a -position which it is to be hoped will soon be reached by Britain, at -least in regard to all the differences with members of the same race.</p> - -<p>"Is it too much to hope that, after this stage has been reached, and -occupied successfully for a period, another step forward will be taken, -and that, having jointly banished war between themselves, a general -council should be evolved by the English-speaking <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_74" id="Page_74">[Pg 74]</a></span>nations, to which may -at first only be referred all questions of dispute between them?...</p> - -<p>"The Supreme Court of the United States is extolled by the statesmen of -all parties in Britain, and has just received the compliment of being -copied in the plan for the Australian Commonwealth. Building upon it, -may we not expect that a still higher Supreme Court is one day to come, -which shall judge between the nations of the entire English-speaking -race, as the Supreme Court at Washington already judges between States -which contain the majority of the race?"</p> - -<p>Mr. Carnegie believes that the powers of the council would increase till -the commanding position of the English-speaking race would make other -races listen to its demands for peace, and so war be forever done away -with. Mr. Carnegie rightly calls war "international murder," and, like -Tennyson, looks forward to that blessed time when—</p> - -<div class="center"><div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<div class="i9">"All men's good</div> -<div>Be each man's rule, and universal Peace</div> -<div>Lie like a shaft of light across the land,</div> -<div>And like a lane of beams athwart the sea."</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p>Mr. Carnegie has also written, in the <i>North American Review</i> for June, -1891, "The A. B. C. of Money," urging the Republic to keep "its standard -in the future, as in the past, not fluctuating silver, but unchanging -gold."</p> - -<p>In his articles in the newspapers, and in his public addresses, he has -given good advice to young men, in whom he takes the deepest interest. -He believes there never were so many opportunities to succeed as now for -the sober, frugal, energetic young man. "Real ability,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_75" id="Page_75">[Pg 75]</a></span> the capacity for -doing things, never was so eagerly searched for as now, and never -commanded such rewards.... The great dry-goods houses that interest -their most capable men in the profits of each department succeed, when -those fail that endeavor to work with salaried men only. Even in the -management of our great hotels it is found wise to take into partnership -the principal men. In every branch of business this law is at work; and -concerns are prosperous, generally speaking, just in proportion as they -succeed in interesting in the profits a larger and larger proportion of -their ablest workers. Co-operation in this form is fast coming in all -great establishments." To young men he says, "Never enter a barroom.... -It is low and common to enter a barroom, unworthy of any self-respecting -man, and sure to fasten upon you a taint which will operate to your -disadvantage in life, whether you ever become a drunkard or not."</p> - -<p>"Don't smoke.... The use of tobacco requires young men to withdraw -themselves from the society of women to indulge the habit. I think the -absence of women from any assembly tends to lower the tone of that -assembly. The habit of smoking tends to carry young men into the society -of men whom it is not desirable that they should choose as their -intimate associates. The practice of chewing tobacco was once common. -Now it is considered offensive. I believe the race is soon to take -another step forward, and that the coming man is to consider smoking as -offensive as chewing was formerly considered."</p> - -<p>"Never speculate. Never buy or sell grain or stocks upon a margin.... -The man who gambles upon the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_76" id="Page_76">[Pg 76]</a></span> exchanges is in the condition of the man -who gambles at the gaming-table. He rarely, if ever, makes a permanent -success."</p> - -<p>"Don't indorse.... There are emergencies, no doubt, in which men should -help their friends; but there is a rule that will keep one safe. No man -should place his name upon the obligation of another if he has not -sufficient to pay it without detriment to his own business. It is -dishonest to do so."</p> - -<p>Mr. Carnegie has not only written books and made money, he has -distinguished himself as a giver of millions, and that while he is -alive. He has seen too many wills broken, and fortunes misapplied, when -the money was not given away till death. He says of Mr. Tilden's bequest -of over $5,000,000 for a free library in the city of New York: "How much -better if Mr. Tilden had devoted the last years of his own life to the -proper administration of this immense sum; in which case neither legal -contest nor any other cause of delay could have interfered with his -aims."</p> - -<p>Of course money is sometimes so tied up in business that it cannot be -given during a man's life; "yet," says Mr. Carnegie, "the day is not far -distant when the man who dies leaving behind him millions of available -wealth, which was free for him to administer during life, will pass away -'unwept, unhonored, and unsung,' no matter to what uses he leaves the -dross which he cannot take with him. Of such as these the public verdict -will then be, 'The man who dies thus rich dies disgraced.'"</p> - -<p>He believes large estates left at death should be taxed by the State, as -is the case in Pennsylvania and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_77" id="Page_77">[Pg 77]</a></span> some other States. Mr. Carnegie does -not favor large gifts left to families. "Why should men leave great -fortunes to their children?" he asks. "If this is done from affection, -is it not misguided affection? Observation teaches that, generally -speaking, it is not well for the children that they should be so -burdened. Neither is it well for the State. Beyond providing for the -wife and daughters moderate sources of income, and very moderate -allowances indeed, if any, for the sons, men may well hesitate; for it -is no longer questionable that great sums bequeathed often work more for -the injury than for the good of the recipients. There are instances of -millionnaires' sons unspoiled by wealth, who, being rich, still perform -great services to the community. Such are the very salt of the earth, as -valuable as unfortunately they are rare." Again Mr. Carnegie says of -wealth left to the young, "It deadens their energies, destroys their -ambition, tempts them to destruction, and renders it almost impossible -that they should lead lives creditable to themselves or valuable to the -State. Such as are not deadened by wealth deserve double credit, for -they have double temptation."</p> - -<p>In the <i>North American Review</i> for December, 1889, Mr. Carnegie suggests -what he considers seven of the best uses for surplus wealth: The -founding of great universities; free libraries; hospitals or any means -to alleviate human suffering; public parks and flower-gardens for the -people, conservatories such as Mr. Phipps has given to the park at -Allegheny City, which are visited by thousands; suitable halls for -lectures, elevating music, and other gatherings, free, or rented for a -small sum; free swimming-baths for the people; <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_78" id="Page_78">[Pg 78]</a></span>attractive places of -worship, especially in poor localities. Mr. Carnegie's own great gifts -have been largely along the line which he believes the "best gift to a -community,"—a free public library. He thinks with John Bright that "it -is impossible for any man to bestow a greater benefit upon a young man -than to give him access to books in a free library."</p> - -<p>"It is, no doubt," he says, "possible that my own personal experience -may have led me to value a free library beyond all other forms of -beneficence. When I was a working-boy in Pittsburg, Colonel Anderson of -Allegheny—a name I can never speak without feelings of devotional -gratitude—opened his little library of four hundred books to boys. -Every Saturday afternoon he was in attendance at his house to exchange -books. No one but he who has felt it can ever know the intense longing -with which the arrival of Saturday was awaited that a new book might be -had. My brother and Mr. Phipps, who have been my principal business -partners through life, shared with me Colonel Anderson's precious -generosity; and it was when revelling in the treasures which he opened -to us that I resolved, if ever wealth came to me, that it should be used -to establish free libraries, that other poor boys might receive -opportunities similar to those for which we were indebted to that noble -man."</p> - -<div class="center"><div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<div>"How far that little candle throws his beams!</div> -<div>So shines a good deed in a naughty world."</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p>Again Mr. Carnegie says, "I also come by heredity to my preference for -free libraries. The newspaper of my native town recently published a -history of the free<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_79" id="Page_79">[Pg 79]</a></span> library in Dunfermline, and it is there recorded -that the first books gathered together and opened to the public were the -small collections of three weavers. Imagine the feelings with which I -read that one of these three men was my honored father. He founded the -first library in Dunfermline, his native town; and his son was -privileged to found the last.... I have never heard of a lineage for -which I would exchange that of the library-founding weaver."</p> - -<p>Mr. Carnegie has given for the Edinburgh Free Library, Scotland, -$250,000; for one in his native town of Dunfermline, $90,000; and -several thousand dollars each to libraries in Aberdeen, Peterhead, -Inverness, Ayr, Elgin, Wick and Kirkwall, besides contributions towards -public halls and reading-rooms at Newburgh, Aberdour, and many other -places abroad. Mr. Carnegie's mother laid the corner-stone for the free -library in Dunfermline. He writes in his "American Four-in-Hand in -Britain," "There was something of the fairy-tale in the fact that she -had left her native town, poor, thirty odd years before, with her loved -ones, to found a new home in the great Republic, and was to-day -returning in her coach, to be allowed the privilege of linking her name -with the annals of her beloved native town in one of the most enduring -forms possible."</p> - -<p>When the corner-stone of the Peterhead Free Library in Scotland was -laid, Aug. 8, 1891, the wife of Mr. Carnegie was asked to lay the stone -with square and trowel, and endeared herself to the people by her hearty -interest and attractive womanhood. She was presented with the silver -trowel with ivory handle which she had used,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_80" id="Page_80">[Pg 80]</a></span> and with a vase of -Peterhead granite from the employees of the Great North of Scotland -Granite Works.</p> - -<p>Mr. Carnegie did not marry till he was fifty-two years of age, in 1887, -the year following the death of his mother and only brother Thomas. The -latter died Oct. 19, 1886. Mr. Carnegie's wife, who is thoroughly in -sympathy with her husband's constant giving, was Miss Louise Whitfield, -the daughter of the late Mr. John Whitfield of New York, of the large -importing firm of Whitfield, Powers, & Co. Mr. Carnegie had been an -intimate friend of the family for many years, and knew well the -admirable qualities and cultivation of the lady he married. He once -wrote: "There is no improving companionship for man in an ignorant or -frivolous woman." Miss Whitfield acted upon the advice which Mr. -Carnegie has given in some of his addresses: "To the young ladies I say, -'Marry the man who loves most his mother.'" Mr. Carnegie now has two -homes, one in New York City, the other at Cluny Castle, Kingussie, -Scotland. He gives little personal attention to business, having -delegated those matters to others. "I throw the responsibility upon -others," he once said, "and allow them full swing." Mr. Carnegie is a -man of great energy, with cheerful temperament, sound judgment, -earnestness, and force of character. He has a large, well-shaped head, -high forehead, brown hair and beard, and expressive face.</p> - -<p>Mr. Carnegie's gifts in his adopted country have been many and large. To -the Johnstown Free Library, Pennsylvania, he has given $40,000. To the -Jefferson County Library at Fairfield, Iowa, he has given $40,000, which -provides an attractive building<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_81" id="Page_81">[Pg 81]</a></span> for books, museum, and lecture-hall. -The late Senator James F. Wilson gave the ground for the fire-proof -building. The library owes much of its success to its librarian, Mr. A. -T. Wells, who has given his life to the work, having held the position -for thirty-two years. For many years he labored without salary, giving -both time and money.</p> - -<p>To the Braddock Free Library, Mr. Carnegie has given $200,000. Braddock, -ten miles east of Pittsburg, has a population of 16,000, mainly the -employees of the Edgar Thomson Steel Works; and the village of Homestead -lies just opposite. The handsome library building has a very attractive -reading-room, which is filled in the evening and much used during the -day by the families of the employees. There is also a large reading-room -exclusively for boys and girls, where are found juvenile books and -periodicals. The librarian, Miss Helen Sperry, writes: "There is a great -deal of local pride in the library, and it grows constantly in the -affection of the people."</p> - -<p>The building was much enlarged in 1894 to accommodate the Carnegie Club -of six hundred men and boys. The new portion contains a hall capable of -seating eleven hundred persons, a large gymnasium, bathrooms, -swimming-pool, bowling-alleys, etc.</p> - -<p>"In order to encourage public spirit in Braddock," says the <i>Review of -Reviews</i> for October, 1895, "a selection of books on municipal -improvement, streets and roads, public health, and other subjects in -which the community should be interested, was placed on the library -shelves; and it is said that these books have been consulted by the -municipal officers, and results<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_82" id="Page_82">[Pg 82]</a></span> are already apparent." This is a good -example for other librarians. Much work is being done in local history -and in co-operation with the public schools.</p> - -<p>To the Carnegie Free Library of Allegheny City, Mr. Carnegie has given -$300,000, the city making an annual appropriation of $15,000 to carry on -its work. The building is of gray granite, Romanesque in style, with a -shelving capacity of about 75,000 volumes. The library has a -delivery-room, a general reading-room, women's reading-room, -reference-room, besides trustees' and librarians' rooms. The building -also contains, on the first floor, a music-hall, with a seating-capacity -of eleven hundred, where free concerts are given every Saturday -afternoon on a ten-thousand-dollar organ; there is an art-gallery on the -second floor, and a lecture-room. The latter seats about three hundred -persons, and is used for University Extension lectures, meetings of the -Historical Society, etc. A room adjoining is for the accommodation of -scientific societies. The city appropriates about $8,000 yearly for the -music-hall, fuel, repairs, etc.</p> - -<p>The Allegheny Free Library was formally opened by President Harrison on -Feb. 13, 1890. Mr. Carnegie said, in presenting the gift of the library, -"My wife,—for her spirit and influence are here to-night,—my wife and -I realize to-night how infinitely more blessed it is to give than to -receive.... I wish that the masses of working men and women, the -wage-earners of all Allegheny, will remember and act upon the fact that -this is their library, their gallery, and their hall. The poorest -citizen, the poorest man, the poorest woman, that toils from morn till -night for a livelihood, as, thank Heaven,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_83" id="Page_83">[Pg 83]</a></span> I had that toil to do in my -early days, as he walks this hall, as he reads the books from these -alcoves, as he listens to the organ, and admires the works of art in -this gallery, equally with the millionnaire and the foremost citizen, I -want him to exclaim in his own heart, 'Behold, all this is mine. I -support it, and I am proud to support it. I am joint proprietor here.'" -"Since the library opened four years ago," says Mr. William M. -Stevenson, the librarian, "over 1,000,000 books and periodicals have -been put into the hands of readers.... The concerts have been -exceedingly popular, and incidentally have helped the library by drawing -people to the library who might otherwise have remained in ignorance of -the popularity and usefulness of the institution."</p> - -<p>Mr. Carnegie's greatest gift has been the Pittsburg Library. It is a -magnificent building of gray Ohio sandstone, in the Italian Renaissance -style of architecture, with roof of red tile. The architects were -Longfellow, Alden, and Harlow, their plan being chosen from the one -hundred and two sets of plans offered. The library building is 393 feet -long and 150 feet wide, with two graceful towers, each 162 feet high, -and has capacity for 300,000 volumes. The entire "stack" or set of -shelves for books is made of iron in six stories, and is as nearly -fireproof as possible. The lower stories are for the circulating-books; -the upper stories for reference-books.</p> - -<p>The library proper is in the centre of the building, reached by a broad -flight of stone steps. Above, cut in stone, are the words, "Carnegie -Library; Free to the People." The vestibule, finished in marble with -mosaic floors, is handsomely decorated. On the first floor are<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_84" id="Page_84">[Pg 84]</a></span> the -circulating-library, "its blue-ceiling panels bordered with an interlace -in orange and white," a periodical room on either side, one for -scientific and technical, the other for popular and literary magazines, -with rooms for cataloguing and for the library officials.</p> - -<p>"The reference reading-room on the second floor, large, beautiful, and -well-lighted," says the efficient librarian, Mr. Edwin H. Anderson, "is -for quiet study. Here reference-books, such as encyclopædias, -dictionaries, atlases, etc., are at hand, on the shelves along the -walls, to be freely consulted." This room is of a greenish tone, with -ivory-colored pilasters and arches, and a <i>fleur-de-lis</i> pattern painted -in the wall-panels, from the "mark" of a famous Florentine printer and -engraver four centuries ago.</p> - -<p>Across the corridor from the reference reading-room are five smaller -rooms for special collections of books. One is occupied by a musical -library of two thousand volumes, of the late Karl Merz, which was bought -and presented to the library by several citizens of Pittsburg. Another -will contain the collection to be purchased from the fund left by Mr. J. -D. Bernd, and will bear his name. Another will be used for art-books, -and another for science.</p> - -<p>The children are to have a reading-room, made attractive by juvenile -books, magazines, and copies of good pictures. A large and well-lighted -room in the basement is used for the leading newspapers of the country.</p> - -<p>The library has a wing on either side, one containing the art-gallery, -and the other the science museum. The former has three large -picture-rooms on the second floor, painted in dull red, with a -wall-space of 8,300<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_85" id="Page_85">[Pg 85]</a></span> feet for the exhibition of paintings and prints. A -corridor 148 feet long, in which statuary will be placed, is decorated -with copies of the frieze of the Parthenon. The basement of this wing -will be devoted to the various departments of the art-schools of -Pittsburg.</p> - -<p>In the science museum three large, well-lighted rooms on the second -floor will be used for collections in zoölogy, botany, and mineralogy. -"The closely allied branches of geology, the study of the earth's crust; -paleontology, the study of life in former ages; anthropology, the -natural history of the human species; archæology, the science of -antiquity; and ethnology and ethnography, treating of the origin, -relation, characteristic costumes and habits of the human races, will, -no doubt, receive as much attention as space and funds will permit."</p> - -<p>It is also expected that works of skill and invention will be gathered -into an industrial museum for the benefit especially of the many -artisans of Pittsburg. Courses of free lectures will be given to -teachers, to pupils, and to the public, as in the American Museum of -Natural History of New York. Below the three rooms in the museum are -three lecture-rooms, which can be used separately or as one room.</p> - -<p>In one end of the large library building, and separated from it by a -thick wall so as to deaden sound, is the music-hall, semi-circular in -plan, with seats for two thousand one hundred persons, and a stage for -sixty musicians and a chorus of two hundred. Much Sienna marble is used, -the floor is mosaic, the walls are painted a deep rose-color, and the -architecture proper in a soft ivory tone, with gilded ornamentation. Two -free concerts, or organ recitals, are given each week through the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_86" id="Page_86">[Pg 86]</a></span> year, -on the large modern concert organ, built expressly for this hall. -Musical lectures are also given, free from technicalities, illustrated -by choir, organ, and piano. This is certainly taking music, art, and -science to the people as a free gift. To this noble work Mr. Carnegie -has given $2,100,000. Of this amount, $800,000 was for the main -building, $300,000 for the seven branch libraries or distributing -stations, and $1,000,000 as an endowment fund for the art-gallery. From -the annual income of this art-fund, which will be about $50,000, at -least three of the pictures purchased are to be the work of American -artists exhibited that year, preferably in the Pittsburg gallery.</p> - -<p>The city of Pittsburg agrees to appropriate $40,000 annually for the -maintenance of the library system. Mr. Carnegie has always felt that the -people should bear a part of the burden. He said at the opening of the -library, Nov. 5, 1895, "Every citizen of Pittsburg, even the very -humblest, now walks into this, his own library; for the poorest laborer -contributes his mite indirectly to its support. The man who enters a -library is in the best society this world affords; the good and the -great welcome him, surround him, and humbly ask to be allowed to become -his servants; and if he himself, from his own earnings, contributes to -its support, he is more of a man than before.... If library, hall, -gallery, or museum be not popular, and attract the manual toilers and -benefit them, it will have failed in its mission; for it was chiefly for -the wage-earners that it was built, by one who was himself a -wage-earner, and who has the good of that class at heart."</p> - -<p>Mr. Carnegie has said elsewhere, "Every free library<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_87" id="Page_87">[Pg 87]</a></span> in these days -should contain upon its shelves all contributions bearing upon the -relations of labor and capital from every point of view,—socialistic, -communistic, co-operative, and individualist; and librarians should -encourage visitors to read them all."</p> - -<p>The library stands near the entrance of the valuable park of about 439 -acres given to the city by Mrs. Schenley in 1889. "This lady," says Mr. -Carnegie, "although born in Pittsburg, married an English gentleman -while yet in her teens. It is forty years and more since she took up her -residence in London among the titled and wealthy of the world's -metropolis; but still she turns to the home of her childhood, and by -means of Schenley Park links her name with it forever. A noble use this -of great wealth by one who thus becomes her own administrator."</p> - -<p>Near the library are the $125,000 conservatories given to the people by -Mr. Phipps, and a source of most elevating pleasure. Mr. Carnegie's -gifts in and about Pittsburg amount already to $5,000,000; yet he is -soon to build a library for Homestead, and one each for Duquesne and the -town of Carnegie. "Such other districts as may need branch libraries," -says Mr. Carnegie, "we ardently hope we may be able to supply; for to -provide free libraries for all the people of Pittsburg is a field which -we would fain make our own, as chief part of our life-work. I have -dropped into the plural, for there is one always with me to prompt, -encourage, suggest, discuss, and advise, and fortunately, sometimes, -when necessary, gently to criticise; whose heart is as keenly in this -work as my own, preferring it to any other as the best possible use of -surplus wealth, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_88" id="Page_88">[Pg 88]</a></span> without whose wise and zealous co-operation I often -feel little useful work could be done."</p> - -<p>Mr. Carnegie has given $50,000 to Bellevue Hospital Medical College, New -York, for a histological laboratory. He is also the founder of the -magnificent Music Hall on the corner of Fifty-second Street and Seventh -Avenue, New York City. The press says his investment in the Music Hall -Company Limited equals nine-tenths of the full cost of the hall. "It was -the dearest wish of the elder Damrosch that a grand concert-hall -suitable for oratorio, choral, and symphony performances might be built -in New York. The questions of cost, endowment, etc., have been discussed -many times by his associates and successors, without definite result. It -was the liberality and public spirit of Andrew Carnegie which finally -made possible the establishment of a completely equipped home for -music."</p> - -<p>The main hall, exquisite in its decorations of ivory white, gold, and -old rose, will seat about three thousand persons, with standing-room for -a thousand more. In the decorations 1,217 lamps are placed. Of these, -189 are in the ceiling and the walls of the stage, 339 around the boxes -and balconies, and 689 in the main ceiling. When the electric current is -turned on at night the effect is magical. The electric-light plant -consists of four dynamos, each weighing 20,000 pounds. Besides the main -hall, there are several smaller rooms for recitals, lectures, readings, -receptions, and studios.</p> - -<p>Mr. Carnegie will need no other monument than his great libraries, the -influence of which will increase in the coming centuries.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_89" id="Page_89">[Pg 89]</a></span></p> - -<h2><span>THOMAS HOLLOWAY:</span> <span class="smaller">HIS SANATORIUM AND COLLEGE.</span></h2> - -<hr class="smler" /> - -<p>Thomas Holloway, one of England's most munificent givers, was born in -Devonport, England, Sept. 22, 1800. His father, who had been a warrant -officer in a militia regiment, had become a baker in Devonport.</p> - -<p>Finding that he could support his several children better by managing an -inn, he removed to Penzance, and took charge of Turk's Head Inn on -Chapel Street. His son Thomas went to school at Camborne and Penzance -until he was sixteen.</p> - -<p>He was a saving lad, for the family were obliged to be economical. He -must also have been energetic, for this quality he displayed remarkably -through life. After his father died, he and his mother and his brother -Henry opened a grocery and bakery shop in the marketplace at Penzance. -Mrs. Holloway, the mother, was the daughter of a farmer at Trelyon, -Lelant Parish, Cornwall, and knew how to help her sons make a living in -the Penzance shop.</p> - -<p>When Thomas was twenty-eight he seems to have tired of this kind of work -or of the town, for he went to London to struggle with its millions in -making a fortune. It seemed extremely improbable that he would<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_90" id="Page_90">[Pg 90]</a></span> make -money; but if he did not make, he was too poor to lose much.</p> - -<p>For twelve years he worked in various situations, some of the time being -"secretary to a gentleman," showing that he had improved his time while -in school to be able to hold such a position. In 1836 he had established -himself as "a merchant and foreign commercial agent" at 13 Broad Street -Buildings.</p> - -<p>One of the men for whom Mr. Holloway, then thirty-six years old, did -business, was Felix Albinolo, an Italian from Turin, who sold leeches -and the "St. Come et St. Damien Ointment." Mr. Holloway introduced the -Italian to the doctors at St. Thomas's Hospital, who liked the ointment, -and gave testimonials in its favor.</p> - -<p>Mr. Holloway, hoping that he could make some money out of it, prepared -an ointment somewhat similar, and announced it for sale, Oct. 15, 1837. -He stated in his advertisement in the paper that "Holloway's Family -Ointment" had received the commendation of Herbert Mayo, senior surgeon -at Middlesex Hospital, Aug. 19, 1837.</p> - -<p>Albinolo warned the people in the same paper that the surgeon's letter -was given in connection with his ointment, the composition of which was -a secret. Whether this was true or not, the surgeon made no denial of -Mr. Holloway's statement. A year later, as Albinolo could not sell his -wares, and was in debt, he was committed to the debtors' prison, and -nothing more is known of him or his ointment.</p> - -<p>There were various reports about the Holloway ointment, and the pills -which he soon after added to his stock. It was said that for the making -of one or both<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_91" id="Page_91">[Pg 91]</a></span> of these preparations an old German woman had confided -her knowledge to Mr. Holloway's mother, and she in turn had told her -son. Mr. Holloway as long as he lived had great faith in his medicines, -and believed they would sell if they could be brought to the notice of -the people.</p> - -<p>Every day he took his pills and his ointment to the docks to try to -interest the captains and passengers sailing to all parts of the world. -People, as usual, were indifferent to an unknown man and unknown -medicines, and Mr. Holloway went back to his rooms day after day with -little money or success. He advertised in the press as much as he was -able, indeed, more than he was able; for he got into debt, and, like -Albinolo, was thrust into a debtors' prison on White Cross Street. He -effected a release by arranging with his creditors, whom he afterwards -paid in full, with ten per cent interest, it is said, to such as -willingly granted his release.</p> - -<p>Mr. Holloway had married an unassuming girl, Miss Jane Driver, soon -after he came to London; and she was assisting in his daily work. Mr. -Holloway used to labor from four o'clock in the morning till ten at -night, living, with his wife, over his patent-medicine warehouse at 244 -Strand. He told a friend years afterwards that the only recreation he -and his wife had during the week was to take a walk in that crowded -thoroughfare. Speaking of the great labor and anxiety in building up a -business, he said, "If I had then offered the business to any one as a -gift they would not have accepted it."</p> - -<p>The constant advertising created a demand for the medicines. In 1842, -five years after he began to make<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_92" id="Page_92">[Pg 92]</a></span> his pills and ointment, Mr. Holloway -spent £5,000 in advertising; in 1845 he spent £10,000; in 1851, £20,000; -in 1855, £30,000; in 1864, £40,000; in 1882, £45,000, and later £50,000, -or $250,000, each year.</p> - -<p>Mr. Holloway published directions for the use of his medicines in nearly -every known language,—Chinese, Turkish, Armenian, Arabic, and most of -the vernaculars of India. He said he "believed he had advertised in -every respectable newspaper in existence." The business had begun to pay -well evidently in 1850, about twelve years after he started it; for in -that year Mr. Holloway obtained an injunction against his brother, who -had commenced selling "Holloway's Pills and Ointment at 210 Strand." -Probably the brother thought a partnership in the bakery in their boyish -days had fitted him for a partnership in the sale of the patent -medicines.</p> - -<p>In 1860 Mr. Holloway sent a physician to France to introduce his -preparations; but the laws not being favorable to secret remedies, not -much was accomplished. When the new Law Courts were built in London, Mr. -Holloway moved his business to 533 New Oxford Street, since renumbered -78, where he employed one hundred persons, besides the scores in his -branch offices.</p> - -<p>"Of late years," says the Manchester <i>Guardian</i>, "his business became a -vast banking-concern, to which the selling of patent medicines was -allied; and he was understood to say some few years ago that his profits -as a dealer in money approached the enormous sum of £100,000 a year.... -The ground-floor of his large establishment in Oxford Street was -occupied with clerks engaged in bookkeeping. On the first and second -floors<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_93" id="Page_93">[Pg 93]</a></span> one might gain a notion of the profits of pill-making by seeing -young women filling boxes from small hillocks of pills containing a -sufficient dose for a whole city. On the topmost floor were Mr. -Holloway's private apartments."</p> - -<p>Later in life Mr. Holloway moved to a country home, Tittenhurst, -Sunninghill, which is about six miles from Windsor, and on the borders -of the great park of eighteen hundred acres, where he lived without any -display, and where his wife died, Sept. 25, 1871, at the age of -seventy-one.</p> - -<p>He never had any desire for title or public prominence, and when, after -his gifts had made him known and honored, a baronetcy was suggested to -him, he would not consent to it. Mr. Holloway had worked untiringly; he -had not spent his money in extravagant living; and now, how should he -use it for the best good of his country?</p> - -<p>The noble Earl of Shaftesbury had been giving much of his early life to -the amelioration of the insane. He had visited asylums in England, and -seen lunatics chained to their beds, living on bread and water, or shut -up in dark, filthy cells, neglected, and often abused. He ascertained -that over seventy-five per cent may be cured if treatment is given in -the first twelve months; only five per cent if given later. He was -astonished to find that no one seemed to care about these unfortunates.</p> - -<p>He longed to see an asylum built for the insane of the middle classes. -He addressed public meetings in their behalf; and Mr. Holloway was in -one of these meetings, and listened to Lord Shaftesbury's fervent -appeal. His heart was greatly moved; and he visited Shaftesbury, and -together they conferred about the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_94" id="Page_94">[Pg 94]</a></span> great gift which was consummated -later. It is said also that at Mr. Gladstone's breakfast-table, Mrs. -Gladstone advised with Mr. Holloway about the need of convalescent -homes.</p> - -<p>In the year 1873 Mr. Holloway put aside nearly £300,000 ($1,500,000) for -an institution for the insane of the middle classes, such as -professional men, clerks, teachers, and governesses, as the lower -classes were quite well provided for in public asylums.</p> - -<p>A picturesque spot was chosen for the Holloway Sanatorium,—forty acres -of ground near Virginia Water, which is six miles from Windsor, though -within the royal domains. Virginia Water is a beautiful artificial lake, -about seven miles in circumference, a mile and a half long, and -one-third of a mile wide. The lake was formed in 1746, in order to drain -the moorland, by William, Duke of Cumberland, uncle of George III. Near -by is an obelisk with this inscription: "This obelisk was raised by the -command of George II., after the battle of Culloden, in commemoration of -the services of his son William, Duke of Cumberland, the success of his -arms, and the gratitude of his father." This lake, with its adjacent -gardens, pavilions, and cascades, was the favorite summer retreat of -George IV., who built there a fishing-temple richly decorated. A royal -barge, thirty-two feet long, for the use of royalty, is stationed on the -lake.</p> - -<p>In the midst of this attractive scenery Mr. Holloway caused his forty -acres to be laid out with tasteful flower-beds, walks, and thousands of -trees and shrubs. Occupied with his immense business, he yet had time to -watch the growth of his great benevolent project.</p> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_95" id="Page_95">[Pg 95]</a></span></p><p>Mr. W. H. Crossland, who had built the fine Town Hall at Rochdale, was -chosen as the architect, and began at Virginia Water the stately and -handsome Sanatorium in the English Renaissance style of architecture, of -red brick with stone trimmings. There is a massive and lofty tower in -the centre. The interior is finished in gray marble, which is enriched -with cheerful colors and plentiful gilding. The great lecture or concert -hall, adorned with portraits of distinguished persons by Mr. Girardot -and other artists, has a very richly gilded roof. The refectory is -decorated by a series of beautiful fancy groups after Watteau, forming a -frieze.</p> - -<p>The six hundred rooms of the building, great and small, on the four -floors, are exquisitely finished and furnished, all made as attractive -as possible, that those of both sexes who are weary and broken in mind -may have much to interest them in their long days of absence from home -and friends. Students of the National Art Training School, under Mr. -Poynter, did much of the art work. There are no blank walls.</p> - -<p>The Holloway Sanatorium, which is five hundred feet by two hundred feet -in extent, has a model laundry in a separate building, pretty red brick -houses for the staff and those who are not obliged to sleep in the -building, a pleasure-house for rest and recreation for the inmates, and -a handsome chapel.</p> - -<p>Four hundred or more patients can be accommodated. A moderate charge is -made for those who can afford to pay, and only those persons thought to -be curable are received. As much freedom is allowed as possible, that -the inmates may not unnecessarily feel the surveillance under which they -are obliged to live.</p> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_96" id="Page_96">[Pg 96]</a></span></p><p>The Sanatorium was opened June 15, 1885, by the Prince of Wales, -accompanied by the Princess, their three daughters, and the Duke of -Cambridge. Mr. Martin Holloway, the brother-in-law of Mr. Thomas -Holloway, spoke of the uses of the Sanatorium, and the Prince of Wales -replied in a happy manner.</p> - -<p>Many inmates were received at once, and the institution has proved a -great blessing.</p> - -<p>To what other uses should Mr. Holloway put his large fortune? He and -Mrs. Holloway had long thought of a college for women, and after her -death he determined to build one as a memorial to her who had helped him -through all those days of poverty and self-sacrifice.</p> - -<p>In 1875 Mr. Holloway held a conference with the blind Professor Henry -Fawcett, Member of Parliament, and his able wife, Mrs. Millicent Garrett -Fawcett, Mr. Samuel Morley, M.P., Sir James Kay-Shuttleworth, Bart., Mr. -David Chadwick, M.P., Dr. Hague of New York, and others interested in -the higher education of women. Mr. Holloway foresaw, with these -educators, that in the future women would seek a university education -like their brothers. "For many years," says Mr. Martin Holloway, "his -mind was dominated by the idea that if a higher form of education would -ennoble women, the sons of such mothers would be nobler men."</p> - -<p>On May 8, 1876, Mr. Holloway purchased, and conveyed in trust to Mr. -Henry Driver Holloway and Mr. George Martin Holloway, his -brother-in-law, and Mr. David Chadwick, M.P., ninety-five acres on the -southern slope of Egham Hill, Surrey, for his college for women. It is -in the midst of most picturesque and beautiful scenery, rich in -historical associations. Egham is five<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_97" id="Page_97">[Pg 97]</a></span> miles from Windsor, near the -Thames, and on the borders of Runnymede, so called from the Saxon -Runemede, or Council Meadow, where the barons, June 15, 1215, compelled -King John to sign the Magna Charta. A building was erected to -commemorate this important event, and the table on which the charter was -signed is still preserved.</p> - -<p>Near by is Windsor Great Park, with seven thousand fallow deer in its -eighteen hundred acres, and its noted long walk, an avenue of elms three -miles in length, extending from the gateway of George IV., the principal -entrance to Windsor Castle, to Snow Hill, crowned by a statue of George -III., by Westmacott. Not far away from Egham are lovely Virginia Water -and Staines, from Stana, the Saxon for stone, where one sees the city -boundary stone, on which is inscribed, "God preserve the city of London, -A.D. 1280." This marks the limit of jurisdiction of the Lord Mayor of -London over the Thames.</p> - -<p>After Mr. Holloway had decided to build his college, he visited the -chief cities of Europe with Mr. Martin Holloway to ascertain what was -possible about the best institutions of learning, and the latter made a -personal inspection of colleges in the United States. Mr. Holloway was -seventy-six, and too old for a long journey to America.</p> - -<p>Plans were prepared by Mr. W. H. Crossland of London, who spent much -time in France studying the old French châteaux before he began his work -on the college. The first brick was laid Sept. 12, 1879. Mr. Holloway -wished this structure to be the best of its kind in England, if not in -the world. The <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_98" id="Page_98">[Pg 98]</a></span><i>Annual Register</i> says in regard to Mr. Holloway's two -great gifts, "When their efficiency or adornment was concerned, his -customary principle of economy failed to restrain him."</p> - -<p>The college is a magnificent building in the style of the French -Renaissance, reminding one of the Louvre in Paris, of red brick with -Portland stone dressings, with much artistic sculpture.</p> - -<p>"It covers," says a report prepared by the college authorities, "more -ground than any other college in the world, and forms a double -quadrangle, measuring 550 feet by 376 feet. The general design is that -of two long, lofty blocks running parallel to each other, and connected -in the middle and at either end by lower cross buildings.... The -quadrangles each measure about 256 feet by 182 feet. Cloisters run from -east to west on two sides of each quadrangle, with roofs whose upper -sides are constructed as terraces, the capitals being arranged as -triplets."</p> - -<p>No pains or expense have been spared to finish and furnish this college -with every comfort, even luxury. There are over 1,000 rooms, and -accommodations for about 300 students. Each person has two rooms, one -for sleeping and one for study; and there is a sitting-room for every -six persons. The dining-hall is 100 feet long, 30 wide, and 30 high. The -semi-circular ceiling is richly ornamented. The recreation-hall, which -is in reality a picture-gallery, is 100 feet long, 30 wide, and 50 high, -with beautiful ceiling and floor of polished marquetry. The pictures -here were collected by Mr. Martin Holloway, and cost about £100,000, or -half a million dollars. Sir Edwin Landseer's famous <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_99" id="Page_99">[Pg 99]</a></span>picture, "Man -proposes, God disposes," was purchased for £6,000. It was painted in -1864 by Landseer, who received £2,500 for it. It represents an arctic -incident suggested by the finding of the relics of Sir John Franklin.</p> - -<p>Here are "The Princes in the Tower" and "Princess Elizabeth in Prison at -St. James," by Sir John Millais; "The Babylonian Marriage Market" and -"The Suppliants," by Edwin Long; "The Railway Station," by W. P. Frith; -and other noted works. The gallery is open to the public every Thursday -afternoon, and in the summer months on Saturdays also. There are several -thousand visitors each year.</p> - -<p>The college has twelve rooms with deadened walls for practising music, a -gymnasium, six tennis-courts (three of asphalt and three of grass), a -large swimming-bath, a lecture theatre, museum, a library with carved -oak bookcases reaching nearly to the ceiling, and an immense kitchen -which serves for a school for cookery. Electric lights and steam heat -are used throughout the buildings, and there are open fireplaces for the -students' rooms.</p> - -<p>The chapel, 130 feet long by 30 feet wide, says the London <i>Graphic</i> for -July 10, 1886, "is a singularly elaborate building in the Renaissance -style.... In its decoration a strong tendency to the Italian school of -the latter part of the sixteenth century is apparent. This is especially -the case with the roof, which bears a kind of resemblance to that of the -Sistine Chapel at Rome, though it cannot in any way be said to be a copy -of that magnificent work.... The choir, or nave, is seated with oak -benches arranged stall-ways, as is usual in the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_100" id="Page_100">[Pg 100]</a></span> college chapels of -Oxford and Cambridge.... The roof is formed of an elliptic barrel-vault, -the lower portions of which are adorned with statues and candelabra in -high relief, and the upper portion by painted enrichments. The former -are a very remarkable series of works by the Italian sculpture Fucigna, -who had learned his art in the studios of Tenerani and Rauch at Rome. -These were his last works, and he did not live to complete them. The -figures represent the prophets and other personages from the Old -Testament on the left side, and apostles, evangelists, and saints from -the New Testament on the right. The baldachino is constructed of walnut -and oak, richly carved; and the organ front, at the opposite end of the -chapel, is a beautiful example of wood-carving."</p> - -<p>The building and furnishing of the college cost £600,000, the endowment -£300,000, the pictures £100,000, making in all about one million -sterling, or five million dollars. The deed of foundation states that -"the college is founded by the advice and counsel of the founder's dear -wife." When Mrs. Holloway was toiling with her husband over the shop in -the Strand, with no recreation during the week except a walk, as he -said, in that crowded thoroughfare, how little she could have realized -that this beautiful monument would be built to her memory!</p> - -<p>Mr. Holloway did not live to see his college completed; as he died, -after a brief illness of bronchitis, at Tittenhurst, Wednesday, Dec. 26, -1883, aged eighty-three, and was buried in St. Michael's Churchyard, -Sunninghill, Jan. 4, 1884.</p> - -<p>Mr. Martin Holloway faithfully carried out his <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_101" id="Page_101">[Pg 101]</a></span>relative's wishes; and -when the college was ready for occupancy, it was opened by Queen -Victoria in person, on Wednesday, June 30, 1886. The day was fine; and -Egham was gayly decorated for the event with flowers, banners, and -arches. The Queen, with Princess Beatrice and her husband, the late -Prince Henry of Battenberg, the Duke of Connaught, and other members of -the royal family, drove over from Windsor through Frogmore, where Prince -Albert is buried, and Runnymede to Egham, in open carriages, each -carriage drawn by four gray horses ridden by postilions. Outriders in -scarlet preceded the procession, which was accompanied by an escort of -Life Guards.</p> - -<p>Reaching the college at 5.30 <span class="smaller">P.M.</span>, the Queen and Princess Beatrice were -each presented with a bouquet by Miss Driver Holloway, and were -conducted to the chapel, where a throne had been prepared for her -Majesty. Princess Beatrice, Prince Henry of Battenberg, and the Duke of -Cambridge stood on her left, with the Duke of Connaught, the Archbishop -of Canterbury, and others on her right. The choir sang an ode composed -by Mr. Martin Holloway, and the Archbishop of Canterbury offered prayer.</p> - -<p>The Queen then admired the decorations of the chapel, and proceeded to -the picture gallery, where the architect presented to her an album with -illustrations of the college, and the contractor, Mr. J. Thompson, -offered her a beautiful key of gold. The top of the stem is encircled by -two rows of diamonds; and the bow at the top is an elegant piece of -gold, enamel, and diamonds. A laurel wreath of diamonds surrounds the -words, "Opened by H. M. the Queen, June 30, 1886."</p> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_102" id="Page_102">[Pg 102]</a></span></p><p>The Queen was then conducted to the upper quadrangle, where she seated -herself in a chair of state on a dais, under a canopy of crimson velvet. -A great concourse of people were gathered to witness the formal opening -of the college. The lawn was also crowded, six hundred children being -among the people. After the band of the Royal Artillery played to the -singing of the national anthem, "God save the Queen," Mr. Martin -Holloway presented an address to her Majesty in a beautiful casket of -gold. "The casket rests on four pediments, on each of which is seated a -female figure," says the London <i>Times</i>, "which are emblematical of -education, science, music, and painting. On the front panel is a view of -Royal Holloway College, on either side of which is a medallion -containing the royal and imperial monogram, V.R.I., executed in colored -enamel. Underneath the view is the monogram of the founder, Mr. Thomas -Holloway, in enamel."</p> - -<p>At one end of the casket are the royal arms, and at the opposite end the -Holloway arms and motto, "Nil Desperandum," richly emblazoned in enamel. -The casket is surmounted by a portrait model of Mr. Holloway, seated in -a classic chair, being a reduction from the model from life taken by -Signor Fucigna.</p> - -<p>After the address in the casket was presented to Queen Victoria, the -Earl of Kimberley, the minister in attendance, stepped forward, and -said, "I am commanded by her Majesty to declare the college open." -Trumpets were blown by the Royal Scots' Greys, cheers were given, the -archbishop pronounced the benediction, and the choir sang "Rule -Britannia." The Queen before her departure expressed her pleasure and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_103" id="Page_103">[Pg 103]</a></span> -satisfaction in the arrangement of the institution, and commanded that -it be styled, "The Royal Holloway College."</p> - -<p>More than a year later, on Friday, Dec. 16, 1887, a statue of the Queen -was unveiled in the upper quadrangle of the college by Prince Christian. -A group of the founder and his wife in the lower quadrangle was also -unveiled. Both statues are of Tyrolese marble, and are the work of -Prince Victor of Hohenlohe-Langenburg. The Rt. Hon. Earl Granville, -K.G., made a very interesting address.</p> - -<p>The college has done admirable work during the ten years since its -opening. The founder desired that ultimately the college should confer -degrees, but at present the students qualify for degrees at existing -universities. In the report for 1895 of Miss Bishop, the principal, she -says, "We have now among our students, past and present, fifty-one -graduates of the University of London (twenty-one in honors), and -twenty-one students who have obtained Oxford University honors.... This -is the second year that a Holloway student has won the Gilchrist medal, -which is awarded to the first woman on the London B.A. list, provided -she obtains two-thirds of the possible marks." In 1891 a Holloway -student was graduated from the Royal University of Ireland with honors.</p> - -<p>Students are received who do not wish to work for a university -examination, "provided they are <i>bona fide</i> students, with a definite -course of work in view," says the college report for 1895. They must be -over seventeen, pass an entrance examination, and remain not less than -one year. There are twelve entrance scholarships<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_104" id="Page_104">[Pg 104]</a></span> of the value of £50 to -£75 a year, and twelve founder's scholarships of £30 a year, besides -bursaries of the same value. The charge for board, lodging, and -instruction is £90 or $450 a year.</p> - -<p>Courses of practical instruction are given in cookery, ambulance-work, -sick-nursing, wood-carving, and dressmaking. Mr. Holloway states in his -deed: "The curriculum of the college shall not be such as to discourage -students who desire a liberal education apart from the Greek and Latin -languages; and proficiency in classics shall not entitle students to -rewards of merit over others equally proficient in other branches of -knowledge." While the governors, some of whom rightly must always be -women, may provide instruction in subjects which seem most suitable, Mr. -Holloway expresses his sensible belief that "the education of women -should not be exclusively regulated by the traditions and methods of -former ages."</p> - -<p>The students at Holloway, according to an article in Harper's <i>Bazar</i>, -March 10, 1894, by Miss Elizabeth C. Barney, have a happy as well as -busy life. She says, "The girls have a running-club, which requires an -entrance examination of each candidate for election, the test being a -rousing sprint around the college—one-third of a mile—within three -minutes, or fail. After this has been successfully passed, the condition -of continued membership is a repetition of this performance eight times -every two weeks, on pain of a penny fine for every run neglected. On -stormy days the interior corridors are not a bad course, inasmuch as -each one measures one-tenth of a mile in length."</p> - -<p>"Nor are in-door amusements less in vogue than <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_105" id="Page_105">[Pg 105]</a></span>out-door sports. There -are the 'Shakespeare Evenings' and the 'French Evenings,' the 'Fire -Brigade' and the 'Debating Society,' and a host of other more or less -social events.... The Debating Society is an august body, which holds -its sittings in the lecture theatre, and deals with all the questions of -the United Kingdom in the most irreproachable Parliamentary style. They -divide into Government and Opposition, and pass and reject bills in a -way which would do credit to the nation in Parliament assembled."</p> - -<p>The girls also, she says, "have a string orchestra of violins and -'celli, numbering about fifteen performers. The girls meet one evening a -week in the library for practice, and enter into it more as recreation -before study than as serious work. They play very well indeed together, -and sometimes give concerts for the rest of the college."</p> - -<p>A writer in the Atlanta <i>Constitution</i> for April 3, 1892, thus describes -the drill of the fair fire brigade: "'The Holloway Volunteer Brigade' -formed in three sections of ten students each, representing the -occupants of different floors. They were drawn up in line at 'Right -turn! Quick march! Position!' Then each section went quite through with -two full drills.</p> - -<p>"A fire in sitting-room No. 10 was supposed. At command 'Get to work!' -the engine was run down to the doorway, a 'chain' of recruits was formed -to the nearest source of water-supply, and the buckets were handed in -line that the engine might be kept in full play. The pump was vigorously -applied by two girls, while another worked the small hose quickly and -ingeniously, so that the engine was at full speed in less<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_106" id="Page_106">[Pg 106]</a></span> than a -minute. When the drill was concluded with the orders 'Knock off!' and -'Make up!' everything had been put in its own place.</p> - -<p>"Then came the 'Hydrant Drill,' which was conducted at the hydrant -nearest the point of a supposed outbreak of fire. In this six students -from each section took part. Directly the alarm was given one hundred -feet of canvas hose was run out, and an additional length (regulated, of -course, by the distance) was joined to it. At the words 'Turn on!' by -the officer known as 'branch hoseman,' the hose was directed so that, -had there been water in it, it must have streamed onto the supposed -fire. This drill was also accomplished in only a minute; and at the -commands 'Knock off!' and 'Make up!' the hose-pipes were promptly -disconnected, the pipe that is always kept attached to the hydrant was -'flaked down,' and an extra one hundred feet 'coiled up' on the bight -with astonishing rapidity. The drills are genuine realities, and the -students thoroughly enjoy them."</p> - -<p>There is also a way of escape for the students in case of fire. The -"Merryweather Chute," a large tube of specially woven fire-proof canvas, -is attached to a wrought-iron frame that fits the window opening. There -is also a drill with this chute. When the word is given, "Make ready to -go down chute," the young woman draws her dress around her, steps feet -foremost into the tube, and regulates her speed by means of a rope made -fast to the frame, and running through the chute to the ground. Fifty -students can descend from a window in five minutes with no fear after -they have practised.</p> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_107" id="Page_107">[Pg 107]</a></span></p><p>Mr. Holloway and his wife worked hard to accumulate their fortune, but -they placed it where it will do great good for centuries to come. In so -doing they made for themselves an honored name and lasting remembrance.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_108" id="Page_108">[Pg 108]</a></span></p> - -<h2><span>CHARLES PRATT</span> <span class="smaller">AND HIS INSTITUTE.</span></h2> - -<hr class="smler" /> - -<p>"It is a good thing to be famous, provided that the fame has been -honestly won. It is a good thing to be rich when the image and -superscription of God is recognized on every coin. But the sweetest -thing in the world is to be <i>loved</i>. The tears that were shed over the -coffin of Charles Pratt welled up out of loving hearts.... I count his -death to have been the sorest bereavement Brooklyn has ever suffered; -for he was yet in his vigorous prime, with large plans and possibilities -yet to be accomplished.</p> - -<p>"Charles Pratt belonged to the only true nobility in America,—the men -who do not inherit a great name, but make one for themselves." Thus -wrote the Rev. Dr. Theodore L. Cuyler of Brooklyn, after Mr. Pratt's -death in 1891.</p> - -<p>Charles Pratt, the founder of Pratt Institute, was born at Watertown, -Mass., Oct. 2, 1830. His father, Asa Pratt, a cabinet-maker, had ten -children to support, so that it became necessary for each child to earn -for himself whenever that was possible.</p> - -<div class="center"><img src="images/i124.jpg" alt="CHARLES PRATT" /></div> - -<p class="bold">CHARLES PRATT.</p> - -<p>When Charles was ten years old, he left home, and found a place to labor -on a neighboring farm. For three years the lad, slight in physique, but -ambitious to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_109" id="Page_109">[Pg 109]</a></span> earn, worked faithfully, and was allowed to attend school -three months in each winter. At thirteen he was eager for a broader -field, and, going to Boston, was employed for a year in a grocery store. -Soon after he went to Newton, and there learned the machinist's trade, -saving every cent carefully, because he had a plan in his mind; and that -plan was to get an education, even if a meagre one, that he might do -something in the world.</p> - -<p>Finally he had saved enough for a year's schooling, and going to -Wilbraham Academy, at Wilbraham, Mass., "managed," as he afterwards -said, "to live on one dollar a week while I studied." Fifty dollars -helped to lay the foundation for a remarkably useful and noble life.</p> - -<p>When the year was over and the money spent, having learned already the -value of depending upon himself rather than upon outside help, the youth -became a clerk in a paint-and-oil store in Boston. Here the thirst for -knowledge, stimulated but only partially satisfied by the short year at -the academy, led him to the poor man's blessing,—the library. Here he -could read and think, and be far removed from evil associations.</p> - -<p>When he was twenty-one, in 1851, Charles Pratt went to New York as a -clerk for Messrs. Schanck & Downing, 108 Fulton Street, in the oil, -paint, and glass business. The work was constant; but he was happy in -it, because he believed that work should be the duty and pleasure of -all. He never changed in this love for labor. He said years afterwards, -when he was worth millions, "I am convinced that the great problem which -we are trying to solve is very much wrapped up in the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_110" id="Page_110">[Pg 110]</a></span> thought of -educating the people to find happiness in a busy, active life, and that -the occupation of the hour is of more importance than the wages -received." He found "happiness in a busy, active life," when he was -earning fifty dollars a year as well as when he was a man of great -wealth.</p> - -<p>Years later Mr. Pratt's son Charles relates the following incident, -which occurred when his father came to visit him at Amherst College: "He -was present at a lecture to the Senior class in mental science. The -subject incidentally discussed was 'Work,' its necessary drain upon the -vital forces, and its natural and universal distastefulness. On being -asked to address the class, my father assumed to present the matter from -a point of view entirely different from that of the text-book, and -maintained that there was no inherent reason why man should consider his -daily labor, of whatever nature, as necessarily disagreeable and -burdensome, but that the right view was the one which made of work a -delight, a source of real satisfaction, and even pleasure. Such, indeed, -it was to him; he believed it might prove to be such to all others."</p> - -<p>After Mr. Pratt had worked three years for his New York firm, in -connection with two other gentlemen he bought the paint-and-oil business -of his employers, and the new firm became Raynolds, Devoe, & Pratt. For -thirteen years he worked untiringly at his business; and in 1867 the -firm was divided, the oil portion of the business being carried on by -Charles Pratt & Co. In the midst of this busy life the influence of the -Mercantile Library of Boston was not lost. He had become associated with -the Mercantile Library of New York, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_111" id="Page_111">[Pg 111]</a></span> both this and the one in Boston -had a marked influence on his life and his great gifts.</p> - -<p>When the immense oil-fields of Pennsylvania began to be developed, about -1860, Mr. Pratt was one of the first to see the possibilities of the -petroleum trade. He began to refine the crude oil, and succeeded in -producing probably the best upon the market, called "Pratt's Astral -Oil." Mr. Pratt took a just pride in its wide use, and was pleased, says -a friend, "when the Rev. Dr. Buckley told him that he had found that the -Russian convent on Mount Tabor was lighted with Pratt's Astral Oil. He -meant that the stamp 'Pratt' should be like the stamp of the mint,—an -assurance of quality and quantity."</p> - -<p>For years he was one of the officers of the Standard Oil Company, and of -course a sharer in its enormous wealth. Nothing seemed more improbable -when he was spending a year at Wilbraham Academy, living on a dollar a -week, than this ownership of millions. Now, as then, he was saving of -time as well as money.</p> - -<p>Says Mr. James McGee of New York, "He brought to business a hatred of -waste. He disliked waste of every kind. He was not willing that the -smallest material should be lost. He did not believe in letting time go -to waste. He was punctual at his engagements, or gave good excuse for -his tardiness. Speaking of an evening spent in congratulations, he said -that it was time lost; it would have been better spent in reviewing -mistakes, that they might be corrected. It is said that a youth who had -hurried into business applied to Mr. Pratt for advice as to whether he -should go West. He questioned the young man as to how he occupied his -time; what he<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_112" id="Page_112">[Pg 112]</a></span> did before business hours, and what after; what he was -reading or doing to improve his mind. Finding that the young man was -taking no pains to educate himself, he said emphatically, 'No; don't go -West. They don't want you.'"</p> - -<p>Active as Mr. Pratt was in the details of a great business, he found -time for other work. Desiring an education, which he in his early days -could not obtain, he provided the best for his children. He became -deeply interested in Adelphi Academy, Brooklyn, was a trustee, and later -president of the Board. In 1881 he erected the wing of the main -building; and six years later, in 1887, he gave $160,000 for the -erection of a new building.</p> - -<p>He gave generously to the Baptist Church in Brooklyn in which he -worshipped, and from the pews of which he was seldom absent on the -Sabbath. He bestowed thousands upon struggling churches. He generously -aided Rochester Theological Seminary. He gave to Amherst College, -through his son Charles M. Pratt, about $40,000 for a gymnasium, and -through his son Frederick B. Pratt thirteen acres for athletic grounds. -He helped foreign missions and missions at home with an open hand.</p> - -<p>"There were," says Dr. Cuyler, "innumerable little rills of benevolence -that trickled into the homes of the needy and the hearts of the -straitened and suffering. I never loved Charles Pratt more than when he -was dealing with the needs of a bright orphan girl, whose case appealed -strongly to his sympathies. After inquiring into it carefully, he said -to me, 'We must be careful when trying to aid this young lady, not to -cripple her energies, or lower her sense of independence.'</p> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_113" id="Page_113">[Pg 113]</a></span></p><p>"The last time his hand ever touched paper was to sign a generous check -for the benefit of our Brooklyn Bureau of Charities. Almost the last -words that he ever wrote was this characteristic sentence: 'I feel that -life is so short that I am not satisfied unless I do each day the best I -can.'"</p> - -<p>Mr. Pratt was not willing to spend his life in accumulating millions -except for a purpose. He once told Dr. Cuyler, "The greatest humbug in -this world is the idea that the mere possession of money can make any -man happy. I never got any satisfaction out of mine until I began to do -good with it."</p> - -<p>He did not wish his wealth to build fine mansions for himself, for he -preferred to live simply. He had no pleasure in display. "He needed," -says his minister, Dr. Humpstone, "neither club nor playhouse to afford -him rest; his home sufficed. For those who use such diversions he had no -criticism. In these matters he was neither narrow nor ascetic. He was -the brother of his own children. His home was to him the fairest spot on -earth. He filled it with sunshine. Outside of his business, his church, -and his philanthropy, it was his only sphere."</p> - -<p>He was a man of few words and much self-control. Dr. Humpstone relates -this incident, told him by a friend: "Some one made upon Mr. Pratt, -openly, a bitter personal attack. The future revealed that this charge -was entirely unmerited, and the man who made it lived to regret his act; -but the moment revealed the greatness of our dead friend's love. He said -no word; only a face pale with pain revealed how determined was his -effort at self-control, and how keen was his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_114" id="Page_114">[Pg 114]</a></span> suffering. When his -accuser turned to go, he bade him good-morning, as though he had left a -blessing and not a bane behind him. As I recall the past at this moment, -I think of no word he ever spoke in my hearing that was proof of an -unloving spirit in him."</p> - -<p>For years Mr. Pratt had been thinking about industrial education; "such -education as enables men and women to earn their own living by applied -knowledge and the skilful use of their hands in the various productive -industries." He knew that the majority of young men and women are born -poor, and must struggle for a livelihood, and, whether poor or rich, -ought to know how to be self-supporting, and not helpless members of the -community. The study of algebra and English literature might be a -delight, but not all can be teachers or clerks in stores; some must be -machinists, carpenters, and skilled workmen in various trades.</p> - -<p>Mr. Pratt never forgot that he had been a poor boy. He never grew cold -in manner and selfish in life. "He presented," says Mr. James -MacAlister, President of the Drexel Institute, Philadelphia, "the rare -spectacle of a rich man in strong sympathy with the industrial -revolution that was progressing around him. His ardent desire was to -recognize labor, to improve it, to elevate it; and his own experience -taught him that the best way to do this was to put education into the -handiwork of the laborer."</p> - -<p>Mr. Pratt gained information from all possible sources about the kind of -an institution which should be built to provide the knowledge of books -and the knowledge of earning a living. He travelled widely in his own -country, corresponded with the heads of various schools,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_115" id="Page_115">[Pg 115]</a></span> such as The -Rose Polytechnic Institute at Terre Haute, Ind., the Institute of -Technology in Boston, and with Dr. John Eaton, then Commissioner of -Education, Dr. Felix Adler of New York, and others. Then Mr. Pratt took -his son, Mr. F. B. Pratt, and his private secretary, Mr. Heffley, to -twenty of the leading cities in England, France, Austria, Switzerland, -and Germany, to see what the Old World was doing to educate her people -in self-help.</p> - -<p>He found great industrial schools on the Continent supported by the city -or state, where every boy or girl could learn the theory or practice, or -both, of the trade to be followed for a livelihood. On leaving the -schools the pupils could earn a dollar or more a day. Our own country -was sadly backward in such matters. The public schools had introduced -manual training only to a very limited extent. Mr. Pratt determined to -build an institute where any who wished to engage in "mechanical, -commercial, and artistic pursuits" should have a thorough "theoretic and -practical knowledge." It should dignify labor, because he believed there -should be no idlers among rich or poor. It should teach "that personal -character is of greater consequence than material productions."</p> - -<p>Mr. Pratt, on Sept. 11, 1885, bought a large piece of land on Ryerson -Street, Brooklyn, a total of 32,000 square feet, and began to carry out -in brick and stone his noble thought for the people. He not only gave -his millions, but he gave his time and thought in the midst of his busy -life. He said, "<i>The giving which counts, is the giving of one's self</i>. -The faithful teacher who gives his strength and life without stint or -hope of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_116" id="Page_116">[Pg 116]</a></span> reward, other than the sense of fidelity to duty, gives most; -and so the record will stand when our books are closed at the day of -final accounting."</p> - -<p>Mr. Pratt at first erected the main building six stories high, 100 feet -by 86, brick with terra-cotta and stone trimmings, and the machine-shop -buildings, consisting of metal-working and wood-working shops, forge and -foundry rooms, and a building 103 feet by 95 for bricklaying, -stone-carving, plumbing, and the like. Later the high-school building -was added; and a library building has recently been erected, the library -having outgrown its rooms. In the main building, occupying the whole -fourth floor as well as parts of several other floors, is the art -department of the Institute. Here, in morning, afternoon, and evening -classes, under the best instructors, a three years' course in art may be -taken, in drawing, painting, and clay-modelling; also courses in -architectural and mechanical drawing, where in the adjacent shops the -properties of materials and their power to bear strain can be learned. -Many students take a course in design, and are thus enabled to win good -positions as designers of book-covers, tiles, wall-papers, carpets, etc. -The normal art course of two years fits for teaching. Of those who left -the Institute between 1890 and 1893, having finished the course, -seventy-six became supervisors of drawing in public schools, or teach -art elsewhere, with salaries aggregating $47,620. Courses are also given -in wood-carving and art needlework. Though there were but twelve in the -class in the art department at the opening of the Institute in 1887, in -three years the number of pupils had increased to about seven hundred.</p> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_117" id="Page_117">[Pg 117]</a></span></p><p>Mr. Pratt instituted another department in the main building,—that of -domestic science. There are morning, afternoon, and evening classes in -sewing, cooking, and other household matters. A year's course, two -lessons a week, is given in dressmaking, cutting, fitting, and draping, -or the course may be taken in six months if time is limited; a course in -millinery with five lessons a week, and the full course in three months -if the person has little time to give; lectures in hygiene and home -nursing, that women in their homes may know what to do in cases of -sickness; classes in laundry work, in plain and fancy cooking, and -preparing food for invalids. There are Normal courses to fit teachers -for schools and colleges to give instruction in house sanitation, -ventilation, heating, cooking, etc.</p> - -<p>This department of domestic science has been most useful and popular. As -many as 2,800 pupils have been enrolled in a single year. A club of men -came to take lessons in cooking preparatory to camp-life. Nurses come -from the training-schools in hospitals to learn how to cook for -invalids. Many teachers have gone out from this department. The -Institute has not been able to supply the demand for sewing-women and -dressmakers during the busy season.</p> - -<p>Mr. Pratt rightly thought "that a knowledge of household employments is -thoroughly consistent with the grace and dignity and true womanliness of -every American girl.... The housewife who knows how to manage the -details of her home has more courage than one who is dependent upon -servants, no matter how faithful they may be. She is a better mistress; -for she can sympathize with them, and appreciate their work when well -done."</p> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_118" id="Page_118">[Pg 118]</a></span></p><p>Mr. Pratt had another object in view, as he said, "To help those -families who must live on small incomes,—say, not over $400 or $500 per -year,—teaching the best disposition of this money in wise purchase, -economical use of material, and little waste. One aim of this department -is to make the home of the workingman more attractive."</p> - -<p>Mr. Pratt said in the last address which he ever made to his Institute: -"Home is the centre from which the life of the nation emanates; and the -highest product of modern civilization is a contented, happy home. How -can we help to secure such homes? By teaching the people that happiness, -to some extent at least, consists in having something to occupy the head -and hand, and in doing some useful work."</p> - -<p>In the department of commerce, there are day and evening classes in -phonography, typewriting, bookkeeping, commercial law, German, and -Spanish, as the latter language, it is believed, will be used more in -our commercial relations in the future.</p> - -<p>There is a department of music to encourage singing among the people, -with courses in vocal music, and in the art of teaching music; this has -over four hundred students. In the department of kindergartens in the -Institute Mr. Pratt took a deep interest. A model kindergarten is -conducted with training-classes, and classes for mothers, who may thus -be able to introduce it into their homes. The high-school department, a -four years' course, combining the academic and the manual training, has -proved very valuable. It was originally intended to make the Institute -purely manual, but later it was felt to be wise to give an opportunity -for a completer<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_119" id="Page_119">[Pg 119]</a></span> education by combining head-work and hand-work. The -school day is from nine o'clock till three. Of the seven periods into -which this time is divided, three are devoted to recitations, one to -study,—the lessons are prepared at home,—one to drawing, and two to -the workshop, in wood, forging, tinsmithing, machine-tool work, etc. -When the high school was opened, Mr. Pratt said, "We believe in the -value of co-education, and are pleased to note the addition of more than -twenty young women to this entering class."</p> - -<p>The high school has some excellent methods. "For making the machinery of -National and State elections clear," says Mr. F. B. Pratt, the secretary -of the Institute and son of the founder, "the school has conducted a -campaign and election in close imitation of the actual process.... Every -morning the important news of the preceding day has been announced and -explained by selected pupils." The Institute annually awards ten -scholarships to ten graduates of the Brooklyn grammar schools, five boys -and five girls, who pass the best entrance examinations for the high -school of Pratt Institute. The pupils after leaving the high school are -fitted to enter any scientific institution of college grade.</p> - -<p>Mr. Pratt was "so much impressed with the far-reaching influence of good -books as distributed through a free library," that he established a -library in the Institute for the use of the pupils, and for the public -as well. It now has fifty thousand volumes, with a circulation of over -two hundred thousand volumes. In connection with it, there are library -training-classes, graduates of which have found good positions in -various libraries.</p> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_120" id="Page_120">[Pg 120]</a></span></p><p>A museum was begun by Mr. Pratt in 1887, as an aid to the students in -their work. The finest specimens of glass, earthenware, bronzes, -iron-work, and minerals were obtained from the Old World, specimens of -iron and steel from our own country to illustrate their manufacture in -the various articles of use; much attention will be given to artistic -work in iron after the manner of Quentin Matsys; lace, ancient and -modern; all common cloth, with kind of weave and price; various wools -and woollen goods from many countries.</p> - -<p>In the basement of the main building Mr. Pratt opened a lunch-room, a -most sensible department, especially for those who live at some distance -from the Institute. Dinners at a reasonable price are served from twelve -to two o'clock, and suppers three nights a week from six to seven <span class="smaller">P.M.</span> -Over forty thousand meals are served yearly. Soups, cold meats, salads, -sandwiches, tea, coffee, milk, and fruit are usually offered.</p> - -<p>Another thought of Mr. Pratt, who seemed not to overlook anything, was -the establishing of an association known as "The Thrift." Mr. Pratt -said, "Pupils are taught some useful work by which they can earn money. -It seems a natural thing that the next step should be to endeavor to -teach them how to save this money; or, in other words, how to make a -wise use of it. It is not enough that one be trained so that he can join -the bands of the world's workers and become a producer; he needs quite -as much to learn habits of economy and thrift in order to make his life -a success."</p> - -<p>"The Thrift" was divided into the investment branch and the loan branch. -The investment shares were $150, payable at the rate of one dollar a -month for<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_121" id="Page_121">[Pg 121]</a></span> ten years. The investor would then have $160. Any person -could loan money to purchase a home, and make small monthly payments -instead of rent. As many persons were unable to save a dollar a month, -stamps were sold as in Europe; and a person could buy them at any time, -and these could be redeemed for cash. In less than four years, the -Thrift had 650 depositors, with a total investment of over $90,000. -Twenty-four loans had been made, aggregating over $100,000. The total -deposits up to 1895 were $260,000.</p> - -<p>Most interesting to me of all the departments of Pratt Institute are the -machine-shops and the Trade School Building, where boys can learn a -trade. "The aim of these trade classes," says Mr. F. B. Pratt, in the -<i>Independent</i> for April 30, 1891, "is to afford a thorough grounding in -the principles of a mechanical trade, and sufficient practice in its -different operations to produce a fair amount of hand skill." The old -apprenticeship system has been abandoned, and our boys must learn to -earn a living in some other way. The trades taught at Pratt Institute -are carpentry, forging, machine-work, plastering, plumbing, -blacksmithing, bricklaying, house and fresco painting, etc. There is an -evening class of sheet-metal workers, who study patterns for cornices, -elbows, and other designs in sheet-metal. Much attention is given to -electrical construction and to electricity in general. The day and -evening classes are always full. Some of the master-mechanics' -associations are cordial in their co-operation and examination of -students through their committees. After leaving the Institute, work -seems to be readily obtained at good wages.</p> - -<p>Mr. Pratt wished the instruction here to be of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_122" id="Page_122">[Pg 122]</a></span> best. He said, "The -demand is for a better and better quality of work, and our American -artisans must learn that to claim first place in any trade they must be -intelligent.... They must learn to have pride in their work, and to love -it, and believe in our motto, 'Be true to your work, and your work will -be true to you.'"</p> - -<p>The sons of the founder are alive to the necessities of the young in -this direction. If it is true that out of the 52,894 white male -prisoners in the prisons and reformatory institutions of the United -States in 1890 nearly three-fourths were native born, and 31,426 had -learned no trade whatever, it is evident that one of the most pressing -needs of our time is the teaching of trades to boys and young men.</p> - -<p>Mr. Charles M. Pratt, the president of the Institute, says in his -Founder's Day Address in 1893 concerning technical instruction: "Our -possible service here seems almost limitless. The President of the Board -of Education of Boston in a recent address congratulated his -fellow-citizens upon the fact that Boston has her system of public -schools and kindergartens, and now, and but lately, her public school of -manual training; but what is needed, he said, 'is a school of <i>technical -training in the trades</i>, such as Pratt Institute and other similar -institutions furnish. I sincerely trust that the next five years of life -and growth here will develop much in this direction.... We are willing -to enlarge our present special facilities, or provide new ones for new -trade-class requirements, as long as the demand for such opportunities -truly exists.'"</p> - -<p>One rejoices in such institutions as the New York Trade Schools on First -Avenue, between Sixty-seventh<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_123" id="Page_123">[Pg 123]</a></span> and Sixty-eighth Streets, with their day -and evening classes in plumbing, gasfitting, bricklaying, plastering, -stone-cutting, fresco-painting, wood-carving, carpentry, and the like. A -printing department has also been added. This work owes its inception -and success to the brain and devotion of the late lamented Richard -Tylden Auchmuty, who died in New York, July 18, 1893. Mrs. Auchmuty, the -wife of the founder, has given the land and buildings to the school, -valued at $220,000, and a building-fund of $100,000. Mr. J. Pierpont -Morgan has endowed the school with a gift of $500,000.</p> - -<p>Mr. Pratt did not cease working when his great Institute was fairly -started. He built in Greenpoint, Long Island, a large apartment building -called the "Astral," five stories high, of brick and stone, with 116 -suites of rooms, each suite capable of accommodating from three to six -persons. The building cost $300,000, and is rented to workingmen and -their families, the income to be used in helping to maintain the -Institute. A public library was opened in the Astral, with the thought -at first of using it only for the people in the building; but it was -soon opened to all the inhabitants of Greenpoint, and has been most -heartily appreciated and used. Cut in stone over the fireplace in the -reading-room of the Astral are the words, "Waste neither time nor -money."</p> - -<p>When Mr. Pratt made his first address to the students of Pratt Institute -on Founder's Day, Oct. 2, 1888, his birthday, taking the Bible from the -desk, he said, before reading it and offering prayer, "Whatever I have -done, whatever I hope to do, I have done trusting in the Power from -above."</p> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_124" id="Page_124">[Pg 124]</a></span></p><p>Before he built the Institute many persons asked him to use his wealth -in other ways; some urged a Theological School, others a Medical School, -but his interest in the workingman and the home led him to found the -Institute. He rejoiced in the work and its outlook for the future. He -said, "I am so grateful, so grateful that the Almighty has inclined my -heart to do this thing."</p> - -<p>On the second and third Founder's Days, Mr. Pratt spoke with hope and -the deepest interest in the work of the Institute. He had been asked -often what he had spent for the work, and had prepared a statement at -considerable cost of time, but with characteristic modesty he could -never bring himself to make it public. "I have asked myself over and -over again what good could result from any statement we could make of -the amount of money we have spent. The quality and amount of service -rendered by the Institute is the only fair estimate of its real value."</p> - -<p>In closing his address Mr. Pratt said, "To my sons and co-trustees, who -will have this work to carry on when I am gone, I wish to say, 'The -world will overestimate your ability, and will underestimate the value -of your work; will be exacting of every promise made or implied; will be -critical of your failings; will often misjudge your motives, and hold -you to strict account for all your doings. Many pupils will make -demands, and be forgetful of your service to them. Ingratitude will -often be your reward. When the day is dark, and full of discouragement -and difficulty, you will need to look on the other side of the picture, -which you will find full of hope and gladness.'"</p> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_125" id="Page_125">[Pg 125]</a></span></p><p>When the next Founder's Day came, Mr. Pratt was gone, and the Institute -was in the hands of others. At the close of a day of work and thought in -his New York office, Mr. Pratt fell at his post, May 4, 1891, and was -carried to his home in Clinton Avenue, Brooklyn. After the funeral, May -7, memorial services were held in the Emmanuel Baptist Church on Sunday -afternoon, May 17, with addresses by distinguished men who loved and -honored him.</p> - -<p>A beautiful memorial chapel was erected by his family on his estate at -Dosoris, Glen Cove, Long Island; and there the body of Mr. Pratt was -buried, July 31, 1894. The chapel is of granite, in the Romanesque -style, with exquisite stained glass windows. The main room is wainscoted -with polished red granite, the arching ceiling lined with glass mosaic -in blue, gold, and green. At the farther end, in a semi-circular apse -reached by two steps through an imposing arch, stands the sarcophagus of -Siena marble, with the name, Charles Pratt, and dates of birth and -death. The campanile contains the chime of bells so admired by everybody -who visited the Columbian Exposition at Chicago, and heard it ring out -from the central clock tower in the Building of Manufactures and Liberal -Arts. Few, comparatively, will ever see this monument erected by a -devoted family to a husband and father; but thousands upon thousands -will see the monument which Mr. Pratt built for himself in his noble -Institute. Every year thousands come to learn its methods and to copy -some of its features, even from Africa and South America. The Earl of -Meath, who has done so much for the improvement of his race, said to Dr. -Cuyler, "Of all the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_126" id="Page_126">[Pg 126]</a></span> good things I have seen in America, there is none -that I would so like to carry back to London as this splendid -establishment."</p> - -<p>One may read in Baedeker's "Guide Book of the United States" -instructions how to find "the extensive buildings of Pratt Institute, -one of the best-equipped technical institutions in the world. None -interested in technical education should fail to visit this -institution."</p> - -<p>During his life, Mr. Pratt gave to the Institute about $3,700,000, and -thus had the pleasure of seeing it bear fruit. Of this, $2,000,000 is -the endowment fund. Small charges are made to the pupils, but not nearly -enough to pay the running expenses. Mr. Pratt's sons are nobly carrying -forward the work left to their care by their father, who died in the -midst of his labors. Playgrounds have been laid out, a gymnasium -provided, new buildings erected, and other measures adopted which they -feel that their father would approve were he alive.</p> - -<p>Courses of free lectures are given at Pratt Institute to the public as -well as the students; a summer school is provided at Glen Cove, Long -Island, for such as wish to learn about agriculture, with instruction -given in botany, chemistry, physiology, raising and harvesting crops, -and the care of animals; nurses are trained in the care and development -of children; a bright monthly magazine is published by the Institute; a -Neighborship Association has been formed of alumni, teachers, and -pupils, which meets for the discussion of such topics as "The relation -of the rich to the poor," "The ethics of giving," "Citizenship," etc., -and to carry out the work and spirit of the Institute wherever -opportunity offers.</p> - -<p>Already the influence of Pratt Institute has been very<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_127" id="Page_127">[Pg 127]</a></span> great. Public -schools all over the country are adopting some form of manual training -whereby the pupils shall be better fitted to earn their living. Mr. -Chas. M. Pratt, in one of his Founder's Day addresses, quotes the words -of a successful teacher and merchant: "There is nothing under God's -heaven so important to the individual as to acquire the power to earn -his own living; to be able to stand alone if necessary; to be dependent -upon no one; to be indispensable to some one."</p> - -<p>About four thousand students receive instruction each year at the -Institute. Many go out as teachers to other schools all over the -country. As the founder said in his last address, "The world goes on, -and Pratt Institute, if it fulfils the hopes and expectations of its -founder, must go on, and as the years pass, the field of its influence -should grow wider and wider."</p> - -<p>On the day that he died, Mr. Herbert S. Adams, the sculptor, had -finished a bust of Mr. Pratt in clay. It was put into bronze by the -teachers and pupils, and now stands in the Institute, with these words -of the founder cut in the bronze: "<i>The giving which counts is the -giving of one's self</i>."</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_128" id="Page_128">[Pg 128]</a></span></p> - -<h2><span>THOMAS GUY</span> <span class="smaller">AND HIS HOSPITAL.</span></h2> - -<hr class="smler" /> - -<p>One day the rich Matthew Vassar stood before the great London hospital -founded by Thomas Guy, and read these words on the pedestal of the -bronze statue:—</p> - -<p class="center">THOMAS GUY,<br /> -SOLE FOUNDER OF THIS HOSPITAL IN HIS LIFETIME<br />A.D. MDCCXXI.</p> - -<p>The last three words made a deep impression. Matthew Vassar had no -children. He wished to leave his fortune where it would be of permanent -value; and lest something might happen to thwart his plan, he had to do -it <i>in his lifetime</i>.</p> - -<p>Sir Isaac Newton said, "They who give nothing till they die, never give -at all." Several years before his death, Matthew Vassar built Vassar -College near Poughkeepsie, N.Y.; for he said, "There is not in our -country, there is not in the world so far as known, a single fully -endowed institution for the education of women. It is my hope to be the -instrument, in the hands of Providence, of founding and perpetuating an -institution <i>which shall accomplish for young women what our colleges -are accomplishing for young men</i>."</p> - -<p>To this end he gave a million dollars, and was happy<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_129" id="Page_129">[Pg 129]</a></span> in the results. -His birthday is celebrated each year as "Founder's Day." On one of these -occasions he said, "This is almost more happiness than I can bear. This -one day more than repays me for all I have done."</p> - -<p>And what of Thomas Guy, whose example led to Matthew Vassar's noble gift -while the latter was alive? He was an economical, self-made bookbinder -and bookseller, who became the "greatest philanthropist of his day."</p> - -<p>Thomas Guy was born in Horselydown, Southwark, in the outskirts of -London, in 1644 or 1645. His father, Thomas Guy, was a lighterman and -coalmonger, one who transferred coal from the colliers to the wharves, -and also sold it to customers. He was a member of the Carpenters' -Company of the city of London, and probably owned some barges.</p> - -<p>His wife, Anne Vaughton, belonged to a family of better social position -than her husband, as several of her relatives had been mayors in -Tamworth, or held other offices of influence.</p> - -<p>When the boy Thomas was eight years old, his father died, leaving Mrs. -Guy to bring up three small children, Thomas, John, and Anne. The eldest -probably went to the free grammar school of Tamworth, and when fifteen -or sixteen years of age was apprenticed for eight years to John Clarke -the younger, bookseller and bookbinder in Cheapside, London.</p> - -<p>John Clarke was ruined in the great fire of Sept. 2, 1666, which, says -H. R. Fox Bourne in his "London Merchants," "destroyed eighty-nine -churches, and more than thirteen thousand houses in four hundred -streets. Of the whole district within the city walls, four hundred and -thirty-six acres were in ruins, and only seventy-five<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_130" id="Page_130">[Pg 130]</a></span> acres were left -covered. Property worth £10,000,000 was wasted, and thousands of -starving Londoners had to run for their lives, and crouch for days and -weeks on the bare fields of Islington and Hampstead, Southwark and -Lambeth."</p> - -<p>What Thomas Guy was in his later life he probably was as a -boy,—hard-working, economical, of good habits, and determined to -succeed. When the eight years of apprenticeship were over he was -admitted a freeman of the Stationers' Company; and having a little -means, he began a business at the junction of Cornhill and Lombard -Streets, where he resided through his whole life. His stock of books at -the beginning was worth about two hundred pounds.</p> - -<p>At this time many English Bibles were printed in Holland on account of -the better paper and types found there, and vast numbers were imported -to England with large profits. Young Guy, with business shrewdness, soon -became an importer of Bibles, and very probably Prayer-books and Psalms.</p> - -<p>The King's printers were opposed to such importations, and caused the -arrest of booksellers and publishers, so that this Holland trade was -largely broken up. It is said that the King's printers so raised the -price of Bibles that the poor were unable to buy them. The privilege of -printing was limited to London, York, and the Universities of Oxford and -Cambridge. Then London and Oxford quarrelled over Bible printing, and -each tried to undersell the other.</p> - -<div class="center"><img src="images/i148.jpg" alt="THOMAS GUY" /></div> - -<p class="bold">THOMAS GUY.</p> - -<p>Thomas Guy and Peter Parker printed Bibles for Oxford, had four presses -in use within four months of their undertaking the Oxford work, and -showed the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_131" id="Page_131">[Pg 131]</a></span> greatest activity, skill, and energy in the enterprise. -Their work was excellent, and some of their Bibles and other volumes are -still found in the English libraries.</p> - -<p>These University printers, Parker & Guy, had many lawsuits with other -firms, who claimed that the former had made £10,000, or even £15,000, by -their connection with Oxford. Doubtless they had made money; but they -had done their work well, and deserved their success.</p> - -<p>Concerning Oxford Bibles, a writer in <i>McClure's Magazine</i> says, "In -these days the privilege of printing a Bible is hardly less jealously -guarded in the United Kingdom than the privilege of printing a banknote. -It is accorded by license to the Queen's printers, and by charter to the -Universities of Oxford and Cambridge; and it is, as a matter of fact, at -the University of Oxford that the greatest bulk of the work is done. -From this famous press there issue annually about one million copies of -the sacred book; copies ranging in price from tenpence to ten pounds, -and in form from the brilliant Bible, which weighs in its most handsome -binding less than four ounces, and measures 3½ by 2-1/8 by ¾ -inches, to the superb folio Bible for church use, the page of which -measures 19 by 12 inches, which is the only folio Bible in -existence—seventy-eight editions in all; copies in all manner of -languages, even the most barbarous."</p> - -<p>The choicest paper is used, and the utmost care taken with setting the -type. It is computed that to set up and "read" a reference Bible costs -£1,000.</p> - -<p>"The first step is to make a careful calculation, showing what, in the -particular type employed, will be the exact contents of each page, from -the first page to the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_132" id="Page_132">[Pg 132]</a></span> last. It must be known before a single type is -set just what will be the first and last word on each page. It is not -enough that this calculation shall be approximate, it must be exact to -the syllable.</p> - -<p>"The proofs are then read again by a fresh reader, from a fresh model; -and this process is repeated until, before being electrotyped, they have -been read five times in all. Any compositor who detects an error in the -model gets a reward; but only two such rewards have ever been earned. -Any member of the public who is first to detect an error in the -authorized text is entitled to one guinea, but the average annual outlay -of the press under this head is almost nil."</p> - -<p>As soon as Thomas Guy prospered, he gave to various causes. He gave five -pounds to help rebuild the schoolhouse at Tamworth, where he had been a -student a few years before; and when a little over thirty years of age, -in 1678, he bought some land in Tamworth, and erected an almshouse for -seven poor women. A good-sized room was used for their library. The -whole cost was £200, a worthy beginning for a young man.</p> - -<p>A little later Mr. Guy gave ten pounds yearly to a "Spinning School," -where the children of the poor were taught how to work, probably some -kind of industrial training. Also ten pounds yearly to a Dissenting -minister, and the same amount to one of the Established Church.</p> - -<p>When Mr. Guy was a little over forty, he gave another £200 for -almshouses for poor men at Tamworth; and the town called him, "Our -incomparable benefactor."</p> - -<p>When Mr. Guy was forty-five years of age, in 1690, he attempted to enter -Parliament from Tamworth, but<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_133" id="Page_133">[Pg 133]</a></span> was defeated. This was the second -Parliament under William and Mary. In 1694 he was elected sheriff of -London, but refused to serve, perhaps on account of the expense, as he -disliked display, and paid the penalty of refusing, £400.</p> - -<p>In the third Parliament, 1695, Mr. Guy tried again, and succeeded. He -was re-elected after an exciting contest in 1698, and again in 1701 and -1702, and in two Parliaments under Queen Anne.</p> - -<p>While in Parliament he built a town hall for the people of Tamworth. In -1708, after thirteen years of service, Mr. Guy was rejected. It is said -that he promised the people of Tamworth, so much did he enjoy -Parliamentary life, that if they would elect him again he would leave -his whole fortune to the town, so they should never have a pauper; but -for once they forgot their "incomparable benefactor," and Thomas Guy in -turn forgot them.</p> - -<p>"The cause of Guy's rejection," says the history of Tamworth, "is said -to have been his neglect of the gastronomic propensities of his worthy, -patriotic, and enlightened constituents, by whom the virtues of fasting -appear to have been entirely forgotten. In the anger of the moment he -threatened to pull down the town hall which he had built, and to abolish -the almshouses. The burgesses, repenting of their rash act, sent a -deputation to wait upon him with the offer of re-election in the ensuing -Parliament, 1810; but he rejected all conciliation. He always considered -that he had been treated with great ingratitude, and he deprived the -inhabitants of Tamworth of the advantage of his almshouses." His will -provided that <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_134" id="Page_134">[Pg 134]</a></span>persons from certain towns might find a home in his -almshouses, his own relatives to be preferred, should any offer -themselves; but Tamworth was left out of the list of towns.</p> - -<p>Mr. Guy already had become very wealthy. During the wars of William and -Anne with Louis XIV., the soldiers and seamen were sometimes unpaid for -years, from lack of funds. Tickets were given them, and they were -willing to sell these at whatever price they would bring. Mr. Guy bought -largely from the seamen, and has been blamed for so doing; but his -latest biographers, Messrs. Wilks and Bettany, in their interesting and -valuable "Biographical History of Guy's Hospital," think he did it with -a spirit of kindness rather than of avarice. "It is at least consistent -with his general philanthropy to suppose that, compassionating the poor -seamen who could not get their money, he offered them more than they -could get elsewhere, and that this accounts for his being so large a -purchaser of seamen's tickets. Instead of being to his discredit, we -think rather that it is to his credit, and that he managed to benefit a -large number of necessitous men, while at the same time, in the future, -benefiting himself."</p> - -<p>Mr. Guy also made a great amount of money in the South Sea Company. With -regard to the South Sea stock, says the <i>Saturday Magazine</i>, "Mr. Guy -had no hand in framing or conducting that scandalous fraud; he obtained -the stock when low, and had the good sense to sell it at the time it was -at its height."</p> - -<p>Chambers's "Book of Days" gives a very interesting account of this -"South Sea Bubble." Harley, Earl of Oxford, who had helped Queen Anne to -get rid of her<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_135" id="Page_135">[Pg 135]</a></span> advisers, the Duke of Marlborough and the proud Duchess, -Sarah, with a desire to "restore public credit, and discharge ten -millions of the floating debt, agreed with a company of merchants that -they should take the debt upon themselves for a certain time, at the -interest of six per cent, to provide for which, amounting to £600,000 -per annum, the duties for certain articles were rendered permanent. At -the same time was granted the monopoly of trade to the South Seas, and -the merchants were incorporated as the South Sea Company; and so proud -was the minister of his scheme that it was called by his flatterers, -'The Earl of Oxford's Masterpiece.'"</p> - -<p>The South Sea Company, after a time, agreed to take upon themselves the -whole of the national debt, £30,981,712, about $150,000,000. Sir John -Blount, a speculator, first propounded the scheme. It was rumored that -Spain, by treaty with England, would grant free trade to all her -colonies, and that silver would thus be brought from Potosi, and become -as plentiful as iron; and that Mexico would part with gold in abundance -for English cotton and woollen goods. It was also said that Spain, in -exchange for Gibraltar and Port Mahon, would give up places on the coast -of Peru. It was promised that each person who took £100 of stock would -make fifty per cent, and probably much more. Mr. Guy took £45,500 of -stock, probably the amount which the government owed him for seamen's -tickets. Others who had claims "were empowered to subscribe the several -sums due to them ... for which he and the rest of the subscribers were -to receive an annual interest of six per cent upon their respective -subscriptions, until the same were discharged by Parliament."</p> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_136" id="Page_136">[Pg 136]</a></span></p><p>The speculating mania spread widely. Great ladies pawned their jewels -in order to invest. Lords were eager to double and treble their money. A -journalist of the time writes: "The South Sea equipages increase daily; -the city ladies buy South Sea jewels, hire South Sea maids, take new -country South Sea houses; the gentlemen set up South Sea coaches, and -buy South Sea estates."</p> - -<p>The people seemed wild with speculation. All sorts of companies were -established; one with ten million dollars capital to import walnut-trees -from Virginia; one with five million dollars capital for a "wheel for -perpetual motion." An unknown adventurer started "a company for carrying -on an undertaking of great advantage, but nobody to know what it is." -Next morning this great man opened an office in Cornhill, and before -three o'clock one thousand shares had been subscribed for at ten dollars -a share, and the deposits paid. He put the ten thousand dollars in his -pocket, set off the same evening for the Continent, and was never heard -of again. He had assured them that nobody would know what the -undertaking was, and he had kept his word.</p> - -<p>The South Sea stock rose in one day from 130 per cent to 300, and -finally to 1,000 per cent. It then became known that Sir John Blount, -the chairman, and some others had sold out, making vast fortunes. The -price of stock began to fall, and at last the crisis brought ruin to -thousands. The poet Gay, who had been given £20,000 of stock, and had -thought himself rich, lost all, and was so ill in consequence that his -life was in danger. Some men committed suicide on<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_137" id="Page_137">[Pg 137]</a></span> account of their -losses, and some became insane. Prior said, "I am lost in the South Sea. -The roaring of the waves and the madness of the people are justly put -together." The people were now as wild with anger as they had been -intoxicated with hope for gain. They demanded redress, and the -punishment of the directors of the South Sea Company. Men high in -position were thrown into the Tower after it was found that the books of -the company had been tampered with or destroyed, and large amounts of -stock used to bribe men in office. The directors were fined over ten -million dollars, and their fortunes distributed among the sufferers. Sir -John Blount was allowed but £5,000 out of a fortune of £183,000. The -fortune of another, a million and a half pounds, was given to the -losers. One man was treated with especial severity because he was -reported to have said that "he would feed his carriage horses off gold."</p> - -<p>Mr. Guy, fearing that there was trickery when the stock rose so rapidly, -sold out when the prices were from three to six hundred, and thereby -saved himself from financial ruin. He was now very rich, having always -lived economically. When he was a bookseller it is said that he always -ate his dinner on his counter, using a newspaper for a tablecloth.</p> - -<p>The following story is told by Walter Thornbury in his "Old and New -London:"—</p> - -<p>"'Vulture' Hopkins, so called from his alleged desire to seize upon -gains, and who had become rich in South Sea stock, once called upon Mr. -Guy to learn a lesson, as he said, in the art of saving. Being -introduced into the parlor, Guy, not knowing his visitor, lighted a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_138" id="Page_138">[Pg 138]</a></span> -candle; but when Hopkins said, 'Sir, I always thought myself perfect in -the art of getting and husbanding money, but being informed that you far -exceed me, I have taken the liberty of waiting upon you to be satisfied -on this subject.' Guy replied, 'If that is all your business, we can as -well talk it over in the dark,' and immediately put out the candle. This -was evidence sufficient for Hopkins, who acknowledged Guy to be his -master, and took his leave."</p> - -<p>Notwithstanding Mr. Guy's penuriousness, he had the grace of gratitude. -Thousands forget their helpers after prosperity comes to them. Not so -Thomas Guy. The <i>Saturday Magazine</i> for Aug. 2, 1834, relates this -incident: "The munificent founder of Guy's Hospital was a man of very -humble appearance, and of a melancholy cast of countenance. One day, -while pensively leaning over one of the bridges, he attracted the -attention and commiseration of a bystander, who, apprehensive that he -meditated self-destruction, could not refrain from addressing him with -an earnest entreaty not to let his misfortunes tempt him to commit any -rash act; then, placing in his hand a guinea, with the delicacy of -genuine benevolence he hastily withdrew.</p> - -<p>"Guy, roused from his revery, followed the stranger, and warmly -expressed his gratitude, but assured him that he was mistaken in -supposing him to be either in distress of mind or of circumstances, -making an earnest request to be favored with the name of the good man, -his intended benefactor. The address was given, and they parted. Some -years later Guy, observing the name of his friend in the bankrupt list, -hastened to his house, brought to his recollection their former -interview; found<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_139" id="Page_139">[Pg 139]</a></span> upon investigation that no blame could be attached to -him under his misfortunes; intimated his ability and also his intention -to serve him; entered into immediate arrangements with his creditors; -and finally re-established him in a business which ever after prospered -in his hands, and in the hands of his children's children, for many -years in Newgate Street."</p> - -<p>Those who knew Mr. Guy best declared that "his chief design in getting -money seems to have been with a view of employing the same in good -works." He gave five guineas to Mr. Bowyer, a printer, who had lost -everything by fire, "not knowing," said Mr. Guy, "how soon it may be our -own case." He also gave in 1717 to the Stationer's Company £1,000, to be -distributed to poor members and widows at the rate of £50 per annum.</p> - -<p>"Many of his poor though distant relations had stated allowances from -him of £10 or £20 a year, and occasionally larger sums; and to two of -them he gave £500 apiece to advance them in the world. He has several -times given £50 for discharging insolvent debtors. He has readily given -£100 at a time on application to him on behalf of a distressed family."</p> - -<p>In 1704 Mr. Guy was asked to become the governor of St. Thomas's -Hospital, partly because he was a prominent and able citizen, and partly -because he might thus become interested and give some money. Mr. Guy -accepted the office, and soon built three new wards at a cost of £1,000, -and provided the hospital with £100 a year for the benefit of its poor. -When patients left the hospital they were often unfit for work, and this -money would provide food for them for a time. He had<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_140" id="Page_140">[Pg 140]</a></span> given already to -the steward money and clothes for such cases of need. He also built, in -1724, a new entrance to St. Thomas's Hospital, improved the front, and -erected two large brick houses, these works costing him £3,000.</p> - -<p>Mr. Guy seems to have given constantly from his youth, and always with -good sense in his gifts. He was growing old. He probably had meditated -long and carefully as to what use he should put his wealth. Highmore, in -his "History of the Public Charities of London," tells this rather -improbable story: "For the application of this fortune to charitable -uses the public are indebted to a trifling circumstance. He employed a -female servant whom he had agreed to marry. Some days previous to the -intended ceremony he had ordered the pavement before his door to be -mended up to a particular stone which he had marked, and then left his -house on business.</p> - -<p>"The servant, in his absence, looking at the workmen, saw a broken stone -beyond this mark which they had not repaired; and on pointing to it with -that design, they acquainted her that Mr. Guy had not ordered them to go -so far. She, however, directed it to be done, adding, with the security -incidental to her expectation of soon becoming his wife, 'Tell him I -bade you, and he will not be angry.' But she soon learnt how fatal it is -for one in a dependent position to exceed the limits of his or her -authority; for her master, on his return, was angered that they had gone -beyond his orders, renounced his engagement to his servant, and devoted -his ample fortune to public charity."</p> - -<p>In 1721, when Mr. Guy was seventy-six years of age,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_141" id="Page_141">[Pg 141]</a></span> he leased a large -piece of ground of St. Thomas's Hospital for a thousand years at £30 a -year, to erect upon it a great hospital for incurables; "to receive and -entertain therein four hundred poor persons, or upwards, laboring under -any distempers, infirmities, or disorders, thought capable of relief by -physic or surgery; but who, by reason of the small hopes there may be of -their cure, or the length of time which for that purpose may be required -or thought necessary, are or may be adjudged or called incurable, and as -such not proper subjects to be received into or continued in the present -hospital, in and by which no provision has been made for distempers -deemed or called incurable."</p> - -<p>While Mr. Guy had primarily in mind the poor and incurable, and the -insane as well, in his will he directed the trustees to use their -judgment about the length of time patients should remain, either for -life or for a short period. Mr. Guy at once procured a plan for his -hospital, and in the spring of 1722 laid the foundations. He went to the -work "with all the expedition of a youth of fortune erecting a house for -his own residence." The original central building of stone cost £18,793. -The eastern wing, begun in 1738, was completed at a cost of £9,300; the -western wing, in 1780, at a cost of £14,537.</p> - -<p>Mr. Guy lived to see his treasured gift roofed in before his death, -which occurred Dec. 27, 1724, in his eightieth year. In a little more -than a week afterwards, Jan. 6, 1725, his hospital was opened, and sixty -patients were admitted.</p> - -<p>After the death of Mr. Guy one thousand guineas were found in his iron -chest; and as it was imagined<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_142" id="Page_142">[Pg 142]</a></span> that these were placed there to defray -his funeral expenses, they were used for that purpose. His body lay in -state at Mercer's Hall, Cheapside, and was taken with "great funeral -pomp" to the Parish Church of St. Thomas, Southwark, to rest there till -the chapel at the hospital should be completed. Two hundred blue-coat -boys from Christ's Hospital walked in the procession, and sang before -the hearse, which was followed by forty coaches, each drawn by six -horses.</p> - -<p>Mr. Guy had not forgotten these "blue-coat boys" in his will, and left a -perpetual annuity of £400 to educate four children yearly, with -preference for his own relatives. The boys from Christ's Hospital always -interest tourists in London. They wear long blue gowns, yellow -stockings, and knee-breeches. No cover is worn on their heads, even in -winter.</p> - -<p>This school was founded by the boy king, Edward VI., for poor boys, -though his father, Henry VIII., gave the building, which belonged to the -Grey Friars, to the city of London, but Edward caused the school to be -established. It is a quaint and most interesting spot, where four queens -and scores of lords and ladies are buried,—Margaret, second wife of -Edward I.; Isabella, the infamous wife of Edward II.; Joan, daughter of -Edward II., and wife of David Bruce, King of Scotland; and others. -Twelve hundred boys study at the hospital. Lamb, Coleridge, and other -famous men were among the blue-coats. The latter tells some interesting -things about the school in his "Table-Talk." "The discipline at Christ's -Hospital in my time was ultra-Spartan; all domestic ties were to be put -aside. 'Boy!' I remember Boyer saying to me once when I was crying<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_143" id="Page_143">[Pg 143]</a></span> the -first day of my return after the holidays, 'boy! the school is your -father; boy! the school is your mother; boy! the school is your brother; -the school is your sister; the school is your first cousin, and your -second cousin, and all the rest of your relatives. Let's have no more -crying!'</p> - -<p>"No tongue can express good Mrs. Boyer. Val Le Grice and I were once -going to be flogged for some domestic misdeed, and Boyer was thundering -away at us by way of prologue, when Mrs. B. looked in and said, 'Flog -them soundly, sir, I beg!' This saved us. Boyer was so nettled by the -interruption that he growled out, 'Away, woman! away!' and we were let -off."</p> - -<p>While Mr. Guy remembered the blue-coat orphans, he seemed to have -remembered everybody else in his will. So much were the people -interested in the lengthy document with its numerous gifts, that the -will went through three editions the first year of its publication. Mr. -Guy gave to every living relative, even to distant cousins—in all over -£75,000. These were mainly gifts of £1,000 each at four per cent, so -that each one received £40 a year. These legacies were called "Guy's -Thousands." If the recipients were under age, the interest was to be -used for his or her education and apprenticeship.</p> - -<p>One thousand pounds were given for the release of poor prisoners for -debt in London, Middlesex, or Surrey, in sums not to exceed five pounds -each. About six hundred persons were thus set at liberty. Another -thousand pounds were left to the trustees to relieve "such poor people, -being housekeepers, as in their<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_144" id="Page_144">[Pg 144]</a></span> judgments shall be thought convenient." -The interest on more than £2,000 was left for "putting out children -apprentices, nursing, or such like charitable deed."</p> - -<p>Then followed the great gift of nearly a million and a half dollars for -the hospital. After the buildings were erected, the remainder was to be -used "in the purchase of lands or reversions in fee simple, so that the -rents might be a perpetual provision for the sick." Considerably over a -million dollars were thus expended in purchasing over 8,000 acres in -Essex, a large estate of the Duke of Chandos, for £60,800, and other -tracts of land and houses.</p> - -<p>About six years after the death of the founder, a bronze statue of him -by Scheymaker was erected in the open square in front of the hospital, -costing five hundred guineas. On the pedestal are representations of the -Good Samaritan, Christ healing the sick, and Mr. Guy's armorial -bearings. In the chapel a marble statue of Mr. Guy, costing £1,000, was -erected by Mr. Bacon in 1779. The founder is represented as holding out -one hand to raise a poor invalid lying on the earth, and pointing with -the other hand to a person carried on a litter into one of the hospital -wards. On the pedestal is an inscription beginning with these words,—</p> - -<p class="center">UNDERNEATH ARE DEPOSITED THE REMAINS OF<br />THOMAS GUY,<br /> -CITIZEN OF LONDON, MEMBER OF PARLIAMENT, AND THE SOLE<br />FOUNDER OF THIS HOSPITAL IN HIS LIFETIME.</p> - -<p>In 1788 the noble John Howard visited Guy's Hospital; and while he found -some of the wards too low, being only nine feet and a half high, in the -new wards<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_145" id="Page_145">[Pg 145]</a></span> he praised the iron bedsteads and hair beds as being clean -and wholesome.</p> - -<p>For over one hundred and seventy years Guy's Hospital has done its noble -work. Departments have been added for special treatment of the eye, the -ear, the teeth, the throat, etc., while thousands of mothers are cared -for at their homes at the birth of their children.</p> - -<p>In 1829, at his death, another governor of Guy's Hospital, Mr. William -Hunt, left £180,000 to the hospital. He was buried in the vault under -the chapel by the side of Thomas Guy. After some years, Hunt's House, a -large central block, with north and south wings of brick with stone -facings, was erected, the whole costing nearly £70,000. From time to -time other needed buildings have been added, such as laboratories, -museums, etc. There are now in the hospital over seven hundred beds. -Only a few beds are reserved for those who can afford to pay; with this -exception patients are admitted to all parts of the hospital free of -charge. "The Royal Guide to London Charities," compiled by Herbert Fry, -says, "No recommendation is needed for admission to this hospital. -Sickness allied to poverty is an all-sufficient qualification." A fund -has been established for relieving the families of deserving and poor -patients while they are in the hospital. This is not only a blessing to -the dependent ones, but prevents the anxiety and worry of the suffering -inmates.</p> - -<p>Guy's Hospital now receives into its wards yearly over 6,000 patients, -and affords medical relief to about 70,000. The annual income of the -hospital is about £40,000. Saving, industrious Thomas Guy wrought even -better things for humanity than he could have<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_146" id="Page_146">[Pg 146]</a></span> hoped. It paid him to use -a newspaper on his counter instead of a tablecloth for his meals, if -every year thousands of poor men and women could be cared for in -sickness without money, walk about his pleasant six acres during -convalescence, and bless forever the name of Thomas Guy. What a contrast -such a life to that of one who spends his wealth in fine houses, -parties, expensive yachts, and self-indulgence!</p> - -<p>In 1825 Guy's Medical School was opened in connection with the hospital, -and has proved a great success. "It has become world-famed," write -Messrs. Wilks and Bettany, "and has received pupils from all -English-speaking lands, and not a few foreigners." Of Guy's Hospital -Reports which began to be published in 1836, they say, "Nothing, -perhaps, has done more to establish the reputation of Guy's Hospital -abroad than these Reports. They may be found in the best libraries in -Europe and in America, and have been well perused by many of the leading -men on the Continent."</p> - -<p>Those who wish to study medicine at Guy's have to pass a preliminary -examination in arts, and take a five years' course. During four years -"the time is equally divided between the study of the elements of -medical science and clinical instruction in the practice of the -profession." The last year is chiefly devoted to hospital practice. With -this amount of study it is easily seen why Guy's Medical School takes -high rank.</p> - -<p>On March 26, 1890, a college built of red brick was formally opened by -Mr. Gladstone. It cost £21,000, and is for the resident staff and -students. A gymnasium was built also in 1890.</p> - -<p>Guy's Hospital has been fortunate in the noted men<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_147" id="Page_147">[Pg 147]</a></span> who have been -connected with it. One of its early surgeons, John Belchier, lies buried -in the same vault with Thomas Guy. He fell in his office; and his -servant, not being able to lift him, as he was a heavy man, offered to -go for assistance. "No, John, I am dying," he said. "Fetch me a pillow; -I may as well die here as anywhere else." It is related of him that, -seeing the vanity of all earthly riches, he desired to be buried in the -hospital, with iron nails in his coffin, which was to be filled with -sawdust.</p> - -<p>The learned Dr. Walter Moxon, who has been called from his combination -of tenderness and ability "the perfect physician," was associated with -Guy's Hospital for twenty years. Dr. Wilks says, in the garden of Dr. -Moxon, "In the winter lumps of suet and cocoanut sawn in rings were hung -upon the arches and boughs for the benefit of the tits, and loaves of -bread were broken up for the blackbirds, thrushes, finches, and -sparrows. Always before taking his own breakfast on a winter's morning, -Moxon first saw to the feeding of his feathered friends."</p> - -<p>Dr. Richard Bright, whose name is given to the disease which he so -carefully studied, was for years connected with Guy's Hospital. He wrote -valuable books, and was an untiring student. "He was sincerely -religious, both in doctrine and in practice, and of so pure a mind that -he never was heard to utter a sentiment or to relate an anecdote that -was not fit to be heard by the merest child or the most refined woman."</p> - -<p>Sir Astley Paston Cooper was associated with Guy's for twenty-five -years. His father was a clergyman, and his mother an author. It is said -that he was first <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_148" id="Page_148">[Pg 148]</a></span>attracted towards surgery by an accident to one of -his foster-brothers. The youth fell from a heavy wagon, the wheels of -which passed over his body, tearing the flesh from the thigh and -injuring an artery, from which the blood flowed freely. Nobody seemed to -know how to stop the blood, when Astley, a boy scarcely more than -twelve, took out his handkerchief, and tied it tightly around the thigh -and above the wound, thus staying the blood till a surgeon could be -brought. Sir Astley used to say this accident, which resulted so well, -created in his mind a love for surgery. His uncle, William Cooper, was a -surgeon at Guy's, and encouraged his nephew's inclination for the -medical profession. At twenty-three Sir Astley married a lady of wealth, -lecturing on surgery on the evening of his wedding-day without any of -the pupils being aware of his marriage. The first year of his practice -he received £5 5<i>s.</i>; the second year, £26; the third year, £54; the -fourth year, £96; the fifth year, £100; the sixth year, £200; the -seventh, £400; the eighth, £610; the ninth, £1,100. When he was in the -zenith of his fame he received £21,000 in one year. One merchant paid -him £600 yearly. For a successful operation he was sometimes paid one -thousand guineas. Each year he is said to have given £2,000 or £3,000 to -poor relations.</p> - -<p>"In his busy years," writes Dr. Samuel Wilks, "he rose at six, dissected -privately until eight, and from half-past eight saw large numbers of -patients gratuitously. At breakfast he ate only two well-buttered hot -rolls, drank his tea cool, at a draught, read his paper a few minutes, -and then was off to his consulting-room, turning round with a sweet, -benign smile as he left the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_149" id="Page_149">[Pg 149]</a></span> room." At one o'clock he would scarcely see -another patient. "Sometimes the people in the hall and the anteroom were -so importunate that Mr. Cooper was driven to escape through his stables -and into a passage by Bishopsgate Church. At Guy's he was awaited by a -crowd of pupils on the steps, and at once went into the wards, -addressing the patients with such tenderness of voice and expression -that he at once gained their confidence. His few pertinent questions and -quick diagnosis were of themselves remarkable, no less than the -judicious, calm manner in which he enforced the necessity for operations -when required."</p> - -<p>At two o'clock Sir Astley Cooper went across the street to St. Thomas's -Hospital to lecture on anatomy. "After the lecture, which was often so -crowded that men stood in the gangways and passages near to gain such -portion of his lecture as they might fortunately pick up, he went round -the dissecting-room, and afterwards left the hospital to visit patients -or to operate privately, returning home at half-past six or seven. Every -spare minute in his carriage was occupied with dictating to his -assistants notes or remarks on cases or other subjects on which he was -engaged. At dinner he ate rapidly, and not very elegantly, talking and -joking; after dinner he slept for ten minutes at will, and then started -to his surgical lecture, if it were a lecture night. In the evening he -was usually again on a round of visits till midnight."</p> - -<p>Sir Astley received a baronetcy and a fee of £500 for successfully -removing a small tumor from the head of George IV. He wrote several -books, and was president of various societies. He was as famous abroad -as at<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_150" id="Page_150">[Pg 150]</a></span> home. The king of the French bestowed upon him the decoration of -the Legion of Honor. He died of dropsy in 1841 in his chair, surrounded -by his friends, saying, as he passed away, "God bless you; adieu to you -all," and was buried under the chapel near Thomas Guy. His only child -died in infancy. There is a statue of Sir Astley in St. Paul's -Cathedral, and a bust of him in the museum of Guy's. He said of himself: -"My own success depended upon my zeal and industry; but for this I take -no credit, as it was given to me from above." He is said to have left a -fortune of half a million of dollars.</p> - -<p>The beloved Frederick Denison Maurice was elected chaplain of Guy's -Hospital in 1836, when he was thirty-one. He wrote to a friend, "If I -could get any influence over the medical students I should indeed think -myself honored; and though some who have had experience think such a -hope quite a dream, I still venture to entertain it." There seems no -reason why a medical student, or any student indeed, should be rough in -manner or hard of heart. A true man will be a gentleman not less in the -dissecting-room than in the parlor. He will be humane to the lowest -animal, and tender and considerate in the presence of suffering.</p> - -<p>Sir William Withey Gull, the son of a barge-owner and wharfinger in -Essex, who rose to eminence by his power of work and will, was for -twenty years physician and lecturer at Guy's Hospital. Going there as a -student when he was twenty-one, he was told by the treasurer, "I can -help you if you will help yourself." He used to say that his real -education was given him by his sweet-faced mother. He won many prizes, -acted as<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_151" id="Page_151">[Pg 151]</a></span> tutor to gain the means of living, and made friends by his -winsome manner as well as his knowledge. The lady to whom he was engaged -died, but her father was so attached to young Gull that he left him a -considerable legacy. Mr. Gull afterwards married a sister of his friend -Dr. Lacy. He rose rapidly in his profession, and was made F.R.S. in -1869, having been made LL.D. of Oxford and Cambridge the previous year.</p> - -<p>His knowledge was profound on many subjects,—poetry, philosophy, and of -course medicine. His industry was astonishing to all, and his personal -influence remarkable. "Not many years ago," says Dr. Wilks, "we heard an -old student of Guy's descant on his beautiful lectures, and especially -those on fever. On being questioned as to what Gull said which most -struck him, he said he could not remember anything in particular, but he -would come to London any day to hear Gull reiterate the words in very -slow measure, 'Now typhoid, gentlemen.' ... When Gull left the bedside -of his patient, and said in measured tones, 'You will get well,' it was -like a message from above.... It was not penetration only which Gull -possessed, but endurance. It was ever being remarked with what -deliberate care he went over every case, as if that particular one was -his sole charge for the day."</p> - -<p>Dr. Gull attended the Prince of Wales in his very severe illness from -typhoid fever in 1871, when his life was despaired of; and for this he -was created a baronet, and Physician Extraordinary to the Queen. He died -of apoplexy, Jan. 29, 1890, leaving a fortune of £344,000 (over a -million and a half of dollars), largely earned by his own industry and -ability. His son, Sir Cameron<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_152" id="Page_152">[Pg 152]</a></span> Gull, has founded a studentship of -pathology at Guy's, worth about £150 per annum. Sir William was buried, -by his own desire, in his native village, Thorpe-le-Soken, beside his -father and mother.</p> - -<p>Thomas Guy has slept for over a century in the midst of the great work -which his fortune began and still carries forward. Who shall estimate -the good done every year to six thousand suffering persons, mostly poor, -who need the care and skill of a great hospital, and to seventy -thousand, or two hundred daily, who come for medical treatment? The fact -that Thomas Guy became rich through industry, economy, and business -sagacity will be forgotten; the fact that he was a member of Parliament -for thirteen years is of little moment; but the fact that he gave his -wealth to bless the world will be remembered as long as England lasts, -or humanity suffers.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_153" id="Page_153">[Pg 153]</a></span></p> - -<h2><span>SOPHIA SMITH</span> <span class="smaller">AND HER COLLEGE FOR WOMEN.</span></h2> - -<hr class="smler" /> - -<p>Miss Sophia Smith, the founder of Smith College, came from a family of -savers as well as givers. Self-indulgent persons rarely give.</p> - -<p>She was the niece of Oliver Smith, whose unique charities have been a -blessing to many towns. Mr. Smith, who died at Hatfield, Mass., Dec. 22, -1845, left to the towns of Northampton, Hadley, Hatfield, Amherst, and -Williamsburg, in the county of Hampshire, and Deerfield, Greenfield, and -Whately, in the county of Franklin, about a million dollars to a Board -of Trustees, to be used as follows:—</p> - -<p>To be set aside for sixty years from the time of his death, so as to -double and treble itself, for an Agricultural School at Northampton, -$30,000. In 1894, forty-nine years after Mr. Smith died, this fund had -become $190,801.15, so rapidly does interest accumulate. This will be -used to purchase two farms, one a Pattern Farm, to become a model to all -farmers; the other an Experimental Farm, to aid the Pattern Farm in the -art and science of husbandry and agriculture. Buildings are to be -erected on the grounds suitable for mechanics, and workshops for the -manufacture of implements of husbandry of the most approved models. If -the income<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_154" id="Page_154">[Pg 154]</a></span> will warrant it, tools for other trades may be manufactured.</p> - -<p>There is also to be a School of Industry on the farms for the benefit of -the poor. The boys to be aided must be from the poorest in the town, are -to receive a good common education, and be taught in agriculture or in -some mechanic art in the shops on the premises. When twenty-one years of -age they are to be loaned $200 each, and after paying interest for five -years at five per cent are to receive the $200 as a gift, if they have -proved themselves worthy. Three years before they are twenty-one, each -is to have a portion of his time to earn for himself.</p> - -<p>After a bequest of $10,000 to the American Colonization Society, Mr. -Smith's will provided that his property should go to poor boys and -girls, poor young women and widows. The boy, not under twelve, of good -moral character, should be bound out to some respectable family, and -receive at twenty-one, if he had been a faithful apprentice, a loan of -$500, and after five years the gift in full to help him make a start in -the world.</p> - -<p>The girl so bound out, if maintaining a good moral character, should -receive $300 as a marriage portion, if the man she was to marry seemed a -worthy man. If he was unworthy, the girl was to be aided in sickness or -mental derangement up to the full amount of the marriage portion.</p> - -<div class="center"><img src="images/i174.jpg" alt="SOPHIA SMITH" /></div> - -<p class="bold">SOPHIA SMITH.</p> - -<p>Each young woman in indigent or moderate circumstances, if she were to -marry a sober man, could, by applying to the trustees, receive a -marriage portion of fifty dollars, to be expended for necessary articles -of household furniture. Each widow, with a child or <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_155" id="Page_155">[Pg 155]</a></span>children dependent -on her for support, could receive fifty dollars; and this might be given -yearly if the trustees thought wise.</p> - -<p>Mr. Smith lived and died unmarried; but he knew that the pathway of many -struggling lovers would be made easier if the young woman had even fifty -dollars, or, if the girl had been bound out with strangers, $300 would -make many a little home after marriage comfortable.</p> - -<p>Mr. Smith has been dead over half a century, but his quaint and -beautiful gift has been doing its work. During the year 1894, 51 boys -and 17 girls were placed in good homes, and reared for useful lives. -Nine received their marriage portion, and sixteen were helped in -sickness. Thirty boys received their loan of $500 each, and thirty their -gift of a like amount. There are now apprenticed 137 boys and 38 girls. -Marriage gifts were made to 118 young women, and $50 were paid to each -of 116 widows. Last year 289 persons received gifts to the amount of -$30,785. What happiness this money means to those for the most part just -looking out into the cares and work of life! How many fortunes are built -on that first $500 so difficult to accumulate! How many homes kept from -dire poverty by that first $300 with which to make the place attractive -as well as comfortable! What an incentive for a boy or girl to be -industrious, saving, temperate, and upright! What a comfort to feel that -after we are silent our work can speak for us through a whole State, and -even a whole nation!</p> - -<p>Mr. Oliver Smith depended much upon his nephew, Austin Smith, a -successful and wealthy man, to carry<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_156" id="Page_156">[Pg 156]</a></span> out his wishes. Austin and his -brother Joseph were members of the General Court of Massachusetts. When -their father died, though he was not wealthy like Oliver, he left his -two sons the larger part of his fortune, and his two daughters, Harriet -and Sophia, enough to support them with close economy. The father was a -soldier in the Revolutionary War; and the grandfather, Samuel Smith, was -commissioned lieutenant in 1755 by Governor Phipps.</p> - -<p>Sophia, who must have been a sweet-faced girl, judging from her -appearance in later life, was eager for study; but there was little -chance for a girl to obtain an education, and little sympathy, as a -rule, with those girls who desired it. She was born in Hatfield, Mass., -Aug. 27, 1796. When Sophia was a little girl, Abigail Adams, the noble -wife of John Adams, our second president, wrote to a friend in England, -"You need not be told how much, in this country, female education is -neglected, nor how fashionable it is to ridicule female learning."</p> - -<p>Mrs. Samuel D. (Locke) Stow, in a history of Mount Holyoke Seminary, -shows how meagre were the early advantages for girls. "Boston did not -permit girls to attend the public schools till 1790, and then only -during the summer months, when there were not boys enough to fill them. -This lasted till 1822, when Boston became a city. An aged resident of -Hatfield used to tell of going to the schoolhouse when she was a girl, -and sitting on the doorstep to hear the boys recite their lessons. No -girl could cross the threshold as a scholar. The girls of Northampton -were not admitted to the public schools till 1792. In the Centennial -<i>Hampshire Gazette</i><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_157" id="Page_157">[Pg 157]</a></span> it was stated: 'In 1788 the question was before the -town, and it was voted not to be at any expense for schooling girls.' -The advocates of the measure were persistent, however, and appealed to -the courts; the town was indicted and fined for this neglect. In 1792 it -was voted by a large majority to admit girls between the ages of eight -and fifteen to the schools from May 1 to Oct. 31. It was not till 1802 -that all restrictions were removed."</p> - -<p>These summer schools from May to October were of comparatively little -worth. All children brought their work, braiding, sewing, and knitting, -and were taught to read and write, and to have "good manners," according -to the accepted notions of the time. "At first arithmetic and geography -were taught only in the winter, for a knowledge of numbers or ability to -cast accounts was deemed quite superfluous for girls. When Colburn's -Mental Arithmetic was introduced, some of our mothers who desired to -study it were told derisively, 'If you expect to become widows, and have -to carry pork to market, it may be well enough to study mental -arithmetic.'</p> - -<p>"The first school in New England," says Mrs. Stow, "designed exclusively -for the instruction of girls in branches not taught in the common -schools, is said to have been an evening school conducted by William -Woodbridge, who was a graduate of Yale in 1780. His theme on graduation -was, 'Improvement in Female Education.' Reducing his theory to practice, -in addition to his daily occupation he gave his evenings to the -instruction of girls in Lowth's Grammar, Guthrie's Geography, and the -art of composition. The popular<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_158" id="Page_158">[Pg 158]</a></span> sentiment deemed him visionary. 'Who,' -it said, 'shall cook our food and mend our clothes if the girls are to -be taught philosophy and astronomy?' In Waterford, N.Y., in 1820, -occurred the public examination of a young lady in geometry. It was the -first instance of the kind in the State, and perhaps in the country, and -called forth a storm of ridicule. Her teacher was Mrs. Emma Willard."</p> - -<p>Sophia Smith's girlhood was passed during this indifference or -opposition to education for women. When she was fourteen, in 1810, she -went to school in Hartford, Conn., for twelve weeks; and four years -later, at eighteen, she was for a short time a pupil in the Hopkins -Academy in Hadley. She studied diligently with her quick, eager mind, -and was thankful for these crumbs of knowledge, though she lamented -through her life that her opportunities had been so limited.</p> - -<p>Year by year went by in the quiet New England home, her sister Harriet -taking upon herself the burden of household cares and business, as -Sophia was frail, and at forty had become very deaf. Her mind had been -broadened, and her heart kept tender to every sorrow, by her Christian -faith and devotion to duty. The town of Hatfield had capable ministers, -who were intellectual as well as spiritual helpers, and Sophia Smith -enjoyed cultivated minds.</p> - -<p>"By reading mostly," says the Rev. John M. Greene of Lowell, Mass., "she -kept herself familiar with the common events and occurrences of the day. -Probably what she and others called a calamity was a blessing to her. -She had fortitude to bear the trial, and the wisdom to improve the -reflective and meditative powers of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_159" id="Page_159">[Pg 159]</a></span> her mind, far beyond what the -fashionable and gossiping woman attains. Deafness is an admirable remedy -for insincerity, shallowness, and foolish talking. It sifts what we -hear, and compels us to try to say what is worth attention."</p> - -<p>Miss Smith attended the services of the Congregational Church, of which -she was a member; and though she could not hear a word of the sermon -perhaps, she felt accountable for the influence of her presence. She -loved the Bible, and would quote the words of Sir William Jones: "The -Bible contains more true sublimity, more exquisite beauty, more pure -morality, more important history, and finer strains of poetry and -eloquence, than can be collected from all other books, in whatever age -or language they have been written." She had the strength of character -of the typical New England woman, yet possessing gentle manners and most -refined tastes.</p> - -<p>She loved nature; and in Hatfield, with its magnificent elms and -beautiful river, Miss Smith had much to enjoy. Some of these great elms -measure twenty-eight feet in circumference, three yards from the ground.</p> - -<p>In this charming scenery, reading her books, and doing good as she had -opportunity, Miss Smith was growing old. Her sister Harriet had died a -little before the time of our Civil War, and the lonely woman bent her -energies towards helping other aching hearts. She worked with her own -hands to aid the soldiers and their families, and when she had the means -used it generously.</p> - -<p>Her brother Austin died March 8, 1861; and very unexpectedly Sophia -Smith became the possessor, through<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_160" id="Page_160">[Pg 160]</a></span> his gift, of over $200,000. "God -permitted him," says the Rev. Mr. Greene, to "gather the gold, preparing -all the while the heart of a devout and Christlike sister to dispense -it."</p> - -<p>Miss Smith at once felt her great responsibility. Some persons living -all their lives most carefully would have rejoiced at the opportunity to -buy comforts,—a carriage for daily riding, attractive clothes, more -books, or take a journey to the Old World or elsewhere. But Miss Smith -said at once, "This is a large property put into my hands, but I am only -the steward of God in respect to it." She very wisely sought the advice -of her pastor, the Rev. John M. Greene, a man of broad scholarship and -generous nature. Dr. Greene was a lover of books; and finding so much -happiness for himself in a student's life, he rightly thought that woman -should have the bliss of possessing knowledge for her own sake, as well -as for her increased influence in the world.</p> - -<p>Miss Smith desired so to give as would accord with the wishes of her -brother Austin were he alive, but could not be sure what were his -preferences. She wished to give the money for education; for that was -her great joy, mingled with regret that her way, as that of every other -woman at that time, had been so hedged up by mistaken public opinion.</p> - -<p>She longed to build a college for women, even when learned doctors wrote -books to show that girls would be ruined in health by study, and that -they were mentally inferior to the other sex. It was said that women -would not care for higher education; that if they went to college they -would not marry, and would cease to be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_161" id="Page_161">[Pg 161]</a></span> attractive to men; that in any -event the intellectual standard would be lowered if women were admitted -to any college.</p> - -<p>Miss Smith said, "There is no justice in denying women equal educational -advantages with men. Women are the natural educators and physicians of -the race, and they ought to be fitted for their work." When the foolish -and untrue argument was used, that educated women do not make good wives -and mothers, Miss Smith would say, "Then they are wrongly educated—some -law is violated in the process."</p> - -<p>Miss Smith had read history, and she knew that the Aspasias and the De -Maintenons are the women who have had the strongest power with men. She -knew that an educated woman is the companion of her children and their -intellectual guide. She knew that women ought to be interested in the -welfare of the state, rather than in a round of parties and amusements. -She had no love for display, though she had taste in dress and in her -home; and she longed to see all women have a purpose in life other than -frivolity and pleasure-seeking. But Miss Smith feared that $200,000 -would not be sufficient to found a college for women, and gave up the -idea. Two months after her brother died she made her will, giving -$75,000 for an Academy at Hatfield, $100,000 to a Deaf Mute Institution -in Hatfield, and $50,000 to a Scientific School in connection with -Amherst College. Six years later Mr. John Clarke provided a deaf mute -institution for the Commonwealth, and Miss Smith was at liberty to turn -her fortune into another channel.</p> - -<p>The old idea of a <i>real college</i> for women, a project as<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_162" id="Page_162">[Pg 162]</a></span> dear to Dr. -Greene as to herself, was again upon her mind. She read all she could -find upon the subject. She loved and believed in her own sex, and knew -the low intellectual standard of the ordinary boarding-school. She said, -"We should educate the whole woman, physical, intellectual, moral, and -spiritual." She insisted that the education given in the college which -she hoped to found should be <i>equal</i> to that obtained in a college for -men.</p> - -<p>"There is a good deal that is heroic," says a writer in <i>Scribner's -Monthly</i>, May, 1877, "in the spectacle of this lonely woman, shut out in -a great measure by her infirmity and secluded life from so many human -interests and pleasures, quietly elaborating a plan by which she could -broaden and enrich the lives of multitudes of her sex, and give -increased dignity and power to woman in the generations to come."</p> - -<p>In July, 1868, Miss Smith made her last will, stating the object for -which she wished her money to be used: "The establishment and -maintenance of an institution for the higher education of young women, -with the design to furnish them means and facilities for education equal -to those which are afforded in our colleges for young men."</p> - -<p>"The formal wording," says M. A. Jordan in the <i>New England Magazine</i> -for January, 1887, "hardly tells the story of self-denial, painful -industry, commonplace restriction and isolation, that lies behind it in -the lives of this brother and sister."</p> - -<p>Miss Smith wished the college to be Christian, "not Congregational," she -said, "or Baptist, or Methodist, or Episcopalian, but <i>Christian</i>." She -hoped the Bible<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_163" id="Page_163">[Pg 163]</a></span> would be studied in the Hebrew and Greek in her -college, so that the students could know for themselves the truth of the -translations which we have to-day.</p> - -<p>Miss Smith gave about $400,000 for the founding of Smith College,—the -fortune left by her brother had increased,—with the express condition -that not more than half the amount should be used in buildings and -grounds. It required much urging to allow the college to bear her name. -After counselling with friends, Miss Smith decided that the college -should be built at Northampton, which George Bancroft thought "the most -beautiful town in New England, where no one can live without imbibing -love for the place," with the provision that the town should raise -$25,000, which was done. Northampton seemed preferable to Hatfield, -because more easy of access, and possessed of a public library and other -intellectual attractions. After her brother's money came into her hands, -Miss Smith continued to economize for herself, but gave generously to -others. Often in her journal she wrote, "I feel the responsibility of -this great property."</p> - -<p>She subscribed $5,000 to the Massachusetts Agricultural College if it -should be located at Northampton, $300 for a library for the young -people's Literary Association in Hatfield, $1,000 towards the organ in -the church, $30,000 for the endowment of a professorship in Andover -Theological Seminary, and to many other objects. "She gave to them -<i>all</i>," says Dr. Greene, "Home Missions and Foreign Missions, the Bible -Society and Tract Society, the Seamen and Freedmen,—to all the objects -presented. In her journal she writes: 'I desire to give where duty -calls.' ... Before her<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_164" id="Page_164">[Pg 164]</a></span> death she had great satisfaction and comfort in -her Andover donation.... When she was considering whether or not to make -her donation to Andover Theological Seminary, Professor Park asked her -if he might consult a mutual friend, an eminent lawyer and business man, -about it. With uplifted hands and almost a rebuking gesture she replied, -'No, no; I'll make up my mind myself.' One of her most intimate friends, -a graduate of Mount Holyoke Seminary, remarked, 'I never was acquainted -with a person who felt more deeply than Miss Smith her accountability to -God.'"</p> - -<p>Miss Smith's life declined pleasantly and happily. In 1866 she wrote in -her journal: "Sunday afternoon. It is a most splendid day; have been to -church, although I have not heard. I feel the presence of Him who is -everywhere, and who is all love to him that seeketh Him and serves -Him.... I resolve with His blessing to give myself unreservedly anew to -Him, to watch over my thoughts and words, and to strive after a more -perfect life in all my dealings with my fellow-men, and strive to make -this great affliction [deafness] a means of sanctification, and make it -a means of improvement in the divine life."</p> - -<p>May 9, 1870, she made her last record in her journal: "I resolve to -begin anew to strive to be better in everything; to guard against -carelessness in talking; to strive for more patience and sense, and to -strive for more earnestness, to do more good; to strive against -selfishness, and to cultivate good feelings in all; to live to God's -glory, that others, seeing our good works, may glorify our Father in -heaven."</p> - -<p>Such golden words might well be cut on the walls of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_165" id="Page_165">[Pg 165]</a></span> Smith College, that -the students might imitate the resolve of the founder, who believed, as -she said in her will, "that all education should be for the glory of God -and the good of man.... It is not my design to render my sex any the -less feminine, but to develop as fully as may be the powers of -womanhood, and furnish women with the means of usefulness, happiness, -and honor, now withheld from them."</p> - -<p>One month after writing in her journal, June 12, 1870, Sophia Smith -passed to her reward, at the age of seventy-five. She was in her usual -health till four days before her death, when she was prostrated by -paralysis. She was buried in the Hatfield Cemetery under a simple -monument of her own erecting. She had provided for a better and more -enduring monument in Smith College, and she knew that no other was -needed. The seventy-five-thousand-dollar academy at Hatfield would also -keep her in blessed remembrance.</p> - -<p>The thought of Miss Smith, after her death, began to shape itself into -brick and stone. Thirteen acres of ground were purchased for the site of -the college, commanding a view of the beautiful valley of the -Connecticut River; and the main building, of brick and freestone, was -erected in secular Gothic style, the interior finished in unpainted -native woods. On the large stained-glass window over the entrance of the -building is a copy of the college seal, a woman radiant with light, with -the motto underneath in Greek which expressed the desire of the founder: -"Add to your virtue knowledge."</p> - -<p>The homestead which was on the estate when purchased was made over for a -home for the students, as the plan of small dwellings to accommodate -from twenty<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_166" id="Page_166">[Pg 166]</a></span> to fifty young women had been decided upon in preference to -several hundreds gathered under one roof.</p> - -<p>The right person for the right place had been chosen as president, the -Rev. Dr. L. Clark Seelye, at that time a professor in Amherst College. -He had made a careful inspection of the principal educational -institutions both in this country and in Europe, and his plans as to -buildings and courses of study were adopted.</p> - -<p>Smith College was dedicated July 14, 1875, and opened to students in the -following September. President Seelye in his admirable inaugural address -said, "One hundred years ago a female college would have been simply an -object of ridicule.... You have seen machines invented to do the work -which formerly absorbed the greater portion of woman's time and -strength. Factories have supplanted the spinning-wheel and distaff. -Sewing-machines will stitch in an hour more than our grandmothers could -in a day. I need not ask you what we are to do with force which has thus -been set free. The answer comes clearly from an enlightened public -opinion, saying, 'Put it to higher uses; train it to think correctly; to -work intelligently; to do its share in bringing the human mind to the -perfection for which it was designed.'"</p> - -<p>Dr. Seelye emphasized the fact that this college was to give women "an -education as high and thorough and complete as that which young men -receive in Harvard, Yale, and Amherst." "I believe," he said, "this is -the only female college that insists upon substantially the same -requisites for admission which have been found practicable and essential -in male colleges." He disapproved of a preparatory department, and other -colleges<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_167" id="Page_167">[Pg 167]</a></span> for women have wisely followed the standard and example of -Smith. Secondary schools have seen the necessity of a higher fitting for -their students, that they may enter our best colleges.</p> - -<p>Greek and the higher mathematics were made an essential part of the -course. To this, exception was taken; and Dr. Seelye was frequently -asked, "What use have young women of Greek?" He answered, "A study of -Greek brings us into communion with the best scholarship and the acutest -intellects of all European countries.... It would simply justify its -place in our college curriculum upon the relation which it has had, and -ever must have, to the growth of the human intellect."</p> - -<p>Dr. Seelye favored the teaching of music and art, but not to the -exclusion of other things, unless one had special gifts along those -lines. "Musical entertainments," he said, "have generally been the grand -parade-ground of female boarding-schools. All of us are familiar with -the many wearisome hours which young ladies ordinarily are required to -spend at the piano,—time enough to master most of the sciences and -languages; and all of us are familiar with the remark, heard so -frequently after school-days are over, 'I cannot play; I am out of -practice.'"</p> - -<p>President Seelye had to meet all sorts of objections to higher education -for women. When he told a friend that Greek was to be studied in Smith -College, the friend replied, "Nonsense! girls cannot bear such a -strain;" "and yet his own daughters," says Dr. Seelye, "were going, with -no remonstrance from him, night after night, through the round of -parties and <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_168" id="Page_168">[Pg 168]</a></span>fashionable amusements in a great city. We question whether -any greater expenditure of physical force is necessary to master Greek -than to endure ordinary fashionable amusements. Woman's health is -endangered far more by balls and parties than by schools. For one ruined -by over-study, we can point to a hundred ruined by dainties and dances."</p> - -<p>Another said to President Seelye, "Think of a wife who forced you to -talk perpetually about metaphysics, or to listen to Greek and Latin -quotations!" This would be much more agreeable conversation to some men -than to hear about dress and servants and gossip.</p> - -<p>When Smith College was opened in 1875, there were many applicants; but -with requirements for admission the same as at Harvard, Yale, Brown, and -Amherst, only fifteen could pass the examinations. The next year -eighteen were accepted.</p> - -<p>Each year the number has increased, till in the year 1895 there were 875 -students at Smith College. The professorships are about equally divided -between men and women. The chair of Greek, on the John M. Greene -foundation, "is founded in honor of the Rev. John M. Greene, D.D., who -first suggested to Miss Smith the idea of the college, and was her -confidential adviser in her bequest," says the College Calendar.</p> - -<p>There are three courses of study, each extending through four -years,—the classical course leading to the degree of Bachelor of Arts, -the scientific to Bachelor of Science, the literary to Bachelor of -Letters. The maximum of work allowed to any student in a regular course -is sixteen hours of recitation each week.</p> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_169" id="Page_169">[Pg 169]</a></span></p><p>Year by year Miss Smith's noble gift has been supplemented by the gifts -of others.</p> - -<p>In 1878 the Lilly Hall of Science was dedicated, the gift of Mr. Alfred -Theodore Lilly. This building contains lecture rooms, and laboratories -for chemistry, physics, geology, zoölogy, and botany. In 1881 Mr. -Winthrop Hillyer gave the money to erect the Hillyer Art Gallery, which -now contains an extensive collection of casts, engravings, and -paintings, and is provided with studios. One corridor of engravings and -an alcove of original drawings were given by the Century Company. Mr. -Hillyer gave an endowment of $50,000 for his gallery. A music-hall was -also erected in 1881.</p> - -<p>The observatory, given by two donors unknown to the public, has an -eleven-inch refracting telescope, a spectroscope, siderial clock, -chronograph, a portable telescope, and a meridian circle, aperture four -inches.</p> - -<p>The alumnæ gymnasium contains a swimming-bath, and a large hall for -gymnastic exercises and in-door sport. A large greenhouse has been -erected to aid in botanical work, with an extensive collection of -tropical plants.</p> - -<p>There are eight or more dwelling-houses for the students, each presided -over by a competent woman, where the scholars find cheerful, happy -homes. The Tenney House, bequeathed by Mrs. Mary A. Tenney, for -experiments in co-operative housekeeping, enables the students to adapt -their expenses to their means, if they choose to make the experiment -together. Tuition is $100 a year, with $300 for board and furnished room -in the college houses.</p> - -<p>Smith College is fortunately situated. Opposite the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_170" id="Page_170">[Pg 170]</a></span> grounds is the -beautiful Forbes Library, with an endowment of $300,000 for books alone, -and not far away a public library with several thousand volumes, and a -permanent endowment of $50,000 for its increase. The students have -access to the collections at Amherst College and the Massachusetts -Agricultural College, also at Mount Holyoke College, about seven miles -distant.</p> - -<p>There are no secret societies at Smith. "Instead of hazing newcomers," -says President Seelye, "the second or sophomore class will give them a -reception in the art-gallery, introduce them to the older students with -the courteous hospitality which good breeding dictates."</p> - -<p>There are several literary and charitable societies in Smith College. -Great interest is taken in the working-girls of New York, and in the -college settlement of that city.</p> - -<p>None of the evil effects predicted for young women in college have been -realized. "Some of our best scholars," says President Seelye, "have -steadily improved in health since entering college. Some who came so -feeble that it was doubtful whether they could remain a term have become -entirely well and strong.... We have had frequently professors from male -institutions to give instruction; and their testimony is to the effect -that the girls study better than the boys, and that the average -scholarship is higher."</p> - -<p>"The general atmosphere of the college is one of freedom," writes Louise -Walston, in the "History of Higher Education in Massachusetts," by -George Gary Bush, Ph.D. "The written code consists of one law,—Lights -out at ten; the unwritten is that of every <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_171" id="Page_171">[Pg 171]</a></span>well-regulated community, -and to the success of this method of discipline every year is a witness.</p> - -<p>"This freedom is not license.... The system of attendance upon -recitation at Smith is in this respect unique. It is distinctively a -'no-cut' system. In the college market that commodity known as -indulgences is not to be found; and no student is expected to absent -herself from lecture or recitation except for good reasons, the validity -of which, however, is left to her own conscience. Knowledge is offered -as a privilege, and is so received."</p> - -<p>As Miss Smith directed in her will, "the Holy Scriptures are daily and -systematically read and studied in the college." A chapel service is -held in the morning of week-days, and a vesper service on Sunday. -Students attend the churches of their preference in Northampton.</p> - -<p>All honor to Sophia Smith, the quiet Christian woman, who, forgetting -herself, became a blessing to tens of thousands by her gifts. At the -request of the trustees of Smith College, Dr. Greene is preparing a -volume on her life and character.</p> - -<p>All honor, too, to the Rev. John M. Greene, who for twenty-five years -has been the beloved pastor of the Eliot Church in Lowell, Mass. His -quarter century of service was fittingly celebrated at Lowell, Sept. 26, -1895. Out of five hundred Congregational ministers in Massachusetts, -only ten have held so long a pastorate as he over one church.</p> - -<p>Among the hundreds of congratulations and testimonies to Dr. Greene's -successful ministry, the able Professor Edwards A. Park of Andover, -wrote to the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_172" id="Page_172">[Pg 172]</a></span> congregation: "The city of Lowell has been favored with -clergymen who will be remembered by a distant posterity, but not one of -them will be remembered longer than the present pastor of Eliot Church. -He was the father of Smith College, now so flourishing in Northampton, -Mass. Had it not been for him that great institution would never have -existed. For this great benefaction to the world, he will be honored a -hundred years hence."</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_173" id="Page_173">[Pg 173]</a></span></p> - -<h2><span>JAMES LICK</span> <span class="smaller">AND HIS TELESCOPE.</span></h2> - -<hr class="smler" /> - -<p>James Lick, one of the great givers of the West, was born in -Fredericksburg, Penn., Aug. 25, 1796. Little is known of his early life, -except that his ancestors were Germans, and that he was born in poverty. -His grandfather served in the Revolutionary War. James learned to make -organs and pianos in Hanover, Penn., and in 1819 worked for Joseph -Hiskey, a prominent piano manufacturer of Baltimore.</p> - -<p>One day Conrad Meyer, a poor lad, came into the store and asked for -work. Young Lick gave him food and clothing, and secured a place for him -in the establishment. They became fast friends, and continued thus for -life. Later Conrad Meyer was a wealthy manufacturer of pianos in -Philadelphia.</p> - -<p>James Lick in 1820, when he was twenty-four, went to New York, hoping to -begin business for himself, but finding his capital too limited, in the -following year, 1821, went to Buenos Ayres, South America, where he -lived for ten years. At the end of that time he went to Philadelphia, -and met his old friend Conrad Meyer. He had brought with him for sale -$40,000 worth of hides and nutria skins. The latter are obtained from a -species of otter found along the La Plata River.</p> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_174" id="Page_174">[Pg 174]</a></span></p><p>He intended settling in Philadelphia, and rented a house on Eighth -Street, near Arch, but soon abandoned his purpose, probably because the -business outlook was not hopeful, and returned to Buenos Ayres to sell -pianos. From the east side of South America he went to the west side, -and remained in Valparaiso, Chili, for four years. He spent eleven years -in Peru, making and selling pianos. Once, when his workmen left him -suddenly to go to Mexico, rather than break a contract he did all the -work himself, and accomplished it in two years.</p> - -<p>In 1847 he went to San Francisco, which had only one thousand -inhabitants. He was then about fifty years old, and took with him over -$30,000, which, foreseeing California's wonderful prospects, he invested -in land in San Francisco, and farther south in Santa Clara Valley.</p> - -<div class="center"><img src="images/i196.jpg" alt="JAMES LICK" /></div> - -<p class="bold">JAMES LICK.</p> - -<p class="bold">(Used by courtesy of "The Overland Monthly.")</p> - -<p>In 1854, to the surprise of everybody, the quiet, parsimonious James -Lick built a magnificent flour-mill six miles from San José. He tore -down an old structure, and erected in its place a mill, finished within -in solid mahogany highly polished, and furnished it with the best -machinery possible. It was called "The Mahogany Mill," or more -frequently "Lick's Folly." He made the grounds about the mill very -attractive. "Upon it," says the San José <i>Daily Mercury</i>, June 28, 1888, -"he began early to set out trees of various kinds, both for fruit and -ornament. He held some curious theories of tree-planting, and believed -in the efficiency of a bone deposit about the roots of every young tree. -Many are the stories told by old residents of James Lick going along the -highway in an old rattletrap, rope-tied wagon,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_175" id="Page_175">[Pg 175]</a></span> with a bearskin robe for -a seat cushion, and stopping every now and then to gather in the bones -of some dead beast. People used to think him crazy until they saw him -among his beloved trees, planting some new and rare variety, and -carefully mingling about its young roots the finest of loams with the -bones he had gathered during his lonely rides.</p> - -<p>"There is a story extant, and probably well-founded, which illustrates -the odd means he employed to secure hired help at once trustworthy and -obedient. One day while he was planting his orchard a man applied to him -for work. Mr. Lick directed him to take the trees he indicated to a -certain part of the grounds, and then to plant them with the tops in the -earth and the roots in the air. The man obeyed the directions to the -letter, and reported in the evening for further orders. Mr. Lick went -out, viewed his work with apparent satisfaction, and then ordered him to -plant the trees the proper way and thereafter to continue in his -employ." Nineteen years after Mr. Lick built his mill, Jan. 16, 1873, he -surprised the people of San José again, by giving it to the Paine -Memorial Society of Boston, half the proceeds of sale to be used for a -Memorial Hall, and half to sustain a lecture course. He had always been -an admirer of Thomas Paine's writings. The mill was annually inundated -by the floods from the Guadalupe River, spoiling his orchards and his -roads, so that he tired of the property.</p> - -<p>An agent of the Boston Society went to California, sold the mill for -$18,000 cash, and carried the money back to Boston. Mr. Lick was -displeased that the property which had cost him $200,000 should be sold -at<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_176" id="Page_176">[Pg 176]</a></span> such a low price, and without his knowledge, as he would willingly -have bought it in at $50,000.</p> - -<p>It is said by some that Mr. Lick built his mill as a protest against the -cheap and flimsy style of building on the Pacific Coast, but it is much -more probable that he built it for another reason. In early life it is -believed that young Lick fell in love with the daughter of a well-to-do -miller for whom he worked. When the young man made known his love, which -was reciprocated by the girl, the miller was angry, and is said to have -replied, "Out, you beggar! Dare you cast your eyes upon my daughter, who -will inherit my riches? Have you a mill like this? Have you a single -penny in your purse?"</p> - -<p>To this Lick replied "that he had nothing as yet, but one day he would -have a mill beside which this one would be a pigsty."</p> - -<p>Lick caused his elegant mill to be photographed without and within, and -sent the pictures to the miller. It was, however, too late to win the -girl, if indeed he ever hoped to do so; for she had long since married, -and Mr. Lick went through life a lonely and unresponsive man. He never -lived in his palatial mill, but occupied for a time a humble abode near -by.</p> - -<p>After Mr. Lick disposed of his mill, he began to improve a tract of land -south of San José known as "The Lick Homestead Addition." "Day after -day," says the San José <i>Mercury</i>, "long trains of carts and wagons -passed slowly through San José carrying tall trees and full-grown -shrubbery from the old to the new location. Winter and summer alike the -work went on, the old man superintending it all in his rattletrap wagon -and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_177" id="Page_177">[Pg 177]</a></span> bearskin robe. His plans for this new improvement were made -regardless of expense. Tradition tells that he had imported from -Australia rare trees, and in order to secure their growth had brought -with them whole shiploads of their native earth. He conceived the idea -of building conservatories superior to any on the Pacific Coast, and for -that purpose had imported from England the materials for two large -conservatories after the model of those in the Kew Gardens in London. -His death occurred before he could have these constructed; and they -remained on the hands of the trustees until a body of San Francisco -gentlemen contributed funds for their purchase and donation to the use -of the public in Golden Gate Park, where they now stand as the wonder -and delight of all who visit that beautiful resort."</p> - -<p>Mr. Lick also built in San Francisco a handsome hotel called the Lick -House. With his own hands he carved some of the rosewood frames of the -mirrors. He caused the walls to be decorated with pictures of California -scenery. The dining-room has a polished floor made of many thousand -pieces of wood of various kinds.</p> - -<p>When Mr. Lick was seventy-seven years old, and found himself the owner -of millions, with a laudable desire to be remembered after death, and a -patriotism worthy of high commendation, he began to think deeply how -best to use his property.</p> - -<p>On Feb. 15, 1873, Mr. Lick offered to the California Academy of Sciences -a piece of land on Market Street, the site of its present building. -Professor George Davidson, then president of the academy, called to -thank him, when Mr. Lick unfolded to him his purpose of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_178" id="Page_178">[Pg 178]</a></span> giving a great -telescope for future investigation of the heavenly bodies. He had become -deeply interested from reading, it is said, about possible life on other -planets. It is supposed by some that while Mr. Lick lived his lonely -life in Peru, a priest, who gained his friendship, interested him in -astronomy. Others think his mind was drawn towards it by reading about -the Washington Observatory, completed in 1874, and noticed widely by the -press.</p> - -<p>Mr. Lick was not a scientist nor an astronomer; he had been too absorbed -in successful business life for that; but he earned money that others -might have the time and opportunity to devote their lives to science.</p> - -<p>Mr. Lick appears to have had a passion for statuary, as shown by his -gifts. At one time he thought of having expensive memorial statues of -himself and family erected on the heights overlooking the ocean and the -bay, but was dissuaded by one of his pioneer friends, according to Miss -M. W. Shinn's account in the <i>Overland Monthly</i>, November, 1892.</p> - -<p>"Mr. D. J. Staples felt it his duty to tell Mr. Lick frankly that his -bequests for statues of himself and family would be utterly useless as a -memorial; that the world would not be interested in them; and when Mr. -Lick urged that such costly statues would be preserved for all time, as -the statues of antiquity now remained the precious relics of a lost -civilization, answered, almost at random, 'More likely we shall get into -a war with Russia or somebody, and they will come around here with -warships, and smash the statues to pieces in bombarding the city.'"</p> - -<p>Mr. Lick conferred with his friends, but had his own<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_179" id="Page_179">[Pg 179]</a></span> decided wishes and -plans which usually he carried out. On July 16, 1874, he conveyed all -his property, real and personal, over $3,000,000, by deed of trust to -seven men; but becoming dissatisfied with some members of the Board of -Lick Trustees, he made a new deed, Sept. 21, 1875, under which his -property has been used as he directed. A year later he changed some of -the members, but the deed itself remained as before.</p> - -<p>One of the first bequests under his deed of trust was for the telescope -and observatory, $700,000. Another, to the Protestant Orphan Asylum of -San Francisco, $25,000.</p> - -<p>For an Orphan Asylum in San José, "free to all orphans without regard to -creed or religion of parents," $25,000.</p> - -<p>To the Ladies' Protective and Belief Society of San Francisco, $25,000.</p> - -<p>To the Mechanics' Institute of San Francisco, "to be applied to the -purchase of scientific and mechanical works for such Institute," -$10,000.</p> - -<p>To the Trustees of the Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, of -San Francisco, $10,000, with the hope expressed by him, "that the -trustees of said society may organize such a system as will result in -establishing similar societies in every city and town in California, to -the end that the rising generations may not witness or be impressed with -such scenes of cruelty and brutality as constantly occur in this State."</p> - -<p>To found in San Francisco "an institution to be called The Old Ladies' -Home," $100,000. For the erection and the maintenance of that extremely -useful<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_180" id="Page_180">[Pg 180]</a></span> public charity, Free Public Baths, $150,000. These baths went -into use Nov. 1, 1890.</p> - -<p>For the erection of a monument to be placed in Golden Gate Park, "to the -memory of Francis Scott Key, the author of 'The Star-Spangled Banner,'" -$60,000. This statue was unveiled July 4, 1888.</p> - -<p>To endow an institution to be called the California School of Mechanical -Arts, "to be open to all youths born in California," $540,000.</p> - -<p>For statuary emblematical of three important epochs in the history of -California, to be placed in front of the San Francisco City Hall, -$100,000.</p> - -<p>To John H. Lick, his son, born in Pennsylvania, June 30, 1818, $150,000. -The latter contested the will; and a compromise was effected whereby he -received $533,000, the expense of the suit being a little over $60,000. -This son, at his death, founded Lick College, Fredericksburg, Penn., -giving it practically all his fortune. It is now called Schuylkill -Seminary, and had 285 pupils in 1893, according to the Report of the -Commissioner of Education. A family monument was erected at -Fredericksburg, Penn., Mr. Lick's birthplace, at a cost of $20,000.</p> - -<p>Mr. Lick set aside some personal property for his own economical use -during his life. After all these bequests had been attended to, the -remainder of his fortune was to be given in "equal proportions to the -California Academy of Sciences and the Society of California Pioneers," -to be expended in erecting buildings for them, and in the purchase of a -"suitable library, natural specimens, chemical and philosophical -apparatus, rare and curious things useful in the advancement of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_181" id="Page_181">[Pg 181]</a></span> -science, and generally in the carrying out of the objects and purposes -for which said societies were respectively established." Each society -has received about $800,000 from the Lick estate. These were very -remarkable gifts from a man who had been a mechanic, brought up in -narrow circumstances, and with limited education.</p> - -<p>The California School of Mechanical Arts was opened in January, 1895, -and now, in the spring of 1896, has 230 pupils. The substantial brick -buildings are in Spanish architecture, and cost, with machinery and -furniture, about $115,000, leaving $425,000 for endowment. The Academic -Building is three stories high, and the shops one and two stories. The -requirements for pupils in entering the school are substantially the -same as for the last of the grammar grades of the public schools. There -is no charge for tuition.</p> - -<p>Mr. Lick in making this bequest stated its object: "To educate males and -females in the practical arts of life, such as working in wood, iron, -and stone, or any of the metals, and in whatever industry intelligent -mechanical skill now is or can hereafter be applied."</p> - -<p>In view of this desire on the part of the giver, a careful survey of -industrial education was made; and it was decided to "give each student -a thorough knowledge of the technique of some one industrial pursuit, -from which he may earn a living."</p> - -<p>The school course is four years. At the beginning of the third year the -student must choose his field of work for the last year and a half, and -give his time to it. Besides the ordinary branches, carpentry, forging, -moulding, machine and architectural drawing, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_182" id="Page_182">[Pg 182]</a></span>wood-carving, dressmaking, -millinery, cookery, etc., are taught. It is expected that graduates will -be able to earn good wages at once after leaving the school, and the -teachers endeavor to find suitable situations for their pupils.</p> - -<p>Miss Caroline Willard Baldwin, at the head of the science department, -who is herself a Bachelor of Science from the University of California, -and a Doctor of Science from Cornell University, writes me: "The grade -of work is much the same as that given in the Pratt Institute in -Brooklyn, and the entire equipment of the school is excellent."</p> - -<p>The Lick Bronze Statuary at the City Hall in San Francisco was unveiled -on Thanksgiving Day, Thursday, Nov. 29, 1894. Mr. Lick had specified in -his deed of trust that it should "represent by appropriate designs and -figures the history of California; first, from the early settlement of -the Missions to the acquisition of California by the United States; -second, from such acquisition by the United States to the time when -agriculture became the leading interest of the State; third, from the -last-named period to the first day of January, 1874." He knew that there -is no more effective way to teach history and inculcate love of city and -nation than by object-lessons. A great gift is a continual suggestion to -others to give also. The statue of a noble man or woman is a constant -educator and inspirer to good deeds.</p> - -<p>The Lick Statuary is of granite, surmounted by bronze figures of heroic -proportions. The main column is forty-six feet high, with a bronze -figure twelve feet high, weighing 7,000 pounds, on the top, representing -Eureka,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_183" id="Page_183">[Pg 183]</a></span> a woman typical of California, with a grizzly bear by her side. -Beneath are four panels, depicting a family of immigrants crossing the -Sierras, a vaquero lassoing a steer, traders with the Indians, and -California under American rule.</p> - -<p>Below these panels are the heads in bronze of James Lick, Father -Junipero Serra, Sir Francis Drake, and John C. Frémont; and below these, -the names of men famous in the history of California,—James W. -Marshall, the discoverer of gold at Sutter's mill, and others. There are -granite wings to the main pedestal, the bronze figures of which -represent early times,—a native Indian over whom bends a Catholic -priest, and a Spaniard throwing his lasso; a group of miners in '49, and -figures denoting commerce and agriculture. The artist was Mr. Frank -Happersberger, a native of California. Members of the California -Pioneers made eloquent addresses at the unveiling of the beautiful -statue, the band played "The Star-Spangled Banner," and the children of -the public schools sang "America."</p> - -<p>"The benefactions of James Lick were not of a posthumous character," -said the Hon. Willard B. Farwell in his address. "There was no -indication of a desire to accumulate for the sake of accumulation alone, -and to cling with greedy purpose and tenacity to the last dollar gained, -until the heart had ceased its pulsations, and the last breath had been -drawn, before yielding it up for the good of others. On the contrary, he -provided for the distribution of his wealth while living.... There was -no room for cavil then over the manner of his giving. He fulfilled in -its broadest measure the injunction of the aphorism, 'He gives well who -gives quickly.'"</p> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_184" id="Page_184">[Pg 184]</a></span></p><p>The gift nearest to Mr. Lick's heart was his great telescope, to be, as -he said in his deed of trust, "superior to and more powerful than any -telescope yet made, with all the machinery appertaining thereto, and -appropriately connected therewith."</p> - -<p>This telescope with its building was to be conveyed to the University of -California, and to be known as the "Lick Astronomical Department of the -University of California."</p> - -<p>Various sites were suggested for the great telescope. A gentleman -relates the following story: "One of the sites suggested was a mountain -north of San Francisco. Mr. Lick was ill, but determined upon visiting -this mountain; so he was taken on a cot to the station; and on arriving -at the town nearest the mountain, the cot was removed to a wagon, and -they started towards the summit. By some accident the rear of the wagon -gave way, and the cot containing the old gentleman slid out on the -mountain-side. This so angered him that he said he would never place the -telescope on a mountain that treated him in that way, and ordered the -party to turn back towards San Francisco."</p> - -<p>During the summer of 1875 Mr. Lick sent Mr. Fraser, his trusted agent, -to report on Mount St. Helena, Monte Diablo, Mount Hamilton, and others. -In many respects the latter, in sight of his old mill at San José, -seemed the best situated of all the mountain peaks. "Yet the possibility -that a complete astronomical establishment might one day be planted on -its summit seemed more like a fairy-tale than like sober fact," says -Professor Edward S. Holden, Director of the Lick Observatory. "It was at -that time a wilderness. A few cattle-ranches<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_185" id="Page_185">[Pg 185]</a></span> occupied the valleys -around it. Its slopes were covered with chaparral or thickets of scrub -oak. Not even a trail led over it. The nearest house was eleven miles -away." It was and is the home of many rattlesnakes. They live upon -squirrels, and small birds and their eggs, and come up to the top of the -mountain in quest of water.</p> - -<p>Sir Edwin Arnold, who visited Mount Hamilton, tells this incident of the -"road-runner," the bird sometimes called "chaparral cock," as it was -told to him. "The rattlesnake is the deadly enemy of its species, always -hunting about in the thickets for eggs and young birds, since the -'road-runner' builds its nest on the ground. When, therefore, the -'chaparral cocks' find a 'rattler' basking in the sun, they gather, I -was assured, leaves of the prickly cactus, and lay them in a circle all -around the serpent, which cannot draw its belly over the sharp needles -of these leaves. Thus imprisoned, the reptile is set upon by the birds, -and pecked or spurred to death."</p> - -<p>Mount Hamilton, fifty miles southeast of San Francisco, is near San -José, twenty-six miles eastward, and thus easy of access, save the -difficulty of reaching its summit, 4,300 feet above the sea. This was -overcome by the willingness of Santa Clara County to construct a road to -its top; which road was completed in December, 1876, at a cost of about -$78,000. The road rises 4,000 feet in twenty-two miles; and the grade -nowhere exceeds six and one-half feet in one hundred, or 343 feet to the -mile. Towards the top it winds round and round the flanks of the -mountain itself.</p> - -<p>The view from the top of the mountain is most inspiring. "The lovely -valley of Santa Clara and the Santa<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_186" id="Page_186">[Pg 186]</a></span> Cruz mountains to the west, a bit -of the Pacific and the Bay of Monterey to the southwest, the Sierra -Nevada (13,000-14,000 feet) with countless ranges between to the -southeast, the San Joaquin valley with the Sierras beyond to the east, -while to the north lie many lower ranges of hills, and on the horizon -Mount Shasta, or Lassens' Butte (14,400 feet), 175 miles away. The Bay -of San Francisco lies flat before you, and beyond it is Mount Tamalpais -at the entrance to the Golden Gate."</p> - -<p>"One of the gorges in the vicinity of Mount Hamilton," writes Taliesin -Evans in the May, 1886, <i>Century</i>, "is reputed to have been a favorite -retreat of Joaquin Murietta, the famous bandit, whose name was a terror -to the early settlers of the State. A spring, situated a mile and a half -east of Observatory Peak, at which he is said to have drawn water, now -bears the name of 'Joaquin's Spring.'"</p> - -<p>On June 7, 1876, Congress gave the land for the site, 1,350 acres; and -other land was given and purchased, till the Observatory now has 2,581 -acres. It was necessary to remove 72,000 tons of solid rock from the -mountain summit, which was lowered as much as thirty-two feet in places, -that the buildings might have a level foundation. Clay for making the -brick was found about two and one-half miles below the Observatory (by -the road), thus saving over $46,000 in the 2,600,000 bricks used. -Springs also were fortunately discovered about 340 feet below the -present level of the summit.</p> - -<p>In 1879, after the site had been decided upon, Professor S. W. Burnham -of Chicago was asked by the Lick trustees to test it for astronomical -purposes. He took his telescope, and remained there during August,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_187" id="Page_187">[Pg 187]</a></span> -September, and October. Out of sixty nights he found forty-two were of -the very highest class for making observations, while eleven were foggy -or cloudy. He discovered forty-two new double stars while on the top of -the mountain.</p> - -<p>Professor Burnham said in his Report, "The remarkable steadiness of the -air, and the continued succession of nights of almost perfect -definition, are conditions not to be hoped for in any place with which I -am acquainted, and judging from the previous reports of the various -observatories, are not to be met with elsewhere."</p> - -<p>Meantime, even before Congress gave the land in 1876, Mr. D. O. Mills, -one of the first trustees, had visited Professor Holden and Professor -Newcomb at Washington to determine about the general plans for the -Observatory. It was agreed that the latter should go to Europe to -investigate the matter of procuring the glass necessary for a large -reflector or refractor. It was finally decided that a refracting -telescope was the best for the study of double stars and nebulæ, the -moon's surface, etc., giving more distinctness and brilliancy, and being -less subject to atmospheric disturbance.</p> - -<p>Professor Newcomb experienced much difficulty in Europe in finding a -firm ready to undertake to make a glass for a telescope larger and more -powerful than any yet made. The firm of M. Feil & Sons, Paris, was -finally chosen. Professor Newcomb wrote an interesting report of the -process of making the glass.</p> - -<p>"The materials," he said, "are mixed and melted in a clay pot holding -from five hundred pounds to a ton, and are constantly stirred with an -iron rod until the proper combination is obtained. The heat is then<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_188" id="Page_188">[Pg 188]</a></span> -slowly diminished until the glass becomes too stiff to be stirred -longer. Then the mass, pot and all, is placed in the annealing furnace. -Here it must remain undisturbed for a period of a month or more, when it -is taken out; the pot and the outside parts of the glass are broken away -to find whether a lump suitable for the required disk can be found in -the interior.</p> - -<p>"If the interior were perfectly solid and homogeneous, there would be no -further difficulty; the lump would be softened by heat, pressed into a -flat disk, and reannealed, when the work would be complete. But in -practice, the interior is always found to be crossed in every direction -by veins of unequal density, which will injure the performance of the -glass; and the great mechanical difficulty in the production of the disk -is to cut these veins out and still leave a mass which can be pressed -into a disk without any folding of the original surface."</p> - -<p>The glass for a telescope is usually composed of a double convex lens of -crown glass, and a plano-concave lens of flint glass. M. Feil & Sons -made and shipped the latter, which weighed three hundred and -seventy-five pounds, but broke the crown glass in packing it. Then -during three years they made twenty unsuccessful trials before obtaining -a perfect glass.</p> - -<p>The cutting away of the clay pot and outside glass is a tedious process, -requiring weeks and even months. No ordinary tools can be used. The -pieces are "sawed by a wire working in sand and water.... When it is -done," says Professor Newcomb, "the mass must be pressed into the shape -of a disk, like a very thin grindstone, and in order to do this the lump -must first be heated to the melting-point, so as to become plastic.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_189" id="Page_189">[Pg 189]</a></span> But -when Feil began to heat this large mass it flew to pieces." He took more -and more time for heating, and finally succeeded.</p> - -<p>The noted firm of Alvan Clark & Sons of Cambridge, Mass., did the -polishing and shaping of the lenses, a labor requiring great skill and -delicacy of workmanship. The objective glass was ordered in 1880, and -reached Mount Hamilton late in 1886, having cost $51,000. It weighs with -its cell 638 pounds. The Clarks would not undertake any larger objective -than thirty-six inches. This was six inches larger than the great glass -which they had made for the Imperial Observatory at Pulkowa, near St. -Petersburg in Russia.</p> - -<p>The glass, though an important part of the telescope, was only one of -many things to be obtained. In 1876 Captain Richard S. Floyd, president -of the Lick trustees, himself a graduate of the United States Naval -Academy, met Professor Holden in London; and the latter became the -planner and adviser, throughout the construction of the buildings and -the telescope. Captain Floyd visited many observatories, and carried on -a vast correspondence, amounting to several thousand letters, with -astronomers and opticians all over the world.</p> - -<p>Professor Holden was a graduate of West Point, had been a professor of -mathematics in the navy, one of the astronomers at the Washington -Observatory, in charge of several eclipse expeditions sent out by the -government for observation, a member of various scientific societies in -Europe as well as America, and associate member of the Royal -Astronomical Society of England, and well-fitted for the position he was -afterwards called to fill,—the directorship of the Lick Observatory. -For<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_190" id="Page_190">[Pg 190]</a></span> some time he was also president of the University of California.</p> - -<p>Between the years 1880 and 1888 the large astronomical buildings were -erected on the top of Mount Hamilton. The main building of red brick -consists of two domes, one twenty-five feet and six inches in diameter; -the other seventy-six feet in diameter, connected by a hall over one -hundred and ninety-one feet long. This hall is paved and wainscoted with -marble. The rooms for work and study open towards the east into this -hall. The library, a handsome room with white polished ash cases and -tables, also opens into it. Near the main entrance is the visitors' -room, where the visitors register their names, among them many noted -scientists from various parts of the world. J. H. Fickel in the -<i>Chautauquan</i>, June, 1893, says, "In this room stands the workbench -which Mr. Lick used in his trade, that of piano-making, while in Peru. -Though not an elaborate affair, nothing attracts the attention of -visitors more than this article of furniture."</p> - -<p>The large rotating dome at the south end of the building, made by the -Union Iron Works of San Francisco, is covered with sheet steel, and the -movable parts weigh about eighty-nine tons. It is easily handled by -means of a small engine in the basement. The small dome weighs about -eight tons.</p> - -<p>Near the main building are the meridian circle house, with its -instrument for measuring the declination of stars, the transit house, -the astronomers' dwellings, the shops, etc.</p> - -<div class="center"><img src="images/i214.jpg" alt="THE LICK OBSERVATORY" /></div> - -<p class="bold">THE LICK OBSERVATORY.</p> - -<p class="bold">(Used by courtesy of "The Overland Monthly.")</p> - -<p>In the smaller dome is a twelve-inch equatorial telescope made by Alvan -Clark & Sons, mounted at the Lick<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_191" id="Page_191">[Pg 191]</a></span> Observatory in October, 1881. There -are also at Mount Hamilton, a six-and-one-half-inch equatorial -telescope, a six-and-one-half-inch meridian circle, a four-inch transit -and zenith telescope, a four-inch comet-seeker, a five-inch horizontal -photoheliograph, the Crocker photographic telescope, and numerous -clocks, spectroscopes, chronographs, meteorological instruments, and -seismometers for measuring the time and intensity of earthquake shocks.</p> - -<p>The buildings and instruments at Mount Hamilton are imbedded in the -solid rock, so as not to be affected by the high winds on the top of the -mountain.</p> - -<p>In the <i>Century</i> for March, 1894, Professor Holden gives an interesting -account of earthquakes, and the instruments for measuring them at the -Lick Observatory. In the Charleston earthquake of 1886, it is computed -that 774,000 square miles trembled, besides a vast ocean area. The -effects of the shock were noted from Florida to Vermont, and from the -Carolinas to Ontario, Iowa, and Arkansas.</p> - -<p>The science of the measurement of earthquakes had its birth in Tokio, -Japan, in which country there are, on an average, two earthquake shocks -daily. "Every part of the upper crust of the earth is in a state of -constant change," says Professor Holden. "These changes were first -discovered by their effects on the position of astronomical -instruments.... The earthquake of Iquique, a seaport town of South -America, in 1877, was shown at the Imperial Observatory near St. -Petersburg, an hour and fourteen minutes later, by its effects on the -delicate levels of an astronomical instrument. I myself have watched the -changes in a hill (100 feet above a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_192" id="Page_192">[Pg 192]</a></span> frozen lake which was 700 feet -distant) as the ice bent and buckled, and changed the pressure on the -adjacent shore. The level would faithfully indicate every movement: ...</p> - -<p>"In Italy and in Japan microphones deeply buried in the earth make the -earth tremors audible in the observatory telephones. During the years -1808-1888 there were 417 shocks recorded in San Francisco. The severest -earthquake felt within the city of San Francisco was that of 1868. This -shock threw down chimneys, broke glass along miles of streets, and put a -whole population in terror." The Lick Observatory has a complete set of -Professor Ewing's instruments for earthquake measurements.</p> - -<p>Accurate time signals are sent from the Observatory every day at noon, -and are received at every railway station between San Francisco and -Ogden, and many other cities. The instrumental equipment of the -Observatory is declared to be unrivalled.</p> - -<p>Interest centres most of all in the great telescope under the rotating -dome, for which the 36-inch objective was made with so much difficulty. -The great steel tube, a little over 56 feet long, holding the lens, and -weighing with all its attachments four and one-half tons, the iron pier -38 feet high, the elaborate yet delicate machinery, were all made by -Warner & Swasey of Cleveland, Ohio, whose skill has brought them -well-deserved fame. The entire weight of the instrument is 40 tons. Its -magnifying power ranges from 180 to 3,000 diameters.</p> - -<p>On June 1, 1888, the Observatory, with its instruments, was transferred -by the Lick trustees to the University of California. The whole cost was -$610,000, leaving<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_193" id="Page_193">[Pg 193]</a></span> $90,000 for endowment out of the $700,000 given by -Mr. Lick.</p> - -<p>Fourteen years had passed since Mr. Lick made his deed of trust. He -lived long enough to see the site chosen and the plans made for the -telescope, but died at the Lick House, Oct. 1, 1876, aged eighty. The -body lay in state in Pioneer Hall, and on Oct. 4 was buried in Lone -Mountain Cemetery, having been followed to the grave by a long -procession of State and city officials, faculty and students of the -University, and members of the various societies to which Mr. Lick had -given so generously.</p> - -<p>He had expressed a desire to be buried on Mount Hamilton, either within -or near the Observatory. Therefore a tomb was made in the base of the -pier of the great 36-inch telescope; "such a tomb," says Professor -Holden, "as no Old World emperor could have commanded or imagined."</p> - -<p>On Sunday, Jan. 9, 1887, the body of James Lick having been removed from -the cemetery, the casket was enclosed in a lead-lined white maple -coffin, and laid in the new tomb with appropriate ceremonies, witnessed -by a large gathering of people. A memorial document stating that "this -refracting telescope is the largest which has ever been constructed, and -the astronomers who have used it declare that its performance surpasses -that of all other telescopes," was engrossed on parchment in India ink, -and signed by the officials. It was then placed between two finely -tanned skins, backed by black silk, and soldered in a leaden box -eighteen inches in length, the same in width, and one inch in thickness. -This was placed upon the iron coffin, and the outer <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_194" id="Page_194">[Pg 194]</a></span>casket was soldered -up air-tight. After the vault had been built up to the level of the -foundation stone, a great stone weighing two and one-half tons was let -down slowly upon the brick-work, beneath which was the casket. Three -other stones were placed in position, and then one section was laid of -the iron pier, which weighs 25 tons.</p> - -<p>Sir Edwin Arnold, who in 1892 went to see the great telescope, and "by a -personal pilgrimage to do homage to the memory of James Lick," writes: -"With my hand upon the colossal tube, slightly managing it as if it were -an opera-glass, and my gaze wandering around the splendidly equipped -interior, full of all needful astronomical resources, and built to stand -a thousand storms, I think with admiration of its dead founder, and ask -to see his tomb. It is placed immediately beneath the big telescope, -which ascends and descends directly over the sarcophagus wherein repose -the mortal relics of this remarkable man,—a marble chest, bearing the -inscription, 'Here lies the body of James Lick.'</p> - -<p>"Truly James Lick sleeps gloriously under the bases of his big glass! -Four thousand feet nearer heaven than any of his dead fellow-citizens, -he is buried more grandly than any king or queen, and has a finer -monument than the pyramids furnished to Cheops and Cephrenes."</p> - -<p>Mr. Lick wished both to help the world and to be remembered, and his -wish has been gratified.</p> - -<p>From 1888 to 1893 the Lick telescope, with its 36-inch object-glass, was -the largest refracting telescope in the world. The Yerkes telescope, -with its 40-inch object-glass, is now the largest in the world. It is -on<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_195" id="Page_195">[Pg 195]</a></span> the shore of Lake Geneva, Wis., seventy-five miles from Chicago, and -belongs to the Chicago University. It will be remembered by those who -visited the World's Fair at Chicago, and saw it in the Manufactures and -Liberal Arts Building. Professor George E. Hale is the director of this -great observatory. The glass was furnished by Mantois of Paris, from -which the lenses were made by Alvan G. Clark, the sole survivor of the -famous firm of Alvan Clark & Sons. The crown-glass double convex lens -weighs 200 pounds; the plano-concave lens of flint glass, nearest the -eye end of the telescope, weighs over 300 pounds.</p> - -<p>The telescope and dome were made by Warner & Swasey, who made also the -26-inch telescope at Washington, the 18-inch at the University of -Pennsylvania, the 10½-inch at the University of Minnesota, the -12-inch at Columbus, Ohio, and others. Of this firm Professor C. A. -Young, in the <i>North American Review</i> for February, 1896, says, "It is -not too much to say that in design and workmanship their instruments do -not suffer in comparison with the best foreign make, while in -'handiness' they are distinctly superior. There is no longer any -necessity for us to go abroad for astronomical instruments, which are -fully up to the highest standards."</p> - -<p>The steel tube of the Yerkes telescope is 64 feet long, and the 90-foot -rotating dome, also of steel, weighs nearly 150 tons. The observatory, -of gray Roman brick with gray terra-cotta and stone trimmings, is in the -form of a Roman cross, with three domes, the largest dome at the western -end covering the great telescope. Of the two smaller domes, one will -contain a 12-inch telescope, and the other a 16-inch. Professor Young<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_196" id="Page_196">[Pg 196]</a></span> -says of the Yerkes telescope, "It gathers three times as much light as -the 23-inch instrument at Princeton; two and three-eighths as much as -the 26-inch telescopes of Washington and Charlottesville; one and -four-fifths as much as the 30-inch at Pulkowa; and 23 per cent more than -the gigantic, and hitherto unrivalled, 36-inch telescope of the Lick -Observatory. Possibly in this one quality of 'light,' the six-foot -reflector of Lord Rosse, and the later five-foot reflector of Mr. -Common, might compete with or even surpass it; but as an instrument for -seeing things, it is doubtful whether either of them could hold its own -with even the smallest of the instruments named above, because of the -reflector's inherent inferiority in distinctness of definition."</p> - -<p>Professor Young thinks the Yerkes telescope can hardly hope for the -exceptional excellence of the "seeing" at Mount Hamilton, Nice, or -Ariquipa, at least at night. The magnifying power of the Yerkes -telescope is so great, being from 200 to 4,000, that the moon can be -brought optically within sixty miles of the observer's eye. "Any lunar -object five or six hundred feet square would be distinctly visible,—a -building, for instance, as large as the Capitol at Washington."</p> - -<p>Since the death of Mr. Lick others have added to his generous gifts for -the purchase of special instruments, for sending expeditions to foreign -countries to observe total solar eclipses, and the like. Mrs. Phœbe -Hearst has given the fund which will yield $2,000 or more each year for -Hearst Fellowships in astronomy or other special work. Colonel C. F. -Crocker has given a photographic telescope and dome, and provided a sum -sufficient to pay the expenses of an eclipse expedition to be<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_197" id="Page_197">[Pg 197]</a></span> sent from -Mount Hamilton to Japan, in August, 1896, under charge of Professor -Schæberle.</p> - -<p>Mr. Edward Crossley, a wealthy member of Parliament for Halifax, -England, has given a reflector and forty-foot dome, which reached Mount -Hamilton from Liverpool in the latter part of 1895.</p> - -<p>Mr. Lick's gift of the telescope has stimulated a love for astronomical -study and research, not only in California, but throughout the world. -The Astronomical Society of the Pacific was founded Feb. 7, 1889; and -any man or woman with genuine interest in the science was invited to -join. It has a membership of over five hundred, and its publications are -valuable. The society holds its summer meetings on Mount Hamilton. Very -wisely, for the sake of diffusing knowledge, visitors are made welcome -to Mount Hamilton every Saturday evening between the hours of seven and -ten o'clock, to look through the big telescope and through the smaller -ones when not in use. In five years, from June 1, 1889, to June 1, 1894, -there were 33,715 visitors. Each person is shown the most interesting -celestial objects, and the whole force of the Observatory is on duty, -and spares no pains to make the visits both interesting and profitable.</p> - -<p>James Lick planned wisely when he thought of his great telescope, even -if he had no other wish than to be remembered and honored. Undoubtedly -he did have other motives; for Professor Holden says, "A very extensive -course of reading had given him the generous idea that the future -well-being of the race was the object for a good man to strive to -forward. Towards the end of his life, at least, the utter futility of -his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_198" id="Page_198">[Pg 198]</a></span> money to give any inner satisfaction oppressed him more and more."</p> - -<p>The results of scientific work of the Lick Observatory have been most -interesting and remarkable. Professor Edward E. Barnard discovered, -Sept. 9, 1892, the fifth satellite of Jupiter, one hundred miles in -diameter. He discovered nineteen comets in ten years, and has been -called the "comet-seeker." He has also, says Professor Holden, made a -very large number of observations "upon the physical appearance of the -planets Venus, Jupiter, and Saturn; upon the zodiacal light, etc.; upon -meteors, lunar eclipses, double stars, occultations of stars, etc.; and -he has discovered a considerable number of new nebulæ also." Professor -Barnard resigned Oct. 1, 1895, to accept the position of professor of -astronomy in the University of Chicago, and is succeeded by Professor -Wm. J. Hussey of the Leland Stanford Junior University.</p> - -<p>Sir Edwin Arnold, during his visit to the Observatory, at the suggestion -of Professor Campbell, looked through the great telescope upon the -nebula in Orion. "I saw," he writes, "in the well-known region of 'Beta -Orionis,' the vast separate system of that universe clearly outlined,—a -fleecy, irregular, mysterious, windy shape, its edges whirled and curled -like those of a storm-cloud, with stars and star clusters standing forth -against the milky white background of the nebula like diamonds lying -upon silver cloth. The central star, which to the naked eye or to a -telescope of lower power looks single and of no great brilliancy, -resolved itself, under the potent command of the Lick glass, into a -splendid trapezium of four glittering worlds, arranged very much like -those of the Southern Cross.</p> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_199" id="Page_199">[Pg 199]</a></span></p><p>"At the lower right-hand border of the beautiful cosmic mist, there -opens a black abyss of darkness, which has the appearance of an inky -cloud about to swallow up the silvery filigree of the nebula; but this -the great glass fills up with unsuspecting worlds when the photographic -apparatus is fitted to it. I understood Professor Holden's views to be -that we were beholding, in that almost immeasurably remote silvery haze, -an entirely separated system of worlds and clusters, apart from all -others, as our own system is, but inconceivably grander, larger, and -more populous with suns and planets and their starry allies."</p> - -<p>Professor John M. Schæberle, formerly of Michigan University, has -discovered two or more comets, written much on solar eclipses, the -"canals" of Mars, and the sun's corona. He, with Professor S. W. -Burnham, went to South America to observe the solar eclipse of Dec. -21-22, 1889; and the former took observations on the solar eclipse April -16, 1893, at Mina Bronces, Chili.</p> - -<p>Professor Burnham catalogued over one hundred and ninety-eight new -double stars, which he discovered while at Mount Hamilton. He, with -Professor Holden and others, have taken remarkable photographs of the -moon; and the negatives have been sent to Professor Weinek of Prague, -who makes enlarged drawings and photographs of them. Astronomers in -Copenhagen, Vienna, Great Britain, and other parts of Europe, are -working with the Lick astronomers. Star maps, in both northern and -southern hemispheres, have been made at the Lick Observatory, and -photographs of the milky way, the sun and its spots, comets, nebulæ, -Mars, Jupiter, etc. Professor Holden has written much in the magazines,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_200" id="Page_200">[Pg 200]</a></span> -the <i>Century</i>, <i>McClure's</i>, <i>The Forum</i>, and elsewhere, concerning these -photographs, "What we really know about Mars," and kindred topics.</p> - -<p>Professor Perrine discovered a new comet in February, 1896, which for -some time travelled towards the earth at the rate of 1,600,000 miles per -day. Professor David P. Todd of Amherst College was enabled to make at -the Lick Observatory the finest photographs ever made of the transit of -Venus, Dec. 6, 1882. As there will not be another transit of Venus till -Jan. 8, 2004, so that no living astronomer will ever behold another, -this transit was of special importance. The transit of Mercury was also -observed in 1881 by Professor Holden and others.</p> - -<p>The equipment at the Lick Observatory is admirable, and the sight -excellent; but the income from the $90,000 endowment is too small to -allow the desired work. There are but seven observers at Mount Hamilton, -while at Greenwich, at Paris, and other observatories, there are from -forty to fifty men. The total income for salaries and all other expenses -is $22,000 at the Lick Observatory; at Paris, Greenwich, Harvard -College, the United States Naval Observatory at Washington, etc., from -$60,000 to $100,000 is spent yearly, and is all useful. Fellowships -producing $600 a year are greatly needed, to be named after the givers, -and the money to provide a larger force of astronomers. Mr. Lick's great -gift has been nobly begun, but funds are necessary to carry on the work.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_201" id="Page_201">[Pg 201]</a></span></p> - -<h2><span>LELAND STANFORD</span> <span class="smaller">AND HIS UNIVERSITY.</span></h2> - -<hr class="smler" /> - -<p>"The biographer of Leland Stanford will have to tell the fascinating -story of a career almost matchless in the splendor of its incidents. It -was partly due to the circumstances of his time, but chiefly due to the -largeness and boldness of his nature, that this plain, simple man -succeeded in cutting so broad a swath. He lived at the top of his -possibilities." Thus wrote Dr. Albert Shaw in the <i>Review of Reviews</i>, -August, 1893.</p> - -<p>Leland Stanford, farmer-boy, lawyer, railroad builder, governor, United -States Senator, and munificent giver, was born at Watervliet, N.Y., -eight miles from Albany, March 9, 1824. He was the fourth son in a -family of seven sons and one daughter, the latter dying in infancy.</p> - -<p>His father, Josiah Stanford, was a native of Massachusetts, but moved -with his parents to the State of New York when he was a boy. He became a -successful farmer, calling his farm by the attractive name of Elm Grove. -He had the energy and industry which it seems Leland inherited. He built -roads and bridges in the neighborhood, and was an earnest advocate of -DeWitt Clinton's scheme of the Erie Canal, connecting the great lakes -with New York City by way of the Hudson River.</p> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_202" id="Page_202">[Pg 202]</a></span></p><p>"Gouverneur Morris had first suggested the Erie Canal in 1777," says T. -W. Higginson, "and Washington had indeed proposed a system of such -waterways in 1774. But the first actual work of this kind in the United -States was that dug around Turner's Falls in Massachusetts soon after -1792. In 1803 DeWitt Clinton again proposed the Erie Canal. It was begun -in 1817, and opened July 4, 1825, being cut mainly through a wilderness. -The effect produced on public opinion was absolutely startling. When men -found that the time from Albany to Buffalo was reduced one-half, and -that the freight on a ton of merchandise was cut down from $100 to $10, -and ultimately to $3, similar enterprises sprang into being everywhere."</p> - -<div class="center"><img src="images/i228.jpg" alt="LELAND STANFORD" /></div> - -<p class="bold">LELAND STANFORD.</p> - -<p>People were not excited over canals only; everybody was interested about -the coming railroads. George Stephenson, in the midst of the greatest -opposition, landowners even driving the surveyors off their grounds, had -built a road from Liverpool to Manchester, England, which was opened -Sept. 15, 1830. The previous month, August, the Mohawk and Hudson River -Railroad from Albany to Schenectady, sixteen miles, was commenced, a -charter having been granted sometime before this. Josiah Stanford was -greatly interested in this enterprise, and took large contracts for -grading. Men at the Stanford home talked of the great future of -railroads in America, and even prophesied a road to Oregon. "Young as he -was when the question of a railroad to Oregon was first agitated," says -a writer, "Leland Stanford took a lively interest in the measure. Among -its chief advocates at that early day was Mr. Whitney, one of the -engineers in the construction of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_203" id="Page_203">[Pg 203]</a></span> Mohawk and Hudson River Railway. -On one occasion, when Whitney passed the night at Elm Grove, Leland -being then thirteen years of age, the conversation ran largely on this -overland railway project; and the effect upon the mind of such a boy may -be readily imagined. The remembrance of that night's discussion between -Whitney and his father never left him, but bore the grandest fruits."</p> - -<p>The cheerful, big-hearted boy worked on his father's farm with his -brothers, rising at five o'clock, even on cold winter mornings, that he -might get his work done before school hours. He himself tells how he -earned his first dollar. "I was about six years old," he said. "Two of -my brothers and I gathered a lot of horseradish from the garden, washed -it clean, took it to Schenectady, and sold it. I got two of the six -shillings received. I was very proud of my money. My next financial -venture was two years later. Our hired man came from Albany, and told us -chestnuts were high. The boys had a lot of them on hand which we had -gathered in the fall. We hurried off to market with them, and sold them -for twenty-five dollars. That was a good deal of money when grown men -were getting only two shillings a day."</p> - -<p>Perhaps the boy felt that he should not always like to work on the farm, -for he had made up his mind to get an education if possible. When he was -eighteen his father bought a piece of woodland, and told him if he would -cut off the timber he might have the money received for it. He -immediately hired several persons to help him, and together they cut and -piled 2,600 cords of wood, which Leland sold to the Mohawk and Hudson -River Railroad at a profit of $2,600.</p> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_204" id="Page_204">[Pg 204]</a></span></p><p>After using some of this money to pay for his schooling at an academy -at Clinton, N.Y., he went to Albany, and for three years studied law -with the firm of Wheaton, Doolittle, & Hadley. He disliked Greek and -Latin, but was fond of science, particularly geology and chemistry, and -was a great reader, especially of the newspapers. He attended all the -lectures attainable, and was fond of discussion upon all progressive -topics. Later in life he studied sociological matters, and read John -Stuart Mill and Herbert Spencer.</p> - -<p>Young Stanford determined to try his fortune in the West. He went as far -as Chicago, and found it low, marshy, and unattractive. This was in -1848, when he was twenty-four years old. The town had been organized but -fifteen years, and did not have much to boast of. There were only -twenty-eight voters in Chicago in 1833. In 1837 the entire population -was 4,470. Chicago had grown rapidly by 1848; but mosquitoes were -abundant, and towns farther up Lake Michigan gave better promise for the -future. Mr. Stanford finally settled at Port Washington, Wis., above -Milwaukee, which place it was thought would prove a rival of Chicago. -Forty years later, in 1890, Port Washington had a population of 1,659, -while Chicago had increased to 1,099,850.</p> - -<p>Mr. Stanford did well the first year at Port Washington, earning $1,260. -He remained another year, and then, at twenty-six, went back to Albany -to marry Miss Jane Lathrop, daughter of Mr. Dyer Lathrop, a respected -merchant. They returned to Port Washington, but Mr. Stanford did not -find the work of a country lawyer congenial. He had chosen his -profession, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_205" id="Page_205">[Pg 205]</a></span>however, and would have gone on to a measure of success in -it, probably, had not an accident opened up a new field.</p> - -<p>He had been back from his wedding journey but a year or more, when a -fire swept away all his possessions, including a quite valuable law -library. The young couple were really bankrupt, but they determined not -to return to Albany for a home.</p> - -<p>Several of Mr. Stanford's brothers had gone to California in 1849, after -the gold-fields were discovered, and had opened stores near the -mining-camps. If Leland were to join them, it would give him at least -more variety than the quiet life at Port Washington. The young wife went -back to Albany to care for three years for her invalid father, who died -in April, 1855. The husband sailed from New York, spending twelve days -in crossing the isthmus, and in thirty-eight days reached San Francisco, -July 12, 1852. For four years he had charge of a branch store at -Michigan Bluffs, Placer County, among the miners.</p> - -<p>He engaged also in mining, and was not afraid of the labor and -privations of the camp. He said some years later, "The true history of -the Argonauts of the nineteenth century has to be written. They had no -Jason to lead them, no oracles to prophesy success nor enchantments to -avert dangers; but, like self-reliant Americans, they pressed forward to -the land of promise, and travelled thousands of miles, when the Greek -heroes travelled hundreds. They went by ship and by wagon, on horseback -and on foot; a mighty army, passing over mountains and deserts, enduring -privations and sickness; they were the creators of a commonwealth, the -builders of states."</p> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_206" id="Page_206">[Pg 206]</a></span></p><p>Mr. Stanford had the energy of his father; he had learned how to work -while on the farm, and he had a pleasant and kindly manner to all. Said -a friend of his, after Mr. Stanford had become the governor of a great -State, and the possessor of many millions, "The man who held the -throttle of the locomotive, he who handled the train, worked the brake, -laid the rail, or shovelled the sand, was his comrade, friend, and -equal. His life was one of tender, thoughtful compassion for the man -less fortunate in life than himself."</p> - -<p>The young lawyer was making money, and a good reputation as well, in the -mining-camps. Says an old associate, "Mr. Stanford in an unusual degree -commanded the respect of the heterogeneous lot of men who composed the -mining classes, and was frequently referred to by them as a sort of -arbitrator in settling their disputes for them. While at Michigan Bluffs -he was elected a justice of the peace, which office was the court before -which all disputes and contentions of the miners and their claims were -settled. It is a singular fact, with all the questions that came before -him for settlement, not one of them was appealed to a higher court.</p> - -<p>"Leland Stanford was at this time just as gentle in his manner and as -cordial and respectful to all as in his later years. Yet he was -possessed of a courage which, when tested, as occasion sometimes -required, satisfied the rough element that he was not a man who could be -imposed upon. His principle seemed to be to stand up for the right at -all times. He never indulged in profanity or coarse words of any kind, -and was as considerate in his conduct when holding intercourse with the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_207" id="Page_207">[Pg 207]</a></span> -rough element as though in the midst of the highest refinement."</p> - -<p>Mr. Stanford had prospered so well that in 1855 he purchased the -business of his brothers in Sacramento, and went East to bring his wife -to the Pacific Coast. He studied his business carefully. He made himself -conversant with the statistics of trade, the tariff laws, the best -markets and means of transportation. He read and thought, while some -others idled away their hours. He was deeply interested in the new -Republican party, which was then in the minority in California. He -believed in it, and worked earnestly for it. When the party was -organized in the State in 1856, he was one of the founders of it. He -became a candidate for State treasurer, and was defeated. Three years -later he was nominated for governor; "but the party was too small to -have any chance, and the contest lay between opposing Democratic -factions." Mr. Stanford was to learn how to win success against fires -and political defeats.</p> - -<p>A year later he was a delegate at large to the Republican National -Convention; and instead of supporting Mr. Seward, who was from his own -State of New York, he worked earnestly for Abraham Lincoln, with whom he -formed a lasting friendship. After Mr. Lincoln was inaugurated, Mr. -Stanford remained in Washington several weeks, at the request of the -president and Secretary Seward, to confer with them about the surest -means of keeping California loyal to the Union.</p> - -<p>Mr. Blaine says of California and Oregon at this time: "Jefferson Davis -had expected, with a confidence amounting to certainty, and based, it is -believed, on personal pledges, that the Pacific Coast, if it did not<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_208" id="Page_208">[Pg 208]</a></span> -actually join the South, would be disloyal to the Union, and would, from -its remoteness and its superlative importance, require a large -contingent of the national forces to hold it in subjection.</p> - -<p>"It was expected by the South that California and Oregon would give at -least as much trouble as Kentucky and Missouri, and would thus -indirectly, but powerfully, aid the Southern cause."</p> - -<p>In the spring of 1861 Mr. Stanford was again nominated by the -Republicans for governor. Though he declined at first, after he had -consented, with his usual vigor, earnestness, and perseverance, with -faith in himself and his fellow-men as well, he and his friends made a -thorough and spirited canvass; and Mr. Stanford received 56,036 votes, -about six times as many as were given him two years before.</p> - -<p>"The period," says the San Francisco <i>Chronicle</i>, "was one of unexampled -difficulty of administration; and to add to the embarrassments -occasioned by the Civil War, the city of Sacramento and a vast area of -the valley were inundated. On the day appointed for the inauguration the -streets of Sacramento were swept by a flood, and Mr. Stanford and his -friends were compelled to go and return to the Capitol in boats. The -messages of Governor Stanford, and indeed all his state papers, -indicated wide information, great common-sense, and a comprehensive -grasp of State and national affairs, remarkable in one who had never -before held office under either the State or national government. During -his administration he kept up constant and cordial intercourse with -Washington, and had the satisfaction of leaving the chair of state at -the close of his term of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_209" id="Page_209">[Pg 209]</a></span> office feeling that no State in the Union was -more thoroughly loyal."</p> - -<p>There was much disloyalty in California at first, but Mr. Stanford was -firm as well as conciliatory. The militia was organized, a State normal -school was established, and the indebtedness of the State reduced -one-half under his leadership as governor.</p> - -<p>After the war was over, Governor Stanford cherished no animosities. When -Mr. Lamar's name was sent to the Senate as associate justice of the -Supreme Court, and many were opposed, Mr. Stanford said, "No man -sympathized more sincerely than myself with the cause of the Union, or -deprecated more the cause of the South. I would have given fortune and -life to have defeated that cause. But the war has terminated, and what -this country needs now is absolute and profound peace. Lamar was a -representative Southern man, and adhered to the convictions of his -boyhood and manhood. There never can be pacification in this country -until these war memories are obliterated by the action of the Executive -and of Congress."</p> - -<p>Mr. Stanford declined a re-election to the governorship, because he -wished to give his time to the building of a railroad across the -continent. He had never forgotten the conversation in his father's home -about a railroad to Oregon. When he went back to Albany for Mrs. -Stanford, after being a storekeeper among the mines, and she was ill -from the tiresome journey, he cheered her with the promise, "Never mind; -a time will come when I will build a railroad for you to go home on."</p> - -<p>Every one knew that a railroad was needed. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_210" id="Page_210">[Pg 210]</a></span>Vessels had to go around -Cape Horn, and troops and produce had to be transported over the -mountains and across the plains at great expense and much hardship. Some -persons believed the building of a road over the snow-capped Sierra -Nevada Mountains was possible; but most laughed the project to scorn, -and denounced it as "a wild scheme of visionary cranks."</p> - -<p>"The huge snow-clad chain of the Sierra Nevadas," says Mr. Perkins, the -senator from California who succeeded Mr. Stanford, "whose towering -steeps nowhere permitted a thoroughfare at an elevation less than seven -thousand feet above the sea, must be crossed; great deserts, waterless, -and roamed by savage tribes, must be made accessible; vast sums of money -must be raised, and national aid secured at a time in which the credit -of the central government had fallen so low that its bonds of guaranty -to the undertaking sold for barely one-third their face value."</p> - -<p>In the presence of such obstacles no one seemed ready to undertake the -work of building the railroad. One of the persistent advocates of the -plan was Theodore J. Judah, the engineer of the Sacramento Valley and -other local railroads. He had convinced Mr. Stanford that the thing was -possible. The latter first talked with C. P. Huntington, a hardware -merchant of Sacramento; then with Mark Hopkins, Mr. Huntington's -partner, and later with Charles Crocker and others. A fund was raised to -enable Mr. Judah and his associates to perfect their surveys; and the -Central Pacific Railroad Company was formed, June 28, 1861, with Mr. -Stanford as president.</p> - -<p>In Mr. Stanford's inaugural address as governor he<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_211" id="Page_211">[Pg 211]</a></span> had dwelt upon the -necessity of this railroad to unite the East and the West; and now that -he had retired from the gubernatorial office, he determined to push the -enterprise with all his power. Neither he nor his associates had any -great wealth at their command, but they had faith and force of -character. The aid of Congress was sought and obtained by a strictly -party vote, Republicans being in the majority; and the bill was signed -by President Lincoln, July 1, 1862.</p> - -<p>The government agreed to give the company the alternate sections of 640 -acres in a belt of land ten miles wide on each side of the railroad, and -$16,000 per mile in bonds for the easily constructed portion of the -road, and $32,000 and $48,000 per mile for the mountainous portions. The -company was to build forty miles before it received government aid.</p> - -<p>It was so difficult to raise money during the Civil War that Congress -made a more liberal grant July 2, 1864, whereby the company received -alternate sections of land within a belt twenty miles on each side of -the road, or the large amount of 12,800 acres per mile, making for the -company nearly 9,000,000 acres of land. The government was to retain, to -apply on its debt, only half the money it owed the company for -transportation instead of the whole. The most important provision of the -new Act was the authority of the company to issue its own first-mortgage -bonds to an amount not exceeding those of the United States, and making -the latter take a second mortgage.</p> - -<p>There is no question but the United States has given lavishly to -railroads, as the cities have given their streets free to street -railroads; but during the Civil<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_212" id="Page_212">[Pg 212]</a></span> War the need of communication between -East and West seemed to make it wise to build the road at almost any -sacrifice. Mr. Blaine says, "Many capitalists who afterwards indulged in -denunciations of Congress for the extravagance of the grants, were urged -at the time to take a share in the scheme, but declined because of the -great risk involved."</p> - -<p>Mr. Stanford broke ground for the railroad by turning the first -shovelful of earth early in 1863. "At times failure seemed inevitable," -says the New York <i>Tribune</i>, June 22, 1893. "Even the stout-hearted -Crocker declared that there were times when he would have been glad to -'lose all and quit;' but the iron will of Stanford triumphed over -everything. As president of the road he superintended its construction -over the mountains, building 530 miles in 293 days. On the last day, -Crocker laid the rails on more than ten miles of track. That the great -railroad builders survived the ordeal is a marvel. Crocker, indeed, -never recovered from the effects of the terrific strain. He died in -1888. Hopkins died twelve years before, in 1876."</p> - -<p>With a silver hammer Governor Stanford drove a golden spike at -Promontory Point, Utah, May 10, 1869, which completed the line of the -Central Pacific, and joined it with the Union Pacific Railroad, and the -telegraph flashed the news from the Atlantic to the Pacific. The Union -Pacific was built from Omaha, Neb., to Promontory Point, though Ogden, -Utah, fifty-two miles east of Promontory Point, is now considered the -dividing line.</p> - -<p>After this road was completed, Mr. Stanford turned to other labors. He -was made president or director of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_213" id="Page_213">[Pg 213]</a></span> several railroads,—the Southern -Pacific, the California & Oregon, and other connecting lines. He was -also president of the Oriental and Occidental Steamship Company, which -plied between San Francisco and Chinese ports, and was interested in -street railroads, woollen mills, and the manufacture of sugar.</p> - -<p>Foreseeing the great future of California, he purchased very large -tracts of land, including Vina with nearly 60,000 acres, the Gridley -Ranch with 22,000 acres, and his summer home, Palo Alto, thirty miles -from San Francisco, with 8,400 acres. He built a stately home in San -Francisco costing over $1,000,000, and in his journeys abroad collected -for it costly paintings and other works of art.</p> - -<p>But his chief delight was in his Palo Alto estate. Here he sought to -plant every variety of tree, from the world over, that would grow in -California. Many thousands were set out each year. He was a great lover -of trees, and could tell the various kinds from the bark or leaf.</p> - -<p>He loved animals, especially the horse, and had the largest horse farm -for raising horses in the world. Some of his remarkable thoroughbreds -and trotters were Electioneer, Arion, Palo Alto, Sunol, "the flying -filly," Racine, Piedmont that cost $30,000, and many others. He spent -$40,000, it is said, in experiments in instantaneous photography of the -horse; and a book resulted, "The Horse in Motion," which showed that the -ideas of painters about a horse at high speed were usually wrong. No one -was ever allowed to kick or whip a horse or destroy a bird on the -estate. Mr. George T. Angell of Boston tells of the remark made to -General Francis<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_214" id="Page_214">[Pg 214]</a></span> A. Walker by Mr. Stanford. The horses of the latter -were so gentle that they would put their noses on his shoulder, or come -up to visitors to be petted. "How do you contrive to have your horses so -gentle?" asked General Walker. "I never allow a man to <i>speak</i> unkindly -to one of my horses; and if a man <i>swears</i> at one of them, I discharge -him," was the reply. There were large greenhouses and vegetable gardens -at Palo Alto, and acres of wheat, rye, oats, and barley. But the most -interesting and beautiful and highly prized of all the charms at Palo -Alto was an only child, a lad named Leland Stanford, Jr. He was never a -rugged boy; but his sunny, generous nature and intellectual qualities -gave great promise of future usefulness. Mrs. Sallie Joy White, in the -January, 1892, <i>Wide Awake</i>, tells some interesting things about him. -She says, "His chosen playmate was a little lame boy, the son of people -in moderate circumstances, who lived near the Stanfords in San -Francisco. The two were together almost constantly, and each was at home -in the other's house. He was very considerate of his little playfellow, -and constituted himself his protector."</p> - -<p>When Mrs. Sarah B. Cooper was making efforts to raise money for the free -kindergarten work in San Francisco suggested by Felix Adler in 1878, she -called on Mrs. Stanford, and the boy Leland heard the story of the needs -of poor children. Putting his hand in his mother's, he said, "Mamma, we -must help those children."</p> - -<p>"Well, Leland," said his mother, "what do you wish me to do?"</p> - -<p>"Give Mrs. Cooper $500 now, and let her start a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_215" id="Page_215">[Pg 215]</a></span> school, then come to us -for more." And Leland's wish was gratified.</p> - -<p>"Between this time, 1879, and 1892," says Miss M. V. Lewis in the <i>Home -Maker</i> for January, 1892, "Mrs. Leland Stanford has given $160,000, -including a permanent endowment fund of $100,000 for the San Francisco -kindergartens." She supports seven or more, five in San Francisco, and -two at Palo Alto.</p> - -<p>A writer in the press says, "Her name is down for $8,000 a year for -these schools, and I am told she spends much more. I attended a -reception given her by the eight schools under her patronage; and it was -a very affecting sight to watch these four hundred children, all under -four years of age, marching into the hall and up to their benefactor, -each tiny hand grasping a fragrant rose which was deposited in Mrs. -Stanford's lap. These children are gathered from the slums of the city. -It is far wiser to establish schools for the training of such as these, -than to wait until sin and crime have done their work, and then make a -great show of trying to reclaim them through reformatory institutions."</p> - -<p>Leland, Jr., was very fond of animals. Mrs. White tells this story: "One -day, when he was about ten years of age, he was standing looking out of -the window, and his mother heard a tumult outside, and saw Leland -suddenly dash out of the house, down the steps, into a crowd of boys in -front of the house. Presently he reappeared covered with dust, holding a -homely yellow dog in his arms. Quick as a flash he was up the steps and -into the house with the door shut behind him, while a perfect howl of -rage went up from the boys outside.</p> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_216" id="Page_216">[Pg 216]</a></span></p><p>"Before his mother could reach him he had flown to the telephone, and -summoned the family doctor. Thinking from the agonized tones of the boy -that some of the family had been taken suddenly and violently ill, the -doctor hastened to the house.</p> - -<p>"He was a stately old gentleman, who believed fully in the dignity of -his profession; and he was somewhat disconcerted and a good deal annoyed -at being confronted with a very dusty, excited boy, holding a -broken-legged dog that was evidently of the mongrel family. At first he -was about to be angry; but the earnest, pleading look on the little -face, and the perfect innocence of any intent of discourtesy, disarmed -the dignified doctor, and he explained to Leland that he did not -understand the case, not being accustomed to treating dogs, but that he -would take him and the dog to one who was. So they went, doctor, boy, -and dog, in the doctor's carriage to a veterinary surgeon, the leg was -set, and they returned home. Leland took the most faithful care of the -dog until it recovered, and it repaid him with a devotion that was -touching."</p> - -<p>Leland, knowing that he was to be the heir of many millions, was already -thinking how some of the money should be used. He had begun to gather -materials for a museum, to which the parents devoted two rooms in their -San Francisco home. He was fitting himself for Yale College, was -excellent in French and German, and greatly interested in art and -archæology. Before entering upon the long course of study at college, he -travelled with his parents abroad. In Athens, in London, on the -Bosphorus, everywhere, with an open hand, his parents allowed him to -gather treasures for his museum,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_217" id="Page_217">[Pg 217]</a></span> and for a larger institution which he -had in mind to establish sometime.</p> - -<p>While staying for a while in Rome, symptoms of fever developed in young -Leland, and he was taken at once to Florence. The best medical skill was -of no avail; and he soon died, March 13, 1884, two months before his -sixteenth birthday. His parents telegraphed this sad message home, "Our -darling boy went to heaven this morning."</p> - -<p>The story is told that while watching by the bedside of his son, worn -with care and anxiety, Governor Stanford fell asleep, and dreamed that -his son said to him, "Father, don't say you have nothing to live for; -you have a great deal to live for. Live for humanity, father," and that -this dream proved a comforter.</p> - -<p>The almost prostrated parents brought home their beloved boy to bury him -at Palo Alto. On Thanksgiving Day, Thursday, Nov. 27, 1884, the doors of -the tomb which had been prepared near the house were opened at noon, and -Leland Stanford, Jr., was laid away for all time from the sight of those -who loved him. The bearers were sixteen of the oldest employees on the -Palo Alto farm. The sarcophagus in which Leland, Jr., sleeps is eight -feet four inches long, four feet wide, and three feet six inches high, -built of pressed bricks, with slabs of white Carrara marble one inch -thick firmly fastened to the bricks with cement. In the front slab of -this sarcophagus are cut these words:—</p> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap">Born in Mortality<br />May 14, 1868</span>,<br /> -LELAND STANFORD, JR.<br /><span class="smcap">Passed to Immortality<br />March 13, 1884</span>.</p> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_218" id="Page_218">[Pg 218]</a></span></p><p>Electric wires were placed in the walls of the tomb, in the doors of -iron, and even in the foundations, so that no sacrilegious hand should -disturb the repose of the sleeper without detection. Memorial services -for young Leland were held in Grace Church, San Francisco, on the -morning of Sunday, Nov. 30, 1884, the Rev. Dr. J. P. Newman of New York -preaching an eloquent sermon. The floral decorations were exquisite; one -bower fifteen feet high with four floral posts supporting floral arches, -a cross six feet high of white camellias, lilies, and tuberoses, -relieved by scarlet and crimson buds, and pillows and wreaths of great beauty.</p> - -<p>"Nature had highly favored him for some noble purpose," said Dr. Newman. -"Although so young, he was tall and graceful as some Apollo Belvidere, -with classic features some master would have chosen to chisel in marble -or cast in bronze; with eyes soft and gentle as an angel's, yet dreamy -as the vision of a seer; with broad, white forehead, home of a radiant -soul.... He was more than a son to his parents,—he was their companion. -He was as an angel in his mother's sick room, wherein he would sit for -hours and talk of all he had seen, and would cheer her hope of returning -health by the assurance that he had prayed on his knees for her recovery -on each of the twenty-four steps of the Scala Santa in Rome, and that -when he was but eleven years old....</p> - -<p>"He had selected, catalogued, and described for his projected museum -seventeen cases of antique glass vases, bronze work, and terra-cotta -statuettes, dating back far into the centuries, and which illustrate the -creative genius of those early ages of our race."</p> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_219" id="Page_219">[Pg 219]</a></span></p><p>Such a youth wasted no time in foolish pleasures or useless companions. -Like his father he loved history, and sought out, says Dr. Newman, the -place where Pericles had spoken, and Socrates died; "reverently pausing -on Mars Hill where St. Paul had preached 'Jesus and the Resurrection;' -and lingering with strange delight in the temple of Eleusis wherein -death kissed his cheek into a consuming fire."</p> - -<p>At the close of Dr. Newman's memorial address the favorite hymn of young -Leland was sung, "Tell Me the Old, Old Story." From this crushing blow -of his son's death Mr. Stanford never recovered. For years young -Leland's room in the San Francisco home was kept ready and in waiting, -the lamp dimly lighted at night, and the bedclothes turned back by -loving hands as if he were coming back again. The horses the boy used to -ride were kept unused in pasture at Palo Alto, and cared for, for the -sake of their fair young owner. The little yellow dog whose broken leg -was set was left at Palo Alto when the boy went to Europe with his -parents. When he was brought back a corpse, the dog knew all too well -the story of the bereavement. After the body was placed in the tomb, the -faithful creature took his place in front of the door. He could not be -coaxed away even for his food, and one morning he was found there dead. -He was buried near his devoted human friend.</p> - -<p>"Toots," an old black and tan whom young Leland had brought from Albany, -was much beloved. "Mr. Stanford would not allow a dog in the house save -this one," says a writer in the San Francisco <i>Chronicle</i>. "'Toots' was -an exception, and he had full run of the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_220" id="Page_220">[Pg 220]</a></span> house. He was the envy of all -the dogs, even of the noble old Great Dane. 'Toots' would climb upon the -sofa alongside of Mr. Stanford, and forgetting a well-known repugnance -he would pet him and say, 'There is always a place for you; always a -place for you.'"</p> - -<p>The year following the death of young Leland, on Nov. 14, 1885, Mr. -Stanford and his wife founded and endowed their great University at Palo -Alto. In conveying the estates to the trustees, Mr. Stanford said, -"Since the idea of establishing an institution of this kind for the -benefit of mankind came directly and largely from our son and only -child, Leland, and in the belief that had he been spared to advise us as -to the disposition of our estate he would have desired the devotion of a -large portion thereof to this purpose, we will that for all time to come -the institution hereby founded shall bear his name, and shall be known -as the 'Leland Stanford, Jr., University.'"</p> - -<p>Mr. Stanford and his wife visited various institutions of learning -throughout the country, and found consolation in raising this noble -monument to a noble son—infinitely to be preferred to shafts or statues -of marble and bronze.</p> - -<p>This same year, 1885, Mr. Stanford's friends, fearing the effect of his -sorrow, and hoping to divert him somewhat from it, secured his election -by the California Legislature to the United States Senate. He took his -seat March 4, 1885, just a year after the death of his son. He did not -make many speeches, but he proved a very useful member from his good -sense and counsel and kindly leaning toward all helpful legislation for -the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_221" id="Page_221">[Pg 221]</a></span> poor and the unfortunate. He was re-elected March 3, 1891, for a -second term of six years.</p> - -<p>He will be most remembered in Congress for his Land-Loan Bill which he -originated and presented to the Senate. "The bill proposed that money -should be issued upon land to half the amount of its value, and for such -loan the government was to receive an annual interest of two per cent -per annum."</p> - -<p>"Whatever may be thought by some of the practical utility of his -financial scheme," says Mr. Mitchell, a senator from Oregon, "which he -so earnestly and ably advocated, and which was approved by millions of -his countrymen, for the loaning of money by the United States direct to -the people at a low rate of interest, taking mortgages on farms as -security, all will now agree it indicated in unmistakable terms a -philanthropic spirit, an earnest desire to aid, through the -instrumentality of what he regarded as constitutional and proper -governmental influence, not the great moneyed institutions of the -country, not the vast corporations of the land, with several of which he -was prominently identified in a business way, but rather the great -masses of producers,—the farmers, the planters, and the wage-workers of -his country."</p> - -<p>In this connection the suggestion of Professor Richard T. Ely in his -book on "Socialism and Social Reform," page 334, might well be heeded. -After showing that Germany and other countries have used government -credit to some extent in behalf of the farming community, and that New -York State has been making loans to farmers for a generation or more, he -says, "A sensible demand on the part of farmers' organizations<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_222" id="Page_222">[Pg 222]</a></span> would be -that Congress should appoint a commission of experts to investigate -thoroughly the use of government credit in various countries and at -different times, in behalf of the individual citizen, especially the -farmer, and to make a full and complete report, in order that anything -which is done should be based upon the lessons to be derived from actual -experience."</p> - -<p>Mr. and Mrs. Stanford were much beloved in Washington for their -cordiality and generosity. They gave an annual dinner to the Senate -pages, with a gift for each boy of a gold scarf-pin, or something -attractive, and at Christmas a five-dollar gold-piece to each. Also a -luncheon each winter, and gifts of money, gloves, etc., to the telegraph -and messenger boys. Every orphan asylum and charity hospital in -Washington was remembered at Christmas. Mr. Sibley, representative for -Pennsylvania, relates this incident showing Mr. Stanford's habit of -giving. "My partner and myself had purchased a young colt of him, for -which we paid him $12,500. He took out his check-book, drew two checks -of $6,250 each, and sent them to two different city homes for friendless -children; and with a twinkle in his eye, and broadly beaming benevolence -in his features, said, 'Electric Bell ought to make a great horse; he -starts in making so many people happy in the very beginning of his -life.'"</p> - -<p>Mr. Daniels of Virginia tells how Mr. Stanford was observed one day by a -friend to give $2,000 to an inventor who was trying to apply an electric -motor to the sewing-machine. Mr. Stanford remarked, "This is the -thirtieth man to whom I have given a like sum to develop that idea."</p> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_223" id="Page_223">[Pg 223]</a></span></p><p>After Mr. Stanford had been in the Senate two years, on May 14, 1887, -he and Mrs. Stanford laid the corner-stone of their University at Palo -Alto, on the 19th anniversary of the birthday of Leland Stanford, Jr. In -less than four years, on October 1, 1891, the doors of the University -were opened to receive five hundred students, young men and women; for -Mr. Stanford had written in his grant of endowment "to afford equal -facilities and give equal advantages in the University to both sexes." -In his address to the trustees he said, "The rights of one sex, -political or otherwise, are the same as those of the other sex, and this -equality of rights ought to be fully recognized."</p> - -<p>Mrs. Stanford said to Mrs. White as they sat in her library at Palo -Alto, "Whatever the boys have, the girls have as well. We mean that the -girls of our country shall have a fair chance. There shall be no -dividing line in the studies. If a girl desires to become an -electrician, she shall have the opportunity, and that opportunity shall -be the same as the young men's. If she wishes to study mechanics, she -may do it."</p> - -<p>Mr. Stanford said in his address on the day of opening, "I speak for -Mrs. Stanford as well as for myself, for she has been my active and -sympathetic coadjutor, and is co-grantor with me in the endowment and -establishment of this University."</p> - -<p>They had been urged to give their fortune in other directions, as some -persons believed that much education would unfit people for labor. "We -do not believe," said Mr. Stanford, and the world honors him for his -belief, "there can be superfluous education. As man cannot have too much -health and intelligence, so he <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_224" id="Page_224">[Pg 224]</a></span>cannot be too highly educated. Whether -in the discharge of responsible or humble duties he will ever find the -knowledge he has acquired through education, not only of practical -assistance to him, but a factor in his personal happiness, and a joy -forever."</p> - -<p>Mr. Stanford desired that the students should "not only be scholars, but -have a sound practical idea of commonplace, every-day matters, a -self-reliance that will fit them, in case of emergency, to earn their -own livelihood in an humble as well as an exalted sphere." To this end -he provided, besides the usual studies in colleges, for "mechanical -institutes, laboratories, etc." There are departments of civil -engineering, mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, besides -shorthand and typewriting, agriculture, and other practical work.</p> - -<p>He wished to have taught in the University "the right and advantages of -association and co-operation. ... Laws should be formed to protect and -develop co-operative associations. Laws with this object in view will -furnish to the poor man complete protection against the monopoly of the -rich; and such laws, properly administered and availed of, will insure -to the workers of the country the full fruits of their industry and -enterprise."</p> - -<p>He gave directions that "no drinking saloons shall be opened upon any -part of the premises." He "prohibited sectarian instruction," but wished -"to have taught in the University the immortality of the soul, the -existence of an all-wise and benevolent Creator, and that obedience to -His laws is the highest duty of man." Mr. Stanford said, "It seems to us -that the welfare of man on earth depends on the belief in immortality, -and that<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_225" id="Page_225">[Pg 225]</a></span> the advantages of every good act and the disadvantages of -every evil one follow man from this life into the next, there attaching -to him as certainly as individuality is maintained."</p> - -<p>The object of the University is, he said, "to qualify students for -personal success and direct usefulness in life." Again he said, "The -object is not alone to give the student a technical education, fitting -him for a successful business life, but it is also to instil into his -mind an appreciation of the blessings of this government, a reverence -for its institutions, and a love for God and humanity."</p> - -<p>Mr. Stanford wished plain and substantial buildings, "built as needed -and no faster," urging the trustees to bear in mind "that extensive and -expensive buildings do not make a university; that it depends for its -success rather upon the character and attainments of its faculty."</p> - -<p>Mr. Stanford chose for the president of his University David Starr -Jordan, well-known for his scientific work and his various books. Though -a comparatively young man, being forty years of age, Dr. Jordan had had -wide experience. He was graduated from Cornell University in 1872, and -for two years was professor at institutions in Illinois and Wisconsin. -In 1874 he was lecturer in marine botany at the Anderson School at -Penikese, and the following year at the Harvard Summer School at -Cumberland Gap. During the next four years, while holding the chair of -biology in Butler University, Indianapolis, he was the naturalist of two -geological surveys in Indiana and Ohio. For six years he was professor -of zoölogy in Indiana University, and for the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_226" id="Page_226">[Pg 226]</a></span> six years following its -president. For fourteen years he had been assistant to the United States -Fish Commission, exploring many of our rivers, and part of that time -agent for the United States Census Bureau in investigating the marine -industries of the Pacific Coast. He had studied also in the large -museums abroad.</p> - -<p>Dr. Albert Shaw tells this interesting incident. "President Jordan had -once met the young Stanford boy on the seashore, and won the lad's -gratitude by telling him of shells and submarine life. It was a singular -coincidence that the parents afterwards heard Dr. Jordan make allusions -in a public address which gave them the knowledge that this was the -interesting stranger who had taught their son so much, and had so -enkindled the boy's enthusiasm. His choice as president was an eminently -wise one."</p> - -<p>Mr. Stanford wished ten acres to be set aside "as a place of burial and -of last rest on earth for the bodies of the grantors and of their son, -Leland Stanford, Jr., and, as the board may direct, for the bodies of -such other persons who may have been connected with the University."</p> - -<p>Mr. Stanford lived to see his University opened and doing successful -work. The plan of its buildings, suggested by the old Spanish Missions -of California, was originally that of Richardson, the noted architect of -Boston; but as he died before it was completed, the work was done by his -successors, Shepley, Rutan, & Coolidge.</p> - -<p>The plan contemplates a number of quadrangles in the midst of 8,400 -acres. "The central group of buildings will constitute two quadrangles, -one entirely <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_227" id="Page_227">[Pg 227]</a></span>surrounding the other," says the <i>University Register</i> for -1894—1895. "Of these the inner quadrangle, with the exception of the -chapel, is now completed. Its twelve one-story buildings are connected -by a continuous open arcade, facing a paved court 586 feet long by 246 -feet wide, or three and a quarter acres. The buildings are of a buff -sandstone, somewhat varied in color. The stone-work is of broken ashlar, -with rough rock face, and the roofs are covered with red tile." Within -the quadrangle are several circular beds of semi-tropical trees and -plants.</p> - -<p>Miss Milicent W. Shinn, in the <i>Overland Monthly</i> for October, 1891, -says, "I should think it hard to say too much of the simple dignity, the -calm influence on mind and mood, of the great, bright court, the deep -arcade with its long vista of columns and arches, the heavy walls, the -unchanging stone surfaces. They seemed to me like the rock walls of -nature; they drew me back, and made me homesick for them when I had gone -away."</p> - -<p>Behind the central quadrangle are the shops, foundry, and boiler-house. -On the east side is Encina Hall, a dormitory for 315 men, provided with -electric lights, steam heat, and bathrooms on each floor. It is four -stories high, and, like the quadrangle, of buff Almaden sandstone.</p> - -<p>On the west side of the quadrangle is Roble Hall, for one hundred young -women, and is built of concrete. There are two gymnasiums, called Encina -and Roble gymnasiums.</p> - -<p>Perhaps the most interesting of all the buildings, the especial gift of -Mrs. Stanford, is the Leland Stanford Junior Museum, of concrete, in -Greek style of <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_228" id="Page_228">[Pg 228]</a></span>architecture, 313 by 156 feet, including wings, situated -a quarter of a mile from the quadrangle, and between the University and -the Stanford residence. The collection made by young Leland is placed -here, and his own arrangement reproduced. The collection includes -Egyptian bronzes, Greek and Roman glass and statues. The Cesnola -collection contains five thousand pieces of Greek and Roman pottery and -glass. The Egyptian collection, made by Brugsch Bey, Curator of the -Gizeh Museum, for Mrs. Stanford, comprises casts of statuary, mummies, -scarabees, etc. Mr. Timothy Hopkins of San Francisco, one of the -trustees, has given for the Egyptian collection embroideries dating from -the sixth to the twenty-first dynasty. He has also given a collection of -ancient and modern coins and costumes, household goods, etc., from -Corea. There are stone implements from Copenhagen, Denmark, and relics -from the mounds of America. Mrs. Stanford is making the collection of -fine arts, and a very large number of copies of great paintings is -intended. Much attention will be given to local history, Indian -antiquities, and Spanish settlements of early California.</p> - -<p>The library has 23,000 volumes and 6,000 pamphlets. Mr. Hopkins has -given a valuable collection of railway books, unusually rich in the -early history of railways in Europe and America, with generous provision -for its increase. Mr. Hopkins has also founded the Hopkins Seaside -Laboratory at Pacific Grove, two miles west of Monterey, to provide for -investigations in marine biology, as a branch of the biological work of -the University.</p> - -<p>Students are not received into the University under<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_229" id="Page_229">[Pg 229]</a></span> sixteen years of -age, and if special students, not under twenty, and must present -certificates of good moral character. If from other colleges they must -bring letters of honorable dismissal. They are offered a choice of -twenty-two subjects for entrance examination, and must pass in twelve -subjects. <i>Tuition in all departments is free.</i></p> - -<p>"The degree of Bachelor of Arts is granted to students who have -satisfactorily completed the equivalent of four years' work of 15 hours -of lecture or recitation weekly, or a total of 120 hours, and who have -also satisfied the requirements in major and minor subjects."</p> - -<p>President Jordan says, in the <i>Educational Review</i> for June, 1892: "In -the arrangement of the courses of study two ideas are prominent: first, -that every student who shall complete a course in the University must be -thoroughly trained in some line of work. His education must have as its -central axis an accurate and full knowledge of something. The second is -that the degree to be received is wholly a subordinate matter, and that -no student should be compelled to turn out of his way in order to secure -it. The elective system is subjected to a single check. In order to -prevent undue scattering, the student is required to select the work in -general of some one professor as major subject or specialty, and to -pursue this subject or line of subjects as far as the professor in -charge may deem it wise or expedient. In order that all courses and all -departments may be placed on exactly the same level, the degree of -Bachelor of Arts is given in all alike for the equivalent of the four -years' course. Should his major subject, for instance, be Greek, then -the title is given that of Bachelor of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_230" id="Page_230">[Pg 230]</a></span> Arts in Greek; should the major -subject be chemistry, Bachelor of Arts in chemistry, and so on."</p> - -<p>In 1895 there were 1,100 students in the University, of whom 728 were -men, and 372 women. Several of the students are from the New England -States.</p> - -<p>Mr. Stanford spent over a million dollars in the University buildings, -and gave as an endowment over 89,000 acres of land valued at more than -five million dollars. The Palo Alto estate has 8,400 acres; the Vina -estate, 59,000 acres, with over 4,000 acres planted to grapes which are -made into wine—those of us who are total abstainers regret such use; -and the Gridley estate 22,000 acres, one of California's great wheat -farms. In years to come it is hoped that these properties, which are -never to be sold, will so increase in value that they will be worth -several times five millions.</p> - -<p>Mr. and Mrs. Stanford made their wills, giving to the University -"additional property," that the endowment, as Mr. Stanford said, "will -be ample to establish and maintain a university of the highest grade." -It has been stated, frequently, that the "full endowment" in land and -money will be $20,000,000 or more.</p> - -<p>Senator Stanford's death came suddenly at the last, at Palo Alto, -Tuesday, June 20-21, 1893. He had not been well for some time; but -Tuesday he had driven about the estate, with his usual interest and good -cheer. He retired to rest about ten o'clock; and at midnight his wife, -who occupied an adjoining apartment, heard a movement as if Mr. Stanford -were making an effort to rise. She spoke to him, but received no answer. -His breathing was unnatural; and in a few minutes he passed away, -apparently without pain.</p> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_231" id="Page_231">[Pg 231]</a></span></p><p>Mr. Stanford was buried at Palo Alto, Saturday, June 24. The body lay -in the library of his home, in a black cloth-covered casket, with these -words on the silver plate:—</p> - -<p class="center">LELAND STANFORD.<br /><br />BORN TO MORTALITY MARCH 9, 1824.<br /> -PASSED TO IMMORTALITY, JUNE 21, 1893.<br />AGED 69 YRS., 3 MOS., 12 DAYS.</p> - -<p>Flowers filled every part of the library. The Union League Club sent a -floral piece representing the Stars and Stripes worked in red and white -in "everlasting," with star lilies on a ground of violets. There was a -triple arch of white and pink flowers representing the central arch of -the main University building. There were wreaths and crosses and a -broken wheel of carnations, hollyhocks, violets, white peas, and ferns.</p> - -<p>At half-past one, after all the employees had taken their last look of -the man who had always been their friend,—one, seventy-six years old, -who had worked with Mr. Stanford in the mine, broke down -completely,—the body was borne to the quadrangle of the University by -eight of the oldest engineers in point of service on the Southern -Pacific Railroad. The funeral <i>cortège</i> passed through a double line of -the two hundred or more employees at Palo Alto, several Chinese laborers -being at the end of the line. Senator Stanford was always opposed to any -legislation against the Chinese.</p> - -<p>The body was placed on a platform at one end of the quadrangle, the -remaining space being filled with several thousand persons. About -sixteen hundred chairs were provided, but these could accommodate only a -small portion of those present. The platform was decorated with<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_232" id="Page_232">[Pg 232]</a></span> ferns, -smilax, white sweet peas, and thousands of St. Joseph's lilies. The -temporary chancel was flanked by two remarkable flower pieces: on the -left, a <i>fac-simile</i> of the first locomotive ever purchased and operated -on the Central Pacific Railroad, the "Governor Stanford," sent by the -employees of the company. The boiler and smoke-stack were of -mauve-colored sweet peas; the headlight and bell were of yellow pansies; -the cab of white sweet peas bordered by yellow pansies; the tender of -white sweet peas edged by pansies and lined with ivy; on the side of the -cab, in heliotrope, the name Governor Stanford. On the right of the bier -was the gift of the employees of the Palo Alto stock-farm, a -representation in sweet peas of the senator's favorite bay horse.</p> - -<p>After the burial service of the Episcopal Church, a solo, "O sweet and -blessed country," and address by Dr. Horatio Stebbins of the First -Unitarian Church of San Francisco, the choir sang "Lead Kindly Light," -and the body of Senator Stanford was conveyed through the cypress avenue -to the mausoleum in the ten acres adjoining the residence grounds. The -tomb is in the form of a Greek temple lined with white marble, guarded -by a sphinx on either side of the entrance.</p> - -<p>Here beside the open doors stood another beautiful floral tribute, a -shield eight feet high, of roses, lilies, and other flowers sent by the -employees of the Sacramento Railroad shops. Worked in violets were the -words "The Laborers' Tribute to the Laborers' Friend." The choir sang, -"Abide with Me," the body was laid in the tomb, and the bronze doors -were closed. A few days later the body of Leland Stanford, Junior, the -boy<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_233" id="Page_233">[Pg 233]</a></span> whose death, as Dr. Stebbins said at the senator's funeral, "drew -the sunbeams out of the day," was laid beside that of his father. Some -time the mother will sleep here with her precious dead.</p> - -<p>Mr. Stanford's heart was bound up in his University. He said, after his -son died, "The children of California shall be our children." Mr. Sibley -of Pennsylvania tells how, three years after Leland Junior died, he and -Mr. Stanford "went together to the tomb of the boy, and the father told -amid tears and sobs how, since the death of his son, he had adopted and -taken to his heart and love every friendless boy and girl in all the -land, and that, so far as his means afforded, they should go to make the -path of every such an one smoother and brighter."</p> - -<p>Mr. Stanford told Dr. Stebbins, in speaking of the University: "We feel -[he always used the plural, thus including that womanly heart from whose -fountains his life had ever been refreshed] that we have good ground for -hope. We are very happy in our work. We do not feel that we are making -great sacrifices. We feel that we are working with and for the Almighty -Providence."</p> - -<p>By the will of Mr. Stanford the University receives two and a half -million dollars, but this bequest is not yet available. He always felt, -and rightly, that his wife owned all their large fortune equally with -himself; therefore he placed no restrictions upon her disposal of it. -Inasmuch as she is a co-founder of the University, she will doubtless -add largely to its endowment. Should she do this, the power of Leland -Stanford Junior University for good will be almost unlimited.</p> - -<p>Even granite mausoleums crumble away; but great deeds last forever, and -make their doers immortal.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_234" id="Page_234">[Pg 234]</a></span></p> - -<h2><span>CAPTAIN THOMAS CORAM</span> <span class="smaller">AND HIS FOUNDLING ASYLUM.</span></h2> - -<hr class="smler" /> - -<p>One of the best of England's charities is the Foundling Asylum in -London, founded in 1739 by Captain Thomas Coram. He was not a man of -family or means, but he had a warm heart and great perseverance. For -seventeen years he labored against indifference and prejudice, till -finally his home for little waifs and outcasts became a visible fact, -and for more than a century has been doing its noble work.</p> - -<p>Captain Coram was born at Lyme Regis, in Dorsetshire, in 1668, a seaport -town which carried on some trade with Newfoundland. It is probable that -his father was a seafaring man, as the lad early followed that -occupation. When he was twenty-six years old we hear of him in the New -World at Taunton, Mass., earning his living as a shipwright.</p> - -<div class="center"><img src="images/i262.jpg" alt="CAPTAIN THOMAS CORAM" /></div> - -<p class="bold">CAPTAIN THOMAS CORAM</p> - -<p>He did not wait to become rich—as indeed he never was—before he began -to plan good works. He had saved some money by the year 1703, when he -was thirty-five; for we see by the early records that he conveyed to the -governor and other authorities in Taunton, fifty-nine acres to be used -whenever the people so desired, for an Episcopal church or a -schoolhouse. This gift, the deed alleges, was made "in consideration of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_235" id="Page_235">[Pg 235]</a></span> -the love and respect which the donor had and did bear unto the said -church, as also for divers other good causes and considerations him -especially at that present moving."</p> - -<p>Later he gave to Taunton a quite valuable library, a portion of which -remains at present. A Book of Common Prayer is now in the church, on -whose title-page it is stated that it was the gift "by the Right -Honorable Arthur Onslow, Speaker of the Honourable House of Commons of -Great Britain, one of His Majesty's most Honourable Privy Council, and -Treasurer of His Majesty's Navy, etc., to Thomas Coram, of London, -Gentleman, for the use of a church, lately built at Taunton, in New -England."</p> - -<p>About this time, 1703, Mr. Coram moved to Boston, and became the master -of a ship. He was deeply interested in the colonies of the mother -country, and though in a comparatively humble station, began to project -plans for their increase in commerce, and growth in wealth. In 1704 he -helped to procure an Act of Parliament for encouraging the making of tar -in the northern colonies of British America by a bounty to be paid on -the importation. Before this all the tar was brought from Sweden. The -colonies were thereby saved five million dollars.</p> - -<p>In 1719, when on board the ship Sea Flower for Hamburgh, that he might -obtain supplies of timber and other naval stores for the royal navy, -Captain Coram was stranded off Cuxhaven and his cargo plundered.</p> - -<p>Some years later, in 1732, having become much interested in the -settlement of Georgia, Captain Coram was appointed one of the trustees -by a charter from George II.</p> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_236" id="Page_236">[Pg 236]</a></span></p><p>Three years after this, in 1735, the energetic Captain Coram addressed -a memorial to George II., about the settlement of Nova Scotia, as he had -found there "the best cod-fishing of any in the known parts of the -world, and the land is well adapted for raising hemp and other naval -stores." One hundred laboring men signed this memorial, asking for free -passage thither, and protection after reaching Nova Scotia.</p> - -<p>Captain Coram was so interested in the project that he appeared on -several occasions before the Lords Commissioners for Trade and -Plantations, and was, says Horace Walpole, "the most knowing person -about the plantations I ever talked with." For several years nothing was -done about his memorial, but before his death England took action about -her now valuable colony.</p> - -<p>About 1720 Captain Coram lived in Rotherhithe, and going often to London -early in the morning and returning late at night, became troubled about -the infants whom he saw exposed or deserted in the public streets, -sometimes dead, or dying, or perhaps murdered to avoid publicity. -Sometimes these foundlings, if not deserted, were placed in poor -families to whom a small sum was paid for their board; and often they -were blinded or maimed as they grew older, and sent on the streets to -beg.</p> - -<p>The young mother, usually homeless and friendless, was almost as -helpless as her child if she tried to keep it and earn a living. People -scorned her, or arrested her and threw her into prison: the shipmaster -tried to find a remedy for the evil.</p> - -<p>He talked with his friends and acquaintances, but<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_237" id="Page_237">[Pg 237]</a></span> no one seemed to -care. He besought those high in authority, but few seemed to think that -foundlings were worth saving. The poor and the disgraced should bear -their sorrows alone. Some from all ranks thought the charity a noble -one, and wondered that it had been so long neglected; but none gave a -penny, or put forth any effort.</p> - -<p>"His arguments," wrote Coram's most intimate friend, Dr. Brocklesby, -"moved some, the natural humanity of their own temper more, his firm but -generous example most of all; and even people of rank began to be -ashamed to see a man's hair become gray in the course of a solicitation -by which he was to get nothing. Those who did not enter far enough into -the case to compassionate the unhappy infants for whom he was a suitor, -could not help pitying him."</p> - -<p>Captain Coram finally turned to woman for aid, and obtained the names of -"twenty-one ladies of quality and distinction" who were willing to help -in his project of a foundling asylum. Not all "ladies of quality" were -willing to help, however; for in the Foundling Hospital may be seen this -note, attached to a memorial addressed to "H.R.H., the Princess Amelia."</p> - -<p>"On Innocents' Day, the 28th December, 1737, I went to St. James' Palace -to present this petition, having been advised first to address the lady -of the bedchamber in waiting to introduce it. But the Lady Isabella -Finch, who was the lady in waiting, gave me rough words, and bid me gone -with my petition, which I did, without opportunity of presenting it."</p> - -<p>Finally Captain Coram's incessant labors bore fruit. On Tuesday, Nov. -20, 1739, at Somerset House, London,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_238" id="Page_238">[Pg 238]</a></span> a meeting of the nobility and -gentry was held, appointed by his Majesty's royal charter to be -governors and guardians of the hospital. Captain Coram, now seventy-one -years of age, addressed the president, the Duke of Bedford, with great -feeling. "My Lord," he said, "although my declining years will not -permit me to hope seeing the full accomplishment of my wishes, yet I can -now rest satisfied; and it is what I esteem an ample reward of more than -seventeen years' expensive labor and steady application, that I see your -Grace at the head of this charitable trust, assisted by so many noble -and honorable governors."</p> - -<p>The house for the foundlings was opened in Hatton Garden in 1741, no -child being received over two months old. No questions as to parentage -were to be asked; and when no more infants could be taken in, the sign, -"The house is full," was hung over the door. Sometimes one hundred women -would be at the door with babies in their arms; and when only twenty -could be received, the poor creatures would fight to be first at the -door, that their child might find a home. Finally the infants were -admitted by ballot, by means of balls drawn by the mothers out of a bag. -If they drew a white ball, the child was received; if a black ball, it -was turned away.</p> - -<p>The present Foundling Hospital was begun in 1740, and the western wing -finished and occupied in 1745, on the north side of Guilford Street, -London, the governors having bought the land, fifty-five acres, from the -Earl of Salisbury.</p> - -<p>Hogarth, the painter, was deeply interested in Captain Coram's -benevolent object. He painted for the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_239" id="Page_239">[Pg 239]</a></span> hospital some of his finest -pictures, and influenced his brother artists to do the same. Hogarth's -"March to Finchley" was intended to be dedicated to George II. A proof -print was accordingly presented to the king for his approval. The -picture gives "a view of a military march, and the humors and disorders -consequent thereon."</p> - -<p>The king was indignant, and exclaimed, "Does the fellow mean to laugh at -my guards?"</p> - -<p>"The picture, please your Majesty," said one of the bystanders, "must be -considered as a burlesque."</p> - -<p>"What! a painter burlesque a soldier? He deserves to be picketed for his -insolence," replied the king.</p> - -<p>The picture was returned to the mortified artist, who dedicated it to -"the king of Prussia, an encourager of the arts."</p> - -<p>So many fine paintings were presented to the hospital,—one of Raphael's -cartoons, a picture by Benjamin West, and others,—and such a crowd of -people came daily to see them in splendid carriages and gilt sedan -chairs, that the institution "became the most fashionable morning lounge -in the reign of George II."</p> - -<p>This exhibition of pictures of the united artists was the precursor of -the Royal Academy, founded in 1768. Before this time the artists had -their annual reunion and dinner together at the Foundling Hospital, the -children entertaining them with music.</p> - -<p>Hogarth, notwithstanding his busy life, requested that several of the -infants should be sent to Chiswick, where he resided; and he and Mrs. -Hogarth looked carefully after their welfare. It was the custom to send -the babies into the country to be nursed by<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_240" id="Page_240">[Pg 240]</a></span> some mother, as soon as -they were received at the hospital.</p> - -<p>Handel, as well as Hogarth, was interested in the foundlings. The chapel -had been erected by subscription in 1847. George II subscribed £2,000 -towards its erection, and £1,000 towards supplying a preacher. Handel -offered a performance in vocal and instrumental music to raise money in -building the chapel. The most distinguished persons in the realm came to -hear the music. Over a thousand were present, the tickets being half a -guinea each.</p> - -<p>Each year, as long as Handel was able to do so, he superintended the -performance of his great Oratorio of the Messiah in the chapel, which -netted the treasury £7,000. When he died he made the following bequest: -"I give a fair copy of the Score, and all the parts of my Oratorio -called the Messiah, to the Foundling Hospital."</p> - -<p>A singular gift to the hospital was from Omychund, a black merchant of -Calcutta, who bequeathed to that and the Magdalen Hospital 37,500 -current rupees, to be equally divided between them.</p> - -<p>Captain Coram lived ten years after his good work was begun. He loved to -visit the hospital, and looked upon the children as if they were his -own. He rejoiced in every gift, although he had no money of his own to -give. He had buried his wife, Eunice, after whom the first girl at the -hospital was named. The first boy was called Thomas Coram, after the -founder.</p> - -<p>During the last two years of Captain Coram's life, when it was known by -his friends that he was without funds, Dr. Brocklesby called to ask him -if a <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_241" id="Page_241">[Pg 241]</a></span>subscription in his behalf would offend him. He replied, "I have -not wasted the little wealth of which I was formerly possessed in -self-indulgence and vain expenses, and am not ashamed to confess that, -in this my old age, I am poor."</p> - -<p>Mr. Gideon, his friend, obtained various sums from those interested. The -late Prince of Wales subscribed twenty guineas yearly.</p> - -<p>Captain Coram, content with supplying his barest needs, turned his -thoughts to more benevolence. He desired to unite the Indians in North -America more closely to British interests, by establishing among them a -school for girls. He lived long enough to make some progress in this -work, but he was too old to be very active.</p> - -<p>He died at his lodgings near Leicester Square, on Friday, March 29, -1751, at the age of eighty-four, his last request being that he might be -buried in the chapel of his Foundling Hospital. He was buried there -April 3, at the east end of the vault, in a lead coffin enclosed in -stone. His funeral was attended by a great concourse of people. The -choir of St. Paul's Cathedral, with many notables, were at the hospital -to receive the body, and pay it suitable honors. The shipmaster had won -renown, not by learning or wealth, but by disinterested benevolence. -Seventeen years of patient and persistent labor brought its reward.</p> - -<p>In the southern arcade of the chapel one may read a long inscription to -the memory of</p> - -<p class="center">CAPTAIN THOMAS CORAM,<br /> -WHOSE NAME WILL NEVER WANT A MONUMENT AS<br />LONG AS THIS HOSPITAL SHALL SUBSIST.</p> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_242" id="Page_242">[Pg 242]</a></span></p><p>In front of the hospital is a fine statue of the founder by William -Calder Marshall, R.A.; and within, in the girls' dining-room, is Coram's -portrait by Hogarth.</p> - -<p>After fifteen years from the time of opening the hospital, the -governors, their land having risen in value so that their income was -larger, and Parliament having given £10,000, determined that their -institution should be carried on in an unrestricted manner, as is the -case in Russia and some other countries on the Continent.</p> - -<p>In Moscow the Foundling Hospital admits 13,000 children yearly. The -mother may reclaim her child at any time before it is ten years of age. -The state knows that the child has received a better start in life than -it could have done with the poor mother.</p> - -<p>The Foundling Asylum at St. Petersburg, established by Catherine the -Great, is the largest and finest in the world. The buildings cover -twenty-eight acres, and the institution has an annual revenue from the -government and from private sources of nearly $5,000,000. Thirteen -thousand babies are sometimes brought in one year, who but for this -blessed charity would probably have been put out of the way. Twenty-five -thousand foundlings are constantly enrolled. In Russia infanticide is -said to be almost unknown.</p> - -<p>Married people, if poor, may bring their child for one year. If not able -to provide for it at the end of that time, then it belongs to the state. -The boys become mechanics, or enter the army and navy; and the girls -become teachers, nurses, etc.</p> - -<p>The Foundling Hospital in London determined to welcome all deserted or -destitute infants, and save as many as possible from sin and want. A -basket was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_243" id="Page_243">[Pg 243]</a></span> hung outside the gate of the hospital, and one hundred and -seventeen infants were put in it the first day.</p> - -<p>Abuses of this kind intention soon crept in. Parents too poor to care -for their children sent them from the country to London, and they died -often on the way thither. One man, who carried five infants in a basket, -got drunk on the journey, lay all night on a common, and three out of -the five babies were found dead in the morning. Often the carriers stole -all the clothing of the little ones, and they were thrown into the -basket naked. Within four years about fifteen thousand babies were -received, but only forty-four hundred lived to be sent out into homes. -The mothers hated to part with their infants, and would often follow -them for miles on foot. The poor mother would leave some token by which -her child could be identified. Sometimes it was a coin or a ribbon, or -possibly the daintiest cap the poverty of the mother would permit her to -make. Sometimes a verse of poetry was pinned on the dress:—</p> - -<div class="center"><div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<div>"If Fortune should her favors give,</div> -<div>That I in better plight might live,</div> -<div>I'd try to have my boy again,</div> -<div>And train him up the best of men."</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p>"The court-room of the Foundling," says a writer in "Chambers's -Journal," "has probably witnessed as painful scenes as any chamber in -Great Britain; and again, when the children, at five years old, are -brought up to London, and separated from their foster-mothers, these -scenes are renewed."</p> - -<p>"The stratagems resorted to by women to identify their children," says -"Old and New London," "and to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_244" id="Page_244">[Pg 244]</a></span> assure themselves of their well-being, -are often singularly touching. Sometimes notes are found pinned to the -infant's garments, beseeching the nurse to tell the mother her name and -residence, that the latter may visit the child during its stay in the -country. They will also attend the baptism in the chapel, in the hope of -hearing the name conferred upon the infant; for, if they succeed in -identifying the child during its stay at nurse, they can always preserve -its identification during its subsequent abode in the hospital, since -the children appear in chapel twice on Sunday, and dine in public on -that day, which gives opportunity of seeing them from time to time, and -preserving the recollection of their features."</p> - -<p>So many children were brought to the hospital after all restrictions -were removed, in 1756, the death-roll was so large, and the expenses so -great, that after four years different methods were adopted. There are -now about five hundred children in the Foundling Hospital, who remain -till they are fifteen years old, when they are apprenticed till of age -at some kind of labor. None are received at the hospital except when a -vacancy occurs, as the size of the buildings and funds will not permit -more inmates. Usually about forty are received, one-sixth of those who -apply. There is a fund provided to help those in later life who prove -idiotic or blind, or unfitted to earn their support.</p> - -<p>Sundays visitors in London go often to hear the trained voices of the -foundlings. The girls, in their white caps and white kerchiefs, sit on -one side of the organ, a gift from the great Handel, and the boys, -neatly dressed, on the other side. There is a juvenile band of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_245" id="Page_245">[Pg 245]</a></span> -musicians among the boys; and so well do they play, that, on leaving the -institution, they often find positions in the bands of Her Majesty's -Household Troops or in the navy. Lieutenant-Colonel James C. Hyde -presented the boys with a set of brass instruments, and some valuable -drawings of native artists of India, for the adornment of their walls.</p> - -<p>Some time ago I visited with much interest the New York Foundling -Hospital, on Sixty-eighth Street, six stories high, founded by and in -charge of the Sisters of Charity. During the year 1895 there were cared -for 3,109 infants and little children, and 516 needy and homeless -mothers. On one side of the Foundling Hospital is the Maternity -Hospital, and on the other side the Children's Hospital.</p> - -<p>The cradle to receive the baby is placed within the vestibule, so that -the Sister, when the bell is rung, may talk kindly with the person -bringing it, and often persuades her to remain for some months and care -for her child. No information is sought as to names, family, etc. Other -infants are taken into the country to be nursed by foster-mothers, and -the institution does not lose its close oversight of the little ones.</p> - -<p>When these infants are unclaimed, they are usually sent to homes in the -West to be adopted. Since the opening of the Foundling Hospital in 1869, -twenty-six years ago, 27,171 waifs have been received and cared for.</p> - -<p>The "Nursery and Child's Hospital," Fifty-first Street and Lexington -Avenue, carries on a work similar to the Foundling Asylum, and, though -under Protestant control, is not a denominational enterprise.</p> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_246" id="Page_246">[Pg 246]</a></span></p><p>In Cleveland, Ohio, one of the most interesting charities is the "Lida -Baldwin Infants' Rest," for which Mr. H. R. Hatch has given an admirable -building, at 1416 Cedar Avenue, costing $17,000 or $18,000. Babies, if -over two years old, are taken to the Protestant Orphan Asylum on St. -Clair Street. The "Rest" is named after the first wife of Mr. Hatch, an -enterprising and philanthropic merchant, who, among other gifts, has -just presented a handsome granite library building, costing nearly -$100,000, to Adelbert College of Western Reserve University.</p> - -<p>When Reuben Runyan Springer died in Cincinnati, Ohio, Dec. 10, 1884, at -the age of eighty-four years, he did not forget to give the Sisters of -Charity $20,000 for a foundling asylum. His family were originally from -Sweden. When a youth he was clerk on a steamboat from Cincinnati to New -Orleans, and soon acquired an interest in the boat, and began his -fortune. Later, he was partner in a grocery house. Mr. Springer gave to -the Little Sisters of the Poor $35,000, Good Samaritan Hospital $30,000, -St. Peter's Benevolent Society $50,000, besides many other gifts. To -music and art he gave $420,000. To his two faithful domestics and -friends, he gave $7,500 each, and to his coachman his horses, carriages, -harness, and $5,000. His various charities amounted to a million dollars or more.</p> - -<p>Most cities have, or ought to have, a foundling asylum, though often it -bears a different name. The Roman Catholics seem to be wiser in this -respect, and more careful to save infant life, than we of the Protestant faith.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_247" id="Page_247">[Pg 247]</a></span></p> - -<h2><span>HENRY SHAW</span> <span class="smaller">AND HIS BOTANICAL GARDEN.</span></h2> - -<hr class="smler" /> - -<p>It is rare that a poor boy comes to America from a foreign land, with -almost no money in his pocket, and leaves to his adopted town and State -a million four hundred thousand dollars to beautify a city, to elevate -its taste, and to help educate its people.</p> - -<p>Henry Shaw of St. Louis, Mo., was born in Sheffield, England, July 24, -1800. He was the oldest of four children, having had a brother who died -in infancy and two sisters. His father, Joseph Shaw, was a manufacturer -of grates, fire-irons, etc., at Sheffield.</p> - -<p>The boy obtained his early education at Thorne, a village not far from -his native town, and used to get his lessons in an arbor, half hidden by -vines, and surrounded by trees and flowers. From childhood he had a -passion for a garden, and worked with his two little sisters in planting -anemones and buttercups.</p> - -<p>From the school at Thorne the lad was transferred to Mill Hill, about -twenty miles from London, to a "Dissenting" school, the father being a -Baptist. Here he studied for six years, Latin, French, and probably -other languages, as he knew in later life German, Italian, and Spanish. -He became especially fond of French literature, and in manhood read and -wrote French as easily<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_248" id="Page_248">[Pg 248]</a></span> and correctly as English. He was for a long time -regarded as the best mathematician in St. Louis.</p> - -<p>In 1818, when Henry was eighteen, he and the rest of the family came to -Canada. The same year his father sent him to New Orleans to learn how to -raise cotton; but the climate did not please him, and he removed to a -small French trading-post, called St. Louis, May 3, 1819.</p> - -<p>The youth had a little stock of cutlery with him, the capital for which -his uncle, Mr. James Hoole, had furnished. His nephew was always -grateful for this kind act. He rented a room on the second floor of a -building, and cooked, slept, ate, and sold his goods in this one room. -He went out very little in the evening, preferring to read books, and -sometimes played chess with a friend. It is thought that he rather -avoided meeting young ladies, as he perhaps naturally preferred to marry -an English girl, when able to support her; but when the fortune was -earned he was wedded to his gardens, his flowers, and his books, so that -he never married. The young man showed great energy in his hardware -business, was very economical, honest, and always punctual. He had -little patience with persons who were not prompt, and failed to keep an -engagement.</p> - -<p>Though usually self-poised, possessing almost perfect control over a -naturally quick temper, a gentleman relates that he once saw him angry -because a man failed to keep an appointment; but Mr. Shaw regretted that -he had allowed himself to speak sharply, and asked the offending person -to dine with him. His head-gardener, Mr. James Gurney, from the Royal -Botanical Garden in Regent's Park, London, said many years ago of Mr.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_249" id="Page_249">[Pg 249]</a></span> -Shaw, "In twenty-three years I never heard him speak a harsh or an -irritable word. No matter what went wrong,—and on such a place, and -with so many men, things will go wrong occasionally,—he was always -pleasant and cheerful, making the best of what could not be helped."</p> - -<p>Mr. Shaw gave close attention to business in the growing town of St. -Louis, and in 1839, after he had been there twenty years, was astonished -to find that his annual profits were $25,000. He said, "this was more -money than any man in my circumstances ought to make in a single year;" -and he resolved to go out of business as soon as a good opportunity -presented itself. This occurred the following year, in 1840; and at -forty years of age, Mr. Shaw retired from business with a fortune of -$250,000, equivalent to a million, probably, at the present day.</p> - -<p>After twenty years of constant labor he determined to take a little rest -and change. In September, 1840, he went to Europe, stopping in -Rochester, N.Y., where his parents and sisters then resided, and took -his younger sister with him.</p> - -<p>He was absent two years, and coming home in 1842, soon arranged for -another term of travel abroad. He remained in Europe three years, -travelling in almost all places of interest, including Constantinople -and Egypt. He kept journals, and wrote letters to friends, showing -careful observation and wide reading. He made a third and last visit to -Europe in 1851, to attend the first World's Fair, held in London. During -this visit he conceived the plan of what eventually became his great -gift. While walking through the beautiful grounds of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_250" id="Page_250">[Pg 250]</a></span> Chatsworth, the -magnificent home of the Duke of Devonshire, Mr. Shaw said to himself, -"Why may not I have a garden too? I have enough land and money for -something of the same sort in a smaller way."</p> - -<p>The old love for flowers and trees, as in boyhood, made the man in -middle life determine to plant not so much for himself as for posterity. -He had finished a home in the suburbs of St. Louis, Tower Grove, in -1849; and another was in process of building in the city on the corner -of Seventh and Locust Streets, when Mr. Shaw returned from Europe in -1851.</p> - -<p>For five or six years he beautified the grounds of his country home, and -in 1857 commissioned Dr. Engelmann, then in Europe, to examine botanical -gardens and select proper books for a botanical library. Correspondence -was begun with Sir William J. Hooker, the distinguished director of the -famous Kew Gardens in London, our own beloved botanist, Professor Asa -Gray of Harvard College, and others. Dr. Engelmann urged Mr. Shaw to -purchase the large herbarium of the then recently deceased Professor -Bernhardi of Erfurt, Germany, which was done, Hooker writing, "The State -ought to feel that it owes you much for so much public spirit, and so -well directed."</p> - -<p>March 14, 1859, Mr. Shaw secured from the State Legislature an Act -enabling him to convey to trustees seven hundred and sixty acres of -land, "in trust, upon a portion thereof to keep up, maintain, and -establish a botanic garden for the cultivation and propagation of -plants, flowers, fruit and forest trees, and for the dissemination of -the knowledge thereof among men, by having a collection thereof easily -accessible; and the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_251" id="Page_251">[Pg 251]</a></span> remaining portion to be used for the purpose of -maintaining a perpetual fund for the support and maintenance of said -garden, its care and increase, and the museum, library, and instruction -connected therewith."</p> - -<p>For the next twenty-five years Mr. Shaw gave his time and strength to -the development of his cherished garden and park. "He lived for them," -says Mr. Thomas Dimmock, "and, as far as was practicable, <i>in</i> them; -walking or driving every day, when weather and health allowed, and -permitting no work of importance to go on without more or less of his -personal inspection and direction. The late Dr. Asa Gray, than whom -there can be no higher authority, once said, 'This park and the -Botanical Garden are the finest institutions of the kind in the country; -in variety of foliage the park is unequalled.'"</p> - -<p>Once when Mr. Shaw was escorting a lady through his gardens, she said, -"I cannot understand, sir, how you are able to remember all these -different and difficult names."—"Madam," he replied, with a courtly -bow, "did you ever know a mother who could forget the names of her -children? These plants and flowers are my children. How can I forget -them?"</p> - -<p>So devoted was Mr. Shaw to his work, that he did not go out of St. Louis -for nearly twenty years, except for a drive to the neighboring village -of Kirkwood to dine with a friend.</p> - -<p>Nine years after the garden had been established, in 1866, Mr. Shaw -began to create Tower Grove Park, of two hundred and seventy-six acres, -planting from year to year over twenty thousand trees, all raised in the -arboretum of the garden. Walks were gravelled, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_252" id="Page_252">[Pg 252]</a></span>flower-beds laid out, -ornamental water provided, and artistic statues of heroic size, made by -Baron von Mueller of Munich, of Shakespeare, Humboldt, and Columbus. The -niece of Humboldt, who saw the statue of her uncle at Munich, wrote to -Mr. Shaw, saying that "Europe had done nothing comparable to it for the -great naturalist."</p> - -<p>Mr. Shaw used to say, when setting out these trees, that he was -"planting them for posterity," as he did not expect to live to see them -reach maturity. They were, however, of good size when he died in his -ninetieth year, Sunday, Aug. 25, 1889.</p> - -<p>"The death, peaceful and painless," says Mr. Dimmock, "occurred in his -favorite room on the second floor of the old homestead, by the window of -which he sat nearly every night for more than thirty years until the -morning hours, absorbed in the reading which had been the delight of his -life. This room was always plainly furnished, containing only a brass -bedstead, tables, chairs, and the few books he loved to have near him. -The windows looked out upon the old garden which was the first botanical -beginning at Tower Grove.</p> - -<p>"On Saturday, Aug. 31, after such ceremonial as St. Louis never before -bestowed upon any deceased citizen, Henry Shaw was laid to rest in the -mausoleum long prepared in the midst of the garden he had created—not -for himself merely, but for the generations that shall come after him, -and who, enjoying it, will 'rise up and call him blessed.'"</p> - -<p>Mr. Shaw was beloved by his workmen for his uniform kindness to them. -Once when a young boy who was visiting him, and walking with him in the -garden, passed a lame workman, and did not speak, although Mr. Shaw<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_253" id="Page_253">[Pg 253]</a></span> -said "Good-morning, Henry," the courteous old gentleman said, "Charles, -you did not speak to Henry. Go back and say 'Good-morning' to him." Mr. -Shaw employed many Bohemians, because he said, "They do not seem to be -very popular with us, and I think I ought to help them all I can."</p> - -<p>Mr. Shaw was always simple in his tastes and economical in his habits. -He drove his one-horse barouche till his friends, owing to his -infirmities from increasing age, prevailed upon him to have a carriage -and a driver.</p> - -<p>Four years before the death of Mr. Shaw he endowed a School of Botany as -a department of Washington University, giving improved real estate -yielding over $5,000 annually. He desired "to promote education and -investigation in that science, and in its application to horticulture, -arboriculture, medicine, and the arts, and for the exemplification of -the Divine wisdom and goodness as manifested throughout the vegetable -kingdom."</p> - -<p>Dr. Asa Gray had been deeply interested in this movement, and twice -visited St. Louis to consult with Mr. Shaw. By the recommendation of Dr. -Gray, Mr. William Trelease, Professor of Botany in Wisconsin University -at Madison, a graduate of Cornell University, and associated for some -time with Professor Gray in various labors, was made Englemann Professor -in the Henry Shaw School of Botany.</p> - -<p>Professor Trelease was also made director of the Missouri Botanical -Garden, and has proved his fitness for the position by his high rank in -scholarship, his contributions to literature, and his devotion to the -work which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_254" id="Page_254">[Pg 254]</a></span> Mr. Shaw felt satisfaction in committing to his care. His -courtesy as well as ability have won him many friends. Mr. Shaw left by -will various legacies to relatives and institutions, his property, -invested largely in land, having become worth over a million dollars. He -gave to hospitals, several orphan asylums, Old Ladies' Home, Girls' -Industrial Home, Young Men's Christian Association, etc., but by far the -larger part to his beloved garden. He wished it to be open every day of -the week to the public, except on Sundays and holidays, the first Sunday -in June and the first Sunday in September being exceptions to the rule. -When the garden was opened the first Sunday of June, 1895, there were -20,159 visitors, and in September, though showery, 15,500.</p> - -<p>Mr. Shaw bequeathed $1,000 annually for a banquet to the trustees of the -garden, and literary and scientific men whom they choose to invite, thus -to spread abroad the knowledge of the useful work the garden and schools -of botany are doing; also $400 for a banquet to the gardeners of the -institution, with the florists, nurserymen, and market-gardeners of St. -Louis and vicinity. Each year $500 is to be used in premiums at -flower-shows, and $200 for an annual sermon "on the wisdom and goodness -of God as shown in the growth of flowers, fruits, and other products of -the vegetable kingdom."</p> - -<p>The Missouri Botanical Garden, Shaw's Garden as it is more commonly -called, covering about forty-five acres, is situated on Tower Grove -Avenue, about three miles southwest of the New Union Station. The former -city residence of Mr. Shaw has been removed to the garden,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_255" id="Page_255">[Pg 255]</a></span> in which are -the herbarium and library, with 12,000 volumes. The herbarium contains -the large collection of the late Dr. George Engelmann, about 100,000 -specimens of pressed plants; and the general collection contains even -more than this number of specimens from all parts of the world. The -palms, the cacti, the tree-ferns, the fig-trees, etc., are of much -interest. There is an observatory in the centre of the garden; and south -of this, in a grove of shingle-oaks and sassafras-trees, is the -mausoleum of Henry Shaw, containing a life-like reclining marble statue -of the founder of the garden, with a full-blown rose in his hand.</p> - -<p>During the past year several ponds have been made in the garden for the -Victoria Regia, or Amazon water-lily, and other lilies. On the approach -of winter, over a thousand plants are taken from the ground, potted, and -distributed to charitable institutions and poor homes in the city.</p> - -<p>Much practical good has resulted from the great gift of Henry Shaw. -According to his will, there are six scholarships provided for garden -pupils. Three hundred dollars a year are given to each, with tuition -free, and lodging in a comfortable house adjacent to the garden. So many -persons have applied for instruction, that as many are received as can -be taught conveniently, each paying $25 yearly tuition fee.</p> - -<p>The culture of flowers, small fruits, orchards, house-plants, etc., is -taught; also landscape-gardening, drainage, surveying, and kindred -subjects. "It is safe to predict," says the Hon. Wm. T. Harris, -Commissioner of Education, "that the future will see a large -representation of specialists resorting to St. Louis to pursue the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_256" id="Page_256">[Pg 256]</a></span> -studies necessary for the promotion of agricultural industry."</p> - -<p>Dr. Trelease gives two courses of evening lectures at Washington -University each year, and at the garden he gives practical help to his -learners. He investigates plant diseases and the remedies, and aids the -fruit-grower, the florist, and the farmer, in the best methods with -grasses, seeds, trees, etc. He deprecates the reckless manner in which -troublesome weeds are scattered from farm to farm with clover and grass -seed. He and his assistants are making researches concerning plants, -flowers, etc., which are published annually.</p> - -<p>The memory of Henry Shaw, "the first great patron of botanical science -in America," is held in honor and esteem by the scientific world. The -flowers and trees which he loved and found pleasure in cultivating, each -year make thousands happier.</p> - -<p>Nature was to him a great teacher. In his garden, over a statue of -"Victory," these words are engraved in stone: "O Lord, how manifold are -thy works: in wisdom hast thou made them all."</p> - -<p>The seasons will come and go; the flowers will bud and blossom year -after year, and the trees spread out their branches: they will be a -continual reminder of the white-haired man who planted them for the sake -of doing good to others.</p> - -<p>Harvard College received a valuable gift May, 1861, through the -munificence of the late Benjamin Bussey of Roxbury, Mass., in property -estimated at $413,092.80, "for a course of instruction in practical -agriculture, and the various arts subservient thereto." The superb -estate is near Jamaica Plain. The students of the Bussey<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_257" id="Page_257">[Pg 257]</a></span> Institute -generally intend to become gardeners, florists, landscape-gardeners, and -farmers. The Arnold Arboretum occupies a portion of the Bussey farm in -West Roxbury. The fund given by the late James Arnold of New Bedford, -Mass., for this purpose now amounts to $156,767.97.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_258" id="Page_258">[Pg 258]</a></span></p> - -<h2><span>JAMES SMITHSON</span> <span class="smaller">AND THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION.</span></h2> - -<hr class="smler" /> - -<p>Another Englishman besides Henry Shaw to whom America is much indebted -is James Smithson, the giver of the Smithsonian Institution at -Washington. Born in 1765 in France, he was the natural son of Hugh, -third Duke of Northumberland, and Mrs. Elizabeth Macie, heiress of the -Hungerfords of Audley, and niece of Charles, Duke of Somerset.</p> - -<p>At Pembroke College, Oxford, he was devoted to science, especially -chemistry, and spent his vacations in collecting minerals. He was -graduated May 26, 1786, and thereafter gave his time to study and -original research. In 1790 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, -and became the friend of many distinguished men, both in England and on -the Continent, where he lived much of the time. Among his friends and -correspondents, were Sir Humphry Davy, Berzelius (the noted chemist of -Sweden), Gay-Lussac the chemist, Thomson, Wollaston, and others.</p> - -<div class="center"><img src="images/i288.jpg" alt="JAMES SMITHSON" /></div> - -<p class="bold">JAMES SMITHSON.</p> - -<p>He wrote and published in the <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal -Society</i>, and also in Thomson's <i>Annals of Philosophy</i>, many valuable -papers on the "Composition of Zeolite," "On a Substance Procured from -the Elm Tree, called Ulmine," "On a Saline<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_259" id="Page_259">[Pg 259]</a></span> Substance from Mount -Vesuvius," "On Facts Relating to the Coloring Matter of Vegetables," -etc. At his death he left about two hundred manuscripts. He was deeply -interested in geology, and made copious notes in his journal on rocks -and mining. His life seems to have been a quiet one, devoted to -intellectual pursuits.</p> - -<p>Professor Henry Carrington Bolton, in the <i>Popular Science Monthly</i> for -January and February, 1896, relates this incident of Smithson: "It is -said that he frequently narrated an anecdote of himself which -illustrated his remarkable skill in analyzing minute quantities of -substances, an ability which rivalled that of Dr. Wollaston. Happening -to observe a tear gliding down a lady's cheek, he endeavored to catch it -on a crystal vessel. One-half the tear-drop escaped; but he subjected -the other half to reagents, and detected what was then called -microcosmic salt, muriate of soda, and some other saline constituents -held in solution."</p> - -<p>When Mr. Smithson was over fifty years of age, in 1818 or 1819, he had a -misunderstanding with the Royal Society, owing to their refusal to -publish one of his papers. It is said that prior to this he intended to -leave all his wealth, over $500,000 to the society.</p> - -<p>About three years before his death, he made a brief will, giving the -income of his fortune to his nephew, Henry James Hungerford, and the -whole fortune to the children of his nephew, if he should marry. In case -he did not marry, Smithson bequeathed the whole of his property "to the -United States of America, to found at Washington, under the name of the -Smithsonian Institution, an establishment for the increase and diffusion -of knowledge among men."</p> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_260" id="Page_260">[Pg 260]</a></span></p><p>Mr. Smithson, says Professor Simon Newcomb, "is not known to have had -the personal acquaintance of an American, and his tastes were supposed -to have been aristocratic rather than democratic. We thus have the -curious spectacle of a retired English gentleman bequeathing the whole -of his large fortune to our Government, to found an establishment which -was described in ten words, without a memorandum of any kind by which -his intentions could be divined, or the recipient of the gift guided in -applying it."</p> - -<p>Mr. Smithson died June 27, 1829, in Genoa, Italy, at the age of -sixty-four. His nephew survived him only six years, dying unmarried at -Pisa, Italy, June 5, 1835. He used the income from his uncle's estate -while he lived, and upon his death it passed to the United States. -Hungerford's mother, who had married a Frenchman, Madame Théodore de la -Batut, claimed a life-interest in the estate of Smithson, which was -granted till her death in 1861. To meet this annuity $26,210 was -retained in England until she died.</p> - -<p>For several years it was difficult to decide in what way Congress should -use the money "for the increase and diffusion of knowledge among men." -John Quincy Adams desired a great astronomical observatory; Rufus Choate -of Massachusetts urged a grand library; a senator from Ohio wished a -botanical garden; another person a college for women; another a school -for indigent children of the District of Columbia; still another a great -agricultural school.</p> - -<p>After seven years of indecision and discussion the Smithsonian -Institution was organized by act of Congress, Aug. 10, 1846, which -provided for a suitable<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_261" id="Page_261">[Pg 261]</a></span> building to contain objects of natural history, -a chemical laboratory, a library, gallery of art, and geological and -mineralogical collections. The minerals, books, and other property of -James Smithson, were to be preserved in the Institution.</p> - -<p>Professor Joseph Henry, whose interesting life I have sketched in my -"Famous Men of Science," was called to the headship of the new -Institution. For thirty-three years he devoted his life to make -Smithson's gift a blessing to the world and an honor to the name of the -generous giver. The present secretary is the well-known Professor Samuel -P. Langley.</p> - -<p>The library was after a time transferred to the Library of Congress, the -art department to the Corcoran Art Gallery, and the Smithsonian -Institution began to do its specific work of helping men to make -original scientific research, to aid in explorations, and to send -scientific publications all over the world. Its first publication was a -work on the mounds and earthworks found in the Mississippi Valley. Much -time has also been given to the study of the character and pursuits of -the earliest races on this continent.</p> - -<p>The Smithsonian Institution now owns two large buildings, one completed -in 1855, costing about $314,000, and the great National Museum, which -Congress helped to build. This building has a floor space of 100,000 -square feet, and contains over three and one-half million specimens of -birds, fishes, Oriental antiquities, minerals, fossils, etc. So much of -value has been gathered by government surveys, as well as by -contributions from other nations by way of exchange, that halls twice as -large as those now built could be filled by the <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_262" id="Page_262">[Pg 262]</a></span>specimens. So popular -is the museum as a place to visit, that in the year ending June 30, -1893, over 300,000 persons enjoyed its interesting accumulations.</p> - -<p>Correspondence is carried on with learned societies and men of science -all over the world. The official list of correspondents is over 24,000. -The transactions of learned societies and some other scientific works -are exchanged with those abroad. The weight of matter sent abroad by the -Smithsonian Institution at the end of the first decade was 14,000 pounds -for 1857; at the end of the third decade 99,000 pounds for the year -1877. The official documents of Congress, or by the government bureaus, -are exchanged for similar works of foreign nations. In one year, -1892-1893, over 100 tons of books were handled.</p> - -<p>The "Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge" now number over thirty -volumes, and are valuable treatises on various branches of science. The -scholarly William B. Taylor said these books "distributed over every -portion of the civilized or colonized world constitute a monument to the -memory of the founder, James Smithson, such as never before was builded -on the foundation of £100,000."</p> - -<p>The Smithsonian Institution has been a blessing in many ways. It -organized a system of telegraphic meteorology, and gave to the world -"that most beneficent national application of modern sciences,—the -storm warnings."</p> - -<p>In the year 1891 the Institution received valuable aid from Mr. Thomas -G. Hodgkins of Setauket, N.Y., by the gift of $200,000. The income from -$100,000 is to be used in prizes for essays relating to atmospheric -air.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_263" id="Page_263">[Pg 263]</a></span> Mr. Hodgkins, also an Englishman, died Nov. 25, 1892, nearly -ninety years old. He gave $100,000 to the Royal Institution of Great -Britain, and $50,000 each to the Society for Prevention of Cruelty to -Children, and to Animals. He made his fortune, and having no family, -spent it for "the diffusion of knowledge among men."</p> - -<p>A very interesting feature was added to the work of the Smithsonian -Institution in 1890, when Congress appropriated $200,000 for the -purchase of land for the National Zoölogical Park. As no native wild -animals in America seem safe from the cupidity of the trader, or the -slaughter of the pleasure-loving sportsman, it became necessary to take -measures for their preservation. About 170 acres were purchased on Rock -Creek, near Washington; and there are already more than 500 -animals—bisons, etc.—in these picturesque grounds. These will be -valuable object-lessons to the people, and help still further to carry -out James Smithson's idea, "the increase and diffusion of knowledge -among men."</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_264" id="Page_264">[Pg 264]</a></span></p> - -<h2><span>PRATT, LENOX, MARY MACRAE STUART, NEWBERRY, CRERAR, ASTOR, REYNOLDS,</span> <span class="smaller">AND THEIR LIBRARIES.</span></h2> - -<hr class="smler" /> - -<h3>ENOCH PRATT.</h3> - -<p>Enoch Pratt was born in North Middleborough, Mass., Sept. 10, 1808. He -graduated at Bridgewater Academy when he was fifteen; and a position was -found for him in a leading house in Boston, where he remained until he -was twenty-one years of age. He had written to a friend in Boston two -weeks before his school closed, "I do not want to stay at home long -after it is out."</p> - -<p>The eager, ambitious boy, with good habits, constant application to -business, the strictest honesty, and good common-sense, soon made -himself respected by his employers and his acquaintances.</p> - -<p>He removed to Baltimore in 1831, when he was twenty-three years old, -without a dollar at his command, and established himself as a commission -merchant. He founded the wholesale iron house of Pratt & Keith, and -subsequently that of Enoch Pratt & Brother. "Prosperity soon followed," -says the Hon. George Wm. Brown, "not rapidly but steadily, because it -was based on those qualities of honesty, industry,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_265" id="Page_265">[Pg 265]</a></span> sagacity, and -energy, which, mingled with thrift, although they cannot be said to -insure success, are certainly most likely to achieve it."</p> - -<p>Six years after coming to Baltimore, when he was twenty-nine years old, -Mr. Pratt married Maria Louisa Hyde, Aug. 1, 1837. Her paternal -ancestors were among the earliest settlers of Massachusetts; her -maternal, a German family who settled in Baltimore over a century and a -half ago.</p> - -<p>As years went by, and the unobtrusive, energetic man came to middle -life, he was sought to fill various positions of honor and trust in -Baltimore. He was made director and president of a bank, which position -he has held for over twoscore years, director and vice-president of -railroads and steamboat lines, president of the House of Reformation at -Cheltenham (for colored children), and of the Maryland School for the -Deaf and Dumb at Frederick. He has also taken active interest in the -Maryland Institute for the Promotion of the Mechanic Arts, and is -treasurer of the Peabody Institute.</p> - -<p>For years he has been one of the finance commissioners elected by the -city council, without regard to his political belief, but on account of -his ability as a financier, and his wisdom. He is an active member of -the Unitarian Church.</p> - -<p>For several years Mr. Pratt had thought about giving a free public -library to the people of Baltimore. In 1882, when he was seventy-four, -Mr. Pratt gave to the city $1,058,000 for the establishing of his -library, the building to cost about $225,000, and the remainder, a -little over $833,000, to be invested by the city, which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_266" id="Page_266">[Pg 266]</a></span> obligated -itself to pay $50,000 yearly forever for the maintenance of the free -library. Mr. Pratt also provided for four branch libraries, which cost -$50,000, located wisely in different parts of the city.</p> - -<p>The main library was opened Jan. 4, 1886, with appropriate ceremonies. -The Romanesque building of Baltimore County white marble is 82 feet -frontage, with a depth of 140 feet. A tower 98 feet high rises in the -centre of the front. The floor of the vestibule is in black and white -marble, and the wainscoting of Tennessee and Vermont marbles, -principally of a dove color. The reading-room in the second story is 75 -feet long, 37 feet wide, and 25 feet high. The walls are frescoed in -buff and pale green tints, the wainscoting is of marble, and the floor -is inlaid with cherry, pine, and oak. The main building will hold -250,000 volumes.</p> - -<p>The Romanesque branch libraries are 40 by 70 feet, one story in height, -built of pressed brick laid with red mortar, with buff stone trimmings. -The large reading-room in each is light and cheerful, and the book-room -has shelving for 15,000 volumes.</p> - -<p>The librarian's report shows that in nine years, ending with Jan. 1, -1895, over 4,000,000 books have been circulated among the people of -Baltimore. Over a half-million books are circulated each year. The -library possesses about 150,000 volumes. "The usefulness of the branch -libraries cannot be stated in too strong terms," says the librarian, Mr. -Bernard C. Steiner. Fifty-seven persons are employed in the -library,—fourteen men and forty-three women.</p> - -<p>Mr. Pratt is now eighty-eight years old, and has not ceased to do good -works. In 1865 he founded the Pratt<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_267" id="Page_267">[Pg 267]</a></span> Free School at Middleborough, -Mass., where he was born. Ex-Mayor James Hodges tells this incident of -Mr. Pratt: "Some years ago he sold a farm in Virginia to a worthy but -poor young man for $20,000. The purchaser had paid from time to time -one-half the purchase money, when a series of bad seasons and failure of -crops made it impossible to meet the subsequent payments. Mr. Pratt sent -for him, and learned the facts.</p> - -<p>"After expressing sympathy for the young man's misfortunes, and -encouraging him to persevere and hope, he cancelled his note for the -balance due,—$10,000,—and handed him a valid deed for the property. -Astonished and overwhelmed by this princely liberality, the recipient -uttered a few words, and retired from his benefactor's presence. Not -until he had reached his Virginia home was he able to find words to -express his gratitude."</p> - -<p>The great gift of Enoch Pratt in his free library has stimulated like -gifts all over the country; and in his lifetime he is enjoying the -fruits of his generosity.</p> - -<h3>JAMES LENOX.</h3> - -<p>The founder of Lenox Library on Seventy-second Street, overlooking -Central Park, was born in New York City, Aug. 19, 1800, and died there -Feb. 17, 1880. His father, Robert, was a wealthy Scotch merchant of New -York, who left to his only son and seven daughters several million -dollars.</p> - -<p>Robert purchased from the corporation of New York a farm of thirty acres -of land in Fourth and Fifth<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_268" id="Page_268">[Pg 268]</a></span> Avenues, near Seventy-second Street. For -twelve acres on one side he gave $500, and for the rest on the other -side, $10,700. He thought the land might "at no distant day be the site -of a village," and left it to his son on condition that it be kept from -sale for several years.</p> - -<p>The son was educated at Princeton and Columbia Colleges, studied law, -but, being devoted to literary matters, spent much time abroad in -collecting valuable books and works of art. The only lady to whom he was -ever attached, it is stated, refused him, and both remained single.</p> - -<p>He was a quiet, retiring man, a member of the Presbyterian Church, and a -most generous giver, though his benefactions were kept from publicity as -much as possible. He once sent $7,000 to a lady for a deserving charity, -and refused her second application because she had told of his former -gift.</p> - -<p>He built Lenox Library of Lockport limestone, and gave to it $735,000 in -cash, and ten city lots of great value, on which the building stands. -The collection of books, marbles, pictures, etc., which he gave is -valued at a million dollars.</p> - -<p>He gave probably a million in money and land to the Presbyterian -Hospital, of which he was for many years the president. He was also -president of the American Bible Society, to which he gave liberally. To -the Presbyterian Home for Aged Women he gave land assessed at $64,000. -He gave to Princeton College and Theological Seminary, to his own -church, and to needy men of letters.</p> - -<p>After his death, his last surviving sister, Henrietta<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_269" id="Page_269">[Pg 269]</a></span> Lenox, in 1887 -gave to the library ten valuable adjoining lots, and $100,000 for the -purchase of books.</p> - -<p>The nephew of Mr. Lenox, Robert Lenox Kennedy, who succeeded his uncle -as president of the Board of Trustees of the library, presented to the -institution, in 1879, Munkacsy's great picture of "Blind Milton -dictating 'Paradise Lost' to his Daughter." He died at sea, Sept. 14, -1887.</p> - -<p>The Lenox Library has a remarkable collection of works, which will -always be an honor to America. Its early American newspapers bear dates -from 1716 to 1800, and include examples of nearly every important -gazette of the Colonial and Revolutionary times. The library received in -1894 over 45,000 papers. The <i>Boston News Letter</i>, the first regular -newspaper printed in America, is an object of interest. Several of the -newspapers appeared in mourning on account of the Stamp Act in October, -1765.</p> - -<p>The library has large collections in American history, Bibles, early -educational books, and old English literature. "The Souldier's Pocket -Bible" is one of two known copies—the other being in the British -Museum—of the famous pocket Bible used by Cromwell's soldiers. Many of -the Bibles are extremely rare, and of great value. There are five copies -of Eliot's Indian Bible. There are 2,200 English Bibles from 1493, and -1,200 Bibles in other languages.</p> - -<p>One of the oldest American publications in the library is "Spiritual -Milk for Boston Babes in Either England," by John Cotton, B.D., in 1656. -An old English work has this title: "The Boke of Magna Carta, with -divers other statutes, etc., 1534 (Colophon:) Thus endyth the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_270" id="Page_270">[Pg 270]</a></span> boke -called Magna Carta, translated out of Latyn and Frenshe into Englyshe by -George Ferrers."</p> - -<p>There are several interesting books concerning witchcraft. The original -book of testimony taken in the trial of Hugh Parsons for witchcraft at -Springfield, in 1651, is mostly in the handwriting of William Pynchon, -but with some entries by Secretary Edward Rawson. The library possesses -the manuscript of Henry Harrisse's work on the "Discovery of America," -forming ten folio volumes. The library of the Hon. George Bancroft was -purchased by the Lenox Library in 1893.</p> - -<p>The Milton collection in the library contains about 250 volumes, nearly -every variety of the early editions. Several volumes have Milton's -autograph and annotations. There are about 500 volumes of Bunyan's -"Pilgrim's Progress," and books relating to the writer, containing -nearly 350 editions in many languages. There are also about 200 volumes -of Spanish manuscripts relating to America. The set of "Jesuit -Relations," the journals of the early Jesuit missionaries in this -country, is the most complete in existence.</p> - -<p>Many thousands of persons come each year to see the books and pictures, -as well as to read, and all are aided by the courteous librarian, Mr. -Wilberforce Eames, who loves his work, and has the scholarship necessary -for it.</p> - -<h3>MARY MACRAE STUART.</h3> - -<p>At her death in New York City, Dec. 30, 1891, gave the Robert L. Stuart -fine-art collections valued at $500,000, her shells, minerals, and -library, to the Lenox Library, on condition that they should never be -<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_271" id="Page_271">[Pg 271]</a></span>exhibited on Sunday. To nine charitable institutions in New York she -gave $5,000 each; to Cooper Union, $10,000; to the Cancer Hospital, -$25,000; and about $5,000,000 to home and foreign missions of the -Presbyterian Church, hospitals, disabled ministers, freedmen, Church -Extension Society, aged women, etc., of the same church, and also the -Young Men's Christian Association, Woman's Hospital, Society for -Prevention of Cruelty to Children, Society for Relief of Poor Widows -with Small Children, City Mission and Tract Society, Bible Society, -Colored Orphans, Juvenile Asylum, and other institutions in New York.</p> - -<p>Mrs. Stuart was the daughter of a wealthy New York merchant, Robert -Macrae, and married Robert L. Stuart, the head of the firm of -sugar-refiners, R. L. & A. Stuart. Both brothers were rich, and gave -away before Alexander's death a million and a half. Robert left an -estate valued at $6,000,000 to his wife, as they had no children; and -she, in his behalf, gave away his fortune and also her own. She would -have given largely to the Museum of Natural History and Museum of Art in -New York, but from a fear that they would be opened to the public on Sundays.</p> - -<h3>WALTER L. NEWBERRY.</h3> - -<p>Chicago has been recently enriched by two great gifts, the Newberry and -Crerar Libraries. Walter Loomis Newberry was born at East Windsor, -Conn., Sept. 18, 1804. He was educated at Clinton, N.Y., and fitted for -the United States Military Academy, but could not pass the physical -examination. After a time spent with his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_272" id="Page_272">[Pg 272]</a></span> brother in commercial life in -Buffalo, N.Y., he removed to Detroit in 1828, and engaged in the -dry-goods business. He went to Chicago in 1834, when that city had but -three thousand inhabitants, and became first a commission merchant, and -later a banker. He invested some money which he brought with him in -forty acres on the "North Side," which is now among the best residence -property in the city, and of course very valuable.</p> - -<p>Mr. Newberry helped to found the Merchants' Loan & Trust Companies' -Bank, and was one of its directors. He was also the president of a -railroad.</p> - -<p>He was always deeply interested in education; was for many years on the -school-board, and twice its chairman. He was president of the Chicago -Historical Society, and was the first president of the Young Men's -Library Association, which he helped to found.</p> - -<p>Mr. Newberry died at sea, Nov. 6, 1868, at the age of sixty-four, -leaving about $5,000,000 to his wife and two daughters.</p> - -<p>If these children died unmarried, half the property was to go to his -brothers and sisters, or their descendants, after the death of his wife, -and half to the founding of a library.</p> - -<p>Both daughters died unmarried,—Mary Louisa on Feb. 18, 1874, at Pau, -France; and Julia Rosa on April 4, 1876, at Rome, Italy. Mrs. Julia -Butler Newberry, the wife, died at Paris, France, Dec. 9, 1885.</p> - -<p>The Newberry Library building, 300 feet by 60, of granite, is on the -north side of Chicago, facing the little park known as Washington -Square. It is Spanish-Romanesque in style, and has room for 1,000,000 -books. There will be space for 4,000,000 volumes when the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_273" id="Page_273">[Pg 273]</a></span> other -portions of the library are added. A most necessary part of the work of -the trustees was the choosing of a librarian with ability and experience -to form a useful reference library, which it was decided that the -Newberry Library should be, the Public Library, with its annual income -of over $70,000, seeming to meet the needs of the people at large. Dr. -William Frederick Poole, for fourteen years the efficient librarian of -the Chicago Public Library, was chosen librarian of the Newberry -Library.</p> - -<p>Dictionaries, bibliographies, cyclopædias, and the like, were at once -purchased. The first gift made to the library was the Caxton Memorial -Bible, presented Sept. 29, 1877, by the Oxford University Press, through -the late Henry Stevens, Esq., of London. The edition was limited to one -hundred copies, and the copy presented to the Newberry Library is the -ninety-eighth. Mr. George P. A. Healey, the distinguished artist, also -gave about fifty of his valuable paintings to the library. Several -thousand volumes on early American and local history, collected by Mr. -Charles H. Guild of Somerville, Mass., were purchased by Dr. Poole for -the library. A collection of 415 volumes of bound American newspapers, -covering the period of the Civil War, 1861-1865, were procured. An -extremely useful medical library has been given by Dr. Nicholas Senn, -Professor of Surgery in Rush Medical College. A valuable collection on -fish, fish culture, and angling, made during forty years by the -publisher, Robert Clarke of Cincinnati, has been bought for the library. -A very interesting collection of early books and manuscripts was -purchased from Mr. Henry Probasco of Cincinnati. The collection of -Bibles<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_274" id="Page_274">[Pg 274]</a></span> is very rich; also of Shakespeare, Homer, Dante, Horace, and -Petrarch. There were in 1895 over 125,600 volumes in the library, and -over 30,000 pamphlets.</p> - -<p>To the great regret of scholars everywhere, Dr. Poole died March 1, -1894. Born in Salem, Mass., Dec. 24, 1821, descended from an old English -family, young Poole attended the common school in Danvers till he was -twelve, helped his father on the farm, and learned the tanner's trade. -He loved his books, and his good mother determined that he should have -an opportunity to go back to his studies.</p> - -<p>In 1842 he entered Yale College, at the close of the Freshman year, -spent three years in teaching, and was graduated in 1849. While in -college, he was appointed assistant librarian of his college society, -the "Brothers in Unity," which had 10,000 volumes. He soon saw the -necessity of an index for the bound sets of periodicals in the library, -if they were to be of practical use, and began to make such an index. -The little volume of one hundred and fifty-four pages appeared in 1848, -and the edition was soon exhausted. A volume of five hundred and -thirty-one pages appeared in 1853; and "Poole's Index" at once secured -fame for its author, both at home and abroad.</p> - -<p>Dr. Poole was the librarian of the Boston Athenæum for thirteen years, -and accepted a position in Chicago, October, 1873, to form the public -library. In 1882 Dr. Poole issued the third edition of his famous "Index -to Periodical Literature," having 1,469 pages. In this work he had the -co-operation of the American Library Association, the Library -Association of Great Britain and Ireland, and the able assistance of Wm. -I. Fletcher,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_275" id="Page_275">[Pg 275]</a></span> M.A., librarian of Amherst College. Since Dr. Poole's -death, Mr. Fletcher and Mr. R. R. Bowker have carried forward the Index, -aided by many other librarians.</p> - -<p>Dr. Poole was president of the American Historical Society, 1887, of the -American Library Association 1886-1888, and had written much on -historical and literary topics. The Boston <i>Herald</i> says, "Dr. Poole was -a bibliographer of world-wide reputation, and one whose extended -knowledge of books was simply wonderful." His "Index to Periodical -Literature," invaluable to both writers and readers, will perpetuate his -name. Dr. Poole was succeeded by the well-known author, Mr. John Vance -Cheney, who had been eight years at the head of the San Francisco public library.</p> - -<h3>JOHN CRERAR.</h3> - -<p>Was born in New York City, the son of John Crerar, his parents both -natives of Scotland.</p> - -<p>He was educated in a common school, and at the age of eighteen became a -clerk in a mercantile house. In 1862 he went to Chicago, and associated -himself with J. McGregor Adams in the iron business. He was also -interested in railroads, and was the president of a company. He was an -upright member of the Second Presbyterian Church, and his first known -gift was $10,000 to that church.</p> - -<p>Unmarried, he lived quietly at the Grand Pacific Hotel until his death, -Oct. 19, 1889. In his will he said, "I ask that I may be buried by the -side of my honored mother, in Greenwood Cemetery, Brooklyn, N.Y., in the -family lot, and that some of my many<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_276" id="Page_276">[Pg 276]</a></span> friends see that this request is -complied with. I desire a plain headstone, similar to that which marks -my mother's grave, to be raised over my head." The income of $1,000 was -left to care for the family lot. He left various legacies to relatives. -To first cousins he gave $20,000 each; to second cousins, $10,000; and -to third cousins, $5,000 each. To one second cousin, on account of -kindness to his mother, an additional $10,000; to the widow of a cousin, -$10,000 for kindness to his only brother, Peter, then dead. To several -other friends sums from $50,000 to $5,000 each.</p> - -<p>To his partner he gave $50,000, and the same to his junior partner. To -his own church, $100,000, and a like amount to the missions of the -church. To the church in New York to which his family formerly belonged, -and where he was baptized, $25,000. To the Chicago Orphan Asylum, the -Chicago Nursery, the American Sunday-school Union, the Chicago Relief -Society, the Illinois Training-School for Nurses, the Chicago Manual -Training-School, the Old People's Home, the Home for the Friendless, the -Young Men's Christian Association, each $50,000.</p> - -<p>To the Chicago Historical Society, the St. Luke's Free Hospital, and the -Chicago Bible Society, each $25,000. To St. Andrew's Society of New York -and of Chicago, each $10,000. To the Chicago Literary Club, $10,000. For -a statue of Abraham Lincoln, $100,000.</p> - -<p>All the rest of the property, about three millions, was to be used for a -free public library, to be called "The John Crerar Library," located on -the South Side, inasmuch as the Newberry was to be on the North Side.</p> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_277" id="Page_277">[Pg 277]</a></span></p><p>Mr. Crerar said in his will, "I desire the books and periodicals -selected with a view to create and sustain a healthy moral and Christian -sentiment in the community. I do not mean by this that there shall not -be anything but hymn-books and sermons; but I mean that dirty French -novels, and all sceptical trash, and works of questionable moral tone, -shall never be found in this library. I want its atmosphere that of -Christian refinement, and its aim and object the building up of -character."</p> - -<p>Mr. Crerar was fond of reading the best books. His liberality and love -of literature helped to bring Thackeray to this country to lecture.</p> - -<p>Some of the cousins of Mr. Crerar tried to break the will on the grounds -put forth for breaking Mr. Tilden's will, whereby New York City failed -to receive five or six millions for a public library. Fortunately the -courts accepted the plain intention of the giver, and the property is -now devoted to the public good through a great library largely devoted -to science.</p> - -<h3>JOHN JACOB ASTOR.</h3> - -<p>From the little village of Waldorf, near Heidelberg, Germany, came the -head of the Astor family to America when he was twenty years old. Born -July 17, 1763, the fourth son of a butcher, he helped his father until -he was sixteen, and then determined to join an elder brother in London, -who worked in the piano and flute factory of their uncle.</p> - -<p>Having no money, he set out on foot for the Rhine; and resting under a -tree, he made this resolution, which<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_278" id="Page_278">[Pg 278]</a></span> he always kept, "to be honest, -industrious, and never gamble." Finding employment on a raft of timber, -he earned enough money to procure a steerage passage from Holland to -London, where he remained till 1783, helping his brother, and learning -the English language. Having saved about seventy-five dollars at the end -of three or four years, John Jacob invested about twenty-five in seven -flutes, purchased a steerage ticket across the water for a like amount, -and put about twenty-five in his pocket.</p> - -<p>On the journey over he met a furrier, who told him that money could be -made in buying furs from the Indians and men on the frontier, and -selling them to large dealers. As soon as he reached New York, he -entered the employ of a Quaker furrier, and learned all he could about -the business, meantime selling his flutes, and using the money to buy -furs from the Indians and hunters. He opened a little shop in New York -for the sale of furs and musical instruments, walked nearly all over New -York State in collecting his furs, and finally went back to London to -sell his goods.</p> - -<p>He married, probably in 1786, Sarah Todd, who brought as her marriage -portion $300, and what was better still, economy, energy, and a -willingness to share her husband's constant labors. As fast as a little -money was saved he invested it in land, having great faith in the future -of New York City. He lived most simply in the same house where he -carried on his business, and after fifteen years found himself the owner -of $250,000.</p> - -<div class="center"><img src="images/i310.jpg" alt="John Jacob Astor" /></div> - -<p class="bold">John Jacob Astor</p> - -<p>In 1809 he organized the American Fur Company, and established trade in -furs with France, England, Germany, and Russia, and engaged in trade -with China.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_279" id="Page_279">[Pg 279]</a></span> He used to say in his old age, "The first hundred thousand -dollars—that was hard to get; but afterward it was easy to make more."</p> - -<p>He died March 29, 1848, leaving a fortune estimated at $20,000,000, much -of it the result of increased values of land, on which he had built -houses for rent. By will Mr. Astor conveyed the large sum, at that time, -of $400,000 to found a public library; his friends, Washington Irving, -Dr. Joseph G. Cogswell, and Fitz-Greene Halleck, the poet, who was his -secretary for seventeen years, having advised the gift of a library when -he expressed a desire to do something helpful for the city of New York. -He also left $50,000 for the benefit of the poor in his native town of -Waldorf.</p> - -<p>John Jacob Astor's eldest son, and third of his seven children, William -B. Astor, left and gave during his lifetime $550,000 to Astor Library. -His estate of $45,000,000 was divided between his two sons, John Jacob -and William. The son of John Jacob, William Waldorf Astor, a graduate of -Columbia College, ex-minister to Italy, is a scholarly man, and the -author of several books. The son of William Astor, John Jacob Astor, a -graduate of Harvard, lives on Fifth Avenue, New York. He has also -written one or more books.</p> - -<p>In 1879 John Jacob, the grandson of the first Astor in this country, a -graduate of Columbia College, a student of the University of Göttingen, -and a graduate of the Harvard Law School, erected a third structure for -the library similar to those built by his father and grandfather, and -gave in all $850,000 to Astor Library. The entire building now has a -frontage of two hundred<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_280" id="Page_280">[Pg 280]</a></span> feet, with a depth of one hundred feet. It is -of brown-stone and brick, and is Byzantine in style of architecture. In -1893 its total number of volumes was 245,349.</p> - -<p>Astor Library possesses some very rare and valuable books. "Here is one -of the very few extant copies of Wyckliffe's translation of the New -Testament in manuscript," writes Frederick K. Saunders, the librarian, -in the <i>New England Magazine</i> for April, 1890, "so closely resembling -black-letter type as almost to deceive even a practised eye. It is -enriched with illuminated capitals, and its supposed date is 1390. It is -said to have been once the property of Duke Humphrey. There is an -Ethiopic manuscript on vellum, the service book of an Abyssinian convent -at Jerusalem. There are two richly illuminated Persian manuscripts on -vellum which once belonged to the library of the Mogul Emperors of -Delhi; also two exquisitely illuminated missals or books of Hours, the -gift of the late Mr. J. J. Astor. One of the glories of the collection -is the splendid Salisbury Missal, written with wonderful skill, and -profusely emblazoned with burnished gold. Here also may be found the -second printed Bible, on vellum, folio, 1462, which cost $9,000."</p> - -<p>Mrs. Astor gave a valuable collection of autographs of eminent persons; -and the family also gave "a magnificent manuscript written with liquid -gold, on purple vellum, entitled 'Evangelistarium,' of almost unrivalled -beauty, but no less remarkable for its great age, the date being <span class="smaller">A.D.</span> -870. This is probably the oldest book in America." Ptolemy's Geography -is represented by fifteen editions, the earliest printed in 1478.</p> - -<p>John Jacob Astor, the grandson of the first John<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_281" id="Page_281">[Pg 281]</a></span> Jacob, died in New -York, Feb. 22, 1890. He presented to Trinity Church the reredos and -altar, costing $80,000, as a memorial of his father, William B. Astor. -Through his wife, who was a Miss Gibbs of South Carolina, he virtually -built the New York Cancer Hospital, and gave largely to the Woman's -Hospital. He gave $100,000 to St. Luke's Hospital, $50,000 to the -Metropolitan Museum of Art, with his wife's superb collection of laces -after her death in 1887. The paintings of John Jacob Astor costing -$75,000 were presented to Astor Library by his son, William Waldorf -Astor, after his father's death.</p> - -<h3>MORTIMER FABRICIUS REYNOLDS.</h3> - -<p>"On the 2d of December, 1814, there was born, in the narrow clearing -that skirted the ford of the Genesee River, the first child of white -parents to see the light upon that 'Hundred-Acre Tract' which was the -primitive site of the present city of Rochester. Mortimer Fabricius -Reynolds was the name given, for family reasons, to the first-born of -this backwoods settlement." Thus states the "Semi-Centennial History of -the City of Rochester, N.Y.," published in 1888.</p> - -<p>This boy, grown to manhood and engaged in commerce, was the sole -survivor of the six children of his father, Abelard Reynolds. He was -proud of the family name; but "his childlessness, and the consciousness -that with him the name was to be extinct, had come to weigh with a -painful gravity." Abelard Reynolds had made a fortune from the increase -in land values, and both he and his son William had interested -themselves deeply in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_282" id="Page_282">[Pg 282]</a></span> the intellectual and moral advance of the -community in which they lived.</p> - -<p>Mortimer F. Reynolds desired to leave a memorial of his father, of his -brother, William Abelard Reynolds, and of himself. He wisely chose to -found a library, that the name might be forever remembered. He died June -13, 1892, leaving nearly one million to found and endow the Reynolds -Library of Rochester, N.Y., Alfred S. Collins, librarian.</p> - -<p>It is stated in the press that President Seth Low of Columbia College -has given over a million dollars for the new library in connection with -that college.</p> - -<p>In "Public Libraries of America," page 144, a most useful book by -William I. Fletcher, librarian of Amherst College, may be found a -suggestive list of the principal gifts to libraries in the United -States. Among the larger bequests are Dr. James Rush, Philadelphia, -$1,500,000; Henry Hall, St. Paul, Minn., $500,000; Charles E. Forbes, -Northampton, Mass., $220,000; Mr. and Mrs. Converse, Malden, Mass., -$125,000; Hiram Kelley, Chicago, to public library, $200,000; Silas -Bronson, Waterbury, Conn., $200,000; Dr. Kirby Spencer, Minneapolis, -Minn., $200,000; Mrs. Maria C. Robbins of Brooklyn, N.Y., to her former -home, Arlington, Mass., for public library building and furnishing, $150,000.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_283" id="Page_283">[Pg 283]</a></span></p> - -<h2><span>FREDERICK H. RINDGE</span> <span class="smaller">AND HIS GIFTS.</span></h2> - -<hr class="smler" /> - -<p>Mr. Rindge, born in Cambridge, Mass., in 1857, but at present residing -in California, has given his native city a public library, a city hall, -a manual training-school, and a valuable site for a high school.</p> - -<p>The handsome library, Romanesque in style, of gray stone with brown -stone trimmings, was opened to the public in 1889. One room of especial -interest on the first floor contains war relics, manuscripts, autographs -and pictures of distinguished persons, and literary and historical -matter connected with the history of Cambridge. The European note-book -of Margaret Fuller is seen here, the lock, key, and hinges of the old -Holmes mansion, removed to make way for the Law School, etc.</p> - -<p>The library has six local stations where books may be ordered by filling -out a slip; and these orders are gathered up three times a day, and -books are sent to these stations the same day.</p> - -<p>The City Hall, a large building also of gray stone with brown stone -trimmings, is similar to the old town halls of Brussels, Bruges, and -others of mediæval times. Its high tower can be seen at a great -distance.</p> - -<p>The other important gift to Cambridge from Mr. Rindge is a manual -training-school for boys. Ground<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_284" id="Page_284">[Pg 284]</a></span> was broken for this school in the -middle of July, 1888, and pupils were received in September. The boys -work in wood, iron, blacksmithing, drawing, etc. The system is similar -to that adopted by Professor Woodward at St. Louis. The boys, to protect -their clothes, wear outer suits of dark brown and black duck, and round -paper caps.</p> - -<p>The fire-drill is especially interesting to strangers. Hose-carriages -and ladders are kept in the building, and the boys can put streams of -water to the top in a very brief time. Mr. Rindge supports the school. -<i>The instruction is free</i>, and is a part of the public-school work. The -pupils may take in the English High School a course of pure head-work, -or part head-work and part hand-work. If they elect the latter, they -drop one study, and in its place take three hours a day in manual -training. The course covers three years.</p> - -<p>Mr. Rindge inherited his wealth largely from his father. He made these -gifts when he was twenty-nine years of age. Being an earnest Christian, -he made it a condition of his gifts that verses of Scripture and maxims -of conduct should be inscribed upon the walls of the various buildings. -These are found on the library building; and the inscription on the City -Hall reads as follows: "God has given commandments unto men. From these -commandments men have framed laws by which to be governed. It is -honorable and praiseworthy to faithfully serve the people by helping to -administer these laws. If the laws are not enforced, the people are not -well governed."</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_285" id="Page_285">[Pg 285]</a></span></p> - -<h2><span>ANTHONY J. DREXEL</span> <span class="smaller">AND HIS INSTITUTE.</span></h2> - -<hr class="smler" /> - -<p>The Drexel family, like a majority of the successful and useful families -in this country, began poor. Anthony J. Drexel's father, Francis Martin -Drexel, was born at Dornbirn, in the Austrian Tyrol, April 7, 1792. When -he was eleven years old, his father, a merchant, sent him to a school -near Milan. Later, when there was a war with France, he was obliged to -go to Switzerland to avoid conscription.</p> - -<p>He earned a scanty living at whatever he could find to do, but his chief -work and pleasure was in portrait painting. When he was twenty-five, in -1817, he determined to try his fortune in the New World, and reached the -United States after a voyage of seventy-two days.</p> - -<p>He settled in Philadelphia as an artist, with probably little -expectation of any future wealth. After nine years of work he went to -Peru, Chili, and Mexico, and seems to have had good success in painting -the portraits of noted people, General Simon Bolivar among them.</p> - -<p>Returning to Philadelphia, he surprised his acquaintances by starting a -bank in 1837. There were fears of failure from what seemed an inadequate -capital and lack of knowledge of business; but Mr. Drexel was -<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_286" id="Page_286">[Pg 286]</a></span>economical, strictly honest, energetic, and devoted to his work.</p> - -<p>He opened a little office in Third Street, and placed his son Anthony, -born Sept. 13, 1826, in the small bank. "While waiting on customers," -says <i>Harper's Weekly</i>, "the boy was in the habit of eating his cold -dinner from a basket under the counter." He was but a lad of thirteen, -yet he soon showed a special fitness for the place by his quickness and -good sense.</p> - -<p>The bank grew in patrons, in reputation, and in wealth; and when Francis -Drexel died, June 5, 1863, he had long been a millionnaire, had retired -from business, and left the bank to the management of his sons.</p> - -<p>Besides the bank in Philadelphia, branch houses were formed in New York, -Paris, and London. "As a man of affairs," wrote his very intimate -friend, George W. Childs, "no one has ever spoken ill of Anthony J. -Drexel; and he spoke ill of no one. He did not drive sharp bargains; he -did not profit by the hard necessities of others; he did not exact from -those in his employ excessive tasks and give them inadequate pay. He was -a lenient, patient, liberal creditor, a generous employer, considerate -of and sympathetic with every one who worked for him....</p> - -<div class="center"><img src="images/i320.jpg" alt="ANTHONY J. DREXEL" /></div> - -<p class="bold">ANTHONY J. DREXEL.</p> - -<p>"He was a devoted husband, a loving parent, a true friend, a generous -host, and in all his domestic relations considerate, just, and kind. His -manners were finely courteous, manly, gentle, and refined. His mind was -as pure as a child's; and during all the years of our close -companionship I never knew him to speak a word that he might not have -freely spoken in the presence of his own children. His religion was as -deep as his nature,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_287" id="Page_287">[Pg 287]</a></span> and rested upon the enduring foundations of faith, -hope, and charity.</p> - -<p>"He observed always a strict simplicity of living; he walked daily to -and from his place of business, which was nearly three miles distant -from his home. I was his companion for the greater part of the way every -morning in these long walks; and as he passed up and down Chestnut -Street, he was wont to salute in his cordial, pleasant, friendly manner, -large numbers of all sorts and conditions of people. His smile was -especially bright and attractive, and his voice low and sweet."</p> - -<p>Mr. Drexel inherited his father's artistic tastes, and in his home at -West Philadelphia, and at his country place, "Runnymede," near -Lansdowne, he had many beautiful works of art, statuary, books, -paintings, bronzes, and the like. He was also especially fond of music.</p> - -<p>He was a great friend of General Grant, and Dec. 19, 1879, gave him and -Mrs. Grant a notable reception with about seven hundred prominent -guests. He was one of the pall-bearers at Grant's funeral in 1885.</p> - -<p>Mr. Drexel was always a generous giver. He was a large contributor to -the University of Pennsylvania, to hospitals, to churches of all -denominations, and to asylums. With Mr. Childs and others he built an -Episcopal church at Elberon, Long Branch, where he usually went in the -summer.</p> - -<p>His largest and best gift, for which he will be remembered, is that of -about three million dollars to found and endow Drexel Institute, erected -in his lifetime. He wished to fit young men and women to earn their -living; and after making a careful examination of Cooper<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_288" id="Page_288">[Pg 288]</a></span> Institute, New -York, and Pratt Institute, Brooklyn, and sending abroad to learn the -best methods and plan of buildings for such industrial education, he -began his own admirable Drexel Institute of Art, Science, and Industry -in West Philadelphia. He erected the handsome building of light buff -brick with terra-cotta trimmings, at the corner of Thirty-second and -Chestnut Streets, at a cost of $550,000, and then gave an endowment of -$1,000,000. At various times he gave to the library, museum, etc., over -$600,000.</p> - -<p>The Institute was dedicated on the afternoon of Dec. 17, 1891, Chauncey -M. Depew making the dedication address, and was opened to students Jan. -4, 1892. James MacAlister, LL.D., superintendent of the public schools -of Philadelphia, a man of fine scholarship, great energy, and -enthusiastic love for the work of education, was chosen as the -president.</p> - -<p>From the first the school has been filled with eager students in the -various departments. The art department gives instruction in painting, -modelling, architecture, design and decoration, wood-carving, etc.; the -department of science and technology, courses in mathematics, chemistry, -physics, machine construction, and electrical engineering; the -department of mechanic arts, shopwork in wood and iron with essential -English branches; the business department, commercial law, stenography, -and typewriting, etc.; the department of domestic science and arts gives -courses in cooking, dressmaking, and millinery. There are also courses -in physical training, in music, library work, and evening classes open -five nights in the week from October to April.</p> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_289" id="Page_289">[Pg 289]</a></span></p><p>The Institute was attended by more than 2,700 students in 1893-1894; -and 35,000 persons attended the free public lectures in art, science, -technology, etc., and free concerts, chiefly organ recitals, weekly, -during the winter months.</p> - -<p>The Institute has been fortunate in its gifts from friends. Mr. George -W. Childs gave to it his rare and valuable collection of manuscripts and -autographs, fine engravings, ivories, books on art, etc.; Mrs. John R. -Fell, a daughter of Mr. Drexel, a collection of ancient jewellery and -rare old clocks; Mrs. James W. Paul, another daughter of Mr. Drexel, -$10,000 as a memorial of her mother, to be used in the purchase of -articles for the museum; while other members of the family have given -bronzes, metal-work, and unique and useful gifts.</p> - -<p>Mr. Drexel lived to see his Institute doing its noble work. So -interested was he that he stopped daily as he went to the bank to see -the young people at their duties. He was greatly interested in the -evening classes. "This part of the work," says Dr. MacAlister, "he -watched with great eagerness, and he was specially desirous that young -people who were compelled to work through the day should have -opportunities in the evening equal to those who took the regular daily -work of the Institution."</p> - -<p>Mr. Drexel died suddenly, June 30, 1893, about two years after the -building of the Institute, from apoplexy, at Carlsbad, Germany. He had -gone to Europe for his health, as was his custom yearly, and seemed -about as well as usual until the stroke came. Two weeks before he had -had a mild attack of pleurisy, but<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_290" id="Page_290">[Pg 290]</a></span> would not permit his family to be -told of it, thinking that he would fully recover.</p> - -<p>Mr. Drexel left behind him the memory of a modest, unassuming man; so -able a financier that he was asked to accept the position of Secretary -of the Treasury of the United States, but declined; so generous a giver, -that he built his monument before his death in his elegant and helpful -Institute, an honor to his native city, Philadelphia, and an honor to -his family.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_291" id="Page_291">[Pg 291]</a></span></p> - -<h2><span>PHILIP D. ARMOUR</span> <span class="smaller">AND HIS INSTITUTE.</span></h2> - -<hr class="smler" /> - -<p>Philip D. Armour was born in Stockbridge, Madison County, N.Y., and -spent his early life on a farm. In 1852, when he was twenty years of -age, he went to California, and finally settled in Chicago, where he has -become very wealthy by dealing in packed meat, which is sent to almost -every corner of the earth.</p> - -<p>"He pays six or seven millions of dollars yearly in wages," writes -Arthur Warren in an interesting article in <i>McClure's Magazine</i>, -February, 1894, "owns four thousand railway cars, which are used in -transporting his goods, and has seven or eight hundred horses to haul -his wagons. Fifty or sixty thousand persons receive direct support from -the wages paid in his meatpacking business alone, if we estimate -families on the census basis. He is a larger owner of grain-elevators -than any other individual in either hemisphere; he is the proprietor of -a glue factory, which turns out a product of seven millions of tons a -year; and he is actively interested in an important railway enterprise."</p> - -<p>He manages his business with great system, and knows from his heads of -departments, some of whom he pays a salary of $25,000 yearly, what takes -place from day to day in his various works. He is a quiet,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_292" id="Page_292">[Pg 292]</a></span> self-centred -man, a good listener, has excellent judgment, and possesses untiring -energy.</p> - -<p>"All my life," he says, "I have been up with the sun. The habit is as -easy at sixty-one as it was at sixteen; perhaps easier, because I am -hardened to it. I have my breakfast at half-past five or six; I walk -down town to my office, and am there by seven, and I know what is going -on in the world without having to wait for others to come and tell me. -At noon I have a simple luncheon of bread and milk, and after that, -usually, a short nap, which freshens me again for the afternoon's work. -I am in bed again at nine o'clock every night."</p> - -<p>Mr. Armour thinks there are as great and as many opportunities for men -to succeed in life as there ever have been. He said to Mr. Warren: -"There was never a better time than the present, and the future will -bring even greater opportunities than the past. Wealth, capital, can do -nothing without brains to direct it. It will be as true in the future as -it is in the present that brains make capital—capital does not make -brains. The world does not stand still. Changes come quicker now than -they ever did, and they will come quicker and quicker. New ideas, new -inventions, new methods of manufacture, of transportation, new ways to -do almost everything, will be found as the world grows older; and the -men who anticipate them, and who are ready for them, will find -advantages as great as any their fathers or grandfathers have had."</p> - -<div class="center"><img src="images/i328.jpg" alt="PHILIP D. ARMOUR" /></div> - -<p class="bold">PHILIP D. ARMOUR.</p> - -<p>Mr. Frank G. Carpenter, the well-known journalist, relates this incident -of Mr. Armour:—</p> - -<p>"He is a good judge of men, and he usually puts the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_293" id="Page_293">[Pg 293]</a></span> right man in the -right place. I am told that he never discharges a man if he can help it. -If the man is not efficient he gives instructions to have him put in -some other department, but to keep him if possible. There are certain -things, however, which he will not tolerate; and among these are -laziness, intemperance, and getting into debt. As to the last, he says -he believes in good wages, and that he pays the best. He tells his men -that if they are not able to live on the wages he pays them he does not -want them to work for him. Not long ago he met a policeman in his -office.</p> - -<p>"'What are you doing here, sir?' he asked.</p> - -<p>"'I am here to serve a paper,' was the reply.</p> - -<p>"'What kind of a paper?' asked Mr. Armour.</p> - -<p>"'I want to garnishee one of your men's wages for debt,' said the -policeman.</p> - -<p>"'Indeed,' replied Mr. Armour; 'and who is the man?' He thereupon asked -the policeman into his private office, and ordered the debtor to come -in. He then asked the clerk how long he had been in debt. The man -replied that for twenty years he had been behind, and that he could not -catch up.</p> - -<p>"'But you get a good salary,' said Mr. Armour, 'don't you?'</p> - -<p>"'Yes,' said the clerk; 'but I can't get out of debt. My life is such -that somehow or other I can't get out.'</p> - -<p>"'But you must get out,' said Mr. Armour, 'or you must leave here. How -much do you owe?'</p> - -<p>"The clerk then gave the amount. It was less than $1,000. Mr. Armour -took his check-book, and wrote out an order for the amount. 'There,' he -said, as he handed the clerk the check, 'there is enough to pay<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_294" id="Page_294">[Pg 294]</a></span> all -your debts. Now I want you to keep out of debt, and if I hear of your -getting into debt again you will have to leave.'</p> - -<p>"The man took the check. He did pay his debts, and remodelled his life -on a cash basis. About a year after the above incident happened he came -to Mr. Armour, and told him that he had had a place offered him at a -higher salary, and that he was going to leave. He thanked Mr. Armour, -and told him that his last year had been the happiest of his life, and -that getting out of debt had made a new man of him."</p> - -<p>When Mr. Armour was asked by Mr. Carpenter to what he attributed his -great success, he replied:—</p> - -<p>"I think that thrift and economy have had much to do with it. I owe much -to my mother's training, and to a good line of Scotch ancestors, who -have always been thrifty and economical."</p> - -<p>Mr. Armour has not been content to spend his life in amassing wealth -only. After the late Joseph Armour bequeathed a fund to establish Armour -Mission, Philip D. Armour doubled the fund, or more than doubled it; and -now the Mission has nearly two thousand children in its Sunday-school, -with free kindergarten and free dispensary. Mr. Armour goes to the -Mission every Sunday afternoon, and finds great happiness among the -children.</p> - -<p>To yield a revenue yearly for the Mission, Mr. Armour built "Armour -Flats," a great building adjoining the Mission, with a large grass-plot -in the centre, where in two hundred and thirteen flats, having each from -six to seven rooms, families can find clean and attractive homes, with a -rental of from seventeen to thirty-five dollars a month.</p> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_295" id="Page_295">[Pg 295]</a></span></p><p>"There is an endowed work," says Mr. Armour, "that cannot be altered by -death, or by misunderstandings among trustees, or by bickerings of any -kind. Besides, a man can do something to carry out his ideas while he -lives, but he can't do so after he is in the grave. Build pleasant homes -for people of small incomes, and they will leave their ugly -surroundings, and lead brighter lives."</p> - -<p>Mr. Armour, aside from many private charities, has given over a million -and a half dollars to the Armour Institute of Technology. The five-story -fire-proof building of red brick trimmed with brown stone was finished -Dec. 6, 1892, on the corner of Thirty-third Street and Armour Avenue; -and the keys were put in the hands of the able and eloquent preacher, -Dr. Frank W. Gunsaulus, "to formulate," says the Chicago <i>Tribune</i>, Oct. -15, 1893, "more exactly than Mr. Armour had done the lines on which this -work was to go forward. Dr. Gunsaulus had long ago reached the -conclusion that the best way to prepare men for a home in heaven is to -make it decently comfortable for them here."</p> - -<p>Dr. Gunsaulus put his heart and energy into this noble work. The -academic department prepares students to enter any college in the -country; the technical department gives courses in mechanical -engineering, electricity, and electrical engineering, mining -engineering, and metallurgy. The department of domestic arts offers -instruction in cooking, dressmaking, millinery, etc.; the department of -commerce fits persons for a business life, wisely combining with its -course in shorthand and typewriting such a knowledge of the English -language, history, and some modern languages, as will<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_296" id="Page_296">[Pg 296]</a></span> make the students -do intelligent work for authors, lawyers, and educated people in -general.</p> - -<p>Special attention has been given to the gymnasium, that health may be -fully attended to. Mr. Armour has spared neither pains nor expense to -provide the best machinery, especially for electrical work. "In a few -years," he says, "we shall be doing everything by electricity. Before -long our steam-engines will be as old-fashioned as the windmills are -now."</p> - -<p>Dr. Gunsaulus has taken great pleasure in gathering books, prints, etc., -for the library, which already has a choice collection of works on the -early history of printing.</p> - -<p>The Institute was opened in September, 1893, with six hundred pupils, -and has been most useful and successful from the first.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_297" id="Page_297">[Pg 297]</a></span></p> - -<h2><span>LEONARD CASE</span> <span class="smaller">AND THE SCHOOL OF APPLIED SCIENCE.</span></h2> - -<hr class="smler" /> - -<p>Technological schools are springing up so rapidly all over our country -that it would be impossible to name them all. The Stevens Institute of -Technology at Hoboken, N.J., was organized in 1871, with a gift of -$650,000; the Towne Scientific School, Philadelphia, 1872, $1,000,000; -the Miller School, Batesville, Va., 1878, $1,000,000; the Rose -Polytechnic, Terre Haute, Ind., 1883, over $500,000; the Case School of -Applied Science of Cleveland, Ohio, 1881, over $2,000,000.</p> - -<p>Leonard Case, the giver of the Case School and the Case Library, born -June 27, 1820, was a quiet, scholarly man, who gave wisely the wealth -amassed by his father. The family on the paternal side came from -Holland; on the maternal side from Germany. Mr. James D. Cleveland, in a -recent sketch of the founder of Case School, gives an interesting -account of the ancestors of Mr. Case.</p> - -<p>The great-grandfather of Leonard Case, Leonard Eckstein, when a youth, -had a quarrel with the Catholic clergy in Nuremberg, near which city he -was born, and was in consequence thrown into prison, where he nearly -starved. One day his sister brought him a cake which contained a slender -silk cord baked in it. This cord was let down from his cell window to a -friend, who<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_298" id="Page_298">[Pg 298]</a></span> fastened it to a rope which, when drawn up, enabled the -young man to slide down a wall eighty feet above the ground.</p> - -<p>After his escape, the youth of nineteen came to America, and landed in -Philadelphia without a cent of money. Later he married and moved to -Western Pennsylvania; and his daughter Magdalene married Meshach Case, -the grandfather of Leonard Case.</p> - -<p>Meshach was an invalid from asthma. In 1799 he and his wife came on -horseback to explore Ohio, and perhaps make a home. They bought two -hundred acres of the wilderness in the township of Warren, built a log -cabin, and cleared an acre of timber around it. The following year -others came to settle, and all celebrated the Fourth of July with -instruments made on the grounds. Their drum was a piece of hollow -pepperidge-tree with a fawn's skin stretched over it, and a fife was -made from an elder stem.</p> - -<p>The eldest son, Leonard, who was a hard worker from a child, at seven -cutting wood for the fires, at ten thrashing grain, at fourteen -ploughing and harvesting, took cold when heated, and became ill for two -years and a cripple for the rest of his life, using crutches as he -walked. Early in life, when it was the fashion to use intoxicating -liquors, Leonard made a pledge never to use them, and was a total -abstainer as long as he lived, thus setting a noble example to the -growing community.</p> - -<p>Determined to have an education, he invented some instruments for -drafting, bottomed all the chairs in the neighborhood, made sieves for -the farmers, and thus earned a little money for books. As his -handwriting was good, he was made clerk of the little court at<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_299" id="Page_299">[Pg 299]</a></span> Warren, -and later of the Supreme Court for Trumbull County, where he had an -opportunity to study, and copy the records of the Connecticut Land -Company.</p> - -<p>A friend advised him to study law, and furnished him with books, which -advice he followed. Later, in 1816, he moved to Cleveland, and was made -cashier of a bank just organized. He was a man of public spirit, -suggested the planting of trees which have made Cleveland known as the -Forest City, was sent to the Legislature, and finally became president -of a bank, as well as land agent of the Connecticut Land Company. He was -universally respected and esteemed.</p> - -<p>The hard-working invalid had become rich through increase in value of -the large amount of land which he had purchased. He died Dec. 7, 1864, -seven years after his wife's death, and two years after the death of his -very promising son William, of consumption. The latter was deeply -interested in natural history, and in 1859 had begun to erect a building -for the Young Men's Library Association and the Kirtland Society of -Natural History. This project his surviving brother, Leonard, carried -out.</p> - -<p>After the death of father, mother, and brother, Leonard Case was left to -inherit the property. He had graduated at Yale College in 1842, and was -admitted to the bar in 1844. He, however, devoted himself to literary -pursuits, and travelled extensively over this country and abroad.</p> - -<p>Ill health in later years increased his natural reticence and dislike of -publicity. He gave generously where he became interested. To the Library -Association he first gave $20,000. In 1876 he gave Case Building and -grounds, then valued at $225,000, to the Library<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_300" id="Page_300">[Pg 300]</a></span> Association. It is now -worth over half a million dollars, and furnishes a good income for its -library of over 40,000 volumes. Under the excellent management of Mr. -Charles Orr, the librarian, the building has been remodelled, and the -library much enlarged. The membership fee is one dollar annually.</p> - -<p>The same year, 1876, Mr. Case determined to carry out his plan of a -School of Applied Science. He corresponded with various eminent men; and -on Feb. 24, 1877, after gifts to his father's relatives, he conveyed his -property to trustees for a school where should be taught mathematics, -physics, mechanical and civil engineering, chemistry, mining and -metallurgy, natural history, modern languages, etc., to fit young men -for practical work in life.</p> - -<p>"How well this foresight was inspired," says Mr. Cleveland, "is shown in -the great demand by the city and country at large for the men who have -received training at the Case School. Hundreds are called for by iron, -steel, and chemical works, here and elsewhere, to act in laboratories or -in direction of important engineering, in mines, railroads, construction -of docks, waterworks, electrical projects, and architecture. Nearly -forty new professions have been opened to the youth of Cleveland, which -were unavailable before this school was founded."</p> - -<p>Cady Staley, Ph.D. LL.D., is the president of Case School, which has an -able corps of professors. There are nearly 250 students in the -institution.</p> - -<p>Leonard Case died Jan. 6, 1880; but his school and his library -perpetuate his name, and make his memory honored.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_301" id="Page_301">[Pg 301]</a></span></p> - -<h2><span>ASA PACKER</span> <span class="smaller">AND LEHIGH UNIVERSITY.</span></h2> - -<hr class="smler" /> - -<p>In the midst of twenty acres stands Lehigh University, at South -Bethlehem, Penn., founded by Asa Packer,—a great school of technology, -with courses in civil, mechanical, mining, and electrical engineering, -chemistry, and architecture. The school of general literature of the -University has a classical course, a Latin-scientific course, and a -course in science and letters.</p> - -<p>To this institution Judge Packer gave three and one-quarter millions -during his life; and by will, eventually, the University will become one -of the richest in the country.</p> - -<p>He did not give to Lehigh University alone. "St. Luke's Hospital, so -well known throughout eastern Pennsylvania for its noble and practical -charity," says Mr. Davis Brodhead in the <i>Magazine of American History</i>, -June, 1885, "is also sustained by the endowments of Asa Packer. Indeed, -when we consider the scope of his generosity, of which Washington and -Lee University of Virginia, Muhlenburg College at Allentown, Penn., -Jefferson Medical College of Philadelphia, and many churches throughout -his native State, of different denominations, can bear witness, we can -the better appreciate how truly catholic were his gifts. His -benefactions<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_302" id="Page_302">[Pg 302]</a></span> did not pause upon State lines, nor recognize sectional -divisions.</p> - -<p>"In speaking of his generosity, Senator T. F. Bayard once said, 'The -confines of a continent were too narrow for his sense of human -brotherhood, which recognized its ties everywhere upon this footstool of -the Almighty, and decreed that all were to be united to share in the -fruits of his life-long labor.'"</p> - -<p>Asa Packer was born in Groton, Conn., Dec. 29, 1805. As his father had -been unsuccessful in business he could not educate his boy, who found -employment in a tannery in North Stonington. His employer soon died, and -the youth was obliged to go to work on a farm.</p> - -<p>He was ambitious, and determined to seek his fortune farther west; so -with real courage walked from Connecticut to Susquehanna County, Penn., -and in the new county took up the trade of carpenter and joiner.</p> - -<p>For ten years he worked hard at his trade. He purchased a few acres in -the native forest, cleared off the trees, and built a log house, to -which he took his bride. When children were born into the home she made -all the clothing, and in every way helped the poor, industrious -carpenter to make a living.</p> - -<p>In 1833, when he was twenty-eight years old, Mr. Packer moved his family -to Mauch Chunk in the Lehigh Valley, hoping that he could earn a little -more money by his trade.</p> - -<p>When he had leisure, his busy mind was thinking how the vast supplies of -coal and iron in the Lehigh Valley could be transported East. In the -fall of 1833 the carpenter chartered a canal boat, and doing most of -the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_303" id="Page_303">[Pg 303]</a></span> manual labor himself, he started with a load of coal to -Philadelphia through the Lehigh Canal.</p> - -<p>Making a little money out of this venture, he secured another boat, and -in 1835 took his brother into partnership, and they together commenced -dealing in general merchandise. This firm was the first to carry -anthracite coal through to New York, it having been carried previously -to Philadelphia, and from there re-shipped to New York.</p> - -<p>With Asa Packer's energy, honesty, and broad thinking, the business grew -to good-sized proportions. Then he realized that they must have steam -for quicker transportation. He urged the Lehigh Coal and Navigation -Company to build a railroad along the banks of their canal; but they -refused, thinking that coal and lumber could only pay water freights. In -September, 1847, a charter was granted to the Delaware, Lehigh, -Schuylkill, and Susquehanna Railroad Company; but the people were -indifferent, and the time of the charter was within seventeen days of -expiring, when Asa Packer became one of the board of managers, and by -his efforts graded one mile of the road, thus saving the charter. Two -years later the name of the company was changed to the Lehigh Valley -Railroad Company, and Mr. Packer had a controlling portion of the stock.</p> - -<p>So much faith had he in the project that no one else, apparently, had -faith in, that he offered to build the road from Mauch Chunk to Easton, -a distance of forty-six miles, and take his pay in the stocks and bonds -of the company.</p> - -<p>The offer was accepted; and the road was finished in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_304" id="Page_304">[Pg 304]</a></span> 1855, four years -after it was begun, but not without many discouragements and great -financial strain. Mr. Packer was made president of the railroad company, -which position he held as long as he lived.</p> - -<p>Already wealth and honors had come to the energetic carpenter. In 1842 -and 1843 he was elected to the State Legislature, and became one of the -two associate judges for the new county of Carbon.</p> - -<p>In 1852, and again in 1854, he was elected to Congress as a Democrat, -and made a useful record for himself. So universally respected was he in -Pennsylvania for his Christian life, as well as for his successful -business career, that he was prominently mentioned as a presidential -candidate, Pennsylvania voting solidly for him through fourteen ballots; -and when his name was withdrawn the delegates voted for Horatio Seymour.</p> - -<p>In 1869, Judge Packer was nominated for governor; but the State was -strongly Republican, having given General Grant the previous year 25,000 -majority. Judge Packer was defeated by only 4,500 votes, showing his -popularity in his own State.</p> - -<p>Two years before this, in the autumn of 1867, his great gift, Lehigh -University, had been opened to pupils. It has now considerably over four -hundred students, from thirty-five various States and countries. It was -named by Judge Packer, who would not allow his own name to be used. -After his death the largest of the buildings was called Packer Hall, but -by the wording of the charter the name of the University can never be -changed. The Packer Memorial Church, a handsome structure, is the gift -of Mrs. Packer Cummings, the daughter of the founder. To<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_305" id="Page_305">[Pg 305]</a></span> the east of -Packer Hall is the University Library with 97,000 volumes, the building -costing $100,000, erected by Judge Packer in memory of his daughter Mrs. -Lucy Packer Linderman. At his death he endowed the library with a fund -of $500,000.</p> - -<p>Judge Packer died May 17, 1879, and is buried in the little cemetery at -Mauch Chunk in the picturesque Lehigh Valley. He lived simply, giving -away during the last few years of his life over $4,000,000.</p> - -<p>Said the president of the University, Rev. Dr. John M. Leavitt, in a -memorial sermon delivered in University Chapel, June 15, 1879, "Not only -his magnificent bequests are our treasures; we have something more -precious,—his <i>character</i> is the noblest legacy of Asa Packer to the -Lehigh University....</p> - -<p>"He was both gentle and inflexible, persuasive and commanding, in his -sensibilities refined and delicate as a woman, and in his intellect and -resolve clear and strong as a successful military leader.... Genial -kindness flowed out from him as beams from the sun. Never at any period -of his life is it possible to conceive in him a churlish or niggardly -spirit.... During nearly fifty years he was connected with our church, -usually as an officer, and for much of the long period was a constant -and exemplary communicant.... Like the silent light giving bloom to the -world, his faith had a vitalizing power. He grasped the truth of -Christianity and the position of the church, and showed his creed by his life."</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_306" id="Page_306">[Pg 306]</a></span></p> - -<h2><span>CORNELIUS VANDERBILT</span> <span class="smaller">AND VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY.</span></h2> - -<hr class="smler" /> - -<p>Cornelius Vanderbilt, born May 27, 1794, descended from a Dutch farmer, -Jan Aertsen Van der Bilt, who settled in Brooklyn, N.Y., about 1650, -began his career in assisting his father to convey his produce to market -in a sail-boat. The boy did not care for education, but was active in -pursuit of business. At sixteen he purchased for one hundred dollars a -boat, in which he ferried passengers and goods between New York City and -Staten Island, where his father lived. He saved carefully until he had -paid for it. At eighteen he was the owner of two boats, and captain of a third.</p> - -<p>At nineteen he married a cousin, Sophia Johnson, who by her saving and -her energy helped him to accumulate his fortune. At twenty-three he was -worth $9,000, and was the captain of a steamboat at a salary of $1,000 a -year. The boat made trips between New York City and New Brunswick, N.J., -where his wife managed a small hotel.</p> - -<div class="center"><img src="images/i344.jpg" alt="CORNELIUS VANDERBILT" /></div> - -<p class="bold">CORNELIUS VANDERBILT.</p> - -<p>In 1829, when he was thirty-five, he began to build steamboats, and -operated them on the Hudson River, on Long Island Sound, and on the -route to Boston. When he was forty his property was estimated at -$500,000.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_307" id="Page_307">[Pg 307]</a></span> When the gold-seekers rushed to California, in 1848-1849, Mr. -Vanderbilt established a line by way of Lake Nicaragua, and made large -profits. He also established a line between New York and Havre.</p> - -<p>During the Civil War Mr. Vanderbilt gave the Vanderbilt, his finest -steamship, costing $800,000, to the government, and sent her to the -James River to assist when the Merrimac attacked the national vessels at -Hampton Roads. Congress voted him a gold medal for his timely gift.</p> - -<p>In 1863 he began to invest in railroads, purchasing a large part of the -stock of the New York and Harlem Railroad. His property was at this time -estimated at $40,000,000. He soon gained controlling interest in other -roads. His chief maxim was, "Do your business well, and don't tell -anybody what you are going to do until you have done it."</p> - -<p>In February, 1873, Bishop McTyeire of Nashville, Tenn., was visiting -with the family of Mr. Vanderbilt in New York City. The first wife was -dead, and Mr. Vanderbilt had married a second time. Both men had married -cousins in the city of Mobile, who were very intimate in their girlhood, -and this brought the bishop and Mr. Vanderbilt into friendly relations. -One evening when they were conversing about the effects of the Civil War -upon the Southern States, Commodore Vanderbilt, as he was usually -called, expressed a desire to do something for the South, and asked the -bishop what he would suggest.</p> - -<p>The Methodist Church at the South had organized Central University at -Nashville, but found it impossible to raise the funds needed to carry on -the work. The<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_308" id="Page_308">[Pg 308]</a></span> bishop stated the great need for such an institution, and -Mr. Vanderbilt at once gave $500,000. In his letter to the Board of -Trust, Mr. Vanderbilt said, "If it shall through its influence -contribute even in the smallest degree to strengthening the ties which -should exist between all geographical sections of our common country, I -shall feel that it has accomplished one of the objects that has led me -to take an interest in it."</p> - -<p>Later, in his last illness, he gave enough to make his gift a million. -The name of the institution was changed to Vanderbilt University. Mr. -Vanderbilt died in New York, Jan. 4, 1877, leaving the larger part of -his millions to his son, William Henry Vanderbilt. He gave $50,000 to -the Rev. Charles F. Deems to purchase the Church of the Strangers.</p> - -<p>Founder's Day at Vanderbilt University is celebrated yearly on the late -Commodore's birthday, May 27, the day being ushered in by the playing of -music and the ringing of the University bell.</p> - -<p>Bishop McTyeire, who, Mr. Vanderbilt insisted, should accept the -presidency of the University, used to say, "My wife was a silent but -golden link in the chain of Providence that led to Vanderbilt -University."</p> - -<p>When an attractive site of seventy-five acres of land was chosen for the -buildings, an agent who was recommending an out-of-the-way place -protested, and said, "Bishop, the boys will be looking out of the -windows there."</p> - -<p>"We want them to look out," said the practical bishop, "and to know what -is going on outside."</p> - -<p>The secretary of the faculty tells a characteristic incident of this -noble man. "He once cordially thanked<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_309" id="Page_309">[Pg 309]</a></span> me for conducting through the -University building a company of plain country people, among whom was a -woman with a baby in her arms. 'Who knows what may come of that visit?' -said he. 'It may bring that baby here as a student. He may yet be one of -our illustrious men. Who knows? Who knows? Such people are not to be -neglected. Great men come of them.'"</p> - -<p>Vanderbilt University now has over seven hundred students, and is -sending out many capable scholars into fields of usefulness.</p> - -<p>Mr. William H. Vanderbilt, the son of Cornelius, gave over $450,000 to -the University. His first gift of $100,000 was for the gymnasium, -Science Hall, and Wesley Hall, the Home of the Biblical Department. -Another $100,000 was for the engineering department. At his death, Dec. -8, 1885, he left the University by will $200,000.</p> - -<p>Mr. Vanderbilt's estate was estimated at $200,000,000, double the amount -left by his father. It is said that he left $10,000,000 to each of his -eight children, the larger part of his fortune going to two of his sons, -Cornelius and William K. Vanderbilt.</p> - -<p>He gave for the removing of the obelisk from Egypt to Central Park, -$103,000; to the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York City, -$500,000. His daughter Emily, wife of William D. Sloan, gave a Maternity -Home in connection with the college, costing $250,000. Mr. Vanderbilt's -four sons, Cornelius, William, Frederick, and George, have erected a -building for clinical instruction as a memorial of their father.</p> - -<p>Mr. Vanderbilt gave $100,000 each to the Home and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_310" id="Page_310">[Pg 310]</a></span> Foreign Missions of -the Primitive Episcopal Church, to the New York Missions of that church, -to St. Luke's Hospital, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the United -Brethren Church at New Dorp, Staten Island, and to the Young Men's -Christian Association. He gave $50,000 each to the Theological Seminary -of the Episcopal Church, the New York Bible Society, the Home for -Incurables, Seamen's Society, New York Home for Intemperate Men, and the -American Museum of Natural History.</p> - -<p>Cornelius Vanderbilt, the grandson of Commodore Vanderbilt, has given -$10,000 for the library, and $20,000 for the Hall of Mechanical -Engineering of Vanderbilt University. He has also given a building to -Yale College in memory of his son, a large building at the corner of -Madison Avenue and Forty-fifth Street to his railroad employees for -reading, gymnasium hall, bathrooms, etc., $100,000 for the Protestant -Cathedral, and much to other good works.</p> - -<p>Another son of William H., George W. Vanderbilt, who is making at his -home in Asheville, N.C., a collection as complete as possible of all -trees and plants, established the Thirteenth Street Branch of The Free -Circulating Library in New York City, in July, 1888, and has supported a -normal training-school.</p> - -<p>A daughter of William H., Mrs. Elliott F. Shepard, has given to the -Young Women's Christian Association in New York the Margaret Louisa -Home, 14 and 16 East Sixteenth Street, a handsome and well-appointed -structure where working-women can find a temporary home and comfort. The -limit of time for each guest is four weeks. The house contains -fifty-eight single and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_311" id="Page_311">[Pg 311]</a></span> twenty-one double rooms. It has proved a great -blessing to those who are strangers in a great city, and need -inexpensive and respectable surroundings.</p> - -<p>It is stated in the press that Mrs. Frederick Vanderbilt uses a generous -portion of her income in preparing worthy young women for some useful -position in life,—as nurses, or in sewing or art, each individual -having $500 expended for such training.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_312" id="Page_312">[Pg 312]</a></span></p> - -<h2>BARON MAURICE DE HIRSCH.</h2> - -<hr class="smler" /> - -<p>"The death of Baron Hirsch," says the New York <i>Tribune</i>, April 22, -1896, "is a loss to the whole human race. To one of the most ancient and -illustrious branches of that race it will seem a catastrophe. No man of -this century has done so much for the Jews as he.... In his twelfth -century castle of Eichorn in Moravia he conceived vast schemes of -beneficence. On his more than princely estate of St. Johann in Hungary -he elaborated the details. In his London and Paris mansions he put them -into execution. He rose early and worked late, and kept busy a staff of -secretaries and agents in all parts of the world. He not only relieved -the immediate distress of the people, he founded schools to train them -to useful work. He transported them by thousands from lands of bondage -to lands of freedom, and planted them there in happy colonies. In -countless other directions he gave his wealth freely for the benefit of -mankind without regard to race or creed."</p> - -<p>Baron Hirsch died at Presburg, Hungary, April 20, 1896, of apoplexy. He -was the son of a Bavarian merchant, and was born in 1833. At eighteen he -became a clerk in the banking-firm of Bischoffsheim & Goldschmidt, and -married the daughter of the former. He<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_313" id="Page_313">[Pg 313]</a></span> was the successful promoter of -the great railway system from Budapest to Varna on the Black Sea. He -made vast sums out of Turkish railway bonds, and is said to have been as -rich as the Rothschilds.</p> - -<p>He gave away in his lifetime an enormous amount, stated in the press to -have been $15,000,000 yearly, for the five years before his death.</p> - -<p>The New York <i>Tribune</i> says he gave much more than $20,000,000 for the -help of the Jews. He gave to institutions in Egypt, Turkey, and Asia -Minor, which bear his name. He offered the Russian Government -$10,000,000 for public education if it would make no discrimination as -to race or religion; but it declined the offer, and banished the Jews.</p> - -<p>To the Hirsch fund in this country for the help of the Jews the baron -sent more than $2,500,000. The managers of the fund spent no money in -bringing the Jews to this country, but when here, opened schools for the -children to prepare them to enter the public schools, evening schools -for adults, training-schools to teach them carpentry, plumbing, and the -like; provided public baths for them; bought farm-lands for them in New -Jersey and Connecticut, and assisted them to buy small farms; provided -factories for young men and women, as at Woodbine, N.J., where 5,100 -acres have been purchased for the Hirsch Colony, and a brickyard and -kindling-wood factory established. The baron is said to have received -400 begging letters daily, some of them from crowned heads, to whom he -loaned large amounts. The favorite home of the baron was in Paris, where -he lost his only and idolized son Lucien, in 1888, at the age of twenty. -Much of the fortune that was to be the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_314" id="Page_314">[Pg 314]</a></span> son's the father devoted to -charity, especially to the alleviation of the condition of the European -Jews, in whom the son was deeply interested. Many millions were left to -Lucienne, the extremely pretty natural daughter of his son Lucien.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_315" id="Page_315">[Pg 315]</a></span></p> - -<h2><span>ISAAC RICH</span> <span class="smaller">AND BOSTON UNIVERSITY.</span></h2> - -<hr class="smler" /> - -<p>Isaac Rich left to Boston University, chartered in 1869, more than a -million and a half dollars. He was born in Wellfleet, Mass., in 1801, of -humble parentage. At the age of fourteen he was assisting his father in -a fish-stall in Boston, and afterwards kept an oyster-stall in Faneuil -Hall. He became a very successful fish-merchant, and gave his wealth for -noble purposes.</p> - -<p>Unfortunately, immediately after his death, Jan. 13, 1872, the great -fire of 1872 consumed the best investments of the estate, and the panic -of 1873 and other great losses followed; so that for rebuilding the -stores and banks in which the estate had been largely invested money had -to be borrowed, and at the close of ten years the estate actually -transferred to the University was a little less than $700,000.</p> - -<p>This sum would have been much larger had not the statutes of New York -State made it illegal to convey to a corporation outside the State, like -Boston University, the real estate owned by Mr. Rich in Brooklyn, which -reverted to the legal heirs. It is claimed that Mr. Rich was "the first -Bostonian who ever donated so large a sum to the cause of collegiate -education."</p> - -<p>The Hon. Jacob Sleeper, one of the three original <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_316" id="Page_316">[Pg 316]</a></span>incorporators of the -University, gave to it over a quarter of a million dollars. The College -of Liberal Arts is named in his honor.</p> - -<p>Boston University owes much of its wide reputation to its president, the -Rev. Dr. William F. Warren, a successful author as well as able -executive. From the first he has favored co-education and equal -opportunities for men and women. Dr. Warren said in 1890, "In my opinion -the co-education of the sexes in high and grammar schools, as also in -colleges and universities, is absolutely essential to the best results -in the education of youth.</p> - -<p>"I believe it to be best for boys, best for girls, best for teachers, -best for tax-payers, best for the community, best for morals and manners -and religion."</p> - -<p>More than sixty years ago, in 1833, at its beginning, Oberlin College -gave the first example of co-education in this country. In 1880 a little -more than half the colleges in the United States, 51.3 per cent, had -adopted the policy; in 1890 the proportion had increased to 65.5 per -cent. Probably a majority of persons will agree with Dr. James -MacAlister of Philadelphia, that "co-education is becoming universal -throughout this country."</p> - -<p>Concerning Boston University, the report prepared for the admirable -education series edited by Professor Herbert B. Adams of Johns Hopkins -University, says, "This University was the first to afford the young -women of Massachusetts the advantages of the higher education. Its -College of Liberal Arts antedated Wellesley and Smith and the Harvard -Annex. Its doors, furthermore, were not reluctantly opened in -consequence<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_317" id="Page_317">[Pg 317]</a></span> of the pressure of an outside public opinion too great to -be resisted. On the contrary, it was in advance of public sentiment on -this line, and directed it. Its school of theology was the earliest -anywhere to present to women all the privileges provided for men. In -fact, this University was the first in history to present to women -students unrestricted opportunities to fit themselves for each of the -learned professions. It was the first ever organized from foundation to -capstone without discrimination on the ground of sex. Its publications -bearing upon the joint education of the sexes have been sought in all -countries where the question of opening the older universities to women -has been under discussion."</p> - -<p>Boston University, 1896, has at present 1,270 students,—women 377, men -893,—and requires high grade of scholarship. It is stated that "the -first four years' course of graded medical instruction ever offered in -this country was instituted by this school in the spring of 1878."</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_318" id="Page_318">[Pg 318]</a></span></p> - -<h2><span>DANIEL B. FAYERWEATHER</span> <span class="smaller">AND OTHERS</span></h2> - -<hr class="smler" /> - -<p>Mr. Fayerweather was born in Stepney, Conn., in 1821; he was apprenticed -to a farmer, learned the shoemaker's trade in Bridgeport, and worked at -the trade until he became ill. Then he bought a tin-peddler's outfit, -and went to Virginia. When he could not sell for cash he took hides in payment.</p> - -<p>Afterwards he returned to his trade at Bridgeport, where he remained -till 1854, when he was thirty-three years old. He then removed to New -York City, and entered the employ of Hoyt Brothers, dealers in leather. -Years later, on the withdrawal of Mr. Hoyt, the firm name became -Fayerweather & Ladew. Mr. Fayerweather was a retiring, economical man, -honest and respected. At his death in 1890, he gave to the Presbyterian -Hospital, St. Luke's Hospital, and Manhattan Eye and Ear Infirmary, -$25,000 each; to the Woman's Hospital and Mount Sinai Hospital, $10,000 -each; to Yale College, Columbia College, Cornell University, $200,000 -each; to Bowdoin College, Amherst, Williams, Dartmouth, Wesleyan, -Hamilton, Maryville, Yale Scientific School, University of Virginia, -Rochester, Lincoln, and Hampton Universities, $100,000 each; to Union -Theological Seminary, Lafayette, Marietta, Adelbert, Wabash, and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_319" id="Page_319">[Pg 319]</a></span> Park -Colleges, $50,000 each. The residue of the estate, over $3,000,000, was -divided among various colleges and hospitals.</p> - -<h3>GEORGE I. SENEY,</h3> - -<p>Who died April 7, 1893, in New York City, gave away, between 1879 and -1884, to Seney Hospital in Brooklyn, $500,000, and a like amount each to -the Wesleyan University, and to the Methodist Orphan Asylum, Brooklyn. -To Emory College and Wesleyan Female College, Macon, Ga., he gave -$250,000; to the Long Island Historical Society, $100,000; to the -Brooklyn Library, $60,000; to Drew Theological Seminary, Madison, N.J., -a large amount; to the Industrial School for Homeless Children, -Brooklyn, $25,000, and a like amount to the Eye and Ear Infirmary of -that city. He also gave twenty valuable paintings to the Metropolitan -Museum of Art in New York.</p> - -<p>The givers to colleges have been too numerous to mention. The College of -New Jersey, at Princeton, has received not less than one and a half -million or two million dollars from the John C. Greene estate.</p> - -<p>Johns Hopkins left seven millions to found a university and hospital in -Baltimore.</p> - -<p>The Hon. Washington C. De Pauw left at his death forty per cent of his -estate, estimated at from two to five million dollars, to De Pauw -University, Greencastle, Ind. Though some of the real estate decreased -in value, the university has received already $300,000, and will -probably receive not less than $600,000, or possibly much more, in the future.</p> - -<p>Mr. Jonas G. Clark gave to found Clark University, Worcester, Mass., -about a million dollars to be devoted<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_320" id="Page_320">[Pg 320]</a></span> to post-graduates, or a school -for specialists. Mr. Clark spent about eight years in Europe studying -the highest institutions of learning. Matthew Vassar gave a million -dollars to Vassar College for women at Poughkeepsie, N.Y. Ezra B. -Cornell gave a million to Cornell University at Ithaca, N.Y. Mr. Henry -W. Sage has also been a most munificent giver to the same institution. -Dr. Joseph W. Taylor of Burlington, N.J., a physician and merchant, and -member of the Society of Friends, founded Bryn Mawr College for Women, -at Bryn Mawr, Penn. His gift consisted of property and academic -buildings worth half a million, and one million dollars in invested -funds as endowment.</p> - -<p>Mr. Paul Tulane gave over a million to Tulane University, New Orleans. -George Peabody gave away nine millions in charities,—three millions to -educational institutions, three millions to education at the South to -both whites and negroes, and three millions to build tenement houses for -the poor of London, England.</p> - -<h3>HORACE KELLEY,</h3> - -<p>Of Cleveland, Ohio, left a half-million dollars for the foundation of an -art gallery and school. His family were among the pioneer settlers, and -their purchases of land in what became the heart of the city made their -children wealthy. He was born in Cleveland, July 8, 1819, and died in -the same city, Dec. 5, 1890.</p> - -<p>He married Miss Fanny Miles, of Elyria, Ohio, and spent much of his life -in foreign travel and in California, where they had a home at Pasadena. -His fortune was the result of saving as well as the increase in -real-estate values.</p> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_321" id="Page_321">[Pg 321]</a></span></p><p>Mr. John Huntington made a somewhat larger gift for the same purpose. -Mr. H. B. Hurlbut gave his elegant home, his collection of pictures, -etc., valued at half a million, and Mr. J. H. Wade and others have -contributed land, which make nearly two million dollars for the -Cleveland Art Gallery and School. Mr. W. J. Gordon, of Cleveland, Ohio, -gave land for Gordon's Park, bordering on Lake Erie, valued at a million -dollars. It was beautifully laid out by him with drives, lakes, and -flower-beds, and was his home for many years.</p> - -<h3>MR. HART A. MASSEY,</h3> - -<p>Formerly a resident of Cleveland, but in later years a manufacturer at -Toronto, Canada, at his death, in the spring of 1896, left a million -dollars in charities. To Victoria College, Toronto, $200,000, all but -$50,000 as an endowment fund. This $50,000 is to be used for building a -home for the women students. To each of two other colleges, $100,000, -and to each of two more, $50,000, one of the latter being the new -American University at Washington, D.C. To the Salvation Army, Toronto, -$5,000. To the Fred Victor Mission, to provide missionary nurses to go -from house to house in Toronto, and care for the sick and the needy, -$10,000. Many thousands were given to churches and various homes, and -$10,000 to ministers worn out in service. To Mr. D. L. Moody's schools -at Northfield, Mass., $10,000. Many have given to this noble institution -established by the great evangelist, and it needs and deserves large -endowments. The Frederick Marquand Memorial Hall, brick with gray stone -trimmings, was built as a dormitory for one hundred girls, in 1884, at -a<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_322" id="Page_322">[Pg 322]</a></span> cost of $67,000. Recitation Hall, of colored granite, was built in -1885, at a cost of $40,000, and, as well as some other buildings, was -paid for out of the proceeds of the Moody and Sankey hymn-books. Weston -Hall, costing $25,000, is the gift of Mr. David Weston of Boston. -Talcott Library, a beautiful structure costing $20,000, with a capacity -for forty thousand volumes, is the gift of Mr. James Talcott of New -York, who, among many other benefactions, has erected Talcott Hall at -Oberlin College, a large and handsome boarding-hall for the young women.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_323" id="Page_323">[Pg 323]</a></span></p> - -<h2>CATHARINE LORILLARD WOLFE.</h2> - -<hr class="smler" /> - -<p>In the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City, one sees an -interesting picture of this noted giver, painted by Alexander Cabanel, -commander of the Legion of Honor, and professor in the École des Beaux -Arts of Paris.</p> - -<p>Miss Wolfe, who was born in New York, March 8, 1828, and died in New -York, April 4, 1887, at the age of fifty-nine, was descended from an old -Lutheran family, her great-grandfather, John David Wolfe, coming to this -country from Saxony in 1729. Two of his four children, David and -Christopher, served with credit in the War of the Revolution. After the -war, David and a younger brother were partners in the hardware business, -and their sons succeeded them.</p> - -<p>John David Wolfe, the son of David, born July 24, 1792, retired from -business in the prime of his life, and devoted himself to benevolent -work. He was a vestryman of Trinity Parish, and later senior warden of -Grace Church, New York. He gave to schools and churches all over the -country, to St. Johnland on Long Island, to the Sheltering Arms in New -York, the High School at Denver, Col., the Diocesan School at Topeka, -Kan., etc. He was a helper in the New York Historical Society, and one -of the founders of the American Museum of<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_324" id="Page_324">[Pg 324]</a></span> Natural History in New York. -He was its first president when he died, May 17, 1872, in his eightieth -year, leaving only one child, Catharine, to inherit his large property.</p> - -<p>A portion of Miss Wolfe's seven millions came from her mother, Dorothea -Lorillard, and the rest from her father. She was an educated woman, who -had read much and travelled extensively, and, like her father, used her -money in doing good while she lived. Her private benefactions were -constant, and she went much among the poor and suffering.</p> - -<p>She built in East Broadway a Newsboy's Lodging House for not less than -$50,000; the Italian Mission Church in Mulberry Street, $50,000, with -tenement house in the same street, $20,000; the house for the clergy of -the diocese of New York, 29 Lafayette Place, $170,000; St. Luke's -Hospital, $30,000; Home for Incurables at Fordham, $30,000; Union -College, Schenectady, N.Y., $100,000; Schools in the Western States, -$50,000; Home and Foreign Missions, $100,000; American Church in Rome, -$40,000; American School of Classical Studies at Athens, $20,000; -Virginia Seminary, $25,000; Grace House, containing reading and lecture -rooms for the poor, and Grace Church, $200,000 or more. She paid the -expense of the exploring expedition to Babylonia under the leadership of -the distinguished Oriental scholar, Dr. William Hayes Ward, editor of -the <i>Independent</i>. A friend tells of her sending him to New York, from -her boat on the Nile, a check for $25,000 to be distributed in -charities. She educated young girls; she helped those who are unable to -make their way in the world.</p> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_325" id="Page_325">[Pg 325]</a></span></p><p>Having given all her life, she gave away over a million at her death in -money and objects of art. To the Metropolitan Museum of Art she gave the -Catharine Lorillard Wolfe collection, with pictures by Rosa Bonheur, -Meissonnier, Gérôme, Verboeckhoven, Hans Makart, Sir Frederick Leighton, -Couture, Bouguéreau, and many others. She added an endowment of $200,000 -for the preservation and increase of the collection.</p> - -<p>One of the most interesting to me of all the pictures in the Wolfe -collection is the sheep in a storm, No. 118, "Lost," souvenir of -Auvergne, by Auguste Frederic Albrecht Schenck, a member of the Legion -of Honor, born in the Duchy of Holstein, 1828. Those who love animals -can scarcely stand before it without tears.</p> - -<p>Others besides Miss Wolfe have made notable gifts to the Museum of Art. -Mr. Cornelius Vanderbilt gave, in 1887, Rosa Bonheur's world-renowned -"Horse Fair," for which he paid $53,500. It was purchased at the auction -sale of Mr. A. T. Stewart's collection, March 25, 1887.</p> - -<p>Meissonnier's "Friedland, 1807" was purchased at the Stewart sale by Mr. -Henry Hilton for $66,000, and presented to the museum. Mr. Stephen -Whitney Phoenix, who gave so generously to Columbia College, was also, -like Mr. George I. Seney, a great giver to the museum.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_326" id="Page_326">[Pg 326]</a></span></p> - -<h2>MISS MARY ELIZABETH GARRETT</h2> - -<p>Of Baltimore gave to the Medical School of Johns Hopkins University over -$400,000, that women might have equal medical opportunities with men.</p> - -<p>President Daniel C. Gilman, in an article on Johns Hopkins University, -says, "Much attention had been directed to the importance of medical -education for women; and efforts had been made by committees of ladies -in Baltimore and other cities to secure for this purpose an adequate -endowment, to be connected with the foundations of Johns Hopkins. As a -result of this movement, the trustees accepted a gift from the committee -of ladies, a sum which, with its accrued interest, amounted to $119,000, -toward the endowment of a medical school to which 'women should be -admitted upon the same terms which may be prescribed for men.'</p> - -<p>"This gift was made in October, 1891; but as it was inadequate for the -purposes proposed, Miss Mary E. Garrett, in addition to her previous -subscriptions, offered to the trustees the sum of $306,977, which, with -other available resources, made up the amount of $500,000, which had -been agreed upon as the minimum endowment of the Johns Hopkins Medical -School. These contributions enabled the trustees to proceed to the -organization of a school of medicine which was opened to candidates for -the degree of doctor of medicine in October, 1893."</p> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_327" id="Page_327">[Pg 327]</a></span></p><p>Several women have aided Johns Hopkins, as indeed they have most -institutions of learning in America. Mrs. Caroline Donovan gave to the -university $100,000 for the foundation of a chair of English literature. -In 1887 Mrs. Adam T. Bruce of New York gave the sum of $10,000 to found -the Bruce fellowship in memory of her son, the late Adam T. Bruce, who -had been a fellow and an instructor at the university. Mrs. William E. -Woodyear gave the sum of $10,000 to found five scholarships as a -memorial of her deceased husband. Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence Turnbull endowed -the Percy Turnbull memorial lectureship of poetry with an income of -$1,000 per annum.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_328" id="Page_328">[Pg 328]</a></span></p> - -<h2>MRS. ANNA OTTENDORFER.</h2> - -<hr class="smler" /> - -<p>"Whenever our people gratefully point out their benefactors, whenever -the Germans in America speak of those who are objects of their -veneration and their pride, the name of Anna Ottendorfer will assuredly -be among the first. For all time to come her memory and her work will be -blessed." Thus spoke the Hon. Carl Schurz at the bier of Mrs. -Ottendorfer in the spring of 1884.</p> - -<p>Anna Behr was born in Würzburg, Bavaria, in a simple home, Feb. 13, -1815. In 1837, when twenty-two years old, she came to America, remained -a year with her brother in Niagara County, N.Y., and then married Jacob -Uhl, a printer.</p> - -<p>In 1844 Mr. Uhl started a job-office in Frankfort Street, New York, and -bought a small weekly paper called the <i>New-Yorker Staats-Zeitung</i>. His -young wife helped him constantly, and finally the weekly paper became a -daily.</p> - -<p>Her husband died in 1852, leaving her with six children and a daily -paper on her hands. She was equal to the task. She declined to sell the -paper, and managed it well for seven years. Then she married Mr. Oswald -Ottendorfer, who was on the staff of the paper.</p> - -<p>Both worked indefatigably, and made the paper more successful than ever. -She was always at her desk.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_329" id="Page_329">[Pg 329]</a></span> "Her callers," says <i>Harper's Bazar</i>, May -3, 1884, "had been many. Her visitors represented all classes of -society,—the opulent and the poor, the high and the lowly. There was -advice for the one, assistance for the other; an open heart and an open -purse for the deserving; a large charity wisely used."</p> - -<p>In 1875 Mrs. Ottendorfer built the Isabella Home for Aged Women in -Astoria, Long Island, giving to it $150,000. It was erected in memory of -her deceased daughter, Isabella.</p> - -<p>In 1881 she contributed about $40,000 to a memorial fund in support of -several educational institutions, and the next year built and furnished -the Woman's Pavilion of the German Hospital of New York City, giving -$75,000. For the German Dispensary in Second Avenue she gave $100,000, -also a library.</p> - -<p>At her death she provided liberally for many institutions, and left -$25,000 to be divided among the employees of the <i>Staats-Zeitung</i>. In -1879 the property of the paper was turned into a stock-company; and, at -the suggestion of Mrs. Ottendorfer, the employees were provided for by a -ten-per-cent dividend on their annual salary. Later this was raised to -fifteen per cent, which greatly pleased the men.</p> - -<p>The New York <i>Sun</i>, in regard to her care for her employees, especially -in her will, says, "She had always the reputation of a very clever, -business-like, and charitable lady. Her will shows, however, that she -was much more than that—she must have been a wonderful woman." A year -before her death the Empress Augusta of Germany sent her a medal in -recognition of her many charities.</p> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_330" id="Page_330">[Pg 330]</a></span></p><p>Mrs. Ottendorfer died April 1, 1884, and was buried in Greenwood. Her -estate was estimated at $3,000,000, made by her own skill and energy. -Having made it, she enjoyed giving it to others.</p> - -<p>Her husband, Mr. Oswald Ottendorfer, has given most generously to his -native place Zwittau,—an orphan asylum and home for the poor, a -hospital, and a fine library with a beautiful monumental fountain before -it, crowned by a statue representing mother-love; a woman carrying a -child in her arms and leading another. His statue was erected in the -city in 1886, and the town was illuminated in his honor at the -dedication of the library.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_331" id="Page_331">[Pg 331]</a></span></p> - -<h2>DANIEL P. STONE AND VALERIA G. STONE.</h2> - -<hr class="smler" /> - -<p>When Mr. Stone, who was a dry-goods merchant of Boston, died in Malden, -Mass., in 1878, it was agreed between him and his wife, Mrs. Valeria G. -Stone, that the property earned and saved by them should be given to charity.</p> - -<p>While Mrs. Stone lived she gave generously; and at her death, Jan. 15, -1884, over eighty years old, she gave away more than $2,000,000. To -Andover Theological Seminary, to the American Missionary Association for -schools among the colored people, $150,000 each, and much to aid -struggling students and churches, and to save mortgaged homes. To -Wellesley College to build Stone Hall, $110,000; to Bowdoin College, -Amherst, Dartmouth, Drury, Carleton, Chicago Seminary, Hamilton, Iowa, -Oberlin, Hampton Institute, Woman's Board for Armenia College, Turkey, -Olivet College, Ripon, Illinois, Marietta, Beloit, Robert College, -Constantinople, Berea, Doane, Colorado, Washburne, Howard University, -each from five to seventy-five thousand dollars. She gave also to -hospitals, city mission work, rescue homes, and Christian associations. -For evangelical work in France she gave $15,000.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_332" id="Page_332">[Pg 332]</a></span></p> - -<h2>SAMUEL WILLISTON,</h2> - -<p>The giver of over one million and a half dollars was born at -Easthampton, Mass., July 17, 1795.</p> - -<p>He was the son of the Rev. Payson Williston, first pastor of the First -Church in Easthampton in 1789, and the grandson of the Rev. Noah -Williston of West Haven, Conn., on his father's side, and of the Rev. -Nathan Birdseye of Stratford, Conn., on his mother's.</p> - -<p>As the salary of the father probably never exceeded $350 yearly, the -family were brought up in the strictest economy. At ten years of age the -boy Samuel worked on a farm, earning for the next six years about seven -dollars a month, and saving all that was possible. In the winters he -attended the district school, and studied Latin with his father, as he -hoped to fit himself for the ministry.</p> - -<p>He began his preparation at Phillips Academy, Andover, carrying thither -his worldly possessions in a bag under his arm. "We were both of us -about as poor in money as we could be," said his roommate years -afterward, the Rev. Enoch Sanford, D.D., "but our capital in hope and -fervor was boundless." Samuel's eyes soon failed him, and he was obliged -to give up the project of ever becoming a minister. He entered the store -of Arthur Tappan, in New York, as clerk; but ill health compelled him to -return to the farm with its out-door life.</p> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_333" id="Page_333">[Pg 333]</a></span></p><p>When he was twenty-seven he married Emily Graves of Williamsburg, Mass. -She brought to the marriage partnership a noble heart, and every -willingness to help. The story is told that she cut off a button from -the coat of a visitor, with his consent, learned how it was covered, and -soon furnished work for her neighbors as well as herself.</p> - -<p>After some years Mr. Williston began in a small way to manufacture -buttons, and the business grew under his capable management till a -thousand families found employment. He formed a partnership with Joel -and Josiah Hayden at Haydenville, for the manufacture of machine-made -buttons in 1835, then first introduced into this country from England. -Four years later the business was transferred to Easthampton.</p> - -<p>Mr. Williston did not wait till he was very rich before he began to -give. In 1837 he helped largely towards the erection of the First Church -in Easthampton. In 1841 he established Williston Seminary, which became -a most excellent fitting-school for college. During his lifetime he gave -to this school about $270,000, and left it at his death an endowment of -$600,000.</p> - -<p>He was also deeply interested in Amherst College, establishing the -Williston professorship of rhetoric and oratory, the Graves, now -Williston, professorship of Greek, and some others. "He began giving to -Amherst College," writes Professor Joseph H. Sawyer, "when the -institution was in the depths of poverty and well-nigh given over as a -failure. He saved the college to mankind, and by example and personal -solicitation stimulated others to give." He built and equipped Williston -Hall, and assisted in the erection of other buildings.</p> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_334" id="Page_334">[Pg 334]</a></span></p><p>He aided Mary Lyon, in establishing Mount Holyoke Seminary, gave to -Iowa College, the Protestant College in Beirut, Syria, and to churches, -libraries, and various other institutions.</p> - -<p>He was active in all business enterprises, as well as works of -benevolence. He was president of the Williston Cotton Mills, the First -National Bank, Gas Company, and Nashawannuck (suspender) Company, all at -Easthampton. He was the first president of the Hampshire and Hampden -Railway, president of the First National Bank of Northampton, also of -the Greenville Manufacturing Company (cotton cloths), member of both -branches of the Legislature until he declined a re-election, one of the -trustees of Amherst College, of the Westborough, Mass., Reform School, -on the board of an asylum for idiots in Boston, a corporate member of -the American Board, a trustee of Mount Holyoke Seminary, etc.</p> - -<p>Mr. Williston overcame the obstacles of poor eyesight, ill health, and -poverty, and became a blessing to tens of thousands. His wife was -equally a giver with him. The Rev. William Seymour Tyler, D.D., of -Amherst College, said at the semi-centennial celebration of Williston -Seminary, June 14-17, 1891, "I knew its founders. I say 'founders,' for -Mrs. Williston had scarcely less to do than Mr. Williston in planning -and founding the building and endowing the seminary, as in all the -successful measures and achievements of his remarkable and useful life; -and the few enterprises in which he did not succeed were those in which -he did not follow her advice. I knew the founders from the time when, at -the beginning of their prosperity, their<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_335" id="Page_335">[Pg 335]</a></span> home and their factory were -both in a modest wing of Father Williston's parsonage, until they had -created Williston Seminary, made Easthampton, following out their great -and good work, and entered into their rest."</p> - -<p>Five children were born to Mr. and Mrs. Williston, but all died in -childhood. They adopted five children, two boys and three girls, reared -them, and educated them for honored positions in life.</p> - -<p>Mr. Williston died at Easthampton, July 17, 1874; and his wife, two -years younger than he, died April 12, 1885. Both are buried in the -cemetery at Easthampton, to which burying-ground Mr. Williston gave, at -his death, $10,000. He lived simply, and saved that he might give it in charities.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_336" id="Page_336">[Pg 336]</a></span></p> - -<h2><span>JOHN F. SLATER AND DANIEL HAND,</span> <span class="smaller">AND THEIR GIFTS TO THE COLORED PEOPLE.</span></h2> - -<hr class="smler" /> - -<p>One of the best charities our country has ever had bestowed upon it is -the million-dollar gift of Mr. Slater, and the million and a half gift -of Mr. Hand, for the education of the colored people in the Southern -States. Other millions of dollars are yet needed to train these millions -of the colored race to self-help and good citizenship.</p> - -<p>Mr. John Fox Slater was born in Slatersville, R.I., March 4, 1815. He -was the son of John Slater, who helped his brother Samuel to found the -first cotton manufacturing industry in the United States.</p> - -<p>Samuel Slater came from England; and setting up some machinery from -memory, after arriving in this country, as nobody was permitted to carry -plans out of England, he started the first cotton-mill in December, -1790. A few years later his brother John came from England, and together -they started a mill at Slatersville, R.I.</p> - -<p>They built mills also at Oxford, now Webster, Mass., and in time became -men of wealth. Mr. Samuel Slater opened a Sunday-school for his workmen, -one of the first institutions of that kind in this country.</p> - -<p>His son John early developed rare business qualities,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_337" id="Page_337">[Pg 337]</a></span> and at the age of -seventeen was placed in charge of one of his father's mills at Jewett -City, near Norwich, Conn. He had received a good academical education, -had excellent judgment, would not speculate, and was noted for integrity -and honor. He became not only the head of his own extensive business, -but prominent in many outside enterprises.</p> - -<p>His manners were refined, he was self-poised and somewhat reserved, and -very unostentatious, thereby showing his true manhood. He read on many -subjects,—finance, politics, and religion, and was a good -conversationalist.</p> - -<p>As he grew richer he felt the responsibility of his wealth. He gave -generously to the country during the Civil War; he contributed largely -to the establishment of the Norwich Free Academy and to the -Congregational Church in Norwich with which he was connected, and to -other worthy objects.</p> - -<p>He determined to do good with his money while he lived. After the war, -having given largely for the relief of the freedmen, he decided to give -to a board of trustees $1,000,000, for the purpose of "uplifting the -lately emancipated population of the Southern States and their posterity -by conferring on them the blessings of Christian education."</p> - -<p>When asked the precise meaning of the phrase "Christian education," he -replied, "that in the sense which he intended, the common school -teaching of Massachusetts and Connecticut was Christian education. That -it is leavened with a predominant and salutary Christian influence."</p> - -<p>He said in his letter to the trustees, "It has pleased<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_338" id="Page_338">[Pg 338]</a></span> God to grant me -prosperity in my business, and to put it into my power to apply to -charitable uses a sum of money so considerable as to require the counsel -of wise men for the administration of it." In committing the money to -their hands he "humbly hoped that the administration of it might be so -guided by divine wisdom as to be, in its turn, an encouragement to -philanthropic enterprise on the part of others, and an enduring means of -good to our beloved country and to our fellow-men."</p> - -<p>Mr. Slater's gift awakened widespread interest and appreciation. The -Congress of the United States voted him thanks, and caused a gold medal -to be struck in his honor.</p> - -<p>Mr. Slater lived to see his work well begun, intrusted to such men as -ex-President Hayes at the head of the trust, Phillips Brooks, Governor -Colquitt of Georgia, his son William A. Slater, and others. He died May -7, 1884, at Norwich, at the age of sixty-nine.</p> - -<p>The general agent of the trust for several years was the late Dr. A. G. -Haygood of Georgia, who resigned when he was made a bishop in the -Methodist Church. Since 1891 Dr. J. L. M. Curry of Washington, D.C., -chairman of the Educational Committee, and author of "The Southern -States of the American Union" and other works, has been the able agent -of the Slater as well as Peabody Funds. Dr. Curry, member of both -National and Confederate Congresses, and minister to Spain for three -years, has been devoted to education all his life, and gives untiring -industry and deep interest to his work.</p> - -<p>The Slater Fund is used in normal schools to fit<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_339" id="Page_339">[Pg 339]</a></span> students for teaching -and for industrial education, and much of it is paid in salaries to -teachers.</p> - -<p>Dr. Curry, in his Report for 1892-1893, gives a list of the schools -aided in that year, all of which he visited during the year. To Bishop -College, Marshall, Tex., with 248 colored students, $1,000 was given for -normal work and manual training; to Central Tennessee College, -Nashville, with 493 students, $2,000, to pay the teachers in the -mechanical shop, carpentry, sewing, cooking, etc.; to Clark University, -Atlanta, Ga., 415 students, $2,500, mostly to the mechanical department, -etc.; to Spelman Female Institute, Atlanta, with 744 pupils, $5,000; the -institute has nine buildings, with property valued at $200,000.</p> - -<p>To Claflin University, Orangeburg, S.C., with 635 students, both men and -women, $3,096, chiefly to the industrial department,—iron-working, -harness-making, masonry, painting, etc.; to Hampton Normal Institute, -Hampton, Va., the noble institution to which General S. C. Armstrong -gave his life, $5,000, for training girls in housework, to the -machine-shop, for teachers in natural history, mathematics, etc. There -are nearly 800 pupils in the school.</p> - -<p>To the Leonard Medical School, Shaw University, Raleigh, N.C., $1,000. -The medical faculty are all white men. To the university itself, with -462 pupils, $2,500; to the Meharry Medical College, Nashville, 117 men -and four women, $1,500; to the State Normal School, Montgomery, Ala., -with 900 students, $2,500; to the Normal and Industrial Institute, -Tuskegee, Ala., with 400 men and 320 women, $2,100, given largely to the -departments of agriculture, leather and tin, <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_340" id="Page_340">[Pg 340]</a></span>brick-making, saw-mill -work, plastering, dressmaking, etc. "This institution is an achievement -of Mr. Booker T. Washington, a graduate of Hampton Normal Institute," -says the Report of the Commissioner of Education, 1891-1892. "Opened in -1881 with one teacher and thirty pupils, it attained such success that -in 1892 there were 44 officers and teachers and over 600 students. It -also owns property estimated at $150,000, upon which there is no -encumbrance. General S. C. Armstrong said of it, 'I think it is the -noblest and grandest work of any colored man in the land.'"</p> - -<p>To Straight University, New Orleans, La., with 600 pupils, the Slater -Fund gave $2,000. The late Thomas Lafon, a colored man, left at death -$5,800 to this excellent institution; to Talladega College, Talladega, -Ala., with 519 students, $2,500; to Tougaloo University, Tougaloo, -Miss., with 392 students, $3,000. This institute, under the charge of -the American Missionary Association, began twenty-five years ago with -one small building surrounded by negro cabins. Now there are ten -buildings in the midst of five hundred acres. Most of these institutions -for colored people have small libraries, which would be greatly helped -by the gift of good books.</p> - -<p>In nine years, from 1883 to 1892, nearly $400,000 was given from the -Slater Fund to push forward the education of the colored people. Most of -them were poor and left in ignorance through slavery; but they have made -rapid progress, and have shown themselves worthy of aid. The <i>American -Missionary</i>, June, 1883, tells of a law-student at Shaw University who -helped to support his widowed mother, taught a school of 80<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_341" id="Page_341">[Pg 341]</a></span> scholars -four miles in the country, walking both ways, studying law and reciting -at night nearly a mile away from his home. When admitted to the bar, he -sustained the best examination in a class of 30, all the others white.</p> - -<p>The <i>Howard Quarterly</i>, January, 1893, cites the case of a young woman -who prepared for college at Howard University. She led the entire -entrance class at the Chicago University, and received a very -substantial reward in a scholarship that will pay all expenses of the -four years' course.</p> - -<p>Mr. La Port, the superintendent of construction of the George R. Smith -College, Sedalia, Mo., was born a slave; he ran away at twelve, worked -fourteen years to obtain money enough to secure his freedom, is now -worth $75,000, and supports his aged mother and the widow of the man -from whom he purchased his freedom.</p> - -<p>The highest honor at Boston University in 1892 was awarded to a colored -man, Thomas Nelson Baker, born a slave in Virginia in 1860. The class -orator at Harvard College in 1890 was a colored man, Clement Garnett Morgan.</p> - -<h3>DANIEL HAND</h3> - -<p>Was born in Madison, Conn., July 16, 1801. He was descended from good -Puritan ancestors, who came to this country in 1635 from Maidstone, -Kent, England. His grandfather on his father's side served in the War of -the Revolution, and his ancestors on his mother's side both in the old -French War and the Revolutionary War.</p> - -<p>Daniel, one of seven boys, lived on a farm till he was about sixteen -years of age, when he went to Augusta,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_342" id="Page_342">[Pg 342]</a></span> Ga., in 1818, with an uncle, -Daniel Meigs, a merchant of that place and of Savannah. Young Hand -proved most useful in his uncle's business; in time succeeded him, and -became one of the leading merchants of the South. Some fifteen years -before the war Mr. Hand took into business partnership in Augusta Mr. -George W. Williams, a native of Georgia, who later established a -business in Charleston, S.C., Mr. Hand furnishing the larger part of the -capital. The business in Augusta was given in charge to a nephew, and -Mr. Hand temporarily removed to New York City.</p> - -<p>When the Civil War became imminent, Mr. Hand went South, was arrested as -a "Lincoln spy" in New Orleans; but no basis being found for the charge, -was released on parole that he would report to the Confederate authority -at Richmond. On his way thither, passing the night in Augusta, he would -have been mobbed by a lawless crowd who gathered about his hotel, had -not a few of the leading men of Atlanta hurried him off to jail in a -carriage with the mayor and a few friends as a guard.</p> - -<p>Reporting at Richmond, Mr. Hand was allowed to go where he chose, if -within the limits of the Confederacy, and chose Asheville, N.C., for his -home until the war ended, spending his time in reading, of which he was -very fond, and then came North.</p> - -<p>The Confederate Courts at Charleston tried to confiscate his property, -but this was prevented largely through the influence of Mr. Williams. -Some years later, when the latter became involved, and creditors were -pressing for payment, Mr. Hand, the largest creditor, refused to secure -his claim, saying, "If Mr.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_343" id="Page_343">[Pg 343]</a></span> Williams lives, he will pay his debts. I am -not at all concerned about it." The money was paid by Mr. Williams at -his own convenience after several years.</p> - -<p>Mr. Hand had married early in life his cousin, Elizabeth Ward, daughter -of Dr. Levi Ward of Rochester, N.Y., who died early, as well as their -young children. Mr. Hand remained a widower for more than fifty years.</p> - -<p>Bereft of wife and children, fond of the Southern people, yet heartily -opposed to slavery, and realizing the helplessness and ignorance of the -slaves, Mr. Hand decided to give to the American Missionary Association -$1,000,894.25, the income to be used "for the purpose of educating needy -and indigent colored people of African descent, residing, or who may -hereafter reside, in the recent slave States of the United States of -America.... I would limit," he said, "the sum of $100 as the largest sum -to be expended for any one person in any one year from this fund." The -fund, transferred Oct. 22, 1888, was to be known as the "Daniel Hand -Educational Fund for Colored People."</p> - -<p>Upon Mr. Hand's death, at Guilford, Conn., Dec. 17, 1891, in the family -of one of his nieces, it was found that he had made the American -Missionary Association his residuary legatee. About $500,000 passed into -the possession of the Association, to be used for the same purpose as -the million dollars; and about $200,000, it is believed, will eventually -go to the organization after life-use by others.</p> - -<p>The American Missionary Association is a noble society, organized in -1846 and chartered in 1862, for helping the poor and neglected races at -our own doors, by<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_344" id="Page_344">[Pg 344]</a></span> establishing churches and schools in the South among -both negroes and whites, in the West among the Indians, and in the -Pacific States among the Chinese.</p> - -<p>The Rev. Dr. A. D. Mayo says, in his book on the Southern women in the -recent educational movement in the South, "Perhaps the most notable -success in the secondary, normal, and higher training of colored youth -has been achieved by the American Missionary Association.... At present -its labors in the South are largely directed to training superior -colored youth of both sexes for the work of teaching in the new public -schools. It now supports six institutions called colleges and -universities, in which not only the ordinary English branches are -taught, but opportunity is offered for the few who desire a moderate -college course." Fisk University of Nashville, which has sent out over -12,000 students, is one of the most interesting.</p> - -<p>The American Missionary Association assists 74 schools for colored -people with 12,000 pupils, 198 churches for the same with over 10,000 -members and a much larger number in the Sunday-schools; 14 churches -among the Indians with over 900 members; 20 schools among the Chinese at -the West with over 1,000 pupils and over 300 Christian Chinese.</p> - -<p>Mr. Hand's noble gift aids about fifty schools in the various Southern -States from its income of over $50,000 yearly.</p> - -<p>Mr. Hand was a man of fine personal presence, of extensive reading, and -wide observation. He gave, says his relative, Mr. George A. Wilcox, "for -the well-being of many, both within and without the family connection, -who have come within the province of deserved <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_345" id="Page_345">[Pg 345]</a></span>assistance; befriending -those who try to help themselves, whether successfully or not, but -unalterably stern in his disfavor when idleness or dissipation lead to -want." He gave the academy bearing his name to his native town of -Madison, Conn. He joined the First Presbyterian Church in Augusta, Ga., -when he was twenty-eight years of age, and was for thirty years its -efficient Sunday-school superintendent. He organized a teachers' -meeting, held every Saturday evening, which proved of great benefit.</p> - -<p>He always loved the Scriptures. He said one day to a friend, as he laid -his hand on his well-worn Bible, "I always read from that book every -morning, and have done so from my boyhood, except in a comparatively few -cases of unusual interruption or special hindrance."</p> - -<p>He was often heard to say, "I have now a very short time for this world, -but I take no concern about that; no matter where or when I die, I hope -I am ready to go when called."</p> - -<p>The temperance work needs another Daniel Hand to furnish a million -dollars for its labors among the colored men of the South, where, says -the thirtieth annual report of the National Temperance Society, "the -saloon is everywhere working their ruin. It destroys their manhood, -despoils their homes, impoverishes their families, defrauds their wives -and children, and debauches the whole community."</p> - -<p>The National Temperance Society, whose efficient and lamented Secretary, -John N. Stearns, died April 21, 1895, was organized in 1865. It has -printed and scattered over 900,000,000 pages of total-abstinence -literature. With its board of thirty managers representing<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_346" id="Page_346">[Pg 346]</a></span> nearly all -denominations and temperance organizations, ever on the alert to assist -in making and enforcing helpful laws and to lessen the power of the -liquor traffic, it is doing its work all over the nation. Says one who -has long been identified with this organization, "I believe there is no -Missionary Society, either Home or Foreign, that is doing more for the -cause of Christ than this society, especially in saving the boys and -girls; and yet, so far as I know, it receives less donations than any -other society, and very rarely a legacy." Mr. William E. Dodge, the -well-known merchant of New York, left the Society, by will, $5,000. Mr. -W. B. Spooner of Boston, and Mr. James H. Kellogg of Rochester, N.Y., -each left $5,000.</p> - -<p>It is a hopeful sign of the times when laws are passed in thirty-nine -States and all the Territories requiring the teaching of the nature and -effects of alcoholic drinks upon the human system. It is encouraging -when a million members of Christian Endeavor societies pledge themselves -"to seek the overthrow of this evil at all times in every lawful way." -Our country has given grandly for education; it will in the future give -more generously to reforms which help to do away with poverty and crime.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_347" id="Page_347">[Pg 347]</a></span></p> - -<h2>GEORGE T. ANGELL.</h2> - -<hr class="smler" /> - -<p>George T. Angell, the president and founder of "The American Humane -Education Society," and president and one of the founders of "The -Massachusetts Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals," -deserves, with the late lamented Henry Bergh of New York, the thanks of -the nation for their noble work in teaching kindness to dumb creatures, -and preventing cruelty. No charity can lie nearer to my own heart than -the societies for the prevention of cruelty to animals.</p> - -<p>Mr. Angell, now seventy-three years of age,—he was born at Southbridge, -Mass., June 5, 1823,—the son of a minister, a graduate of Dartmouth -College, a successful lawyer, gave up his practice of seventeen years, -in 1868, to devote himself and his means, without pay, to humane work -all over the world. He has enlisted the highest and the lowest in behalf -of dumb animals. He has spoken before schools and conventions, before -legislatures and churches, before kings and in prisons, in behalf of -those who must patiently submit to wrong, and have no voice to plead for -themselves.</p> - -<p>Mr. Angell helped to establish the first "American Band of Mercy;" and -now there are nearly 25,000 bands, with a membership of between one and -two million <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_348" id="Page_348">[Pg 348]</a></span>persons, all pledged "to try to be kind to all living -creatures, and try to protect them from cruel usage."</p> - -<p>He has helped to scatter more than two million copies, in nearly all -European and some Asiatic languages, of Anna Sewell's charming -autobiography of an English horse, "Black Beauty," telling both of kind -and cruel masters. Ten thousand copies have recently been printed for -circulation in the schools of Italy.</p> - -<p>A thousand cruel fashions, such as that of docking horses, or killing -for mere sport, will be done away when men and women have given these -subjects more careful thought.</p> - -<div class="center"><div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<div>"Evil is wrought by want of thought</div> -<div class="i2">As well as want of heart,"</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p>wrote Thomas Hood in "The Lady's Dream."</p> - -<p>"Our Dumb Animals," published in Boston, of which Mr. Angell is the -editor, and which should be in every home and school in the land, has a -circulation of about 50,000 to 60,000 a month, and is sent to the -editors of 20,000 American publications. Over one hundred and seventeen -million pages of humane literature are printed in a single year by the -American Humane Education Society and the Massachusetts S. P. C. A.; the -latter society has convicted about 5,000 persons in the last few years -of overloading horses, beating dogs or inciting them to fight, starving -animals, or other forms of cruelty.</p> - -<p>In most large cities drinking fountains have been provided for man and -beast; transportation and slaughter of animals have been rendered more -humane; children<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_349" id="Page_349">[Pg 349]</a></span> have been taught kindness to the weakest and smallest -of God's creatures; to feel with Cowper,—</p> - -<div class="center"><div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<div>"I would not enter on my list of friends</div> -<div>(Though graced with polished manners and fine sense,</div> -<div>Yet wanting sensibility) the man</div> -<div>Who needlessly sets foot upon a worm."</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p>Some persons are following the example of Baroness Burdett-Coutts in -London, who has provided a home for lost dogs, where they are kept till -their owners call for them, or are given away to those who know that to -have a pet in the home is a sure way to make people more tender and more -noble in character. Such a place is found on Lake Street, Brighton, -Mass., in the Ellen M. Gifford Sheltering Home for Animals, where each -year several hundred dogs and cats are received, and homes found for -them. There is a large playground for the dogs, and greater space for -the cats. It is stated in the Report that the Boston police "have always -generously and humanely aided the work of the Shelter." The objects of -the "Sheltering Home" are:—</p> - -<p>"First, to aid and succor the waifs and strays of the city.</p> - -<p>"Second, to alleviate the sufferings of sick, abused, and homeless -animals.</p> - -<p>"Third, to find good homes for all those who come to the Shelter, as far -as possible.</p> - -<p>"Fourth, to spread the gospel of humanity towards dumb creatures by -practical example."</p> - -<p>It would be difficult to find in history a truly great person, like -Wellington, Abraham Lincoln, Dr. Samuel Johnson, or Sir Walter Scott, -who has not been a lover<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_350" id="Page_350">[Pg 350]</a></span> of dogs or birds or cats. Frederick the Great -when dying asked an attendant to cover one of his dogs which seemed to -be shivering with the cold.</p> - -<p>"Our Dumb Animals" for May, 1896, gives the names of more than a hundred -persons who have left legacies in the last few years to the -Massachusetts Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. Every -State and city needs more of these generous givers. A letter lies before -me from Mr. E. C. Parmelee, the general agent of the society in -Cleveland, Ohio, which says, "I regret to say that we have no dog -shelter.... We should very much like to have one, and a hospital for -broken-down and neglected horses.... We have very much hoped that we -should have a bequest at no very distant day sufficiently large to build -such a block as we need, with dormitories for children who are picked up -in the night, and with an apartment for keeping our horse-ambulance, -with a pair of horses and driver always at command, to remove such -horses as are disabled, and fall in the streets from various causes."</p> - -<p>Every society needs more agents to watch carefully the dumb creatures -who carry heavy loads, or are neglected or ill treated; and the gospel -of kindness to animals needs to be carried to every part of the earth.</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_351" id="Page_351">[Pg 351]</a></span></p> - -<h2><span>WILLIAM W. CORCORAN</span> <span class="smaller">AND HIS ART GALLERY.</span></h2> - -<hr class="smler" /> - -<p>William Wilson Corcoran was born Dec. 27, 1798, at Georgetown, D.C. He -was the son of Thomas Corcoran, who settled in Georgetown when a youth, -and became one of its leading citizens. He was mayor, postmaster, and -one of the founders of the Columbian College, of which institution he -was an active trustee while he lived. He was also one of the principal -founders of two Episcopal churches in Georgetown, St. John's and -Christ's Church, and was always a vestryman in one or the other.</p> - -<p>His son William, after a good preparatory education, spent a year at the -Georgetown College, and a year at the school of the Rev. Addison Belt, a -graduate of Princeton. His father desired that he should complete his -college course; but William was eager to enter upon a business life, and -when he was seventeen went into the dry-goods store of his brothers, -James and Thomas Corcoran. Two years later they established him in -business under the firm name of W. W. Corcoran & Co. The firm prospered -so well that the wholesale auction and commission business was begun in -1819.</p> - -<p>For four years the firm made money; but in the spring of 1823, they, -with many other merchants in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_352" id="Page_352">[Pg 352]</a></span> Georgetown and Baltimore, failed, and were -obliged to settle with their creditors for fifty cents on the dollar.</p> - -<p>Young Corcoran, then twenty-five years of age, devoted himself to caring -for the property of his father, who was growing old. The father died -Jan. 27, 1830. Five years later, in 1835, Mr. Corcoran married Louise A. -Morris, who lived but five years after their marriage, dying Nov. 21, -1840, leaving a son and daughter. The son died soon after the death of -his mother; the daughter grew to womanhood, and became a great joy to -her father. She married the Hon. George Eustis, a member of Congress -from Louisiana, and died in early life at Cannes, France, 1867, leaving -three small children.</p> - -<p>Mr. Corcoran long before this had become a very successful banker. Two -years after his marriage, in 1837, he moved his family to Washington, -and began the brokerage business in a small store, ten by sixteen feet, -on Pennsylvania Avenue near Fifteenth Street. After three years he took -into partnership Mr. George W. Riggs, the son of a wealthy man from -Maryland, under the firm name of Corcoran & Riggs.</p> - -<p>In 1845 they purchased the old United States Bank building, corner of -Fifteenth Street and New York Avenue; and two years later Mr. Corcoran -settled with his creditors of 1823, paying principal and interest, about -$46,000. During the Mexican war the firm made extensive loans to the -government, which conservative bankers regarded as a hazardous -investment. Mr. Riggs retired from the firm July 1, 1848; and his -younger brother, Elisha, was made a junior partner.</p> - -<p>"In August, 1848, having about twelve millions of the six-per-cent loan -of 1848 on hand, and the demand for it<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_353" id="Page_353">[Pg 353]</a></span> falling off in this country, and -the stock being one per cent below the price at which Corcoran & Riggs -took it, Mr. Corcoran determined to try the European markets; and, after -one day's reflection, embarked for London, where, on arrival, he was -told by Mr. Bates, of the house of Baring Bros. & Co., and Mr. George -Peabody, that no sale could be made of the stock, and no money could be -raised by hypothecation thereof, and they regretted that he had not -written to them to inquire before coming over. He replied that he was -perfectly satisfied that such would be their views, and therefore came, -confident that he could convince them of the expediency of taking an -interest in the securities; and that the very fact that London bankers -had taken them would make it successful.</p> - -<p>"Ten days after his first interview with them, Mr. Thomas Baring -returned from the Continent, and with him he was more successful. A sale -of five millions at about cost (one hundred and one here) was made to -six of the most eminent and wealthy houses in London, viz., Baring Bros. -& Co., George Peabody, Overend, Gurney & Co., Dennison & Co., Samuel -Jones Lloyd, and James Morrison.</p> - -<p>"This was the first sale of American securities made in Europe since -1837; and on his return to New York he was greeted by every one with -marked expressions of satisfaction, his success being a great relief to -the money market by securing that amount of exchange in favor of the -United States. On his success being announced, the stock gradually -advanced until it reached one hundred and nineteen and one-half, thus -securing by his prompt and successful action a handsome profit<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_354" id="Page_354">[Pg 354]</a></span> which -would otherwise have resulted in a serious loss."</p> - -<p>On April 1, 1854, Mr. Corcoran withdrew from the banking-firm, and -devoted himself to the management of his property and to his benevolent -projects.</p> - -<p>In 1859 he began, at the northeast corner of Pennsylvania Avenue and -Seventeenth Street, a building for the encouragement of the Fine Arts. -The structure was used during the Civil War for military purposes. In -1869 Mr. Corcoran deeded this property to trustees. "I shall ask you to -receive," he wrote the trustees, "as a nucleus, my own gallery of art, -which has been collected at no inconsiderable pains; and I have -assurances from friends in other cities, whose tastes and liberality -have taken this direction, that they will contribute fine works of art -from their respective collections.... I venture to hope that with your -kind co-operation and judicious management we shall have provided, at no -distant day, not only a pure and refined pleasure for residents and -visitors of the national metropolis, but have accomplished something -useful in the development of American genius."</p> - -<p>In 1869 Mr. Corcoran also deeded to trustees the Louise Home, erected in -memory of his wife and daughter, as a home for refined and educated -gentlewomen who had "become reduced by misfortune."</p> - -<p>The deed specified that "there shall be no discrimination or distinction -on account of religious creed or sectarian opinions, in respect to the -trustees, directresses, officers, or inmates of the said establishment; -but all proper facilities that may be possible in the judgment of the -trustees shall be allowed and furnished to<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_355" id="Page_355">[Pg 355]</a></span> the inmates for the worship -of Almighty God, according to each one's conscientious belief."</p> - -<p>The building and grounds of the Louise Home in 1869 were estimated at -$200,000, and are now worth probably over $500,000. The endowment -consisted of an invested fund of $325,000.</p> - -<p>Mr. Corcoran gave generously as long as he lived, having decided early -in life that "at least one-half of his moneyed accumulations should be -held for the welfare of men."</p> - -<p>In Oak Hill Cemetery he erected a beautiful monument to the memory of -John Howard Payne, author of "Home, Sweet Home." It is a shaft of -Carrara marble, surmounted by a bust one and one-half times the size of -the average man.</p> - -<p>In his old age he purchased the Patapsco Institute at Ellicott's Mills, -and gave the title-deeds to the two grand-nieces of John Randolph of -Roanoke, who were in reduced circumstances, that they might open a -school.</p> - -<p>He gave to Columbian University, it is stated, houses and lands and -money, amounting to a quarter of a million dollars. The University of -Virginia, the Ascension Church, and other colleges and churches, were -enriched through his generosity.</p> - -<p>Mr. Corcoran died in Washington, Feb. 24, 1888, at the age of ninety -years. He had given away over five million dollars.</p> - -<p>"The treasures of the Corcoran Art Gallery," said its president in -laying the corner-stone of a new building two years ago, "represent a -money cost of $346,938 (exclusive of donations), a cost value which, of -course, is greatly below the real value which these treasures<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_356" id="Page_356">[Pg 356]</a></span> represent -to-day. The total value of the gallery, in its treasures, its -endowments, and its buildings, is estimated to-day at $1,926,938. The -total number of visitors who have inspected the paintings and sculpture -exhibited in the gallery from the date of its opening down to the -beginning of this month [May, 1896] was 1,696,489."</p> - -<hr /> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_357" id="Page_357">[Pg 357]</a></span></p> - -<h2><span>JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER</span> <span class="smaller">AND CHICAGO UNIVERSITY.</span></h2> - -<hr class="smler" /> - -<p>From our windows we look out upon a forest of beautiful beech-trees, -great oaks, and maples. There are well-kept drives, cool ravines with -tasteful walks, a pretty lake and boat-house, and great stretches of -lawn, in the four hundred or more acres, such as one sees in England. -The gravelled roadways are appropriately named. "Blithedale" leads into -a charming valley, through which a brook winds in and out, under a dozen -bridges. The "Maze" leads through clusters of beeches and other -undergrowth, and opens upon a magnificent view of blue Lake Erie at the -right and the busy city at the left. In the distance, on a hilltop, -stands a large white frame house, with red roof. Vines clamber over the -broad double porches, red trumpet-creepers twine and blossom about some -of the big oaks, beds of roses send out their fragrance, and the place -looks most attractive and restful.</p> - -<p>It is "Forest Hill," at Cleveland, Ohio, the summer home of Mr. John D. -Rockefeller, probably the greatest giver in America. Our largest giver -heretofore, so far as known, was George Peabody, who gave at his death -$9,000,000. Mr. Rockefeller has given about $7,500,000<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_358" id="Page_358">[Pg 358]</a></span> to one -institution, besides several hundred thousand dollars each year for the -past twenty-five years to various charities.</p> - -<p>Mr. Rockefeller comes from very honorable ancestry. The Rockefellers -were an old French family in Normandy, who moved to Holland, and came to -America about 1650, settling in New Jersey. Nearly a century ago, in -1803, Mr. Rockefeller's grandfather, Godfrey, married Lucy, one of the -Averys of Groton, Conn., a family distinguished in the Revolutionary -War, and which has since furnished to our country many able men and -women.</p> - -<p>The picturesque home of the Averys, built in 1656, in the town of New -London (now Groton), by Captain James Avery, was occupied by his -descendants until it was destroyed by fire in 1894. A monument has been -erected upon the site, with a bronze tablet containing a <i>fac-simile</i> of -the old home.</p> - -<p>The youngest son of Captain James Avery was Samuel, whose fine face -looks out from the pages of the interesting Avery Genealogy, which Homer -D. L. Sweet, of Syracuse, spent thirty years in writing. Samuel, an able -and public-spirited man, married, in 1686, in Swanzey, Mass., Susannah -Palmes, a direct descendant, through thirty-four generations, of Egbert, -the first king of England. The name has always been retained in the -family, Lucy Avery Rockefeller naming her youngest son Egbert. Her -eldest son, William Avery, married Eliza Davison; and of their six -children, John Davison Rockefeller is the second child and eldest son.</p> - -<div class="center"><img src="images/i398.jpg" alt="JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER" /></div> - -<p class="bold">JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER.</p> - -<p>He was born in Richford, Tioga County, N.Y., July 8, 1839. His father, -William Avery, was a physician<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_359" id="Page_359">[Pg 359]</a></span> and business man as well. With great -energy he cleared the forest, built a sawmill, loaned his money, and, -like his noted son, knew how to overcome obstacles.</p> - -<p>The mother, Eliza Davison, was a woman of rare common sense and -executive ability. Self-poised in manner, charitable, persevering in -whatever she attempted, she gave careful attention to the needs of her -family, but did not forget that she had Christian duties outside her -home. The devotion of Mr. Rockefeller to his mother as long as she lived -was marked, and worthy of example.</p> - -<p>The Rockefeller home in Richford was one of mutual work and helpfulness. -The eldest child, Lucy, now dead, was less than two years older than -John; the third child, William, about two years younger; Mary, Franklin -and Frances, twins, each about two years younger than the others; the -last named died early. All were taught the value of labor and of -economy.</p> - -<p>The eldest son, John, early took responsibility upon himself. Willing -and glad to work, he cared for the garden, milked the cows, and acquired -the valuable habit of never wasting his time. When about nine years old -he raised and sold turkeys, and instead of spending the money, probably -his first earnings, saved it, and loaned it at seven per cent. It would -be interesting to know if the lad ever dreamed then of being perhaps the -richest man in America?</p> - -<p>In 1853 the Rockefeller family moved to Cleveland, Ohio; and John, then -fourteen years of age, entered the high school. He was a studious boy, -especially fond of mathematics and of music, and learned to play on the -piano; he was retiring in manner, and exemplary in<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_360" id="Page_360">[Pg 360]</a></span> conduct. When -between fourteen and fifteen years of age, he joined the Erie Street -Baptist Church of Cleveland, Ohio, now known as the Euclid Avenue -Baptist Church, where he has been from that time an earnest and most -helpful worker in it. The boy of fifteen did not confine his work in the -church to prayer-meetings and Sunday-school. There was a church debt, -and it had to be paid. He began to solicit money, standing in the -church-door as the people went out, ready to receive what each was -willing to contribute. He gave also of his own as much as was possible; -thus learning early in life, not only to be generous, but to incite -others to generosity.</p> - -<p>When about eighteen or nineteen, he was made one of the Board of -Trustees of the church, which position he held till his absence from the -city in the past few years prevented his serving. He has been the -superintendent of the Sunday-school of the Euclid Avenue Baptist Church -for about thirty years. When he had held the office for twenty-five -years the Sunday-school celebrated the event by a reception for their -leader. After addresses and music, each one of the five hundred or more -persons present shook hands with Mr. Rockefeller, and laid a flower on -the table beside him. From the first he has won the love of the children -from his sympathy, kindness, and his interest in their welfare. No -picnic even would be satisfactory to them without his presence.</p> - -<p>After two years passed in the Cleveland High School, the school-year -ending June, 1855, young Rockefeller took a summer course in the -Commercial College, and at sixteen was ready to see what obstacles the -business world presented to a boy. He found plenty of them.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_361" id="Page_361">[Pg 361]</a></span> It was the -old story of every place seeming to be full; but he would not allow -himself to be discouraged by continued refusals. He visited -manufacturing establishments, stores, and shops, again and again, -determined to find a position.</p> - -<p>He succeeded on the twenty-sixth day of September, 1855, and became -assistant bookkeeper in the forwarding and commission house of Hewitt & -Tuttle. He did not know what pay he was to receive; but he knew he had -taken the first step towards success,—he had obtained work. At the end -of the year, for the three months, October, November, and December, he -received fifty dollars,—not quite four dollars a week.</p> - -<p>The next year he was paid twenty-five dollars a month, or three hundred -dollars a year, and at the end of fifteen months, took the vacant -position with the same firm, at five hundred dollars, as cashier and -bookkeeper, of a man who had been receiving a salary of two thousand -dollars.</p> - -<p>Desirous of earning more, young Rockefeller after a time asked for eight -hundred dollars as wages; and, the firm declining to give over seven -hundred dollars a year, the enterprising youth, not yet nineteen, -decided to start in business for himself. He had industry and energy; he -was saving of both time and money; he had faith in his ability to -succeed, and the courage to try. He had managed to save about a thousand -dollars; and his father loaned him another thousand, on which he paid -ten per cent interest, receiving the principal as a gift when he became -twenty-one years of age. This certainly was a modest beginning for one -of the founders of the Standard Oil Company.</p> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_362" id="Page_362">[Pg 362]</a></span></p><p>Having formed a partnership with Morris B. Clark, in 1858, in produce -commission and forwarding, the firm name became Clark & Rockefeller. The -closest attention was given to business. Mr. Rockefeller lived within -his means, and worked early and late, finding little or no time for -recreation or amusements, but always time for his accustomed work in the -church. There was always some person in sickness or sorrow to be -visited, some child to be brought into the Sunday-school, or some -stranger to be invited to the prayer-meetings.</p> - -<p>The firm succeeded in business, and was continued with various partners -for seven years, until the spring of 1865. During this time some parts -of the country, especially Pennsylvania and Ohio, had become -enthusiastic over the finding of large quantities of oil through -drilling wells. <i>The Petroleum Age</i> for December, 1881, gives a most -interesting account of the first oil-well in this country, drilled at -Titusville, on Oil Creek, a branch of the Alleghany River, in August, -1859.</p> - -<p>Petroleum had long been known, both in Europe and America, under various -names. The Indians used it as a medicine, mixed it with paint to anoint -themselves for war, or set fire at night to the oil that floated upon -the surface of their creeks, making the illumination a part of their -religious ceremonies. In Ohio, in 1819, when, in boring for salt, -springs of petroleum were found, Professor Hildreth of Marietta wrote -that the oil was used in lamps in workshops, and believed it would be "a -valuable article for lighting the street-lamps in the future cities of -Ohio." But forty years went by before the first oil-well was drilled, -when men<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_363" id="Page_363">[Pg 363]</a></span> became almost as excited as in the rush to California for gold -in 1849.</p> - -<p>Several refineries were started in Cleveland to prepare the crude oil -for illuminating purposes. Mr. Rockefeller, the young commission -merchant, like his father a keen observer of men and things, as early as -1860, the year after the first well was drilled, helped to establish an -oil-refining business under the firm name of Andrews, Clark, & Co.</p> - -<p>The business increased so rapidly that Mr. Rockefeller sold his interest -in the commission house in 1865, and with Mr. Samuel Andrews bought out -their associates in the refining business, and established the firm of -Rockefeller & Andrews, the latter having charge of the practical -details.</p> - -<p>Mr. Rockefeller was then less than twenty-six years old; but an -exceptional opportunity had presented itself, and a young man of -exceptional ability was ready for the opportunity. A good and cheap -illuminator was a world-wide necessity; and it required brain, and -system, and rare business ability to produce the best product, and send -it to all nations.</p> - -<p>The brother of Mr. Rockefeller, William, entered into the partnership; -and a new firm was established, under the name of William Rockefeller & -Co. The necessity of a business house in New York for the sale of their -products soon became apparent, and all parties were united in the firm -of Rockefeller & Co.</p> - -<p>In 1867 Mr. Henry M. Flagler, well known in connection with his -improvements in St. Augustine, Fla., was taken into the company, which -became Rockefeller, Andrews, & Flagler. Three years later, in 1870, the<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_364" id="Page_364">[Pg 364]</a></span> -Standard Oil Company of Ohio was established with a capital of -$1,000,000, Mr. Rockefeller being made president. He was also made -president of the National Refiners' Association.</p> - -<p>He was now thirty-one years old, far-seeing, self-centred, quiet and -calm in manner, but untiring in work, and comprehensive in his grasp of -business. The determination which had won a position for him in youth, -even though it brought him but four dollars a week, the confidence in -his ability, integrity, and sound judgment, which made the banks willing -to lend him money, or men willing to invest their capital in his -enterprise, made him a power in the business world thus early in life.</p> - -<p>Amid all his business and his church work, he had found time to form -another partnership, the wisest and best of all. In the same high school -with him for two years was a young girl near his own age, Laura C. -Spelman, a bright scholar, refined and sensible.</p> - -<p>Her father was a merchant, a Representative in the Legislature of Ohio, -an earnest helper in the church, in temperance, and in all that lifts -the world upward. He was the friend of the slave; and the Spelman home -was one of the restful stations on that "underground railroad" to which -so many colored men and women owe their freedom. He was an active member -for years of Plymouth Congregational Church in Cleveland, and later of -Dr. Buddington's church in Brooklyn, and of the Broadway Tabernacle, New -York, under Dr. Wm. M. Taylor. He died in New York City, Oct. 10, 1881.</p> - -<p>Mrs. Spelman, the mother, was also a devoted Christian. She now lives, -at the age of eighty-six, with her<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_365" id="Page_365">[Pg 365]</a></span> daughter, grateful, as she says, for -life's beautiful sunset. She is loved by everybody, and her sweet face -and voice would be sadly missed. She retains all her faculties, and has -as deep an interest as ever in all religious, philanthropic, and -political affairs.</p> - -<p>The Spelman ancestors are English. Sir Henry Spelman, knighted by King -James I., died in 1641, and lies buried in Westminster Abbey. Henry S., -the third son of Sir Henry, and first of the name in America, came to -Jamestown, Va., in 1609, and was killed by the Indians. Richard Spelman, -born in Danbury, England, in 1665, came to Middletown, Conn., in 1700, -and died in 1750. Laura's grandfather, Samuel, was the fourth in line -from Richard. He was one of the pioneers in Ohio, moving thither from -Granville, Mass. Her father, Harvey B. Spelman, was born in a log cabin -in Rootstown, Ohio. Her mother's family came also from Massachusetts, -from the town of Blanford; and her father and mother met and were -married in Ohio.</p> - -<p>Laura Spelman was a member of the first graduating class of the -Cleveland High School, and has always retained the deepest interest in -her classmates. After graduating, and spending some time in a -boarding-school at the East, she taught very successfully for five years -in the Cleveland public schools, being assistant in one of the large -grammar schools.</p> - -<p>At the age of twenty-five Mr. Rockefeller married Miss Spelman, Sept. 8, -1864. Disliking display or extravagance, fond of books, a wise adviser -in her home, a leader for many years of the infant department in the -Sunday-school, like her father a worker for temperance and in all -philanthropic movements, Mrs. <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_366" id="Page_366">[Pg 366]</a></span>Rockefeller has been an example to the -rich, and a friend and helper to the poor. Comparatively few men and -women can be intrusted with millions, and make the best use of the -money. With Mr. Rockefeller's married life thus happily and wisely -begun, business activities went on as before, perchance with less wear -of body and mind. It was, of course, impossible to organize and carry -forward a great business without anxiety and care.</p> - -<p>In Cleave's "Biographical Cyclopædia of Cuyahoga County," it is stated -that, in 1872, two years after the organization of the Standard Oil -Company, "nearly the entire refining interest of Cleveland, and other -interests in New York and the oil-regions, were combined in this company -[the Standard Oil], the capital stock of which was raised to two and a -half millions, and its business reached in one year over twenty-five -million dollars,—the largest company of the kind in the world. The New -York establishment was enlarged in its refining departments; large -tracts of land were purchased, and fine warehouses erected for the -storage of petroleum; a considerable number of iron cars were procured, -and the business of transporting oil entered upon; interests were -purchased in oil-pipes in the producing regions.</p> - -<p>"Works were erected for the manufacture of barrels, paints, and glue, -and everything used in the manufacture or shipment of oil. The works had -a capacity of distilling twenty-nine thousand barrels of crude oil per -day, and from thirty-five hundred to four thousand men were employed in -the various departments. The cooperage factory, the largest in the -world, turned out nine thousand barrels a day, which consumed over two -hundred thousand staves and headings, the product of from fifteen to -twenty acres of selected oak."</p> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_367" id="Page_367">[Pg 367]</a></span></p><p>Ten years after this time, in 1882, the Standard Oil Trust was formed, -with a capital of $70,000,000, afterwards increased to $95,000,000, -which in a few years became possessed of large oil-producing interests, -and of the stock of the companies controlling the greater part of the -refining of petroleum in this country.</p> - -<p>Ten years later, in 1892, the Supreme Court of Ohio having declared the -Trust to be illegal, it was dissolved, and the business is now conducted -by separate companies. In each of these Mr. Rockefeller is a -shareholder.</p> - -<p>Mr. Rockefeller has proved himself a remarkable organizer. His -associates have been able men; and his vast business has been so -systematized, and the leaders of departments held responsible, that it -is managed with comparative ease.</p> - -<p>The Standard Oil Companies own hundreds of thousands of acres of -oil-lands, and wells, refineries, and many thousand miles of pipe-lines -throughout the United States. They have business houses in the principal -cities of the Old World as well as the New, and carry their oil in their -own great oil-steamships abroad as easily as in their pipe-lines to the -American seaboard. They control the greater part of the petroleum -business of this country, and export much of the oil used abroad. They -employ from forty to fifty thousand men in this great industry, many of -whom have remained with the companies for twenty or thirty years. It is -said that strikes are unknown among them.</p> - -<p>When it is stated, as in the last United States Census reports, that the -production of crude petroleum in this country is about thirty-five -million barrels a year,<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_368" id="Page_368">[Pg 368]</a></span> the capital invested in the production -$114,000,000, and the value of the exports of petroleum in various forms -amounts to nearly $50,000,000 a year, the vastness of the business is -apparent.</p> - -<p>With such power in their hands, instead of selling their product at high -rates, they have kept oil at such low prices that the poorest all over -the world have been enabled to buy and use it.</p> - -<p>Mr. Rockefeller has not confined his business interests to the Standard -Oil Company. He owns iron-mines and land in various States; he owns a -dozen or more immense vessels on the lakes, besides being largely -interested in other steamship lines on both the ocean and the great -lakes; he has investments in several railroads, and is connected with -many other industrial enterprises.</p> - -<p>With all these different lines of business, and being necessarily a very -busy man, he never seems hurried or worried. His manner is always kindly -and considerate. He is a good talker, an equally good listener, and -gathers knowledge from every source. Meeting the best educators of the -country, coming in contact with leading business and professional men as -well, and having travelled abroad and in his own country, Mr. -Rockefeller has become a man of wide and varied intelligence. In -physique he is of medium height, light hair turning gray, blue eyes, and -pleasant face.</p> - -<p>He is a lover of trees, never allowing one to be cut down on his grounds -unless necessity demands it, fond of flowers, knows the birds by their -song or plumage, and never tires of the beauties of nature.</p> - -<p>He is as courteous to a servant as to a millionnaire, is social and -genial, and enjoys the pleasantry of bright<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_369" id="Page_369">[Pg 369]</a></span> conversation. He has great -power of concentration, is very systematic in business and also in his -every-day life, allotting certain hours to work, and other hours to -exercise, the bicycle being one of his chief out-door pleasures. He is -fond of animals, and owns several valuable horses. A great Saint Bernard -dog, white and yellow, called "Laddie," was for years the pet of the -household and the admiration of friends. When recently killed -accidentally by an electric wire, the dog was carefully buried, and the -grave covered with myrtle. A pretty stone, a foot and a half high, cut -in imitation of the trunk of an oak-tree, at whose base fern-leaves -cluster, marks the spot, with the words "Our dog Laddie; died, 1895," -carved upon a tiny slab.</p> - -<p>It may be comparatively easy to do great deeds, but the little deeds of -thoughtfulness and love for the dumb creatures who have loved us show -the real beauty and refinement of character.</p> - -<p>Mr. Rockefeller belongs to few social organizations, his church work and -his home-life sufficing. He is a member of the New England Society, the -Union League Club of New York, and of the Empire State Sons of the -Revolution, as his ancestors, both on his father's and mother's side, -were in the Revolutionary War.</p> - -<p>His home is a very happy one. Into it have been born five -children,—Bessie, Alice, who died early, Alta, Edith, and John D. -Rockefeller, Jr.</p> - -<p>Bessie is married to Charles A. Strong, Associate Professor of -Psychology in Chicago University, a graduate of both the University of -Rochester and Harvard, and has been a student at the Universities of -Berlin and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_370" id="Page_370">[Pg 370]</a></span> Paris. He is a son of the Rev. Dr. Augustus H. Strong, -President of Rochester Theological Seminary.</p> - -<p>Edith is married to Harold F. McCormick of Chicago, a graduate of -Princeton, and son of the late Cyrus H. McCormick, whose invention of -the reaper has been a great blessing to the world. Mr. McCormick gave -generously of his millions after he had acquired wealth.</p> - -<p>John D. Rockefeller, Jr., is at Brown University, and will probably be -associated with his father in business, for which he has shown much -aptitude.</p> - -<p>The children have all been reared with the good sense and Christian -teaching that are the foundations of the best homes. They have dressed -simply, lived without display, been active in hospital, Sunday-school, -and other good works, and found their pleasures in music, in which all -the family are especially skilled, and in reading. They enjoy out-door -life, skating in winter, and rowing, walking, and riding in the summer; -but there is no lavish use of money for their pleasures.</p> - -<p>The daughters know how to sew, and have made many garments for poor -children. They have been taught the useful things of home-life, and -often cook delicacies for the sick. They have found out in their youth -that the highest living is not for self. A recent gift from Miss Alta -Rockefeller is $1,200 annually to sustain an Italian day-nursery in the -eastern part of Cleveland. This summer, 1896, about fifty little people, -two years old and upwards, enjoyed a picnic in the grounds of their -benefactor. Mrs. Rockefeller's mother and sister, Miss Lucy M. Spelman, -a cultivated and<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_371" id="Page_371">[Pg 371]</a></span> philanthropic woman, are the other members of the -Rockefeller family.</p> - -<p>Besides Mr. Rockefeller's summer home in Cleveland, he has another with -about one thousand acres of land at Pocantico Hills, near Tarrytown on -the Hudson. The place is picturesque and historic, made doubly -interesting through the legends of Washington Irving. From the summit of -Kaakoote Mountain the views are of rare beauty. Sleepy Hollow and the -grave of Irving are not far distant. The winter home in New York City is -a large brick house, with brown-stone front, near Fifth Avenue, -furnished richly but not showily, containing some choice paintings and a -fine library.</p> - -<p>Mr. Rockefeller will be long remembered as a remarkable financier and -the founder of a great organization, but he will be remembered longest -and honored most as a remarkable giver. We have many rich men in -America, but not all are great givers; not all have learned that it is -really more blessed to give than to receive; not all remember that we go -through life but once, with its opportunities to brighten the lives -about us, and to help to bear the burdens of others.</p> - -<p>Mr. Rockefeller began to give very early in life, and for the last forty -years has steadily increased his giving as his wealth has increased. -Always reticent about his gifts, it is impossible to learn how much he -has given or for what purposes. Of necessity some gifts become public, -such as his latest to Vassar College of $100,000, a like amount to -Rochester University and Theological Seminary, and the same, it is -believed, to Spelman Seminary, at Atlanta, Ga., named as a memorial to -his father-in-law.</p> - -<p><span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_372" id="Page_372">[Pg 372]</a></span></p><p>This is a school for colored women and girls, with preparatory, normal, -musical, and industrial departments. The institute opened with eleven -pupils in 1881, and now has 744, with nine buildings on fourteen acres -of land. Dr. J. L. M. Curry said in his report for 1893, "In process of -erection is the finest school building for normal purposes in the South, -planned and constructed expressly with reference to the work of training -teachers, which will cost over $50,000." In the industrial department, -dress-cutting, sewing, cooking, and laundry work are taught. There is -also a training-school for nurses.</p> - -<p>In a list of gifts for 1892, in the <i>New York Tribune</i>, Mr. -Rockefeller's name appears in connection with Des Moines College, Ia., -$25,000; Bucknell College, $10,000; Shurtleff College $10,000; the -Memorial Baptist Church in New York, erected through the efforts of Dr. -Edward Judson in memory of his father, Dr. Adoniram Judson, $40,000; -besides large amounts to Chicago University. It is probable that, aside -from Chicago University, these were only a small proportion of his gifts -during that year.</p> - -<p>An article in the press states that the recent anonymous gift of $25,000 -to help purchase the land for the site of Barnard College of Columbia -University was from Mr. Rockefeller. He has also pledged $100,000 -towards a million dollars, which are to be used for the construction of -model tenement houses for the poor in New York City.</p> - -<p>He has given largely to the Cleveland Young Men's Christian Association, -and to Young Men's and Women's Christian Associations both in this -country and abroad.<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_373" id="Page_373">[Pg 373]</a></span> He has built churches, given yearly large sums to -foreign and home missions, charity organization societies, Indian -associations, hospital work, fresh-air funds, libraries, kindergartens, -Societies for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, for the education of -the colored people at the South, and to the Woman's Christian Temperance -Unions and to the National Temperance Society. He is a total abstainer, -and no wine is ever upon his table. He does not use tobacco in any form.</p> - -<p>Mr. Rockefeller's private charities have been almost numberless. He has -aided young men and women through college, sometimes by gift and -sometimes by loan. He has provided the means for persons who were ill to -go abroad or elsewhere for rest. He does not forget, when his apples are -gathered at Pocantico Hills, to send hundreds of barrels to the various -charitable institutions in and near New York, or, when one of his -workingmen dies, to continue the support to his family while it is -needed. Some of us become too busy to think of the little ways of doing -good. It is said by those who know him best, that he gives more time to -his benevolences and to their consideration than to his business -affairs. He employs secretaries, whose time is given to the -investigation of requests for aid, and attending to such cases as are -favorably decided upon.</p> - -<p>Mr. Rockefeller's usual plan of giving is to pledge a certain sum on -condition that others give, thus making them share in the blessings of -benevolence. At one time he gave conditionally about $300,000, and it -resulted in $1,700,000 being secured for some twenty or<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_374" id="Page_374">[Pg 374]</a></span> thirty -institutions of learning in all parts of the country. It is said by a -friend, that on his pledge-book are hundreds of charities to which he -gives regularly many thousand dollars each month.</p> - -<p>His greatest gift has been that of $7,425,000 to the University of -Chicago. The first University of Chicago existed from 1858 to 1886, a -period of twenty-eight years, and was discontinued from lack of funds. -When the American Baptist Education Society, formed at Washington, D.C., -in May, 1888, held its first anniversary in Tremont Temple, Boston, it -was resolved "to take immediate steps toward the founding of a -well-equipped college in the city of Chicago." Mr. Rockefeller had -already become interested in founding such an institution, and made a -subscription of $600,000 toward an endowment fund, conditioned on the -pledging by others of $400,000 before June 1, 1890. The Rev. T. W. -Goodspeed, and the Rev. E. T. Gates, Secretary of the Education Society, -succeeded in raising this amount, and in addition a block and a half of -ground as a site for the institution, valued at $125,000, given by Mr. -Marshall Field of Chicago. Two and a half blocks were purchased for -$282,500, making in all twenty-four acres, lying between the two great -south parks of Chicago, Washington and Jackson, and fronting on the -Midway Plaisance, a park connecting the other two. These parks contain a -thousand acres.</p> - -<p>The university was incorporated in 1890, and Professor William Rainey -Harper of Yale University was elected President. The choice was an -eminently wise one, a man of progressive ideas being needed for the -great university. He had graduated at Muskingum <span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_375" id="Page_375">[Pg 375]</a></span>College in 1870, taken -his degree of Ph.D. at Yale in 1875, been Professor of Hebrew and the -cognate languages at the Baptist Union Theological Seminary for seven -years, Professor of the Semitic Languages at Yale for five years, and -Woolsey Professor of Biblical Literature at Yale for two years, besides -filling other positions of influence.</p> - -<p>In September, 1890, Mr. Rockefeller made a second subscription of -$1,000,000; and, in accordance with the terms of this gift, the -Theological Seminary was removed from Morgan Park to the University -site, as the Divinity School of the University, and dormitories erected, -and an academy of the University established at Morgan Park.</p> - -<p>The University began the erection of its first buildings Nov. 26, 1891. -Mr. Henry Ives Cobb was chosen as the architect, and the English Gothic -style is to be maintained throughout. The buildings are of blue Bedford -stone, with red tiled roofs. The recitation buildings, laboratories, -chapel, museum, gymnasium, and library are the central features; while -the dormitories are arranged in quadrangles on the four corners.</p> - -<p>Mr. Rockefeller's third gift was made in February, 1892, "one thousand -five per cent bonds of the par value of one million dollars," for the -further endowment of instruction. In December of the same year he gave -an equal amount for endowment, "one thousand thousand-dollar five per -cent bonds." In June, 1893 he gave $150,000; the next year, December, -1894, in cash, $675,000. On Jan. 1, 1896, another million, promising two -millions more on condition that the University should also raise two -millions. Half of this sum was<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_376" id="Page_376">[Pg 376]</a></span> obtained at once through the gift of -Miss Helen Culver. In her letter to the trustees of the University, she -says, "The whole gift shall be devoted to the increase and spread of -knowledge within the field of biological science.... Among the motives -prompting this gift is the desire to carry out the ideas, and to honor -the memory, of Mr. Charles J. Hull, who was for a considerable time a -member of the Board of Trustees of the old University of Chicago."</p> - -<p>Miss Culver is a cousin of the late Mr. Hull, who left her his millions -for philanthropic purposes. Their home for many years was the mansion -since known as Hull House.</p> - -<p>The University of Chicago has been fortunate in other gifts. Mr. S. A. -Kent of Chicago gave the Kent Chemical Laboratory, costing $235,000, -opened Jan. 1, 1894. The Ryerson Physical Laboratory, costing $225,000, -opened July 2, 1894, was the gift of Mr. Martin A. Ryerson, as a -memorial to his father. Mrs. Caroline Haskell gave $100,000 for the -Haskell Oriental Museum, as a memorial of her husband, Mr. Frederick -Haskell. There will be rooms for Egyptian, Babylonian, Greek, Hebrew, -and other collections. Mr. George C. Walker, $130,000 for the Walker -Museum for geological and anthropological specimens; Mr. Charles T. -Yerkes, nearly a half million for the Yerkes Observatory and forty-inch -telescope; Mrs. N. S. Foster, Mrs. Henrietta Snell, Mrs. Mary Beecher, -and Mrs. Elizabeth G. Kelley have each given $50,000, or more, for -dormitories. It is expected that half a million will be realized from -the estate of William B. Ogden for "The Ogden (graduate) School of -Science." The first payment has amounted<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_377" id="Page_377">[Pg 377]</a></span> to half that sum. Considerably -over $10,000,000 have been given to the University. The total endowment -is over $6,000,000.</p> - -<p>The University opened its doors to students on Oct. 1, 1892, in Cobb -Lecture Hall, given by Mr. Silas B. Cobb of Chicago, and costing -$150,000. The number of students during the first year exceeded nine -hundred. The professors have been chosen with great care, and number -among them some very distinguished men, from both the Old World and the -New. The University of Chicago is co-educational, which is matter for -congratulation. Its courses are open on equal terms to men and women, -with the same teachers, the same studies, and the same diplomas. "Three -of the deans are women," says Grace Gilruth Rigby in <i>Peterson's -Magazine</i> for February, 1896, "and half a dozen women are members of its -faculty. They instruct men as well as women, and in this particular it -differs from most co-educational schools."</p> - -<p>The University has some unique features. Instead of the usual college -year beginning in September, the year is divided into four quarters, -beginning respectively on the first day of July, October, January, and -April, and continuing twelve weeks each, with a recess of one week -between the close of each quarter and the beginning of the next. Degrees -are conferred the last week of every quarter. The summer quarter, which -was at first an experiment, has proved so successful that it is now an -established feature.</p> - -<p>The instructor takes his vacation in any quarter, or may take two -vacations of six weeks each. The student may absent himself for a term -or more, and take up<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_378" id="Page_378">[Pg 378]</a></span> the work where he left off, or he may attend all -the quarters, and thus shorten his college course. Much attention is -given to University Extension work, and proper preparatory work is -obtained through the affiliation of academies with the University. -Instruction is also given by the University through correspondence with -those who wish to pursue preparatory or college studies.</p> - -<p>"Chicago is, as far as I am aware," writes the late Hjalmar Hjorth -Boyesen in the <i>Cosmopolitan</i> for April, 1893, "the first institution -which, by the appointment of a permanent salaried university extension -faculty, has formally charged itself with a responsibility for the -outside public. This is a great step, and one of tremendous -consequence."</p> - -<p>A non-resident student is expected to matriculate at the University, and -usually spends the first year in residence. Non-resident work is -accepted for only one-third of the work required for a degree.</p> - -<p>The University has eighty regular fellowships and scholarships, besides -several special fellowships.</p> - -<p>The institution, according to Robert Herrick, in <i>Scribner's Magazine</i> -for October, 1895, seems to have the spirit of its founder. "Two college -settlements in the hard districts of Chicago," he writes, "are supported -and manned by the students.... The classes and clubs of the settlements -show that the college students feel the impossibility of an academic -life that lives solely to itself. On the philanthropic committee, and as -teachers in the settlement classes, men and women, instructors and -students, work side by side. The interest in sociological studies, which -is<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_379" id="Page_379">[Pg 379]</a></span> commoner at Chicago than elsewhere, stimulates this modern activity -in college life."</p> - -<p>The University of Chicago has been successful from the first. In 1895 it -numbered 1,265 students, of whom 493 were in the graduate schools, most -of them having already received their bachelor's degree at other -colleges. In 1896 there are over 1,900 students. The possibilities of -the university are almost unlimited.</p> - -<p>Dr. Albert Shaw writes in the <i>Review of Reviews</i> for February, 1893, -"No rich man's recognition of his opportunity to serve society in his -own lifetime has ever produced results so mature and so extensive in so -very short a time as Mr. John D. Rockefeller's recent gifts to the -Chicago University."</p> - -<p>The <i>New York Sun</i> for July 4, 1896, gives Mr. Rockefeller the following -well-deserved praise: "Mr. John D. Rockefeller has paid his first visit -to the University of Chicago, which was built up and endowed by his -magnificent gifts. The millions he has bestowed on that institution make -him one of the very greatest of private contributors to the foundation -of a school of learning in the whole history of the world. He has given -the money, moreover, in his lifetime, and thus differs from nearly all -others of the most notable founders and endowers of colleges.</p> - -<p>"By so giving, too, he has distinguished himself from the great mass of -all those who have made large benefactions for public uses. He has taken -the millions from his rapidly accumulating fortune; and he has made the -gifts quietly, modestly, and without the least seeking for popular -applause, or to win the conspicuous manifestations of honor their -munificence could easily<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_380" id="Page_380">[Pg 380]</a></span> have obtained for him. The reason for this -remarkable peculiarity of Mr. Rockefeller as a public benefactor is -that, being a deeply religious man, he has made his gifts as an -obligation of religious duty, as it seems to him."</p> - -<p>Mr. Rockefeller's latest gift, of $600,000, was made to the people of -Cleveland, Ohio, when that city celebrated her one hundredth birthday, -July 22, 1896. The gift was two hundred and seventy-six acres of land of -great natural beauty, to complete the park system of the city. For this -land Mr. Rockefeller paid $600,000. The land is already worth a million -dollars, and will be worth many times that amount in the years to come.</p> - -<p>When announcing Mr. Rockefeller's munificent gift to the city, Mr. J. G. -W. Cowles, president of the Chamber of Commerce, said of the giver: "His -modesty is equal to his liberality, and he is not here to share with us -this celebration. The streams of his benevolence flow largely in hidden -channels, unseen and unknown to men; but when he founds a university in -Chicago, or gives a beautiful park to Cleveland, with native forests and -shady groves, rocky ravines, sloping hillsides and level valleys, -cascades and running brook and still pools of water, all close by our -homes, open and easy of access to all our people, such deeds cannot be -hid—they belong to the public and to history, as the gift itself is for -the people and for posterity."</p> - -<p>The Centennial gift has caused great rejoicing and gratitude, and will -be a blessing forever to the whole people, but especially to those whose -daily work keeps them away from the fresh air and the sunshine.</p> - -<p>A day or two after the gift had been received, a large<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_381" id="Page_381">[Pg 381]</a></span> number of -Cleveland's prominent citizens visited the giver at his home at Forest -Hill, to express to him the thanks of the city. After the address of -gratitude, Mr. Rockefeller responded with much feeling.</p> - -<p>"This is our Centennial year," he said. "The city of Cleveland has grown -to great proportions, and has prospered far beyond anything any of us -had anticipated. What will be said by those who will come after us when -a hundred years hence this city celebrates its second Centennial -anniversary, and reference is made to you, gentlemen, and to me? Will it -be said that this or that man has accumulated great treasures? No; all -that will be forgotten. The question will be, What did we do with our -treasures? Did we, or did we not, use them to help our fellow-man? This -will be forever remembered."</p> - -<p>After referring to his early school-life in the city, and efforts to -find employment, he told how, needing a little money to engage in -business, and in the "innocence of his youth and inexperience" supposing -almost any of his business friends would indorse his note for the amount -needed, he visited one after another; and, said Mr. Rockefeller, "each -one of them had the most excellent reasons for refusing!"</p> - -<p>Finally he determined to try the bankers, and called upon a man whom the -city delights to honor, Mr. T. P. Handy. The banker received the young -man kindly, invited him to be seated, asked a few questions, and then -loaned him $2,000, "a large amount for me to have all at one time," said -Mr. Rockefeller.</p> - -<p>Mr. Rockefeller is still in middle life, with, it is hoped, many years -before him in which to carry out his<span class='pagenum'><a name="Page_382" id="Page_382">[Pg 382]</a></span> great projects of benevolence. He -is as modest and gentle in manner, as unostentatious and as kind in -heart, as when he had no millions to give away. He is never harsh, seems -to have complete self-control, and has not forgotten to be grateful to -the men who befriended and trusted him in his early business life.</p> - -<p>His success may be attributed in part to industry, energy, economy, and -good sense. He loved his work, and had the courage to battle with -difficulties. He had steadiness of character, the ability to command the -confidence of business men from the beginning, and gave close and -careful attention to the matters intrusted to him.</p> - -<p>Mr. Rockefeller will be remembered, not so much because he accumulated -millions, but because he gave away millions, thereby doing great good, -and setting a noble example.</p> - -<p> </p> -<p> </p> -<hr class="full" /> -<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FAMOUS GIVERS AND THEIR GIFTS***</p> -<p>******* This file should be named 50772-h.htm or 50772-h.zip *******</p> -<p>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/5/0/7/7/50772">http://www.gutenberg.org/5/0/7/7/50772</a></p> -<p> -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed.</p> - -<p>Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, -and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive -specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this -eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook -for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, -performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given -away--you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks -not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the -trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. -</p> - -<h2>START: FULL LICENSE<br /> -<br /> -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE<br /> -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK</h2> - -<p>To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full -Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at -www.gutenberg.org/license.</p> - -<h3>Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works</h3> - -<p>1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or -destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your -possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a -Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound -by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the -person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph -1.E.8.</p> - -<p>1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this -agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.</p> - -<p>1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the -Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection -of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual -works in the collection are in the public domain in the United -States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the -United States and you are located in the United States, we do not -claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, -displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as -all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope -that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting -free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm -works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the -Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily -comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the -same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when -you share it without charge with others.</p> - -<p>1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are -in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, -check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this -agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, -distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any -other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no -representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any -country outside the United States.</p> - -<p>1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:</p> - -<p>1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other -immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear -prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work -on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, -performed, viewed, copied or distributed:</p> - -<blockquote><p>This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United - States and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost - no restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use - it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with - this eBook or online - at <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you - are not located in the United States, you'll have to check the laws - of the country where you are located before using this - ebook.</p></blockquote> - -<p>1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is -derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not -contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the -copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in -the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are -redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply -either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or -obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.</p> - -<p>1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any -additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms -will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works -posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the -beginning of this work.</p> - -<p>1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.</p> - -<p>1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License.</p> - -<p>1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including -any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access -to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format -other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official -version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site -(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense -to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means -of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain -Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the -full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.</p> - -<p>1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.</p> - -<p>1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -provided that</p> - -<ul> -<li>You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed - to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has - agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid - within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are - legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty - payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in - Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg - Literary Archive Foundation."</li> - -<li>You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all - copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue - all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm - works.</li> - -<li>You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of - any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of - receipt of the work.</li> - -<li>You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.</li> -</ul> - -<p>1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than -are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing -from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and The -Project Gutenberg Trademark LLC, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.</p> - -<p>1.F.</p> - -<p>1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project -Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may -contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate -or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other -intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or -other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or -cannot be read by your equipment.</p> - -<p>1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE.</p> - -<p>1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium -with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you -with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in -lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person -or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second -opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If -the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing -without further opportunities to fix the problem.</p> - -<p>1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO -OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT -LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.</p> - -<p>1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of -damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement -violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the -agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or -limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or -unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the -remaining provisions.</p> - -<p>1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in -accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the -production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, -including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of -the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this -or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or -additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any -Defect you cause. </p> - -<h3>Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm</h3> - -<p>Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of -computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It -exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations -from people in all walks of life.</p> - -<p>Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future -generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see -Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at -www.gutenberg.org.</p> - -<h3>Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation</h3> - -<p>The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by -U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.</p> - -<p>The Foundation's principal office is in Fairbanks, Alaska, with the -mailing address: PO Box 750175, Fairbanks, AK 99775, but its -volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous -locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt -Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to -date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and -official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact</p> - -<p>For additional contact information:</p> - -<p> Dr. Gregory B. Newby<br /> - Chief Executive and Director<br /> - gbnewby@pglaf.org</p> - -<h3>Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation</h3> - -<p>Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide -spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS.</p> - -<p>The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND -DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular -state visit <a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/donate">www.gutenberg.org/donate</a>.</p> - -<p>While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate.</p> - -<p>International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.</p> - -<p>Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To -donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate</p> - -<h3>Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works.</h3> - -<p>Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project -Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be -freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and -distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of -volunteer support.</p> - -<p>Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in -the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not -necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper -edition.</p> - -<p>Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search -facility: www.gutenberg.org</p> - -<p>This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.</p> - -</body> -</html> - diff --git a/old/50772-h/images/cover.jpg b/old/50772-h/images/cover.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 2949e9a..0000000 --- a/old/50772-h/images/cover.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/50772-h/images/i003.jpg b/old/50772-h/images/i003.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 3422ce1..0000000 --- a/old/50772-h/images/i003.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/50772-h/images/i014.jpg b/old/50772-h/images/i014.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 0ec9879..0000000 --- a/old/50772-h/images/i014.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/50772-h/images/i072.jpg b/old/50772-h/images/i072.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 7169a2a..0000000 --- a/old/50772-h/images/i072.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/50772-h/images/i124.jpg b/old/50772-h/images/i124.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index df1b843..0000000 --- a/old/50772-h/images/i124.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/50772-h/images/i148.jpg b/old/50772-h/images/i148.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 8f26ae1..0000000 --- a/old/50772-h/images/i148.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/50772-h/images/i174.jpg b/old/50772-h/images/i174.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index f3bea42..0000000 --- a/old/50772-h/images/i174.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/50772-h/images/i196.jpg b/old/50772-h/images/i196.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 4fb0d9a..0000000 --- a/old/50772-h/images/i196.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/50772-h/images/i214.jpg b/old/50772-h/images/i214.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index eae4bb8..0000000 --- a/old/50772-h/images/i214.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/50772-h/images/i228.jpg b/old/50772-h/images/i228.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 05d8888..0000000 --- a/old/50772-h/images/i228.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/50772-h/images/i262.jpg b/old/50772-h/images/i262.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 15601ef..0000000 --- a/old/50772-h/images/i262.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/50772-h/images/i288.jpg b/old/50772-h/images/i288.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 4af5a47..0000000 --- a/old/50772-h/images/i288.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/50772-h/images/i310.jpg b/old/50772-h/images/i310.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index b99ca76..0000000 --- a/old/50772-h/images/i310.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/50772-h/images/i320.jpg b/old/50772-h/images/i320.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 9668f67..0000000 --- a/old/50772-h/images/i320.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/50772-h/images/i328.jpg b/old/50772-h/images/i328.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index db1dc5f..0000000 --- a/old/50772-h/images/i328.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/50772-h/images/i344.jpg b/old/50772-h/images/i344.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index b38fd88..0000000 --- a/old/50772-h/images/i344.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/50772-h/images/i398.jpg b/old/50772-h/images/i398.jpg Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index 156ee2a..0000000 --- a/old/50772-h/images/i398.jpg +++ /dev/null diff --git a/old/50772.txt b/old/50772.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 15a2ada..0000000 --- a/old/50772.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,11076 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook, Famous Givers and Their Gifts, by Sarah -Knowles Bolton - - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - - -Title: Famous Givers and Their Gifts - - -Author: Sarah Knowles Bolton - - - -Release Date: December 27, 2015 [eBook #50772] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-646-US (US-ASCII) - - -***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FAMOUS GIVERS AND THEIR GIFTS*** - - -E-text prepared by Shaun Pinder, Martin Pettit, and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net) from page images generously made -available by Internet Archive (https://archive.org) - - - -Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this - file which includes the original illustrations. - See 50772-h.htm or 50772-h.zip: - (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/50772/50772-h/50772-h.htm) - or - (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/50772/50772-h.zip) - - - Images of the original pages are available through - Internet Archive. See - https://archive.org/details/famousgiversthei00bolt - - - - - -FAMOUS GIVERS AND THEIR GIFTS - - - * * * * * * - -MRS. BOLTON'S FAMOUS BOOKS. - -"_Mrs. Bolton never fails to interest and instruct her -readers._"--Chicago Inter-Ocean. - - -POOR BOYS WHO BECAME FAMOUS $1.50 -GIRLS WHO BECAME FAMOUS 1.50 -FAMOUS MEN OF SCIENCE 1.50 -FAMOUS AMERICAN STATESMEN 1.50 -FAMOUS ENGLISH STATESMEN 1.50 -FAMOUS AMERICAN AUTHORS 1.50 -FAMOUS ENGLISH AUTHORS 1.50 -FAMOUS EUROPEAN ARTISTS 1.50 -FAMOUS TYPES OF WOMANHOOD 1.50 -FAMOUS VOYAGERS AND EXPLORERS 1.50 -FAMOUS LEADERS AMONG MEN 1.50 -FAMOUS LEADERS AMONG WOMEN 1.50 -FAMOUS GIVERS AND THEIR GIFTS 1.50 -STORIES FROM LIFE 1.25 - - -_For sale by all booksellers. Send for catalogue._ - -THOMAS Y. CROWELL & CO. -NEW YORK & BOSTON. - - * * * * * * - - -[Illustration: STEPHEN GIRARD. - -(Used by courtesy of Henry A. Ingram.)] - - -FAMOUS GIVERS AND THEIR GIFTS - -by - -SARAH KNOWLES BOLTON - -Author of "Poor Boys Who Became Famous," "Girls Who Became Famous," -"Famous American Authors," "Famous American Statesmen," "Famous Men of -Science," "Famous European Artists," "Famous Types of Womanhood," -"Stories from Life," "From Heart and Nature" (Poems), "Famous English -Authors," "Famous English Statesmen," "Famous Voyagers," "Famous Leaders -Among Women," "Famous Leaders Among Men," "The Inevitable, and Other -Poems," etc. - -"_For none of us liveth to himself._" - - - - - - - -New York: 46 East 14th Street -Thomas Y. Crowell & Company -Boston: 100 Purchase Street - -Copyright, 1896, -By Thomas Y. Crowell & Company. - -Typography by C. J. Peters & Son, -Boston, U.S.A. - - - -TO - -THE MEMORY - -OF - -William Frederick Poole, - -THE ORIGINATOR - -OF - -"POOLE'S INDEX." - - - - -PREFACE. - - -While it is interesting to see how men have built up fortunes, as a -rule, through industry, saving, and great energy, it is even more -interesting to see how those fortunes have been or may be used for the -benefit of mankind. - -In a volume of this size, of course, it is impossible to speak of but -few out of many who have given generously of their wealth, both in this -country and abroad. - -The book has been written with the hope that others may be incited to -give through reading it, and may see the results of their giving in -their lifetime. A sketch of George Peabody may be found in "Poor Boys -who became Famous;" a sketch of Johns Hopkins in "How Success is Won." - -S. K. B. - - - - -CONTENTS. - - PAGE -JOHN LOWELL, JR., AND HIS FREE LECTURES 1 - -STEPHEN GIRARD AND HIS COLLEGE FOR ORPHANS 29 - -ANDREW CARNEGIE AND HIS LIBRARIES 58 - -THOMAS HOLLOWAY; HIS SANATORIUM AND COLLEGE 89 - -CHARLES PRATT AND HIS INSTITUTE 108 - -THOMAS GUY AND HIS HOSPITAL 128 - -SOPHIA SMITH AND HER COLLEGE FOR WOMEN 153 - -JAMES LICK AND HIS TELESCOPE 173 - -LELAND STANFORD AND HIS UNIVERSITY 201 - -CAPTAIN THOMAS CORAM AND HIS FOUNDLING ASYLUM 234 - -HENRY SHAW AND HIS BOTANICAL GARDEN 247 - -JAMES SMITHSON AND THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 258 - -PRATT, LENOX, MARY MACRAE STUART, NEWBERRY, -CRERAR, ASTOR, REYNOLDS AND THEIR LIBRARIES 264 - -FREDERICK H. RINDGE AND HIS GIFTS 283 - -ANTHONY J. DREXEL AND HIS INSTITUTE 285 - -PHILIP D. ARMOUR AND HIS INSTITUTE 291 - -LEONARD CASE AND HIS SCHOOL OF APPLIED SCIENCE 297 - -ASA PACKER AND LEHIGH UNIVERSITY 301 - -CORNELIUS VANDERBILT AND VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY 306 - -BARON MAURICE DE HIRSCH 312 - -ISAAC RICH AND BOSTON UNIVERSITY 315 - -DANIEL B. FAYERWEATHER AND OTHERS 318 - -CATHARINE LORILLARD WOLFE 323 - -MARY ELIZABETH GARRETT 326 - -MRS. ANNA OTTENDORFER 328 - -DANIEL P. STONE AND VALERIA G. STONE 331 - -SAMUEL WILLISTON 332 - -JOHN F. SLATER AND DANIEL HAND 336 - -GEORGE T. ANGELL 347 - -WILLIAM W. CORCORAN 351 - -JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER AND CHICAGO UNIVERSITY 357 - - - - -JOHN LOWELL, JR., - -AND HIS FREE LECTURES. - - -There is often something pathetic about a great gift. The only son of -Leland Stanford dies, and the millions which he would have inherited are -used to found a noble institution on the Pacific Coast. - -The only son of Henry F. Durant, the noted Boston lawyer, dies, and the -sorrowing father and mother use their fortune to build beautiful -Wellesley College. - -The only son of Amasa Stone is drowned while at Yale College, and his -father builds Adelbert College of Western Reserve University, to honor -his boy, and bless his city and State. - -John Lowell, Jr., early bereft of his wife and two daughters, his only -children, builds a lasting monument for himself, in his Free Lectures -for the People, for all time,--the Lowell Institute of Boston. - -John Lowell, Jr., was born in Boston, Mass., May 11, 1799, of -distinguished ancestry. His great-grandfather, the Rev. John Lowell, was -the first minister of Newburyport. His grandfather, Judge John Lowell, -was one of the framers of the Massachusetts Constitution in 1780. He -inserted in the bill of rights the clause declaring that "all men are -born free and equal," for the purpose, as he said, of abolishing slavery -in Massachusetts; and offered his services to any slave who desired to -establish his right to freedom under that clause. His position was -declared to be constitutional by the Supreme Court of the State in 1783, -since which time slavery has had no legal existence in Massachusetts. In -1781 he was elected a member of the Continental Congress, and appointed -by President Washington a judge of the District Court of Massachusetts; -in 1801 President Adams appointed him chief justice of the Circuit -Court. He was brilliant in conversation, an able scholar, and an honest -and patriotic leader. He was for eighteen years a member of the -corporation of Harvard College. - -Judge Lowell had three sons, John, Francis Cabot, and Charles. John, a -lawyer, was prominent in all good work, such as the establishment of the -Massachusetts General Hospital, the Provident Institution for Savings in -the City of Boston, the Massachusetts Agricultural Society, and other -helpful projects. "He considered wealth," said Edward Everett, "to be no -otherwise valuable but as a powerful instrument of doing good. His -liberality went to the extent of his means; and where they stopped, he -exercised an almost unlimited control over the means of others. It was -difficult to resist the contagion of his enthusiasm; for it was the -enthusiasm of a strong, cultivated, and practical mind." - -[Illustration: JOHN LOWELL, JR. - -(From "The Lowell Institute," by Harriette Knight Smith, published by -Lamson, Wolffe & Co., Boston.)] - -Francis Cabot, the second son, was the father of the noted giver, John -Lowell, Jr. Charles, the third son, became an eminent Boston minister, -and was the father of the poet, James Russell Lowell. On his mother's -side the ancestors of John Lowell, Jr., were also prominent. His -maternal grandfather, Jonathan Jackson, was a generous man of means, a -member of the Congress of 1782, and at the close of the Revolutionary -War largely the creditor of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. He was -the treasurer of the State and of Cambridge University. - -John Lowell, Jr., must have inherited from such ancestors a love of -country, a desire for knowledge, and good executive ability. He was -reared in a home of comfort and intelligence. His father, Francis Cabot, -was a successful merchant, a man of great energy, strength of mind, and -integrity of character. - -In 1810, when young John was about eleven years old, the health of his -father having become impaired, the Lowell family went to England for -rest and change. The boy was placed at the High School of Edinburgh, -where he won many friends by his lovable qualities, and his intense -desire to gain information. When he came back to America with his -parents, he entered Harvard College in 1813, when he was fourteen years -old. He was a great reader, especially along the line of foreign travel, -and had a better knowledge of geography than most men. After two years -at Cambridge, he was obliged to give up the course from ill health, and -seek a more active live. When he was seventeen, and the year following, -he made two voyages to India, and acquired a passion for study and -travel in the East. - -His father, meantime, had become deeply interested in the manufacture of -cotton in America. The war of 1812 had interrupted our commerce with -Europe, and America had been compelled to manufacture many things for -herself. In 1789 Mr. Samuel Slater had brought from England the -knowledge of the inventions of Arkwright for spinning cotton. These -inventions were so carefully guarded from the public that it was almost -impossible for any one to leave England who had worked in a cotton-mill -and understood the process of manufacture. Parliament had prohibited the -exportation of the new machinery. Without the knowledge of his parents, -Samuel Slater sailed to America, carrying the complicated machinery in -his mind. At Pawtucket, R.I., he set up some Arkwright machinery from -memory, and, after years of effort and obstacles, became successful and -wealthy. - -Mr. Lowell determined to weave cotton, and if possible use the thread -already made in this country. He proposed to his brother-in-law, Mr. -Patrick Tracy Jackson, that they put some money into experiments, and -try to make a power-loom, as this newly invented machine could not be -obtained from abroad. They procured the model of a common loom, and -after repeated failures succeeded in reinventing a fairly good -power-loom. - -The thread obtained from other mills not proving available for their -looms, spinning machinery was constructed, and land was purchased on the -Merrimac River for their mills; in time a large manufacturing city -gathered about them, and was named Lowell, for the energetic and upright -manufacturer. - -When the war of 1812 was over, Mr. Lowell knew that the overloaded -markets of Europe and India would pour their cotton and other goods into -the United States. He therefore went to Washington in the winter of -1816, and after overcoming much opposition, obtained a protective tariff -for cotton manufacture. "The minimum duty on cotton fabrics," says -Edward Everett, "the corner-stone of the system, was proposed by Mr. -Lowell, and is believed to have been an original conception on his -part. To this provision of law, the fruit of the intelligence and -influence of Mr. Lowell, New England owes that branch of industry which -has made her amends for the diminution of her foreign trade; which has -left her prosperous under the exhausting drain of her population to the -West; which has brought a market for his agricultural produce to the -farmer's door; and which, while it has conferred these blessings on this -part of the country, has been productive of good, and nothing but good, -to every other portion of it." - -At Mr. Lowell's death he left a large fortune to his four children, -three sons and a daughter, of whom John Lowell, Jr., was the eldest. -Like his father, John was a successful merchant; but as his business was -carried on largely with the East Indies, he had leisure for reading. He -had one of the best private libraries in Boston, and knew the contents -of his books. He did not forget his duties to his city. He was several -times a member of the Common Council and the Legislature of the State, -believing that no person has a right to shirk political responsibility. - -In the midst of this happy and useful life, surrounded by those who were -dear to him, in the years 1830 and 1831, when he was thirty-two years of -age, came the crushing blow to his domestic joy. His wife and both -children died, and his home was broken up. He sought relief in travel, -and in the summer of 1832 made a tour of the Western States. In the -autumn of the same year, November, 1832, he sailed for Europe, intending -to be absent for some months, or even years. As though he had a -premonition that his life would be a brief one, and that he might never -return, he made his will before leaving America, giving about two -hundred and fifty thousand dollars--half of his property--"to found and -sustain free lectures," "for the promotion of the moral and intellectual -and physical instruction or education of the citizens of Boston." - -The will provides for courses in physics, chemistry, botany, zoology, -mineralogy, the literature of our own and foreign nations, and -historical and internal evidences in favor of Christianity. - -The management of the whole fund, with the selection of lecturers, is -left to one trustee, who shall choose his successor; that trustee to be, -"in preference to all others, some male descendant of my grandfather, -John Lowell, provided there be one who is competent to hold the office -of trustee, and of the name of Lowell." The trustees of the Boston -Athenaeum are empowered to look over the accounts each year, but have no -voice in the selection of the lecturers. "The trustee," says Mr. Lowell -in his will, "may also from time to time establish lectures on any -subject that, in his opinion, the wants and taste of the age may -demand." - -None of the money given by will is ever to be used in buildings; Mr. -Lowell probably having seen that money is too often put into brick and -stone to perpetuate the name of the donor, while there is no income for -the real work in hand. Ten per cent of the income of the Lowell fund is -to be added annually to the principal. It is believed that through wise -investing the fund is already doubled, and perhaps trebled. - -"The idea of a foundation of this kind," says Edward Everett, "on which, -unconnected with any place of education, provision is made, in the -midst of a large commercial population, for annual courses of -instruction by public lectures, to be delivered gratuitously to all who -choose to attend them, as far as it is practicable within our largest -halls, is, I believe, original with Mr. Lowell. I am not aware that, -among all the munificent establishments of Europe, there is anything of -this description upon a large scale." - -After Mr. Lowell reached Europe in the fall of 1832, he spent the winter -in Paris, and the summer in England, Scotland, and Ireland. He was all -the time preparing for his Eastern journey,--in the study of languages, -and the knowledge of instruments by which to make notes of the course of -winds, the temperature, atmospheric phenomena, the height of mountains, -and other matters of interest in the far-off lands which he hoped to -enter. Lord Glenelg, the Secretary of State for the Colonies, gave him -special facilities for his proposed tour into the interior of India. - -The winter of 1833 was spent in the southwestern part of France, in -visiting the principal cities of Lombardy, in Nice and Genoa, reaching -Florence early in February, 1834. In Rome he engaged a Swiss artist, an -excellent draftsman and painter, to accompany him, and make sketches of -scenery, ruins, and costumes throughout his whole journey. - -After some time spent in Naples and vicinity, he devoted a month to the -island of Sicily. He writes to Princess Galitzin, the granddaughter of -the famous Marshal Suvorof, whom he had met in Florence: "Clear and -beautiful are the skies in Sicily, and there is a warmth of tint about -the sunsets unrivalled even in Italy. It resembles what one finds under -the tropics; and so does the vegetation. It is rich and luxuriant. The -palm begins to appear; the palmetto, the aloe, and the cactus adorn -every woodside; the superb oleander bathes its roots in almost every -brook; the pomegranate and a large species of convolvulus are everywhere -seen. In short, the variety of flowers is greater than that of the -prairies in the Western States of America, though I think their number -is less. Our rudbeckia is, I think, more beautiful than the -chrysanthemum coronarium which you see all over Sicily; but there are -the orange and the lemon." - -Mr. Lowell travelled in Greece, and July 10 reached Athens, "that -venerable, ruined, dirty little town," he wrote, "of which the streets -are most narrow and nearly impassable; but the poor remains of whose -ancient taste in the arts exceed in beauty everything I have yet seen in -either Italy, Sicily, or any other portions of Greece." - -Late in September Mr. Lowell reached Smyrna, and visited the ruins of -Magnesia, Tralles, Nysa, Laodicea, Tripolis, and Hierapolis. He writes -to a friend in America; "I then crossed Mount Messogis in the rain, and -descended into the basin of the river Hermus, visited Philadelphia, the -picturesque site of Sardis, with its inaccessible citadel, and two -solitary but beautiful Ionic columns." - -Early in December Mr. Lowell sailed from Smyrna in a Greek brig, -coasting along the islands of Mitylene, Samos, Patmos, and Rhodes, -arrived in Alexandria in the latter part of the month, and proceeded up -the river Nile. On Feb. 12, 1835, he writes to his friends from the top -of the great pyramid:-- - -"The prospect is most beautiful. On the one side is the boundless -desert, varied only by a few low ridges of limestone hills. Then you -have heaps of sand, and a surface of sand reduced to so fine a powder, -and so easily agitated by the slightest breeze that it almost deserves -the name of fluid. Then comes the rich, verdant valley of the Nile, -studded with villages, adorned with green date-trees, traversed by the -Father of Rivers, with the magnificent city of Cairo on its banks; but -far narrower than one could wish, as it is bounded, at a distance of -some fifteen miles, by the Arabian desert, and the abrupt calcareous -ridge of Mokattam. Immediately below the spectator lies the city of the -dead, the innumerable tombs, the smaller pyramids, the Sphinx, and still -farther off and on the same line, to the south, the pyramids of Abou -Seer, Sakkara, and Dashoor." - -While journeying in Egypt, Mr. Lowell, from the effects of the climate, -was severely attacked by intermittent, fever; but partially recovering, -proceeded to Thebes, and established his temporary home on the ruins of -a palace at Luxor. After examining many of its wonderful structures -carved with the names and deeds of the Pharaohs, he was again prostrated -by illness, and feared that he should not recover. He had thought out -more details about his noble gift to the people of Boston; and, sick and -among strangers, he completed in that ancient land his last will for the -good of humanity. "The few sentences," says Mr. Everett, "penned with a -tired hand, on the top of a palace of the Pharaohs, will do more for -human improvement than, for aught that appears, was done by all of that -gloomy dynasty that ever reigned." - -Mr. Lowell somewhat regained his health, and proceeded to Sioot, the -capital of Upper Egypt, to lay in the stores needed for his journey to -Nubia. While at Sioot, he saw the great caravan of Darfour in Central -Africa, which comes to the Nile once in two years, and is two or three -months in crossing the desert. It usually consists of about six hundred -merchants, four thousand slaves, and six thousand camels laden with -ivory, tamarinds, ostrich-feathers, and provisions for use on the -journey. - -Mr. Lowell writes in his journal: "The immense number of tall and lank -but powerful camels was the first object that attracted our attention in -the caravan. The long and painful journey, besides killing perhaps a -quarter of the original number, had reduced the remainder to the -condition of skeletons, and rendered their natural ugliness still more -appalling. Their skins were stretched, like moistened parchment scorched -by the fire, over their strong ribs. Their eyes stood out from their -shrunken foreheads; and the arched backbone of the animals rose sharp -and prominent above their sides, like a butcher's cleaver. The fat that -usually accompanies the middle of the backbone, and forms with it the -camel's bunch, had entirely disappeared. They had occasion for it, as -well as for the reservoir of water with which a bountiful nature has -furnished them, to enable them to undergo the laborious journey and the -painful fasts of the desert. Their sides were gored with the heavy -burdens they had carried. - -"The sun was setting. The little slaves of the caravan had just driven -in from their dry pasture of thistles, parched grass, and withered -herbage these most patient and obedient animals, so essential to -travellers in the great deserts, and without which it would be as -impossible to cross them as to traverse the ocean without vessels. Their -conductors made them kneel down, and gradually poured beans between -their lengthened jaws. The camels, not having been used to this food, -did not like it; they would have greatly preferred a bit of old, -worn-out mat, as we have found to our cost in the desert. The most -mournful cries, something between the braying of an ass and the lowing -of a cow, assailed our ears in all directions, because these poor -creatures were obliged to eat what was not good for them; but they -offered no resistance otherwise. When transported to the Nile, it is -said that the change of food and water kills most of them in a little -time." - -In June Mr. Lowell resumed his journey up the Nile, and was again ill -for some weeks. The thermometer frequently stood at 115 degrees. He -visited Khartoom, and then travelled for fourteen days across the desert -of Nubia to Sowakeen, a small port on the western coast of the Red Sea. -Near here, Dec. 22, he was shipwrecked on the island of Dassa, and -nearly lost his life. In a rainstorm the little vessel ran upon the -rocks. "All my people behaved well," Mr. Lowell writes. "Yanni alone, -the youngest of them, showed by a few occasional exclamations that it is -hard to look death in the face at seventeen, when all the illusions of -life are entire. As for swimming, I have not strength for that, -especially in my clothes, and so thorough a ducking and exposure might -of itself make an end of me." - -Finally they were rescued, and sailed for Mocha, reaching that place on -the 1st of January, 1836. Mr. Lowell was much exhausted from exposure -and his recent illness. His last letters were written, Jan. 17, at -Mocha, while waiting for a British steamer on her way to Bombay, India. -From Mr. Lowell's journal it is seen that the steamboat Hugh Lindsay -arrived at Mocha from Suez, Jan. 20; that Mr. Lowell sailed on the 23d, -and arrived at Bombay, Feb. 10. He had reached the East only to die. -After three weeks of illness, he expired, March 4, 1836, a little less -than thirty-seven years of age. For years he had studied about India and -China, and had made himself ready for valuable research; but his plans -were changed by an overruling Power in whom he had always trusted. Mr. -Lowell had wisely provided for a greater work than research in the East, -the benefits of which are inestimable and unending. - -Free public lectures for the people of Boston on the Lowell foundation -were begun on the evening of Dec. 31, 1839, by a memorial address on Mr. -Lowell by Edward Everett, in the Odeon, then at the corner of Federal -and Franklin Streets, before two thousand persons. - -The first course of lectures was on geology, given by that able -scientist, Professor Benjamin Silliman of Yale College. "So great was -his popularity," says Harriette Knight Smith in the _New England -Magazine_ for February, 1895, "that on the giving out of tickets for his -second course, on chemistry, the following season, the eager crowds -filled the adjacent streets, and crushed in the windows of the 'Old -Corner Bookstore,' the place of distribution, so that provision for the -same had to be made elsewhere. To such a degree did the enthusiasm of -the public reach at that time, in its desire to attend these lectures, -that it was found necessary to open books in advance to receive the -names of subscribers, the number of tickets being distributed by lot. -Sometimes the number of applicants for a single course was eight or ten -thousand." The same number of the magazine contains a valuable list of -all the speakers at the Institute since its beginning. The usual method -now is to advertise the lectures in the Boston papers a week or more in -advance; and then all persons desiring to attend meet at a designated -place, and receive tickets in the order of their coming. At the -appointed hour, the doors of the building where the lectures are given -are closed, and no one is admitted after the speaker begins. Not long -since I met a gentleman who had travelled seven miles to attend a -lecture, and failed to obtain entrance. Harriette Knight Smith says, -"This rule was at first resisted to such a degree that a reputable -gentleman was taken to the lockup and compelled to pay a fine for -kicking his way through an entrance door. Finally the rule was submitted -to, and in time praised and copied." - -For seven years the Lowell Institute lectures were given in the Odeon, -and for thirteen years in Marlboro Chapel, between Washington and -Tremont, Winter and Bromfield Streets. Since 1879 they have been heard -in Huntington Hall, Boylston Street, in the Rogers Building of the -Massachusetts Institute of Technology. - -Since the establishment of the free lectures, over five thousand have -been given to the people by some of the most eminent and learned men of -both hemispheres,--Lyell, Tyndall, Wallace, Holmes, Lowell, Bryce, and -more than three hundred others. Sir Charles Lyell lectured on Geology, -Professor Asa Gray on Botany, Oliver Wendell Holmes on English Poetry -of the Nineteenth Century, E. H. Davis on Mounds and Earthworks of the -Mississippi Valley, Lieutenant M. F. Maury on Winds and Currents of the -Sea, Mark Hopkins (President of Williams College) on Moral Philosophy, -Charles Eliot Norton on The Thirteenth Century, Henry Barnard on -National Education, Samuel Eliot on Evidences of Christianity, Burt G. -Wilder on The Silk Spider of South Carolina, W. D. Howells on Italian -Poets of our Century, Professor John Tyndall on Light and Heat, Dr. -Isaac I. Hayes on Arctic Discoveries, Richard A. Proctor on Astronomy, -General Francis A. Walker on Money, Hon. Carroll D. Wright on The Labor -Question, H. H. Boyesen on The Icelandic Saga Literature, the Rev. J. G. -Wood on Structure of Animal Life, the Rev. H. R. Haweis on Music and -Morals, Alfred Russell Wallace on Darwinism and Some of Its -Applications, the Rev. G. Frederick Wright on The Ice Age in North -America, Professor James Geikie on Europe During and after the Ice Age, -John Fiske on The Discovery and Colonization of America, Professor Henry -Drummond on The Evolution of Man, President Eliot of Harvard College on -Recent Educational Changes and Tendencies. - -Professor Tyndall, after his Lowell lectures, gave the ten thousand -dollars which he had received for his labors in America in scholarships -to the University of Pennsylvania, Harvard University, and Columbia -College. - -Mr. John Amory Lowell, a cousin of John Lowell, Jr., and the trustee -appointed by him, at the suggestion of Lyell, a mutual friend, invited -Louis Agassiz to come to Boston, and give a course of lectures before -the Institute in 1846. He came; and the visit resulted in the building, -by Mr. Abbott Lawrence, of the Lawrence Scientific School in connection -with Harvard College, and the retaining of the brilliant and noble -Agassiz in this country as a professor of zoology and geology. The -influence of such lectures upon the intellectual growth and moral -welfare of a city can scarcely be estimated. It is felt through the -State, and eventually through the nation. - -Mr. Lowell in his will planned also for other lectures, "those more -erudite and particular for students;" and for twenty years there have -been "Lowell free courses of instruction in the Institute of -Technology," given usually in the evening in the classrooms of the -professors. These are the same lectures usually given to regular -students, and are free alike to men and women over eighteen years of -age. These courses of instruction include mathematics, mechanics, -physics, drawing, chemistry, geology, natural history, navigation, -biology, English, French, German, history, architecture, and -engineering. Through the generosity of Mr. Lowell, every person in -Boston may become educated, if he or she have the time and desire. Over -three thousand such lectures have been given. - -For many years the Lowell Institute has furnished instruction in science -to the school-teachers of Boston. It now furnishes lectures on practical -and scientific subjects to workingmen, under the auspices of the Wells -Memorial Workingmen's Institute. - -As the University Extension Lectures carry the college to the people, so -more and more the Lowell fund is carrying helpful and practical -intelligence to every nook and corner of a great city. Young people are -stimulated to endeavor, encouraged to save time in which to gain -knowledge, and to become useful and honorable citizens. When more -"Settlements" are established in all the waste places, we shall have so -many the more centres for the diffusion of intellectual and moral aid. - -Who shall estimate the power and value of such a gift to the people as -that of John Lowell, Jr.? The Hon. Edward Everett said truly, "It will -be, from generation to generation, a perennial source of public good,--a -dispensation of sound science, of useful knowledge, of truth in its most -important associations with the destiny of man. These are blessings -which cannot die. They will abide when the sands of the desert shall -have covered what they have hitherto spared of the Egyptian temples; and -they will render the name of Lowell in all-wise and moral estimation -more truly illustrious than that of any Pharaoh engraven on their -walls." - -The gift of John Lowell, Jr., has resulted in other good work besides -the public lectures. In 1850 a free drawing-school was established in -Marlboro Chapel, and continued successfully for twenty-nine years, till -the building was taken for business purposes. The pupils were required -to draw from real objects only, through the whole course. In 1872 the -Lowell School of Practical Design, for the purpose of promoting -Industrial Art in the United States, was established, and the -Massachusetts Institute of Technology assumed the responsibility of -conducting it. The Lowell Institute bears the expenses of the school, -and tuition is free to all pupils. - -There is a drawing-room and a weaving-room, though applicants must be -able to draw from nature before they enter. In the weaving-room are two -fancy chain-looms for dress-goods, three fancy chain-looms for woollen -cassimeres, one gingham loom, and one Jacquard loom. Samples of brocaded -silk, ribbons, alpacas, and fancy woollen goods are constantly provided -for the school from Paris and elsewhere. - -The course of study requires three years; and students are taught the -art of designing, and making patterns from prints, ginghams, delaines, -silks, laces, paper-hangings, carpets, oilcloths, etc. They can also -weave their designs into actual fabrics of commercial sizes of every -variety of material. The school has proved a most helpful and beneficent -institution. It is an inspiration to visit it, and see the happy and -earnest faces of the young workers, fitting themselves for useful -positions in life. - -The Lowell Institute has been fortunate in its management. Mr. John -Amory Lowell was the able trustee for more than forty years; and the -present trustee, Mr. Augustus Lowell, like his father, has the great -work much at heart. Dr. Benjamin E. Cotting, the curator from the -formation of the Institute, a period of more than half a century, has -won universal esteem for his ability, as also for his extreme courtesy -and kindness. - -John Lowell, Jr., humanly speaking, died before his lifework was -scarcely begun. The studious, modest boy, the thorough, conscientious -man, planning a journey to Africa and India, not for pleasure merely, -but for helpfulness to science and humanity, died just as he entered the -long sought-for land. A man of warm affections, he went out from a -broken home to die among strangers. - -He was so careful of his moments that, says Mr. Everett, "he spared no -time for the frivolous pleasures of youth; less, perhaps, than his -health required for its innocent relaxations, and for exercise." Whether -or not he realized that the time was short, he accomplished more in his -brief thirty-seven years than many men in fourscore and ten. It would -have been easy to spend two hundred and fifty thousand dollars in houses -and lands, in fine equipage and social festivities; but Mr. Lowell had a -higher purpose in life. - -After five weeks of illness, thousands of miles from all who were dear -to him, on the ruins of Thebes, in an Arab village built on the remains -of an ancient palace, Mr. Lowell penned these words: "As the most -certain and the most important part of true philosophy appears to me to -be that which shows the connection between God's revelations and the -knowledge of good and evil implanted by him in our nature, I wish a -course of lectures to be given on natural religion, showing its -conformity to that of our Saviour. - -"For the more perfect demonstration of the truth of those moral and -religious precepts, by which alone, as I believe, men can be secure of -happiness in this world and that to come, I wish a course of lectures to -be delivered on the historical and internal evidences in favor of -Christianity. I wish all disputed points of faith and ceremony to be -avoided, and the attention of the lecturers to be directed to the moral -doctrines of the Gospel, stating their opinion, if they will, but not -engaging in controversy, even on the subject of the penalty for -disobedience. As the prosperity of my native land, New England, which is -sterile and unproductive, must depend hereafter, as it has heretofore -depended, first on the moral qualities, and second on the intelligence -and information of its inhabitants, I am desirous of trying to -contribute towards this second object also." - -The friend of the people, Mr. Lowell desired that they should learn from -the greatest minds of the age without expense to themselves. It should -be an absolutely free gift. - -The words from the Theban ruins have had their ever broadening influence -through half a century. What shall be the result for good many centuries -from now? Tens of thousands of fortunes have been and will be spent for -self, and the names of the owners will be forgotten. John Lowell, Jr., -did not live for himself, and his name will be remembered. - -Others in this country have adopted somewhat Mr. Lowell's plan of -giving. The Hon. Oakes Ames, the great shovel manufacturer, member of -Congress for ten years, and builder of the Union Pacific Railroad, left -at his death, May 8, 1873, a fund of fifty thousand dollars "for the -benefit of the school children of North Easton, Mass." The income is -thirty-five hundred dollars a year, part of which is used in furnishing -magazines to children--each family having children in the schools is -supplied with some magazine; part for an industrial school where they -are taught the use of tools; and part for free lectures yearly to the -school children, adults also having the benefit of them. Thirty or more -lectures are given each winter upon interesting and profitable subjects -by able lecturers. - -Some of the subjects already discussed are as follows: The Great -Yellowstone Park, A Journey among the Planets, The Chemistry of a -Match, Paris, its Gardens and Palaces, A Basket of Charcoal, Tobacco and -Liquors, Battle of Gettysburg, The Story of the Jeannette, Palestine, -Electricity, Picturesque Mexico, The Sponge and Starfish, Sweden, -Physiology, History of a Steam-Engine, Heroes and Historic Places of the -Revolution, The Four Napoleons, The World's Fair, The Civil War, and -others. - -What better way to spend an evening than in listening to such lectures? -What better way to use one's money than in laying the foundation of -intelligent and good citizenship in childhood and youth? - -The press of North Easton says, "The influence and educational power of -such a series of lectures and course of instruction in a community -cannot be measured or properly gauged. From these lectures a stream of -knowledge has gone out which, we believe, will bear fruit in the future -for the good of the community. Of the many good things which have come -from the liberality of Mr. Ames, this, we believe, has been the most -potent for good of any." - -Judge White of Lawrence, Mass., left at his death a tract of land in the -hands of three trustees, which they were to sell, and use the income to -provide a course of not less than six lectures yearly, especially to the -industrial classes. The subjects were to be along the line of good -morals, industry, economy, the fruits of sin and of virtue. The White -fund amounts to about one hundred thousand dollars. - -Mrs. Mary Hemenway of Boston, who died March 6, 1894, will always be -remembered for her good works, not the least of which are the yearly -courses of free lectures for young people at the Old South Church. When -the meeting-house where Benjamin Franklin was baptized, where the town -meeting was held after the Boston Massacre in 1770, and just before the -tea was thrown overboard in 1773, and which the British troops used for -a riding-school in 1775,--when this historic place was in danger of -being torn down because business interests seemed to demand the -location, Mrs. Hemenway, with other Boston women, came forward in 1876 -to save it. She once said to Mr. Larkin Dunton, head master of the -Boston Normal School, "I have just given a hundred thousand dollars to -save the Old South; yet I care nothing for the church on the corner lot. -But, if I live, such teaching shall be done in that old building, and -such an influence shall go out from it, as shall make the children of -future generations love their country so tenderly that there can never -be another civil war in this country." - -Mrs. Hemenway was patriotic. When asked why she gave one hundred -thousand dollars to Tileston Normal School in Wilmington, N.C.,--her -maiden name was Tileston,--and thus provide for schools in the South, -she replied, "When my country called for her sons to defend the flag, I -had none to give. Mine was but a lad of twelve. I gave my money as a -thank-offering that I was not called to suffer as other mothers who gave -their sons and lost them. I gave it that the children of this generation -might be taught to love the flag their fathers tore down." - -In December, 1878, Miss C. Alice Baker began at the Old South Church a -series of talks to children on New England history, between eleven and -twelve o'clock on Saturdays, which she called, "The Children's Hour." -From the relics on the floor and in the gallery, telling of Colonial -times, she riveted their attention, thus showing to the historical -societies of this country how easily they might interest and profit the -children of our public schools, if these were allowed to visit museums -in small companies with suitable leaders. - -From this year, 1878, the excellent work has been carried on. Every year -George Washington's birthday is appropriately celebrated at the Old -South Meeting-house, with speeches and singing of national patriotic -airs by the children of the public schools. In 1879 Mr. John Fiske, the -noted historical writer, gave a course of lectures on Saturday mornings -upon The Discovery and Colonization of America. These were followed in -succeeding years by his lectures on The American Revolution, and others -that are now published in book form. These were more especially for the -young, but adults seemed just as eager to hear them as young persons. - -Regular courses of free lectures for young people were established in -the summer of 1883, more especially for those who did not leave the city -during the long summer vacations. The lectures are usually given on -Wednesday afternoons in July and August. A central topic is chosen for -the season, such as Early Massachusetts History, The War for the Union, -The War for Independence, The Birth of the Nation, The American Indians, -etc.; and different persons take part in the course. - -With each lecture a leaflet of four or eight pages is given to those who -attend, and these leaflets can be bound at the end of the season for a -small sum. "These are made up, for the most part, from original papers -treated in the lectures," says Mr. Edwin D. Mead who prepares them, "in -the hope to make the men and the public life of the periods more clear -and real." These leaflets are very valuable, the subjects being, "The -Voyages to Vinland, from the Saga of Eric the Red," "Marco Polo's -Account of Japan and Java," "The Death of De Soto from the Narrative of -a Gentleman of Elvas," etc. They are furnished to the schools at the -bare cost of paper and printing. Mr. Mead, the scholarly author, and -editor of the _New England Magazine_, has been untiring in the Old South -work, and has been the means of several other cities adopting like -methods for the study of early history, especially by young people. - -Every year since 1881 four prizes, two of forty dollars, and two of -twenty-five dollars each, have been offered to high school pupils soon -to graduate, and also to those recently graduated, for the best essays -on assigned topics of American history. Those who compete and do not win -a prize receive a present of valuable books in recognition of their -effort. From the first, Mrs. Hemenway was the enthusiastic friend and -promoter of the Old South work. She spent five thousand a year, for many -years, in carrying it forward, and left provision for its continuation -at her death. It is not too much to say that these free lectures have -stimulated the study of our early history all over the country, and made -us more earnest lovers of our flag and of our nation. The world has -little respect for a "man without a country." - - - "Breathes there the man with soul so dead - Who never to himself hath said, - 'This is my own, my native land!' - Whose heart hath ne'er within him burned - As home his footsteps he hath turned - From wandering on a foreign strand?" - - -Mrs. Hemenway did not cease her good work with her free lectures for -young people. It is scarcely easier to stop in an upward career than in -a downward. When the heart and hand are once opened to the world's -needs, they can nevermore be closed. - -Mrs. Hemenway, practical with all her wealth, believed that everybody -should know how to work, and thus not only be placed above want, but -dignify labor. She said, "In my youth, girls in the best families were -accustomed to participate in many of the household affairs. Some -occasionally assisted in other homes. As for myself, I read not many -books. They were not so numerous as now. I was reared principally on -household duties, the Bible, and Shakespeare." - -Mrs. Hemenway began by establishing kitchen gardens in Boston, opened on -Saturdays. I remember going to one of them at the North End, in 1881, -through the invitation of Mrs. Hemenway's able assistant, Miss Amy -Morris Homans. In a large, plain room of the "Mission" I found -twenty-four bright little girls seated at two long tables. They were -eager, interesting children, but most had on torn and soiled dresses and -poor shoes. - -In front of each stood a tiny box, used as a table, on which were four -plates, each a little over an inch wide; four knives, each three inches -long, and forks to correspond; goblets, and cups and saucers of the same -diminutive sizes. - -At a signal from the piano, the girls began to set the little tables -properly. First the knives and forks were put in their places, then the -very small napkins, and then the goblets. In front of the "lady of the -house" were set the cups and saucers, spoon-holder, water-pitcher, and -coffee-pot. - -Then they listened to a useful and pleasant talk from the leader; and -when the order was given to clear the tables, twenty-four pairs of -little hands put the pewter dishes, made to imitate silver, into a -pitcher, and the other things into dishpans, about four or five inches -wide, singing a song to the music of the piano as they washed the -dishes. These children also learned to sweep and dust, make beds, and -perform other household duties. Each pupil was given a complete set of -new clothes by Mrs. Hemenway. - -Many persons had petitioned to have sewing taught in the public schools -of Boston, as in London; but there was opposition, and but little was -accomplished. Mrs. Hemenway started sewing-schools, obtained capable -teachers, and in time sewing became a regular part of the public-school -work, with a department of sewing in the Boston Normal School; so that -hereafter the teacher will be as able in her department as another in -mathematics. Drafting, cutting, and fitting have been added in many -schools, so that thousands of women will be able to save expense in -their homes through the skill of their own hands. - -Mrs. Hemenway knew that in many homes food is poorly cooked, and health -is thereby impaired. Mr. Henry C. Hardon of Boston tells of this -conversation between two teachers: "Name some one thing that would -enable your boys to achieve more, and build up the school."--"A plate of -good soup and a thick slice of bread after recess," was the reply. "I -could get twice the work before twelve. They want new blood." - -Mrs. Hemenway started cooking-schools in Boston, which she called -school kitchens; and when it was found to be difficult to secure -suitable teachers, she established and supported a normal school of -cooking. Boston, seeing the need of proper teachers in its future work -in the schools, has provided a department of cooking in the city Normal -School. - -Mrs. Hemenway believed in strong bodies, aided to become such by -physical training. She offered to the School Committee of Boston to -provide for the instruction of a hundred teachers in the Swedish system, -on condition that they be allowed to use the exercises in their classes -in case they chose to do so. The result proved successful, and now over -sixty thousand in the public schools take the Swedish exercises daily. - -Mrs. Hemenway established the Boston Normal School of Gymnastics, from -which teachers have gone to Radcliffe College, Cambridge; Bryn Mawr, -Pennsylvania; Denver, Colorado; Drexel Institute, Philadelphia; their -average salary being slightly less than one thousand dollars, the -highest salary reaching eighteen hundred dollars. Boston has now made -the teaching of gymnastics a part of its normal-school work, so that -every graduate goes out prepared to direct the work in the school. Mrs. -Hemenway gave generously to aid the Boston Teachers' Mutual Benefit -Association; for she said, "Nothing is too good for the Boston -teachers." She was a busy woman, with no time for fashionable life, -though she welcomed to her elegant home all who had any helpful work to -do in the world. She used her wealth and her social position to help -humanity. She died leaving her impress on a great city and State, and -through that upon the nation. - -New York State and City are now carrying out an admirable plan of free -lectures for the people. The State appropriates twenty-five thousand -dollars annually that free lectures may be given "in natural history, -geography, and kindred subjects by means of pictorial representation and -lectures, to the free common schools of each city and village of the -State that has, or may have, a superintendent of free common schools." -These illustrated lectures may also be given "to artisans, mechanics, -and other citizens." - -This has grown largely out of the excellent work done by Professor -Albert S. Bickmore of the American Museum of Natural History, Eighth -Avenue and Seventy-seventh Street, Central Park, New York. In 1869, when -the Museum was founded, the teachers of the public schools were required -to give object-lessons on animals, plants, human anatomy, and -physiology, and came to the Museum to the curator of the department of -ethnology, Professor Bickmore, for assistance. His lectures, given on -Saturday forenoons, illustrated by the stereopticon, were upon the -body,--the muscular system, nervous system, etc.; the mineral -kingdom,--granite, marble, coal, petroleum, iron, etc.; the vegetable -kingdom,--evergreens, oaks, elms, etc.; the animal kingdom,--the sea, -corals, oysters, butterflies, bees, ants, etc.; physical geography,--the -Mississippi Valley, Yellowstone National Park, Mexico, Egypt, Greece, -Italy, West Indies, etc.; zoology,--fishes, reptiles, and birds, the -whale, dogs, seals, lions, monkeys, etc. - -These lectures became so popular and helpful that the trustees of the -Museum hired Chickering Hall for some of the courses, which were -attended by over thirteen hundred teachers each week. Professor -Bickmore also gives free illustrated lectures to the people on the -afternoons of legal holidays at the Museum, under the auspices of the -State Department of Public Instruction. - -New York State has done a thing which might well be copied in other -States. Each normal school of the State, and each city and village -superintendent of schools, may be provided with a stereopticon, all -needed lantern slides, and the printed lectures of Professor Bickmore, -for use before the schools. In this way children have object-lessons -which they never forget. - -The Museum, in co-operation with the Board of Education of the city of -New York, is providing free lectures for the people at the Museum on -Saturday evenings, by various lecturers. The Board, under the direction -of Dr. Henry M. Leipziger, is doing good work in its free illustrated -lectures for the people in many portions of the city. These are given in -the evenings, and often at the grammar-school buildings, a good use to -which to put them. Such subjects are chosen as The Navy in the Civil -War, The Progress of the Telegraph, Life in the Arctic Regions, -Emergencies and How to Meet Them (by some physician), Iron and Steel -Ship-building, The Care of the Eyes and Teeth, Burns and Scotland, -Andrew Jackson, etc. Rich and poor are alike welcome to the lectures, -and all classes are present. - -A city or State that does such work for the people will reap a -hundred-fold in coming generations. - - - - -STEPHEN GIRARD - -AND HIS COLLEGE FOR ORPHANS. - - -Near the city of Bordeaux, France, on May 20, 1750, the eldest son of -Pierre Girard and his wife, Anne Marie Lafargue, was born. The family -were well-to-do; and Pierre was knighted by Louis XV. for bravery on -board the squadron at Brest, in 1744, when France and England were at -war. The king gave Pierre Girard his own sword, which Pierre at his -death ordered to be placed in his coffin, and it was buried with him. -Although the Girard family were devoted to the sea, Pierre wished to -have his boys become professional men; and this might have been the case -with the eldest son, Stephen, had not an accident changed his life. - -When the boy was eight years old, his right eye was destroyed. Some wet -oyster-shells were thrown upon a bonfire, and the heat breaking the -shells, a ragged piece flew into the eye. To make the calamity worse, -his playmates ridiculed his appearance with one eye closed; and he -became sensitive, and disinclined to play with any one save his brother -Jean. - -He was a grave and dignified lad, inclined to be domineering, and of a -quick temper. His mother tried to teach him self-control, and had she -lived, would doubtless have softened his nature; but a second mother -coming into the home, who had several children of her own, the effect -upon Stephen was disastrous. She seems not to have understood his -nature; and when he rebelled, the father sided with the new love, and -bade his son submit, or find a home as best he could. - -"I will leave your house," replied the passionate boy, hurt in feelings -as well as angered. "Give me a venture on any ship that sails from -Bordeaux, and I will go at once, where you shall never see me again." - -A business acquaintance, Captain Jean Courteau, was about to sail to San -Domingo in the West Indies. Pierre Girard gave his son sixteen thousand -livres, about three thousand dollars; and the lad of fourteen, small for -his age, went out into the world as a cabin-boy, to try his fortune. - -If his mother had been alive he would have been homesick, but as matters -were at present the Girard house could not be a home to him. His first -voyage lasted ten months; the three thousand dollars had gained him some -money, and the trip had made him in love with the sea. He returned for a -brief time to his brothers and sisters, and then made five other -voyages, having attained the rank of lieutenant of the vessel. - -When he was twenty-three, he was given authority to act as "captain of a -merchant vessel," and sailed away from Bordeaux forever. After stopping -at St. Marc's in the island of San Domingo, young Girard sailed for New -York, which he reached in July, 1774. With shrewd business ability he -disposed of the articles brought in his ship, and in so doing attracted -the interest of a prosperous merchant, Mr. Thomas Randall, who was -engaged in trade with New Orleans and the West Indies. - -Mr. Randall asked the energetic young Frenchman to take the position of -first officer in his ship L'Aimable Louise. This resulted so -satisfactorily that Girard was taken into partnership, and became master -of the vessel in her trade with New Orleans and the West Indies. - -After nearly two years, in May, 1776, Girard was returning from the West -Indies, and in a fog and storm at sea found himself in Delaware Bay, and -learned that a British fleet was outside. The pilot, who had come in -answer to the small cannon fired from Girard's ship, advised against his -going to New York, as he would surely be captured, the Revolutionary War -having begun. As he had no American money with him, a Philadelphia -gentleman who came with the pilot loaned him five dollars. This -five-dollar loan proved a blessing to the Quaker City, when in after -years she received millions from the merchant who came by accident into -her borders. - -Captain Girard sold his interest in L'Aimable Louise, and opened a small -store on Water Street, putting into it his cargo from the West Indies. -He hoped to go to sea again as soon as the war should be over, and -conferred with Mr. Lum, a plain shipbuilder near him on Water Street, -about building a ship for him. Mr. Lum had an unusually beautiful -daughter, Mary, a girl of sixteen, with black hair and eyes, and very -fair complexion. Though eleven years older than Mary, Stephen Girard -fell in love with her, and was married to her, June 6, 1777, before his -family could object, as they soon did strenuously, when they learned -that she was poor and below him in social rank. - -About three years after the marriage, Jean visited his brother Stephen -in America, and seems to have appreciated the beautiful and modest girl -to whom the family were so opposed. Henry Atlee Ingram, LL.B., in his -life of Girard, quotes several letters from Jean after he had returned -to France, or when at Cape Francois, San Domingo: "Be so kind as to -assure my dear sister-in-law of my true affection.... Say a thousand -kind things to her for me, and assure her of my unalterable -friendship.... Thousands and thousands of friendly wishes to your dear -wife. Say to her that if anything from here would give her pleasure, to -ask me for it. I will do everything in the world to prove to her my -attachment.... I send by Derussy the jar which your lovely wife filled -for me with gherkins, full of an excellent guava jelly for you people, -besides two orange-trees. He has promised me to take care of them. I -hope he will, and embrace, as well as you, my ever dear Mary." - -Three or four months after his marriage, Lord Howe having threatened the -city, Mr. Girard took his young wife to Mount Holly, N.J., to a little -farm of five or six acres which he had purchased the previous year for -five hundred dollars. Here they lived in a one-story-and-a-half frame -house for over a year, when they returned to Philadelphia and he resumed -his business. He had decided already to become a citizen of the -Republic, and took the oath of allegiance, Oct. 27, 1778. - -Mr. Lum at once began to build the sloop which Mr. Girard was planning -when he first met Mary, and she was named the Water-Witch. Until she -was shipwrecked, five or six years later, Mr. Girard believed she could -never cause him loss. Already he was worth over one hundred and fifty -thousand dollars, made by his own energy, prudence, and ability; but he -lived with great simplicity, and was accumulating wealth rapidly. In -1784 he built his second vessel, named, in compliment to Jean, the Two -Brothers. - -The next year, 1785, when he was thirty-five years old, the great sorrow -of his life came upon him. The beautiful wife, only a little beyond her -teens, became melancholy, and then hopelessly insane. Mr. Ingram -believes the eight years of Mary Girard's married life were happy years, -though the contrary has been stated. Without doubt Mr. Girard was very -fond of her, though his unbending will and temper, and the ignoring of -her relatives, were not calculated to make any woman continuously happy. -Evidently Jean, who had lived in the family, thought no blame attached -to his brother; for he wrote from Cape Francois: "It is impossible to -express to you what I felt at such news. I do truly pity the frightful -state I imagine you to be in, above all, knowing the regard and love you -bear your wife.... Conquer your grief, and show yourself by that worthy -of being a man; for, dear friend, when one has nothing with which to -reproach one's self, no blow, whatsoever it may be, should crush him." - -After a period of rest, Mrs. Girard seemed to recover. Stephen and Jean -formed a partnership, and the former sailed to the Mediterranean on -business for the firm. After three years the partnership was dissolved -by mutual consent, Stephen preferring to transact business alone. As -soon as these matters were settled, he and his wife were to take a -journey to France, which country she had long been anxious to visit. -Probably the family would then see for themselves that the unassuming -girl made an amiable, sensible wife for their eldest son. - -In the midst of preparations, the despondency again returned; and by the -advice of physicians, Mrs. Girard was taken to the Pennsylvania -Hospital, at Eighth and Spruce Streets, Aug. 31, 1790, where she -remained till her death in 1815, insane for over twenty-five years. She -retained much of the beauty of her girlhood, lived on the first floor of -the hospital in large rooms, had the freedom of the grounds, and was -"always sitting in the sunlight." Her mind became almost a blank; and -when the housekeeper came bringing the little daughters of Jean, Mrs. -Girard scarcely recognized her. - -To add still more to Mr. Girard's sorrow, after his wife had been at the -hospital several months, on March 3, 1791, a daughter was born to her, -who was named for the mother, Mary Girard. The infant was taken into the -country to be cared for, and lived but a few months. It was buried in -the graveyard of the parish church. - -Bereft of his only child, his home desolate, Mr. Girard plunged more -than ever into the whirl of business. He built six large ships, naming -some of them after his favorite authors,--Voltaire, Helvetius, -Montesquieu, Rousseau, Good Friends, and North America,--to trade with -China and India, and other Eastern countries. He would send grain and -cotton to Bordeaux, where, after unloading, his ships would reload with -fruit and wine for St. Petersburg. There they would dispose of their -cargo, and take on hemp and iron for Amsterdam. From there they would go -to Calcutta and Canton, and return, laden with tea and silks, to -Philadelphia. - -Little was known about the quiet, taciturn Frenchman; but every one -supposed he was becoming very rich, which was the truth. He was not -always successful. He says in one of his letters, "We are all the -subjects of what you call 'reverses of fortune.' The great secret is to -make good use of fortune, and when reverses come, receive them with -_sang froid_, and by redoubled activity and economy endeavor to repair -them." His ship Montesquieu, from Canton, China, arrived within the -capes of Delaware, March 26, 1813, not having heard of the war between -America and England, and was captured with her valuable cargo, the -fruits of the two years' voyage. The ship was valued at $20,000, and the -cargo over $164,000. He immediately tried to ransom her, and did so with -$180,000 in coin. When her cargo was sold, the sales amounted to nearly -$500,000, so that Girard's quickness and good sense, in spite of the -ransom, brought him large gains. The teas were sold for over two dollars -a pound, on account of their scarcity from the war. - -Mr. Girard rose early and worked late. He spent little on clothes or for -daily needs. He evidently did not care simply to make money; for he -wrote his friend Duplessis at New Orleans: "I do not value fortune. The -love of labor is my highest ambition.... I observe with pleasure that -you have a numerous family, that you are happy in the possession of an -honest fortune. This is all that a wise man has a right to wish for. As -to myself, I live like a galley-slave, constantly occupied, and often -passing the night without sleeping. I am wrapped up in a labyrinth of -affairs, and worn out with care." - -To another he wrote: "When I rise in the morning my only effort is to -labor so hard during the day that when the night comes I may be enabled -to sleep soundly." He had the same strong will as in his boyhood, but he -usually controlled his temper. He kept his business to himself, and -would not permit his clerks to gossip about his affairs. They had to be -men of correct habits while in his employ. Having some suspicion of one -of the officers of his ship Voltaire, he wrote to Captain Bowen: "I -desire you not to permit a drunken or immoral man to remain on board of -your ship. Whenever such a man makes disturbance, or is disagreeable to -the rest of the crew, discharge him whenever you have the opportunity. -And if any of my apprentices should not conduct themselves properly, I -authorize you to correct them as I would myself. My intention being that -they shall learn their business, so after they are free they may be -useful to themselves and their country." - -Mr. Girard gave minute instructions to all his employees, with the -direction that they were to "break owners, not orders." Miss Louise -Stockton, in "A Sylvan City, or Quaint Corners in Philadelphia," tells -the following incident, illustrative of Mr. Girard's inflexible rule: -"He once sent a young supercargo with two ships on a two years' voyage. -He was to go first to London, then to Amsterdam, and so from port to -port, selling and buying, until at last he was to go to Mocha, buy -coffee, and turn back. At London, however, the young fellow was charged -by the Barings not to go to Mocha, or he would fall into the hands of -pirates; at Amsterdam they told him the same thing. Everywhere the -caution was repeated; but he sailed on until he came to the last port -before Mocha. Here he was consigned to a merchant who had been an -apprentice to Girard in Philadelphia; and he, too, told him he must not -dare venture near the Red Sea. - -"The supercargo was now in a dilemma. On one side was his master's -order; on the other, two vessels, a valuable cargo, and a large sum of -money. The merchant knew Girard's peculiarities as well as the -supercargo did; but he thought the rule to "break owners, not orders" -might this time be governed by discretion. 'You'll not only lose all you -have made,' he said, 'but you'll never go home to justify yourself.' - -"The young man reflected. After all, the object of his voyages was to -get coffee; and there was no danger in going to Java, so he turned his -prow, and away he sailed to the Chinese seas. He bought coffee at four -dollars a sack, and sold it in Amsterdam at a most enormous advance, and -then went back to Philadelphia in good order, with large profits, sure -of approval. Soon after he entered the counting-room Girard came in. He -looked at the young fellow from under his bushy brows, and his one eye -gleamed with resentment. He did not greet him, nor welcome him, nor -congratulate him, but, shaking his angry hand, cried, 'What for you not -go to Mocha, sir?' And for the moment the supercargo wished he had. But -this was all Girard ever said on the subject. He rarely scolded his -employees. He might express his opinion by cutting down a salary, and -when a man did not suit him he dismissed him." - -When one of Girard's bookkeepers, Stephen Simpson, apparently with -little or no provocation, assaulted a fellow bookkeeper, injuring him so -severely about the head that the man was unable to leave his home for -more than a week, Girard simply laid a letter on Simpson's desk the next -morning, reducing his salary from fifteen hundred dollars to one -thousand per annum. The clerk was very angry, but did not give up his -situation. When an errand-boy was caught in the act of stealing small -sums of money from the counting-house, Mr. Girard put a more intricate -lock on the money-drawer, and made no comment. The boy was sorry for his -conduct, and gave no further occasion for complaint. - -Girard believed in labor as a necessity for every human being. He used -to say, "No man shall be a gentleman on _my_ money." If he had a son he -should labor. He said, "If I should leave him twenty thousand dollars, -he would be lazy or turn gambler." Mr. Ingram tells an amusing incident -of an Irishman who applied to Mr. Girard for work. "Engaging the man for -a whole day, he directed the removal from one side of his yard to the -other of a pile of bricks, which had been stored there awaiting some -building operations; and this task, which consumed several hours, being -completed, he was accosted by the Irishman to know what should be done -next. 'Why, have you finished that already?' said Girard; 'I thought it -would take all day to do that. Well, just move them all back again where -you took them from; that will use up the rest of the day;' and upon the -astonished Irishman's flat refusal to perform such fruitless labor, he -was promptly paid and discharged, Girard saying at the same time, in a -rather aggrieved manner, 'I certainly understood you to say that you -wanted _any_ kind of work.'" - -Absorbed as Mr. Girard was in his business, cold and unapproachable as -he seemed to the people of Philadelphia, he had noble qualities, which -showed themselves in the hour of need. In the latter part of July, 1793, -yellow fever in its most fatal form broke out in Water Street, within a -square of Mr. Girard's residence. The city was soon in a panic. Most of -the public offices were closed, the churches were shut up, and people -fled from the city whenever it was possible to do so. Corpses were taken -to the grave on the shafts of a chaise driven by a negro, unattended, -and without ceremony. - -"Many never walked in the footpath, but went in the middle of the -streets, to avoid being infected in passing houses wherein people had -died. Acquaintances and friends avoided each other in the streets, and -only signified their regard by a cold nod. The old custom of shaking -hands fell into such disuse that many shrank back with affright at even -the offer of a hand. The death-calls echoed through the silent, -grass-grown streets; and at night the watcher would hear at his -neighbor's door the cry, 'Bring out your dead!' and the dead were -brought. Unwept over, unprayed for, they were wrapped in the sheet in -which they died, and were hurried into a box, and thrown into a great -pit, the rich and the poor together." - -"Authentic cases are recorded," says Henry W. Arey in his "Girard -College and its Founder," "where parent and child and husband and wife -died deserted and alone, for want of a little care from the hands of -absent kindred." - -In the midst of this dreadful plague an anonymous call for volunteer aid -appeared in the _Federal Gazette_, the only paper which continued to be -published. All but three of the "Visitors of the Poor" had died, or had -fled from the city. The hospital at Bush Hill needed some one to bring -order out of chaos, and cleanliness out of filth. Two men volunteered to -do this work, which meant probable death. To the amazement of all, one -of these was the rich and reticent foreigner, Stephen Girard. The other -man was Peter Helm. The former took the interior of the hospital under -his charge. For two months Mr. Girard spent from six to eight hours -daily in the hospital, and the rest of the time helped to remove the -sick and the dead from the infected districts round about. He wrote to a -friend in Baltimore: "The deplorable situations to which fright and -sickness have reduced the inhabitants of our city demand succor from -those who do not fear death, or who at least do not see any risk in the -epidemic which now prevails here. This will occupy me for some time; and -if I have the misfortune to succumb, I will have at least the -satisfaction to have performed a duty which we all owe to each other." - -Mr. Ingram quotes from the _United States Gazette_ of Jan. 13, 1832, the -account of Girard at this time, witnessed by a merchant who was hurrying -by with a camphor-saturated handkerchief pressed to his mouth: "A -carriage, rapidly driven by a black servant, broke the silence of the -deserted and grass-grown street. It stopped before a frame house in -Farmer's Row, the very hotbed of the pestilence; and the driver, first -having bound a handkerchief over his mouth, opened the door of the -carriage, and quickly remounted to the box. A short, thick-set man -stepped from the coach, and entered the house. - -"In a minute or two the observer, who stood at a safe distance watching -the proceedings, heard a shuffling noise in the entry, and soon saw the -visitor emerge, supporting, with extreme difficulty, a tall, gaunt, -yellow-visaged victim of the pestilence. His arm was around the waist of -the sick man, whose yellow face rested against his own, his long, damp, -tangled hair mingling with his benefactor's, his feet dragging helpless -upon the pavement. Thus, partly dragging, partly lifted, he was drawn to -the carriage door, the driver averting his face from the spectacle, far -from offering to assist. After a long and severe exertion, the well man -succeeded in getting the fever-stricken patient into the vehicle, and -then entering it himself, the door was closed, and the carriage drove -away to the hospital, the merchant having recognized in the man who thus -risked his life for another, the foreigner, Stephen Girard." - -Twice after this, in 1797 and 1798, when the yellow fever again appeared -in Philadelphia, Mr. Girard gave his time and money to the sick and the -poor. - -In January, 1799, he wrote to a friend in France: "During all this -frightful time I have constantly remained in the city, and without -neglecting my public duties, I have played a part which will make you -smile. Would you believe it, my friend, that I have visited as many as -fifteen sick people in one day, and what will surprise you still more, -I have lost only one patient, an Irishman, who would drink a little." - -Busy, as a mariner, merchant, and helper of the sick and the poor, Mr. -Girard found time to aid the Republic, to which he had become ardently -attached. Besides serving for several terms in the City Council, and as -Warden of the Port for twenty-two years, during the war of 1812 he -rendered valuable financial aid. In 1810 Mr. Girard, having about one -million dollars in the hands of Baring Bros. & Co., London, ordered the -whole of it to be used in buying stock and shares of the Bank of the -United States. When the charter of the bank expired in 1811, Mr. Girard -purchased the whole outfit, and opened "The Bank of Stephen Girard," -with a capital of one million two hundred thousand dollars. About this -time, 1811, an attempt was made by two men to kidnap Mr. Girard by -enticing him into a house to buy goods, then seize him, and carry him to -a small ship in the Delaware, where he would be confined till he had -paid the money which they demanded. The plot was discovered. After the -men were arrested, and in prison for several months, one was declared -insane, and the other was acquitted on the ground of comparative -ignorance of the plot. - -Everybody believed in Mr. Girard's honesty, and in the safety of his -bank. He made temporary loans to the Government, never refusing his aid. -When near the close of the war the Government endeavored to float a loan -of five million dollars, the bonds to bear interest at seven per cent -per annum, and a bonus offered to capitalists, there was so much -indifference or fear of future payment, or opposition to the war with -Great Britain, that only $20,000 were subscribed for. Mr. Girard -determined to stake his whole fortune to save the credit of his adopted -country. He put his name opposite the whole of the loan still -unsubscribed for. - -The effect was magical. People at once had faith in the Government, -professed themselves true patriots, and persisted in taking shares from -Mr. Girard, which he gave them on the original terms. "The sinews of war -were thus furnished," says Mr. Arey, "public confidence was restored, -and a series of brilliant victories resulted in a peace, to which he -thus referred in a letter written in 1815 to his friend Morton of -Bordeaux: 'The peace which has taken place between this country and -England will consolidate forever our independence, and insure our -tranquillity.'" - -Soon after the close of the war, on Sept. 13, 1815, word was sent to Mr. -Girard that his wife, still insane, was dying. Years before, when he -found that she was incurable, he had sought a divorce, which those who -admire him most must wish that he had never attempted; and the bill -failed. He was now sixty-five, and growing old. His life had been too -long in the shadow ever to be very full of light. - -He asked to be sent for when all was over. Toward sunset, when Mary -Girard was in her plain coffin, word was sent to him. He came with his -household, and followed her to her resting-place, in the lawn at the -north front of the hospital. "I shall never forget the last and closing -scene," writes Professor William Wagner. "We all stood about the coffin, -when Mr. Girard, filled with emotion, stepped forward, kissed his wife's -corpse, and his tears moistened her cheek." - -She was buried in silence, after the manner of the Friends, who manage -the hospital. After the coffin was lowered, Mr. Girard looked in, and -saying to Mr. Samuel Coates, "It is very well," returned to his home. - -Mary Girard's grave, and that of another who died in 1807, giving the -hospital five thousand dollars on condition that he be buried there, are -now covered by the Clinic Building, erected in 1868. The bodies were not -disturbed, as there is no cellar under the structure. As a reward for -the care of his wife, soon after the burial Mr. Girard gave the hospital -about three thousand dollars, and small sums of money to the attendants -and nurses. It was his intention to be buried beside his wife, but this -plan was changed later. - -The next year, 1816, President Madison having chartered the second Bank -of the United States, there were so few subscribers that it was evident -that the scheme would fail. At the last moment Mr. Girard placed his -name against the stock not subscribed for,--three million one hundred -thousand dollars. Again confidence was restored to a hesitating and -timid public. Some years later, in 1829, when the State of Pennsylvania -was in pressing need for money to carry on its daily functions, the -governor asked Mr. Girard to loan the State one hundred thousand -dollars, which was cheerfully done. - -As it was known that Mr. Girard had amassed great wealth, and had no -children, he was constantly besought to give, from all parts of the -country. Letters came from France, begging that his native land be -remembered through some grand institution of benevolence. - -Ambitious though Mr. Girard was, and conscious of the power of money, -he had without doubt been saving and accumulating for other reasons than -love of gain. His will, made Feb. 16, 1830, by his legal adviser, Mr. -William J. Duane, after months of conference, showed that Mr. Girard had -been thinking for years about the disposition of his millions. When -persons seemed inquisitive during his life, he would say, "My deeds must -be my life. When I am dead, my actions must speak for me." - -To the last Mr. Girard was devoted to business. "When death comes for -me," he said, "he will find me busy, unless I am asleep in bed. If I -thought I was going to die to-morrow, I should plant a tree, -nevertheless, to-day." - -His only recreation from business was going daily to his farm of nearly -six hundred acres, in Passyunk Township, where he set out choice plants -and fruit-trees, and raised the best produce for the Philadelphia -market. His yellow-bodied gig and stout horse were familiar objects to -the townspeople, though he always preferred walking to riding. - -His home in later years, a four-story brick house, was somewhat -handsomely furnished, with ebony chairs and seats of crimson plush from -France, a present from his brother Etienne; a tall writing-cabinet, -containing an organ given him by Joseph Bonaparte, the brother of -Napoleon, and the ex-king of Spain and Naples, who usually dined with -Mr. Girard on Sunday; a Turkey carpet, and marble statuary purchased in -Leghorn by his brother Jean. The home was made cheerful by his young -relatives. He had in his family the three daughters of Jean, and two -sons of Etienne, whom he educated. - -He loved animals, always keeping a large watch-dog at his home and on -each of his ships, saying that his property was thus much more -efficiently protected than through the services of those to whom he paid -wages. He was very fond of children, horses, dogs, and canary-birds. In -his private office several canaries swung in brass cages; and these he -taught to sing with a bird organ, which he imported from France for that -purpose. - -When Mr. Girard was seventy-six years of age a violent attack of -erysipelas in the head and legs led him to confine himself thereafter to -a vegetable diet as long as he lived. The sight of his one eye finally -grew so dim that he was scarcely able to find his way about the streets, -and he was often seen to grope about the vestibule of his bank to find -the door. On Feb. 12, 1820, as he was crossing the road at Second and -Market Streets, he was struck and badly injured by a wagon, the wheel of -which passed over his head and cut his face. He managed to regain his -feet and reach his home. While the doctors were dressing the wound and -cleansing it of the sand, he said, "Go on, Doctor, I am an old sailor; I -can bear a good deal." - -After some months he was able to return to his bank; but in December, -1831, nearly two years after the accident, an attack of influenza, then -prevailing, followed by pneumonia, caused his death. He lay in a stupor -for some days, but finally rallied, and walked across the room. The -effort was too great, and putting his hand against his forehead, he -exclaimed, "How violent is this disorder! How very extraordinary it is!" -and soon died, without speaking again, at five o'clock in the afternoon -of Dec. 26, 1831, nearly eighty-two years old. - -He was given a public funeral by the city which he had so many times -befriended. A great concourse of people gathered to watch the procession -or to join it, all houses being closed along the route, the city -officials walking beside the coffin carried in an open hearse. So large -a funeral had never been known in Philadelphia, said the press. The body -was taken to the Holy Trinity Roman Catholic Church, and placed in the -vault of Baron Henry Dominick Lallemand, General of Artillery under -Napoleon I., who had married the youngest daughter of Girard's brother -Jean. Mr. Girard was born in the Romish Church, and never severed his -connection, although he attended a church but rarely. He liked the -Friends, and modelled his life after their virtues; but he said it was -better for a man to die in the faith in which he was born. He gave -generously to all religious denominations and to the poor. - -When Mr. Girard's will was read, it was apparent for what purpose he had -saved his money. He gave away about $7,500,000, a remarkable record for -a youth who left home at fourteen, and rose from a cabin-boy to be one -of the wealthiest men of his time. - -The first gift in the will, and the largest to any existing corporation, -was $30,000 to the Pennsylvania hospital where Mary Girard died and was -buried, the income to be used in providing nurses. To the Institution -for the Deaf and Dumb, Mr. Girard left $20,000; to the Philadelphia -Orphan Asylum, $10,000; public schools, $10,000; to purchase fuel -forever, in March and August, for distribution in January among poor -white housekeepers of good character, the income from $10,000; to the -Society for poor masters of ships and their families, $10,000; to the -poor among the Masonic fraternity of Pennsylvania, $20,000; to build a -schoolhouse at Passyunk, where he had his farm, $6,000; to his brother -Etienne, and to each of the six children of this brother, $5,000; to -each of his nieces from $10,000 to $60,000; to each captain of his -vessels $1,500, and to each of his housekeepers an annuity or yearly sum -of $500, besides various amounts to servants; to the city of -Philadelphia, to improve her Delaware River front, to pull down and -remove wooden buildings within the city limits, and to widen and pave -Water Street, the income of $500,000; to the Commonwealth of -Pennsylvania, for internal improvements by canal navigation, $300,000; -to the cities of New Orleans and Philadelphia, "to promote the health -and general prosperity of the inhabitants," 280,000 acres of land in the -State of Louisiana. - -The city of Philadelphia has been fortunate in her gifts. The Elias -Boudinot Fund, for supplying the poor of the city with fuel, furnished -over three hundred tons of coal last year; "and this amount will -increase annually, by reason of the larger income derived from the -12,000 acres of land situated in Centre County, the property of this -trust." The investments and cash balance on Dec. 31, 1893, amounted to -$40,600. - -Benjamin Franklin, at his death, April 17, 1790, gave to each of the two -cities, Philadelphia and Boston, in trust, L1,000 ($5,000), to be loaned -to young married mechanics under twenty-five years of age, to help them -start in business, in sums not to exceed L60, nor to be less than L15, -at five per cent interest, the money to be paid back by them in ten -annual payments of ten per cent each. Two respectable citizens were to -become surety for the payment of the money. This Franklin did because -two men helped him when young to begin business in Philadelphia by a -loan, and thus, he said, laid the foundation of his fortune. A bequest -somewhat similar was founded in London more than twenty years -previously, in 1766,--the Wilson's Loan Fund, "to lend sums of L100 to -L300 to young tradesmen of the city of London, etc., at two per cent per -annum." - -Dr. Franklin estimated that his $5,000 at interest for one hundred years -would increase to over $600,000 (L131,000); and then the managers of the -fund were to lay out $500,000 (L100,000) says the will, "in public -works, which may be judged of most general utility to the inhabitants, -such as fortifications, bridges, aqueducts, public buildings, baths, -pavements, or whatever may make living in the town more convenient to -its people, and render it more agreeable to strangers resorting hither -for health or a temporary residence." In Philadelphia Dr. Franklin hoped -the L100,000 would be used in bringing by pipes the water of the -Wissahickon Creek to take the place of well water, and in making the -Schuylkill completely navigable. If these things had been done by the -end of the hundred years, the money could be used for other public -works. - -The remaining L31,000 was to be put at interest for another hundred -years, when it would amount to L4,600,000 or $23,000,000. Of this amount -L1,610,000 was to be given to Philadelphia, and the same to Boston, and -the balance, L3,000,000 or $15,000,000, paid to each State. The figures -are of especial interest, as showing how fast money will accumulate if -kept at interest. - -The descendants of Franklin have tried to break the will, but have not -succeeded. The Board of Directors of City Trusts of Philadelphia report -for the year ending Dec. 31, 1893, that the fund of $5,000 for the first -hundred years, though not equalling the sum which Franklin hoped, has -yet reached the large amount of $102,968.48. The Boston fund, says Mr. -Samuel F. McCleary, the treasurer, amounted, at the end of a hundred -years, to $431,395.70. Of this sum, $328,940 was paid to the city of -Boston, and $102,455.70 was put at interest for another hundred years. -This has already increased to $110,806.83. What an amount of good some -other man or woman might do with $5,000! - -It remains to be seen to what use the two cities will put their gifts. -Perhaps they will provide work for the unemployed in making good roads -or in some other useful labor, or instead of loaning money to mechanics, -as Franklin intended, perhaps they will erect tenement houses for -mechanics or other working people, as is done by some cities in England -and Scotland, following the example so nobly set by George Peabody, when -he gave his $3,000,000, which has now doubled, to build houses for the -London poor. He said, "If judiciously managed for two hundred years, its -accumulation will amount to a sum sufficient to buy the city of London." - -If Stephen Girard's $300,000 to the State of Pennsylvania had been given -for the making of good roads, thousands of the unemployed might have -been provided with labor, tens of thousands of poor horses saved from -useless over-work in hauling loads over muddy roads where the wheels -sink to the hubs, and the farmers saved thousands of dollars in carrying -their produce to cities. - -Stephen Girard had a larger gift in mind than those to his adopted city -and State. He said in his will, "I have been for a long time impressed -with the importance of educating the poor, and of placing them, by the -early cultivation of their minds, and the development of their moral -principles, above the many temptations to which, through poverty and -ignorance, they are exposed; and I am particularly desirous to provide -for such a number of poor male white orphan children, as can be trained -in one institution, a better education, as well as a more comfortable -maintenance, than they usually receive from the application of the -public funds." - -With this object in view, a college for orphan boys, Mr. Girard gave to -"the Mayor, Aldermen, and citizens of Philadelphia, all the residue and -remainder of my real and personal estate" in trust; first, to erect and -maintain a college for poor white male orphans; second, to establish "a -competent police;" and third, "to improve the general appearance of the -city itself, and, in effect, to diminish the burden of taxation, now -most oppressive, especially on those who are the least able to bear it," -"after providing for the college as my primary object." - -He left $2,000,000, allowing "as much of that sum as may be necessary in -erecting the college," which was "to be constructed with the most -durable materials, and in the most permanent manner, avoiding needless -ornament." He gave the most minute directions in his will for its size, -material, "marble or granite," and the training and education of the -inmates. - -This residue "and remainder of my real and personal estate" had grown in -1891 to more than $15,000,000, with an income yearly of about -$1,500,000. Truly Stephen Girard had saved and labored for a magnificent -and enduring monument! The Girard estate is one of the largest owners of -real estate in the city of Philadelphia. Outside of the city some of the -Girard land is valuable in coal production. In the year 1893, 1,542,652 -tons of anthracite coal were mined from the Girard land. More than -$4,500,000 received from its coal has been invested, that the college -may be doubly sure of its support when the coal-mines are exhausted. - -Girard College, of white marble, in the form of a Greek temple, was -begun in May, 1833, two years after Mr. Girard's death, and was fourteen -years and six months in building. A broad platform, reached by eleven -marble steps, supports the main building. Thirty-four Corinthian columns -form a colonnade about the structure, each column six feet in diameter -and fifty-five feet high, and each weighing one hundred and three tons, -and costing about $13,000 apiece. They are beautiful and substantial, -and yet $13,000 would support several orphans for a year or more. - -The floors and roof are of marble; and the three-story building weighs -over 76,000 tons, the average weight on each superficial foot of -foundation being, according to Mr. Arey, about six tons. Four auxiliary -white marble buildings were required by the will of Mr. Girard for -dormitories, schoolrooms, etc. The whole forty-five acres in which stand -the college buildings are surrounded, according to the given -instructions, by a wall ten feet high and sixteen inches thick, covered -with a heavy marble capping. - -The five buildings were completed Nov. 13, 1847, at a cost of nearly -$2,000,000 ($1,933,821.78); and on Jan. 1, 1848, Girard College was -opened with one hundred orphans. In the autumn one hundred more were -admitted, and on April 1, 1849, one hundred more. Those born in the city -of Philadelphia have the first preference, after them those born in the -State, those born in New York City where Mr. Girard first landed in -America, and then those born in New Orleans where he first traded. They -must enter between the ages of six and ten, be fatherless, although the -mother may be living, and must remain in the college till they are -between fourteen and eighteen, when they are bound out by the mayor till -they are twenty-one, to learn some suitable trade in the arts, -manufacture, or agriculture, their tastes being consulted as far as -possible. Each orphan has three suits of clothing, one for every day, -one better, and one usually reserved for Sundays. - -The first president of Girard College was Alexander Dallas Bache, a -great-grandson of Benjamin Franklin, and head of the Coast Survey of the -United States. He visited similar institutions in Europe, and purchased -the necessary books and apparatus for the school. - -While the college was building, the heirs, with the not unusual -disregard of the testator's desires, endeavored to break the will. Mr. -Girard had given the following specific direction in his will: "I enjoin -and require that no ecclesiastic, missionary, or minister of any sect -whatsoever shall ever hold or exercise any station or duty whatever in -the said college, nor shall any such person ever be admitted for any -purpose, or as a visitor, within the premises appropriated to the -purposes of the said college:--In making this restriction I do not mean -to cast any reflection upon any sect or person whatsoever; but as there -is such a multitude of sects, and such a diversity of opinion amongst -them, I desire to keep the tender minds of the orphans, who are to -derive advantage from this bequest, free from the excitement which -clashing doctrines and sectarian controversy are so apt to produce. My -desire is that all the instructors and teachers in the college shall -take pains to instil into the minds of the scholars the purest -principles of morality, so that on their entrance into active life they -may from inclination and habit evince benevolence toward their -fellow-creatures, and a love of truth, sobriety, and industry, adopting -at the same time such religious tenets as their matured reason may -enable them to prefer." The heirs of Mr. Girard claimed that by reason -of the above the college was "illegal and immoral, derogatory and -hostile to the Christian religion;" but it was the unanimous decision of -the Supreme Court that there was in the will "nothing inconsistent with -the Christian religion, or opposed to any known policy of the State." - -On Sept. 30, 1851, the body of Stephen Girard was removed from the Roman -Catholic Church, but not without a lawsuit by the heirs on account of -its removal, to the college, and placed in a sarcophagus in the -vestibule. The ceremony was entirely Masonic, the three hundred orphans -witnessing it from the steps of the college. Over fifteen hundred Masons -were in the procession, and each deposited his palm-branch upon the -coffin. In front of the sarcophagus is a statue of Mr. Girard, by -Gevelot of Paris, costing thirty thousand dollars. - -Girard College now has ten white marble auxiliary buildings for its -nearly or quite two thousand orphans. There are more applicants than -there is room to accommodate. Its handsome Gothic chapel is also of -white marble, erected in 1867. Here each day the pupils gather for -worship morning and evening, the exercises, non-sectarian in character, -consisting of a hymn, reading from the Bible, and prayer. On Sundays the -pupils assemble in their section rooms at nine in the morning and two in -the afternoon for religious reading and instruction; and at 10.30 and 3 -they attend worship in the chapel, addresses being given by the -president, A. H. Fetterolf, Ph.D. LL.D., or some invited layman. - -In 1883 the Technical Building was erected in the western part of the -grounds. Here instruction is given in metal and woodwork, mechanical -drawing, shoemaking, blacksmithing, carpentry, foundry, plumbing, -steam-fitting, and electrical mechanics. Here the pupils learn about the -dynamo, motor, lighting by electricity, telegraphy, and the like. About -six hundred boys in this department spend five hours a week in this -practical work. - -At the World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago, in the exhibit made by -Girard College, one could see the admirable work of the students in a -single-span bridge, a four horse-power yacht steam-engine, a vertical -engine, etc. The whole exhibit was given at the close of the Exposition -to Armour Institute, to which the founder, Mr. Philip D. Armour, has -given $1,500,000. - -To the west of the main college building is the monument erected by the -Board of Directors to the memory of Girard College boys killed in the -Civil War. A life-size figure of a soldier stands beneath a canopy -supported by four columns of Ohio sandstone. The granite base is -overgrown with ivy. On one side are the names of the fallen; on the -other, these words, from Mr. Girard's will, "And especially do I desire -that, by every proper means, a pure attachment to our Republican -institutions, and to the sacred rights of conscience, as guaranteed by -our happy constitutions, shall be formed and fostered in the minds of -the scholars." - -On May 20, each year, the anniversary of Mr. Girard's birth, the -graduates of Girard College gather from all parts of the country to do -honor to the generous giver. Games are played, the cadets parade, and a -dinner is provided for scholars and guests. The pupils seem happy and -contented. Their playgrounds are large; and they have a bathing-pool for -swimming in summer, and skating in winter. They receive a good education -in mathematics, astronomy, geology, history, chemistry, physics, French, -Spanish, with some Latin and Greek, with a course in business, -shorthand, etc. Through all the years they have "character lessons," -which every school should have throughout our country,--familiar -conversations on honesty, the dignity of labor, perseverance, courage, -self-control, bad language, value and use of time, truthfulness, -temperance, good temper, the good citizen and his duties, kindness to -animals, patriotism, the study of the lives and deeds of noble men and -women, the Golden Rule of play,--"No fun unless it is fun on both -sides," and similar topics. Oral and written exercises form a part of -this work. There is also a department of military science, a two years' -course being given, with one recitation a week. A United States army -officer is one of the college faculty, and commandant of the battalion. - -The annual cost of clothing and educating each of the two thousand -orphans, including current repairs on the buildings, is a little more -than three hundred dollars. On leaving college, each boy receives a -trunk with clothing and books, amounting to about seventy-five dollars. - -Probably Mr. Girard, with all his far-sightedness, could not have -foreseen the great good to the nation, as well as to the individual, in -thus fitting, year after year, thousands of poor orphans for useful -positions in life. Mr. Arey well says: "When in the fulness of time many -homes have been made happy, many orphans have been fed, clothed, and -educated, and many men rendered useful to their country and themselves, -each happy home, or rescued child, or useful citizen, will be a living -monument to perpetuate the name and embalm the memory of the dead -'Mariner and Merchant.'" - - - - -ANDREW CARNEGIE - -AND HIS LIBRARIES. - - -"This, then, is held to be the duty of the man of wealth: First, to set -an example of modest, unostentatious living, shunning display or -extravagance; to provide moderately for the legitimate wants of those -dependent upon him; and after doing so, to consider all surplus revenues -which come to him simply as trust funds, which he is called upon to -administer, and strictly bound as a matter of duty to administer in the -manner which, in his judgment, is best calculated to produce the most -beneficial results for the community,--the man of wealth thus becoming -the mere trustee and agent for his poorer brethren." - -Thus wrote Andrew Carnegie in his "Gospel of Wealth," published in the -_North American Review_ for June, 1889. This article so interested Mr. -Gladstone that he asked the editor of the _Review_ to permit its -republication in England, which was done. When the world follows this -"Gospel," and those who have means consider themselves "trustees for -their poorer brethren," and their money as "trust funds," we shall see -little of the heartbreak and the poverty of the present age. - -[Illustration: Always your friend, Andrew Carnegie] - - - "Ring in the valiant man and free, - The larger heart, the kindlier hand; - Ring out the darkness of the land, - Ring in the Christ that is to be." - - -Andrew Carnegie was born at Dunfermline, Scotland, Nov. 25, 1835, into a -poor but honest home. His father, William Carnegie, was a weaver, a man -of good sense, strongly republican, though living under a monarchy, and -well-read upon the questions of the day. The mother was a woman of -superior mind and character, to whom Andrew was unusually devoted, till -her death in 1886, when he had reached middle life. - -When Andrew was twelve years of age and his brother Thomas five, the -parents decided to make their home in the New World, coming to New York -in a sailing-vessel in 1847. They travelled to Pittsburg, Penn., and -lived for some time in Allegheny City. - -Andrew had been sent to school in Dunfermline, and, having a fondness -for books, was a bright, ambitious boy at twelve, ready to begin the -struggle for a living so as to make the family burdens lighter. Work was -not easily found; but finally he obtained employment as a bobbin-boy in -a cotton factory, at $1.20 a week. - -Mr. Carnegie, when grown to manhood, wrote in the _Youth's Companion_, -April 23, 1896:-- - -"I cannot tell you how proud I was when I received my first week's own -earnings. One dollar and twenty cents made by myself, and given to me -because I had been of some use in the world! No longer entirely -dependent upon my parents, but at last admitted to the family -partnership as a contributing member, and able to help them! I think -this makes a man out of a boy sooner than almost anything else, and a -real man too, if there be any germ of true manhood in him. It is -everything to feel that you are useful. - -"I have had to deal with great sums. Many millions of dollars have since -passed through my hands. But the genuine satisfaction I had from that -one dollar and twenty cents outweighs any subsequent pleasure in -money-getting. It was the direct reward of honest manual labor; it -represented a week of very hard work, so hard that but for the aim and -end which sanctified it, slavery might not be much too strong a term to -describe it. - -"For a lad of twelve to rise and breakfast every morning, except the -blessed Sunday morning, and go into the streets and find his way to the -factory, and begin work while it was still dark outside, and not be -released until after darkness came again in the evening, forty minutes' -interval only being allowed at noon, was a terrible task. - -"But I was young, and had my dreams; and something within always told me -that this would not, could not, should not last--I should some day get -into a better position. Besides this, I felt myself no longer a mere -boy, but quite 'a little man;' and this made me happy." - -Another place soon opened for the lad, where he was set to fire a boiler -in a cellar, and to manage the small steam-engine which drove the -machinery in a bobbin factory. "The firing of this boiler was all -right," says Mr. Carnegie; "for fortunately we did not use coal, but the -refuse wooden chips, and I always liked to work in wood. But the -responsibility of keeping the water right and of running the engine, -and the danger of my making a mistake and blowing the whole factory to -pieces, caused too great a strain, and I often awoke and found myself -sitting up in bed through the night trying the steam-gauges. But I never -told them at home that I was having a 'hard tussle.' No! no! everything -must be bright to them. - -"This was a point of honor; for every member of the family was working -hard except, of course, my little brother, who was then a child, and we -were telling each other only all the bright things. Besides this, no man -would whine and give up--he would die first. - -"There was no servant in our family, and several dollars per week were -earned by 'the mother' by binding shoes after her daily work was done! -Father was also hard at work in the factory. And could I complain?" - -Wages were small, and in every leisure moment Andrew looked for -something better to do. He went one day to the office of the Atlantic -and Ohio Telegraph Company, and asked for work as a messenger. James -Douglas Reid, the manager, was a Scotchman, and liked the lad's manner. -"I liked the boy's looks," said Mr. Reid afterwards; "and it was easy to -see that though he was little he was full of spirit. His pay was $2.50 a -week. He had not been with me a full month when he began to ask whether -I would teach him to telegraph. I began to instruct him, and found him -an apt pupil. He spent all his spare time in practice, sending and -receiving by sound, and not by tape as was largely the custom in those -days. Pretty soon he could do as well as I could at the key, and then -his ambition carried him away beyond doing the drudgery of messenger -work." - -The boy liked his new occupation. He once wrote: "My entrance into the -telegraph office was the transition from darkness to light; from firing -a small engine in a dirty cellar to a clean office where there were -books and papers. That was a paradise to me, and I bless my stars that -sent me to be a messenger-boy in a Pittsburg telegraph office." - -When Andrew was fourteen his father died, leaving him the only support -of his mother and brother, seven years old. He believed in work, and -never shirked any duty, however hard. - -He soon found employment as telegraph operator with the Pennsylvania -Railroad Company. At fifteen he was train-despatcher, a place of unusual -responsibility for a boy; but his energy, carefulness, and industry were -equal to the demands on him. - -When he was sixteen Andrew had thought out a plan by which trains could -be run on single tracks, and the telegraph be used to govern their -running. "His scheme was the one now in universal use on the -single-tracked roads in the country; namely, to run trains in opposite -directions until they approached within comparatively a few miles, and -then hold one at a station until the other had passed." This thought -about the telegraph brought Andrew into notice among those above him; -and he was transferred to Altoona, the headquarters of the general -manager. - -Young Carnegie had done what he recommends others to do in his "How to -win Fortune," in the New York _Tribune_, April 13, 1890. He says, -"George Eliot put the matter very pithily: 'I'll tell you how I got on. -I kept my ears and my eyes open, and I made my master's interest my -own.' - -"The condition precedent for promotion is that the man must first -attract notice. He must do something unusual, and especially must this -be beyond the strict boundary of his duties. He must suggest, or save, -or perform some service for his employer which he could not be censured -for not having done. When he has thus attracted the notice of his -immediate superior, whether that be only the foreman of a gang, it -matters not; the first great step has been taken, for upon his immediate -superior promotion depends. How high he climbs is his own affair." - -Carnegie "kept his eyes and ears open." In his "Triumphant Democracy" he -relates the following incident: "Well do I remember that, when a clerk -in the service of the Pennsylvania Railroad Company, a tall, spare, -farmer-looking kind of man came to me once when I was sitting on the end -seat of the rear car looking over the line. He said he had been told by -the conductor that I was connected with the railway company, and he -wished me to look at an invention he had made. With that he drew from a -green bag (as if it were for lawyers' briefs) a small model of a -sleeping-berth for railway cars. He had not spoken a minute before, like -a flash, the whole range of the discovery burst upon me. 'Yes,' I said, -'that is something which this continent must have.' I promised to -address him upon the subject as soon as I had talked over the matter -with my superior, Thomas A. Scott. - -"I could not get that blessed sleeping-car out of my head. Upon my -return I laid it before Mr. Scott, declaring that it was one of the -inventions of the age. He remarked, 'You are enthusiastic, young man; -but you may ask the inventor to come and let me see it.' I did so; and -arrangements were made to build two trial cars, and run them on the -Pennsylvania Railroad. I was offered an interest in the venture, which, -of course, I gladly accepted. Payments were to be made ten per cent per -month after the cars were delivered, the Pennsylvania Railroad Company -guaranteeing to the builders that the cars should be kept upon its line -and under its control. - -"This was all very satisfactory until the notice came that my share of -the first payment was $217.50. How well I remember the exact sum; but -two hundred and seventeen dollars and a half were as far beyond my means -as if it had been millions. I was earning fifty dollars per month, -however, and had prospects, or at least I always felt that I had. What -was to be done? I decided to call on the local banker, Mr. Lloyd, state -the case, and boldly ask him to advance the sum upon my interest in the -affair. He put his hand on my shoulder, and said, 'Why, of course, -Andie, you are all right. Go ahead. Here is the money.' - -"It is a proud day for a man when he pays his last note, but not to be -named in comparison with the day in which he makes his first one, and -_gets a banker to take it_. I have tried both, and I know. The cars paid -the subsequent payments from their earnings. I paid my first note from -my savings, so much per month; and thus did I get my foot on fortune's -ladder. It is easy to climb after that. A triumphant success was -scored. And thus came sleeping-cars into the world. 'Blessed be the man -who invented sleep,' says Sancho Panza. Thousands upon thousands will -echo the sentiment, 'Blessed be the man who invented sleeping-cars.' Let -me record his name, and testify my gratitude to him, my dear, quiet, -modest, truthful, farmer-looking friend, T. T. Woodruff, one of the -benefactors of the age." - -Mr. Pullman later engaged in sleeping-car building, and Carnegie advised -his firm "to capture Mr. Pullman." "There was a capture," says Mr. -Carnegie, "but it did not quite take that form. They found themselves -swallowed by this ogre, and Pullman monopolized everything." - -While a very young man, Carnegie was appointed superintendent of the -Western Division of the Pennsylvania Railroad. As superintendent he -became the friend of Colonel Scott; and, together with some others, they -bought several farms along the line of the road, which proved very -valuable oil-lands. Mr. Carnegie says of the Storey Farm, Oil Creek, "We -purchased the farm for $40,000; and so small was our faith in the -ability of the earth to yield for any considerable time the hundred -barrels per day which the property was then producing, that we decided -to make a pond capable of holding one hundred thousand barrels of oil, -which we estimated would be worth, when the supply ceased, $1,000,000. -Unfortunately for us the pond leaked fearfully, evaporation also caused -much loss; but we continued to run oil in to make the losses good day -after day, until several hundred thousand barrels had gone in this -fashion. - -"Our experience with the farm may be worth reciting. Its value rose to -$5,000,000; that is, the shares of the company sold in the market upon -this basis; and one year it paid in cash dividends $1,000,000--rather a -good return upon an investment of $40,000. So great was the yield in the -district that in two years oil became almost valueless, often selling as -low as thirty cents per barrel, and not infrequently it was suffered to -run to waste as utterly worthless. - -"But as new uses were found for the oil, prices rose again; and to -remove the difficulty of high freights, pipes were laid, first for short -distances, and then to the seaboard, a distance of about three hundred -miles. Through these pipes, of which six thousand two hundred miles have -been laid, the oil is now pumped from two thousand one hundred wells. It -costs only ten cents to pump a barrel of oil to the Atlantic. The value -of petroleum and its products _exported_ up to January, 1884, exceeds in -value $625,000,000." - -Within ten years from the time when Mr. Carnegie and his friends bought -the oil-farms, their investment had returned them four hundred and one -per cent, and the young Scotchman could count himself a rich man. Before -this, however, he had entered the iron and steel industry, in which his -great wealth has been made. With a little money which he had saved, he -borrowed $1,250 from a bank, and, with five other persons, established -the Keystone Bridge Works of Pittsburg, with the small capital of -$6,000. This was a success from the first, and in latter years has had a -capital of $1,000,000. It has built bridges all over the country, and -structural frames for many public buildings in New York, Chicago, and -other cities. From this time forward Mr. Carnegie's career has been a -most successful one. He has become chief owner in the Union Iron Works, -the Edgar Thomson Steel Works, the Homestead Steel Works, formerly a -rival company, the Duquesne Works of the Allegheny Bessemer Steel -Company, and several other iron and coke companies. The capital of these -companies is about $30,000,000, and about twenty-five thousand men are -employed. - -"In 1890 Carnegie Bros. & Co., Limited," says the _Engineering and -Mining Journal_ for July 4, 1891, "had a capacity to produce 600,000 -tons of steel rails per annum, or over twenty-five per cent of the total -capacity of all the rolling-mills of the United States, while its -products of steel girders, plates, nails, and other forms of -manufactured iron and steel are greater than at any other works in this -country, and exceed the amount turned out at the famous Krupp Works in -Germany." The company has supplied the United States Government with a -large amount of armor plates for our new ships, and also filled a large -order for the Russian Government. - -The Edgar Thomson Steel Works have an annual capacity of 1,000,000 gross -tons of ingots, 600,000 gross tons of rails and billets, and 50,000 -gross tons of castings. The Duquesne Furnaces have a yearly capacity of -700,000 gross tons of pig-iron; the Lucy Furnaces, 200,000 gross tons -yearly; the Duquesne Steel Works, an annual capacity of 450,000 gross -tons of ingots. The Homestead Steel Works have an annual capacity of -375,000 gross tons of Bessemer steel and ingots, and 400,000 gross tons -of open-hearth steel ingots. The Upper Union Mills have an annual output -of 140,000 gross tons of steel bars and steel universal mill-plates, -etc.; the Lower Union Mills, an annual capacity of 65,000 gross tons of -mill-plates, bridge-work, car-forgings, etc. - -The industrious, ambitious boy was not satisfied merely to amass wealth. -He had always been a great reader and thinker. In 1883 Charles -Scribner's Sons published a book by this successful telegraph operator -and iron manufacturer, "An American Four-in-Hand in Britain." The trip -was suggested by Mr. Black's novel, "The Strange Adventures of a -Phaeton," and extended from Brighton to Inverness, a distance of eight -hundred and thirty-one miles. - -Mr. Carnegie and his party of chosen friends made the journey by coach -in seven weeks, from July 17 to Aug. 3, 1881, and had a most enjoyable -as well as instructive trip. _The Critic_ gives Mr. Carnegie -well-merited praise, saying that "he has produced a book of travel as -fresh as though he had been exploring Thibet or navigating the River of -Golden Sand." The book is dedicated to "My favorite heroine, my mother," -who was the queen dowager of the volume, and whose happiness during the -journey seemed to be the chief concern of her devoted son. - -This book had so cordial a reception that the following year, 1884, -another volume was published, "Round the World," covering a trip made in -1878-1879; Mr. Carnegie having sailed from San Francisco to Japan, and -thence through the lands of the East. As he starts, his mother puts in -his hand Shakespeare in thirteen small volumes; and these are his -company and delight in the long ocean voyage. Through China, India, and -other countries, he observes closely, learns much, and tells it in a -way that is always interesting. "Life at the East," he says, "lacks two -of its most important elements,--the want of intelligent and refined -women as the companion of man, and a Sunday. It has been a strange -experience to me to be for several months without the society of some of -this class of women,--sometimes many weeks without even speaking to one, -and often a whole week without even seeing the face of an educated -woman. And, bachelor as I am, let me confess what a miserable, dark, -dreary, and insipid life this would be without their constant -companionship." - -Ten years later, in 1886, Mr. Carnegie published a book that had a very -wide reading, and at once placed the author prominently before the New -World and the Old World as well, "Triumphant Democracy, or Fifty Years' -March of the Republic." - -The book showed extensive research, a deep love for his adopted country, -America, a warm heart, and an able mind. He wrote: "To the beloved -Republic, under whose equal laws I am made the peer of any man, although -denied political equality by my native land, I dedicate this book, with -an intensity of gratitude and admiration which the native-born citizen -can neither feel nor understand." - -No one can read this book without being amazed at the power and -possibilities of the Republic, and without a deeper love for, and pride -in the greatness and true worth of, his country. The style is bright and -attractive, and the facts stated remarkable. Americans must always be -debtors to the Scotchman who has shown them how to prize their native -land. - -Mr. Carnegie wrote the book "as a labor of love," to show the people of -the Old World the advantages of a republic over a monarchical form of -government, and to Americans, "a juster estimate than prevails in some -quarters of the political and social advantages which they so abundantly -possess over the people of the older and less advanced lands, that they -may be still prouder and even more devoted, if possible, to their -institutions than they are." - -Mr. Carnegie shows by undisputed facts that America, so recently a -colony of Great Britain, has now become "the wealthiest nation in the -world," "the greatest agricultural nation," "the greatest manufacturing -nation," "the greatest mining nation in the world." "In the ten years -from 1870 to 1880," says Mr. Carnegie, "eleven and a half millions were -added to the population of America. Yet these only added three persons -to each square mile of territory; and should America continue to double -her population every thirty years, instead of every twenty-five years as -hitherto, seventy years must elapse before she will attain the density -of Europe. The population will then reach two hundred and ninety -millions." - -Mr. Carnegie has said in his "Imperial Federation," published in the -_Nineteenth Century_, September, 1891, "Even if the United States -increase is to be much less rapid than it has been hitherto, yet the -child is born who will see more than 400,000,000 under her sway. No -possible increase of the race can be looked for in all the world -combined comparable to this. Green truly says that its 'future home is -to be found along the banks of the Hudson and the Mississippi.'" - -It will surprise many to know that "the whole United Kingdom (England, -Scotland, and Ireland) could be planted in Texas, and leave plenty of -room around it." - -"The farms of America equal the entire territory of the United Kingdom, -France, Belgium, Germany, Austria, Hungary, and Portugal. The -corn-fields equal the extent of England, Scotland, and Belgium; while -the grain-fields generally would overlap Spain. The cotton-fields cover -an area larger than Holland, and twice as large as Belgium." - -The growth of manufactures in America is amazing. In thirty years, from -1850 to 1880, Mr. Carnegie says there was an increase of nearly six -hundred per cent, while the increase in British manufactures was little -more than a hundred per cent. The total in America in 1880 was -$5,560,000,000; in the United Kingdom, $4,055,000,000. - -"Probably the most rapid development of an industry that the world has -ever seen," says Mr. Carnegie, "is that of Bessemer steel in America." -In 1870 America made 40,000 tons of Bessemer; in 1885, fifteen years -later, she made 1,373,513 tons, which was 74,000 tons more than Great -Britain made. "This is advancing not by leaps and bounds, it is one -grand rush--a rush without pause, which has made America the greatest -manufacturer of Bessemer steel in the world.... One is startled to find -that more yards of carpet are manufactured in and around the city of -Philadelphia alone than in the whole of Great Britain. It is not twenty -years since the American imported his carpets, and now he makes more at -one point than the greatest European manufacturing nation does in all -its territory." - -Of the manufacture of boots and shoes by machinery, Mr. Carnegie says, -"A man can make three hundred pairs of boots in a day, and a single -factory in Massachusetts turns out as many pairs yearly as thirty-two -thousand bootmakers in Paris.... Twenty-five years ago the American -conceived the idea of making watches by machinery upon a gigantic scale. -The principal establishment made only five watches per day as late as -1854. Now thirteen hundred per day is the daily task, and six thousand -watches per month are sent to the London agency." - -The progress in mining has been equally remarkable. "To the world's -stock of gold," says Mr. Carnegie, "America has contributed, according -to Mulhall, more than fifty per cent. In 1880 he estimated the amount of -gold in the world at 10,355 tons, worth $7,240,000,000. Of this the New -World contributed 5,302 tons, or more than half. One of the most -remarkable veins of metal known is the Comstock Lode in Nevada.... In -fourteen years this single vein yielded $180,000,000. In one year, 1876, -the product of the lode was $18,000,000 in gold, and $20,500,000 in -silver,--a total of $38,500,000. Here, again, is something which the -world never saw before. - -"America also leads the world in copper, the United States and Chili -contributing nearly one-half the world's supply.... On the south shore -of Lake Superior this metal is found almost pure, in masses of all -sizes, up to many tons in weight. It was used by the native Indians, and -traces of their rude mining operations are still visible." - -Mr. Carnegie says the anthracite coal-fields of Pennsylvania will -produce 30,000,000 tons per year for four hundred and thirty-nine years; -and he thinks by that time "men will probably be burning the hydrogen of -water, or be fully utilizing the solar rays or the tidal energy." The -coal area of the United States comprises 300,000 square miles; and Mr. -Carnegie "is almost ashamed to confess it, she has three-quarters of all -the coal area of the earth." - -While Mr. Carnegie admires and loves the Republic, he is devoted to the -mother country, and is a most earnest advocate of peace between us. He -writes: "Of all the desirable political changes which it seems to me -possible for this generation to effect, I consider it by far the most -important for the welfare of the race, that every civilized nation -should be pledged, as the Republic is, to offer peaceful arbitration to -its opponent before the senseless, inhuman work of human slaughter -begins." - -In his "Imperial Federation" he writes: "War between members of our race -may be said to be already banished; for English-speaking men will never -again be called upon to destroy each other.... Both parties in America, -and each successive government, are pledged to offer peaceful -arbitration for the adjustment of all international difficulties,--a -position which it is to be hoped will soon be reached by Britain, at -least in regard to all the differences with members of the same race. - -"Is it too much to hope that, after this stage has been reached, and -occupied successfully for a period, another step forward will be taken, -and that, having jointly banished war between themselves, a general -council should be evolved by the English-speaking nations, to which may -at first only be referred all questions of dispute between them?... - -"The Supreme Court of the United States is extolled by the statesmen of -all parties in Britain, and has just received the compliment of being -copied in the plan for the Australian Commonwealth. Building upon it, -may we not expect that a still higher Supreme Court is one day to come, -which shall judge between the nations of the entire English-speaking -race, as the Supreme Court at Washington already judges between States -which contain the majority of the race?" - -Mr. Carnegie believes that the powers of the council would increase till -the commanding position of the English-speaking race would make other -races listen to its demands for peace, and so war be forever done away -with. Mr. Carnegie rightly calls war "international murder," and, like -Tennyson, looks forward to that blessed time when-- - - - "All men's good - Be each man's rule, and universal Peace - Lie like a shaft of light across the land, - And like a lane of beams athwart the sea." - - -Mr. Carnegie has also written, in the _North American Review_ for June, -1891, "The A. B. C. of Money," urging the Republic to keep "its standard -in the future, as in the past, not fluctuating silver, but unchanging -gold." - -In his articles in the newspapers, and in his public addresses, he has -given good advice to young men, in whom he takes the deepest interest. -He believes there never were so many opportunities to succeed as now for -the sober, frugal, energetic young man. "Real ability, the capacity for -doing things, never was so eagerly searched for as now, and never -commanded such rewards.... The great dry-goods houses that interest -their most capable men in the profits of each department succeed, when -those fail that endeavor to work with salaried men only. Even in the -management of our great hotels it is found wise to take into partnership -the principal men. In every branch of business this law is at work; and -concerns are prosperous, generally speaking, just in proportion as they -succeed in interesting in the profits a larger and larger proportion of -their ablest workers. Co-operation in this form is fast coming in all -great establishments." To young men he says, "Never enter a barroom.... -It is low and common to enter a barroom, unworthy of any self-respecting -man, and sure to fasten upon you a taint which will operate to your -disadvantage in life, whether you ever become a drunkard or not." - -"Don't smoke.... The use of tobacco requires young men to withdraw -themselves from the society of women to indulge the habit. I think the -absence of women from any assembly tends to lower the tone of that -assembly. The habit of smoking tends to carry young men into the society -of men whom it is not desirable that they should choose as their -intimate associates. The practice of chewing tobacco was once common. -Now it is considered offensive. I believe the race is soon to take -another step forward, and that the coming man is to consider smoking as -offensive as chewing was formerly considered." - -"Never speculate. Never buy or sell grain or stocks upon a margin.... -The man who gambles upon the exchanges is in the condition of the man -who gambles at the gaming-table. He rarely, if ever, makes a permanent -success." - -"Don't indorse.... There are emergencies, no doubt, in which men should -help their friends; but there is a rule that will keep one safe. No man -should place his name upon the obligation of another if he has not -sufficient to pay it without detriment to his own business. It is -dishonest to do so." - -Mr. Carnegie has not only written books and made money, he has -distinguished himself as a giver of millions, and that while he is -alive. He has seen too many wills broken, and fortunes misapplied, when -the money was not given away till death. He says of Mr. Tilden's bequest -of over $5,000,000 for a free library in the city of New York: "How much -better if Mr. Tilden had devoted the last years of his own life to the -proper administration of this immense sum; in which case neither legal -contest nor any other cause of delay could have interfered with his -aims." - -Of course money is sometimes so tied up in business that it cannot be -given during a man's life; "yet," says Mr. Carnegie, "the day is not far -distant when the man who dies leaving behind him millions of available -wealth, which was free for him to administer during life, will pass away -'unwept, unhonored, and unsung,' no matter to what uses he leaves the -dross which he cannot take with him. Of such as these the public verdict -will then be, 'The man who dies thus rich dies disgraced.'" - -He believes large estates left at death should be taxed by the State, as -is the case in Pennsylvania and some other States. Mr. Carnegie does -not favor large gifts left to families. "Why should men leave great -fortunes to their children?" he asks. "If this is done from affection, -is it not misguided affection? Observation teaches that, generally -speaking, it is not well for the children that they should be so -burdened. Neither is it well for the State. Beyond providing for the -wife and daughters moderate sources of income, and very moderate -allowances indeed, if any, for the sons, men may well hesitate; for it -is no longer questionable that great sums bequeathed often work more for -the injury than for the good of the recipients. There are instances of -millionnaires' sons unspoiled by wealth, who, being rich, still perform -great services to the community. Such are the very salt of the earth, as -valuable as unfortunately they are rare." Again Mr. Carnegie says of -wealth left to the young, "It deadens their energies, destroys their -ambition, tempts them to destruction, and renders it almost impossible -that they should lead lives creditable to themselves or valuable to the -State. Such as are not deadened by wealth deserve double credit, for -they have double temptation." - -In the _North American Review_ for December, 1889, Mr. Carnegie suggests -what he considers seven of the best uses for surplus wealth: The -founding of great universities; free libraries; hospitals or any means -to alleviate human suffering; public parks and flower-gardens for the -people, conservatories such as Mr. Phipps has given to the park at -Allegheny City, which are visited by thousands; suitable halls for -lectures, elevating music, and other gatherings, free, or rented for a -small sum; free swimming-baths for the people; attractive places of -worship, especially in poor localities. Mr. Carnegie's own great gifts -have been largely along the line which he believes the "best gift to a -community,"--a free public library. He thinks with John Bright that "it -is impossible for any man to bestow a greater benefit upon a young man -than to give him access to books in a free library." - -"It is, no doubt," he says, "possible that my own personal experience -may have led me to value a free library beyond all other forms of -beneficence. When I was a working-boy in Pittsburg, Colonel Anderson of -Allegheny--a name I can never speak without feelings of devotional -gratitude--opened his little library of four hundred books to boys. -Every Saturday afternoon he was in attendance at his house to exchange -books. No one but he who has felt it can ever know the intense longing -with which the arrival of Saturday was awaited that a new book might be -had. My brother and Mr. Phipps, who have been my principal business -partners through life, shared with me Colonel Anderson's precious -generosity; and it was when revelling in the treasures which he opened -to us that I resolved, if ever wealth came to me, that it should be used -to establish free libraries, that other poor boys might receive -opportunities similar to those for which we were indebted to that noble -man." - - - "How far that little candle throws his beams! - So shines a good deed in a naughty world." - - -Again Mr. Carnegie says, "I also come by heredity to my preference for -free libraries. The newspaper of my native town recently published a -history of the free library in Dunfermline, and it is there recorded -that the first books gathered together and opened to the public were the -small collections of three weavers. Imagine the feelings with which I -read that one of these three men was my honored father. He founded the -first library in Dunfermline, his native town; and his son was -privileged to found the last.... I have never heard of a lineage for -which I would exchange that of the library-founding weaver." - -Mr. Carnegie has given for the Edinburgh Free Library, Scotland, -$250,000; for one in his native town of Dunfermline, $90,000; and -several thousand dollars each to libraries in Aberdeen, Peterhead, -Inverness, Ayr, Elgin, Wick and Kirkwall, besides contributions towards -public halls and reading-rooms at Newburgh, Aberdour, and many other -places abroad. Mr. Carnegie's mother laid the corner-stone for the free -library in Dunfermline. He writes in his "American Four-in-Hand in -Britain," "There was something of the fairy-tale in the fact that she -had left her native town, poor, thirty odd years before, with her loved -ones, to found a new home in the great Republic, and was to-day -returning in her coach, to be allowed the privilege of linking her name -with the annals of her beloved native town in one of the most enduring -forms possible." - -When the corner-stone of the Peterhead Free Library in Scotland was -laid, Aug. 8, 1891, the wife of Mr. Carnegie was asked to lay the stone -with square and trowel, and endeared herself to the people by her hearty -interest and attractive womanhood. She was presented with the silver -trowel with ivory handle which she had used, and with a vase of -Peterhead granite from the employees of the Great North of Scotland -Granite Works. - -Mr. Carnegie did not marry till he was fifty-two years of age, in 1887, -the year following the death of his mother and only brother Thomas. The -latter died Oct. 19, 1886. Mr. Carnegie's wife, who is thoroughly in -sympathy with her husband's constant giving, was Miss Louise Whitfield, -the daughter of the late Mr. John Whitfield of New York, of the large -importing firm of Whitfield, Powers, & Co. Mr. Carnegie had been an -intimate friend of the family for many years, and knew well the -admirable qualities and cultivation of the lady he married. He once -wrote: "There is no improving companionship for man in an ignorant or -frivolous woman." Miss Whitfield acted upon the advice which Mr. -Carnegie has given in some of his addresses: "To the young ladies I say, -'Marry the man who loves most his mother.'" Mr. Carnegie now has two -homes, one in New York City, the other at Cluny Castle, Kingussie, -Scotland. He gives little personal attention to business, having -delegated those matters to others. "I throw the responsibility upon -others," he once said, "and allow them full swing." Mr. Carnegie is a -man of great energy, with cheerful temperament, sound judgment, -earnestness, and force of character. He has a large, well-shaped head, -high forehead, brown hair and beard, and expressive face. - -Mr. Carnegie's gifts in his adopted country have been many and large. To -the Johnstown Free Library, Pennsylvania, he has given $40,000. To the -Jefferson County Library at Fairfield, Iowa, he has given $40,000, which -provides an attractive building for books, museum, and lecture-hall. -The late Senator James F. Wilson gave the ground for the fire-proof -building. The library owes much of its success to its librarian, Mr. A. -T. Wells, who has given his life to the work, having held the position -for thirty-two years. For many years he labored without salary, giving -both time and money. - -To the Braddock Free Library, Mr. Carnegie has given $200,000. Braddock, -ten miles east of Pittsburg, has a population of 16,000, mainly the -employees of the Edgar Thomson Steel Works; and the village of Homestead -lies just opposite. The handsome library building has a very attractive -reading-room, which is filled in the evening and much used during the -day by the families of the employees. There is also a large reading-room -exclusively for boys and girls, where are found juvenile books and -periodicals. The librarian, Miss Helen Sperry, writes: "There is a great -deal of local pride in the library, and it grows constantly in the -affection of the people." - -The building was much enlarged in 1894 to accommodate the Carnegie Club -of six hundred men and boys. The new portion contains a hall capable of -seating eleven hundred persons, a large gymnasium, bathrooms, -swimming-pool, bowling-alleys, etc. - -"In order to encourage public spirit in Braddock," says the _Review of -Reviews_ for October, 1895, "a selection of books on municipal -improvement, streets and roads, public health, and other subjects in -which the community should be interested, was placed on the library -shelves; and it is said that these books have been consulted by the -municipal officers, and results are already apparent." This is a good -example for other librarians. Much work is being done in local history -and in co-operation with the public schools. - -To the Carnegie Free Library of Allegheny City, Mr. Carnegie has given -$300,000, the city making an annual appropriation of $15,000 to carry on -its work. The building is of gray granite, Romanesque in style, with a -shelving capacity of about 75,000 volumes. The library has a -delivery-room, a general reading-room, women's reading-room, -reference-room, besides trustees' and librarians' rooms. The building -also contains, on the first floor, a music-hall, with a seating-capacity -of eleven hundred, where free concerts are given every Saturday -afternoon on a ten-thousand-dollar organ; there is an art-gallery on the -second floor, and a lecture-room. The latter seats about three hundred -persons, and is used for University Extension lectures, meetings of the -Historical Society, etc. A room adjoining is for the accommodation of -scientific societies. The city appropriates about $8,000 yearly for the -music-hall, fuel, repairs, etc. - -The Allegheny Free Library was formally opened by President Harrison on -Feb. 13, 1890. Mr. Carnegie said, in presenting the gift of the library, -"My wife,--for her spirit and influence are here to-night,--my wife and -I realize to-night how infinitely more blessed it is to give than to -receive.... I wish that the masses of working men and women, the -wage-earners of all Allegheny, will remember and act upon the fact that -this is their library, their gallery, and their hall. The poorest -citizen, the poorest man, the poorest woman, that toils from morn till -night for a livelihood, as, thank Heaven, I had that toil to do in my -early days, as he walks this hall, as he reads the books from these -alcoves, as he listens to the organ, and admires the works of art in -this gallery, equally with the millionnaire and the foremost citizen, I -want him to exclaim in his own heart, 'Behold, all this is mine. I -support it, and I am proud to support it. I am joint proprietor here.'" -"Since the library opened four years ago," says Mr. William M. -Stevenson, the librarian, "over 1,000,000 books and periodicals have -been put into the hands of readers.... The concerts have been -exceedingly popular, and incidentally have helped the library by drawing -people to the library who might otherwise have remained in ignorance of -the popularity and usefulness of the institution." - -Mr. Carnegie's greatest gift has been the Pittsburg Library. It is a -magnificent building of gray Ohio sandstone, in the Italian Renaissance -style of architecture, with roof of red tile. The architects were -Longfellow, Alden, and Harlow, their plan being chosen from the one -hundred and two sets of plans offered. The library building is 393 feet -long and 150 feet wide, with two graceful towers, each 162 feet high, -and has capacity for 300,000 volumes. The entire "stack" or set of -shelves for books is made of iron in six stories, and is as nearly -fireproof as possible. The lower stories are for the circulating-books; -the upper stories for reference-books. - -The library proper is in the centre of the building, reached by a broad -flight of stone steps. Above, cut in stone, are the words, "Carnegie -Library; Free to the People." The vestibule, finished in marble with -mosaic floors, is handsomely decorated. On the first floor are the -circulating-library, "its blue-ceiling panels bordered with an interlace -in orange and white," a periodical room on either side, one for -scientific and technical, the other for popular and literary magazines, -with rooms for cataloguing and for the library officials. - -"The reference reading-room on the second floor, large, beautiful, and -well-lighted," says the efficient librarian, Mr. Edwin H. Anderson, "is -for quiet study. Here reference-books, such as encyclopaedias, -dictionaries, atlases, etc., are at hand, on the shelves along the -walls, to be freely consulted." This room is of a greenish tone, with -ivory-colored pilasters and arches, and a _fleur-de-lis_ pattern painted -in the wall-panels, from the "mark" of a famous Florentine printer and -engraver four centuries ago. - -Across the corridor from the reference reading-room are five smaller -rooms for special collections of books. One is occupied by a musical -library of two thousand volumes, of the late Karl Merz, which was bought -and presented to the library by several citizens of Pittsburg. Another -will contain the collection to be purchased from the fund left by Mr. J. -D. Bernd, and will bear his name. Another will be used for art-books, -and another for science. - -The children are to have a reading-room, made attractive by juvenile -books, magazines, and copies of good pictures. A large and well-lighted -room in the basement is used for the leading newspapers of the country. - -The library has a wing on either side, one containing the art-gallery, -and the other the science museum. The former has three large -picture-rooms on the second floor, painted in dull red, with a -wall-space of 8,300 feet for the exhibition of paintings and prints. A -corridor 148 feet long, in which statuary will be placed, is decorated -with copies of the frieze of the Parthenon. The basement of this wing -will be devoted to the various departments of the art-schools of -Pittsburg. - -In the science museum three large, well-lighted rooms on the second -floor will be used for collections in zoology, botany, and mineralogy. -"The closely allied branches of geology, the study of the earth's crust; -paleontology, the study of life in former ages; anthropology, the -natural history of the human species; archaeology, the science of -antiquity; and ethnology and ethnography, treating of the origin, -relation, characteristic costumes and habits of the human races, will, -no doubt, receive as much attention as space and funds will permit." - -It is also expected that works of skill and invention will be gathered -into an industrial museum for the benefit especially of the many -artisans of Pittsburg. Courses of free lectures will be given to -teachers, to pupils, and to the public, as in the American Museum of -Natural History of New York. Below the three rooms in the museum are -three lecture-rooms, which can be used separately or as one room. - -In one end of the large library building, and separated from it by a -thick wall so as to deaden sound, is the music-hall, semi-circular in -plan, with seats for two thousand one hundred persons, and a stage for -sixty musicians and a chorus of two hundred. Much Sienna marble is used, -the floor is mosaic, the walls are painted a deep rose-color, and the -architecture proper in a soft ivory tone, with gilded ornamentation. Two -free concerts, or organ recitals, are given each week through the year, -on the large modern concert organ, built expressly for this hall. -Musical lectures are also given, free from technicalities, illustrated -by choir, organ, and piano. This is certainly taking music, art, and -science to the people as a free gift. To this noble work Mr. Carnegie -has given $2,100,000. Of this amount, $800,000 was for the main -building, $300,000 for the seven branch libraries or distributing -stations, and $1,000,000 as an endowment fund for the art-gallery. From -the annual income of this art-fund, which will be about $50,000, at -least three of the pictures purchased are to be the work of American -artists exhibited that year, preferably in the Pittsburg gallery. - -The city of Pittsburg agrees to appropriate $40,000 annually for the -maintenance of the library system. Mr. Carnegie has always felt that the -people should bear a part of the burden. He said at the opening of the -library, Nov. 5, 1895, "Every citizen of Pittsburg, even the very -humblest, now walks into this, his own library; for the poorest laborer -contributes his mite indirectly to its support. The man who enters a -library is in the best society this world affords; the good and the -great welcome him, surround him, and humbly ask to be allowed to become -his servants; and if he himself, from his own earnings, contributes to -its support, he is more of a man than before.... If library, hall, -gallery, or museum be not popular, and attract the manual toilers and -benefit them, it will have failed in its mission; for it was chiefly for -the wage-earners that it was built, by one who was himself a -wage-earner, and who has the good of that class at heart." - -Mr. Carnegie has said elsewhere, "Every free library in these days -should contain upon its shelves all contributions bearing upon the -relations of labor and capital from every point of view,--socialistic, -communistic, co-operative, and individualist; and librarians should -encourage visitors to read them all." - -The library stands near the entrance of the valuable park of about 439 -acres given to the city by Mrs. Schenley in 1889. "This lady," says Mr. -Carnegie, "although born in Pittsburg, married an English gentleman -while yet in her teens. It is forty years and more since she took up her -residence in London among the titled and wealthy of the world's -metropolis; but still she turns to the home of her childhood, and by -means of Schenley Park links her name with it forever. A noble use this -of great wealth by one who thus becomes her own administrator." - -Near the library are the $125,000 conservatories given to the people by -Mr. Phipps, and a source of most elevating pleasure. Mr. Carnegie's -gifts in and about Pittsburg amount already to $5,000,000; yet he is -soon to build a library for Homestead, and one each for Duquesne and the -town of Carnegie. "Such other districts as may need branch libraries," -says Mr. Carnegie, "we ardently hope we may be able to supply; for to -provide free libraries for all the people of Pittsburg is a field which -we would fain make our own, as chief part of our life-work. I have -dropped into the plural, for there is one always with me to prompt, -encourage, suggest, discuss, and advise, and fortunately, sometimes, -when necessary, gently to criticise; whose heart is as keenly in this -work as my own, preferring it to any other as the best possible use of -surplus wealth, and without whose wise and zealous co-operation I often -feel little useful work could be done." - -Mr. Carnegie has given $50,000 to Bellevue Hospital Medical College, New -York, for a histological laboratory. He is also the founder of the -magnificent Music Hall on the corner of Fifty-second Street and Seventh -Avenue, New York City. The press says his investment in the Music Hall -Company Limited equals nine-tenths of the full cost of the hall. "It was -the dearest wish of the elder Damrosch that a grand concert-hall -suitable for oratorio, choral, and symphony performances might be built -in New York. The questions of cost, endowment, etc., have been discussed -many times by his associates and successors, without definite result. It -was the liberality and public spirit of Andrew Carnegie which finally -made possible the establishment of a completely equipped home for -music." - -The main hall, exquisite in its decorations of ivory white, gold, and -old rose, will seat about three thousand persons, with standing-room for -a thousand more. In the decorations 1,217 lamps are placed. Of these, -189 are in the ceiling and the walls of the stage, 339 around the boxes -and balconies, and 689 in the main ceiling. When the electric current is -turned on at night the effect is magical. The electric-light plant -consists of four dynamos, each weighing 20,000 pounds. Besides the main -hall, there are several smaller rooms for recitals, lectures, readings, -receptions, and studios. - -Mr. Carnegie will need no other monument than his great libraries, the -influence of which will increase in the coming centuries. - - - - -THOMAS HOLLOWAY: - -HIS SANATORIUM AND COLLEGE. - - -Thomas Holloway, one of England's most munificent givers, was born in -Devonport, England, Sept. 22, 1800. His father, who had been a warrant -officer in a militia regiment, had become a baker in Devonport. - -Finding that he could support his several children better by managing an -inn, he removed to Penzance, and took charge of Turk's Head Inn on -Chapel Street. His son Thomas went to school at Camborne and Penzance -until he was sixteen. - -He was a saving lad, for the family were obliged to be economical. He -must also have been energetic, for this quality he displayed remarkably -through life. After his father died, he and his mother and his brother -Henry opened a grocery and bakery shop in the marketplace at Penzance. -Mrs. Holloway, the mother, was the daughter of a farmer at Trelyon, -Lelant Parish, Cornwall, and knew how to help her sons make a living in -the Penzance shop. - -When Thomas was twenty-eight he seems to have tired of this kind of work -or of the town, for he went to London to struggle with its millions in -making a fortune. It seemed extremely improbable that he would make -money; but if he did not make, he was too poor to lose much. - -For twelve years he worked in various situations, some of the time being -"secretary to a gentleman," showing that he had improved his time while -in school to be able to hold such a position. In 1836 he had established -himself as "a merchant and foreign commercial agent" at 13 Broad Street -Buildings. - -One of the men for whom Mr. Holloway, then thirty-six years old, did -business, was Felix Albinolo, an Italian from Turin, who sold leeches -and the "St. Come et St. Damien Ointment." Mr. Holloway introduced the -Italian to the doctors at St. Thomas's Hospital, who liked the ointment, -and gave testimonials in its favor. - -Mr. Holloway, hoping that he could make some money out of it, prepared -an ointment somewhat similar, and announced it for sale, Oct. 15, 1837. -He stated in his advertisement in the paper that "Holloway's Family -Ointment" had received the commendation of Herbert Mayo, senior surgeon -at Middlesex Hospital, Aug. 19, 1837. - -Albinolo warned the people in the same paper that the surgeon's letter -was given in connection with his ointment, the composition of which was -a secret. Whether this was true or not, the surgeon made no denial of -Mr. Holloway's statement. A year later, as Albinolo could not sell his -wares, and was in debt, he was committed to the debtors' prison, and -nothing more is known of him or his ointment. - -There were various reports about the Holloway ointment, and the pills -which he soon after added to his stock. It was said that for the making -of one or both of these preparations an old German woman had confided -her knowledge to Mr. Holloway's mother, and she in turn had told her -son. Mr. Holloway as long as he lived had great faith in his medicines, -and believed they would sell if they could be brought to the notice of -the people. - -Every day he took his pills and his ointment to the docks to try to -interest the captains and passengers sailing to all parts of the world. -People, as usual, were indifferent to an unknown man and unknown -medicines, and Mr. Holloway went back to his rooms day after day with -little money or success. He advertised in the press as much as he was -able, indeed, more than he was able; for he got into debt, and, like -Albinolo, was thrust into a debtors' prison on White Cross Street. He -effected a release by arranging with his creditors, whom he afterwards -paid in full, with ten per cent interest, it is said, to such as -willingly granted his release. - -Mr. Holloway had married an unassuming girl, Miss Jane Driver, soon -after he came to London; and she was assisting in his daily work. Mr. -Holloway used to labor from four o'clock in the morning till ten at -night, living, with his wife, over his patent-medicine warehouse at 244 -Strand. He told a friend years afterwards that the only recreation he -and his wife had during the week was to take a walk in that crowded -thoroughfare. Speaking of the great labor and anxiety in building up a -business, he said, "If I had then offered the business to any one as a -gift they would not have accepted it." - -The constant advertising created a demand for the medicines. In 1842, -five years after he began to make his pills and ointment, Mr. Holloway -spent L5,000 in advertising; in 1845 he spent L10,000; in 1851, L20,000; -in 1855, L30,000; in 1864, L40,000; in 1882, L45,000, and later L50,000, -or $250,000, each year. - -Mr. Holloway published directions for the use of his medicines in nearly -every known language,--Chinese, Turkish, Armenian, Arabic, and most of -the vernaculars of India. He said he "believed he had advertised in -every respectable newspaper in existence." The business had begun to pay -well evidently in 1850, about twelve years after he started it; for in -that year Mr. Holloway obtained an injunction against his brother, who -had commenced selling "Holloway's Pills and Ointment at 210 Strand." -Probably the brother thought a partnership in the bakery in their boyish -days had fitted him for a partnership in the sale of the patent -medicines. - -In 1860 Mr. Holloway sent a physician to France to introduce his -preparations; but the laws not being favorable to secret remedies, not -much was accomplished. When the new Law Courts were built in London, Mr. -Holloway moved his business to 533 New Oxford Street, since renumbered -78, where he employed one hundred persons, besides the scores in his -branch offices. - -"Of late years," says the Manchester _Guardian_, "his business became a -vast banking-concern, to which the selling of patent medicines was -allied; and he was understood to say some few years ago that his profits -as a dealer in money approached the enormous sum of L100,000 a year.... -The ground-floor of his large establishment in Oxford Street was -occupied with clerks engaged in bookkeeping. On the first and second -floors one might gain a notion of the profits of pill-making by seeing -young women filling boxes from small hillocks of pills containing a -sufficient dose for a whole city. On the topmost floor were Mr. -Holloway's private apartments." - -Later in life Mr. Holloway moved to a country home, Tittenhurst, -Sunninghill, which is about six miles from Windsor, and on the borders -of the great park of eighteen hundred acres, where he lived without any -display, and where his wife died, Sept. 25, 1871, at the age of -seventy-one. - -He never had any desire for title or public prominence, and when, after -his gifts had made him known and honored, a baronetcy was suggested to -him, he would not consent to it. Mr. Holloway had worked untiringly; he -had not spent his money in extravagant living; and now, how should he -use it for the best good of his country? - -The noble Earl of Shaftesbury had been giving much of his early life to -the amelioration of the insane. He had visited asylums in England, and -seen lunatics chained to their beds, living on bread and water, or shut -up in dark, filthy cells, neglected, and often abused. He ascertained -that over seventy-five per cent may be cured if treatment is given in -the first twelve months; only five per cent if given later. He was -astonished to find that no one seemed to care about these unfortunates. - -He longed to see an asylum built for the insane of the middle classes. -He addressed public meetings in their behalf; and Mr. Holloway was in -one of these meetings, and listened to Lord Shaftesbury's fervent -appeal. His heart was greatly moved; and he visited Shaftesbury, and -together they conferred about the great gift which was consummated -later. It is said also that at Mr. Gladstone's breakfast-table, Mrs. -Gladstone advised with Mr. Holloway about the need of convalescent -homes. - -In the year 1873 Mr. Holloway put aside nearly L300,000 ($1,500,000) for -an institution for the insane of the middle classes, such as -professional men, clerks, teachers, and governesses, as the lower -classes were quite well provided for in public asylums. - -A picturesque spot was chosen for the Holloway Sanatorium,--forty acres -of ground near Virginia Water, which is six miles from Windsor, though -within the royal domains. Virginia Water is a beautiful artificial lake, -about seven miles in circumference, a mile and a half long, and -one-third of a mile wide. The lake was formed in 1746, in order to drain -the moorland, by William, Duke of Cumberland, uncle of George III. Near -by is an obelisk with this inscription: "This obelisk was raised by the -command of George II., after the battle of Culloden, in commemoration of -the services of his son William, Duke of Cumberland, the success of his -arms, and the gratitude of his father." This lake, with its adjacent -gardens, pavilions, and cascades, was the favorite summer retreat of -George IV., who built there a fishing-temple richly decorated. A royal -barge, thirty-two feet long, for the use of royalty, is stationed on the -lake. - -In the midst of this attractive scenery Mr. Holloway caused his forty -acres to be laid out with tasteful flower-beds, walks, and thousands of -trees and shrubs. Occupied with his immense business, he yet had time to -watch the growth of his great benevolent project. - -Mr. W. H. Crossland, who had built the fine Town Hall at Rochdale, was -chosen as the architect, and began at Virginia Water the stately and -handsome Sanatorium in the English Renaissance style of architecture, of -red brick with stone trimmings. There is a massive and lofty tower in -the centre. The interior is finished in gray marble, which is enriched -with cheerful colors and plentiful gilding. The great lecture or concert -hall, adorned with portraits of distinguished persons by Mr. Girardot -and other artists, has a very richly gilded roof. The refectory is -decorated by a series of beautiful fancy groups after Watteau, forming a -frieze. - -The six hundred rooms of the building, great and small, on the four -floors, are exquisitely finished and furnished, all made as attractive -as possible, that those of both sexes who are weary and broken in mind -may have much to interest them in their long days of absence from home -and friends. Students of the National Art Training School, under Mr. -Poynter, did much of the art work. There are no blank walls. - -The Holloway Sanatorium, which is five hundred feet by two hundred feet -in extent, has a model laundry in a separate building, pretty red brick -houses for the staff and those who are not obliged to sleep in the -building, a pleasure-house for rest and recreation for the inmates, and -a handsome chapel. - -Four hundred or more patients can be accommodated. A moderate charge is -made for those who can afford to pay, and only those persons thought to -be curable are received. As much freedom is allowed as possible, that -the inmates may not unnecessarily feel the surveillance under which they -are obliged to live. - -The Sanatorium was opened June 15, 1885, by the Prince of Wales, -accompanied by the Princess, their three daughters, and the Duke of -Cambridge. Mr. Martin Holloway, the brother-in-law of Mr. Thomas -Holloway, spoke of the uses of the Sanatorium, and the Prince of Wales -replied in a happy manner. - -Many inmates were received at once, and the institution has proved a -great blessing. - -To what other uses should Mr. Holloway put his large fortune? He and -Mrs. Holloway had long thought of a college for women, and after her -death he determined to build one as a memorial to her who had helped him -through all those days of poverty and self-sacrifice. - -In 1875 Mr. Holloway held a conference with the blind Professor Henry -Fawcett, Member of Parliament, and his able wife, Mrs. Millicent Garrett -Fawcett, Mr. Samuel Morley, M.P., Sir James Kay-Shuttleworth, Bart., Mr. -David Chadwick, M.P., Dr. Hague of New York, and others interested in -the higher education of women. Mr. Holloway foresaw, with these -educators, that in the future women would seek a university education -like their brothers. "For many years," says Mr. Martin Holloway, "his -mind was dominated by the idea that if a higher form of education would -ennoble women, the sons of such mothers would be nobler men." - -On May 8, 1876, Mr. Holloway purchased, and conveyed in trust to Mr. -Henry Driver Holloway and Mr. George Martin Holloway, his -brother-in-law, and Mr. David Chadwick, M.P., ninety-five acres on the -southern slope of Egham Hill, Surrey, for his college for women. It is -in the midst of most picturesque and beautiful scenery, rich in -historical associations. Egham is five miles from Windsor, near the -Thames, and on the borders of Runnymede, so called from the Saxon -Runemede, or Council Meadow, where the barons, June 15, 1215, compelled -King John to sign the Magna Charta. A building was erected to -commemorate this important event, and the table on which the charter was -signed is still preserved. - -Near by is Windsor Great Park, with seven thousand fallow deer in its -eighteen hundred acres, and its noted long walk, an avenue of elms three -miles in length, extending from the gateway of George IV., the principal -entrance to Windsor Castle, to Snow Hill, crowned by a statue of George -III., by Westmacott. Not far away from Egham are lovely Virginia Water -and Staines, from Stana, the Saxon for stone, where one sees the city -boundary stone, on which is inscribed, "God preserve the city of London, -A.D. 1280." This marks the limit of jurisdiction of the Lord Mayor of -London over the Thames. - -After Mr. Holloway had decided to build his college, he visited the -chief cities of Europe with Mr. Martin Holloway to ascertain what was -possible about the best institutions of learning, and the latter made a -personal inspection of colleges in the United States. Mr. Holloway was -seventy-six, and too old for a long journey to America. - -Plans were prepared by Mr. W. H. Crossland of London, who spent much -time in France studying the old French chateaux before he began his work -on the college. The first brick was laid Sept. 12, 1879. Mr. Holloway -wished this structure to be the best of its kind in England, if not in -the world. The _Annual Register_ says in regard to Mr. Holloway's two -great gifts, "When their efficiency or adornment was concerned, his -customary principle of economy failed to restrain him." - -The college is a magnificent building in the style of the French -Renaissance, reminding one of the Louvre in Paris, of red brick with -Portland stone dressings, with much artistic sculpture. - -"It covers," says a report prepared by the college authorities, "more -ground than any other college in the world, and forms a double -quadrangle, measuring 550 feet by 376 feet. The general design is that -of two long, lofty blocks running parallel to each other, and connected -in the middle and at either end by lower cross buildings.... The -quadrangles each measure about 256 feet by 182 feet. Cloisters run from -east to west on two sides of each quadrangle, with roofs whose upper -sides are constructed as terraces, the capitals being arranged as -triplets." - -No pains or expense have been spared to finish and furnish this college -with every comfort, even luxury. There are over 1,000 rooms, and -accommodations for about 300 students. Each person has two rooms, one -for sleeping and one for study; and there is a sitting-room for every -six persons. The dining-hall is 100 feet long, 30 wide, and 30 high. The -semi-circular ceiling is richly ornamented. The recreation-hall, which -is in reality a picture-gallery, is 100 feet long, 30 wide, and 50 high, -with beautiful ceiling and floor of polished marquetry. The pictures -here were collected by Mr. Martin Holloway, and cost about L100,000, or -half a million dollars. Sir Edwin Landseer's famous picture, "Man -proposes, God disposes," was purchased for L6,000. It was painted in -1864 by Landseer, who received L2,500 for it. It represents an arctic -incident suggested by the finding of the relics of Sir John Franklin. - -Here are "The Princes in the Tower" and "Princess Elizabeth in Prison at -St. James," by Sir John Millais; "The Babylonian Marriage Market" and -"The Suppliants," by Edwin Long; "The Railway Station," by W. P. Frith; -and other noted works. The gallery is open to the public every Thursday -afternoon, and in the summer months on Saturdays also. There are several -thousand visitors each year. - -The college has twelve rooms with deadened walls for practising music, a -gymnasium, six tennis-courts (three of asphalt and three of grass), a -large swimming-bath, a lecture theatre, museum, a library with carved -oak bookcases reaching nearly to the ceiling, and an immense kitchen -which serves for a school for cookery. Electric lights and steam heat -are used throughout the buildings, and there are open fireplaces for the -students' rooms. - -The chapel, 130 feet long by 30 feet wide, says the London _Graphic_ for -July 10, 1886, "is a singularly elaborate building in the Renaissance -style.... In its decoration a strong tendency to the Italian school of -the latter part of the sixteenth century is apparent. This is especially -the case with the roof, which bears a kind of resemblance to that of the -Sistine Chapel at Rome, though it cannot in any way be said to be a copy -of that magnificent work.... The choir, or nave, is seated with oak -benches arranged stall-ways, as is usual in the college chapels of -Oxford and Cambridge.... The roof is formed of an elliptic barrel-vault, -the lower portions of which are adorned with statues and candelabra in -high relief, and the upper portion by painted enrichments. The former -are a very remarkable series of works by the Italian sculpture Fucigna, -who had learned his art in the studios of Tenerani and Rauch at Rome. -These were his last works, and he did not live to complete them. The -figures represent the prophets and other personages from the Old -Testament on the left side, and apostles, evangelists, and saints from -the New Testament on the right. The baldachino is constructed of walnut -and oak, richly carved; and the organ front, at the opposite end of the -chapel, is a beautiful example of wood-carving." - -The building and furnishing of the college cost L600,000, the endowment -L300,000, the pictures L100,000, making in all about one million -sterling, or five million dollars. The deed of foundation states that -"the college is founded by the advice and counsel of the founder's dear -wife." When Mrs. Holloway was toiling with her husband over the shop in -the Strand, with no recreation during the week except a walk, as he -said, in that crowded thoroughfare, how little she could have realized -that this beautiful monument would be built to her memory! - -Mr. Holloway did not live to see his college completed; as he died, -after a brief illness of bronchitis, at Tittenhurst, Wednesday, Dec. 26, -1883, aged eighty-three, and was buried in St. Michael's Churchyard, -Sunninghill, Jan. 4, 1884. - -Mr. Martin Holloway faithfully carried out his relative's wishes; and -when the college was ready for occupancy, it was opened by Queen -Victoria in person, on Wednesday, June 30, 1886. The day was fine; and -Egham was gayly decorated for the event with flowers, banners, and -arches. The Queen, with Princess Beatrice and her husband, the late -Prince Henry of Battenberg, the Duke of Connaught, and other members of -the royal family, drove over from Windsor through Frogmore, where Prince -Albert is buried, and Runnymede to Egham, in open carriages, each -carriage drawn by four gray horses ridden by postilions. Outriders in -scarlet preceded the procession, which was accompanied by an escort of -Life Guards. - -Reaching the college at 5.30 P.M., the Queen and Princess Beatrice were -each presented with a bouquet by Miss Driver Holloway, and were -conducted to the chapel, where a throne had been prepared for her -Majesty. Princess Beatrice, Prince Henry of Battenberg, and the Duke of -Cambridge stood on her left, with the Duke of Connaught, the Archbishop -of Canterbury, and others on her right. The choir sang an ode composed -by Mr. Martin Holloway, and the Archbishop of Canterbury offered prayer. - -The Queen then admired the decorations of the chapel, and proceeded to -the picture gallery, where the architect presented to her an album with -illustrations of the college, and the contractor, Mr. J. Thompson, -offered her a beautiful key of gold. The top of the stem is encircled by -two rows of diamonds; and the bow at the top is an elegant piece of -gold, enamel, and diamonds. A laurel wreath of diamonds surrounds the -words, "Opened by H. M. the Queen, June 30, 1886." - -The Queen was then conducted to the upper quadrangle, where she seated -herself in a chair of state on a dais, under a canopy of crimson velvet. -A great concourse of people were gathered to witness the formal opening -of the college. The lawn was also crowded, six hundred children being -among the people. After the band of the Royal Artillery played to the -singing of the national anthem, "God save the Queen," Mr. Martin -Holloway presented an address to her Majesty in a beautiful casket of -gold. "The casket rests on four pediments, on each of which is seated a -female figure," says the London _Times_, "which are emblematical of -education, science, music, and painting. On the front panel is a view of -Royal Holloway College, on either side of which is a medallion -containing the royal and imperial monogram, V.R.I., executed in colored -enamel. Underneath the view is the monogram of the founder, Mr. Thomas -Holloway, in enamel." - -At one end of the casket are the royal arms, and at the opposite end the -Holloway arms and motto, "Nil Desperandum," richly emblazoned in enamel. -The casket is surmounted by a portrait model of Mr. Holloway, seated in -a classic chair, being a reduction from the model from life taken by -Signor Fucigna. - -After the address in the casket was presented to Queen Victoria, the -Earl of Kimberley, the minister in attendance, stepped forward, and -said, "I am commanded by her Majesty to declare the college open." -Trumpets were blown by the Royal Scots' Greys, cheers were given, the -archbishop pronounced the benediction, and the choir sang "Rule -Britannia." The Queen before her departure expressed her pleasure and -satisfaction in the arrangement of the institution, and commanded that -it be styled, "The Royal Holloway College." - -More than a year later, on Friday, Dec. 16, 1887, a statue of the Queen -was unveiled in the upper quadrangle of the college by Prince Christian. -A group of the founder and his wife in the lower quadrangle was also -unveiled. Both statues are of Tyrolese marble, and are the work of -Prince Victor of Hohenlohe-Langenburg. The Rt. Hon. Earl Granville, -K.G., made a very interesting address. - -The college has done admirable work during the ten years since its -opening. The founder desired that ultimately the college should confer -degrees, but at present the students qualify for degrees at existing -universities. In the report for 1895 of Miss Bishop, the principal, she -says, "We have now among our students, past and present, fifty-one -graduates of the University of London (twenty-one in honors), and -twenty-one students who have obtained Oxford University honors.... This -is the second year that a Holloway student has won the Gilchrist medal, -which is awarded to the first woman on the London B.A. list, provided -she obtains two-thirds of the possible marks." In 1891 a Holloway -student was graduated from the Royal University of Ireland with honors. - -Students are received who do not wish to work for a university -examination, "provided they are _bona fide_ students, with a definite -course of work in view," says the college report for 1895. They must be -over seventeen, pass an entrance examination, and remain not less than -one year. There are twelve entrance scholarships of the value of L50 to -L75 a year, and twelve founder's scholarships of L30 a year, besides -bursaries of the same value. The charge for board, lodging, and -instruction is L90 or $450 a year. - -Courses of practical instruction are given in cookery, ambulance-work, -sick-nursing, wood-carving, and dressmaking. Mr. Holloway states in his -deed: "The curriculum of the college shall not be such as to discourage -students who desire a liberal education apart from the Greek and Latin -languages; and proficiency in classics shall not entitle students to -rewards of merit over others equally proficient in other branches of -knowledge." While the governors, some of whom rightly must always be -women, may provide instruction in subjects which seem most suitable, Mr. -Holloway expresses his sensible belief that "the education of women -should not be exclusively regulated by the traditions and methods of -former ages." - -The students at Holloway, according to an article in Harper's _Bazar_, -March 10, 1894, by Miss Elizabeth C. Barney, have a happy as well as -busy life. She says, "The girls have a running-club, which requires an -entrance examination of each candidate for election, the test being a -rousing sprint around the college--one-third of a mile--within three -minutes, or fail. After this has been successfully passed, the condition -of continued membership is a repetition of this performance eight times -every two weeks, on pain of a penny fine for every run neglected. On -stormy days the interior corridors are not a bad course, inasmuch as -each one measures one-tenth of a mile in length." - -"Nor are in-door amusements less in vogue than out-door sports. There -are the 'Shakespeare Evenings' and the 'French Evenings,' the 'Fire -Brigade' and the 'Debating Society,' and a host of other more or less -social events.... The Debating Society is an august body, which holds -its sittings in the lecture theatre, and deals with all the questions of -the United Kingdom in the most irreproachable Parliamentary style. They -divide into Government and Opposition, and pass and reject bills in a -way which would do credit to the nation in Parliament assembled." - -The girls also, she says, "have a string orchestra of violins and -'celli, numbering about fifteen performers. The girls meet one evening a -week in the library for practice, and enter into it more as recreation -before study than as serious work. They play very well indeed together, -and sometimes give concerts for the rest of the college." - -A writer in the Atlanta _Constitution_ for April 3, 1892, thus describes -the drill of the fair fire brigade: "'The Holloway Volunteer Brigade' -formed in three sections of ten students each, representing the -occupants of different floors. They were drawn up in line at 'Right -turn! Quick march! Position!' Then each section went quite through with -two full drills. - -"A fire in sitting-room No. 10 was supposed. At command 'Get to work!' -the engine was run down to the doorway, a 'chain' of recruits was formed -to the nearest source of water-supply, and the buckets were handed in -line that the engine might be kept in full play. The pump was vigorously -applied by two girls, while another worked the small hose quickly and -ingeniously, so that the engine was at full speed in less than a -minute. When the drill was concluded with the orders 'Knock off!' and -'Make up!' everything had been put in its own place. - -"Then came the 'Hydrant Drill,' which was conducted at the hydrant -nearest the point of a supposed outbreak of fire. In this six students -from each section took part. Directly the alarm was given one hundred -feet of canvas hose was run out, and an additional length (regulated, of -course, by the distance) was joined to it. At the words 'Turn on!' by -the officer known as 'branch hoseman,' the hose was directed so that, -had there been water in it, it must have streamed onto the supposed -fire. This drill was also accomplished in only a minute; and at the -commands 'Knock off!' and 'Make up!' the hose-pipes were promptly -disconnected, the pipe that is always kept attached to the hydrant was -'flaked down,' and an extra one hundred feet 'coiled up' on the bight -with astonishing rapidity. The drills are genuine realities, and the -students thoroughly enjoy them." - -There is also a way of escape for the students in case of fire. The -"Merryweather Chute," a large tube of specially woven fire-proof canvas, -is attached to a wrought-iron frame that fits the window opening. There -is also a drill with this chute. When the word is given, "Make ready to -go down chute," the young woman draws her dress around her, steps feet -foremost into the tube, and regulates her speed by means of a rope made -fast to the frame, and running through the chute to the ground. Fifty -students can descend from a window in five minutes with no fear after -they have practised. - -Mr. Holloway and his wife worked hard to accumulate their fortune, but -they placed it where it will do great good for centuries to come. In so -doing they made for themselves an honored name and lasting remembrance. - - - - -CHARLES PRATT - -AND HIS INSTITUTE. - - -"It is a good thing to be famous, provided that the fame has been -honestly won. It is a good thing to be rich when the image and -superscription of God is recognized on every coin. But the sweetest -thing in the world is to be _loved_. The tears that were shed over the -coffin of Charles Pratt welled up out of loving hearts.... I count his -death to have been the sorest bereavement Brooklyn has ever suffered; -for he was yet in his vigorous prime, with large plans and possibilities -yet to be accomplished. - -"Charles Pratt belonged to the only true nobility in America,--the men -who do not inherit a great name, but make one for themselves." Thus -wrote the Rev. Dr. Theodore L. Cuyler of Brooklyn, after Mr. Pratt's -death in 1891. - -Charles Pratt, the founder of Pratt Institute, was born at Watertown, -Mass., Oct. 2, 1830. His father, Asa Pratt, a cabinet-maker, had ten -children to support, so that it became necessary for each child to earn -for himself whenever that was possible. - -[Illustration: CHARLES PRATT.] - -When Charles was ten years old, he left home, and found a place to labor -on a neighboring farm. For three years the lad, slight in physique, but -ambitious to earn, worked faithfully, and was allowed to attend school -three months in each winter. At thirteen he was eager for a broader -field, and, going to Boston, was employed for a year in a grocery store. -Soon after he went to Newton, and there learned the machinist's trade, -saving every cent carefully, because he had a plan in his mind; and that -plan was to get an education, even if a meagre one, that he might do -something in the world. - -Finally he had saved enough for a year's schooling, and going to -Wilbraham Academy, at Wilbraham, Mass., "managed," as he afterwards -said, "to live on one dollar a week while I studied." Fifty dollars -helped to lay the foundation for a remarkably useful and noble life. - -When the year was over and the money spent, having learned already the -value of depending upon himself rather than upon outside help, the youth -became a clerk in a paint-and-oil store in Boston. Here the thirst for -knowledge, stimulated but only partially satisfied by the short year at -the academy, led him to the poor man's blessing,--the library. Here he -could read and think, and be far removed from evil associations. - -When he was twenty-one, in 1851, Charles Pratt went to New York as a -clerk for Messrs. Schanck & Downing, 108 Fulton Street, in the oil, -paint, and glass business. The work was constant; but he was happy in -it, because he believed that work should be the duty and pleasure of -all. He never changed in this love for labor. He said years afterwards, -when he was worth millions, "I am convinced that the great problem which -we are trying to solve is very much wrapped up in the thought of -educating the people to find happiness in a busy, active life, and that -the occupation of the hour is of more importance than the wages -received." He found "happiness in a busy, active life," when he was -earning fifty dollars a year as well as when he was a man of great -wealth. - -Years later Mr. Pratt's son Charles relates the following incident, -which occurred when his father came to visit him at Amherst College: "He -was present at a lecture to the Senior class in mental science. The -subject incidentally discussed was 'Work,' its necessary drain upon the -vital forces, and its natural and universal distastefulness. On being -asked to address the class, my father assumed to present the matter from -a point of view entirely different from that of the text-book, and -maintained that there was no inherent reason why man should consider his -daily labor, of whatever nature, as necessarily disagreeable and -burdensome, but that the right view was the one which made of work a -delight, a source of real satisfaction, and even pleasure. Such, indeed, -it was to him; he believed it might prove to be such to all others." - -After Mr. Pratt had worked three years for his New York firm, in -connection with two other gentlemen he bought the paint-and-oil business -of his employers, and the new firm became Raynolds, Devoe, & Pratt. For -thirteen years he worked untiringly at his business; and in 1867 the -firm was divided, the oil portion of the business being carried on by -Charles Pratt & Co. In the midst of this busy life the influence of the -Mercantile Library of Boston was not lost. He had become associated with -the Mercantile Library of New York, and both this and the one in Boston -had a marked influence on his life and his great gifts. - -When the immense oil-fields of Pennsylvania began to be developed, about -1860, Mr. Pratt was one of the first to see the possibilities of the -petroleum trade. He began to refine the crude oil, and succeeded in -producing probably the best upon the market, called "Pratt's Astral -Oil." Mr. Pratt took a just pride in its wide use, and was pleased, says -a friend, "when the Rev. Dr. Buckley told him that he had found that the -Russian convent on Mount Tabor was lighted with Pratt's Astral Oil. He -meant that the stamp 'Pratt' should be like the stamp of the mint,--an -assurance of quality and quantity." - -For years he was one of the officers of the Standard Oil Company, and of -course a sharer in its enormous wealth. Nothing seemed more improbable -when he was spending a year at Wilbraham Academy, living on a dollar a -week, than this ownership of millions. Now, as then, he was saving of -time as well as money. - -Says Mr. James McGee of New York, "He brought to business a hatred of -waste. He disliked waste of every kind. He was not willing that the -smallest material should be lost. He did not believe in letting time go -to waste. He was punctual at his engagements, or gave good excuse for -his tardiness. Speaking of an evening spent in congratulations, he said -that it was time lost; it would have been better spent in reviewing -mistakes, that they might be corrected. It is said that a youth who had -hurried into business applied to Mr. Pratt for advice as to whether he -should go West. He questioned the young man as to how he occupied his -time; what he did before business hours, and what after; what he was -reading or doing to improve his mind. Finding that the young man was -taking no pains to educate himself, he said emphatically, 'No; don't go -West. They don't want you.'" - -Active as Mr. Pratt was in the details of a great business, he found -time for other work. Desiring an education, which he in his early days -could not obtain, he provided the best for his children. He became -deeply interested in Adelphi Academy, Brooklyn, was a trustee, and later -president of the Board. In 1881 he erected the wing of the main -building; and six years later, in 1887, he gave $160,000 for the -erection of a new building. - -He gave generously to the Baptist Church in Brooklyn in which he -worshipped, and from the pews of which he was seldom absent on the -Sabbath. He bestowed thousands upon struggling churches. He generously -aided Rochester Theological Seminary. He gave to Amherst College, -through his son Charles M. Pratt, about $40,000 for a gymnasium, and -through his son Frederick B. Pratt thirteen acres for athletic grounds. -He helped foreign missions and missions at home with an open hand. - -"There were," says Dr. Cuyler, "innumerable little rills of benevolence -that trickled into the homes of the needy and the hearts of the -straitened and suffering. I never loved Charles Pratt more than when he -was dealing with the needs of a bright orphan girl, whose case appealed -strongly to his sympathies. After inquiring into it carefully, he said -to me, 'We must be careful when trying to aid this young lady, not to -cripple her energies, or lower her sense of independence.' - -"The last time his hand ever touched paper was to sign a generous check -for the benefit of our Brooklyn Bureau of Charities. Almost the last -words that he ever wrote was this characteristic sentence: 'I feel that -life is so short that I am not satisfied unless I do each day the best I -can.'" - -Mr. Pratt was not willing to spend his life in accumulating millions -except for a purpose. He once told Dr. Cuyler, "The greatest humbug in -this world is the idea that the mere possession of money can make any -man happy. I never got any satisfaction out of mine until I began to do -good with it." - -He did not wish his wealth to build fine mansions for himself, for he -preferred to live simply. He had no pleasure in display. "He needed," -says his minister, Dr. Humpstone, "neither club nor playhouse to afford -him rest; his home sufficed. For those who use such diversions he had no -criticism. In these matters he was neither narrow nor ascetic. He was -the brother of his own children. His home was to him the fairest spot on -earth. He filled it with sunshine. Outside of his business, his church, -and his philanthropy, it was his only sphere." - -He was a man of few words and much self-control. Dr. Humpstone relates -this incident, told him by a friend: "Some one made upon Mr. Pratt, -openly, a bitter personal attack. The future revealed that this charge -was entirely unmerited, and the man who made it lived to regret his act; -but the moment revealed the greatness of our dead friend's love. He said -no word; only a face pale with pain revealed how determined was his -effort at self-control, and how keen was his suffering. When his -accuser turned to go, he bade him good-morning, as though he had left a -blessing and not a bane behind him. As I recall the past at this moment, -I think of no word he ever spoke in my hearing that was proof of an -unloving spirit in him." - -For years Mr. Pratt had been thinking about industrial education; "such -education as enables men and women to earn their own living by applied -knowledge and the skilful use of their hands in the various productive -industries." He knew that the majority of young men and women are born -poor, and must struggle for a livelihood, and, whether poor or rich, -ought to know how to be self-supporting, and not helpless members of the -community. The study of algebra and English literature might be a -delight, but not all can be teachers or clerks in stores; some must be -machinists, carpenters, and skilled workmen in various trades. - -Mr. Pratt never forgot that he had been a poor boy. He never grew cold -in manner and selfish in life. "He presented," says Mr. James -MacAlister, President of the Drexel Institute, Philadelphia, "the rare -spectacle of a rich man in strong sympathy with the industrial -revolution that was progressing around him. His ardent desire was to -recognize labor, to improve it, to elevate it; and his own experience -taught him that the best way to do this was to put education into the -handiwork of the laborer." - -Mr. Pratt gained information from all possible sources about the kind of -an institution which should be built to provide the knowledge of books -and the knowledge of earning a living. He travelled widely in his own -country, corresponded with the heads of various schools, such as The -Rose Polytechnic Institute at Terre Haute, Ind., the Institute of -Technology in Boston, and with Dr. John Eaton, then Commissioner of -Education, Dr. Felix Adler of New York, and others. Then Mr. Pratt took -his son, Mr. F. B. Pratt, and his private secretary, Mr. Heffley, to -twenty of the leading cities in England, France, Austria, Switzerland, -and Germany, to see what the Old World was doing to educate her people -in self-help. - -He found great industrial schools on the Continent supported by the city -or state, where every boy or girl could learn the theory or practice, or -both, of the trade to be followed for a livelihood. On leaving the -schools the pupils could earn a dollar or more a day. Our own country -was sadly backward in such matters. The public schools had introduced -manual training only to a very limited extent. Mr. Pratt determined to -build an institute where any who wished to engage in "mechanical, -commercial, and artistic pursuits" should have a thorough "theoretic and -practical knowledge." It should dignify labor, because he believed there -should be no idlers among rich or poor. It should teach "that personal -character is of greater consequence than material productions." - -Mr. Pratt, on Sept. 11, 1885, bought a large piece of land on Ryerson -Street, Brooklyn, a total of 32,000 square feet, and began to carry out -in brick and stone his noble thought for the people. He not only gave -his millions, but he gave his time and thought in the midst of his busy -life. He said, "_The giving which counts, is the giving of one's self_. -The faithful teacher who gives his strength and life without stint or -hope of reward, other than the sense of fidelity to duty, gives most; -and so the record will stand when our books are closed at the day of -final accounting." - -Mr. Pratt at first erected the main building six stories high, 100 feet -by 86, brick with terra-cotta and stone trimmings, and the machine-shop -buildings, consisting of metal-working and wood-working shops, forge and -foundry rooms, and a building 103 feet by 95 for bricklaying, -stone-carving, plumbing, and the like. Later the high-school building -was added; and a library building has recently been erected, the library -having outgrown its rooms. In the main building, occupying the whole -fourth floor as well as parts of several other floors, is the art -department of the Institute. Here, in morning, afternoon, and evening -classes, under the best instructors, a three years' course in art may be -taken, in drawing, painting, and clay-modelling; also courses in -architectural and mechanical drawing, where in the adjacent shops the -properties of materials and their power to bear strain can be learned. -Many students take a course in design, and are thus enabled to win good -positions as designers of book-covers, tiles, wall-papers, carpets, etc. -The normal art course of two years fits for teaching. Of those who left -the Institute between 1890 and 1893, having finished the course, -seventy-six became supervisors of drawing in public schools, or teach -art elsewhere, with salaries aggregating $47,620. Courses are also given -in wood-carving and art needlework. Though there were but twelve in the -class in the art department at the opening of the Institute in 1887, in -three years the number of pupils had increased to about seven hundred. - -Mr. Pratt instituted another department in the main building,--that of -domestic science. There are morning, afternoon, and evening classes in -sewing, cooking, and other household matters. A year's course, two -lessons a week, is given in dressmaking, cutting, fitting, and draping, -or the course may be taken in six months if time is limited; a course in -millinery with five lessons a week, and the full course in three months -if the person has little time to give; lectures in hygiene and home -nursing, that women in their homes may know what to do in cases of -sickness; classes in laundry work, in plain and fancy cooking, and -preparing food for invalids. There are Normal courses to fit teachers -for schools and colleges to give instruction in house sanitation, -ventilation, heating, cooking, etc. - -This department of domestic science has been most useful and popular. As -many as 2,800 pupils have been enrolled in a single year. A club of men -came to take lessons in cooking preparatory to camp-life. Nurses come -from the training-schools in hospitals to learn how to cook for -invalids. Many teachers have gone out from this department. The -Institute has not been able to supply the demand for sewing-women and -dressmakers during the busy season. - -Mr. Pratt rightly thought "that a knowledge of household employments is -thoroughly consistent with the grace and dignity and true womanliness of -every American girl.... The housewife who knows how to manage the -details of her home has more courage than one who is dependent upon -servants, no matter how faithful they may be. She is a better mistress; -for she can sympathize with them, and appreciate their work when well -done." - -Mr. Pratt had another object in view, as he said, "To help those -families who must live on small incomes,--say, not over $400 or $500 per -year,--teaching the best disposition of this money in wise purchase, -economical use of material, and little waste. One aim of this department -is to make the home of the workingman more attractive." - -Mr. Pratt said in the last address which he ever made to his Institute: -"Home is the centre from which the life of the nation emanates; and the -highest product of modern civilization is a contented, happy home. How -can we help to secure such homes? By teaching the people that happiness, -to some extent at least, consists in having something to occupy the head -and hand, and in doing some useful work." - -In the department of commerce, there are day and evening classes in -phonography, typewriting, bookkeeping, commercial law, German, and -Spanish, as the latter language, it is believed, will be used more in -our commercial relations in the future. - -There is a department of music to encourage singing among the people, -with courses in vocal music, and in the art of teaching music; this has -over four hundred students. In the department of kindergartens in the -Institute Mr. Pratt took a deep interest. A model kindergarten is -conducted with training-classes, and classes for mothers, who may thus -be able to introduce it into their homes. The high-school department, a -four years' course, combining the academic and the manual training, has -proved very valuable. It was originally intended to make the Institute -purely manual, but later it was felt to be wise to give an opportunity -for a completer education by combining head-work and hand-work. The -school day is from nine o'clock till three. Of the seven periods into -which this time is divided, three are devoted to recitations, one to -study,--the lessons are prepared at home,--one to drawing, and two to -the workshop, in wood, forging, tinsmithing, machine-tool work, etc. -When the high school was opened, Mr. Pratt said, "We believe in the -value of co-education, and are pleased to note the addition of more than -twenty young women to this entering class." - -The high school has some excellent methods. "For making the machinery of -National and State elections clear," says Mr. F. B. Pratt, the secretary -of the Institute and son of the founder, "the school has conducted a -campaign and election in close imitation of the actual process.... Every -morning the important news of the preceding day has been announced and -explained by selected pupils." The Institute annually awards ten -scholarships to ten graduates of the Brooklyn grammar schools, five boys -and five girls, who pass the best entrance examinations for the high -school of Pratt Institute. The pupils after leaving the high school are -fitted to enter any scientific institution of college grade. - -Mr. Pratt was "so much impressed with the far-reaching influence of good -books as distributed through a free library," that he established a -library in the Institute for the use of the pupils, and for the public -as well. It now has fifty thousand volumes, with a circulation of over -two hundred thousand volumes. In connection with it, there are library -training-classes, graduates of which have found good positions in -various libraries. - -A museum was begun by Mr. Pratt in 1887, as an aid to the students in -their work. The finest specimens of glass, earthenware, bronzes, -iron-work, and minerals were obtained from the Old World, specimens of -iron and steel from our own country to illustrate their manufacture in -the various articles of use; much attention will be given to artistic -work in iron after the manner of Quentin Matsys; lace, ancient and -modern; all common cloth, with kind of weave and price; various wools -and woollen goods from many countries. - -In the basement of the main building Mr. Pratt opened a lunch-room, a -most sensible department, especially for those who live at some distance -from the Institute. Dinners at a reasonable price are served from twelve -to two o'clock, and suppers three nights a week from six to seven P.M. -Over forty thousand meals are served yearly. Soups, cold meats, salads, -sandwiches, tea, coffee, milk, and fruit are usually offered. - -Another thought of Mr. Pratt, who seemed not to overlook anything, was -the establishing of an association known as "The Thrift." Mr. Pratt -said, "Pupils are taught some useful work by which they can earn money. -It seems a natural thing that the next step should be to endeavor to -teach them how to save this money; or, in other words, how to make a -wise use of it. It is not enough that one be trained so that he can join -the bands of the world's workers and become a producer; he needs quite -as much to learn habits of economy and thrift in order to make his life -a success." - -"The Thrift" was divided into the investment branch and the loan branch. -The investment shares were $150, payable at the rate of one dollar a -month for ten years. The investor would then have $160. Any person -could loan money to purchase a home, and make small monthly payments -instead of rent. As many persons were unable to save a dollar a month, -stamps were sold as in Europe; and a person could buy them at any time, -and these could be redeemed for cash. In less than four years, the -Thrift had 650 depositors, with a total investment of over $90,000. -Twenty-four loans had been made, aggregating over $100,000. The total -deposits up to 1895 were $260,000. - -Most interesting to me of all the departments of Pratt Institute are the -machine-shops and the Trade School Building, where boys can learn a -trade. "The aim of these trade classes," says Mr. F. B. Pratt, in the -_Independent_ for April 30, 1891, "is to afford a thorough grounding in -the principles of a mechanical trade, and sufficient practice in its -different operations to produce a fair amount of hand skill." The old -apprenticeship system has been abandoned, and our boys must learn to -earn a living in some other way. The trades taught at Pratt Institute -are carpentry, forging, machine-work, plastering, plumbing, -blacksmithing, bricklaying, house and fresco painting, etc. There is an -evening class of sheet-metal workers, who study patterns for cornices, -elbows, and other designs in sheet-metal. Much attention is given to -electrical construction and to electricity in general. The day and -evening classes are always full. Some of the master-mechanics' -associations are cordial in their co-operation and examination of -students through their committees. After leaving the Institute, work -seems to be readily obtained at good wages. - -Mr. Pratt wished the instruction here to be of the best. He said, "The -demand is for a better and better quality of work, and our American -artisans must learn that to claim first place in any trade they must be -intelligent.... They must learn to have pride in their work, and to love -it, and believe in our motto, 'Be true to your work, and your work will -be true to you.'" - -The sons of the founder are alive to the necessities of the young in -this direction. If it is true that out of the 52,894 white male -prisoners in the prisons and reformatory institutions of the United -States in 1890 nearly three-fourths were native born, and 31,426 had -learned no trade whatever, it is evident that one of the most pressing -needs of our time is the teaching of trades to boys and young men. - -Mr. Charles M. Pratt, the president of the Institute, says in his -Founder's Day Address in 1893 concerning technical instruction: "Our -possible service here seems almost limitless. The President of the Board -of Education of Boston in a recent address congratulated his -fellow-citizens upon the fact that Boston has her system of public -schools and kindergartens, and now, and but lately, her public school of -manual training; but what is needed, he said, 'is a school of _technical -training in the trades_, such as Pratt Institute and other similar -institutions furnish. I sincerely trust that the next five years of life -and growth here will develop much in this direction.... We are willing -to enlarge our present special facilities, or provide new ones for new -trade-class requirements, as long as the demand for such opportunities -truly exists.'" - -One rejoices in such institutions as the New York Trade Schools on First -Avenue, between Sixty-seventh and Sixty-eighth Streets, with their day -and evening classes in plumbing, gasfitting, bricklaying, plastering, -stone-cutting, fresco-painting, wood-carving, carpentry, and the like. A -printing department has also been added. This work owes its inception -and success to the brain and devotion of the late lamented Richard -Tylden Auchmuty, who died in New York, July 18, 1893. Mrs. Auchmuty, the -wife of the founder, has given the land and buildings to the school, -valued at $220,000, and a building-fund of $100,000. Mr. J. Pierpont -Morgan has endowed the school with a gift of $500,000. - -Mr. Pratt did not cease working when his great Institute was fairly -started. He built in Greenpoint, Long Island, a large apartment building -called the "Astral," five stories high, of brick and stone, with 116 -suites of rooms, each suite capable of accommodating from three to six -persons. The building cost $300,000, and is rented to workingmen and -their families, the income to be used in helping to maintain the -Institute. A public library was opened in the Astral, with the thought -at first of using it only for the people in the building; but it was -soon opened to all the inhabitants of Greenpoint, and has been most -heartily appreciated and used. Cut in stone over the fireplace in the -reading-room of the Astral are the words, "Waste neither time nor -money." - -When Mr. Pratt made his first address to the students of Pratt Institute -on Founder's Day, Oct. 2, 1888, his birthday, taking the Bible from the -desk, he said, before reading it and offering prayer, "Whatever I have -done, whatever I hope to do, I have done trusting in the Power from -above." - -Before he built the Institute many persons asked him to use his wealth -in other ways; some urged a Theological School, others a Medical School, -but his interest in the workingman and the home led him to found the -Institute. He rejoiced in the work and its outlook for the future. He -said, "I am so grateful, so grateful that the Almighty has inclined my -heart to do this thing." - -On the second and third Founder's Days, Mr. Pratt spoke with hope and -the deepest interest in the work of the Institute. He had been asked -often what he had spent for the work, and had prepared a statement at -considerable cost of time, but with characteristic modesty he could -never bring himself to make it public. "I have asked myself over and -over again what good could result from any statement we could make of -the amount of money we have spent. The quality and amount of service -rendered by the Institute is the only fair estimate of its real value." - -In closing his address Mr. Pratt said, "To my sons and co-trustees, who -will have this work to carry on when I am gone, I wish to say, 'The -world will overestimate your ability, and will underestimate the value -of your work; will be exacting of every promise made or implied; will be -critical of your failings; will often misjudge your motives, and hold -you to strict account for all your doings. Many pupils will make -demands, and be forgetful of your service to them. Ingratitude will -often be your reward. When the day is dark, and full of discouragement -and difficulty, you will need to look on the other side of the picture, -which you will find full of hope and gladness.'" - -When the next Founder's Day came, Mr. Pratt was gone, and the Institute -was in the hands of others. At the close of a day of work and thought in -his New York office, Mr. Pratt fell at his post, May 4, 1891, and was -carried to his home in Clinton Avenue, Brooklyn. After the funeral, May -7, memorial services were held in the Emmanuel Baptist Church on Sunday -afternoon, May 17, with addresses by distinguished men who loved and -honored him. - -A beautiful memorial chapel was erected by his family on his estate at -Dosoris, Glen Cove, Long Island; and there the body of Mr. Pratt was -buried, July 31, 1894. The chapel is of granite, in the Romanesque -style, with exquisite stained glass windows. The main room is wainscoted -with polished red granite, the arching ceiling lined with glass mosaic -in blue, gold, and green. At the farther end, in a semi-circular apse -reached by two steps through an imposing arch, stands the sarcophagus of -Siena marble, with the name, Charles Pratt, and dates of birth and -death. The campanile contains the chime of bells so admired by everybody -who visited the Columbian Exposition at Chicago, and heard it ring out -from the central clock tower in the Building of Manufactures and Liberal -Arts. Few, comparatively, will ever see this monument erected by a -devoted family to a husband and father; but thousands upon thousands -will see the monument which Mr. Pratt built for himself in his noble -Institute. Every year thousands come to learn its methods and to copy -some of its features, even from Africa and South America. The Earl of -Meath, who has done so much for the improvement of his race, said to Dr. -Cuyler, "Of all the good things I have seen in America, there is none -that I would so like to carry back to London as this splendid -establishment." - -One may read in Baedeker's "Guide Book of the United States" -instructions how to find "the extensive buildings of Pratt Institute, -one of the best-equipped technical institutions in the world. None -interested in technical education should fail to visit this -institution." - -During his life, Mr. Pratt gave to the Institute about $3,700,000, and -thus had the pleasure of seeing it bear fruit. Of this, $2,000,000 is -the endowment fund. Small charges are made to the pupils, but not nearly -enough to pay the running expenses. Mr. Pratt's sons are nobly carrying -forward the work left to their care by their father, who died in the -midst of his labors. Playgrounds have been laid out, a gymnasium -provided, new buildings erected, and other measures adopted which they -feel that their father would approve were he alive. - -Courses of free lectures are given at Pratt Institute to the public as -well as the students; a summer school is provided at Glen Cove, Long -Island, for such as wish to learn about agriculture, with instruction -given in botany, chemistry, physiology, raising and harvesting crops, -and the care of animals; nurses are trained in the care and development -of children; a bright monthly magazine is published by the Institute; a -Neighborship Association has been formed of alumni, teachers, and -pupils, which meets for the discussion of such topics as "The relation -of the rich to the poor," "The ethics of giving," "Citizenship," etc., -and to carry out the work and spirit of the Institute wherever -opportunity offers. - -Already the influence of Pratt Institute has been very great. Public -schools all over the country are adopting some form of manual training -whereby the pupils shall be better fitted to earn their living. Mr. -Chas. M. Pratt, in one of his Founder's Day addresses, quotes the words -of a successful teacher and merchant: "There is nothing under God's -heaven so important to the individual as to acquire the power to earn -his own living; to be able to stand alone if necessary; to be dependent -upon no one; to be indispensable to some one." - -About four thousand students receive instruction each year at the -Institute. Many go out as teachers to other schools all over the -country. As the founder said in his last address, "The world goes on, -and Pratt Institute, if it fulfils the hopes and expectations of its -founder, must go on, and as the years pass, the field of its influence -should grow wider and wider." - -On the day that he died, Mr. Herbert S. Adams, the sculptor, had -finished a bust of Mr. Pratt in clay. It was put into bronze by the -teachers and pupils, and now stands in the Institute, with these words -of the founder cut in the bronze: "_The giving which counts is the -giving of one's self_." - - - - -THOMAS GUY - -AND HIS HOSPITAL. - - -One day the rich Matthew Vassar stood before the great London hospital -founded by Thomas Guy, and read these words on the pedestal of the -bronze statue:-- - - - THOMAS GUY, - SOLE FOUNDER OF THIS HOSPITAL IN HIS LIFETIME - A.D. MDCCXXI. - - -The last three words made a deep impression. Matthew Vassar had no -children. He wished to leave his fortune where it would be of permanent -value; and lest something might happen to thwart his plan, he had to do -it _in his lifetime_. - -Sir Isaac Newton said, "They who give nothing till they die, never give -at all." Several years before his death, Matthew Vassar built Vassar -College near Poughkeepsie, N.Y.; for he said, "There is not in our -country, there is not in the world so far as known, a single fully -endowed institution for the education of women. It is my hope to be the -instrument, in the hands of Providence, of founding and perpetuating an -institution _which shall accomplish for young women what our colleges -are accomplishing for young men_." - -To this end he gave a million dollars, and was happy in the results. -His birthday is celebrated each year as "Founder's Day." On one of these -occasions he said, "This is almost more happiness than I can bear. This -one day more than repays me for all I have done." - -And what of Thomas Guy, whose example led to Matthew Vassar's noble gift -while the latter was alive? He was an economical, self-made bookbinder -and bookseller, who became the "greatest philanthropist of his day." - -Thomas Guy was born in Horselydown, Southwark, in the outskirts of -London, in 1644 or 1645. His father, Thomas Guy, was a lighterman and -coalmonger, one who transferred coal from the colliers to the wharves, -and also sold it to customers. He was a member of the Carpenters' -Company of the city of London, and probably owned some barges. - -His wife, Anne Vaughton, belonged to a family of better social position -than her husband, as several of her relatives had been mayors in -Tamworth, or held other offices of influence. - -When the boy Thomas was eight years old, his father died, leaving Mrs. -Guy to bring up three small children, Thomas, John, and Anne. The eldest -probably went to the free grammar school of Tamworth, and when fifteen -or sixteen years of age was apprenticed for eight years to John Clarke -the younger, bookseller and bookbinder in Cheapside, London. - -John Clarke was ruined in the great fire of Sept. 2, 1666, which, says -H. R. Fox Bourne in his "London Merchants," "destroyed eighty-nine -churches, and more than thirteen thousand houses in four hundred -streets. Of the whole district within the city walls, four hundred and -thirty-six acres were in ruins, and only seventy-five acres were left -covered. Property worth L10,000,000 was wasted, and thousands of -starving Londoners had to run for their lives, and crouch for days and -weeks on the bare fields of Islington and Hampstead, Southwark and -Lambeth." - -What Thomas Guy was in his later life he probably was as a -boy,--hard-working, economical, of good habits, and determined to -succeed. When the eight years of apprenticeship were over he was -admitted a freeman of the Stationers' Company; and having a little -means, he began a business at the junction of Cornhill and Lombard -Streets, where he resided through his whole life. His stock of books at -the beginning was worth about two hundred pounds. - -At this time many English Bibles were printed in Holland on account of -the better paper and types found there, and vast numbers were imported -to England with large profits. Young Guy, with business shrewdness, soon -became an importer of Bibles, and very probably Prayer-books and Psalms. - -The King's printers were opposed to such importations, and caused the -arrest of booksellers and publishers, so that this Holland trade was -largely broken up. It is said that the King's printers so raised the -price of Bibles that the poor were unable to buy them. The privilege of -printing was limited to London, York, and the Universities of Oxford and -Cambridge. Then London and Oxford quarrelled over Bible printing, and -each tried to undersell the other. - -[Illustration: THOMAS GUY.] - -Thomas Guy and Peter Parker printed Bibles for Oxford, had four presses -in use within four months of their undertaking the Oxford work, and -showed the greatest activity, skill, and energy in the enterprise. -Their work was excellent, and some of their Bibles and other volumes are -still found in the English libraries. - -These University printers, Parker & Guy, had many lawsuits with other -firms, who claimed that the former had made L10,000, or even L15,000, by -their connection with Oxford. Doubtless they had made money; but they -had done their work well, and deserved their success. - -Concerning Oxford Bibles, a writer in _McClure's Magazine_ says, "In -these days the privilege of printing a Bible is hardly less jealously -guarded in the United Kingdom than the privilege of printing a banknote. -It is accorded by license to the Queen's printers, and by charter to the -Universities of Oxford and Cambridge; and it is, as a matter of fact, at -the University of Oxford that the greatest bulk of the work is done. -From this famous press there issue annually about one million copies of -the sacred book; copies ranging in price from tenpence to ten pounds, -and in form from the brilliant Bible, which weighs in its most handsome -binding less than four ounces, and measures 3-1/2 by 2-1/8 by 3/4 inches, -to the superb folio Bible for church use, the page of which measures 19 -by 12 inches, which is the only folio Bible in existence--seventy-eight -editions in all; copies in all manner of languages, even the most -barbarous." - -The choicest paper is used, and the utmost care taken with setting the -type. It is computed that to set up and "read" a reference Bible costs -L1,000. - -"The first step is to make a careful calculation, showing what, in the -particular type employed, will be the exact contents of each page, from -the first page to the last. It must be known before a single type is -set just what will be the first and last word on each page. It is not -enough that this calculation shall be approximate, it must be exact to -the syllable. - -"The proofs are then read again by a fresh reader, from a fresh model; -and this process is repeated until, before being electrotyped, they have -been read five times in all. Any compositor who detects an error in the -model gets a reward; but only two such rewards have ever been earned. -Any member of the public who is first to detect an error in the -authorized text is entitled to one guinea, but the average annual outlay -of the press under this head is almost nil." - -As soon as Thomas Guy prospered, he gave to various causes. He gave five -pounds to help rebuild the schoolhouse at Tamworth, where he had been a -student a few years before; and when a little over thirty years of age, -in 1678, he bought some land in Tamworth, and erected an almshouse for -seven poor women. A good-sized room was used for their library. The -whole cost was L200, a worthy beginning for a young man. - -A little later Mr. Guy gave ten pounds yearly to a "Spinning School," -where the children of the poor were taught how to work, probably some -kind of industrial training. Also ten pounds yearly to a Dissenting -minister, and the same amount to one of the Established Church. - -When Mr. Guy was a little over forty, he gave another L200 for -almshouses for poor men at Tamworth; and the town called him, "Our -incomparable benefactor." - -When Mr. Guy was forty-five years of age, in 1690, he attempted to enter -Parliament from Tamworth, but was defeated. This was the second -Parliament under William and Mary. In 1694 he was elected sheriff of -London, but refused to serve, perhaps on account of the expense, as he -disliked display, and paid the penalty of refusing, L400. - -In the third Parliament, 1695, Mr. Guy tried again, and succeeded. He -was re-elected after an exciting contest in 1698, and again in 1701 and -1702, and in two Parliaments under Queen Anne. - -While in Parliament he built a town hall for the people of Tamworth. In -1708, after thirteen years of service, Mr. Guy was rejected. It is said -that he promised the people of Tamworth, so much did he enjoy -Parliamentary life, that if they would elect him again he would leave -his whole fortune to the town, so they should never have a pauper; but -for once they forgot their "incomparable benefactor," and Thomas Guy in -turn forgot them. - -"The cause of Guy's rejection," says the history of Tamworth, "is said -to have been his neglect of the gastronomic propensities of his worthy, -patriotic, and enlightened constituents, by whom the virtues of fasting -appear to have been entirely forgotten. In the anger of the moment he -threatened to pull down the town hall which he had built, and to abolish -the almshouses. The burgesses, repenting of their rash act, sent a -deputation to wait upon him with the offer of re-election in the ensuing -Parliament, 1810; but he rejected all conciliation. He always considered -that he had been treated with great ingratitude, and he deprived the -inhabitants of Tamworth of the advantage of his almshouses." His will -provided that persons from certain towns might find a home in his -almshouses, his own relatives to be preferred, should any offer -themselves; but Tamworth was left out of the list of towns. - -Mr. Guy already had become very wealthy. During the wars of William and -Anne with Louis XIV., the soldiers and seamen were sometimes unpaid for -years, from lack of funds. Tickets were given them, and they were -willing to sell these at whatever price they would bring. Mr. Guy bought -largely from the seamen, and has been blamed for so doing; but his -latest biographers, Messrs. Wilks and Bettany, in their interesting and -valuable "Biographical History of Guy's Hospital," think he did it with -a spirit of kindness rather than of avarice. "It is at least consistent -with his general philanthropy to suppose that, compassionating the poor -seamen who could not get their money, he offered them more than they -could get elsewhere, and that this accounts for his being so large a -purchaser of seamen's tickets. Instead of being to his discredit, we -think rather that it is to his credit, and that he managed to benefit a -large number of necessitous men, while at the same time, in the future, -benefiting himself." - -Mr. Guy also made a great amount of money in the South Sea Company. With -regard to the South Sea stock, says the _Saturday Magazine_, "Mr. Guy -had no hand in framing or conducting that scandalous fraud; he obtained -the stock when low, and had the good sense to sell it at the time it was -at its height." - -Chambers's "Book of Days" gives a very interesting account of this -"South Sea Bubble." Harley, Earl of Oxford, who had helped Queen Anne to -get rid of her advisers, the Duke of Marlborough and the proud Duchess, -Sarah, with a desire to "restore public credit, and discharge ten -millions of the floating debt, agreed with a company of merchants that -they should take the debt upon themselves for a certain time, at the -interest of six per cent, to provide for which, amounting to L600,000 -per annum, the duties for certain articles were rendered permanent. At -the same time was granted the monopoly of trade to the South Seas, and -the merchants were incorporated as the South Sea Company; and so proud -was the minister of his scheme that it was called by his flatterers, -'The Earl of Oxford's Masterpiece.'" - -The South Sea Company, after a time, agreed to take upon themselves the -whole of the national debt, L30,981,712, about $150,000,000. Sir John -Blount, a speculator, first propounded the scheme. It was rumored that -Spain, by treaty with England, would grant free trade to all her -colonies, and that silver would thus be brought from Potosi, and become -as plentiful as iron; and that Mexico would part with gold in abundance -for English cotton and woollen goods. It was also said that Spain, in -exchange for Gibraltar and Port Mahon, would give up places on the coast -of Peru. It was promised that each person who took L100 of stock would -make fifty per cent, and probably much more. Mr. Guy took L45,500 of -stock, probably the amount which the government owed him for seamen's -tickets. Others who had claims "were empowered to subscribe the several -sums due to them ... for which he and the rest of the subscribers were -to receive an annual interest of six per cent upon their respective -subscriptions, until the same were discharged by Parliament." - -The speculating mania spread widely. Great ladies pawned their jewels -in order to invest. Lords were eager to double and treble their money. A -journalist of the time writes: "The South Sea equipages increase daily; -the city ladies buy South Sea jewels, hire South Sea maids, take new -country South Sea houses; the gentlemen set up South Sea coaches, and -buy South Sea estates." - -The people seemed wild with speculation. All sorts of companies were -established; one with ten million dollars capital to import walnut-trees -from Virginia; one with five million dollars capital for a "wheel for -perpetual motion." An unknown adventurer started "a company for carrying -on an undertaking of great advantage, but nobody to know what it is." -Next morning this great man opened an office in Cornhill, and before -three o'clock one thousand shares had been subscribed for at ten dollars -a share, and the deposits paid. He put the ten thousand dollars in his -pocket, set off the same evening for the Continent, and was never heard -of again. He had assured them that nobody would know what the -undertaking was, and he had kept his word. - -The South Sea stock rose in one day from 130 per cent to 300, and -finally to 1,000 per cent. It then became known that Sir John Blount, -the chairman, and some others had sold out, making vast fortunes. The -price of stock began to fall, and at last the crisis brought ruin to -thousands. The poet Gay, who had been given L20,000 of stock, and had -thought himself rich, lost all, and was so ill in consequence that his -life was in danger. Some men committed suicide on account of their -losses, and some became insane. Prior said, "I am lost in the South Sea. -The roaring of the waves and the madness of the people are justly put -together." The people were now as wild with anger as they had been -intoxicated with hope for gain. They demanded redress, and the -punishment of the directors of the South Sea Company. Men high in -position were thrown into the Tower after it was found that the books of -the company had been tampered with or destroyed, and large amounts of -stock used to bribe men in office. The directors were fined over ten -million dollars, and their fortunes distributed among the sufferers. Sir -John Blount was allowed but L5,000 out of a fortune of L183,000. The -fortune of another, a million and a half pounds, was given to the -losers. One man was treated with especial severity because he was -reported to have said that "he would feed his carriage horses off gold." - -Mr. Guy, fearing that there was trickery when the stock rose so rapidly, -sold out when the prices were from three to six hundred, and thereby -saved himself from financial ruin. He was now very rich, having always -lived economically. When he was a bookseller it is said that he always -ate his dinner on his counter, using a newspaper for a tablecloth. - -The following story is told by Walter Thornbury in his "Old and New -London:"-- - -"'Vulture' Hopkins, so called from his alleged desire to seize upon -gains, and who had become rich in South Sea stock, once called upon Mr. -Guy to learn a lesson, as he said, in the art of saving. Being -introduced into the parlor, Guy, not knowing his visitor, lighted a -candle; but when Hopkins said, 'Sir, I always thought myself perfect in -the art of getting and husbanding money, but being informed that you far -exceed me, I have taken the liberty of waiting upon you to be satisfied -on this subject.' Guy replied, 'If that is all your business, we can as -well talk it over in the dark,' and immediately put out the candle. This -was evidence sufficient for Hopkins, who acknowledged Guy to be his -master, and took his leave." - -Notwithstanding Mr. Guy's penuriousness, he had the grace of gratitude. -Thousands forget their helpers after prosperity comes to them. Not so -Thomas Guy. The _Saturday Magazine_ for Aug. 2, 1834, relates this -incident: "The munificent founder of Guy's Hospital was a man of very -humble appearance, and of a melancholy cast of countenance. One day, -while pensively leaning over one of the bridges, he attracted the -attention and commiseration of a bystander, who, apprehensive that he -meditated self-destruction, could not refrain from addressing him with -an earnest entreaty not to let his misfortunes tempt him to commit any -rash act; then, placing in his hand a guinea, with the delicacy of -genuine benevolence he hastily withdrew. - -"Guy, roused from his revery, followed the stranger, and warmly -expressed his gratitude, but assured him that he was mistaken in -supposing him to be either in distress of mind or of circumstances, -making an earnest request to be favored with the name of the good man, -his intended benefactor. The address was given, and they parted. Some -years later Guy, observing the name of his friend in the bankrupt list, -hastened to his house, brought to his recollection their former -interview; found upon investigation that no blame could be attached to -him under his misfortunes; intimated his ability and also his intention -to serve him; entered into immediate arrangements with his creditors; -and finally re-established him in a business which ever after prospered -in his hands, and in the hands of his children's children, for many -years in Newgate Street." - -Those who knew Mr. Guy best declared that "his chief design in getting -money seems to have been with a view of employing the same in good -works." He gave five guineas to Mr. Bowyer, a printer, who had lost -everything by fire, "not knowing," said Mr. Guy, "how soon it may be our -own case." He also gave in 1717 to the Stationer's Company L1,000, to be -distributed to poor members and widows at the rate of L50 per annum. - -"Many of his poor though distant relations had stated allowances from -him of L10 or L20 a year, and occasionally larger sums; and to two of -them he gave L500 apiece to advance them in the world. He has several -times given L50 for discharging insolvent debtors. He has readily given -L100 at a time on application to him on behalf of a distressed family." - -In 1704 Mr. Guy was asked to become the governor of St. Thomas's -Hospital, partly because he was a prominent and able citizen, and partly -because he might thus become interested and give some money. Mr. Guy -accepted the office, and soon built three new wards at a cost of L1,000, -and provided the hospital with L100 a year for the benefit of its poor. -When patients left the hospital they were often unfit for work, and this -money would provide food for them for a time. He had given already to -the steward money and clothes for such cases of need. He also built, in -1724, a new entrance to St. Thomas's Hospital, improved the front, and -erected two large brick houses, these works costing him L3,000. - -Mr. Guy seems to have given constantly from his youth, and always with -good sense in his gifts. He was growing old. He probably had meditated -long and carefully as to what use he should put his wealth. Highmore, in -his "History of the Public Charities of London," tells this rather -improbable story: "For the application of this fortune to charitable -uses the public are indebted to a trifling circumstance. He employed a -female servant whom he had agreed to marry. Some days previous to the -intended ceremony he had ordered the pavement before his door to be -mended up to a particular stone which he had marked, and then left his -house on business. - -"The servant, in his absence, looking at the workmen, saw a broken stone -beyond this mark which they had not repaired; and on pointing to it with -that design, they acquainted her that Mr. Guy had not ordered them to go -so far. She, however, directed it to be done, adding, with the security -incidental to her expectation of soon becoming his wife, 'Tell him I -bade you, and he will not be angry.' But she soon learnt how fatal it is -for one in a dependent position to exceed the limits of his or her -authority; for her master, on his return, was angered that they had gone -beyond his orders, renounced his engagement to his servant, and devoted -his ample fortune to public charity." - -In 1721, when Mr. Guy was seventy-six years of age, he leased a large -piece of ground of St. Thomas's Hospital for a thousand years at L30 a -year, to erect upon it a great hospital for incurables; "to receive and -entertain therein four hundred poor persons, or upwards, laboring under -any distempers, infirmities, or disorders, thought capable of relief by -physic or surgery; but who, by reason of the small hopes there may be of -their cure, or the length of time which for that purpose may be required -or thought necessary, are or may be adjudged or called incurable, and as -such not proper subjects to be received into or continued in the present -hospital, in and by which no provision has been made for distempers -deemed or called incurable." - -While Mr. Guy had primarily in mind the poor and incurable, and the -insane as well, in his will he directed the trustees to use their -judgment about the length of time patients should remain, either for -life or for a short period. Mr. Guy at once procured a plan for his -hospital, and in the spring of 1722 laid the foundations. He went to the -work "with all the expedition of a youth of fortune erecting a house for -his own residence." The original central building of stone cost L18,793. -The eastern wing, begun in 1738, was completed at a cost of L9,300; the -western wing, in 1780, at a cost of L14,537. - -Mr. Guy lived to see his treasured gift roofed in before his death, -which occurred Dec. 27, 1724, in his eightieth year. In a little more -than a week afterwards, Jan. 6, 1725, his hospital was opened, and sixty -patients were admitted. - -After the death of Mr. Guy one thousand guineas were found in his iron -chest; and as it was imagined that these were placed there to defray -his funeral expenses, they were used for that purpose. His body lay in -state at Mercer's Hall, Cheapside, and was taken with "great funeral -pomp" to the Parish Church of St. Thomas, Southwark, to rest there till -the chapel at the hospital should be completed. Two hundred blue-coat -boys from Christ's Hospital walked in the procession, and sang before -the hearse, which was followed by forty coaches, each drawn by six -horses. - -Mr. Guy had not forgotten these "blue-coat boys" in his will, and left a -perpetual annuity of L400 to educate four children yearly, with -preference for his own relatives. The boys from Christ's Hospital always -interest tourists in London. They wear long blue gowns, yellow -stockings, and knee-breeches. No cover is worn on their heads, even in -winter. - -This school was founded by the boy king, Edward VI., for poor boys, -though his father, Henry VIII., gave the building, which belonged to the -Grey Friars, to the city of London, but Edward caused the school to be -established. It is a quaint and most interesting spot, where four queens -and scores of lords and ladies are buried,--Margaret, second wife of -Edward I.; Isabella, the infamous wife of Edward II.; Joan, daughter of -Edward II., and wife of David Bruce, King of Scotland; and others. -Twelve hundred boys study at the hospital. Lamb, Coleridge, and other -famous men were among the blue-coats. The latter tells some interesting -things about the school in his "Table-Talk." "The discipline at Christ's -Hospital in my time was ultra-Spartan; all domestic ties were to be put -aside. 'Boy!' I remember Boyer saying to me once when I was crying the -first day of my return after the holidays, 'boy! the school is your -father; boy! the school is your mother; boy! the school is your brother; -the school is your sister; the school is your first cousin, and your -second cousin, and all the rest of your relatives. Let's have no more -crying!' - -"No tongue can express good Mrs. Boyer. Val Le Grice and I were once -going to be flogged for some domestic misdeed, and Boyer was thundering -away at us by way of prologue, when Mrs. B. looked in and said, 'Flog -them soundly, sir, I beg!' This saved us. Boyer was so nettled by the -interruption that he growled out, 'Away, woman! away!' and we were let -off." - -While Mr. Guy remembered the blue-coat orphans, he seemed to have -remembered everybody else in his will. So much were the people -interested in the lengthy document with its numerous gifts, that the -will went through three editions the first year of its publication. Mr. -Guy gave to every living relative, even to distant cousins--in all over -L75,000. These were mainly gifts of L1,000 each at four per cent, so -that each one received L40 a year. These legacies were called "Guy's -Thousands." If the recipients were under age, the interest was to be -used for his or her education and apprenticeship. - -One thousand pounds were given for the release of poor prisoners for -debt in London, Middlesex, or Surrey, in sums not to exceed five pounds -each. About six hundred persons were thus set at liberty. Another -thousand pounds were left to the trustees to relieve "such poor people, -being housekeepers, as in their judgments shall be thought convenient." -The interest on more than L2,000 was left for "putting out children -apprentices, nursing, or such like charitable deed." - -Then followed the great gift of nearly a million and a half dollars for -the hospital. After the buildings were erected, the remainder was to be -used "in the purchase of lands or reversions in fee simple, so that the -rents might be a perpetual provision for the sick." Considerably over a -million dollars were thus expended in purchasing over 8,000 acres in -Essex, a large estate of the Duke of Chandos, for L60,800, and other -tracts of land and houses. - -About six years after the death of the founder, a bronze statue of him -by Scheymaker was erected in the open square in front of the hospital, -costing five hundred guineas. On the pedestal are representations of the -Good Samaritan, Christ healing the sick, and Mr. Guy's armorial -bearings. In the chapel a marble statue of Mr. Guy, costing L1,000, was -erected by Mr. Bacon in 1779. The founder is represented as holding out -one hand to raise a poor invalid lying on the earth, and pointing with -the other hand to a person carried on a litter into one of the hospital -wards. On the pedestal is an inscription beginning with these words,-- - - - UNDERNEATH ARE DEPOSITED THE REMAINS OF - THOMAS GUY, - CITIZEN OF LONDON, MEMBER OF PARLIAMENT, AND THE SOLE - FOUNDER OF THIS HOSPITAL IN HIS LIFETIME. - - -In 1788 the noble John Howard visited Guy's Hospital; and while he found -some of the wards too low, being only nine feet and a half high, in the -new wards he praised the iron bedsteads and hair beds as being clean -and wholesome. - -For over one hundred and seventy years Guy's Hospital has done its noble -work. Departments have been added for special treatment of the eye, the -ear, the teeth, the throat, etc., while thousands of mothers are cared -for at their homes at the birth of their children. - -In 1829, at his death, another governor of Guy's Hospital, Mr. William -Hunt, left L180,000 to the hospital. He was buried in the vault under -the chapel by the side of Thomas Guy. After some years, Hunt's House, a -large central block, with north and south wings of brick with stone -facings, was erected, the whole costing nearly L70,000. From time to -time other needed buildings have been added, such as laboratories, -museums, etc. There are now in the hospital over seven hundred beds. -Only a few beds are reserved for those who can afford to pay; with this -exception patients are admitted to all parts of the hospital free of -charge. "The Royal Guide to London Charities," compiled by Herbert Fry, -says, "No recommendation is needed for admission to this hospital. -Sickness allied to poverty is an all-sufficient qualification." A fund -has been established for relieving the families of deserving and poor -patients while they are in the hospital. This is not only a blessing to -the dependent ones, but prevents the anxiety and worry of the suffering -inmates. - -Guy's Hospital now receives into its wards yearly over 6,000 patients, -and affords medical relief to about 70,000. The annual income of the -hospital is about L40,000. Saving, industrious Thomas Guy wrought even -better things for humanity than he could have hoped. It paid him to use -a newspaper on his counter instead of a tablecloth for his meals, if -every year thousands of poor men and women could be cared for in -sickness without money, walk about his pleasant six acres during -convalescence, and bless forever the name of Thomas Guy. What a contrast -such a life to that of one who spends his wealth in fine houses, -parties, expensive yachts, and self-indulgence! - -In 1825 Guy's Medical School was opened in connection with the hospital, -and has proved a great success. "It has become world-famed," write -Messrs. Wilks and Bettany, "and has received pupils from all -English-speaking lands, and not a few foreigners." Of Guy's Hospital -Reports which began to be published in 1836, they say, "Nothing, -perhaps, has done more to establish the reputation of Guy's Hospital -abroad than these Reports. They may be found in the best libraries in -Europe and in America, and have been well perused by many of the leading -men on the Continent." - -Those who wish to study medicine at Guy's have to pass a preliminary -examination in arts, and take a five years' course. During four years -"the time is equally divided between the study of the elements of -medical science and clinical instruction in the practice of the -profession." The last year is chiefly devoted to hospital practice. With -this amount of study it is easily seen why Guy's Medical School takes -high rank. - -On March 26, 1890, a college built of red brick was formally opened by -Mr. Gladstone. It cost L21,000, and is for the resident staff and -students. A gymnasium was built also in 1890. - -Guy's Hospital has been fortunate in the noted men who have been -connected with it. One of its early surgeons, John Belchier, lies buried -in the same vault with Thomas Guy. He fell in his office; and his -servant, not being able to lift him, as he was a heavy man, offered to -go for assistance. "No, John, I am dying," he said. "Fetch me a pillow; -I may as well die here as anywhere else." It is related of him that, -seeing the vanity of all earthly riches, he desired to be buried in the -hospital, with iron nails in his coffin, which was to be filled with -sawdust. - -The learned Dr. Walter Moxon, who has been called from his combination -of tenderness and ability "the perfect physician," was associated with -Guy's Hospital for twenty years. Dr. Wilks says, in the garden of Dr. -Moxon, "In the winter lumps of suet and cocoanut sawn in rings were hung -upon the arches and boughs for the benefit of the tits, and loaves of -bread were broken up for the blackbirds, thrushes, finches, and -sparrows. Always before taking his own breakfast on a winter's morning, -Moxon first saw to the feeding of his feathered friends." - -Dr. Richard Bright, whose name is given to the disease which he so -carefully studied, was for years connected with Guy's Hospital. He wrote -valuable books, and was an untiring student. "He was sincerely -religious, both in doctrine and in practice, and of so pure a mind that -he never was heard to utter a sentiment or to relate an anecdote that -was not fit to be heard by the merest child or the most refined woman." - -Sir Astley Paston Cooper was associated with Guy's for twenty-five -years. His father was a clergyman, and his mother an author. It is said -that he was first attracted towards surgery by an accident to one of -his foster-brothers. The youth fell from a heavy wagon, the wheels of -which passed over his body, tearing the flesh from the thigh and -injuring an artery, from which the blood flowed freely. Nobody seemed to -know how to stop the blood, when Astley, a boy scarcely more than -twelve, took out his handkerchief, and tied it tightly around the thigh -and above the wound, thus staying the blood till a surgeon could be -brought. Sir Astley used to say this accident, which resulted so well, -created in his mind a love for surgery. His uncle, William Cooper, was a -surgeon at Guy's, and encouraged his nephew's inclination for the -medical profession. At twenty-three Sir Astley married a lady of wealth, -lecturing on surgery on the evening of his wedding-day without any of -the pupils being aware of his marriage. The first year of his practice -he received L5 5_s._; the second year, L26; the third year, L54; the -fourth year, L96; the fifth year, L100; the sixth year, L200; the -seventh, L400; the eighth, L610; the ninth, L1,100. When he was in the -zenith of his fame he received L21,000 in one year. One merchant paid -him L600 yearly. For a successful operation he was sometimes paid one -thousand guineas. Each year he is said to have given L2,000 or L3,000 to -poor relations. - -"In his busy years," writes Dr. Samuel Wilks, "he rose at six, dissected -privately until eight, and from half-past eight saw large numbers of -patients gratuitously. At breakfast he ate only two well-buttered hot -rolls, drank his tea cool, at a draught, read his paper a few minutes, -and then was off to his consulting-room, turning round with a sweet, -benign smile as he left the room." At one o'clock he would scarcely see -another patient. "Sometimes the people in the hall and the anteroom were -so importunate that Mr. Cooper was driven to escape through his stables -and into a passage by Bishopsgate Church. At Guy's he was awaited by a -crowd of pupils on the steps, and at once went into the wards, -addressing the patients with such tenderness of voice and expression -that he at once gained their confidence. His few pertinent questions and -quick diagnosis were of themselves remarkable, no less than the -judicious, calm manner in which he enforced the necessity for operations -when required." - -At two o'clock Sir Astley Cooper went across the street to St. Thomas's -Hospital to lecture on anatomy. "After the lecture, which was often so -crowded that men stood in the gangways and passages near to gain such -portion of his lecture as they might fortunately pick up, he went round -the dissecting-room, and afterwards left the hospital to visit patients -or to operate privately, returning home at half-past six or seven. Every -spare minute in his carriage was occupied with dictating to his -assistants notes or remarks on cases or other subjects on which he was -engaged. At dinner he ate rapidly, and not very elegantly, talking and -joking; after dinner he slept for ten minutes at will, and then started -to his surgical lecture, if it were a lecture night. In the evening he -was usually again on a round of visits till midnight." - -Sir Astley received a baronetcy and a fee of L500 for successfully -removing a small tumor from the head of George IV. He wrote several -books, and was president of various societies. He was as famous abroad -as at home. The king of the French bestowed upon him the decoration of -the Legion of Honor. He died of dropsy in 1841 in his chair, surrounded -by his friends, saying, as he passed away, "God bless you; adieu to you -all," and was buried under the chapel near Thomas Guy. His only child -died in infancy. There is a statue of Sir Astley in St. Paul's -Cathedral, and a bust of him in the museum of Guy's. He said of himself: -"My own success depended upon my zeal and industry; but for this I take -no credit, as it was given to me from above." He is said to have left a -fortune of half a million of dollars. - -The beloved Frederick Denison Maurice was elected chaplain of Guy's -Hospital in 1836, when he was thirty-one. He wrote to a friend, "If I -could get any influence over the medical students I should indeed think -myself honored; and though some who have had experience think such a -hope quite a dream, I still venture to entertain it." There seems no -reason why a medical student, or any student indeed, should be rough in -manner or hard of heart. A true man will be a gentleman not less in the -dissecting-room than in the parlor. He will be humane to the lowest -animal, and tender and considerate in the presence of suffering. - -Sir William Withey Gull, the son of a barge-owner and wharfinger in -Essex, who rose to eminence by his power of work and will, was for -twenty years physician and lecturer at Guy's Hospital. Going there as a -student when he was twenty-one, he was told by the treasurer, "I can -help you if you will help yourself." He used to say that his real -education was given him by his sweet-faced mother. He won many prizes, -acted as tutor to gain the means of living, and made friends by his -winsome manner as well as his knowledge. The lady to whom he was engaged -died, but her father was so attached to young Gull that he left him a -considerable legacy. Mr. Gull afterwards married a sister of his friend -Dr. Lacy. He rose rapidly in his profession, and was made F.R.S. in -1869, having been made LL.D. of Oxford and Cambridge the previous year. - -His knowledge was profound on many subjects,--poetry, philosophy, and of -course medicine. His industry was astonishing to all, and his personal -influence remarkable. "Not many years ago," says Dr. Wilks, "we heard an -old student of Guy's descant on his beautiful lectures, and especially -those on fever. On being questioned as to what Gull said which most -struck him, he said he could not remember anything in particular, but he -would come to London any day to hear Gull reiterate the words in very -slow measure, 'Now typhoid, gentlemen.' ... When Gull left the bedside -of his patient, and said in measured tones, 'You will get well,' it was -like a message from above.... It was not penetration only which Gull -possessed, but endurance. It was ever being remarked with what -deliberate care he went over every case, as if that particular one was -his sole charge for the day." - -Dr. Gull attended the Prince of Wales in his very severe illness from -typhoid fever in 1871, when his life was despaired of; and for this he -was created a baronet, and Physician Extraordinary to the Queen. He died -of apoplexy, Jan. 29, 1890, leaving a fortune of L344,000 (over a -million and a half of dollars), largely earned by his own industry and -ability. His son, Sir Cameron Gull, has founded a studentship of -pathology at Guy's, worth about L150 per annum. Sir William was buried, -by his own desire, in his native village, Thorpe-le-Soken, beside his -father and mother. - -Thomas Guy has slept for over a century in the midst of the great work -which his fortune began and still carries forward. Who shall estimate -the good done every year to six thousand suffering persons, mostly poor, -who need the care and skill of a great hospital, and to seventy -thousand, or two hundred daily, who come for medical treatment? The fact -that Thomas Guy became rich through industry, economy, and business -sagacity will be forgotten; the fact that he was a member of Parliament -for thirteen years is of little moment; but the fact that he gave his -wealth to bless the world will be remembered as long as England lasts, -or humanity suffers. - - - - -SOPHIA SMITH - -AND HER COLLEGE FOR WOMEN. - - -Miss Sophia Smith, the founder of Smith College, came from a family of -savers as well as givers. Self-indulgent persons rarely give. - -She was the niece of Oliver Smith, whose unique charities have been a -blessing to many towns. Mr. Smith, who died at Hatfield, Mass., Dec. 22, -1845, left to the towns of Northampton, Hadley, Hatfield, Amherst, and -Williamsburg, in the county of Hampshire, and Deerfield, Greenfield, and -Whately, in the county of Franklin, about a million dollars to a Board -of Trustees, to be used as follows:-- - -To be set aside for sixty years from the time of his death, so as to -double and treble itself, for an Agricultural School at Northampton, -$30,000. In 1894, forty-nine years after Mr. Smith died, this fund had -become $190,801.15, so rapidly does interest accumulate. This will be -used to purchase two farms, one a Pattern Farm, to become a model to all -farmers; the other an Experimental Farm, to aid the Pattern Farm in the -art and science of husbandry and agriculture. Buildings are to be -erected on the grounds suitable for mechanics, and workshops for the -manufacture of implements of husbandry of the most approved models. If -the income will warrant it, tools for other trades may be manufactured. - -There is also to be a School of Industry on the farms for the benefit of -the poor. The boys to be aided must be from the poorest in the town, are -to receive a good common education, and be taught in agriculture or in -some mechanic art in the shops on the premises. When twenty-one years of -age they are to be loaned $200 each, and after paying interest for five -years at five per cent are to receive the $200 as a gift, if they have -proved themselves worthy. Three years before they are twenty-one, each -is to have a portion of his time to earn for himself. - -After a bequest of $10,000 to the American Colonization Society, Mr. -Smith's will provided that his property should go to poor boys and -girls, poor young women and widows. The boy, not under twelve, of good -moral character, should be bound out to some respectable family, and -receive at twenty-one, if he had been a faithful apprentice, a loan of -$500, and after five years the gift in full to help him make a start in -the world. - -The girl so bound out, if maintaining a good moral character, should -receive $300 as a marriage portion, if the man she was to marry seemed a -worthy man. If he was unworthy, the girl was to be aided in sickness or -mental derangement up to the full amount of the marriage portion. - -[Illustration: SOPHIA SMITH.] - -Each young woman in indigent or moderate circumstances, if she were to -marry a sober man, could, by applying to the trustees, receive a -marriage portion of fifty dollars, to be expended for necessary articles -of household furniture. Each widow, with a child or children dependent -on her for support, could receive fifty dollars; and this might be given -yearly if the trustees thought wise. - -Mr. Smith lived and died unmarried; but he knew that the pathway of many -struggling lovers would be made easier if the young woman had even fifty -dollars, or, if the girl had been bound out with strangers, $300 would -make many a little home after marriage comfortable. - -Mr. Smith has been dead over half a century, but his quaint and -beautiful gift has been doing its work. During the year 1894, 51 boys -and 17 girls were placed in good homes, and reared for useful lives. -Nine received their marriage portion, and sixteen were helped in -sickness. Thirty boys received their loan of $500 each, and thirty their -gift of a like amount. There are now apprenticed 137 boys and 38 girls. -Marriage gifts were made to 118 young women, and $50 were paid to each -of 116 widows. Last year 289 persons received gifts to the amount of -$30,785. What happiness this money means to those for the most part just -looking out into the cares and work of life! How many fortunes are built -on that first $500 so difficult to accumulate! How many homes kept from -dire poverty by that first $300 with which to make the place attractive -as well as comfortable! What an incentive for a boy or girl to be -industrious, saving, temperate, and upright! What a comfort to feel that -after we are silent our work can speak for us through a whole State, and -even a whole nation! - -Mr. Oliver Smith depended much upon his nephew, Austin Smith, a -successful and wealthy man, to carry out his wishes. Austin and his -brother Joseph were members of the General Court of Massachusetts. When -their father died, though he was not wealthy like Oliver, he left his -two sons the larger part of his fortune, and his two daughters, Harriet -and Sophia, enough to support them with close economy. The father was a -soldier in the Revolutionary War; and the grandfather, Samuel Smith, was -commissioned lieutenant in 1755 by Governor Phipps. - -Sophia, who must have been a sweet-faced girl, judging from her -appearance in later life, was eager for study; but there was little -chance for a girl to obtain an education, and little sympathy, as a -rule, with those girls who desired it. She was born in Hatfield, Mass., -Aug. 27, 1796. When Sophia was a little girl, Abigail Adams, the noble -wife of John Adams, our second president, wrote to a friend in England, -"You need not be told how much, in this country, female education is -neglected, nor how fashionable it is to ridicule female learning." - -Mrs. Samuel D. (Locke) Stow, in a history of Mount Holyoke Seminary, -shows how meagre were the early advantages for girls. "Boston did not -permit girls to attend the public schools till 1790, and then only -during the summer months, when there were not boys enough to fill them. -This lasted till 1822, when Boston became a city. An aged resident of -Hatfield used to tell of going to the schoolhouse when she was a girl, -and sitting on the doorstep to hear the boys recite their lessons. No -girl could cross the threshold as a scholar. The girls of Northampton -were not admitted to the public schools till 1792. In the Centennial -_Hampshire Gazette_ it was stated: 'In 1788 the question was before the -town, and it was voted not to be at any expense for schooling girls.' -The advocates of the measure were persistent, however, and appealed to -the courts; the town was indicted and fined for this neglect. In 1792 it -was voted by a large majority to admit girls between the ages of eight -and fifteen to the schools from May 1 to Oct. 31. It was not till 1802 -that all restrictions were removed." - -These summer schools from May to October were of comparatively little -worth. All children brought their work, braiding, sewing, and knitting, -and were taught to read and write, and to have "good manners," according -to the accepted notions of the time. "At first arithmetic and geography -were taught only in the winter, for a knowledge of numbers or ability to -cast accounts was deemed quite superfluous for girls. When Colburn's -Mental Arithmetic was introduced, some of our mothers who desired to -study it were told derisively, 'If you expect to become widows, and have -to carry pork to market, it may be well enough to study mental -arithmetic.' - -"The first school in New England," says Mrs. Stow, "designed exclusively -for the instruction of girls in branches not taught in the common -schools, is said to have been an evening school conducted by William -Woodbridge, who was a graduate of Yale in 1780. His theme on graduation -was, 'Improvement in Female Education.' Reducing his theory to practice, -in addition to his daily occupation he gave his evenings to the -instruction of girls in Lowth's Grammar, Guthrie's Geography, and the -art of composition. The popular sentiment deemed him visionary. 'Who,' -it said, 'shall cook our food and mend our clothes if the girls are to -be taught philosophy and astronomy?' In Waterford, N.Y., in 1820, -occurred the public examination of a young lady in geometry. It was the -first instance of the kind in the State, and perhaps in the country, and -called forth a storm of ridicule. Her teacher was Mrs. Emma Willard." - -Sophia Smith's girlhood was passed during this indifference or -opposition to education for women. When she was fourteen, in 1810, she -went to school in Hartford, Conn., for twelve weeks; and four years -later, at eighteen, she was for a short time a pupil in the Hopkins -Academy in Hadley. She studied diligently with her quick, eager mind, -and was thankful for these crumbs of knowledge, though she lamented -through her life that her opportunities had been so limited. - -Year by year went by in the quiet New England home, her sister Harriet -taking upon herself the burden of household cares and business, as -Sophia was frail, and at forty had become very deaf. Her mind had been -broadened, and her heart kept tender to every sorrow, by her Christian -faith and devotion to duty. The town of Hatfield had capable ministers, -who were intellectual as well as spiritual helpers, and Sophia Smith -enjoyed cultivated minds. - -"By reading mostly," says the Rev. John M. Greene of Lowell, Mass., "she -kept herself familiar with the common events and occurrences of the day. -Probably what she and others called a calamity was a blessing to her. -She had fortitude to bear the trial, and the wisdom to improve the -reflective and meditative powers of her mind, far beyond what the -fashionable and gossiping woman attains. Deafness is an admirable remedy -for insincerity, shallowness, and foolish talking. It sifts what we -hear, and compels us to try to say what is worth attention." - -Miss Smith attended the services of the Congregational Church, of which -she was a member; and though she could not hear a word of the sermon -perhaps, she felt accountable for the influence of her presence. She -loved the Bible, and would quote the words of Sir William Jones: "The -Bible contains more true sublimity, more exquisite beauty, more pure -morality, more important history, and finer strains of poetry and -eloquence, than can be collected from all other books, in whatever age -or language they have been written." She had the strength of character -of the typical New England woman, yet possessing gentle manners and most -refined tastes. - -She loved nature; and in Hatfield, with its magnificent elms and -beautiful river, Miss Smith had much to enjoy. Some of these great elms -measure twenty-eight feet in circumference, three yards from the ground. - -In this charming scenery, reading her books, and doing good as she had -opportunity, Miss Smith was growing old. Her sister Harriet had died a -little before the time of our Civil War, and the lonely woman bent her -energies towards helping other aching hearts. She worked with her own -hands to aid the soldiers and their families, and when she had the means -used it generously. - -Her brother Austin died March 8, 1861; and very unexpectedly Sophia -Smith became the possessor, through his gift, of over $200,000. "God -permitted him," says the Rev. Mr. Greene, to "gather the gold, preparing -all the while the heart of a devout and Christlike sister to dispense -it." - -Miss Smith at once felt her great responsibility. Some persons living -all their lives most carefully would have rejoiced at the opportunity to -buy comforts,--a carriage for daily riding, attractive clothes, more -books, or take a journey to the Old World or elsewhere. But Miss Smith -said at once, "This is a large property put into my hands, but I am only -the steward of God in respect to it." She very wisely sought the advice -of her pastor, the Rev. John M. Greene, a man of broad scholarship and -generous nature. Dr. Greene was a lover of books; and finding so much -happiness for himself in a student's life, he rightly thought that woman -should have the bliss of possessing knowledge for her own sake, as well -as for her increased influence in the world. - -Miss Smith desired so to give as would accord with the wishes of her -brother Austin were he alive, but could not be sure what were his -preferences. She wished to give the money for education; for that was -her great joy, mingled with regret that her way, as that of every other -woman at that time, had been so hedged up by mistaken public opinion. - -She longed to build a college for women, even when learned doctors wrote -books to show that girls would be ruined in health by study, and that -they were mentally inferior to the other sex. It was said that women -would not care for higher education; that if they went to college they -would not marry, and would cease to be attractive to men; that in any -event the intellectual standard would be lowered if women were admitted -to any college. - -Miss Smith said, "There is no justice in denying women equal educational -advantages with men. Women are the natural educators and physicians of -the race, and they ought to be fitted for their work." When the foolish -and untrue argument was used, that educated women do not make good wives -and mothers, Miss Smith would say, "Then they are wrongly educated--some -law is violated in the process." - -Miss Smith had read history, and she knew that the Aspasias and the De -Maintenons are the women who have had the strongest power with men. She -knew that an educated woman is the companion of her children and their -intellectual guide. She knew that women ought to be interested in the -welfare of the state, rather than in a round of parties and amusements. -She had no love for display, though she had taste in dress and in her -home; and she longed to see all women have a purpose in life other than -frivolity and pleasure-seeking. But Miss Smith feared that $200,000 -would not be sufficient to found a college for women, and gave up the -idea. Two months after her brother died she made her will, giving -$75,000 for an Academy at Hatfield, $100,000 to a Deaf Mute Institution -in Hatfield, and $50,000 to a Scientific School in connection with -Amherst College. Six years later Mr. John Clarke provided a deaf mute -institution for the Commonwealth, and Miss Smith was at liberty to turn -her fortune into another channel. - -The old idea of a _real college_ for women, a project as dear to Dr. -Greene as to herself, was again upon her mind. She read all she could -find upon the subject. She loved and believed in her own sex, and knew -the low intellectual standard of the ordinary boarding-school. She said, -"We should educate the whole woman, physical, intellectual, moral, and -spiritual." She insisted that the education given in the college which -she hoped to found should be _equal_ to that obtained in a college for -men. - -"There is a good deal that is heroic," says a writer in _Scribner's -Monthly_, May, 1877, "in the spectacle of this lonely woman, shut out in -a great measure by her infirmity and secluded life from so many human -interests and pleasures, quietly elaborating a plan by which she could -broaden and enrich the lives of multitudes of her sex, and give -increased dignity and power to woman in the generations to come." - -In July, 1868, Miss Smith made her last will, stating the object for -which she wished her money to be used: "The establishment and -maintenance of an institution for the higher education of young women, -with the design to furnish them means and facilities for education equal -to those which are afforded in our colleges for young men." - -"The formal wording," says M. A. Jordan in the _New England Magazine_ -for January, 1887, "hardly tells the story of self-denial, painful -industry, commonplace restriction and isolation, that lies behind it in -the lives of this brother and sister." - -Miss Smith wished the college to be Christian, "not Congregational," she -said, "or Baptist, or Methodist, or Episcopalian, but _Christian_." She -hoped the Bible would be studied in the Hebrew and Greek in her -college, so that the students could know for themselves the truth of the -translations which we have to-day. - -Miss Smith gave about $400,000 for the founding of Smith College,--the -fortune left by her brother had increased,--with the express condition -that not more than half the amount should be used in buildings and -grounds. It required much urging to allow the college to bear her name. -After counselling with friends, Miss Smith decided that the college -should be built at Northampton, which George Bancroft thought "the most -beautiful town in New England, where no one can live without imbibing -love for the place," with the provision that the town should raise -$25,000, which was done. Northampton seemed preferable to Hatfield, -because more easy of access, and possessed of a public library and other -intellectual attractions. After her brother's money came into her hands, -Miss Smith continued to economize for herself, but gave generously to -others. Often in her journal she wrote, "I feel the responsibility of -this great property." - -She subscribed $5,000 to the Massachusetts Agricultural College if it -should be located at Northampton, $300 for a library for the young -people's Literary Association in Hatfield, $1,000 towards the organ in -the church, $30,000 for the endowment of a professorship in Andover -Theological Seminary, and to many other objects. "She gave to them -_all_," says Dr. Greene, "Home Missions and Foreign Missions, the Bible -Society and Tract Society, the Seamen and Freedmen,--to all the objects -presented. In her journal she writes: 'I desire to give where duty -calls.' ... Before her death she had great satisfaction and comfort in -her Andover donation.... When she was considering whether or not to make -her donation to Andover Theological Seminary, Professor Park asked her -if he might consult a mutual friend, an eminent lawyer and business man, -about it. With uplifted hands and almost a rebuking gesture she replied, -'No, no; I'll make up my mind myself.' One of her most intimate friends, -a graduate of Mount Holyoke Seminary, remarked, 'I never was acquainted -with a person who felt more deeply than Miss Smith her accountability to -God.'" - -Miss Smith's life declined pleasantly and happily. In 1866 she wrote in -her journal: "Sunday afternoon. It is a most splendid day; have been to -church, although I have not heard. I feel the presence of Him who is -everywhere, and who is all love to him that seeketh Him and serves -Him.... I resolve with His blessing to give myself unreservedly anew to -Him, to watch over my thoughts and words, and to strive after a more -perfect life in all my dealings with my fellow-men, and strive to make -this great affliction [deafness] a means of sanctification, and make it -a means of improvement in the divine life." - -May 9, 1870, she made her last record in her journal: "I resolve to -begin anew to strive to be better in everything; to guard against -carelessness in talking; to strive for more patience and sense, and to -strive for more earnestness, to do more good; to strive against -selfishness, and to cultivate good feelings in all; to live to God's -glory, that others, seeing our good works, may glorify our Father in -heaven." - -Such golden words might well be cut on the walls of Smith College, that -the students might imitate the resolve of the founder, who believed, as -she said in her will, "that all education should be for the glory of God -and the good of man.... It is not my design to render my sex any the -less feminine, but to develop as fully as may be the powers of -womanhood, and furnish women with the means of usefulness, happiness, -and honor, now withheld from them." - -One month after writing in her journal, June 12, 1870, Sophia Smith -passed to her reward, at the age of seventy-five. She was in her usual -health till four days before her death, when she was prostrated by -paralysis. She was buried in the Hatfield Cemetery under a simple -monument of her own erecting. She had provided for a better and more -enduring monument in Smith College, and she knew that no other was -needed. The seventy-five-thousand-dollar academy at Hatfield would also -keep her in blessed remembrance. - -The thought of Miss Smith, after her death, began to shape itself into -brick and stone. Thirteen acres of ground were purchased for the site of -the college, commanding a view of the beautiful valley of the -Connecticut River; and the main building, of brick and freestone, was -erected in secular Gothic style, the interior finished in unpainted -native woods. On the large stained-glass window over the entrance of the -building is a copy of the college seal, a woman radiant with light, with -the motto underneath in Greek which expressed the desire of the founder: -"Add to your virtue knowledge." - -The homestead which was on the estate when purchased was made over for a -home for the students, as the plan of small dwellings to accommodate -from twenty to fifty young women had been decided upon in preference to -several hundreds gathered under one roof. - -The right person for the right place had been chosen as president, the -Rev. Dr. L. Clark Seelye, at that time a professor in Amherst College. -He had made a careful inspection of the principal educational -institutions both in this country and in Europe, and his plans as to -buildings and courses of study were adopted. - -Smith College was dedicated July 14, 1875, and opened to students in the -following September. President Seelye in his admirable inaugural address -said, "One hundred years ago a female college would have been simply an -object of ridicule.... You have seen machines invented to do the work -which formerly absorbed the greater portion of woman's time and -strength. Factories have supplanted the spinning-wheel and distaff. -Sewing-machines will stitch in an hour more than our grandmothers could -in a day. I need not ask you what we are to do with force which has thus -been set free. The answer comes clearly from an enlightened public -opinion, saying, 'Put it to higher uses; train it to think correctly; to -work intelligently; to do its share in bringing the human mind to the -perfection for which it was designed.'" - -Dr. Seelye emphasized the fact that this college was to give women "an -education as high and thorough and complete as that which young men -receive in Harvard, Yale, and Amherst." "I believe," he said, "this is -the only female college that insists upon substantially the same -requisites for admission which have been found practicable and essential -in male colleges." He disapproved of a preparatory department, and other -colleges for women have wisely followed the standard and example of -Smith. Secondary schools have seen the necessity of a higher fitting for -their students, that they may enter our best colleges. - -Greek and the higher mathematics were made an essential part of the -course. To this, exception was taken; and Dr. Seelye was frequently -asked, "What use have young women of Greek?" He answered, "A study of -Greek brings us into communion with the best scholarship and the acutest -intellects of all European countries.... It would simply justify its -place in our college curriculum upon the relation which it has had, and -ever must have, to the growth of the human intellect." - -Dr. Seelye favored the teaching of music and art, but not to the -exclusion of other things, unless one had special gifts along those -lines. "Musical entertainments," he said, "have generally been the grand -parade-ground of female boarding-schools. All of us are familiar with -the many wearisome hours which young ladies ordinarily are required to -spend at the piano,--time enough to master most of the sciences and -languages; and all of us are familiar with the remark, heard so -frequently after school-days are over, 'I cannot play; I am out of -practice.'" - -President Seelye had to meet all sorts of objections to higher education -for women. When he told a friend that Greek was to be studied in Smith -College, the friend replied, "Nonsense! girls cannot bear such a -strain;" "and yet his own daughters," says Dr. Seelye, "were going, with -no remonstrance from him, night after night, through the round of -parties and fashionable amusements in a great city. We question whether -any greater expenditure of physical force is necessary to master Greek -than to endure ordinary fashionable amusements. Woman's health is -endangered far more by balls and parties than by schools. For one ruined -by over-study, we can point to a hundred ruined by dainties and dances." - -Another said to President Seelye, "Think of a wife who forced you to -talk perpetually about metaphysics, or to listen to Greek and Latin -quotations!" This would be much more agreeable conversation to some men -than to hear about dress and servants and gossip. - -When Smith College was opened in 1875, there were many applicants; but -with requirements for admission the same as at Harvard, Yale, Brown, and -Amherst, only fifteen could pass the examinations. The next year -eighteen were accepted. - -Each year the number has increased, till in the year 1895 there were 875 -students at Smith College. The professorships are about equally divided -between men and women. The chair of Greek, on the John M. Greene -foundation, "is founded in honor of the Rev. John M. Greene, D.D., who -first suggested to Miss Smith the idea of the college, and was her -confidential adviser in her bequest," says the College Calendar. - -There are three courses of study, each extending through four -years,--the classical course leading to the degree of Bachelor of Arts, -the scientific to Bachelor of Science, the literary to Bachelor of -Letters. The maximum of work allowed to any student in a regular course -is sixteen hours of recitation each week. - -Year by year Miss Smith's noble gift has been supplemented by the gifts -of others. - -In 1878 the Lilly Hall of Science was dedicated, the gift of Mr. Alfred -Theodore Lilly. This building contains lecture rooms, and laboratories -for chemistry, physics, geology, zoology, and botany. In 1881 Mr. -Winthrop Hillyer gave the money to erect the Hillyer Art Gallery, which -now contains an extensive collection of casts, engravings, and -paintings, and is provided with studios. One corridor of engravings and -an alcove of original drawings were given by the Century Company. Mr. -Hillyer gave an endowment of $50,000 for his gallery. A music-hall was -also erected in 1881. - -The observatory, given by two donors unknown to the public, has an -eleven-inch refracting telescope, a spectroscope, siderial clock, -chronograph, a portable telescope, and a meridian circle, aperture four -inches. - -The alumnae gymnasium contains a swimming-bath, and a large hall for -gymnastic exercises and in-door sport. A large greenhouse has been -erected to aid in botanical work, with an extensive collection of -tropical plants. - -There are eight or more dwelling-houses for the students, each presided -over by a competent woman, where the scholars find cheerful, happy -homes. The Tenney House, bequeathed by Mrs. Mary A. Tenney, for -experiments in co-operative housekeeping, enables the students to adapt -their expenses to their means, if they choose to make the experiment -together. Tuition is $100 a year, with $300 for board and furnished room -in the college houses. - -Smith College is fortunately situated. Opposite the grounds is the -beautiful Forbes Library, with an endowment of $300,000 for books alone, -and not far away a public library with several thousand volumes, and a -permanent endowment of $50,000 for its increase. The students have -access to the collections at Amherst College and the Massachusetts -Agricultural College, also at Mount Holyoke College, about seven miles -distant. - -There are no secret societies at Smith. "Instead of hazing newcomers," -says President Seelye, "the second or sophomore class will give them a -reception in the art-gallery, introduce them to the older students with -the courteous hospitality which good breeding dictates." - -There are several literary and charitable societies in Smith College. -Great interest is taken in the working-girls of New York, and in the -college settlement of that city. - -None of the evil effects predicted for young women in college have been -realized. "Some of our best scholars," says President Seelye, "have -steadily improved in health since entering college. Some who came so -feeble that it was doubtful whether they could remain a term have become -entirely well and strong.... We have had frequently professors from male -institutions to give instruction; and their testimony is to the effect -that the girls study better than the boys, and that the average -scholarship is higher." - -"The general atmosphere of the college is one of freedom," writes Louise -Walston, in the "History of Higher Education in Massachusetts," by -George Gary Bush, Ph.D. "The written code consists of one law,--Lights -out at ten; the unwritten is that of every well-regulated community, -and to the success of this method of discipline every year is a witness. - -"This freedom is not license.... The system of attendance upon -recitation at Smith is in this respect unique. It is distinctively a -'no-cut' system. In the college market that commodity known as -indulgences is not to be found; and no student is expected to absent -herself from lecture or recitation except for good reasons, the validity -of which, however, is left to her own conscience. Knowledge is offered -as a privilege, and is so received." - -As Miss Smith directed in her will, "the Holy Scriptures are daily and -systematically read and studied in the college." A chapel service is -held in the morning of week-days, and a vesper service on Sunday. -Students attend the churches of their preference in Northampton. - -All honor to Sophia Smith, the quiet Christian woman, who, forgetting -herself, became a blessing to tens of thousands by her gifts. At the -request of the trustees of Smith College, Dr. Greene is preparing a -volume on her life and character. - -All honor, too, to the Rev. John M. Greene, who for twenty-five years -has been the beloved pastor of the Eliot Church in Lowell, Mass. His -quarter century of service was fittingly celebrated at Lowell, Sept. 26, -1895. Out of five hundred Congregational ministers in Massachusetts, -only ten have held so long a pastorate as he over one church. - -Among the hundreds of congratulations and testimonies to Dr. Greene's -successful ministry, the able Professor Edwards A. Park of Andover, -wrote to the congregation: "The city of Lowell has been favored with -clergymen who will be remembered by a distant posterity, but not one of -them will be remembered longer than the present pastor of Eliot Church. -He was the father of Smith College, now so flourishing in Northampton, -Mass. Had it not been for him that great institution would never have -existed. For this great benefaction to the world, he will be honored a -hundred years hence." - - - - -JAMES LICK - -AND HIS TELESCOPE. - - -James Lick, one of the great givers of the West, was born in -Fredericksburg, Penn., Aug. 25, 1796. Little is known of his early life, -except that his ancestors were Germans, and that he was born in poverty. -His grandfather served in the Revolutionary War. James learned to make -organs and pianos in Hanover, Penn., and in 1819 worked for Joseph -Hiskey, a prominent piano manufacturer of Baltimore. - -One day Conrad Meyer, a poor lad, came into the store and asked for -work. Young Lick gave him food and clothing, and secured a place for him -in the establishment. They became fast friends, and continued thus for -life. Later Conrad Meyer was a wealthy manufacturer of pianos in -Philadelphia. - -James Lick in 1820, when he was twenty-four, went to New York, hoping to -begin business for himself, but finding his capital too limited, in the -following year, 1821, went to Buenos Ayres, South America, where he -lived for ten years. At the end of that time he went to Philadelphia, -and met his old friend Conrad Meyer. He had brought with him for sale -$40,000 worth of hides and nutria skins. The latter are obtained from a -species of otter found along the La Plata River. - -He intended settling in Philadelphia, and rented a house on Eighth -Street, near Arch, but soon abandoned his purpose, probably because the -business outlook was not hopeful, and returned to Buenos Ayres to sell -pianos. From the east side of South America he went to the west side, -and remained in Valparaiso, Chili, for four years. He spent eleven years -in Peru, making and selling pianos. Once, when his workmen left him -suddenly to go to Mexico, rather than break a contract he did all the -work himself, and accomplished it in two years. - -In 1847 he went to San Francisco, which had only one thousand -inhabitants. He was then about fifty years old, and took with him over -$30,000, which, foreseeing California's wonderful prospects, he invested -in land in San Francisco, and farther south in Santa Clara Valley. - -[Illustration: JAMES LICK. - -(Used by courtesy of "The Overland Monthly.")] - -In 1854, to the surprise of everybody, the quiet, parsimonious James -Lick built a magnificent flour-mill six miles from San Jose. He tore -down an old structure, and erected in its place a mill, finished within -in solid mahogany highly polished, and furnished it with the best -machinery possible. It was called "The Mahogany Mill," or more -frequently "Lick's Folly." He made the grounds about the mill very -attractive. "Upon it," says the San Jose _Daily Mercury_, June 28, 1888, -"he began early to set out trees of various kinds, both for fruit and -ornament. He held some curious theories of tree-planting, and believed -in the efficiency of a bone deposit about the roots of every young tree. -Many are the stories told by old residents of James Lick going along the -highway in an old rattletrap, rope-tied wagon, with a bearskin robe for -a seat cushion, and stopping every now and then to gather in the bones -of some dead beast. People used to think him crazy until they saw him -among his beloved trees, planting some new and rare variety, and -carefully mingling about its young roots the finest of loams with the -bones he had gathered during his lonely rides. - -"There is a story extant, and probably well-founded, which illustrates -the odd means he employed to secure hired help at once trustworthy and -obedient. One day while he was planting his orchard a man applied to him -for work. Mr. Lick directed him to take the trees he indicated to a -certain part of the grounds, and then to plant them with the tops in the -earth and the roots in the air. The man obeyed the directions to the -letter, and reported in the evening for further orders. Mr. Lick went -out, viewed his work with apparent satisfaction, and then ordered him to -plant the trees the proper way and thereafter to continue in his -employ." Nineteen years after Mr. Lick built his mill, Jan. 16, 1873, he -surprised the people of San Jose again, by giving it to the Paine -Memorial Society of Boston, half the proceeds of sale to be used for a -Memorial Hall, and half to sustain a lecture course. He had always been -an admirer of Thomas Paine's writings. The mill was annually inundated -by the floods from the Guadalupe River, spoiling his orchards and his -roads, so that he tired of the property. - -An agent of the Boston Society went to California, sold the mill for -$18,000 cash, and carried the money back to Boston. Mr. Lick was -displeased that the property which had cost him $200,000 should be sold -at such a low price, and without his knowledge, as he would willingly -have bought it in at $50,000. - -It is said by some that Mr. Lick built his mill as a protest against the -cheap and flimsy style of building on the Pacific Coast, but it is much -more probable that he built it for another reason. In early life it is -believed that young Lick fell in love with the daughter of a well-to-do -miller for whom he worked. When the young man made known his love, which -was reciprocated by the girl, the miller was angry, and is said to have -replied, "Out, you beggar! Dare you cast your eyes upon my daughter, who -will inherit my riches? Have you a mill like this? Have you a single -penny in your purse?" - -To this Lick replied "that he had nothing as yet, but one day he would -have a mill beside which this one would be a pigsty." - -Lick caused his elegant mill to be photographed without and within, and -sent the pictures to the miller. It was, however, too late to win the -girl, if indeed he ever hoped to do so; for she had long since married, -and Mr. Lick went through life a lonely and unresponsive man. He never -lived in his palatial mill, but occupied for a time a humble abode near -by. - -After Mr. Lick disposed of his mill, he began to improve a tract of land -south of San Jose known as "The Lick Homestead Addition." "Day after -day," says the San Jose _Mercury_, "long trains of carts and wagons -passed slowly through San Jose carrying tall trees and full-grown -shrubbery from the old to the new location. Winter and summer alike the -work went on, the old man superintending it all in his rattletrap wagon -and bearskin robe. His plans for this new improvement were made -regardless of expense. Tradition tells that he had imported from -Australia rare trees, and in order to secure their growth had brought -with them whole shiploads of their native earth. He conceived the idea -of building conservatories superior to any on the Pacific Coast, and for -that purpose had imported from England the materials for two large -conservatories after the model of those in the Kew Gardens in London. -His death occurred before he could have these constructed; and they -remained on the hands of the trustees until a body of San Francisco -gentlemen contributed funds for their purchase and donation to the use -of the public in Golden Gate Park, where they now stand as the wonder -and delight of all who visit that beautiful resort." - -Mr. Lick also built in San Francisco a handsome hotel called the Lick -House. With his own hands he carved some of the rosewood frames of the -mirrors. He caused the walls to be decorated with pictures of California -scenery. The dining-room has a polished floor made of many thousand -pieces of wood of various kinds. - -When Mr. Lick was seventy-seven years old, and found himself the owner -of millions, with a laudable desire to be remembered after death, and a -patriotism worthy of high commendation, he began to think deeply how -best to use his property. - -On Feb. 15, 1873, Mr. Lick offered to the California Academy of Sciences -a piece of land on Market Street, the site of its present building. -Professor George Davidson, then president of the academy, called to -thank him, when Mr. Lick unfolded to him his purpose of giving a great -telescope for future investigation of the heavenly bodies. He had become -deeply interested from reading, it is said, about possible life on other -planets. It is supposed by some that while Mr. Lick lived his lonely -life in Peru, a priest, who gained his friendship, interested him in -astronomy. Others think his mind was drawn towards it by reading about -the Washington Observatory, completed in 1874, and noticed widely by the -press. - -Mr. Lick was not a scientist nor an astronomer; he had been too absorbed -in successful business life for that; but he earned money that others -might have the time and opportunity to devote their lives to science. - -Mr. Lick appears to have had a passion for statuary, as shown by his -gifts. At one time he thought of having expensive memorial statues of -himself and family erected on the heights overlooking the ocean and the -bay, but was dissuaded by one of his pioneer friends, according to Miss -M. W. Shinn's account in the _Overland Monthly_, November, 1892. - -"Mr. D. J. Staples felt it his duty to tell Mr. Lick frankly that his -bequests for statues of himself and family would be utterly useless as a -memorial; that the world would not be interested in them; and when Mr. -Lick urged that such costly statues would be preserved for all time, as -the statues of antiquity now remained the precious relics of a lost -civilization, answered, almost at random, 'More likely we shall get into -a war with Russia or somebody, and they will come around here with -warships, and smash the statues to pieces in bombarding the city.'" - -Mr. Lick conferred with his friends, but had his own decided wishes and -plans which usually he carried out. On July 16, 1874, he conveyed all -his property, real and personal, over $3,000,000, by deed of trust to -seven men; but becoming dissatisfied with some members of the Board of -Lick Trustees, he made a new deed, Sept. 21, 1875, under which his -property has been used as he directed. A year later he changed some of -the members, but the deed itself remained as before. - -One of the first bequests under his deed of trust was for the telescope -and observatory, $700,000. Another, to the Protestant Orphan Asylum of -San Francisco, $25,000. - -For an Orphan Asylum in San Jose, "free to all orphans without regard to -creed or religion of parents," $25,000. - -To the Ladies' Protective and Belief Society of San Francisco, $25,000. - -To the Mechanics' Institute of San Francisco, "to be applied to the -purchase of scientific and mechanical works for such Institute," -$10,000. - -To the Trustees of the Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, of -San Francisco, $10,000, with the hope expressed by him, "that the -trustees of said society may organize such a system as will result in -establishing similar societies in every city and town in California, to -the end that the rising generations may not witness or be impressed with -such scenes of cruelty and brutality as constantly occur in this State." - -To found in San Francisco "an institution to be called The Old Ladies' -Home," $100,000. For the erection and the maintenance of that extremely -useful public charity, Free Public Baths, $150,000. These baths went -into use Nov. 1, 1890. - -For the erection of a monument to be placed in Golden Gate Park, "to the -memory of Francis Scott Key, the author of 'The Star-Spangled Banner,'" -$60,000. This statue was unveiled July 4, 1888. - -To endow an institution to be called the California School of Mechanical -Arts, "to be open to all youths born in California," $540,000. - -For statuary emblematical of three important epochs in the history of -California, to be placed in front of the San Francisco City Hall, -$100,000. - -To John H. Lick, his son, born in Pennsylvania, June 30, 1818, $150,000. -The latter contested the will; and a compromise was effected whereby he -received $533,000, the expense of the suit being a little over $60,000. -This son, at his death, founded Lick College, Fredericksburg, Penn., -giving it practically all his fortune. It is now called Schuylkill -Seminary, and had 285 pupils in 1893, according to the Report of the -Commissioner of Education. A family monument was erected at -Fredericksburg, Penn., Mr. Lick's birthplace, at a cost of $20,000. - -Mr. Lick set aside some personal property for his own economical use -during his life. After all these bequests had been attended to, the -remainder of his fortune was to be given in "equal proportions to the -California Academy of Sciences and the Society of California Pioneers," -to be expended in erecting buildings for them, and in the purchase of a -"suitable library, natural specimens, chemical and philosophical -apparatus, rare and curious things useful in the advancement of -science, and generally in the carrying out of the objects and purposes -for which said societies were respectively established." Each society -has received about $800,000 from the Lick estate. These were very -remarkable gifts from a man who had been a mechanic, brought up in -narrow circumstances, and with limited education. - -The California School of Mechanical Arts was opened in January, 1895, -and now, in the spring of 1896, has 230 pupils. The substantial brick -buildings are in Spanish architecture, and cost, with machinery and -furniture, about $115,000, leaving $425,000 for endowment. The Academic -Building is three stories high, and the shops one and two stories. The -requirements for pupils in entering the school are substantially the -same as for the last of the grammar grades of the public schools. There -is no charge for tuition. - -Mr. Lick in making this bequest stated its object: "To educate males and -females in the practical arts of life, such as working in wood, iron, -and stone, or any of the metals, and in whatever industry intelligent -mechanical skill now is or can hereafter be applied." - -In view of this desire on the part of the giver, a careful survey of -industrial education was made; and it was decided to "give each student -a thorough knowledge of the technique of some one industrial pursuit, -from which he may earn a living." - -The school course is four years. At the beginning of the third year the -student must choose his field of work for the last year and a half, and -give his time to it. Besides the ordinary branches, carpentry, forging, -moulding, machine and architectural drawing, wood-carving, dressmaking, -millinery, cookery, etc., are taught. It is expected that graduates will -be able to earn good wages at once after leaving the school, and the -teachers endeavor to find suitable situations for their pupils. - -Miss Caroline Willard Baldwin, at the head of the science department, -who is herself a Bachelor of Science from the University of California, -and a Doctor of Science from Cornell University, writes me: "The grade -of work is much the same as that given in the Pratt Institute in -Brooklyn, and the entire equipment of the school is excellent." - -The Lick Bronze Statuary at the City Hall in San Francisco was unveiled -on Thanksgiving Day, Thursday, Nov. 29, 1894. Mr. Lick had specified in -his deed of trust that it should "represent by appropriate designs and -figures the history of California; first, from the early settlement of -the Missions to the acquisition of California by the United States; -second, from such acquisition by the United States to the time when -agriculture became the leading interest of the State; third, from the -last-named period to the first day of January, 1874." He knew that there -is no more effective way to teach history and inculcate love of city and -nation than by object-lessons. A great gift is a continual suggestion to -others to give also. The statue of a noble man or woman is a constant -educator and inspirer to good deeds. - -The Lick Statuary is of granite, surmounted by bronze figures of heroic -proportions. The main column is forty-six feet high, with a bronze -figure twelve feet high, weighing 7,000 pounds, on the top, representing -Eureka, a woman typical of California, with a grizzly bear by her side. -Beneath are four panels, depicting a family of immigrants crossing the -Sierras, a vaquero lassoing a steer, traders with the Indians, and -California under American rule. - -Below these panels are the heads in bronze of James Lick, Father -Junipero Serra, Sir Francis Drake, and John C. Fremont; and below these, -the names of men famous in the history of California,--James W. -Marshall, the discoverer of gold at Sutter's mill, and others. There are -granite wings to the main pedestal, the bronze figures of which -represent early times,--a native Indian over whom bends a Catholic -priest, and a Spaniard throwing his lasso; a group of miners in '49, and -figures denoting commerce and agriculture. The artist was Mr. Frank -Happersberger, a native of California. Members of the California -Pioneers made eloquent addresses at the unveiling of the beautiful -statue, the band played "The Star-Spangled Banner," and the children of -the public schools sang "America." - -"The benefactions of James Lick were not of a posthumous character," -said the Hon. Willard B. Farwell in his address. "There was no -indication of a desire to accumulate for the sake of accumulation alone, -and to cling with greedy purpose and tenacity to the last dollar gained, -until the heart had ceased its pulsations, and the last breath had been -drawn, before yielding it up for the good of others. On the contrary, he -provided for the distribution of his wealth while living.... There was -no room for cavil then over the manner of his giving. He fulfilled in -its broadest measure the injunction of the aphorism, 'He gives well who -gives quickly.'" - -The gift nearest to Mr. Lick's heart was his great telescope, to be, as -he said in his deed of trust, "superior to and more powerful than any -telescope yet made, with all the machinery appertaining thereto, and -appropriately connected therewith." - -This telescope with its building was to be conveyed to the University of -California, and to be known as the "Lick Astronomical Department of the -University of California." - -Various sites were suggested for the great telescope. A gentleman -relates the following story: "One of the sites suggested was a mountain -north of San Francisco. Mr. Lick was ill, but determined upon visiting -this mountain; so he was taken on a cot to the station; and on arriving -at the town nearest the mountain, the cot was removed to a wagon, and -they started towards the summit. By some accident the rear of the wagon -gave way, and the cot containing the old gentleman slid out on the -mountain-side. This so angered him that he said he would never place the -telescope on a mountain that treated him in that way, and ordered the -party to turn back towards San Francisco." - -During the summer of 1875 Mr. Lick sent Mr. Fraser, his trusted agent, -to report on Mount St. Helena, Monte Diablo, Mount Hamilton, and others. -In many respects the latter, in sight of his old mill at San Jose, -seemed the best situated of all the mountain peaks. "Yet the possibility -that a complete astronomical establishment might one day be planted on -its summit seemed more like a fairy-tale than like sober fact," says -Professor Edward S. Holden, Director of the Lick Observatory. "It was at -that time a wilderness. A few cattle-ranches occupied the valleys -around it. Its slopes were covered with chaparral or thickets of scrub -oak. Not even a trail led over it. The nearest house was eleven miles -away." It was and is the home of many rattlesnakes. They live upon -squirrels, and small birds and their eggs, and come up to the top of the -mountain in quest of water. - -Sir Edwin Arnold, who visited Mount Hamilton, tells this incident of the -"road-runner," the bird sometimes called "chaparral cock," as it was -told to him. "The rattlesnake is the deadly enemy of its species, always -hunting about in the thickets for eggs and young birds, since the -'road-runner' builds its nest on the ground. When, therefore, the -'chaparral cocks' find a 'rattler' basking in the sun, they gather, I -was assured, leaves of the prickly cactus, and lay them in a circle all -around the serpent, which cannot draw its belly over the sharp needles -of these leaves. Thus imprisoned, the reptile is set upon by the birds, -and pecked or spurred to death." - -Mount Hamilton, fifty miles southeast of San Francisco, is near San -Jose, twenty-six miles eastward, and thus easy of access, save the -difficulty of reaching its summit, 4,300 feet above the sea. This was -overcome by the willingness of Santa Clara County to construct a road to -its top; which road was completed in December, 1876, at a cost of about -$78,000. The road rises 4,000 feet in twenty-two miles; and the grade -nowhere exceeds six and one-half feet in one hundred, or 343 feet to the -mile. Towards the top it winds round and round the flanks of the -mountain itself. - -The view from the top of the mountain is most inspiring. "The lovely -valley of Santa Clara and the Santa Cruz mountains to the west, a bit -of the Pacific and the Bay of Monterey to the southwest, the Sierra -Nevada (13,000-14,000 feet) with countless ranges between to the -southeast, the San Joaquin valley with the Sierras beyond to the east, -while to the north lie many lower ranges of hills, and on the horizon -Mount Shasta, or Lassens' Butte (14,400 feet), 175 miles away. The Bay -of San Francisco lies flat before you, and beyond it is Mount Tamalpais -at the entrance to the Golden Gate." - -"One of the gorges in the vicinity of Mount Hamilton," writes Taliesin -Evans in the May, 1886, _Century_, "is reputed to have been a favorite -retreat of Joaquin Murietta, the famous bandit, whose name was a terror -to the early settlers of the State. A spring, situated a mile and a half -east of Observatory Peak, at which he is said to have drawn water, now -bears the name of 'Joaquin's Spring.'" - -On June 7, 1876, Congress gave the land for the site, 1,350 acres; and -other land was given and purchased, till the Observatory now has 2,581 -acres. It was necessary to remove 72,000 tons of solid rock from the -mountain summit, which was lowered as much as thirty-two feet in places, -that the buildings might have a level foundation. Clay for making the -brick was found about two and one-half miles below the Observatory (by -the road), thus saving over $46,000 in the 2,600,000 bricks used. -Springs also were fortunately discovered about 340 feet below the -present level of the summit. - -In 1879, after the site had been decided upon, Professor S. W. Burnham -of Chicago was asked by the Lick trustees to test it for astronomical -purposes. He took his telescope, and remained there during August, -September, and October. Out of sixty nights he found forty-two were of -the very highest class for making observations, while eleven were foggy -or cloudy. He discovered forty-two new double stars while on the top of -the mountain. - -Professor Burnham said in his Report, "The remarkable steadiness of the -air, and the continued succession of nights of almost perfect -definition, are conditions not to be hoped for in any place with which I -am acquainted, and judging from the previous reports of the various -observatories, are not to be met with elsewhere." - -Meantime, even before Congress gave the land in 1876, Mr. D. O. Mills, -one of the first trustees, had visited Professor Holden and Professor -Newcomb at Washington to determine about the general plans for the -Observatory. It was agreed that the latter should go to Europe to -investigate the matter of procuring the glass necessary for a large -reflector or refractor. It was finally decided that a refracting -telescope was the best for the study of double stars and nebulae, the -moon's surface, etc., giving more distinctness and brilliancy, and being -less subject to atmospheric disturbance. - -Professor Newcomb experienced much difficulty in Europe in finding a -firm ready to undertake to make a glass for a telescope larger and more -powerful than any yet made. The firm of M. Feil & Sons, Paris, was -finally chosen. Professor Newcomb wrote an interesting report of the -process of making the glass. - -"The materials," he said, "are mixed and melted in a clay pot holding -from five hundred pounds to a ton, and are constantly stirred with an -iron rod until the proper combination is obtained. The heat is then -slowly diminished until the glass becomes too stiff to be stirred -longer. Then the mass, pot and all, is placed in the annealing furnace. -Here it must remain undisturbed for a period of a month or more, when it -is taken out; the pot and the outside parts of the glass are broken away -to find whether a lump suitable for the required disk can be found in -the interior. - -"If the interior were perfectly solid and homogeneous, there would be no -further difficulty; the lump would be softened by heat, pressed into a -flat disk, and reannealed, when the work would be complete. But in -practice, the interior is always found to be crossed in every direction -by veins of unequal density, which will injure the performance of the -glass; and the great mechanical difficulty in the production of the disk -is to cut these veins out and still leave a mass which can be pressed -into a disk without any folding of the original surface." - -The glass for a telescope is usually composed of a double convex lens of -crown glass, and a plano-concave lens of flint glass. M. Feil & Sons -made and shipped the latter, which weighed three hundred and -seventy-five pounds, but broke the crown glass in packing it. Then -during three years they made twenty unsuccessful trials before obtaining -a perfect glass. - -The cutting away of the clay pot and outside glass is a tedious process, -requiring weeks and even months. No ordinary tools can be used. The -pieces are "sawed by a wire working in sand and water.... When it is -done," says Professor Newcomb, "the mass must be pressed into the shape -of a disk, like a very thin grindstone, and in order to do this the lump -must first be heated to the melting-point, so as to become plastic. But -when Feil began to heat this large mass it flew to pieces." He took more -and more time for heating, and finally succeeded. - -The noted firm of Alvan Clark & Sons of Cambridge, Mass., did the -polishing and shaping of the lenses, a labor requiring great skill and -delicacy of workmanship. The objective glass was ordered in 1880, and -reached Mount Hamilton late in 1886, having cost $51,000. It weighs with -its cell 638 pounds. The Clarks would not undertake any larger objective -than thirty-six inches. This was six inches larger than the great glass -which they had made for the Imperial Observatory at Pulkowa, near St. -Petersburg in Russia. - -The glass, though an important part of the telescope, was only one of -many things to be obtained. In 1876 Captain Richard S. Floyd, president -of the Lick trustees, himself a graduate of the United States Naval -Academy, met Professor Holden in London; and the latter became the -planner and adviser, throughout the construction of the buildings and -the telescope. Captain Floyd visited many observatories, and carried on -a vast correspondence, amounting to several thousand letters, with -astronomers and opticians all over the world. - -Professor Holden was a graduate of West Point, had been a professor of -mathematics in the navy, one of the astronomers at the Washington -Observatory, in charge of several eclipse expeditions sent out by the -government for observation, a member of various scientific societies in -Europe as well as America, and associate member of the Royal -Astronomical Society of England, and well-fitted for the position he was -afterwards called to fill,--the directorship of the Lick Observatory. -For some time he was also president of the University of California. - -Between the years 1880 and 1888 the large astronomical buildings were -erected on the top of Mount Hamilton. The main building of red brick -consists of two domes, one twenty-five feet and six inches in diameter; -the other seventy-six feet in diameter, connected by a hall over one -hundred and ninety-one feet long. This hall is paved and wainscoted with -marble. The rooms for work and study open towards the east into this -hall. The library, a handsome room with white polished ash cases and -tables, also opens into it. Near the main entrance is the visitors' -room, where the visitors register their names, among them many noted -scientists from various parts of the world. J. H. Fickel in the -_Chautauquan_, June, 1893, says, "In this room stands the workbench -which Mr. Lick used in his trade, that of piano-making, while in Peru. -Though not an elaborate affair, nothing attracts the attention of -visitors more than this article of furniture." - -The large rotating dome at the south end of the building, made by the -Union Iron Works of San Francisco, is covered with sheet steel, and the -movable parts weigh about eighty-nine tons. It is easily handled by -means of a small engine in the basement. The small dome weighs about -eight tons. - -Near the main building are the meridian circle house, with its -instrument for measuring the declination of stars, the transit house, -the astronomers' dwellings, the shops, etc. - -[Illustration: THE LICK OBSERVATORY. - -(Used by courtesy of "The Overland Monthly.")] - -In the smaller dome is a twelve-inch equatorial telescope made by Alvan -Clark & Sons, mounted at the Lick Observatory in October, 1881. There -are also at Mount Hamilton, a six-and-one-half-inch equatorial -telescope, a six-and-one-half-inch meridian circle, a four-inch transit -and zenith telescope, a four-inch comet-seeker, a five-inch horizontal -photoheliograph, the Crocker photographic telescope, and numerous -clocks, spectroscopes, chronographs, meteorological instruments, and -seismometers for measuring the time and intensity of earthquake shocks. - -The buildings and instruments at Mount Hamilton are imbedded in the -solid rock, so as not to be affected by the high winds on the top of the -mountain. - -In the _Century_ for March, 1894, Professor Holden gives an interesting -account of earthquakes, and the instruments for measuring them at the -Lick Observatory. In the Charleston earthquake of 1886, it is computed -that 774,000 square miles trembled, besides a vast ocean area. The -effects of the shock were noted from Florida to Vermont, and from the -Carolinas to Ontario, Iowa, and Arkansas. - -The science of the measurement of earthquakes had its birth in Tokio, -Japan, in which country there are, on an average, two earthquake shocks -daily. "Every part of the upper crust of the earth is in a state of -constant change," says Professor Holden. "These changes were first -discovered by their effects on the position of astronomical -instruments.... The earthquake of Iquique, a seaport town of South -America, in 1877, was shown at the Imperial Observatory near St. -Petersburg, an hour and fourteen minutes later, by its effects on the -delicate levels of an astronomical instrument. I myself have watched the -changes in a hill (100 feet above a frozen lake which was 700 feet -distant) as the ice bent and buckled, and changed the pressure on the -adjacent shore. The level would faithfully indicate every movement: ... - -"In Italy and in Japan microphones deeply buried in the earth make the -earth tremors audible in the observatory telephones. During the years -1808-1888 there were 417 shocks recorded in San Francisco. The severest -earthquake felt within the city of San Francisco was that of 1868. This -shock threw down chimneys, broke glass along miles of streets, and put a -whole population in terror." The Lick Observatory has a complete set of -Professor Ewing's instruments for earthquake measurements. - -Accurate time signals are sent from the Observatory every day at noon, -and are received at every railway station between San Francisco and -Ogden, and many other cities. The instrumental equipment of the -Observatory is declared to be unrivalled. - -Interest centres most of all in the great telescope under the rotating -dome, for which the 36-inch objective was made with so much difficulty. -The great steel tube, a little over 56 feet long, holding the lens, and -weighing with all its attachments four and one-half tons, the iron pier -38 feet high, the elaborate yet delicate machinery, were all made by -Warner & Swasey of Cleveland, Ohio, whose skill has brought them -well-deserved fame. The entire weight of the instrument is 40 tons. Its -magnifying power ranges from 180 to 3,000 diameters. - -On June 1, 1888, the Observatory, with its instruments, was transferred -by the Lick trustees to the University of California. The whole cost was -$610,000, leaving $90,000 for endowment out of the $700,000 given by -Mr. Lick. - -Fourteen years had passed since Mr. Lick made his deed of trust. He -lived long enough to see the site chosen and the plans made for the -telescope, but died at the Lick House, Oct. 1, 1876, aged eighty. The -body lay in state in Pioneer Hall, and on Oct. 4 was buried in Lone -Mountain Cemetery, having been followed to the grave by a long -procession of State and city officials, faculty and students of the -University, and members of the various societies to which Mr. Lick had -given so generously. - -He had expressed a desire to be buried on Mount Hamilton, either within -or near the Observatory. Therefore a tomb was made in the base of the -pier of the great 36-inch telescope; "such a tomb," says Professor -Holden, "as no Old World emperor could have commanded or imagined." - -On Sunday, Jan. 9, 1887, the body of James Lick having been removed from -the cemetery, the casket was enclosed in a lead-lined white maple -coffin, and laid in the new tomb with appropriate ceremonies, witnessed -by a large gathering of people. A memorial document stating that "this -refracting telescope is the largest which has ever been constructed, and -the astronomers who have used it declare that its performance surpasses -that of all other telescopes," was engrossed on parchment in India ink, -and signed by the officials. It was then placed between two finely -tanned skins, backed by black silk, and soldered in a leaden box -eighteen inches in length, the same in width, and one inch in thickness. -This was placed upon the iron coffin, and the outer casket was soldered -up air-tight. After the vault had been built up to the level of the -foundation stone, a great stone weighing two and one-half tons was let -down slowly upon the brick-work, beneath which was the casket. Three -other stones were placed in position, and then one section was laid of -the iron pier, which weighs 25 tons. - -Sir Edwin Arnold, who in 1892 went to see the great telescope, and "by a -personal pilgrimage to do homage to the memory of James Lick," writes: -"With my hand upon the colossal tube, slightly managing it as if it were -an opera-glass, and my gaze wandering around the splendidly equipped -interior, full of all needful astronomical resources, and built to stand -a thousand storms, I think with admiration of its dead founder, and ask -to see his tomb. It is placed immediately beneath the big telescope, -which ascends and descends directly over the sarcophagus wherein repose -the mortal relics of this remarkable man,--a marble chest, bearing the -inscription, 'Here lies the body of James Lick.' - -"Truly James Lick sleeps gloriously under the bases of his big glass! -Four thousand feet nearer heaven than any of his dead fellow-citizens, -he is buried more grandly than any king or queen, and has a finer -monument than the pyramids furnished to Cheops and Cephrenes." - -Mr. Lick wished both to help the world and to be remembered, and his -wish has been gratified. - -From 1888 to 1893 the Lick telescope, with its 36-inch object-glass, was -the largest refracting telescope in the world. The Yerkes telescope, -with its 40-inch object-glass, is now the largest in the world. It is -on the shore of Lake Geneva, Wis., seventy-five miles from Chicago, and -belongs to the Chicago University. It will be remembered by those who -visited the World's Fair at Chicago, and saw it in the Manufactures and -Liberal Arts Building. Professor George E. Hale is the director of this -great observatory. The glass was furnished by Mantois of Paris, from -which the lenses were made by Alvan G. Clark, the sole survivor of the -famous firm of Alvan Clark & Sons. The crown-glass double convex lens -weighs 200 pounds; the plano-concave lens of flint glass, nearest the -eye end of the telescope, weighs over 300 pounds. - -The telescope and dome were made by Warner & Swasey, who made also the -26-inch telescope at Washington, the 18-inch at the University of -Pennsylvania, the 10-1/2-inch at the University of Minnesota, the -12-inch at Columbus, Ohio, and others. Of this firm Professor C. A. -Young, in the _North American Review_ for February, 1896, says, "It is -not too much to say that in design and workmanship their instruments do -not suffer in comparison with the best foreign make, while in -'handiness' they are distinctly superior. There is no longer any -necessity for us to go abroad for astronomical instruments, which are -fully up to the highest standards." - -The steel tube of the Yerkes telescope is 64 feet long, and the 90-foot -rotating dome, also of steel, weighs nearly 150 tons. The observatory, -of gray Roman brick with gray terra-cotta and stone trimmings, is in the -form of a Roman cross, with three domes, the largest dome at the western -end covering the great telescope. Of the two smaller domes, one will -contain a 12-inch telescope, and the other a 16-inch. Professor Young -says of the Yerkes telescope, "It gathers three times as much light as -the 23-inch instrument at Princeton; two and three-eighths as much as -the 26-inch telescopes of Washington and Charlottesville; one and -four-fifths as much as the 30-inch at Pulkowa; and 23 per cent more than -the gigantic, and hitherto unrivalled, 36-inch telescope of the Lick -Observatory. Possibly in this one quality of 'light,' the six-foot -reflector of Lord Rosse, and the later five-foot reflector of Mr. -Common, might compete with or even surpass it; but as an instrument for -seeing things, it is doubtful whether either of them could hold its own -with even the smallest of the instruments named above, because of the -reflector's inherent inferiority in distinctness of definition." - -Professor Young thinks the Yerkes telescope can hardly hope for the -exceptional excellence of the "seeing" at Mount Hamilton, Nice, or -Ariquipa, at least at night. The magnifying power of the Yerkes -telescope is so great, being from 200 to 4,000, that the moon can be -brought optically within sixty miles of the observer's eye. "Any lunar -object five or six hundred feet square would be distinctly visible,--a -building, for instance, as large as the Capitol at Washington." - -Since the death of Mr. Lick others have added to his generous gifts for -the purchase of special instruments, for sending expeditions to foreign -countries to observe total solar eclipses, and the like. Mrs. Phoebe -Hearst has given the fund which will yield $2,000 or more each year for -Hearst Fellowships in astronomy or other special work. Colonel C. F. -Crocker has given a photographic telescope and dome, and provided a sum -sufficient to pay the expenses of an eclipse expedition to be sent from -Mount Hamilton to Japan, in August, 1896, under charge of Professor -Schaeberle. - -Mr. Edward Crossley, a wealthy member of Parliament for Halifax, -England, has given a reflector and forty-foot dome, which reached Mount -Hamilton from Liverpool in the latter part of 1895. - -Mr. Lick's gift of the telescope has stimulated a love for astronomical -study and research, not only in California, but throughout the world. -The Astronomical Society of the Pacific was founded Feb. 7, 1889; and -any man or woman with genuine interest in the science was invited to -join. It has a membership of over five hundred, and its publications are -valuable. The society holds its summer meetings on Mount Hamilton. Very -wisely, for the sake of diffusing knowledge, visitors are made welcome -to Mount Hamilton every Saturday evening between the hours of seven and -ten o'clock, to look through the big telescope and through the smaller -ones when not in use. In five years, from June 1, 1889, to June 1, 1894, -there were 33,715 visitors. Each person is shown the most interesting -celestial objects, and the whole force of the Observatory is on duty, -and spares no pains to make the visits both interesting and profitable. - -James Lick planned wisely when he thought of his great telescope, even -if he had no other wish than to be remembered and honored. Undoubtedly -he did have other motives; for Professor Holden says, "A very extensive -course of reading had given him the generous idea that the future -well-being of the race was the object for a good man to strive to -forward. Towards the end of his life, at least, the utter futility of -his money to give any inner satisfaction oppressed him more and more." - -The results of scientific work of the Lick Observatory have been most -interesting and remarkable. Professor Edward E. Barnard discovered, -Sept. 9, 1892, the fifth satellite of Jupiter, one hundred miles in -diameter. He discovered nineteen comets in ten years, and has been -called the "comet-seeker." He has also, says Professor Holden, made a -very large number of observations "upon the physical appearance of the -planets Venus, Jupiter, and Saturn; upon the zodiacal light, etc.; upon -meteors, lunar eclipses, double stars, occultations of stars, etc.; and -he has discovered a considerable number of new nebulae also." Professor -Barnard resigned Oct. 1, 1895, to accept the position of professor of -astronomy in the University of Chicago, and is succeeded by Professor -Wm. J. Hussey of the Leland Stanford Junior University. - -Sir Edwin Arnold, during his visit to the Observatory, at the suggestion -of Professor Campbell, looked through the great telescope upon the -nebula in Orion. "I saw," he writes, "in the well-known region of 'Beta -Orionis,' the vast separate system of that universe clearly outlined,--a -fleecy, irregular, mysterious, windy shape, its edges whirled and curled -like those of a storm-cloud, with stars and star clusters standing forth -against the milky white background of the nebula like diamonds lying -upon silver cloth. The central star, which to the naked eye or to a -telescope of lower power looks single and of no great brilliancy, -resolved itself, under the potent command of the Lick glass, into a -splendid trapezium of four glittering worlds, arranged very much like -those of the Southern Cross. - -"At the lower right-hand border of the beautiful cosmic mist, there -opens a black abyss of darkness, which has the appearance of an inky -cloud about to swallow up the silvery filigree of the nebula; but this -the great glass fills up with unsuspecting worlds when the photographic -apparatus is fitted to it. I understood Professor Holden's views to be -that we were beholding, in that almost immeasurably remote silvery haze, -an entirely separated system of worlds and clusters, apart from all -others, as our own system is, but inconceivably grander, larger, and -more populous with suns and planets and their starry allies." - -Professor John M. Schaeberle, formerly of Michigan University, has -discovered two or more comets, written much on solar eclipses, the -"canals" of Mars, and the sun's corona. He, with Professor S. W. -Burnham, went to South America to observe the solar eclipse of Dec. -21-22, 1889; and the former took observations on the solar eclipse April -16, 1893, at Mina Bronces, Chili. - -Professor Burnham catalogued over one hundred and ninety-eight new -double stars, which he discovered while at Mount Hamilton. He, with -Professor Holden and others, have taken remarkable photographs of the -moon; and the negatives have been sent to Professor Weinek of Prague, -who makes enlarged drawings and photographs of them. Astronomers in -Copenhagen, Vienna, Great Britain, and other parts of Europe, are -working with the Lick astronomers. Star maps, in both northern and -southern hemispheres, have been made at the Lick Observatory, and -photographs of the milky way, the sun and its spots, comets, nebulae, -Mars, Jupiter, etc. Professor Holden has written much in the magazines, -the _Century_, _McClure's_, _The Forum_, and elsewhere, concerning these -photographs, "What we really know about Mars," and kindred topics. - -Professor Perrine discovered a new comet in February, 1896, which for -some time travelled towards the earth at the rate of 1,600,000 miles per -day. Professor David P. Todd of Amherst College was enabled to make at -the Lick Observatory the finest photographs ever made of the transit of -Venus, Dec. 6, 1882. As there will not be another transit of Venus till -Jan. 8, 2004, so that no living astronomer will ever behold another, -this transit was of special importance. The transit of Mercury was also -observed in 1881 by Professor Holden and others. - -The equipment at the Lick Observatory is admirable, and the sight -excellent; but the income from the $90,000 endowment is too small to -allow the desired work. There are but seven observers at Mount Hamilton, -while at Greenwich, at Paris, and other observatories, there are from -forty to fifty men. The total income for salaries and all other expenses -is $22,000 at the Lick Observatory; at Paris, Greenwich, Harvard -College, the United States Naval Observatory at Washington, etc., from -$60,000 to $100,000 is spent yearly, and is all useful. Fellowships -producing $600 a year are greatly needed, to be named after the givers, -and the money to provide a larger force of astronomers. Mr. Lick's great -gift has been nobly begun, but funds are necessary to carry on the work. - - - - -LELAND STANFORD - -AND HIS UNIVERSITY. - - -"The biographer of Leland Stanford will have to tell the fascinating -story of a career almost matchless in the splendor of its incidents. It -was partly due to the circumstances of his time, but chiefly due to the -largeness and boldness of his nature, that this plain, simple man -succeeded in cutting so broad a swath. He lived at the top of his -possibilities." Thus wrote Dr. Albert Shaw in the _Review of Reviews_, -August, 1893. - -Leland Stanford, farmer-boy, lawyer, railroad builder, governor, United -States Senator, and munificent giver, was born at Watervliet, N.Y., -eight miles from Albany, March 9, 1824. He was the fourth son in a -family of seven sons and one daughter, the latter dying in infancy. - -His father, Josiah Stanford, was a native of Massachusetts, but moved -with his parents to the State of New York when he was a boy. He became a -successful farmer, calling his farm by the attractive name of Elm Grove. -He had the energy and industry which it seems Leland inherited. He built -roads and bridges in the neighborhood, and was an earnest advocate of -DeWitt Clinton's scheme of the Erie Canal, connecting the great lakes -with New York City by way of the Hudson River. - -"Gouverneur Morris had first suggested the Erie Canal in 1777," says T. -W. Higginson, "and Washington had indeed proposed a system of such -waterways in 1774. But the first actual work of this kind in the United -States was that dug around Turner's Falls in Massachusetts soon after -1792. In 1803 DeWitt Clinton again proposed the Erie Canal. It was begun -in 1817, and opened July 4, 1825, being cut mainly through a wilderness. -The effect produced on public opinion was absolutely startling. When men -found that the time from Albany to Buffalo was reduced one-half, and -that the freight on a ton of merchandise was cut down from $100 to $10, -and ultimately to $3, similar enterprises sprang into being everywhere." - -[Illustration: LELAND STANFORD.] - -People were not excited over canals only; everybody was interested about -the coming railroads. George Stephenson, in the midst of the greatest -opposition, landowners even driving the surveyors off their grounds, had -built a road from Liverpool to Manchester, England, which was opened -Sept. 15, 1830. The previous month, August, the Mohawk and Hudson River -Railroad from Albany to Schenectady, sixteen miles, was commenced, a -charter having been granted sometime before this. Josiah Stanford was -greatly interested in this enterprise, and took large contracts for -grading. Men at the Stanford home talked of the great future of -railroads in America, and even prophesied a road to Oregon. "Young as he -was when the question of a railroad to Oregon was first agitated," says -a writer, "Leland Stanford took a lively interest in the measure. Among -its chief advocates at that early day was Mr. Whitney, one of the -engineers in the construction of the Mohawk and Hudson River Railway. -On one occasion, when Whitney passed the night at Elm Grove, Leland -being then thirteen years of age, the conversation ran largely on this -overland railway project; and the effect upon the mind of such a boy may -be readily imagined. The remembrance of that night's discussion between -Whitney and his father never left him, but bore the grandest fruits." - -The cheerful, big-hearted boy worked on his father's farm with his -brothers, rising at five o'clock, even on cold winter mornings, that he -might get his work done before school hours. He himself tells how he -earned his first dollar. "I was about six years old," he said. "Two of -my brothers and I gathered a lot of horseradish from the garden, washed -it clean, took it to Schenectady, and sold it. I got two of the six -shillings received. I was very proud of my money. My next financial -venture was two years later. Our hired man came from Albany, and told us -chestnuts were high. The boys had a lot of them on hand which we had -gathered in the fall. We hurried off to market with them, and sold them -for twenty-five dollars. That was a good deal of money when grown men -were getting only two shillings a day." - -Perhaps the boy felt that he should not always like to work on the farm, -for he had made up his mind to get an education if possible. When he was -eighteen his father bought a piece of woodland, and told him if he would -cut off the timber he might have the money received for it. He -immediately hired several persons to help him, and together they cut and -piled 2,600 cords of wood, which Leland sold to the Mohawk and Hudson -River Railroad at a profit of $2,600. - -After using some of this money to pay for his schooling at an academy -at Clinton, N.Y., he went to Albany, and for three years studied law -with the firm of Wheaton, Doolittle, & Hadley. He disliked Greek and -Latin, but was fond of science, particularly geology and chemistry, and -was a great reader, especially of the newspapers. He attended all the -lectures attainable, and was fond of discussion upon all progressive -topics. Later in life he studied sociological matters, and read John -Stuart Mill and Herbert Spencer. - -Young Stanford determined to try his fortune in the West. He went as far -as Chicago, and found it low, marshy, and unattractive. This was in -1848, when he was twenty-four years old. The town had been organized but -fifteen years, and did not have much to boast of. There were only -twenty-eight voters in Chicago in 1833. In 1837 the entire population -was 4,470. Chicago had grown rapidly by 1848; but mosquitoes were -abundant, and towns farther up Lake Michigan gave better promise for the -future. Mr. Stanford finally settled at Port Washington, Wis., above -Milwaukee, which place it was thought would prove a rival of Chicago. -Forty years later, in 1890, Port Washington had a population of 1,659, -while Chicago had increased to 1,099,850. - -Mr. Stanford did well the first year at Port Washington, earning $1,260. -He remained another year, and then, at twenty-six, went back to Albany -to marry Miss Jane Lathrop, daughter of Mr. Dyer Lathrop, a respected -merchant. They returned to Port Washington, but Mr. Stanford did not -find the work of a country lawyer congenial. He had chosen his -profession, however, and would have gone on to a measure of success in -it, probably, had not an accident opened up a new field. - -He had been back from his wedding journey but a year or more, when a -fire swept away all his possessions, including a quite valuable law -library. The young couple were really bankrupt, but they determined not -to return to Albany for a home. - -Several of Mr. Stanford's brothers had gone to California in 1849, after -the gold-fields were discovered, and had opened stores near the -mining-camps. If Leland were to join them, it would give him at least -more variety than the quiet life at Port Washington. The young wife went -back to Albany to care for three years for her invalid father, who died -in April, 1855. The husband sailed from New York, spending twelve days -in crossing the isthmus, and in thirty-eight days reached San Francisco, -July 12, 1852. For four years he had charge of a branch store at -Michigan Bluffs, Placer County, among the miners. - -He engaged also in mining, and was not afraid of the labor and -privations of the camp. He said some years later, "The true history of -the Argonauts of the nineteenth century has to be written. They had no -Jason to lead them, no oracles to prophesy success nor enchantments to -avert dangers; but, like self-reliant Americans, they pressed forward to -the land of promise, and travelled thousands of miles, when the Greek -heroes travelled hundreds. They went by ship and by wagon, on horseback -and on foot; a mighty army, passing over mountains and deserts, enduring -privations and sickness; they were the creators of a commonwealth, the -builders of states." - -Mr. Stanford had the energy of his father; he had learned how to work -while on the farm, and he had a pleasant and kindly manner to all. Said -a friend of his, after Mr. Stanford had become the governor of a great -State, and the possessor of many millions, "The man who held the -throttle of the locomotive, he who handled the train, worked the brake, -laid the rail, or shovelled the sand, was his comrade, friend, and -equal. His life was one of tender, thoughtful compassion for the man -less fortunate in life than himself." - -The young lawyer was making money, and a good reputation as well, in the -mining-camps. Says an old associate, "Mr. Stanford in an unusual degree -commanded the respect of the heterogeneous lot of men who composed the -mining classes, and was frequently referred to by them as a sort of -arbitrator in settling their disputes for them. While at Michigan Bluffs -he was elected a justice of the peace, which office was the court before -which all disputes and contentions of the miners and their claims were -settled. It is a singular fact, with all the questions that came before -him for settlement, not one of them was appealed to a higher court. - -"Leland Stanford was at this time just as gentle in his manner and as -cordial and respectful to all as in his later years. Yet he was -possessed of a courage which, when tested, as occasion sometimes -required, satisfied the rough element that he was not a man who could be -imposed upon. His principle seemed to be to stand up for the right at -all times. He never indulged in profanity or coarse words of any kind, -and was as considerate in his conduct when holding intercourse with the -rough element as though in the midst of the highest refinement." - -Mr. Stanford had prospered so well that in 1855 he purchased the -business of his brothers in Sacramento, and went East to bring his wife -to the Pacific Coast. He studied his business carefully. He made himself -conversant with the statistics of trade, the tariff laws, the best -markets and means of transportation. He read and thought, while some -others idled away their hours. He was deeply interested in the new -Republican party, which was then in the minority in California. He -believed in it, and worked earnestly for it. When the party was -organized in the State in 1856, he was one of the founders of it. He -became a candidate for State treasurer, and was defeated. Three years -later he was nominated for governor; "but the party was too small to -have any chance, and the contest lay between opposing Democratic -factions." Mr. Stanford was to learn how to win success against fires -and political defeats. - -A year later he was a delegate at large to the Republican National -Convention; and instead of supporting Mr. Seward, who was from his own -State of New York, he worked earnestly for Abraham Lincoln, with whom he -formed a lasting friendship. After Mr. Lincoln was inaugurated, Mr. -Stanford remained in Washington several weeks, at the request of the -president and Secretary Seward, to confer with them about the surest -means of keeping California loyal to the Union. - -Mr. Blaine says of California and Oregon at this time: "Jefferson Davis -had expected, with a confidence amounting to certainty, and based, it is -believed, on personal pledges, that the Pacific Coast, if it did not -actually join the South, would be disloyal to the Union, and would, from -its remoteness and its superlative importance, require a large -contingent of the national forces to hold it in subjection. - -"It was expected by the South that California and Oregon would give at -least as much trouble as Kentucky and Missouri, and would thus -indirectly, but powerfully, aid the Southern cause." - -In the spring of 1861 Mr. Stanford was again nominated by the -Republicans for governor. Though he declined at first, after he had -consented, with his usual vigor, earnestness, and perseverance, with -faith in himself and his fellow-men as well, he and his friends made a -thorough and spirited canvass; and Mr. Stanford received 56,036 votes, -about six times as many as were given him two years before. - -"The period," says the San Francisco _Chronicle_, "was one of unexampled -difficulty of administration; and to add to the embarrassments -occasioned by the Civil War, the city of Sacramento and a vast area of -the valley were inundated. On the day appointed for the inauguration the -streets of Sacramento were swept by a flood, and Mr. Stanford and his -friends were compelled to go and return to the Capitol in boats. The -messages of Governor Stanford, and indeed all his state papers, -indicated wide information, great common-sense, and a comprehensive -grasp of State and national affairs, remarkable in one who had never -before held office under either the State or national government. During -his administration he kept up constant and cordial intercourse with -Washington, and had the satisfaction of leaving the chair of state at -the close of his term of office feeling that no State in the Union was -more thoroughly loyal." - -There was much disloyalty in California at first, but Mr. Stanford was -firm as well as conciliatory. The militia was organized, a State normal -school was established, and the indebtedness of the State reduced -one-half under his leadership as governor. - -After the war was over, Governor Stanford cherished no animosities. When -Mr. Lamar's name was sent to the Senate as associate justice of the -Supreme Court, and many were opposed, Mr. Stanford said, "No man -sympathized more sincerely than myself with the cause of the Union, or -deprecated more the cause of the South. I would have given fortune and -life to have defeated that cause. But the war has terminated, and what -this country needs now is absolute and profound peace. Lamar was a -representative Southern man, and adhered to the convictions of his -boyhood and manhood. There never can be pacification in this country -until these war memories are obliterated by the action of the Executive -and of Congress." - -Mr. Stanford declined a re-election to the governorship, because he -wished to give his time to the building of a railroad across the -continent. He had never forgotten the conversation in his father's home -about a railroad to Oregon. When he went back to Albany for Mrs. -Stanford, after being a storekeeper among the mines, and she was ill -from the tiresome journey, he cheered her with the promise, "Never mind; -a time will come when I will build a railroad for you to go home on." - -Every one knew that a railroad was needed. Vessels had to go around -Cape Horn, and troops and produce had to be transported over the -mountains and across the plains at great expense and much hardship. Some -persons believed the building of a road over the snow-capped Sierra -Nevada Mountains was possible; but most laughed the project to scorn, -and denounced it as "a wild scheme of visionary cranks." - -"The huge snow-clad chain of the Sierra Nevadas," says Mr. Perkins, the -senator from California who succeeded Mr. Stanford, "whose towering -steeps nowhere permitted a thoroughfare at an elevation less than seven -thousand feet above the sea, must be crossed; great deserts, waterless, -and roamed by savage tribes, must be made accessible; vast sums of money -must be raised, and national aid secured at a time in which the credit -of the central government had fallen so low that its bonds of guaranty -to the undertaking sold for barely one-third their face value." - -In the presence of such obstacles no one seemed ready to undertake the -work of building the railroad. One of the persistent advocates of the -plan was Theodore J. Judah, the engineer of the Sacramento Valley and -other local railroads. He had convinced Mr. Stanford that the thing was -possible. The latter first talked with C. P. Huntington, a hardware -merchant of Sacramento; then with Mark Hopkins, Mr. Huntington's -partner, and later with Charles Crocker and others. A fund was raised to -enable Mr. Judah and his associates to perfect their surveys; and the -Central Pacific Railroad Company was formed, June 28, 1861, with Mr. -Stanford as president. - -In Mr. Stanford's inaugural address as governor he had dwelt upon the -necessity of this railroad to unite the East and the West; and now that -he had retired from the gubernatorial office, he determined to push the -enterprise with all his power. Neither he nor his associates had any -great wealth at their command, but they had faith and force of -character. The aid of Congress was sought and obtained by a strictly -party vote, Republicans being in the majority; and the bill was signed -by President Lincoln, July 1, 1862. - -The government agreed to give the company the alternate sections of 640 -acres in a belt of land ten miles wide on each side of the railroad, and -$16,000 per mile in bonds for the easily constructed portion of the -road, and $32,000 and $48,000 per mile for the mountainous portions. The -company was to build forty miles before it received government aid. - -It was so difficult to raise money during the Civil War that Congress -made a more liberal grant July 2, 1864, whereby the company received -alternate sections of land within a belt twenty miles on each side of -the road, or the large amount of 12,800 acres per mile, making for the -company nearly 9,000,000 acres of land. The government was to retain, to -apply on its debt, only half the money it owed the company for -transportation instead of the whole. The most important provision of the -new Act was the authority of the company to issue its own first-mortgage -bonds to an amount not exceeding those of the United States, and making -the latter take a second mortgage. - -There is no question but the United States has given lavishly to -railroads, as the cities have given their streets free to street -railroads; but during the Civil War the need of communication between -East and West seemed to make it wise to build the road at almost any -sacrifice. Mr. Blaine says, "Many capitalists who afterwards indulged in -denunciations of Congress for the extravagance of the grants, were urged -at the time to take a share in the scheme, but declined because of the -great risk involved." - -Mr. Stanford broke ground for the railroad by turning the first -shovelful of earth early in 1863. "At times failure seemed inevitable," -says the New York _Tribune_, June 22, 1893. "Even the stout-hearted -Crocker declared that there were times when he would have been glad to -'lose all and quit;' but the iron will of Stanford triumphed over -everything. As president of the road he superintended its construction -over the mountains, building 530 miles in 293 days. On the last day, -Crocker laid the rails on more than ten miles of track. That the great -railroad builders survived the ordeal is a marvel. Crocker, indeed, -never recovered from the effects of the terrific strain. He died in -1888. Hopkins died twelve years before, in 1876." - -With a silver hammer Governor Stanford drove a golden spike at -Promontory Point, Utah, May 10, 1869, which completed the line of the -Central Pacific, and joined it with the Union Pacific Railroad, and the -telegraph flashed the news from the Atlantic to the Pacific. The Union -Pacific was built from Omaha, Neb., to Promontory Point, though Ogden, -Utah, fifty-two miles east of Promontory Point, is now considered the -dividing line. - -After this road was completed, Mr. Stanford turned to other labors. He -was made president or director of several railroads,--the Southern -Pacific, the California & Oregon, and other connecting lines. He was -also president of the Oriental and Occidental Steamship Company, which -plied between San Francisco and Chinese ports, and was interested in -street railroads, woollen mills, and the manufacture of sugar. - -Foreseeing the great future of California, he purchased very large -tracts of land, including Vina with nearly 60,000 acres, the Gridley -Ranch with 22,000 acres, and his summer home, Palo Alto, thirty miles -from San Francisco, with 8,400 acres. He built a stately home in San -Francisco costing over $1,000,000, and in his journeys abroad collected -for it costly paintings and other works of art. - -But his chief delight was in his Palo Alto estate. Here he sought to -plant every variety of tree, from the world over, that would grow in -California. Many thousands were set out each year. He was a great lover -of trees, and could tell the various kinds from the bark or leaf. - -He loved animals, especially the horse, and had the largest horse farm -for raising horses in the world. Some of his remarkable thoroughbreds -and trotters were Electioneer, Arion, Palo Alto, Sunol, "the flying -filly," Racine, Piedmont that cost $30,000, and many others. He spent -$40,000, it is said, in experiments in instantaneous photography of the -horse; and a book resulted, "The Horse in Motion," which showed that the -ideas of painters about a horse at high speed were usually wrong. No one -was ever allowed to kick or whip a horse or destroy a bird on the -estate. Mr. George T. Angell of Boston tells of the remark made to -General Francis A. Walker by Mr. Stanford. The horses of the latter -were so gentle that they would put their noses on his shoulder, or come -up to visitors to be petted. "How do you contrive to have your horses so -gentle?" asked General Walker. "I never allow a man to _speak_ unkindly -to one of my horses; and if a man _swears_ at one of them, I discharge -him," was the reply. There were large greenhouses and vegetable gardens -at Palo Alto, and acres of wheat, rye, oats, and barley. But the most -interesting and beautiful and highly prized of all the charms at Palo -Alto was an only child, a lad named Leland Stanford, Jr. He was never a -rugged boy; but his sunny, generous nature and intellectual qualities -gave great promise of future usefulness. Mrs. Sallie Joy White, in the -January, 1892, _Wide Awake_, tells some interesting things about him. -She says, "His chosen playmate was a little lame boy, the son of people -in moderate circumstances, who lived near the Stanfords in San -Francisco. The two were together almost constantly, and each was at home -in the other's house. He was very considerate of his little playfellow, -and constituted himself his protector." - -When Mrs. Sarah B. Cooper was making efforts to raise money for the free -kindergarten work in San Francisco suggested by Felix Adler in 1878, she -called on Mrs. Stanford, and the boy Leland heard the story of the needs -of poor children. Putting his hand in his mother's, he said, "Mamma, we -must help those children." - -"Well, Leland," said his mother, "what do you wish me to do?" - -"Give Mrs. Cooper $500 now, and let her start a school, then come to us -for more." And Leland's wish was gratified. - -"Between this time, 1879, and 1892," says Miss M. V. Lewis in the _Home -Maker_ for January, 1892, "Mrs. Leland Stanford has given $160,000, -including a permanent endowment fund of $100,000 for the San Francisco -kindergartens." She supports seven or more, five in San Francisco, and -two at Palo Alto. - -A writer in the press says, "Her name is down for $8,000 a year for -these schools, and I am told she spends much more. I attended a -reception given her by the eight schools under her patronage; and it was -a very affecting sight to watch these four hundred children, all under -four years of age, marching into the hall and up to their benefactor, -each tiny hand grasping a fragrant rose which was deposited in Mrs. -Stanford's lap. These children are gathered from the slums of the city. -It is far wiser to establish schools for the training of such as these, -than to wait until sin and crime have done their work, and then make a -great show of trying to reclaim them through reformatory institutions." - -Leland, Jr., was very fond of animals. Mrs. White tells this story: "One -day, when he was about ten years of age, he was standing looking out of -the window, and his mother heard a tumult outside, and saw Leland -suddenly dash out of the house, down the steps, into a crowd of boys in -front of the house. Presently he reappeared covered with dust, holding a -homely yellow dog in his arms. Quick as a flash he was up the steps and -into the house with the door shut behind him, while a perfect howl of -rage went up from the boys outside. - -"Before his mother could reach him he had flown to the telephone, and -summoned the family doctor. Thinking from the agonized tones of the boy -that some of the family had been taken suddenly and violently ill, the -doctor hastened to the house. - -"He was a stately old gentleman, who believed fully in the dignity of -his profession; and he was somewhat disconcerted and a good deal annoyed -at being confronted with a very dusty, excited boy, holding a -broken-legged dog that was evidently of the mongrel family. At first he -was about to be angry; but the earnest, pleading look on the little -face, and the perfect innocence of any intent of discourtesy, disarmed -the dignified doctor, and he explained to Leland that he did not -understand the case, not being accustomed to treating dogs, but that he -would take him and the dog to one who was. So they went, doctor, boy, -and dog, in the doctor's carriage to a veterinary surgeon, the leg was -set, and they returned home. Leland took the most faithful care of the -dog until it recovered, and it repaid him with a devotion that was -touching." - -Leland, knowing that he was to be the heir of many millions, was already -thinking how some of the money should be used. He had begun to gather -materials for a museum, to which the parents devoted two rooms in their -San Francisco home. He was fitting himself for Yale College, was -excellent in French and German, and greatly interested in art and -archaeology. Before entering upon the long course of study at college, he -travelled with his parents abroad. In Athens, in London, on the -Bosphorus, everywhere, with an open hand, his parents allowed him to -gather treasures for his museum, and for a larger institution which he -had in mind to establish sometime. - -While staying for a while in Rome, symptoms of fever developed in young -Leland, and he was taken at once to Florence. The best medical skill was -of no avail; and he soon died, March 13, 1884, two months before his -sixteenth birthday. His parents telegraphed this sad message home, "Our -darling boy went to heaven this morning." - -The story is told that while watching by the bedside of his son, worn -with care and anxiety, Governor Stanford fell asleep, and dreamed that -his son said to him, "Father, don't say you have nothing to live for; -you have a great deal to live for. Live for humanity, father," and that -this dream proved a comforter. - -The almost prostrated parents brought home their beloved boy to bury him -at Palo Alto. On Thanksgiving Day, Thursday, Nov. 27, 1884, the doors of -the tomb which had been prepared near the house were opened at noon, and -Leland Stanford, Jr., was laid away for all time from the sight of those -who loved him. The bearers were sixteen of the oldest employees on the -Palo Alto farm. The sarcophagus in which Leland, Jr., sleeps is eight -feet four inches long, four feet wide, and three feet six inches high, -built of pressed bricks, with slabs of white Carrara marble one inch -thick firmly fastened to the bricks with cement. In the front slab of -this sarcophagus are cut these words:-- - - - BORN IN MORTALITY - MAY 14, 1868, - LELAND STANFORD, JR. - PASSED TO IMMORTALITY - MARCH 13, 1884. - - -Electric wires were placed in the walls of the tomb, in the doors of -iron, and even in the foundations, so that no sacrilegious hand should -disturb the repose of the sleeper without detection. Memorial services -for young Leland were held in Grace Church, San Francisco, on the -morning of Sunday, Nov. 30, 1884, the Rev. Dr. J. P. Newman of New York -preaching an eloquent sermon. The floral decorations were exquisite; one -bower fifteen feet high with four floral posts supporting floral arches, -a cross six feet high of white camellias, lilies, and tuberoses, -relieved by scarlet and crimson buds, and pillows and wreaths of great -beauty. - -"Nature had highly favored him for some noble purpose," said Dr. Newman. -"Although so young, he was tall and graceful as some Apollo Belvidere, -with classic features some master would have chosen to chisel in marble -or cast in bronze; with eyes soft and gentle as an angel's, yet dreamy -as the vision of a seer; with broad, white forehead, home of a radiant -soul.... He was more than a son to his parents,--he was their companion. -He was as an angel in his mother's sick room, wherein he would sit for -hours and talk of all he had seen, and would cheer her hope of returning -health by the assurance that he had prayed on his knees for her recovery -on each of the twenty-four steps of the Scala Santa in Rome, and that -when he was but eleven years old.... - -"He had selected, catalogued, and described for his projected museum -seventeen cases of antique glass vases, bronze work, and terra-cotta -statuettes, dating back far into the centuries, and which illustrate the -creative genius of those early ages of our race." - -Such a youth wasted no time in foolish pleasures or useless companions. -Like his father he loved history, and sought out, says Dr. Newman, the -place where Pericles had spoken, and Socrates died; "reverently pausing -on Mars Hill where St. Paul had preached 'Jesus and the Resurrection;' -and lingering with strange delight in the temple of Eleusis wherein -death kissed his cheek into a consuming fire." - -At the close of Dr. Newman's memorial address the favorite hymn of young -Leland was sung, "Tell Me the Old, Old Story." From this crushing blow -of his son's death Mr. Stanford never recovered. For years young -Leland's room in the San Francisco home was kept ready and in waiting, -the lamp dimly lighted at night, and the bedclothes turned back by -loving hands as if he were coming back again. The horses the boy used to -ride were kept unused in pasture at Palo Alto, and cared for, for the -sake of their fair young owner. The little yellow dog whose broken leg -was set was left at Palo Alto when the boy went to Europe with his -parents. When he was brought back a corpse, the dog knew all too well -the story of the bereavement. After the body was placed in the tomb, the -faithful creature took his place in front of the door. He could not be -coaxed away even for his food, and one morning he was found there dead. -He was buried near his devoted human friend. - -"Toots," an old black and tan whom young Leland had brought from Albany, -was much beloved. "Mr. Stanford would not allow a dog in the house save -this one," says a writer in the San Francisco _Chronicle_. "'Toots' was -an exception, and he had full run of the house. He was the envy of all -the dogs, even of the noble old Great Dane. 'Toots' would climb upon the -sofa alongside of Mr. Stanford, and forgetting a well-known repugnance -he would pet him and say, 'There is always a place for you; always a -place for you.'" - -The year following the death of young Leland, on Nov. 14, 1885, Mr. -Stanford and his wife founded and endowed their great University at Palo -Alto. In conveying the estates to the trustees, Mr. Stanford said, -"Since the idea of establishing an institution of this kind for the -benefit of mankind came directly and largely from our son and only -child, Leland, and in the belief that had he been spared to advise us as -to the disposition of our estate he would have desired the devotion of a -large portion thereof to this purpose, we will that for all time to come -the institution hereby founded shall bear his name, and shall be known -as the 'Leland Stanford, Jr., University.'" - -Mr. Stanford and his wife visited various institutions of learning -throughout the country, and found consolation in raising this noble -monument to a noble son--infinitely to be preferred to shafts or statues -of marble and bronze. - -This same year, 1885, Mr. Stanford's friends, fearing the effect of his -sorrow, and hoping to divert him somewhat from it, secured his election -by the California Legislature to the United States Senate. He took his -seat March 4, 1885, just a year after the death of his son. He did not -make many speeches, but he proved a very useful member from his good -sense and counsel and kindly leaning toward all helpful legislation for -the poor and the unfortunate. He was re-elected March 3, 1891, for a -second term of six years. - -He will be most remembered in Congress for his Land-Loan Bill which he -originated and presented to the Senate. "The bill proposed that money -should be issued upon land to half the amount of its value, and for such -loan the government was to receive an annual interest of two per cent -per annum." - -"Whatever may be thought by some of the practical utility of his -financial scheme," says Mr. Mitchell, a senator from Oregon, "which he -so earnestly and ably advocated, and which was approved by millions of -his countrymen, for the loaning of money by the United States direct to -the people at a low rate of interest, taking mortgages on farms as -security, all will now agree it indicated in unmistakable terms a -philanthropic spirit, an earnest desire to aid, through the -instrumentality of what he regarded as constitutional and proper -governmental influence, not the great moneyed institutions of the -country, not the vast corporations of the land, with several of which he -was prominently identified in a business way, but rather the great -masses of producers,--the farmers, the planters, and the wage-workers of -his country." - -In this connection the suggestion of Professor Richard T. Ely in his -book on "Socialism and Social Reform," page 334, might well be heeded. -After showing that Germany and other countries have used government -credit to some extent in behalf of the farming community, and that New -York State has been making loans to farmers for a generation or more, he -says, "A sensible demand on the part of farmers' organizations would be -that Congress should appoint a commission of experts to investigate -thoroughly the use of government credit in various countries and at -different times, in behalf of the individual citizen, especially the -farmer, and to make a full and complete report, in order that anything -which is done should be based upon the lessons to be derived from actual -experience." - -Mr. and Mrs. Stanford were much beloved in Washington for their -cordiality and generosity. They gave an annual dinner to the Senate -pages, with a gift for each boy of a gold scarf-pin, or something -attractive, and at Christmas a five-dollar gold-piece to each. Also a -luncheon each winter, and gifts of money, gloves, etc., to the telegraph -and messenger boys. Every orphan asylum and charity hospital in -Washington was remembered at Christmas. Mr. Sibley, representative for -Pennsylvania, relates this incident showing Mr. Stanford's habit of -giving. "My partner and myself had purchased a young colt of him, for -which we paid him $12,500. He took out his check-book, drew two checks -of $6,250 each, and sent them to two different city homes for friendless -children; and with a twinkle in his eye, and broadly beaming benevolence -in his features, said, 'Electric Bell ought to make a great horse; he -starts in making so many people happy in the very beginning of his -life.'" - -Mr. Daniels of Virginia tells how Mr. Stanford was observed one day by a -friend to give $2,000 to an inventor who was trying to apply an electric -motor to the sewing-machine. Mr. Stanford remarked, "This is the -thirtieth man to whom I have given a like sum to develop that idea." - -After Mr. Stanford had been in the Senate two years, on May 14, 1887, -he and Mrs. Stanford laid the corner-stone of their University at Palo -Alto, on the 19th anniversary of the birthday of Leland Stanford, Jr. In -less than four years, on October 1, 1891, the doors of the University -were opened to receive five hundred students, young men and women; for -Mr. Stanford had written in his grant of endowment "to afford equal -facilities and give equal advantages in the University to both sexes." -In his address to the trustees he said, "The rights of one sex, -political or otherwise, are the same as those of the other sex, and this -equality of rights ought to be fully recognized." - -Mrs. Stanford said to Mrs. White as they sat in her library at Palo -Alto, "Whatever the boys have, the girls have as well. We mean that the -girls of our country shall have a fair chance. There shall be no -dividing line in the studies. If a girl desires to become an -electrician, she shall have the opportunity, and that opportunity shall -be the same as the young men's. If she wishes to study mechanics, she -may do it." - -Mr. Stanford said in his address on the day of opening, "I speak for -Mrs. Stanford as well as for myself, for she has been my active and -sympathetic coadjutor, and is co-grantor with me in the endowment and -establishment of this University." - -They had been urged to give their fortune in other directions, as some -persons believed that much education would unfit people for labor. "We -do not believe," said Mr. Stanford, and the world honors him for his -belief, "there can be superfluous education. As man cannot have too much -health and intelligence, so he cannot be too highly educated. Whether -in the discharge of responsible or humble duties he will ever find the -knowledge he has acquired through education, not only of practical -assistance to him, but a factor in his personal happiness, and a joy -forever." - -Mr. Stanford desired that the students should "not only be scholars, but -have a sound practical idea of commonplace, every-day matters, a -self-reliance that will fit them, in case of emergency, to earn their -own livelihood in an humble as well as an exalted sphere." To this end -he provided, besides the usual studies in colleges, for "mechanical -institutes, laboratories, etc." There are departments of civil -engineering, mechanical engineering, electrical engineering, besides -shorthand and typewriting, agriculture, and other practical work. - -He wished to have taught in the University "the right and advantages of -association and co-operation. ... Laws should be formed to protect and -develop co-operative associations. Laws with this object in view will -furnish to the poor man complete protection against the monopoly of the -rich; and such laws, properly administered and availed of, will insure -to the workers of the country the full fruits of their industry and -enterprise." - -He gave directions that "no drinking saloons shall be opened upon any -part of the premises." He "prohibited sectarian instruction," but wished -"to have taught in the University the immortality of the soul, the -existence of an all-wise and benevolent Creator, and that obedience to -His laws is the highest duty of man." Mr. Stanford said, "It seems to us -that the welfare of man on earth depends on the belief in immortality, -and that the advantages of every good act and the disadvantages of -every evil one follow man from this life into the next, there attaching -to him as certainly as individuality is maintained." - -The object of the University is, he said, "to qualify students for -personal success and direct usefulness in life." Again he said, "The -object is not alone to give the student a technical education, fitting -him for a successful business life, but it is also to instil into his -mind an appreciation of the blessings of this government, a reverence -for its institutions, and a love for God and humanity." - -Mr. Stanford wished plain and substantial buildings, "built as needed -and no faster," urging the trustees to bear in mind "that extensive and -expensive buildings do not make a university; that it depends for its -success rather upon the character and attainments of its faculty." - -Mr. Stanford chose for the president of his University David Starr -Jordan, well-known for his scientific work and his various books. Though -a comparatively young man, being forty years of age, Dr. Jordan had had -wide experience. He was graduated from Cornell University in 1872, and -for two years was professor at institutions in Illinois and Wisconsin. -In 1874 he was lecturer in marine botany at the Anderson School at -Penikese, and the following year at the Harvard Summer School at -Cumberland Gap. During the next four years, while holding the chair of -biology in Butler University, Indianapolis, he was the naturalist of two -geological surveys in Indiana and Ohio. For six years he was professor -of zoology in Indiana University, and for the six years following its -president. For fourteen years he had been assistant to the United States -Fish Commission, exploring many of our rivers, and part of that time -agent for the United States Census Bureau in investigating the marine -industries of the Pacific Coast. He had studied also in the large -museums abroad. - -Dr. Albert Shaw tells this interesting incident. "President Jordan had -once met the young Stanford boy on the seashore, and won the lad's -gratitude by telling him of shells and submarine life. It was a singular -coincidence that the parents afterwards heard Dr. Jordan make allusions -in a public address which gave them the knowledge that this was the -interesting stranger who had taught their son so much, and had so -enkindled the boy's enthusiasm. His choice as president was an eminently -wise one." - -Mr. Stanford wished ten acres to be set aside "as a place of burial and -of last rest on earth for the bodies of the grantors and of their son, -Leland Stanford, Jr., and, as the board may direct, for the bodies of -such other persons who may have been connected with the University." - -Mr. Stanford lived to see his University opened and doing successful -work. The plan of its buildings, suggested by the old Spanish Missions -of California, was originally that of Richardson, the noted architect of -Boston; but as he died before it was completed, the work was done by his -successors, Shepley, Rutan, & Coolidge. - -The plan contemplates a number of quadrangles in the midst of 8,400 -acres. "The central group of buildings will constitute two quadrangles, -one entirely surrounding the other," says the _University Register_ for -1894--1895. "Of these the inner quadrangle, with the exception of the -chapel, is now completed. Its twelve one-story buildings are connected -by a continuous open arcade, facing a paved court 586 feet long by 246 -feet wide, or three and a quarter acres. The buildings are of a buff -sandstone, somewhat varied in color. The stone-work is of broken ashlar, -with rough rock face, and the roofs are covered with red tile." Within -the quadrangle are several circular beds of semi-tropical trees and -plants. - -Miss Milicent W. Shinn, in the _Overland Monthly_ for October, 1891, -says, "I should think it hard to say too much of the simple dignity, the -calm influence on mind and mood, of the great, bright court, the deep -arcade with its long vista of columns and arches, the heavy walls, the -unchanging stone surfaces. They seemed to me like the rock walls of -nature; they drew me back, and made me homesick for them when I had gone -away." - -Behind the central quadrangle are the shops, foundry, and boiler-house. -On the east side is Encina Hall, a dormitory for 315 men, provided with -electric lights, steam heat, and bathrooms on each floor. It is four -stories high, and, like the quadrangle, of buff Almaden sandstone. - -On the west side of the quadrangle is Roble Hall, for one hundred young -women, and is built of concrete. There are two gymnasiums, called Encina -and Roble gymnasiums. - -Perhaps the most interesting of all the buildings, the especial gift of -Mrs. Stanford, is the Leland Stanford Junior Museum, of concrete, in -Greek style of architecture, 313 by 156 feet, including wings, situated -a quarter of a mile from the quadrangle, and between the University and -the Stanford residence. The collection made by young Leland is placed -here, and his own arrangement reproduced. The collection includes -Egyptian bronzes, Greek and Roman glass and statues. The Cesnola -collection contains five thousand pieces of Greek and Roman pottery and -glass. The Egyptian collection, made by Brugsch Bey, Curator of the -Gizeh Museum, for Mrs. Stanford, comprises casts of statuary, mummies, -scarabees, etc. Mr. Timothy Hopkins of San Francisco, one of the -trustees, has given for the Egyptian collection embroideries dating from -the sixth to the twenty-first dynasty. He has also given a collection of -ancient and modern coins and costumes, household goods, etc., from -Corea. There are stone implements from Copenhagen, Denmark, and relics -from the mounds of America. Mrs. Stanford is making the collection of -fine arts, and a very large number of copies of great paintings is -intended. Much attention will be given to local history, Indian -antiquities, and Spanish settlements of early California. - -The library has 23,000 volumes and 6,000 pamphlets. Mr. Hopkins has -given a valuable collection of railway books, unusually rich in the -early history of railways in Europe and America, with generous provision -for its increase. Mr. Hopkins has also founded the Hopkins Seaside -Laboratory at Pacific Grove, two miles west of Monterey, to provide for -investigations in marine biology, as a branch of the biological work of -the University. - -Students are not received into the University under sixteen years of -age, and if special students, not under twenty, and must present -certificates of good moral character. If from other colleges they must -bring letters of honorable dismissal. They are offered a choice of -twenty-two subjects for entrance examination, and must pass in twelve -subjects. _Tuition in all departments is free._ - -"The degree of Bachelor of Arts is granted to students who have -satisfactorily completed the equivalent of four years' work of 15 hours -of lecture or recitation weekly, or a total of 120 hours, and who have -also satisfied the requirements in major and minor subjects." - -President Jordan says, in the _Educational Review_ for June, 1892: "In -the arrangement of the courses of study two ideas are prominent: first, -that every student who shall complete a course in the University must be -thoroughly trained in some line of work. His education must have as its -central axis an accurate and full knowledge of something. The second is -that the degree to be received is wholly a subordinate matter, and that -no student should be compelled to turn out of his way in order to secure -it. The elective system is subjected to a single check. In order to -prevent undue scattering, the student is required to select the work in -general of some one professor as major subject or specialty, and to -pursue this subject or line of subjects as far as the professor in -charge may deem it wise or expedient. In order that all courses and all -departments may be placed on exactly the same level, the degree of -Bachelor of Arts is given in all alike for the equivalent of the four -years' course. Should his major subject, for instance, be Greek, then -the title is given that of Bachelor of Arts in Greek; should the major -subject be chemistry, Bachelor of Arts in chemistry, and so on." - -In 1895 there were 1,100 students in the University, of whom 728 were -men, and 372 women. Several of the students are from the New England -States. - -Mr. Stanford spent over a million dollars in the University buildings, -and gave as an endowment over 89,000 acres of land valued at more than -five million dollars. The Palo Alto estate has 8,400 acres; the Vina -estate, 59,000 acres, with over 4,000 acres planted to grapes which are -made into wine--those of us who are total abstainers regret such use; -and the Gridley estate 22,000 acres, one of California's great wheat -farms. In years to come it is hoped that these properties, which are -never to be sold, will so increase in value that they will be worth -several times five millions. - -Mr. and Mrs. Stanford made their wills, giving to the University -"additional property," that the endowment, as Mr. Stanford said, "will -be ample to establish and maintain a university of the highest grade." -It has been stated, frequently, that the "full endowment" in land and -money will be $20,000,000 or more. - -Senator Stanford's death came suddenly at the last, at Palo Alto, -Tuesday, June 20-21, 1893. He had not been well for some time; but -Tuesday he had driven about the estate, with his usual interest and good -cheer. He retired to rest about ten o'clock; and at midnight his wife, -who occupied an adjoining apartment, heard a movement as if Mr. Stanford -were making an effort to rise. She spoke to him, but received no answer. -His breathing was unnatural; and in a few minutes he passed away, -apparently without pain. - -Mr. Stanford was buried at Palo Alto, Saturday, June 24. The body lay -in the library of his home, in a black cloth-covered casket, with these -words on the silver plate:-- - - - LELAND STANFORD. - - BORN TO MORTALITY MARCH 9, 1824. - PASSED TO IMMORTALITY, JUNE 21, 1893. - AGED 69 YRS., 3 MOS., 12 DAYS. - - -Flowers filled every part of the library. The Union League Club sent a -floral piece representing the Stars and Stripes worked in red and white -in "everlasting," with star lilies on a ground of violets. There was a -triple arch of white and pink flowers representing the central arch of -the main University building. There were wreaths and crosses and a -broken wheel of carnations, hollyhocks, violets, white peas, and ferns. - -At half-past one, after all the employees had taken their last look -of the man who had always been their friend,--one, seventy-six -years old, who had worked with Mr. Stanford in the mine, broke down -completely,--the body was borne to the quadrangle of the University by -eight of the oldest engineers in point of service on the Southern -Pacific Railroad. The funeral _cortege_ passed through a double line of -the two hundred or more employees at Palo Alto, several Chinese laborers -being at the end of the line. Senator Stanford was always opposed to any -legislation against the Chinese. - -The body was placed on a platform at one end of the quadrangle, the -remaining space being filled with several thousand persons. About -sixteen hundred chairs were provided, but these could accommodate only a -small portion of those present. The platform was decorated with ferns, -smilax, white sweet peas, and thousands of St. Joseph's lilies. The -temporary chancel was flanked by two remarkable flower pieces: on the -left, a _fac-simile_ of the first locomotive ever purchased and operated -on the Central Pacific Railroad, the "Governor Stanford," sent by the -employees of the company. The boiler and smoke-stack were of -mauve-colored sweet peas; the headlight and bell were of yellow pansies; -the cab of white sweet peas bordered by yellow pansies; the tender of -white sweet peas edged by pansies and lined with ivy; on the side of the -cab, in heliotrope, the name Governor Stanford. On the right of the bier -was the gift of the employees of the Palo Alto stock-farm, a -representation in sweet peas of the senator's favorite bay horse. - -After the burial service of the Episcopal Church, a solo, "O sweet and -blessed country," and address by Dr. Horatio Stebbins of the First -Unitarian Church of San Francisco, the choir sang "Lead Kindly Light," -and the body of Senator Stanford was conveyed through the cypress avenue -to the mausoleum in the ten acres adjoining the residence grounds. The -tomb is in the form of a Greek temple lined with white marble, guarded -by a sphinx on either side of the entrance. - -Here beside the open doors stood another beautiful floral tribute, a -shield eight feet high, of roses, lilies, and other flowers sent by the -employees of the Sacramento Railroad shops. Worked in violets were the -words "The Laborers' Tribute to the Laborers' Friend." The choir sang, -"Abide with Me," the body was laid in the tomb, and the bronze doors -were closed. A few days later the body of Leland Stanford, Junior, the -boy whose death, as Dr. Stebbins said at the senator's funeral, "drew -the sunbeams out of the day," was laid beside that of his father. Some -time the mother will sleep here with her precious dead. - -Mr. Stanford's heart was bound up in his University. He said, after his -son died, "The children of California shall be our children." Mr. Sibley -of Pennsylvania tells how, three years after Leland Junior died, he and -Mr. Stanford "went together to the tomb of the boy, and the father told -amid tears and sobs how, since the death of his son, he had adopted and -taken to his heart and love every friendless boy and girl in all the -land, and that, so far as his means afforded, they should go to make the -path of every such an one smoother and brighter." - -Mr. Stanford told Dr. Stebbins, in speaking of the University: "We feel -[he always used the plural, thus including that womanly heart from whose -fountains his life had ever been refreshed] that we have good ground for -hope. We are very happy in our work. We do not feel that we are making -great sacrifices. We feel that we are working with and for the Almighty -Providence." - -By the will of Mr. Stanford the University receives two and a half -million dollars, but this bequest is not yet available. He always felt, -and rightly, that his wife owned all their large fortune equally with -himself; therefore he placed no restrictions upon her disposal of it. -Inasmuch as she is a co-founder of the University, she will doubtless -add largely to its endowment. Should she do this, the power of Leland -Stanford Junior University for good will be almost unlimited. - -Even granite mausoleums crumble away; but great deeds last forever, and -make their doers immortal. - - - - -CAPTAIN THOMAS CORAM - -AND HIS FOUNDLING ASYLUM. - - -One of the best of England's charities is the Foundling Asylum in -London, founded in 1739 by Captain Thomas Coram. He was not a man of -family or means, but he had a warm heart and great perseverance. For -seventeen years he labored against indifference and prejudice, till -finally his home for little waifs and outcasts became a visible fact, -and for more than a century has been doing its noble work. - -Captain Coram was born at Lyme Regis, in Dorsetshire, in 1668, a seaport -town which carried on some trade with Newfoundland. It is probable that -his father was a seafaring man, as the lad early followed that -occupation. When he was twenty-six years old we hear of him in the New -World at Taunton, Mass., earning his living as a shipwright. - -[Illustration: CAPTAIN THOMAS CORAM] - -He did not wait to become rich--as indeed he never was--before he began -to plan good works. He had saved some money by the year 1703, when he -was thirty-five; for we see by the early records that he conveyed to the -governor and other authorities in Taunton, fifty-nine acres to be used -whenever the people so desired, for an Episcopal church or a -schoolhouse. This gift, the deed alleges, was made "in consideration of -the love and respect which the donor had and did bear unto the said -church, as also for divers other good causes and considerations him -especially at that present moving." - -Later he gave to Taunton a quite valuable library, a portion of which -remains at present. A Book of Common Prayer is now in the church, on -whose title-page it is stated that it was the gift "by the Right -Honorable Arthur Onslow, Speaker of the Honourable House of Commons of -Great Britain, one of His Majesty's most Honourable Privy Council, and -Treasurer of His Majesty's Navy, etc., to Thomas Coram, of London, -Gentleman, for the use of a church, lately built at Taunton, in New -England." - -About this time, 1703, Mr. Coram moved to Boston, and became the master -of a ship. He was deeply interested in the colonies of the mother -country, and though in a comparatively humble station, began to project -plans for their increase in commerce, and growth in wealth. In 1704 he -helped to procure an Act of Parliament for encouraging the making of tar -in the northern colonies of British America by a bounty to be paid on -the importation. Before this all the tar was brought from Sweden. The -colonies were thereby saved five million dollars. - -In 1719, when on board the ship Sea Flower for Hamburgh, that he might -obtain supplies of timber and other naval stores for the royal navy, -Captain Coram was stranded off Cuxhaven and his cargo plundered. - -Some years later, in 1732, having become much interested in the -settlement of Georgia, Captain Coram was appointed one of the trustees -by a charter from George II. - -Three years after this, in 1735, the energetic Captain Coram addressed -a memorial to George II., about the settlement of Nova Scotia, as he had -found there "the best cod-fishing of any in the known parts of the -world, and the land is well adapted for raising hemp and other naval -stores." One hundred laboring men signed this memorial, asking for free -passage thither, and protection after reaching Nova Scotia. - -Captain Coram was so interested in the project that he appeared on -several occasions before the Lords Commissioners for Trade and -Plantations, and was, says Horace Walpole, "the most knowing person -about the plantations I ever talked with." For several years nothing was -done about his memorial, but before his death England took action about -her now valuable colony. - -About 1720 Captain Coram lived in Rotherhithe, and going often to London -early in the morning and returning late at night, became troubled about -the infants whom he saw exposed or deserted in the public streets, -sometimes dead, or dying, or perhaps murdered to avoid publicity. -Sometimes these foundlings, if not deserted, were placed in poor -families to whom a small sum was paid for their board; and often they -were blinded or maimed as they grew older, and sent on the streets to -beg. - -The young mother, usually homeless and friendless, was almost as -helpless as her child if she tried to keep it and earn a living. People -scorned her, or arrested her and threw her into prison: the shipmaster -tried to find a remedy for the evil. - -He talked with his friends and acquaintances, but no one seemed to -care. He besought those high in authority, but few seemed to think that -foundlings were worth saving. The poor and the disgraced should bear -their sorrows alone. Some from all ranks thought the charity a noble -one, and wondered that it had been so long neglected; but none gave a -penny, or put forth any effort. - -"His arguments," wrote Coram's most intimate friend, Dr. Brocklesby, -"moved some, the natural humanity of their own temper more, his firm but -generous example most of all; and even people of rank began to be -ashamed to see a man's hair become gray in the course of a solicitation -by which he was to get nothing. Those who did not enter far enough into -the case to compassionate the unhappy infants for whom he was a suitor, -could not help pitying him." - -Captain Coram finally turned to woman for aid, and obtained the names of -"twenty-one ladies of quality and distinction" who were willing to help -in his project of a foundling asylum. Not all "ladies of quality" were -willing to help, however; for in the Foundling Hospital may be seen this -note, attached to a memorial addressed to "H.R.H., the Princess Amelia." - -"On Innocents' Day, the 28th December, 1737, I went to St. James' Palace -to present this petition, having been advised first to address the lady -of the bedchamber in waiting to introduce it. But the Lady Isabella -Finch, who was the lady in waiting, gave me rough words, and bid me gone -with my petition, which I did, without opportunity of presenting it." - -Finally Captain Coram's incessant labors bore fruit. On Tuesday, Nov. -20, 1739, at Somerset House, London, a meeting of the nobility and -gentry was held, appointed by his Majesty's royal charter to be -governors and guardians of the hospital. Captain Coram, now seventy-one -years of age, addressed the president, the Duke of Bedford, with great -feeling. "My Lord," he said, "although my declining years will not -permit me to hope seeing the full accomplishment of my wishes, yet I can -now rest satisfied; and it is what I esteem an ample reward of more than -seventeen years' expensive labor and steady application, that I see your -Grace at the head of this charitable trust, assisted by so many noble -and honorable governors." - -The house for the foundlings was opened in Hatton Garden in 1741, no -child being received over two months old. No questions as to parentage -were to be asked; and when no more infants could be taken in, the sign, -"The house is full," was hung over the door. Sometimes one hundred women -would be at the door with babies in their arms; and when only twenty -could be received, the poor creatures would fight to be first at the -door, that their child might find a home. Finally the infants were -admitted by ballot, by means of balls drawn by the mothers out of a bag. -If they drew a white ball, the child was received; if a black ball, it -was turned away. - -The present Foundling Hospital was begun in 1740, and the western wing -finished and occupied in 1745, on the north side of Guilford Street, -London, the governors having bought the land, fifty-five acres, from the -Earl of Salisbury. - -Hogarth, the painter, was deeply interested in Captain Coram's -benevolent object. He painted for the hospital some of his finest -pictures, and influenced his brother artists to do the same. Hogarth's -"March to Finchley" was intended to be dedicated to George II. A proof -print was accordingly presented to the king for his approval. The -picture gives "a view of a military march, and the humors and disorders -consequent thereon." - -The king was indignant, and exclaimed, "Does the fellow mean to laugh at -my guards?" - -"The picture, please your Majesty," said one of the bystanders, "must be -considered as a burlesque." - -"What! a painter burlesque a soldier? He deserves to be picketed for his -insolence," replied the king. - -The picture was returned to the mortified artist, who dedicated it to -"the king of Prussia, an encourager of the arts." - -So many fine paintings were presented to the hospital,--one of Raphael's -cartoons, a picture by Benjamin West, and others,--and such a crowd of -people came daily to see them in splendid carriages and gilt sedan -chairs, that the institution "became the most fashionable morning lounge -in the reign of George II." - -This exhibition of pictures of the united artists was the precursor of -the Royal Academy, founded in 1768. Before this time the artists had -their annual reunion and dinner together at the Foundling Hospital, the -children entertaining them with music. - -Hogarth, notwithstanding his busy life, requested that several of the -infants should be sent to Chiswick, where he resided; and he and Mrs. -Hogarth looked carefully after their welfare. It was the custom to send -the babies into the country to be nursed by some mother, as soon as -they were received at the hospital. - -Handel, as well as Hogarth, was interested in the foundlings. The chapel -had been erected by subscription in 1847. George II subscribed L2,000 -towards its erection, and L1,000 towards supplying a preacher. Handel -offered a performance in vocal and instrumental music to raise money in -building the chapel. The most distinguished persons in the realm came to -hear the music. Over a thousand were present, the tickets being half a -guinea each. - -Each year, as long as Handel was able to do so, he superintended the -performance of his great Oratorio of the Messiah in the chapel, which -netted the treasury L7,000. When he died he made the following bequest: -"I give a fair copy of the Score, and all the parts of my Oratorio -called the Messiah, to the Foundling Hospital." - -A singular gift to the hospital was from Omychund, a black merchant of -Calcutta, who bequeathed to that and the Magdalen Hospital 37,500 -current rupees, to be equally divided between them. - -Captain Coram lived ten years after his good work was begun. He loved to -visit the hospital, and looked upon the children as if they were his -own. He rejoiced in every gift, although he had no money of his own to -give. He had buried his wife, Eunice, after whom the first girl at the -hospital was named. The first boy was called Thomas Coram, after the -founder. - -During the last two years of Captain Coram's life, when it was known by -his friends that he was without funds, Dr. Brocklesby called to ask him -if a subscription in his behalf would offend him. He replied, "I have -not wasted the little wealth of which I was formerly possessed in -self-indulgence and vain expenses, and am not ashamed to confess that, -in this my old age, I am poor." - -Mr. Gideon, his friend, obtained various sums from those interested. The -late Prince of Wales subscribed twenty guineas yearly. - -Captain Coram, content with supplying his barest needs, turned his -thoughts to more benevolence. He desired to unite the Indians in North -America more closely to British interests, by establishing among them a -school for girls. He lived long enough to make some progress in this -work, but he was too old to be very active. - -He died at his lodgings near Leicester Square, on Friday, March 29, -1751, at the age of eighty-four, his last request being that he might be -buried in the chapel of his Foundling Hospital. He was buried there -April 3, at the east end of the vault, in a lead coffin enclosed in -stone. His funeral was attended by a great concourse of people. The -choir of St. Paul's Cathedral, with many notables, were at the hospital -to receive the body, and pay it suitable honors. The shipmaster had won -renown, not by learning or wealth, but by disinterested benevolence. -Seventeen years of patient and persistent labor brought its reward. - -In the southern arcade of the chapel one may read a long inscription to -the memory of - - - CAPTAIN THOMAS CORAM, - WHOSE NAME WILL NEVER WANT A MONUMENT AS - LONG AS THIS HOSPITAL SHALL SUBSIST. - - -In front of the hospital is a fine statue of the founder by William -Calder Marshall, R.A.; and within, in the girls' dining-room, is Coram's -portrait by Hogarth. - -After fifteen years from the time of opening the hospital, the -governors, their land having risen in value so that their income was -larger, and Parliament having given L10,000, determined that their -institution should be carried on in an unrestricted manner, as is the -case in Russia and some other countries on the Continent. - -In Moscow the Foundling Hospital admits 13,000 children yearly. The -mother may reclaim her child at any time before it is ten years of age. -The state knows that the child has received a better start in life than -it could have done with the poor mother. - -The Foundling Asylum at St. Petersburg, established by Catherine the -Great, is the largest and finest in the world. The buildings cover -twenty-eight acres, and the institution has an annual revenue from the -government and from private sources of nearly $5,000,000. Thirteen -thousand babies are sometimes brought in one year, who but for this -blessed charity would probably have been put out of the way. Twenty-five -thousand foundlings are constantly enrolled. In Russia infanticide is -said to be almost unknown. - -Married people, if poor, may bring their child for one year. If not able -to provide for it at the end of that time, then it belongs to the state. -The boys become mechanics, or enter the army and navy; and the girls -become teachers, nurses, etc. - -The Foundling Hospital in London determined to welcome all deserted or -destitute infants, and save as many as possible from sin and want. A -basket was hung outside the gate of the hospital, and one hundred and -seventeen infants were put in it the first day. - -Abuses of this kind intention soon crept in. Parents too poor to care -for their children sent them from the country to London, and they died -often on the way thither. One man, who carried five infants in a basket, -got drunk on the journey, lay all night on a common, and three out of -the five babies were found dead in the morning. Often the carriers stole -all the clothing of the little ones, and they were thrown into the -basket naked. Within four years about fifteen thousand babies were -received, but only forty-four hundred lived to be sent out into homes. -The mothers hated to part with their infants, and would often follow -them for miles on foot. The poor mother would leave some token by which -her child could be identified. Sometimes it was a coin or a ribbon, or -possibly the daintiest cap the poverty of the mother would permit her to -make. Sometimes a verse of poetry was pinned on the dress:-- - - - "If Fortune should her favors give, - That I in better plight might live, - I'd try to have my boy again, - And train him up the best of men." - - -"The court-room of the Foundling," says a writer in "Chambers's -Journal," "has probably witnessed as painful scenes as any chamber in -Great Britain; and again, when the children, at five years old, are -brought up to London, and separated from their foster-mothers, these -scenes are renewed." - -"The stratagems resorted to by women to identify their children," says -"Old and New London," "and to assure themselves of their well-being, -are often singularly touching. Sometimes notes are found pinned to the -infant's garments, beseeching the nurse to tell the mother her name and -residence, that the latter may visit the child during its stay in the -country. They will also attend the baptism in the chapel, in the hope of -hearing the name conferred upon the infant; for, if they succeed in -identifying the child during its stay at nurse, they can always preserve -its identification during its subsequent abode in the hospital, since -the children appear in chapel twice on Sunday, and dine in public on -that day, which gives opportunity of seeing them from time to time, and -preserving the recollection of their features." - -So many children were brought to the hospital after all restrictions -were removed, in 1756, the death-roll was so large, and the expenses so -great, that after four years different methods were adopted. There are -now about five hundred children in the Foundling Hospital, who remain -till they are fifteen years old, when they are apprenticed till of age -at some kind of labor. None are received at the hospital except when a -vacancy occurs, as the size of the buildings and funds will not permit -more inmates. Usually about forty are received, one-sixth of those who -apply. There is a fund provided to help those in later life who prove -idiotic or blind, or unfitted to earn their support. - -Sundays visitors in London go often to hear the trained voices of the -foundlings. The girls, in their white caps and white kerchiefs, sit on -one side of the organ, a gift from the great Handel, and the boys, -neatly dressed, on the other side. There is a juvenile band of -musicians among the boys; and so well do they play, that, on leaving the -institution, they often find positions in the bands of Her Majesty's -Household Troops or in the navy. Lieutenant-Colonel James C. Hyde -presented the boys with a set of brass instruments, and some valuable -drawings of native artists of India, for the adornment of their walls. - -Some time ago I visited with much interest the New York Foundling -Hospital, on Sixty-eighth Street, six stories high, founded by and in -charge of the Sisters of Charity. During the year 1895 there were cared -for 3,109 infants and little children, and 516 needy and homeless -mothers. On one side of the Foundling Hospital is the Maternity -Hospital, and on the other side the Children's Hospital. - -The cradle to receive the baby is placed within the vestibule, so that -the Sister, when the bell is rung, may talk kindly with the person -bringing it, and often persuades her to remain for some months and care -for her child. No information is sought as to names, family, etc. Other -infants are taken into the country to be nursed by foster-mothers, and -the institution does not lose its close oversight of the little ones. - -When these infants are unclaimed, they are usually sent to homes in the -West to be adopted. Since the opening of the Foundling Hospital in 1869, -twenty-six years ago, 27,171 waifs have been received and cared for. - -The "Nursery and Child's Hospital," Fifty-first Street and Lexington -Avenue, carries on a work similar to the Foundling Asylum, and, though -under Protestant control, is not a denominational enterprise. - -In Cleveland, Ohio, one of the most interesting charities is the "Lida -Baldwin Infants' Rest," for which Mr. H. R. Hatch has given an admirable -building, at 1416 Cedar Avenue, costing $17,000 or $18,000. Babies, if -over two years old, are taken to the Protestant Orphan Asylum on St. -Clair Street. The "Rest" is named after the first wife of Mr. Hatch, an -enterprising and philanthropic merchant, who, among other gifts, has -just presented a handsome granite library building, costing nearly -$100,000, to Adelbert College of Western Reserve University. - -When Reuben Runyan Springer died in Cincinnati, Ohio, Dec. 10, 1884, at -the age of eighty-four years, he did not forget to give the Sisters of -Charity $20,000 for a foundling asylum. His family were originally from -Sweden. When a youth he was clerk on a steamboat from Cincinnati to New -Orleans, and soon acquired an interest in the boat, and began his -fortune. Later, he was partner in a grocery house. Mr. Springer gave to -the Little Sisters of the Poor $35,000, Good Samaritan Hospital $30,000, -St. Peter's Benevolent Society $50,000, besides many other gifts. To -music and art he gave $420,000. To his two faithful domestics and -friends, he gave $7,500 each, and to his coachman his horses, carriages, -harness, and $5,000. His various charities amounted to a million dollars -or more. - -Most cities have, or ought to have, a foundling asylum, though often it -bears a different name. The Roman Catholics seem to be wiser in this -respect, and more careful to save infant life, than we of the Protestant -faith. - - - - -HENRY SHAW - -AND HIS BOTANICAL GARDEN. - - -It is rare that a poor boy comes to America from a foreign land, with -almost no money in his pocket, and leaves to his adopted town and State -a million four hundred thousand dollars to beautify a city, to elevate -its taste, and to help educate its people. - -Henry Shaw of St. Louis, Mo., was born in Sheffield, England, July 24, -1800. He was the oldest of four children, having had a brother who died -in infancy and two sisters. His father, Joseph Shaw, was a manufacturer -of grates, fire-irons, etc., at Sheffield. - -The boy obtained his early education at Thorne, a village not far from -his native town, and used to get his lessons in an arbor, half hidden by -vines, and surrounded by trees and flowers. From childhood he had a -passion for a garden, and worked with his two little sisters in planting -anemones and buttercups. - -From the school at Thorne the lad was transferred to Mill Hill, about -twenty miles from London, to a "Dissenting" school, the father being a -Baptist. Here he studied for six years, Latin, French, and probably -other languages, as he knew in later life German, Italian, and Spanish. -He became especially fond of French literature, and in manhood read and -wrote French as easily and correctly as English. He was for a long time -regarded as the best mathematician in St. Louis. - -In 1818, when Henry was eighteen, he and the rest of the family came to -Canada. The same year his father sent him to New Orleans to learn how to -raise cotton; but the climate did not please him, and he removed to a -small French trading-post, called St. Louis, May 3, 1819. - -The youth had a little stock of cutlery with him, the capital for which -his uncle, Mr. James Hoole, had furnished. His nephew was always -grateful for this kind act. He rented a room on the second floor of a -building, and cooked, slept, ate, and sold his goods in this one room. -He went out very little in the evening, preferring to read books, and -sometimes played chess with a friend. It is thought that he rather -avoided meeting young ladies, as he perhaps naturally preferred to marry -an English girl, when able to support her; but when the fortune was -earned he was wedded to his gardens, his flowers, and his books, so that -he never married. The young man showed great energy in his hardware -business, was very economical, honest, and always punctual. He had -little patience with persons who were not prompt, and failed to keep an -engagement. - -Though usually self-poised, possessing almost perfect control over a -naturally quick temper, a gentleman relates that he once saw him angry -because a man failed to keep an appointment; but Mr. Shaw regretted that -he had allowed himself to speak sharply, and asked the offending person -to dine with him. His head-gardener, Mr. James Gurney, from the Royal -Botanical Garden in Regent's Park, London, said many years ago of Mr. -Shaw, "In twenty-three years I never heard him speak a harsh or an -irritable word. No matter what went wrong,--and on such a place, and -with so many men, things will go wrong occasionally,--he was always -pleasant and cheerful, making the best of what could not be helped." - -Mr. Shaw gave close attention to business in the growing town of St. -Louis, and in 1839, after he had been there twenty years, was astonished -to find that his annual profits were $25,000. He said, "this was more -money than any man in my circumstances ought to make in a single year;" -and he resolved to go out of business as soon as a good opportunity -presented itself. This occurred the following year, in 1840; and at -forty years of age, Mr. Shaw retired from business with a fortune of -$250,000, equivalent to a million, probably, at the present day. - -After twenty years of constant labor he determined to take a little rest -and change. In September, 1840, he went to Europe, stopping in -Rochester, N.Y., where his parents and sisters then resided, and took -his younger sister with him. - -He was absent two years, and coming home in 1842, soon arranged for -another term of travel abroad. He remained in Europe three years, -travelling in almost all places of interest, including Constantinople -and Egypt. He kept journals, and wrote letters to friends, showing -careful observation and wide reading. He made a third and last visit to -Europe in 1851, to attend the first World's Fair, held in London. During -this visit he conceived the plan of what eventually became his great -gift. While walking through the beautiful grounds of Chatsworth, the -magnificent home of the Duke of Devonshire, Mr. Shaw said to himself, -"Why may not I have a garden too? I have enough land and money for -something of the same sort in a smaller way." - -The old love for flowers and trees, as in boyhood, made the man in -middle life determine to plant not so much for himself as for posterity. -He had finished a home in the suburbs of St. Louis, Tower Grove, in -1849; and another was in process of building in the city on the corner -of Seventh and Locust Streets, when Mr. Shaw returned from Europe in -1851. - -For five or six years he beautified the grounds of his country home, and -in 1857 commissioned Dr. Engelmann, then in Europe, to examine botanical -gardens and select proper books for a botanical library. Correspondence -was begun with Sir William J. Hooker, the distinguished director of the -famous Kew Gardens in London, our own beloved botanist, Professor Asa -Gray of Harvard College, and others. Dr. Engelmann urged Mr. Shaw to -purchase the large herbarium of the then recently deceased Professor -Bernhardi of Erfurt, Germany, which was done, Hooker writing, "The State -ought to feel that it owes you much for so much public spirit, and so -well directed." - -March 14, 1859, Mr. Shaw secured from the State Legislature an Act -enabling him to convey to trustees seven hundred and sixty acres of -land, "in trust, upon a portion thereof to keep up, maintain, and -establish a botanic garden for the cultivation and propagation of -plants, flowers, fruit and forest trees, and for the dissemination of -the knowledge thereof among men, by having a collection thereof easily -accessible; and the remaining portion to be used for the purpose of -maintaining a perpetual fund for the support and maintenance of said -garden, its care and increase, and the museum, library, and instruction -connected therewith." - -For the next twenty-five years Mr. Shaw gave his time and strength to -the development of his cherished garden and park. "He lived for them," -says Mr. Thomas Dimmock, "and, as far as was practicable, _in_ them; -walking or driving every day, when weather and health allowed, and -permitting no work of importance to go on without more or less of his -personal inspection and direction. The late Dr. Asa Gray, than whom -there can be no higher authority, once said, 'This park and the -Botanical Garden are the finest institutions of the kind in the country; -in variety of foliage the park is unequalled.'" - -Once when Mr. Shaw was escorting a lady through his gardens, she said, -"I cannot understand, sir, how you are able to remember all these -different and difficult names."--"Madam," he replied, with a courtly -bow, "did you ever know a mother who could forget the names of her -children? These plants and flowers are my children. How can I forget -them?" - -So devoted was Mr. Shaw to his work, that he did not go out of St. Louis -for nearly twenty years, except for a drive to the neighboring village -of Kirkwood to dine with a friend. - -Nine years after the garden had been established, in 1866, Mr. Shaw -began to create Tower Grove Park, of two hundred and seventy-six acres, -planting from year to year over twenty thousand trees, all raised in the -arboretum of the garden. Walks were gravelled, flower-beds laid out, -ornamental water provided, and artistic statues of heroic size, made by -Baron von Mueller of Munich, of Shakespeare, Humboldt, and Columbus. The -niece of Humboldt, who saw the statue of her uncle at Munich, wrote to -Mr. Shaw, saying that "Europe had done nothing comparable to it for the -great naturalist." - -Mr. Shaw used to say, when setting out these trees, that he was -"planting them for posterity," as he did not expect to live to see them -reach maturity. They were, however, of good size when he died in his -ninetieth year, Sunday, Aug. 25, 1889. - -"The death, peaceful and painless," says Mr. Dimmock, "occurred in his -favorite room on the second floor of the old homestead, by the window of -which he sat nearly every night for more than thirty years until the -morning hours, absorbed in the reading which had been the delight of his -life. This room was always plainly furnished, containing only a brass -bedstead, tables, chairs, and the few books he loved to have near him. -The windows looked out upon the old garden which was the first botanical -beginning at Tower Grove. - -"On Saturday, Aug. 31, after such ceremonial as St. Louis never before -bestowed upon any deceased citizen, Henry Shaw was laid to rest in the -mausoleum long prepared in the midst of the garden he had created--not -for himself merely, but for the generations that shall come after him, -and who, enjoying it, will 'rise up and call him blessed.'" - -Mr. Shaw was beloved by his workmen for his uniform kindness to them. -Once when a young boy who was visiting him, and walking with him in the -garden, passed a lame workman, and did not speak, although Mr. Shaw -said "Good-morning, Henry," the courteous old gentleman said, "Charles, -you did not speak to Henry. Go back and say 'Good-morning' to him." Mr. -Shaw employed many Bohemians, because he said, "They do not seem to be -very popular with us, and I think I ought to help them all I can." - -Mr. Shaw was always simple in his tastes and economical in his habits. -He drove his one-horse barouche till his friends, owing to his -infirmities from increasing age, prevailed upon him to have a carriage -and a driver. - -Four years before the death of Mr. Shaw he endowed a School of Botany as -a department of Washington University, giving improved real estate -yielding over $5,000 annually. He desired "to promote education and -investigation in that science, and in its application to horticulture, -arboriculture, medicine, and the arts, and for the exemplification of -the Divine wisdom and goodness as manifested throughout the vegetable -kingdom." - -Dr. Asa Gray had been deeply interested in this movement, and twice -visited St. Louis to consult with Mr. Shaw. By the recommendation of Dr. -Gray, Mr. William Trelease, Professor of Botany in Wisconsin University -at Madison, a graduate of Cornell University, and associated for some -time with Professor Gray in various labors, was made Englemann Professor -in the Henry Shaw School of Botany. - -Professor Trelease was also made director of the Missouri Botanical -Garden, and has proved his fitness for the position by his high rank in -scholarship, his contributions to literature, and his devotion to the -work which Mr. Shaw felt satisfaction in committing to his care. His -courtesy as well as ability have won him many friends. Mr. Shaw left by -will various legacies to relatives and institutions, his property, -invested largely in land, having become worth over a million dollars. He -gave to hospitals, several orphan asylums, Old Ladies' Home, Girls' -Industrial Home, Young Men's Christian Association, etc., but by far the -larger part to his beloved garden. He wished it to be open every day of -the week to the public, except on Sundays and holidays, the first Sunday -in June and the first Sunday in September being exceptions to the rule. -When the garden was opened the first Sunday of June, 1895, there were -20,159 visitors, and in September, though showery, 15,500. - -Mr. Shaw bequeathed $1,000 annually for a banquet to the trustees of the -garden, and literary and scientific men whom they choose to invite, thus -to spread abroad the knowledge of the useful work the garden and schools -of botany are doing; also $400 for a banquet to the gardeners of the -institution, with the florists, nurserymen, and market-gardeners of St. -Louis and vicinity. Each year $500 is to be used in premiums at -flower-shows, and $200 for an annual sermon "on the wisdom and goodness -of God as shown in the growth of flowers, fruits, and other products of -the vegetable kingdom." - -The Missouri Botanical Garden, Shaw's Garden as it is more commonly -called, covering about forty-five acres, is situated on Tower Grove -Avenue, about three miles southwest of the New Union Station. The former -city residence of Mr. Shaw has been removed to the garden, in which are -the herbarium and library, with 12,000 volumes. The herbarium contains -the large collection of the late Dr. George Engelmann, about 100,000 -specimens of pressed plants; and the general collection contains even -more than this number of specimens from all parts of the world. The -palms, the cacti, the tree-ferns, the fig-trees, etc., are of much -interest. There is an observatory in the centre of the garden; and south -of this, in a grove of shingle-oaks and sassafras-trees, is the -mausoleum of Henry Shaw, containing a life-like reclining marble statue -of the founder of the garden, with a full-blown rose in his hand. - -During the past year several ponds have been made in the garden for the -Victoria Regia, or Amazon water-lily, and other lilies. On the approach -of winter, over a thousand plants are taken from the ground, potted, and -distributed to charitable institutions and poor homes in the city. - -Much practical good has resulted from the great gift of Henry Shaw. -According to his will, there are six scholarships provided for garden -pupils. Three hundred dollars a year are given to each, with tuition -free, and lodging in a comfortable house adjacent to the garden. So many -persons have applied for instruction, that as many are received as can -be taught conveniently, each paying $25 yearly tuition fee. - -The culture of flowers, small fruits, orchards, house-plants, etc., is -taught; also landscape-gardening, drainage, surveying, and kindred -subjects. "It is safe to predict," says the Hon. Wm. T. Harris, -Commissioner of Education, "that the future will see a large -representation of specialists resorting to St. Louis to pursue the -studies necessary for the promotion of agricultural industry." - -Dr. Trelease gives two courses of evening lectures at Washington -University each year, and at the garden he gives practical help to his -learners. He investigates plant diseases and the remedies, and aids the -fruit-grower, the florist, and the farmer, in the best methods with -grasses, seeds, trees, etc. He deprecates the reckless manner in which -troublesome weeds are scattered from farm to farm with clover and grass -seed. He and his assistants are making researches concerning plants, -flowers, etc., which are published annually. - -The memory of Henry Shaw, "the first great patron of botanical science -in America," is held in honor and esteem by the scientific world. The -flowers and trees which he loved and found pleasure in cultivating, each -year make thousands happier. - -Nature was to him a great teacher. In his garden, over a statue of -"Victory," these words are engraved in stone: "O Lord, how manifold are -thy works: in wisdom hast thou made them all." - -The seasons will come and go; the flowers will bud and blossom year -after year, and the trees spread out their branches: they will be a -continual reminder of the white-haired man who planted them for the sake -of doing good to others. - -Harvard College received a valuable gift May, 1861, through the -munificence of the late Benjamin Bussey of Roxbury, Mass., in property -estimated at $413,092.80, "for a course of instruction in practical -agriculture, and the various arts subservient thereto." The superb -estate is near Jamaica Plain. The students of the Bussey Institute -generally intend to become gardeners, florists, landscape-gardeners, and -farmers. The Arnold Arboretum occupies a portion of the Bussey farm in -West Roxbury. The fund given by the late James Arnold of New Bedford, -Mass., for this purpose now amounts to $156,767.97. - - - - -JAMES SMITHSON - -AND THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. - - -Another Englishman besides Henry Shaw to whom America is much indebted -is James Smithson, the giver of the Smithsonian Institution at -Washington. Born in 1765 in France, he was the natural son of Hugh, -third Duke of Northumberland, and Mrs. Elizabeth Macie, heiress of the -Hungerfords of Audley, and niece of Charles, Duke of Somerset. - -At Pembroke College, Oxford, he was devoted to science, especially -chemistry, and spent his vacations in collecting minerals. He was -graduated May 26, 1786, and thereafter gave his time to study and -original research. In 1790 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society, -and became the friend of many distinguished men, both in England and on -the Continent, where he lived much of the time. Among his friends and -correspondents, were Sir Humphry Davy, Berzelius (the noted chemist of -Sweden), Gay-Lussac the chemist, Thomson, Wollaston, and others. - -[Illustration: JAMES SMITHSON.] - -He wrote and published in the _Philosophical Transactions of the Royal -Society_, and also in Thomson's _Annals of Philosophy_, many valuable -papers on the "Composition of Zeolite," "On a Substance Procured from -the Elm Tree, called Ulmine," "On a Saline Substance from Mount -Vesuvius," "On Facts Relating to the Coloring Matter of Vegetables," -etc. At his death he left about two hundred manuscripts. He was deeply -interested in geology, and made copious notes in his journal on rocks -and mining. His life seems to have been a quiet one, devoted to -intellectual pursuits. - -Professor Henry Carrington Bolton, in the _Popular Science Monthly_ for -January and February, 1896, relates this incident of Smithson: "It is -said that he frequently narrated an anecdote of himself which -illustrated his remarkable skill in analyzing minute quantities of -substances, an ability which rivalled that of Dr. Wollaston. Happening -to observe a tear gliding down a lady's cheek, he endeavored to catch it -on a crystal vessel. One-half the tear-drop escaped; but he subjected -the other half to reagents, and detected what was then called -microcosmic salt, muriate of soda, and some other saline constituents -held in solution." - -When Mr. Smithson was over fifty years of age, in 1818 or 1819, he had a -misunderstanding with the Royal Society, owing to their refusal to -publish one of his papers. It is said that prior to this he intended to -leave all his wealth, over $500,000 to the society. - -About three years before his death, he made a brief will, giving the -income of his fortune to his nephew, Henry James Hungerford, and the -whole fortune to the children of his nephew, if he should marry. In case -he did not marry, Smithson bequeathed the whole of his property "to the -United States of America, to found at Washington, under the name of the -Smithsonian Institution, an establishment for the increase and diffusion -of knowledge among men." - -Mr. Smithson, says Professor Simon Newcomb, "is not known to have had -the personal acquaintance of an American, and his tastes were supposed -to have been aristocratic rather than democratic. We thus have the -curious spectacle of a retired English gentleman bequeathing the whole -of his large fortune to our Government, to found an establishment which -was described in ten words, without a memorandum of any kind by which -his intentions could be divined, or the recipient of the gift guided in -applying it." - -Mr. Smithson died June 27, 1829, in Genoa, Italy, at the age of -sixty-four. His nephew survived him only six years, dying unmarried at -Pisa, Italy, June 5, 1835. He used the income from his uncle's estate -while he lived, and upon his death it passed to the United States. -Hungerford's mother, who had married a Frenchman, Madame Theodore de la -Batut, claimed a life-interest in the estate of Smithson, which was -granted till her death in 1861. To meet this annuity $26,210 was -retained in England until she died. - -For several years it was difficult to decide in what way Congress should -use the money "for the increase and diffusion of knowledge among men." -John Quincy Adams desired a great astronomical observatory; Rufus Choate -of Massachusetts urged a grand library; a senator from Ohio wished a -botanical garden; another person a college for women; another a school -for indigent children of the District of Columbia; still another a great -agricultural school. - -After seven years of indecision and discussion the Smithsonian -Institution was organized by act of Congress, Aug. 10, 1846, which -provided for a suitable building to contain objects of natural history, -a chemical laboratory, a library, gallery of art, and geological and -mineralogical collections. The minerals, books, and other property of -James Smithson, were to be preserved in the Institution. - -Professor Joseph Henry, whose interesting life I have sketched in my -"Famous Men of Science," was called to the headship of the new -Institution. For thirty-three years he devoted his life to make -Smithson's gift a blessing to the world and an honor to the name of the -generous giver. The present secretary is the well-known Professor Samuel -P. Langley. - -The library was after a time transferred to the Library of Congress, the -art department to the Corcoran Art Gallery, and the Smithsonian -Institution began to do its specific work of helping men to make -original scientific research, to aid in explorations, and to send -scientific publications all over the world. Its first publication was a -work on the mounds and earthworks found in the Mississippi Valley. Much -time has also been given to the study of the character and pursuits of -the earliest races on this continent. - -The Smithsonian Institution now owns two large buildings, one completed -in 1855, costing about $314,000, and the great National Museum, which -Congress helped to build. This building has a floor space of 100,000 -square feet, and contains over three and one-half million specimens of -birds, fishes, Oriental antiquities, minerals, fossils, etc. So much of -value has been gathered by government surveys, as well as by -contributions from other nations by way of exchange, that halls twice as -large as those now built could be filled by the specimens. So popular -is the museum as a place to visit, that in the year ending June 30, -1893, over 300,000 persons enjoyed its interesting accumulations. - -Correspondence is carried on with learned societies and men of science -all over the world. The official list of correspondents is over 24,000. -The transactions of learned societies and some other scientific works -are exchanged with those abroad. The weight of matter sent abroad by the -Smithsonian Institution at the end of the first decade was 14,000 pounds -for 1857; at the end of the third decade 99,000 pounds for the year -1877. The official documents of Congress, or by the government bureaus, -are exchanged for similar works of foreign nations. In one year, -1892-1893, over 100 tons of books were handled. - -The "Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge" now number over thirty -volumes, and are valuable treatises on various branches of science. The -scholarly William B. Taylor said these books "distributed over every -portion of the civilized or colonized world constitute a monument to the -memory of the founder, James Smithson, such as never before was builded -on the foundation of L100,000." - -The Smithsonian Institution has been a blessing in many ways. It -organized a system of telegraphic meteorology, and gave to the world -"that most beneficent national application of modern sciences,--the -storm warnings." - -In the year 1891 the Institution received valuable aid from Mr. Thomas -G. Hodgkins of Setauket, N.Y., by the gift of $200,000. The income from -$100,000 is to be used in prizes for essays relating to atmospheric -air. Mr. Hodgkins, also an Englishman, died Nov. 25, 1892, nearly -ninety years old. He gave $100,000 to the Royal Institution of Great -Britain, and $50,000 each to the Society for Prevention of Cruelty to -Children, and to Animals. He made his fortune, and having no family, -spent it for "the diffusion of knowledge among men." - -A very interesting feature was added to the work of the Smithsonian -Institution in 1890, when Congress appropriated $200,000 for the -purchase of land for the National Zoological Park. As no native wild -animals in America seem safe from the cupidity of the trader, or the -slaughter of the pleasure-loving sportsman, it became necessary to take -measures for their preservation. About 170 acres were purchased on Rock -Creek, near Washington; and there are already more than 500 -animals--bisons, etc.--in these picturesque grounds. These will be -valuable object-lessons to the people, and help still further to carry -out James Smithson's idea, "the increase and diffusion of knowledge -among men." - - - - -PRATT, LENOX, MARY MACRAE STUART, NEWBERRY, CRERAR, ASTOR, REYNOLDS, - -AND THEIR LIBRARIES. - - -ENOCH PRATT. - -Enoch Pratt was born in North Middleborough, Mass., Sept. 10, 1808. He -graduated at Bridgewater Academy when he was fifteen; and a position was -found for him in a leading house in Boston, where he remained until he -was twenty-one years of age. He had written to a friend in Boston two -weeks before his school closed, "I do not want to stay at home long -after it is out." - -The eager, ambitious boy, with good habits, constant application to -business, the strictest honesty, and good common-sense, soon made -himself respected by his employers and his acquaintances. - -He removed to Baltimore in 1831, when he was twenty-three years old, -without a dollar at his command, and established himself as a commission -merchant. He founded the wholesale iron house of Pratt & Keith, and -subsequently that of Enoch Pratt & Brother. "Prosperity soon followed," -says the Hon. George Wm. Brown, "not rapidly but steadily, because it -was based on those qualities of honesty, industry, sagacity, and -energy, which, mingled with thrift, although they cannot be said to -insure success, are certainly most likely to achieve it." - -Six years after coming to Baltimore, when he was twenty-nine years old, -Mr. Pratt married Maria Louisa Hyde, Aug. 1, 1837. Her paternal -ancestors were among the earliest settlers of Massachusetts; her -maternal, a German family who settled in Baltimore over a century and a -half ago. - -As years went by, and the unobtrusive, energetic man came to middle -life, he was sought to fill various positions of honor and trust in -Baltimore. He was made director and president of a bank, which position -he has held for over twoscore years, director and vice-president of -railroads and steamboat lines, president of the House of Reformation at -Cheltenham (for colored children), and of the Maryland School for the -Deaf and Dumb at Frederick. He has also taken active interest in the -Maryland Institute for the Promotion of the Mechanic Arts, and is -treasurer of the Peabody Institute. - -For years he has been one of the finance commissioners elected by the -city council, without regard to his political belief, but on account of -his ability as a financier, and his wisdom. He is an active member of -the Unitarian Church. - -For several years Mr. Pratt had thought about giving a free public -library to the people of Baltimore. In 1882, when he was seventy-four, -Mr. Pratt gave to the city $1,058,000 for the establishing of his -library, the building to cost about $225,000, and the remainder, a -little over $833,000, to be invested by the city, which obligated -itself to pay $50,000 yearly forever for the maintenance of the free -library. Mr. Pratt also provided for four branch libraries, which cost -$50,000, located wisely in different parts of the city. - -The main library was opened Jan. 4, 1886, with appropriate ceremonies. -The Romanesque building of Baltimore County white marble is 82 feet -frontage, with a depth of 140 feet. A tower 98 feet high rises in the -centre of the front. The floor of the vestibule is in black and white -marble, and the wainscoting of Tennessee and Vermont marbles, -principally of a dove color. The reading-room in the second story is 75 -feet long, 37 feet wide, and 25 feet high. The walls are frescoed in -buff and pale green tints, the wainscoting is of marble, and the floor -is inlaid with cherry, pine, and oak. The main building will hold -250,000 volumes. - -The Romanesque branch libraries are 40 by 70 feet, one story in height, -built of pressed brick laid with red mortar, with buff stone trimmings. -The large reading-room in each is light and cheerful, and the book-room -has shelving for 15,000 volumes. - -The librarian's report shows that in nine years, ending with Jan. 1, -1895, over 4,000,000 books have been circulated among the people of -Baltimore. Over a half-million books are circulated each year. The -library possesses about 150,000 volumes. "The usefulness of the branch -libraries cannot be stated in too strong terms," says the librarian, Mr. -Bernard C. Steiner. Fifty-seven persons are employed in the -library,--fourteen men and forty-three women. - -Mr. Pratt is now eighty-eight years old, and has not ceased to do good -works. In 1865 he founded the Pratt Free School at Middleborough, -Mass., where he was born. Ex-Mayor James Hodges tells this incident of -Mr. Pratt: "Some years ago he sold a farm in Virginia to a worthy but -poor young man for $20,000. The purchaser had paid from time to time -one-half the purchase money, when a series of bad seasons and failure of -crops made it impossible to meet the subsequent payments. Mr. Pratt sent -for him, and learned the facts. - -"After expressing sympathy for the young man's misfortunes, and -encouraging him to persevere and hope, he cancelled his note for the -balance due,--$10,000,--and handed him a valid deed for the property. -Astonished and overwhelmed by this princely liberality, the recipient -uttered a few words, and retired from his benefactor's presence. Not -until he had reached his Virginia home was he able to find words to -express his gratitude." - -The great gift of Enoch Pratt in his free library has stimulated like -gifts all over the country; and in his lifetime he is enjoying the -fruits of his generosity. - - -JAMES LENOX. - -The founder of Lenox Library on Seventy-second Street, overlooking -Central Park, was born in New York City, Aug. 19, 1800, and died there -Feb. 17, 1880. His father, Robert, was a wealthy Scotch merchant of New -York, who left to his only son and seven daughters several million -dollars. - -Robert purchased from the corporation of New York a farm of thirty acres -of land in Fourth and Fifth Avenues, near Seventy-second Street. For -twelve acres on one side he gave $500, and for the rest on the other -side, $10,700. He thought the land might "at no distant day be the site -of a village," and left it to his son on condition that it be kept from -sale for several years. - -The son was educated at Princeton and Columbia Colleges, studied law, -but, being devoted to literary matters, spent much time abroad in -collecting valuable books and works of art. The only lady to whom he was -ever attached, it is stated, refused him, and both remained single. - -He was a quiet, retiring man, a member of the Presbyterian Church, and a -most generous giver, though his benefactions were kept from publicity as -much as possible. He once sent $7,000 to a lady for a deserving charity, -and refused her second application because she had told of his former -gift. - -He built Lenox Library of Lockport limestone, and gave to it $735,000 in -cash, and ten city lots of great value, on which the building stands. -The collection of books, marbles, pictures, etc., which he gave is -valued at a million dollars. - -He gave probably a million in money and land to the Presbyterian -Hospital, of which he was for many years the president. He was also -president of the American Bible Society, to which he gave liberally. To -the Presbyterian Home for Aged Women he gave land assessed at $64,000. -He gave to Princeton College and Theological Seminary, to his own -church, and to needy men of letters. - -After his death, his last surviving sister, Henrietta Lenox, in 1887 -gave to the library ten valuable adjoining lots, and $100,000 for the -purchase of books. - -The nephew of Mr. Lenox, Robert Lenox Kennedy, who succeeded his uncle -as president of the Board of Trustees of the library, presented to the -institution, in 1879, Munkacsy's great picture of "Blind Milton -dictating 'Paradise Lost' to his Daughter." He died at sea, Sept. 14, -1887. - -The Lenox Library has a remarkable collection of works, which will -always be an honor to America. Its early American newspapers bear dates -from 1716 to 1800, and include examples of nearly every important -gazette of the Colonial and Revolutionary times. The library received in -1894 over 45,000 papers. The _Boston News Letter_, the first regular -newspaper printed in America, is an object of interest. Several of the -newspapers appeared in mourning on account of the Stamp Act in October, -1765. - -The library has large collections in American history, Bibles, early -educational books, and old English literature. "The Souldier's Pocket -Bible" is one of two known copies--the other being in the British -Museum--of the famous pocket Bible used by Cromwell's soldiers. Many of -the Bibles are extremely rare, and of great value. There are five copies -of Eliot's Indian Bible. There are 2,200 English Bibles from 1493, and -1,200 Bibles in other languages. - -One of the oldest American publications in the library is "Spiritual -Milk for Boston Babes in Either England," by John Cotton, B.D., in 1656. -An old English work has this title: "The Boke of Magna Carta, with -divers other statutes, etc., 1534 (Colophon:) Thus endyth the boke -called Magna Carta, translated out of Latyn and Frenshe into Englyshe by -George Ferrers." - -There are several interesting books concerning witchcraft. The original -book of testimony taken in the trial of Hugh Parsons for witchcraft at -Springfield, in 1651, is mostly in the handwriting of William Pynchon, -but with some entries by Secretary Edward Rawson. The library possesses -the manuscript of Henry Harrisse's work on the "Discovery of America," -forming ten folio volumes. The library of the Hon. George Bancroft was -purchased by the Lenox Library in 1893. - -The Milton collection in the library contains about 250 volumes, nearly -every variety of the early editions. Several volumes have Milton's -autograph and annotations. There are about 500 volumes of Bunyan's -"Pilgrim's Progress," and books relating to the writer, containing -nearly 350 editions in many languages. There are also about 200 volumes -of Spanish manuscripts relating to America. The set of "Jesuit -Relations," the journals of the early Jesuit missionaries in this -country, is the most complete in existence. - -Many thousands of persons come each year to see the books and pictures, -as well as to read, and all are aided by the courteous librarian, Mr. -Wilberforce Eames, who loves his work, and has the scholarship necessary -for it. - - -MARY MACRAE STUART. - -At her death in New York City, Dec. 30, 1891, gave the Robert L. Stuart -fine-art collections valued at $500,000, her shells, minerals, and -library, to the Lenox Library, on condition that they should never be -exhibited on Sunday. To nine charitable institutions in New York she -gave $5,000 each; to Cooper Union, $10,000; to the Cancer Hospital, -$25,000; and about $5,000,000 to home and foreign missions of the -Presbyterian Church, hospitals, disabled ministers, freedmen, Church -Extension Society, aged women, etc., of the same church, and also the -Young Men's Christian Association, Woman's Hospital, Society for -Prevention of Cruelty to Children, Society for Relief of Poor Widows -with Small Children, City Mission and Tract Society, Bible Society, -Colored Orphans, Juvenile Asylum, and other institutions in New York. - -Mrs. Stuart was the daughter of a wealthy New York merchant, Robert -Macrae, and married Robert L. Stuart, the head of the firm of -sugar-refiners, R. L. & A. Stuart. Both brothers were rich, and gave -away before Alexander's death a million and a half. Robert left an -estate valued at $6,000,000 to his wife, as they had no children; and -she, in his behalf, gave away his fortune and also her own. She would -have given largely to the Museum of Natural History and Museum of Art in -New York, but from a fear that they would be opened to the public on -Sundays. - - -WALTER L. NEWBERRY. - -Chicago has been recently enriched by two great gifts, the Newberry and -Crerar Libraries. Walter Loomis Newberry was born at East Windsor, -Conn., Sept. 18, 1804. He was educated at Clinton, N.Y., and fitted for -the United States Military Academy, but could not pass the physical -examination. After a time spent with his brother in commercial life in -Buffalo, N.Y., he removed to Detroit in 1828, and engaged in the -dry-goods business. He went to Chicago in 1834, when that city had but -three thousand inhabitants, and became first a commission merchant, and -later a banker. He invested some money which he brought with him in -forty acres on the "North Side," which is now among the best residence -property in the city, and of course very valuable. - -Mr. Newberry helped to found the Merchants' Loan & Trust Companies' -Bank, and was one of its directors. He was also the president of a -railroad. - -He was always deeply interested in education; was for many years on the -school-board, and twice its chairman. He was president of the Chicago -Historical Society, and was the first president of the Young Men's -Library Association, which he helped to found. - -Mr. Newberry died at sea, Nov. 6, 1868, at the age of sixty-four, -leaving about $5,000,000 to his wife and two daughters. - -If these children died unmarried, half the property was to go to his -brothers and sisters, or their descendants, after the death of his wife, -and half to the founding of a library. - -Both daughters died unmarried,--Mary Louisa on Feb. 18, 1874, at Pau, -France; and Julia Rosa on April 4, 1876, at Rome, Italy. Mrs. Julia -Butler Newberry, the wife, died at Paris, France, Dec. 9, 1885. - -The Newberry Library building, 300 feet by 60, of granite, is on the -north side of Chicago, facing the little park known as Washington -Square. It is Spanish-Romanesque in style, and has room for 1,000,000 -books. There will be space for 4,000,000 volumes when the other -portions of the library are added. A most necessary part of the work of -the trustees was the choosing of a librarian with ability and experience -to form a useful reference library, which it was decided that the -Newberry Library should be, the Public Library, with its annual income -of over $70,000, seeming to meet the needs of the people at large. Dr. -William Frederick Poole, for fourteen years the efficient librarian of -the Chicago Public Library, was chosen librarian of the Newberry -Library. - -Dictionaries, bibliographies, cyclopaedias, and the like, were at once -purchased. The first gift made to the library was the Caxton Memorial -Bible, presented Sept. 29, 1877, by the Oxford University Press, through -the late Henry Stevens, Esq., of London. The edition was limited to one -hundred copies, and the copy presented to the Newberry Library is the -ninety-eighth. Mr. George P. A. Healey, the distinguished artist, also -gave about fifty of his valuable paintings to the library. Several -thousand volumes on early American and local history, collected by Mr. -Charles H. Guild of Somerville, Mass., were purchased by Dr. Poole for -the library. A collection of 415 volumes of bound American newspapers, -covering the period of the Civil War, 1861-1865, were procured. An -extremely useful medical library has been given by Dr. Nicholas Senn, -Professor of Surgery in Rush Medical College. A valuable collection on -fish, fish culture, and angling, made during forty years by the -publisher, Robert Clarke of Cincinnati, has been bought for the library. -A very interesting collection of early books and manuscripts was -purchased from Mr. Henry Probasco of Cincinnati. The collection of -Bibles is very rich; also of Shakespeare, Homer, Dante, Horace, and -Petrarch. There were in 1895 over 125,600 volumes in the library, and -over 30,000 pamphlets. - -To the great regret of scholars everywhere, Dr. Poole died March 1, -1894. Born in Salem, Mass., Dec. 24, 1821, descended from an old English -family, young Poole attended the common school in Danvers till he was -twelve, helped his father on the farm, and learned the tanner's trade. -He loved his books, and his good mother determined that he should have -an opportunity to go back to his studies. - -In 1842 he entered Yale College, at the close of the Freshman year, -spent three years in teaching, and was graduated in 1849. While in -college, he was appointed assistant librarian of his college society, -the "Brothers in Unity," which had 10,000 volumes. He soon saw the -necessity of an index for the bound sets of periodicals in the library, -if they were to be of practical use, and began to make such an index. -The little volume of one hundred and fifty-four pages appeared in 1848, -and the edition was soon exhausted. A volume of five hundred and -thirty-one pages appeared in 1853; and "Poole's Index" at once secured -fame for its author, both at home and abroad. - -Dr. Poole was the librarian of the Boston Athenaeum for thirteen years, -and accepted a position in Chicago, October, 1873, to form the public -library. In 1882 Dr. Poole issued the third edition of his famous "Index -to Periodical Literature," having 1,469 pages. In this work he had the -co-operation of the American Library Association, the Library -Association of Great Britain and Ireland, and the able assistance of Wm. -I. Fletcher, M.A., librarian of Amherst College. Since Dr. Poole's -death, Mr. Fletcher and Mr. R. R. Bowker have carried forward the Index, -aided by many other librarians. - -Dr. Poole was president of the American Historical Society, 1887, of the -American Library Association 1886-1888, and had written much on -historical and literary topics. The Boston _Herald_ says, "Dr. Poole was -a bibliographer of world-wide reputation, and one whose extended -knowledge of books was simply wonderful." His "Index to Periodical -Literature," invaluable to both writers and readers, will perpetuate his -name. Dr. Poole was succeeded by the well-known author, Mr. John Vance -Cheney, who had been eight years at the head of the San Francisco public -library. - - -JOHN CRERAR. - -Was born in New York City, the son of John Crerar, his parents both -natives of Scotland. - -He was educated in a common school, and at the age of eighteen became a -clerk in a mercantile house. In 1862 he went to Chicago, and associated -himself with J. McGregor Adams in the iron business. He was also -interested in railroads, and was the president of a company. He was an -upright member of the Second Presbyterian Church, and his first known -gift was $10,000 to that church. - -Unmarried, he lived quietly at the Grand Pacific Hotel until his death, -Oct. 19, 1889. In his will he said, "I ask that I may be buried by the -side of my honored mother, in Greenwood Cemetery, Brooklyn, N.Y., in the -family lot, and that some of my many friends see that this request is -complied with. I desire a plain headstone, similar to that which marks -my mother's grave, to be raised over my head." The income of $1,000 was -left to care for the family lot. He left various legacies to relatives. -To first cousins he gave $20,000 each; to second cousins, $10,000; and -to third cousins, $5,000 each. To one second cousin, on account of -kindness to his mother, an additional $10,000; to the widow of a cousin, -$10,000 for kindness to his only brother, Peter, then dead. To several -other friends sums from $50,000 to $5,000 each. - -To his partner he gave $50,000, and the same to his junior partner. To -his own church, $100,000, and a like amount to the missions of the -church. To the church in New York to which his family formerly belonged, -and where he was baptized, $25,000. To the Chicago Orphan Asylum, the -Chicago Nursery, the American Sunday-school Union, the Chicago Relief -Society, the Illinois Training-School for Nurses, the Chicago Manual -Training-School, the Old People's Home, the Home for the Friendless, the -Young Men's Christian Association, each $50,000. - -To the Chicago Historical Society, the St. Luke's Free Hospital, and the -Chicago Bible Society, each $25,000. To St. Andrew's Society of New York -and of Chicago, each $10,000. To the Chicago Literary Club, $10,000. For -a statue of Abraham Lincoln, $100,000. - -All the rest of the property, about three millions, was to be used for a -free public library, to be called "The John Crerar Library," located on -the South Side, inasmuch as the Newberry was to be on the North Side. - -Mr. Crerar said in his will, "I desire the books and periodicals -selected with a view to create and sustain a healthy moral and Christian -sentiment in the community. I do not mean by this that there shall not -be anything but hymn-books and sermons; but I mean that dirty French -novels, and all sceptical trash, and works of questionable moral tone, -shall never be found in this library. I want its atmosphere that of -Christian refinement, and its aim and object the building up of -character." - -Mr. Crerar was fond of reading the best books. His liberality and love -of literature helped to bring Thackeray to this country to lecture. - -Some of the cousins of Mr. Crerar tried to break the will on the grounds -put forth for breaking Mr. Tilden's will, whereby New York City failed -to receive five or six millions for a public library. Fortunately the -courts accepted the plain intention of the giver, and the property is -now devoted to the public good through a great library largely devoted -to science. - - -JOHN JACOB ASTOR. - -From the little village of Waldorf, near Heidelberg, Germany, came the -head of the Astor family to America when he was twenty years old. Born -July 17, 1763, the fourth son of a butcher, he helped his father until -he was sixteen, and then determined to join an elder brother in London, -who worked in the piano and flute factory of their uncle. - -Having no money, he set out on foot for the Rhine; and resting under a -tree, he made this resolution, which he always kept, "to be honest, -industrious, and never gamble." Finding employment on a raft of timber, -he earned enough money to procure a steerage passage from Holland to -London, where he remained till 1783, helping his brother, and learning -the English language. Having saved about seventy-five dollars at the end -of three or four years, John Jacob invested about twenty-five in seven -flutes, purchased a steerage ticket across the water for a like amount, -and put about twenty-five in his pocket. - -On the journey over he met a furrier, who told him that money could be -made in buying furs from the Indians and men on the frontier, and -selling them to large dealers. As soon as he reached New York, he -entered the employ of a Quaker furrier, and learned all he could about -the business, meantime selling his flutes, and using the money to buy -furs from the Indians and hunters. He opened a little shop in New York -for the sale of furs and musical instruments, walked nearly all over New -York State in collecting his furs, and finally went back to London to -sell his goods. - -He married, probably in 1786, Sarah Todd, who brought as her marriage -portion $300, and what was better still, economy, energy, and a -willingness to share her husband's constant labors. As fast as a little -money was saved he invested it in land, having great faith in the future -of New York City. He lived most simply in the same house where he -carried on his business, and after fifteen years found himself the owner -of $250,000. - -[Illustration: John Jacob Astor] - -In 1809 he organized the American Fur Company, and established trade in -furs with France, England, Germany, and Russia, and engaged in trade -with China. He used to say in his old age, "The first hundred thousand -dollars--that was hard to get; but afterward it was easy to make more." - -He died March 29, 1848, leaving a fortune estimated at $20,000,000, much -of it the result of increased values of land, on which he had built -houses for rent. By will Mr. Astor conveyed the large sum, at that time, -of $400,000 to found a public library; his friends, Washington Irving, -Dr. Joseph G. Cogswell, and Fitz-Greene Halleck, the poet, who was his -secretary for seventeen years, having advised the gift of a library when -he expressed a desire to do something helpful for the city of New York. -He also left $50,000 for the benefit of the poor in his native town of -Waldorf. - -John Jacob Astor's eldest son, and third of his seven children, William -B. Astor, left and gave during his lifetime $550,000 to Astor Library. -His estate of $45,000,000 was divided between his two sons, John Jacob -and William. The son of John Jacob, William Waldorf Astor, a graduate of -Columbia College, ex-minister to Italy, is a scholarly man, and the -author of several books. The son of William Astor, John Jacob Astor, a -graduate of Harvard, lives on Fifth Avenue, New York. He has also -written one or more books. - -In 1879 John Jacob, the grandson of the first Astor in this country, a -graduate of Columbia College, a student of the University of Goettingen, -and a graduate of the Harvard Law School, erected a third structure for -the library similar to those built by his father and grandfather, and -gave in all $850,000 to Astor Library. The entire building now has a -frontage of two hundred feet, with a depth of one hundred feet. It is -of brown-stone and brick, and is Byzantine in style of architecture. In -1893 its total number of volumes was 245,349. - -Astor Library possesses some very rare and valuable books. "Here is one -of the very few extant copies of Wyckliffe's translation of the New -Testament in manuscript," writes Frederick K. Saunders, the librarian, -in the _New England Magazine_ for April, 1890, "so closely resembling -black-letter type as almost to deceive even a practised eye. It is -enriched with illuminated capitals, and its supposed date is 1390. It is -said to have been once the property of Duke Humphrey. There is an -Ethiopic manuscript on vellum, the service book of an Abyssinian convent -at Jerusalem. There are two richly illuminated Persian manuscripts on -vellum which once belonged to the library of the Mogul Emperors of -Delhi; also two exquisitely illuminated missals or books of Hours, the -gift of the late Mr. J. J. Astor. One of the glories of the collection -is the splendid Salisbury Missal, written with wonderful skill, and -profusely emblazoned with burnished gold. Here also may be found the -second printed Bible, on vellum, folio, 1462, which cost $9,000." - -Mrs. Astor gave a valuable collection of autographs of eminent persons; -and the family also gave "a magnificent manuscript written with liquid -gold, on purple vellum, entitled 'Evangelistarium,' of almost unrivalled -beauty, but no less remarkable for its great age, the date being A.D. -870. This is probably the oldest book in America." Ptolemy's Geography -is represented by fifteen editions, the earliest printed in 1478. - -John Jacob Astor, the grandson of the first John Jacob, died in New -York, Feb. 22, 1890. He presented to Trinity Church the reredos and -altar, costing $80,000, as a memorial of his father, William B. Astor. -Through his wife, who was a Miss Gibbs of South Carolina, he virtually -built the New York Cancer Hospital, and gave largely to the Woman's -Hospital. He gave $100,000 to St. Luke's Hospital, $50,000 to the -Metropolitan Museum of Art, with his wife's superb collection of laces -after her death in 1887. The paintings of John Jacob Astor costing -$75,000 were presented to Astor Library by his son, William Waldorf -Astor, after his father's death. - - -MORTIMER FABRICIUS REYNOLDS. - -"On the 2d of December, 1814, there was born, in the narrow clearing -that skirted the ford of the Genesee River, the first child of white -parents to see the light upon that 'Hundred-Acre Tract' which was the -primitive site of the present city of Rochester. Mortimer Fabricius -Reynolds was the name given, for family reasons, to the first-born of -this backwoods settlement." Thus states the "Semi-Centennial History of -the City of Rochester, N.Y.," published in 1888. - -This boy, grown to manhood and engaged in commerce, was the sole -survivor of the six children of his father, Abelard Reynolds. He was -proud of the family name; but "his childlessness, and the consciousness -that with him the name was to be extinct, had come to weigh with a -painful gravity." Abelard Reynolds had made a fortune from the increase -in land values, and both he and his son William had interested -themselves deeply in the intellectual and moral advance of the -community in which they lived. - -Mortimer F. Reynolds desired to leave a memorial of his father, of his -brother, William Abelard Reynolds, and of himself. He wisely chose to -found a library, that the name might be forever remembered. He died June -13, 1892, leaving nearly one million to found and endow the Reynolds -Library of Rochester, N.Y., Alfred S. Collins, librarian. - -It is stated in the press that President Seth Low of Columbia College -has given over a million dollars for the new library in connection with -that college. - -In "Public Libraries of America," page 144, a most useful book by -William I. Fletcher, librarian of Amherst College, may be found a -suggestive list of the principal gifts to libraries in the United -States. Among the larger bequests are Dr. James Rush, Philadelphia, -$1,500,000; Henry Hall, St. Paul, Minn., $500,000; Charles E. Forbes, -Northampton, Mass., $220,000; Mr. and Mrs. Converse, Malden, Mass., -$125,000; Hiram Kelley, Chicago, to public library, $200,000; Silas -Bronson, Waterbury, Conn., $200,000; Dr. Kirby Spencer, Minneapolis, -Minn., $200,000; Mrs. Maria C. Robbins of Brooklyn, N.Y., to her former -home, Arlington, Mass., for public library building and furnishing, -$150,000. - - - - -FREDERICK H. RINDGE - -AND HIS GIFTS. - - -Mr. Rindge, born in Cambridge, Mass., in 1857, but at present residing -in California, has given his native city a public library, a city hall, -a manual training-school, and a valuable site for a high school. - -The handsome library, Romanesque in style, of gray stone with brown -stone trimmings, was opened to the public in 1889. One room of especial -interest on the first floor contains war relics, manuscripts, autographs -and pictures of distinguished persons, and literary and historical -matter connected with the history of Cambridge. The European note-book -of Margaret Fuller is seen here, the lock, key, and hinges of the old -Holmes mansion, removed to make way for the Law School, etc. - -The library has six local stations where books may be ordered by filling -out a slip; and these orders are gathered up three times a day, and -books are sent to these stations the same day. - -The City Hall, a large building also of gray stone with brown stone -trimmings, is similar to the old town halls of Brussels, Bruges, and -others of mediaeval times. Its high tower can be seen at a great -distance. - -The other important gift to Cambridge from Mr. Rindge is a manual -training-school for boys. Ground was broken for this school in the -middle of July, 1888, and pupils were received in September. The boys -work in wood, iron, blacksmithing, drawing, etc. The system is similar -to that adopted by Professor Woodward at St. Louis. The boys, to protect -their clothes, wear outer suits of dark brown and black duck, and round -paper caps. - -The fire-drill is especially interesting to strangers. Hose-carriages -and ladders are kept in the building, and the boys can put streams of -water to the top in a very brief time. Mr. Rindge supports the school. -_The instruction is free_, and is a part of the public-school work. The -pupils may take in the English High School a course of pure head-work, -or part head-work and part hand-work. If they elect the latter, they -drop one study, and in its place take three hours a day in manual -training. The course covers three years. - -Mr. Rindge inherited his wealth largely from his father. He made these -gifts when he was twenty-nine years of age. Being an earnest Christian, -he made it a condition of his gifts that verses of Scripture and maxims -of conduct should be inscribed upon the walls of the various buildings. -These are found on the library building; and the inscription on the City -Hall reads as follows: "God has given commandments unto men. From these -commandments men have framed laws by which to be governed. It is -honorable and praiseworthy to faithfully serve the people by helping to -administer these laws. If the laws are not enforced, the people are not -well governed." - - - - -ANTHONY J. DREXEL - -AND HIS INSTITUTE. - - -The Drexel family, like a majority of the successful and useful families -in this country, began poor. Anthony J. Drexel's father, Francis Martin -Drexel, was born at Dornbirn, in the Austrian Tyrol, April 7, 1792. When -he was eleven years old, his father, a merchant, sent him to a school -near Milan. Later, when there was a war with France, he was obliged to -go to Switzerland to avoid conscription. - -He earned a scanty living at whatever he could find to do, but his chief -work and pleasure was in portrait painting. When he was twenty-five, in -1817, he determined to try his fortune in the New World, and reached the -United States after a voyage of seventy-two days. - -He settled in Philadelphia as an artist, with probably little -expectation of any future wealth. After nine years of work he went to -Peru, Chili, and Mexico, and seems to have had good success in painting -the portraits of noted people, General Simon Bolivar among them. - -Returning to Philadelphia, he surprised his acquaintances by starting a -bank in 1837. There were fears of failure from what seemed an inadequate -capital and lack of knowledge of business; but Mr. Drexel was -economical, strictly honest, energetic, and devoted to his work. - -He opened a little office in Third Street, and placed his son Anthony, -born Sept. 13, 1826, in the small bank. "While waiting on customers," -says _Harper's Weekly_, "the boy was in the habit of eating his cold -dinner from a basket under the counter." He was but a lad of thirteen, -yet he soon showed a special fitness for the place by his quickness and -good sense. - -The bank grew in patrons, in reputation, and in wealth; and when Francis -Drexel died, June 5, 1863, he had long been a millionnaire, had retired -from business, and left the bank to the management of his sons. - -Besides the bank in Philadelphia, branch houses were formed in New York, -Paris, and London. "As a man of affairs," wrote his very intimate -friend, George W. Childs, "no one has ever spoken ill of Anthony J. -Drexel; and he spoke ill of no one. He did not drive sharp bargains; he -did not profit by the hard necessities of others; he did not exact from -those in his employ excessive tasks and give them inadequate pay. He was -a lenient, patient, liberal creditor, a generous employer, considerate -of and sympathetic with every one who worked for him.... - -[Illustration: ANTHONY J. DREXEL.] - -"He was a devoted husband, a loving parent, a true friend, a generous -host, and in all his domestic relations considerate, just, and kind. His -manners were finely courteous, manly, gentle, and refined. His mind was -as pure as a child's; and during all the years of our close -companionship I never knew him to speak a word that he might not have -freely spoken in the presence of his own children. His religion was as -deep as his nature, and rested upon the enduring foundations of faith, -hope, and charity. - -"He observed always a strict simplicity of living; he walked daily to -and from his place of business, which was nearly three miles distant -from his home. I was his companion for the greater part of the way every -morning in these long walks; and as he passed up and down Chestnut -Street, he was wont to salute in his cordial, pleasant, friendly manner, -large numbers of all sorts and conditions of people. His smile was -especially bright and attractive, and his voice low and sweet." - -Mr. Drexel inherited his father's artistic tastes, and in his home at -West Philadelphia, and at his country place, "Runnymede," near -Lansdowne, he had many beautiful works of art, statuary, books, -paintings, bronzes, and the like. He was also especially fond of music. - -He was a great friend of General Grant, and Dec. 19, 1879, gave him and -Mrs. Grant a notable reception with about seven hundred prominent -guests. He was one of the pall-bearers at Grant's funeral in 1885. - -Mr. Drexel was always a generous giver. He was a large contributor to -the University of Pennsylvania, to hospitals, to churches of all -denominations, and to asylums. With Mr. Childs and others he built an -Episcopal church at Elberon, Long Branch, where he usually went in the -summer. - -His largest and best gift, for which he will be remembered, is that of -about three million dollars to found and endow Drexel Institute, erected -in his lifetime. He wished to fit young men and women to earn their -living; and after making a careful examination of Cooper Institute, New -York, and Pratt Institute, Brooklyn, and sending abroad to learn the -best methods and plan of buildings for such industrial education, he -began his own admirable Drexel Institute of Art, Science, and Industry -in West Philadelphia. He erected the handsome building of light buff -brick with terra-cotta trimmings, at the corner of Thirty-second and -Chestnut Streets, at a cost of $550,000, and then gave an endowment of -$1,000,000. At various times he gave to the library, museum, etc., over -$600,000. - -The Institute was dedicated on the afternoon of Dec. 17, 1891, Chauncey -M. Depew making the dedication address, and was opened to students Jan. -4, 1892. James MacAlister, LL.D., superintendent of the public schools -of Philadelphia, a man of fine scholarship, great energy, and -enthusiastic love for the work of education, was chosen as the -president. - -From the first the school has been filled with eager students in the -various departments. The art department gives instruction in painting, -modelling, architecture, design and decoration, wood-carving, etc.; the -department of science and technology, courses in mathematics, chemistry, -physics, machine construction, and electrical engineering; the -department of mechanic arts, shopwork in wood and iron with essential -English branches; the business department, commercial law, stenography, -and typewriting, etc.; the department of domestic science and arts gives -courses in cooking, dressmaking, and millinery. There are also courses -in physical training, in music, library work, and evening classes open -five nights in the week from October to April. - -The Institute was attended by more than 2,700 students in 1893-1894; -and 35,000 persons attended the free public lectures in art, science, -technology, etc., and free concerts, chiefly organ recitals, weekly, -during the winter months. - -The Institute has been fortunate in its gifts from friends. Mr. George -W. Childs gave to it his rare and valuable collection of manuscripts and -autographs, fine engravings, ivories, books on art, etc.; Mrs. John R. -Fell, a daughter of Mr. Drexel, a collection of ancient jewellery and -rare old clocks; Mrs. James W. Paul, another daughter of Mr. Drexel, -$10,000 as a memorial of her mother, to be used in the purchase of -articles for the museum; while other members of the family have given -bronzes, metal-work, and unique and useful gifts. - -Mr. Drexel lived to see his Institute doing its noble work. So -interested was he that he stopped daily as he went to the bank to see -the young people at their duties. He was greatly interested in the -evening classes. "This part of the work," says Dr. MacAlister, "he -watched with great eagerness, and he was specially desirous that young -people who were compelled to work through the day should have -opportunities in the evening equal to those who took the regular daily -work of the Institution." - -Mr. Drexel died suddenly, June 30, 1893, about two years after the -building of the Institute, from apoplexy, at Carlsbad, Germany. He had -gone to Europe for his health, as was his custom yearly, and seemed -about as well as usual until the stroke came. Two weeks before he had -had a mild attack of pleurisy, but would not permit his family to be -told of it, thinking that he would fully recover. - -Mr. Drexel left behind him the memory of a modest, unassuming man; so -able a financier that he was asked to accept the position of Secretary -of the Treasury of the United States, but declined; so generous a giver, -that he built his monument before his death in his elegant and helpful -Institute, an honor to his native city, Philadelphia, and an honor to -his family. - - - - -PHILIP D. ARMOUR - -AND HIS INSTITUTE. - - -Philip D. Armour was born in Stockbridge, Madison County, N.Y., and -spent his early life on a farm. In 1852, when he was twenty years of -age, he went to California, and finally settled in Chicago, where he has -become very wealthy by dealing in packed meat, which is sent to almost -every corner of the earth. - -"He pays six or seven millions of dollars yearly in wages," writes -Arthur Warren in an interesting article in _McClure's Magazine_, -February, 1894, "owns four thousand railway cars, which are used in -transporting his goods, and has seven or eight hundred horses to haul -his wagons. Fifty or sixty thousand persons receive direct support from -the wages paid in his meatpacking business alone, if we estimate -families on the census basis. He is a larger owner of grain-elevators -than any other individual in either hemisphere; he is the proprietor of -a glue factory, which turns out a product of seven millions of tons a -year; and he is actively interested in an important railway enterprise." - -He manages his business with great system, and knows from his heads of -departments, some of whom he pays a salary of $25,000 yearly, what takes -place from day to day in his various works. He is a quiet, self-centred -man, a good listener, has excellent judgment, and possesses untiring -energy. - -"All my life," he says, "I have been up with the sun. The habit is as -easy at sixty-one as it was at sixteen; perhaps easier, because I am -hardened to it. I have my breakfast at half-past five or six; I walk -down town to my office, and am there by seven, and I know what is going -on in the world without having to wait for others to come and tell me. -At noon I have a simple luncheon of bread and milk, and after that, -usually, a short nap, which freshens me again for the afternoon's work. -I am in bed again at nine o'clock every night." - -Mr. Armour thinks there are as great and as many opportunities for men -to succeed in life as there ever have been. He said to Mr. Warren: -"There was never a better time than the present, and the future will -bring even greater opportunities than the past. Wealth, capital, can do -nothing without brains to direct it. It will be as true in the future as -it is in the present that brains make capital--capital does not make -brains. The world does not stand still. Changes come quicker now than -they ever did, and they will come quicker and quicker. New ideas, new -inventions, new methods of manufacture, of transportation, new ways to -do almost everything, will be found as the world grows older; and the -men who anticipate them, and who are ready for them, will find -advantages as great as any their fathers or grandfathers have had." - -[Illustration: PHILIP D. ARMOUR.] - -Mr. Frank G. Carpenter, the well-known journalist, relates this incident -of Mr. Armour:-- - -"He is a good judge of men, and he usually puts the right man in the -right place. I am told that he never discharges a man if he can help it. -If the man is not efficient he gives instructions to have him put in -some other department, but to keep him if possible. There are certain -things, however, which he will not tolerate; and among these are -laziness, intemperance, and getting into debt. As to the last, he says -he believes in good wages, and that he pays the best. He tells his men -that if they are not able to live on the wages he pays them he does not -want them to work for him. Not long ago he met a policeman in his -office. - -"'What are you doing here, sir?' he asked. - -"'I am here to serve a paper,' was the reply. - -"'What kind of a paper?' asked Mr. Armour. - -"'I want to garnishee one of your men's wages for debt,' said the -policeman. - -"'Indeed,' replied Mr. Armour; 'and who is the man?' He thereupon asked -the policeman into his private office, and ordered the debtor to come -in. He then asked the clerk how long he had been in debt. The man -replied that for twenty years he had been behind, and that he could not -catch up. - -"'But you get a good salary,' said Mr. Armour, 'don't you?' - -"'Yes,' said the clerk; 'but I can't get out of debt. My life is such -that somehow or other I can't get out.' - -"'But you must get out,' said Mr. Armour, 'or you must leave here. How -much do you owe?' - -"The clerk then gave the amount. It was less than $1,000. Mr. Armour -took his check-book, and wrote out an order for the amount. 'There,' he -said, as he handed the clerk the check, 'there is enough to pay all -your debts. Now I want you to keep out of debt, and if I hear of your -getting into debt again you will have to leave.' - -"The man took the check. He did pay his debts, and remodelled his life -on a cash basis. About a year after the above incident happened he came -to Mr. Armour, and told him that he had had a place offered him at a -higher salary, and that he was going to leave. He thanked Mr. Armour, -and told him that his last year had been the happiest of his life, and -that getting out of debt had made a new man of him." - -When Mr. Armour was asked by Mr. Carpenter to what he attributed his -great success, he replied:-- - -"I think that thrift and economy have had much to do with it. I owe much -to my mother's training, and to a good line of Scotch ancestors, who -have always been thrifty and economical." - -Mr. Armour has not been content to spend his life in amassing wealth -only. After the late Joseph Armour bequeathed a fund to establish Armour -Mission, Philip D. Armour doubled the fund, or more than doubled it; and -now the Mission has nearly two thousand children in its Sunday-school, -with free kindergarten and free dispensary. Mr. Armour goes to the -Mission every Sunday afternoon, and finds great happiness among the -children. - -To yield a revenue yearly for the Mission, Mr. Armour built "Armour -Flats," a great building adjoining the Mission, with a large grass-plot -in the centre, where in two hundred and thirteen flats, having each from -six to seven rooms, families can find clean and attractive homes, with a -rental of from seventeen to thirty-five dollars a month. - -"There is an endowed work," says Mr. Armour, "that cannot be altered by -death, or by misunderstandings among trustees, or by bickerings of any -kind. Besides, a man can do something to carry out his ideas while he -lives, but he can't do so after he is in the grave. Build pleasant homes -for people of small incomes, and they will leave their ugly -surroundings, and lead brighter lives." - -Mr. Armour, aside from many private charities, has given over a million -and a half dollars to the Armour Institute of Technology. The five-story -fire-proof building of red brick trimmed with brown stone was finished -Dec. 6, 1892, on the corner of Thirty-third Street and Armour Avenue; -and the keys were put in the hands of the able and eloquent preacher, -Dr. Frank W. Gunsaulus, "to formulate," says the Chicago _Tribune_, Oct. -15, 1893, "more exactly than Mr. Armour had done the lines on which this -work was to go forward. Dr. Gunsaulus had long ago reached the -conclusion that the best way to prepare men for a home in heaven is to -make it decently comfortable for them here." - -Dr. Gunsaulus put his heart and energy into this noble work. The -academic department prepares students to enter any college in the -country; the technical department gives courses in mechanical -engineering, electricity, and electrical engineering, mining -engineering, and metallurgy. The department of domestic arts offers -instruction in cooking, dressmaking, millinery, etc.; the department of -commerce fits persons for a business life, wisely combining with its -course in shorthand and typewriting such a knowledge of the English -language, history, and some modern languages, as will make the students -do intelligent work for authors, lawyers, and educated people in -general. - -Special attention has been given to the gymnasium, that health may be -fully attended to. Mr. Armour has spared neither pains nor expense to -provide the best machinery, especially for electrical work. "In a few -years," he says, "we shall be doing everything by electricity. Before -long our steam-engines will be as old-fashioned as the windmills are -now." - -Dr. Gunsaulus has taken great pleasure in gathering books, prints, etc., -for the library, which already has a choice collection of works on the -early history of printing. - -The Institute was opened in September, 1893, with six hundred pupils, -and has been most useful and successful from the first. - - - - -LEONARD CASE - -AND THE SCHOOL OF APPLIED SCIENCE. - - -Technological schools are springing up so rapidly all over our country -that it would be impossible to name them all. The Stevens Institute of -Technology at Hoboken, N.J., was organized in 1871, with a gift of -$650,000; the Towne Scientific School, Philadelphia, 1872, $1,000,000; -the Miller School, Batesville, Va., 1878, $1,000,000; the Rose -Polytechnic, Terre Haute, Ind., 1883, over $500,000; the Case School of -Applied Science of Cleveland, Ohio, 1881, over $2,000,000. - -Leonard Case, the giver of the Case School and the Case Library, born -June 27, 1820, was a quiet, scholarly man, who gave wisely the wealth -amassed by his father. The family on the paternal side came from -Holland; on the maternal side from Germany. Mr. James D. Cleveland, in a -recent sketch of the founder of Case School, gives an interesting -account of the ancestors of Mr. Case. - -The great-grandfather of Leonard Case, Leonard Eckstein, when a youth, -had a quarrel with the Catholic clergy in Nuremberg, near which city he -was born, and was in consequence thrown into prison, where he nearly -starved. One day his sister brought him a cake which contained a slender -silk cord baked in it. This cord was let down from his cell window to a -friend, who fastened it to a rope which, when drawn up, enabled the -young man to slide down a wall eighty feet above the ground. - -After his escape, the youth of nineteen came to America, and landed in -Philadelphia without a cent of money. Later he married and moved to -Western Pennsylvania; and his daughter Magdalene married Meshach Case, -the grandfather of Leonard Case. - -Meshach was an invalid from asthma. In 1799 he and his wife came on -horseback to explore Ohio, and perhaps make a home. They bought two -hundred acres of the wilderness in the township of Warren, built a log -cabin, and cleared an acre of timber around it. The following year -others came to settle, and all celebrated the Fourth of July with -instruments made on the grounds. Their drum was a piece of hollow -pepperidge-tree with a fawn's skin stretched over it, and a fife was -made from an elder stem. - -The eldest son, Leonard, who was a hard worker from a child, at seven -cutting wood for the fires, at ten thrashing grain, at fourteen -ploughing and harvesting, took cold when heated, and became ill for two -years and a cripple for the rest of his life, using crutches as he -walked. Early in life, when it was the fashion to use intoxicating -liquors, Leonard made a pledge never to use them, and was a total -abstainer as long as he lived, thus setting a noble example to the -growing community. - -Determined to have an education, he invented some instruments for -drafting, bottomed all the chairs in the neighborhood, made sieves for -the farmers, and thus earned a little money for books. As his -handwriting was good, he was made clerk of the little court at Warren, -and later of the Supreme Court for Trumbull County, where he had an -opportunity to study, and copy the records of the Connecticut Land -Company. - -A friend advised him to study law, and furnished him with books, which -advice he followed. Later, in 1816, he moved to Cleveland, and was made -cashier of a bank just organized. He was a man of public spirit, -suggested the planting of trees which have made Cleveland known as the -Forest City, was sent to the Legislature, and finally became president -of a bank, as well as land agent of the Connecticut Land Company. He was -universally respected and esteemed. - -The hard-working invalid had become rich through increase in value of -the large amount of land which he had purchased. He died Dec. 7, 1864, -seven years after his wife's death, and two years after the death of his -very promising son William, of consumption. The latter was deeply -interested in natural history, and in 1859 had begun to erect a building -for the Young Men's Library Association and the Kirtland Society of -Natural History. This project his surviving brother, Leonard, carried -out. - -After the death of father, mother, and brother, Leonard Case was left to -inherit the property. He had graduated at Yale College in 1842, and was -admitted to the bar in 1844. He, however, devoted himself to literary -pursuits, and travelled extensively over this country and abroad. - -Ill health in later years increased his natural reticence and dislike of -publicity. He gave generously where he became interested. To the Library -Association he first gave $20,000. In 1876 he gave Case Building and -grounds, then valued at $225,000, to the Library Association. It is now -worth over half a million dollars, and furnishes a good income for its -library of over 40,000 volumes. Under the excellent management of Mr. -Charles Orr, the librarian, the building has been remodelled, and the -library much enlarged. The membership fee is one dollar annually. - -The same year, 1876, Mr. Case determined to carry out his plan of a -School of Applied Science. He corresponded with various eminent men; and -on Feb. 24, 1877, after gifts to his father's relatives, he conveyed his -property to trustees for a school where should be taught mathematics, -physics, mechanical and civil engineering, chemistry, mining and -metallurgy, natural history, modern languages, etc., to fit young men -for practical work in life. - -"How well this foresight was inspired," says Mr. Cleveland, "is shown in -the great demand by the city and country at large for the men who have -received training at the Case School. Hundreds are called for by iron, -steel, and chemical works, here and elsewhere, to act in laboratories or -in direction of important engineering, in mines, railroads, construction -of docks, waterworks, electrical projects, and architecture. Nearly -forty new professions have been opened to the youth of Cleveland, which -were unavailable before this school was founded." - -Cady Staley, Ph.D. LL.D., is the president of Case School, which has an -able corps of professors. There are nearly 250 students in the -institution. - -Leonard Case died Jan. 6, 1880; but his school and his library -perpetuate his name, and make his memory honored. - - - - -ASA PACKER - -AND LEHIGH UNIVERSITY. - - -In the midst of twenty acres stands Lehigh University, at South -Bethlehem, Penn., founded by Asa Packer,--a great school of technology, -with courses in civil, mechanical, mining, and electrical engineering, -chemistry, and architecture. The school of general literature of the -University has a classical course, a Latin-scientific course, and a -course in science and letters. - -To this institution Judge Packer gave three and one-quarter millions -during his life; and by will, eventually, the University will become one -of the richest in the country. - -He did not give to Lehigh University alone. "St. Luke's Hospital, so -well known throughout eastern Pennsylvania for its noble and practical -charity," says Mr. Davis Brodhead in the _Magazine of American History_, -June, 1885, "is also sustained by the endowments of Asa Packer. Indeed, -when we consider the scope of his generosity, of which Washington and -Lee University of Virginia, Muhlenburg College at Allentown, Penn., -Jefferson Medical College of Philadelphia, and many churches throughout -his native State, of different denominations, can bear witness, we can -the better appreciate how truly catholic were his gifts. His -benefactions did not pause upon State lines, nor recognize sectional -divisions. - -"In speaking of his generosity, Senator T. F. Bayard once said, 'The -confines of a continent were too narrow for his sense of human -brotherhood, which recognized its ties everywhere upon this footstool of -the Almighty, and decreed that all were to be united to share in the -fruits of his life-long labor.'" - -Asa Packer was born in Groton, Conn., Dec. 29, 1805. As his father had -been unsuccessful in business he could not educate his boy, who found -employment in a tannery in North Stonington. His employer soon died, and -the youth was obliged to go to work on a farm. - -He was ambitious, and determined to seek his fortune farther west; so -with real courage walked from Connecticut to Susquehanna County, Penn., -and in the new county took up the trade of carpenter and joiner. - -For ten years he worked hard at his trade. He purchased a few acres in -the native forest, cleared off the trees, and built a log house, to -which he took his bride. When children were born into the home she made -all the clothing, and in every way helped the poor, industrious -carpenter to make a living. - -In 1833, when he was twenty-eight years old, Mr. Packer moved his family -to Mauch Chunk in the Lehigh Valley, hoping that he could earn a little -more money by his trade. - -When he had leisure, his busy mind was thinking how the vast supplies of -coal and iron in the Lehigh Valley could be transported East. In the -fall of 1833 the carpenter chartered a canal boat, and doing most of -the manual labor himself, he started with a load of coal to -Philadelphia through the Lehigh Canal. - -Making a little money out of this venture, he secured another boat, and -in 1835 took his brother into partnership, and they together commenced -dealing in general merchandise. This firm was the first to carry -anthracite coal through to New York, it having been carried previously -to Philadelphia, and from there re-shipped to New York. - -With Asa Packer's energy, honesty, and broad thinking, the business grew -to good-sized proportions. Then he realized that they must have steam -for quicker transportation. He urged the Lehigh Coal and Navigation -Company to build a railroad along the banks of their canal; but they -refused, thinking that coal and lumber could only pay water freights. In -September, 1847, a charter was granted to the Delaware, Lehigh, -Schuylkill, and Susquehanna Railroad Company; but the people were -indifferent, and the time of the charter was within seventeen days of -expiring, when Asa Packer became one of the board of managers, and by -his efforts graded one mile of the road, thus saving the charter. Two -years later the name of the company was changed to the Lehigh Valley -Railroad Company, and Mr. Packer had a controlling portion of the stock. - -So much faith had he in the project that no one else, apparently, had -faith in, that he offered to build the road from Mauch Chunk to Easton, -a distance of forty-six miles, and take his pay in the stocks and bonds -of the company. - -The offer was accepted; and the road was finished in 1855, four years -after it was begun, but not without many discouragements and great -financial strain. Mr. Packer was made president of the railroad company, -which position he held as long as he lived. - -Already wealth and honors had come to the energetic carpenter. In 1842 -and 1843 he was elected to the State Legislature, and became one of the -two associate judges for the new county of Carbon. - -In 1852, and again in 1854, he was elected to Congress as a Democrat, -and made a useful record for himself. So universally respected was he in -Pennsylvania for his Christian life, as well as for his successful -business career, that he was prominently mentioned as a presidential -candidate, Pennsylvania voting solidly for him through fourteen ballots; -and when his name was withdrawn the delegates voted for Horatio Seymour. - -In 1869, Judge Packer was nominated for governor; but the State was -strongly Republican, having given General Grant the previous year 25,000 -majority. Judge Packer was defeated by only 4,500 votes, showing his -popularity in his own State. - -Two years before this, in the autumn of 1867, his great gift, Lehigh -University, had been opened to pupils. It has now considerably over four -hundred students, from thirty-five various States and countries. It was -named by Judge Packer, who would not allow his own name to be used. -After his death the largest of the buildings was called Packer Hall, but -by the wording of the charter the name of the University can never be -changed. The Packer Memorial Church, a handsome structure, is the gift -of Mrs. Packer Cummings, the daughter of the founder. To the east of -Packer Hall is the University Library with 97,000 volumes, the building -costing $100,000, erected by Judge Packer in memory of his daughter Mrs. -Lucy Packer Linderman. At his death he endowed the library with a fund -of $500,000. - -Judge Packer died May 17, 1879, and is buried in the little cemetery at -Mauch Chunk in the picturesque Lehigh Valley. He lived simply, giving -away during the last few years of his life over $4,000,000. - -Said the president of the University, Rev. Dr. John M. Leavitt, in a -memorial sermon delivered in University Chapel, June 15, 1879, "Not only -his magnificent bequests are our treasures; we have something more -precious,--his _character_ is the noblest legacy of Asa Packer to the -Lehigh University.... - -"He was both gentle and inflexible, persuasive and commanding, in his -sensibilities refined and delicate as a woman, and in his intellect and -resolve clear and strong as a successful military leader.... Genial -kindness flowed out from him as beams from the sun. Never at any period -of his life is it possible to conceive in him a churlish or niggardly -spirit.... During nearly fifty years he was connected with our church, -usually as an officer, and for much of the long period was a constant -and exemplary communicant.... Like the silent light giving bloom to the -world, his faith had a vitalizing power. He grasped the truth of -Christianity and the position of the church, and showed his creed by his -life." - - - - -CORNELIUS VANDERBILT - -AND VANDERBILT UNIVERSITY. - - -Cornelius Vanderbilt, born May 27, 1794, descended from a Dutch farmer, -Jan Aertsen Van der Bilt, who settled in Brooklyn, N.Y., about 1650, -began his career in assisting his father to convey his produce to market -in a sail-boat. The boy did not care for education, but was active in -pursuit of business. At sixteen he purchased for one hundred dollars a -boat, in which he ferried passengers and goods between New York City and -Staten Island, where his father lived. He saved carefully until he had -paid for it. At eighteen he was the owner of two boats, and captain of a -third. - -At nineteen he married a cousin, Sophia Johnson, who by her saving and -her energy helped him to accumulate his fortune. At twenty-three he was -worth $9,000, and was the captain of a steamboat at a salary of $1,000 a -year. The boat made trips between New York City and New Brunswick, N.J., -where his wife managed a small hotel. - -[Illustration: CORNELIUS VANDERBILT.] - -In 1829, when he was thirty-five, he began to build steamboats, and -operated them on the Hudson River, on Long Island Sound, and on the -route to Boston. When he was forty his property was estimated at -$500,000. When the gold-seekers rushed to California, in 1848-1849, Mr. -Vanderbilt established a line by way of Lake Nicaragua, and made large -profits. He also established a line between New York and Havre. - -During the Civil War Mr. Vanderbilt gave the Vanderbilt, his finest -steamship, costing $800,000, to the government, and sent her to the -James River to assist when the Merrimac attacked the national vessels at -Hampton Roads. Congress voted him a gold medal for his timely gift. - -In 1863 he began to invest in railroads, purchasing a large part of the -stock of the New York and Harlem Railroad. His property was at this time -estimated at $40,000,000. He soon gained controlling interest in other -roads. His chief maxim was, "Do your business well, and don't tell -anybody what you are going to do until you have done it." - -In February, 1873, Bishop McTyeire of Nashville, Tenn., was visiting -with the family of Mr. Vanderbilt in New York City. The first wife was -dead, and Mr. Vanderbilt had married a second time. Both men had married -cousins in the city of Mobile, who were very intimate in their girlhood, -and this brought the bishop and Mr. Vanderbilt into friendly relations. -One evening when they were conversing about the effects of the Civil War -upon the Southern States, Commodore Vanderbilt, as he was usually -called, expressed a desire to do something for the South, and asked the -bishop what he would suggest. - -The Methodist Church at the South had organized Central University at -Nashville, but found it impossible to raise the funds needed to carry on -the work. The bishop stated the great need for such an institution, and -Mr. Vanderbilt at once gave $500,000. In his letter to the Board of -Trust, Mr. Vanderbilt said, "If it shall through its influence -contribute even in the smallest degree to strengthening the ties which -should exist between all geographical sections of our common country, I -shall feel that it has accomplished one of the objects that has led me -to take an interest in it." - -Later, in his last illness, he gave enough to make his gift a million. -The name of the institution was changed to Vanderbilt University. Mr. -Vanderbilt died in New York, Jan. 4, 1877, leaving the larger part of -his millions to his son, William Henry Vanderbilt. He gave $50,000 to -the Rev. Charles F. Deems to purchase the Church of the Strangers. - -Founder's Day at Vanderbilt University is celebrated yearly on the late -Commodore's birthday, May 27, the day being ushered in by the playing of -music and the ringing of the University bell. - -Bishop McTyeire, who, Mr. Vanderbilt insisted, should accept the -presidency of the University, used to say, "My wife was a silent but -golden link in the chain of Providence that led to Vanderbilt -University." - -When an attractive site of seventy-five acres of land was chosen for the -buildings, an agent who was recommending an out-of-the-way place -protested, and said, "Bishop, the boys will be looking out of the -windows there." - -"We want them to look out," said the practical bishop, "and to know what -is going on outside." - -The secretary of the faculty tells a characteristic incident of this -noble man. "He once cordially thanked me for conducting through the -University building a company of plain country people, among whom was a -woman with a baby in her arms. 'Who knows what may come of that visit?' -said he. 'It may bring that baby here as a student. He may yet be one of -our illustrious men. Who knows? Who knows? Such people are not to be -neglected. Great men come of them.'" - -Vanderbilt University now has over seven hundred students, and is -sending out many capable scholars into fields of usefulness. - -Mr. William H. Vanderbilt, the son of Cornelius, gave over $450,000 to -the University. His first gift of $100,000 was for the gymnasium, -Science Hall, and Wesley Hall, the Home of the Biblical Department. -Another $100,000 was for the engineering department. At his death, Dec. -8, 1885, he left the University by will $200,000. - -Mr. Vanderbilt's estate was estimated at $200,000,000, double the amount -left by his father. It is said that he left $10,000,000 to each of his -eight children, the larger part of his fortune going to two of his sons, -Cornelius and William K. Vanderbilt. - -He gave for the removing of the obelisk from Egypt to Central Park, -$103,000; to the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New York City, -$500,000. His daughter Emily, wife of William D. Sloan, gave a Maternity -Home in connection with the college, costing $250,000. Mr. Vanderbilt's -four sons, Cornelius, William, Frederick, and George, have erected a -building for clinical instruction as a memorial of their father. - -Mr. Vanderbilt gave $100,000 each to the Home and Foreign Missions of -the Primitive Episcopal Church, to the New York Missions of that church, -to St. Luke's Hospital, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the United -Brethren Church at New Dorp, Staten Island, and to the Young Men's -Christian Association. He gave $50,000 each to the Theological Seminary -of the Episcopal Church, the New York Bible Society, the Home for -Incurables, Seamen's Society, New York Home for Intemperate Men, and the -American Museum of Natural History. - -Cornelius Vanderbilt, the grandson of Commodore Vanderbilt, has given -$10,000 for the library, and $20,000 for the Hall of Mechanical -Engineering of Vanderbilt University. He has also given a building to -Yale College in memory of his son, a large building at the corner of -Madison Avenue and Forty-fifth Street to his railroad employees for -reading, gymnasium hall, bathrooms, etc., $100,000 for the Protestant -Cathedral, and much to other good works. - -Another son of William H., George W. Vanderbilt, who is making at his -home in Asheville, N.C., a collection as complete as possible of all -trees and plants, established the Thirteenth Street Branch of The Free -Circulating Library in New York City, in July, 1888, and has supported a -normal training-school. - -A daughter of William H., Mrs. Elliott F. Shepard, has given to the -Young Women's Christian Association in New York the Margaret Louisa -Home, 14 and 16 East Sixteenth Street, a handsome and well-appointed -structure where working-women can find a temporary home and comfort. The -limit of time for each guest is four weeks. The house contains -fifty-eight single and twenty-one double rooms. It has proved a great -blessing to those who are strangers in a great city, and need -inexpensive and respectable surroundings. - -It is stated in the press that Mrs. Frederick Vanderbilt uses a generous -portion of her income in preparing worthy young women for some useful -position in life,--as nurses, or in sewing or art, each individual -having $500 expended for such training. - - - - -BARON MAURICE DE HIRSCH. - - -"The death of Baron Hirsch," says the New York _Tribune_, April 22, -1896, "is a loss to the whole human race. To one of the most ancient and -illustrious branches of that race it will seem a catastrophe. No man of -this century has done so much for the Jews as he.... In his twelfth -century castle of Eichorn in Moravia he conceived vast schemes of -beneficence. On his more than princely estate of St. Johann in Hungary -he elaborated the details. In his London and Paris mansions he put them -into execution. He rose early and worked late, and kept busy a staff of -secretaries and agents in all parts of the world. He not only relieved -the immediate distress of the people, he founded schools to train them -to useful work. He transported them by thousands from lands of bondage -to lands of freedom, and planted them there in happy colonies. In -countless other directions he gave his wealth freely for the benefit of -mankind without regard to race or creed." - -Baron Hirsch died at Presburg, Hungary, April 20, 1896, of apoplexy. He -was the son of a Bavarian merchant, and was born in 1833. At eighteen he -became a clerk in the banking-firm of Bischoffsheim & Goldschmidt, and -married the daughter of the former. He was the successful promoter of -the great railway system from Budapest to Varna on the Black Sea. He -made vast sums out of Turkish railway bonds, and is said to have been as -rich as the Rothschilds. - -He gave away in his lifetime an enormous amount, stated in the press to -have been $15,000,000 yearly, for the five years before his death. - -The New York _Tribune_ says he gave much more than $20,000,000 for the -help of the Jews. He gave to institutions in Egypt, Turkey, and Asia -Minor, which bear his name. He offered the Russian Government -$10,000,000 for public education if it would make no discrimination as -to race or religion; but it declined the offer, and banished the Jews. - -To the Hirsch fund in this country for the help of the Jews the baron -sent more than $2,500,000. The managers of the fund spent no money in -bringing the Jews to this country, but when here, opened schools for the -children to prepare them to enter the public schools, evening schools -for adults, training-schools to teach them carpentry, plumbing, and the -like; provided public baths for them; bought farm-lands for them in New -Jersey and Connecticut, and assisted them to buy small farms; provided -factories for young men and women, as at Woodbine, N.J., where 5,100 -acres have been purchased for the Hirsch Colony, and a brickyard and -kindling-wood factory established. The baron is said to have received -400 begging letters daily, some of them from crowned heads, to whom he -loaned large amounts. The favorite home of the baron was in Paris, where -he lost his only and idolized son Lucien, in 1888, at the age of twenty. -Much of the fortune that was to be the son's the father devoted to -charity, especially to the alleviation of the condition of the European -Jews, in whom the son was deeply interested. Many millions were left to -Lucienne, the extremely pretty natural daughter of his son Lucien. - - - - -ISAAC RICH - -AND BOSTON UNIVERSITY. - - -Isaac Rich left to Boston University, chartered in 1869, more than a -million and a half dollars. He was born in Wellfleet, Mass., in 1801, of -humble parentage. At the age of fourteen he was assisting his father in -a fish-stall in Boston, and afterwards kept an oyster-stall in Faneuil -Hall. He became a very successful fish-merchant, and gave his wealth for -noble purposes. - -Unfortunately, immediately after his death, Jan. 13, 1872, the great -fire of 1872 consumed the best investments of the estate, and the panic -of 1873 and other great losses followed; so that for rebuilding the -stores and banks in which the estate had been largely invested money had -to be borrowed, and at the close of ten years the estate actually -transferred to the University was a little less than $700,000. - -This sum would have been much larger had not the statutes of New York -State made it illegal to convey to a corporation outside the State, like -Boston University, the real estate owned by Mr. Rich in Brooklyn, which -reverted to the legal heirs. It is claimed that Mr. Rich was "the first -Bostonian who ever donated so large a sum to the cause of collegiate -education." - -The Hon. Jacob Sleeper, one of the three original incorporators of the -University, gave to it over a quarter of a million dollars. The College -of Liberal Arts is named in his honor. - -Boston University owes much of its wide reputation to its president, the -Rev. Dr. William F. Warren, a successful author as well as able -executive. From the first he has favored co-education and equal -opportunities for men and women. Dr. Warren said in 1890, "In my opinion -the co-education of the sexes in high and grammar schools, as also in -colleges and universities, is absolutely essential to the best results -in the education of youth. - -"I believe it to be best for boys, best for girls, best for teachers, -best for tax-payers, best for the community, best for morals and manners -and religion." - -More than sixty years ago, in 1833, at its beginning, Oberlin College -gave the first example of co-education in this country. In 1880 a little -more than half the colleges in the United States, 51.3 per cent, had -adopted the policy; in 1890 the proportion had increased to 65.5 per -cent. Probably a majority of persons will agree with Dr. James -MacAlister of Philadelphia, that "co-education is becoming universal -throughout this country." - -Concerning Boston University, the report prepared for the admirable -education series edited by Professor Herbert B. Adams of Johns Hopkins -University, says, "This University was the first to afford the young -women of Massachusetts the advantages of the higher education. Its -College of Liberal Arts antedated Wellesley and Smith and the Harvard -Annex. Its doors, furthermore, were not reluctantly opened in -consequence of the pressure of an outside public opinion too great to -be resisted. On the contrary, it was in advance of public sentiment on -this line, and directed it. Its school of theology was the earliest -anywhere to present to women all the privileges provided for men. In -fact, this University was the first in history to present to women -students unrestricted opportunities to fit themselves for each of the -learned professions. It was the first ever organized from foundation to -capstone without discrimination on the ground of sex. Its publications -bearing upon the joint education of the sexes have been sought in all -countries where the question of opening the older universities to women -has been under discussion." - -Boston University, 1896, has at present 1,270 students,--women 377, men -893,--and requires high grade of scholarship. It is stated that "the -first four years' course of graded medical instruction ever offered in -this country was instituted by this school in the spring of 1878." - - - - -DANIEL B. FAYERWEATHER - -AND OTHERS - - -Mr. Fayerweather was born in Stepney, Conn., in 1821; he was apprenticed -to a farmer, learned the shoemaker's trade in Bridgeport, and worked at -the trade until he became ill. Then he bought a tin-peddler's outfit, -and went to Virginia. When he could not sell for cash he took hides in -payment. - -Afterwards he returned to his trade at Bridgeport, where he remained -till 1854, when he was thirty-three years old. He then removed to New -York City, and entered the employ of Hoyt Brothers, dealers in leather. -Years later, on the withdrawal of Mr. Hoyt, the firm name became -Fayerweather & Ladew. Mr. Fayerweather was a retiring, economical man, -honest and respected. At his death in 1890, he gave to the Presbyterian -Hospital, St. Luke's Hospital, and Manhattan Eye and Ear Infirmary, -$25,000 each; to the Woman's Hospital and Mount Sinai Hospital, $10,000 -each; to Yale College, Columbia College, Cornell University, $200,000 -each; to Bowdoin College, Amherst, Williams, Dartmouth, Wesleyan, -Hamilton, Maryville, Yale Scientific School, University of Virginia, -Rochester, Lincoln, and Hampton Universities, $100,000 each; to Union -Theological Seminary, Lafayette, Marietta, Adelbert, Wabash, and Park -Colleges, $50,000 each. The residue of the estate, over $3,000,000, was -divided among various colleges and hospitals. - - -GEORGE I. SENEY, - -Who died April 7, 1893, in New York City, gave away, between 1879 and -1884, to Seney Hospital in Brooklyn, $500,000, and a like amount each to -the Wesleyan University, and to the Methodist Orphan Asylum, Brooklyn. -To Emory College and Wesleyan Female College, Macon, Ga., he gave -$250,000; to the Long Island Historical Society, $100,000; to the -Brooklyn Library, $60,000; to Drew Theological Seminary, Madison, N.J., -a large amount; to the Industrial School for Homeless Children, -Brooklyn, $25,000, and a like amount to the Eye and Ear Infirmary of -that city. He also gave twenty valuable paintings to the Metropolitan -Museum of Art in New York. - -The givers to colleges have been too numerous to mention. The College of -New Jersey, at Princeton, has received not less than one and a half -million or two million dollars from the John C. Greene estate. - -Johns Hopkins left seven millions to found a university and hospital in -Baltimore. - -The Hon. Washington C. De Pauw left at his death forty per cent of his -estate, estimated at from two to five million dollars, to De Pauw -University, Greencastle, Ind. Though some of the real estate decreased -in value, the university has received already $300,000, and will -probably receive not less than $600,000, or possibly much more, in the -future. - -Mr. Jonas G. Clark gave to found Clark University, Worcester, Mass., -about a million dollars to be devoted to post-graduates, or a school -for specialists. Mr. Clark spent about eight years in Europe studying -the highest institutions of learning. Matthew Vassar gave a million -dollars to Vassar College for women at Poughkeepsie, N.Y. Ezra B. -Cornell gave a million to Cornell University at Ithaca, N.Y. Mr. Henry -W. Sage has also been a most munificent giver to the same institution. -Dr. Joseph W. Taylor of Burlington, N.J., a physician and merchant, and -member of the Society of Friends, founded Bryn Mawr College for Women, -at Bryn Mawr, Penn. His gift consisted of property and academic -buildings worth half a million, and one million dollars in invested -funds as endowment. - -Mr. Paul Tulane gave over a million to Tulane University, New Orleans. -George Peabody gave away nine millions in charities,--three millions to -educational institutions, three millions to education at the South to -both whites and negroes, and three millions to build tenement houses for -the poor of London, England. - - -HORACE KELLEY, - -Of Cleveland, Ohio, left a half-million dollars for the foundation of an -art gallery and school. His family were among the pioneer settlers, and -their purchases of land in what became the heart of the city made their -children wealthy. He was born in Cleveland, July 8, 1819, and died in -the same city, Dec. 5, 1890. - -He married Miss Fanny Miles, of Elyria, Ohio, and spent much of his life -in foreign travel and in California, where they had a home at Pasadena. -His fortune was the result of saving as well as the increase in -real-estate values. - -Mr. John Huntington made a somewhat larger gift for the same purpose. -Mr. H. B. Hurlbut gave his elegant home, his collection of pictures, -etc., valued at half a million, and Mr. J. H. Wade and others have -contributed land, which make nearly two million dollars for the -Cleveland Art Gallery and School. Mr. W. J. Gordon, of Cleveland, Ohio, -gave land for Gordon's Park, bordering on Lake Erie, valued at a million -dollars. It was beautifully laid out by him with drives, lakes, and -flower-beds, and was his home for many years. - - -MR. HART A. MASSEY, - -Formerly a resident of Cleveland, but in later years a manufacturer at -Toronto, Canada, at his death, in the spring of 1896, left a million -dollars in charities. To Victoria College, Toronto, $200,000, all but -$50,000 as an endowment fund. This $50,000 is to be used for building a -home for the women students. To each of two other colleges, $100,000, -and to each of two more, $50,000, one of the latter being the new -American University at Washington, D.C. To the Salvation Army, Toronto, -$5,000. To the Fred Victor Mission, to provide missionary nurses to go -from house to house in Toronto, and care for the sick and the needy, -$10,000. Many thousands were given to churches and various homes, and -$10,000 to ministers worn out in service. To Mr. D. L. Moody's schools -at Northfield, Mass., $10,000. Many have given to this noble institution -established by the great evangelist, and it needs and deserves large -endowments. The Frederick Marquand Memorial Hall, brick with gray stone -trimmings, was built as a dormitory for one hundred girls, in 1884, at -a cost of $67,000. Recitation Hall, of colored granite, was built in -1885, at a cost of $40,000, and, as well as some other buildings, was -paid for out of the proceeds of the Moody and Sankey hymn-books. Weston -Hall, costing $25,000, is the gift of Mr. David Weston of Boston. -Talcott Library, a beautiful structure costing $20,000, with a capacity -for forty thousand volumes, is the gift of Mr. James Talcott of New -York, who, among many other benefactions, has erected Talcott Hall at -Oberlin College, a large and handsome boarding-hall for the young women. - - - - -CATHARINE LORILLARD WOLFE. - - -In the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City, one sees an -interesting picture of this noted giver, painted by Alexander Cabanel, -commander of the Legion of Honor, and professor in the Ecole des Beaux -Arts of Paris. - -Miss Wolfe, who was born in New York, March 8, 1828, and died in New -York, April 4, 1887, at the age of fifty-nine, was descended from an old -Lutheran family, her great-grandfather, John David Wolfe, coming to this -country from Saxony in 1729. Two of his four children, David and -Christopher, served with credit in the War of the Revolution. After the -war, David and a younger brother were partners in the hardware business, -and their sons succeeded them. - -John David Wolfe, the son of David, born July 24, 1792, retired from -business in the prime of his life, and devoted himself to benevolent -work. He was a vestryman of Trinity Parish, and later senior warden of -Grace Church, New York. He gave to schools and churches all over the -country, to St. Johnland on Long Island, to the Sheltering Arms in New -York, the High School at Denver, Col., the Diocesan School at Topeka, -Kan., etc. He was a helper in the New York Historical Society, and one -of the founders of the American Museum of Natural History in New York. -He was its first president when he died, May 17, 1872, in his eightieth -year, leaving only one child, Catharine, to inherit his large property. - -A portion of Miss Wolfe's seven millions came from her mother, Dorothea -Lorillard, and the rest from her father. She was an educated woman, who -had read much and travelled extensively, and, like her father, used her -money in doing good while she lived. Her private benefactions were -constant, and she went much among the poor and suffering. - -She built in East Broadway a Newsboy's Lodging House for not less than -$50,000; the Italian Mission Church in Mulberry Street, $50,000, with -tenement house in the same street, $20,000; the house for the clergy of -the diocese of New York, 29 Lafayette Place, $170,000; St. Luke's -Hospital, $30,000; Home for Incurables at Fordham, $30,000; Union -College, Schenectady, N.Y., $100,000; Schools in the Western States, -$50,000; Home and Foreign Missions, $100,000; American Church in Rome, -$40,000; American School of Classical Studies at Athens, $20,000; -Virginia Seminary, $25,000; Grace House, containing reading and lecture -rooms for the poor, and Grace Church, $200,000 or more. She paid the -expense of the exploring expedition to Babylonia under the leadership of -the distinguished Oriental scholar, Dr. William Hayes Ward, editor of -the _Independent_. A friend tells of her sending him to New York, from -her boat on the Nile, a check for $25,000 to be distributed in -charities. She educated young girls; she helped those who are unable to -make their way in the world. - -Having given all her life, she gave away over a million at her death in -money and objects of art. To the Metropolitan Museum of Art she gave the -Catharine Lorillard Wolfe collection, with pictures by Rosa Bonheur, -Meissonnier, Gerome, Verboeckhoven, Hans Makart, Sir Frederick Leighton, -Couture, Bouguereau, and many others. She added an endowment of $200,000 -for the preservation and increase of the collection. - -One of the most interesting to me of all the pictures in the Wolfe -collection is the sheep in a storm, No. 118, "Lost," souvenir of -Auvergne, by Auguste Frederic Albrecht Schenck, a member of the Legion -of Honor, born in the Duchy of Holstein, 1828. Those who love animals -can scarcely stand before it without tears. - -Others besides Miss Wolfe have made notable gifts to the Museum of Art. -Mr. Cornelius Vanderbilt gave, in 1887, Rosa Bonheur's world-renowned -"Horse Fair," for which he paid $53,500. It was purchased at the auction -sale of Mr. A. T. Stewart's collection, March 25, 1887. - -Meissonnier's "Friedland, 1807" was purchased at the Stewart sale by Mr. -Henry Hilton for $66,000, and presented to the museum. Mr. Stephen -Whitney Phoenix, who gave so generously to Columbia College, was also, -like Mr. George I. Seney, a great giver to the museum. - - - - -MISS MARY ELIZABETH GARRETT - - -Of Baltimore gave to the Medical School of Johns Hopkins University over -$400,000, that women might have equal medical opportunities with men. - -President Daniel C. Gilman, in an article on Johns Hopkins University, -says, "Much attention had been directed to the importance of medical -education for women; and efforts had been made by committees of ladies -in Baltimore and other cities to secure for this purpose an adequate -endowment, to be connected with the foundations of Johns Hopkins. As a -result of this movement, the trustees accepted a gift from the committee -of ladies, a sum which, with its accrued interest, amounted to $119,000, -toward the endowment of a medical school to which 'women should be -admitted upon the same terms which may be prescribed for men.' - -"This gift was made in October, 1891; but as it was inadequate for the -purposes proposed, Miss Mary E. Garrett, in addition to her previous -subscriptions, offered to the trustees the sum of $306,977, which, with -other available resources, made up the amount of $500,000, which had -been agreed upon as the minimum endowment of the Johns Hopkins Medical -School. These contributions enabled the trustees to proceed to the -organization of a school of medicine which was opened to candidates for -the degree of doctor of medicine in October, 1893." - -Several women have aided Johns Hopkins, as indeed they have most -institutions of learning in America. Mrs. Caroline Donovan gave to the -university $100,000 for the foundation of a chair of English literature. -In 1887 Mrs. Adam T. Bruce of New York gave the sum of $10,000 to found -the Bruce fellowship in memory of her son, the late Adam T. Bruce, who -had been a fellow and an instructor at the university. Mrs. William E. -Woodyear gave the sum of $10,000 to found five scholarships as a -memorial of her deceased husband. Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence Turnbull endowed -the Percy Turnbull memorial lectureship of poetry with an income of -$1,000 per annum. - - - - -MRS. ANNA OTTENDORFER. - - -"Whenever our people gratefully point out their benefactors, whenever -the Germans in America speak of those who are objects of their -veneration and their pride, the name of Anna Ottendorfer will assuredly -be among the first. For all time to come her memory and her work will be -blessed." Thus spoke the Hon. Carl Schurz at the bier of Mrs. -Ottendorfer in the spring of 1884. - -Anna Behr was born in Wuerzburg, Bavaria, in a simple home, Feb. 13, -1815. In 1837, when twenty-two years old, she came to America, remained -a year with her brother in Niagara County, N.Y., and then married Jacob -Uhl, a printer. - -In 1844 Mr. Uhl started a job-office in Frankfort Street, New York, and -bought a small weekly paper called the _New-Yorker Staats-Zeitung_. His -young wife helped him constantly, and finally the weekly paper became a -daily. - -Her husband died in 1852, leaving her with six children and a daily -paper on her hands. She was equal to the task. She declined to sell the -paper, and managed it well for seven years. Then she married Mr. Oswald -Ottendorfer, who was on the staff of the paper. - -Both worked indefatigably, and made the paper more successful than ever. -She was always at her desk. "Her callers," says _Harper's Bazar_, May -3, 1884, "had been many. Her visitors represented all classes of -society,--the opulent and the poor, the high and the lowly. There was -advice for the one, assistance for the other; an open heart and an open -purse for the deserving; a large charity wisely used." - -In 1875 Mrs. Ottendorfer built the Isabella Home for Aged Women in -Astoria, Long Island, giving to it $150,000. It was erected in memory of -her deceased daughter, Isabella. - -In 1881 she contributed about $40,000 to a memorial fund in support of -several educational institutions, and the next year built and furnished -the Woman's Pavilion of the German Hospital of New York City, giving -$75,000. For the German Dispensary in Second Avenue she gave $100,000, -also a library. - -At her death she provided liberally for many institutions, and left -$25,000 to be divided among the employees of the _Staats-Zeitung_. In -1879 the property of the paper was turned into a stock-company; and, at -the suggestion of Mrs. Ottendorfer, the employees were provided for by a -ten-per-cent dividend on their annual salary. Later this was raised to -fifteen per cent, which greatly pleased the men. - -The New York _Sun_, in regard to her care for her employees, especially -in her will, says, "She had always the reputation of a very clever, -business-like, and charitable lady. Her will shows, however, that she -was much more than that--she must have been a wonderful woman." A year -before her death the Empress Augusta of Germany sent her a medal in -recognition of her many charities. - -Mrs. Ottendorfer died April 1, 1884, and was buried in Greenwood. Her -estate was estimated at $3,000,000, made by her own skill and energy. -Having made it, she enjoyed giving it to others. - -Her husband, Mr. Oswald Ottendorfer, has given most generously to his -native place Zwittau,--an orphan asylum and home for the poor, a -hospital, and a fine library with a beautiful monumental fountain before -it, crowned by a statue representing mother-love; a woman carrying a -child in her arms and leading another. His statue was erected in the -city in 1886, and the town was illuminated in his honor at the -dedication of the library. - - - - -DANIEL P. STONE AND VALERIA G. STONE. - - -When Mr. Stone, who was a dry-goods merchant of Boston, died in Malden, -Mass., in 1878, it was agreed between him and his wife, Mrs. Valeria G. -Stone, that the property earned and saved by them should be given to -charity. - -While Mrs. Stone lived she gave generously; and at her death, Jan. 15, -1884, over eighty years old, she gave away more than $2,000,000. To -Andover Theological Seminary, to the American Missionary Association for -schools among the colored people, $150,000 each, and much to aid -struggling students and churches, and to save mortgaged homes. To -Wellesley College to build Stone Hall, $110,000; to Bowdoin College, -Amherst, Dartmouth, Drury, Carleton, Chicago Seminary, Hamilton, Iowa, -Oberlin, Hampton Institute, Woman's Board for Armenia College, Turkey, -Olivet College, Ripon, Illinois, Marietta, Beloit, Robert College, -Constantinople, Berea, Doane, Colorado, Washburne, Howard University, -each from five to seventy-five thousand dollars. She gave also to -hospitals, city mission work, rescue homes, and Christian associations. -For evangelical work in France she gave $15,000. - - - - -SAMUEL WILLISTON, - - -The giver of over one million and a half dollars was born at -Easthampton, Mass., July 17, 1795. - -He was the son of the Rev. Payson Williston, first pastor of the First -Church in Easthampton in 1789, and the grandson of the Rev. Noah -Williston of West Haven, Conn., on his father's side, and of the Rev. -Nathan Birdseye of Stratford, Conn., on his mother's. - -As the salary of the father probably never exceeded $350 yearly, the -family were brought up in the strictest economy. At ten years of age the -boy Samuel worked on a farm, earning for the next six years about seven -dollars a month, and saving all that was possible. In the winters he -attended the district school, and studied Latin with his father, as he -hoped to fit himself for the ministry. - -He began his preparation at Phillips Academy, Andover, carrying thither -his worldly possessions in a bag under his arm. "We were both of us -about as poor in money as we could be," said his roommate years -afterward, the Rev. Enoch Sanford, D.D., "but our capital in hope and -fervor was boundless." Samuel's eyes soon failed him, and he was obliged -to give up the project of ever becoming a minister. He entered the store -of Arthur Tappan, in New York, as clerk; but ill health compelled him to -return to the farm with its out-door life. - -When he was twenty-seven he married Emily Graves of Williamsburg, Mass. -She brought to the marriage partnership a noble heart, and every -willingness to help. The story is told that she cut off a button from -the coat of a visitor, with his consent, learned how it was covered, and -soon furnished work for her neighbors as well as herself. - -After some years Mr. Williston began in a small way to manufacture -buttons, and the business grew under his capable management till a -thousand families found employment. He formed a partnership with Joel -and Josiah Hayden at Haydenville, for the manufacture of machine-made -buttons in 1835, then first introduced into this country from England. -Four years later the business was transferred to Easthampton. - -Mr. Williston did not wait till he was very rich before he began to -give. In 1837 he helped largely towards the erection of the First Church -in Easthampton. In 1841 he established Williston Seminary, which became -a most excellent fitting-school for college. During his lifetime he gave -to this school about $270,000, and left it at his death an endowment of -$600,000. - -He was also deeply interested in Amherst College, establishing the -Williston professorship of rhetoric and oratory, the Graves, now -Williston, professorship of Greek, and some others. "He began giving to -Amherst College," writes Professor Joseph H. Sawyer, "when the -institution was in the depths of poverty and well-nigh given over as a -failure. He saved the college to mankind, and by example and personal -solicitation stimulated others to give." He built and equipped Williston -Hall, and assisted in the erection of other buildings. - -He aided Mary Lyon, in establishing Mount Holyoke Seminary, gave to -Iowa College, the Protestant College in Beirut, Syria, and to churches, -libraries, and various other institutions. - -He was active in all business enterprises, as well as works of -benevolence. He was president of the Williston Cotton Mills, the First -National Bank, Gas Company, and Nashawannuck (suspender) Company, all at -Easthampton. He was the first president of the Hampshire and Hampden -Railway, president of the First National Bank of Northampton, also of -the Greenville Manufacturing Company (cotton cloths), member of both -branches of the Legislature until he declined a re-election, one of the -trustees of Amherst College, of the Westborough, Mass., Reform School, -on the board of an asylum for idiots in Boston, a corporate member of -the American Board, a trustee of Mount Holyoke Seminary, etc. - -Mr. Williston overcame the obstacles of poor eyesight, ill health, and -poverty, and became a blessing to tens of thousands. His wife was -equally a giver with him. The Rev. William Seymour Tyler, D.D., of -Amherst College, said at the semi-centennial celebration of Williston -Seminary, June 14-17, 1891, "I knew its founders. I say 'founders,' for -Mrs. Williston had scarcely less to do than Mr. Williston in planning -and founding the building and endowing the seminary, as in all the -successful measures and achievements of his remarkable and useful life; -and the few enterprises in which he did not succeed were those in which -he did not follow her advice. I knew the founders from the time when, at -the beginning of their prosperity, their home and their factory were -both in a modest wing of Father Williston's parsonage, until they had -created Williston Seminary, made Easthampton, following out their great -and good work, and entered into their rest." - -Five children were born to Mr. and Mrs. Williston, but all died in -childhood. They adopted five children, two boys and three girls, reared -them, and educated them for honored positions in life. - -Mr. Williston died at Easthampton, July 17, 1874; and his wife, two -years younger than he, died April 12, 1885. Both are buried in the -cemetery at Easthampton, to which burying-ground Mr. Williston gave, at -his death, $10,000. He lived simply, and saved that he might give it in -charities. - - - - -JOHN F. SLATER AND DANIEL HAND, - -AND THEIR GIFTS TO THE COLORED PEOPLE. - - -One of the best charities our country has ever had bestowed upon it is -the million-dollar gift of Mr. Slater, and the million and a half gift -of Mr. Hand, for the education of the colored people in the Southern -States. Other millions of dollars are yet needed to train these millions -of the colored race to self-help and good citizenship. - -Mr. John Fox Slater was born in Slatersville, R.I., March 4, 1815. He -was the son of John Slater, who helped his brother Samuel to found the -first cotton manufacturing industry in the United States. - -Samuel Slater came from England; and setting up some machinery from -memory, after arriving in this country, as nobody was permitted to carry -plans out of England, he started the first cotton-mill in December, -1790. A few years later his brother John came from England, and together -they started a mill at Slatersville, R.I. - -They built mills also at Oxford, now Webster, Mass., and in time became -men of wealth. Mr. Samuel Slater opened a Sunday-school for his workmen, -one of the first institutions of that kind in this country. - -His son John early developed rare business qualities, and at the age of -seventeen was placed in charge of one of his father's mills at Jewett -City, near Norwich, Conn. He had received a good academical education, -had excellent judgment, would not speculate, and was noted for integrity -and honor. He became not only the head of his own extensive business, -but prominent in many outside enterprises. - -His manners were refined, he was self-poised and somewhat reserved, and -very unostentatious, thereby showing his true manhood. He read on many -subjects,--finance, politics, and religion, and was a good -conversationalist. - -As he grew richer he felt the responsibility of his wealth. He gave -generously to the country during the Civil War; he contributed largely -to the establishment of the Norwich Free Academy and to the -Congregational Church in Norwich with which he was connected, and to -other worthy objects. - -He determined to do good with his money while he lived. After the war, -having given largely for the relief of the freedmen, he decided to give -to a board of trustees $1,000,000, for the purpose of "uplifting the -lately emancipated population of the Southern States and their posterity -by conferring on them the blessings of Christian education." - -When asked the precise meaning of the phrase "Christian education," he -replied, "that in the sense which he intended, the common school -teaching of Massachusetts and Connecticut was Christian education. That -it is leavened with a predominant and salutary Christian influence." - -He said in his letter to the trustees, "It has pleased God to grant me -prosperity in my business, and to put it into my power to apply to -charitable uses a sum of money so considerable as to require the counsel -of wise men for the administration of it." In committing the money to -their hands he "humbly hoped that the administration of it might be so -guided by divine wisdom as to be, in its turn, an encouragement to -philanthropic enterprise on the part of others, and an enduring means of -good to our beloved country and to our fellow-men." - -Mr. Slater's gift awakened widespread interest and appreciation. The -Congress of the United States voted him thanks, and caused a gold medal -to be struck in his honor. - -Mr. Slater lived to see his work well begun, intrusted to such men as -ex-President Hayes at the head of the trust, Phillips Brooks, Governor -Colquitt of Georgia, his son William A. Slater, and others. He died May -7, 1884, at Norwich, at the age of sixty-nine. - -The general agent of the trust for several years was the late Dr. A. G. -Haygood of Georgia, who resigned when he was made a bishop in the -Methodist Church. Since 1891 Dr. J. L. M. Curry of Washington, D.C., -chairman of the Educational Committee, and author of "The Southern -States of the American Union" and other works, has been the able agent -of the Slater as well as Peabody Funds. Dr. Curry, member of both -National and Confederate Congresses, and minister to Spain for three -years, has been devoted to education all his life, and gives untiring -industry and deep interest to his work. - -The Slater Fund is used in normal schools to fit students for teaching -and for industrial education, and much of it is paid in salaries to -teachers. - -Dr. Curry, in his Report for 1892-1893, gives a list of the schools -aided in that year, all of which he visited during the year. To Bishop -College, Marshall, Tex., with 248 colored students, $1,000 was given for -normal work and manual training; to Central Tennessee College, -Nashville, with 493 students, $2,000, to pay the teachers in the -mechanical shop, carpentry, sewing, cooking, etc.; to Clark University, -Atlanta, Ga., 415 students, $2,500, mostly to the mechanical department, -etc.; to Spelman Female Institute, Atlanta, with 744 pupils, $5,000; the -institute has nine buildings, with property valued at $200,000. - -To Claflin University, Orangeburg, S.C., with 635 students, both men and -women, $3,096, chiefly to the industrial department,--iron-working, -harness-making, masonry, painting, etc.; to Hampton Normal Institute, -Hampton, Va., the noble institution to which General S. C. Armstrong -gave his life, $5,000, for training girls in housework, to the -machine-shop, for teachers in natural history, mathematics, etc. There -are nearly 800 pupils in the school. - -To the Leonard Medical School, Shaw University, Raleigh, N.C., $1,000. -The medical faculty are all white men. To the university itself, with -462 pupils, $2,500; to the Meharry Medical College, Nashville, 117 men -and four women, $1,500; to the State Normal School, Montgomery, Ala., -with 900 students, $2,500; to the Normal and Industrial Institute, -Tuskegee, Ala., with 400 men and 320 women, $2,100, given largely to the -departments of agriculture, leather and tin, brick-making, saw-mill -work, plastering, dressmaking, etc. "This institution is an achievement -of Mr. Booker T. Washington, a graduate of Hampton Normal Institute," -says the Report of the Commissioner of Education, 1891-1892. "Opened in -1881 with one teacher and thirty pupils, it attained such success that -in 1892 there were 44 officers and teachers and over 600 students. It -also owns property estimated at $150,000, upon which there is no -encumbrance. General S. C. Armstrong said of it, 'I think it is the -noblest and grandest work of any colored man in the land.'" - -To Straight University, New Orleans, La., with 600 pupils, the Slater -Fund gave $2,000. The late Thomas Lafon, a colored man, left at death -$5,800 to this excellent institution; to Talladega College, Talladega, -Ala., with 519 students, $2,500; to Tougaloo University, Tougaloo, -Miss., with 392 students, $3,000. This institute, under the charge of -the American Missionary Association, began twenty-five years ago with -one small building surrounded by negro cabins. Now there are ten -buildings in the midst of five hundred acres. Most of these institutions -for colored people have small libraries, which would be greatly helped -by the gift of good books. - -In nine years, from 1883 to 1892, nearly $400,000 was given from the -Slater Fund to push forward the education of the colored people. Most of -them were poor and left in ignorance through slavery; but they have made -rapid progress, and have shown themselves worthy of aid. The _American -Missionary_, June, 1883, tells of a law-student at Shaw University who -helped to support his widowed mother, taught a school of 80 scholars -four miles in the country, walking both ways, studying law and reciting -at night nearly a mile away from his home. When admitted to the bar, he -sustained the best examination in a class of 30, all the others white. - -The _Howard Quarterly_, January, 1893, cites the case of a young woman -who prepared for college at Howard University. She led the entire -entrance class at the Chicago University, and received a very -substantial reward in a scholarship that will pay all expenses of the -four years' course. - -Mr. La Port, the superintendent of construction of the George R. Smith -College, Sedalia, Mo., was born a slave; he ran away at twelve, worked -fourteen years to obtain money enough to secure his freedom, is now -worth $75,000, and supports his aged mother and the widow of the man -from whom he purchased his freedom. - -The highest honor at Boston University in 1892 was awarded to a colored -man, Thomas Nelson Baker, born a slave in Virginia in 1860. The class -orator at Harvard College in 1890 was a colored man, Clement Garnett -Morgan. - - -DANIEL HAND - -Was born in Madison, Conn., July 16, 1801. He was descended from good -Puritan ancestors, who came to this country in 1635 from Maidstone, -Kent, England. His grandfather on his father's side served in the War of -the Revolution, and his ancestors on his mother's side both in the old -French War and the Revolutionary War. - -Daniel, one of seven boys, lived on a farm till he was about sixteen -years of age, when he went to Augusta, Ga., in 1818, with an uncle, -Daniel Meigs, a merchant of that place and of Savannah. Young Hand -proved most useful in his uncle's business; in time succeeded him, and -became one of the leading merchants of the South. Some fifteen years -before the war Mr. Hand took into business partnership in Augusta Mr. -George W. Williams, a native of Georgia, who later established a -business in Charleston, S.C., Mr. Hand furnishing the larger part of the -capital. The business in Augusta was given in charge to a nephew, and -Mr. Hand temporarily removed to New York City. - -When the Civil War became imminent, Mr. Hand went South, was arrested as -a "Lincoln spy" in New Orleans; but no basis being found for the charge, -was released on parole that he would report to the Confederate authority -at Richmond. On his way thither, passing the night in Augusta, he would -have been mobbed by a lawless crowd who gathered about his hotel, had -not a few of the leading men of Atlanta hurried him off to jail in a -carriage with the mayor and a few friends as a guard. - -Reporting at Richmond, Mr. Hand was allowed to go where he chose, if -within the limits of the Confederacy, and chose Asheville, N.C., for his -home until the war ended, spending his time in reading, of which he was -very fond, and then came North. - -The Confederate Courts at Charleston tried to confiscate his property, -but this was prevented largely through the influence of Mr. Williams. -Some years later, when the latter became involved, and creditors were -pressing for payment, Mr. Hand, the largest creditor, refused to secure -his claim, saying, "If Mr. Williams lives, he will pay his debts. I am -not at all concerned about it." The money was paid by Mr. Williams at -his own convenience after several years. - -Mr. Hand had married early in life his cousin, Elizabeth Ward, daughter -of Dr. Levi Ward of Rochester, N.Y., who died early, as well as their -young children. Mr. Hand remained a widower for more than fifty years. - -Bereft of wife and children, fond of the Southern people, yet heartily -opposed to slavery, and realizing the helplessness and ignorance of the -slaves, Mr. Hand decided to give to the American Missionary Association -$1,000,894.25, the income to be used "for the purpose of educating needy -and indigent colored people of African descent, residing, or who may -hereafter reside, in the recent slave States of the United States of -America.... I would limit," he said, "the sum of $100 as the largest sum -to be expended for any one person in any one year from this fund." The -fund, transferred Oct. 22, 1888, was to be known as the "Daniel Hand -Educational Fund for Colored People." - -Upon Mr. Hand's death, at Guilford, Conn., Dec. 17, 1891, in the family -of one of his nieces, it was found that he had made the American -Missionary Association his residuary legatee. About $500,000 passed into -the possession of the Association, to be used for the same purpose as -the million dollars; and about $200,000, it is believed, will eventually -go to the organization after life-use by others. - -The American Missionary Association is a noble society, organized in -1846 and chartered in 1862, for helping the poor and neglected races at -our own doors, by establishing churches and schools in the South among -both negroes and whites, in the West among the Indians, and in the -Pacific States among the Chinese. - -The Rev. Dr. A. D. Mayo says, in his book on the Southern women in the -recent educational movement in the South, "Perhaps the most notable -success in the secondary, normal, and higher training of colored youth -has been achieved by the American Missionary Association.... At present -its labors in the South are largely directed to training superior -colored youth of both sexes for the work of teaching in the new public -schools. It now supports six institutions called colleges and -universities, in which not only the ordinary English branches are -taught, but opportunity is offered for the few who desire a moderate -college course." Fisk University of Nashville, which has sent out over -12,000 students, is one of the most interesting. - -The American Missionary Association assists 74 schools for colored -people with 12,000 pupils, 198 churches for the same with over 10,000 -members and a much larger number in the Sunday-schools; 14 churches -among the Indians with over 900 members; 20 schools among the Chinese at -the West with over 1,000 pupils and over 300 Christian Chinese. - -Mr. Hand's noble gift aids about fifty schools in the various Southern -States from its income of over $50,000 yearly. - -Mr. Hand was a man of fine personal presence, of extensive reading, and -wide observation. He gave, says his relative, Mr. George A. Wilcox, "for -the well-being of many, both within and without the family connection, -who have come within the province of deserved assistance; befriending -those who try to help themselves, whether successfully or not, but -unalterably stern in his disfavor when idleness or dissipation lead to -want." He gave the academy bearing his name to his native town of -Madison, Conn. He joined the First Presbyterian Church in Augusta, Ga., -when he was twenty-eight years of age, and was for thirty years its -efficient Sunday-school superintendent. He organized a teachers' -meeting, held every Saturday evening, which proved of great benefit. - -He always loved the Scriptures. He said one day to a friend, as he laid -his hand on his well-worn Bible, "I always read from that book every -morning, and have done so from my boyhood, except in a comparatively few -cases of unusual interruption or special hindrance." - -He was often heard to say, "I have now a very short time for this world, -but I take no concern about that; no matter where or when I die, I hope -I am ready to go when called." - -The temperance work needs another Daniel Hand to furnish a million -dollars for its labors among the colored men of the South, where, says -the thirtieth annual report of the National Temperance Society, "the -saloon is everywhere working their ruin. It destroys their manhood, -despoils their homes, impoverishes their families, defrauds their wives -and children, and debauches the whole community." - -The National Temperance Society, whose efficient and lamented Secretary, -John N. Stearns, died April 21, 1895, was organized in 1865. It has -printed and scattered over 900,000,000 pages of total-abstinence -literature. With its board of thirty managers representing nearly all -denominations and temperance organizations, ever on the alert to assist -in making and enforcing helpful laws and to lessen the power of the -liquor traffic, it is doing its work all over the nation. Says one who -has long been identified with this organization, "I believe there is no -Missionary Society, either Home or Foreign, that is doing more for the -cause of Christ than this society, especially in saving the boys and -girls; and yet, so far as I know, it receives less donations than any -other society, and very rarely a legacy." Mr. William E. Dodge, the -well-known merchant of New York, left the Society, by will, $5,000. Mr. -W. B. Spooner of Boston, and Mr. James H. Kellogg of Rochester, N.Y., -each left $5,000. - -It is a hopeful sign of the times when laws are passed in thirty-nine -States and all the Territories requiring the teaching of the nature and -effects of alcoholic drinks upon the human system. It is encouraging -when a million members of Christian Endeavor societies pledge themselves -"to seek the overthrow of this evil at all times in every lawful way." -Our country has given grandly for education; it will in the future give -more generously to reforms which help to do away with poverty and crime. - - - - -GEORGE T. ANGELL. - - -George T. Angell, the president and founder of "The American Humane -Education Society," and president and one of the founders of "The -Massachusetts Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals," -deserves, with the late lamented Henry Bergh of New York, the thanks of -the nation for their noble work in teaching kindness to dumb creatures, -and preventing cruelty. No charity can lie nearer to my own heart than -the societies for the prevention of cruelty to animals. - -Mr. Angell, now seventy-three years of age,--he was born at Southbridge, -Mass., June 5, 1823,--the son of a minister, a graduate of Dartmouth -College, a successful lawyer, gave up his practice of seventeen years, -in 1868, to devote himself and his means, without pay, to humane work -all over the world. He has enlisted the highest and the lowest in behalf -of dumb animals. He has spoken before schools and conventions, before -legislatures and churches, before kings and in prisons, in behalf of -those who must patiently submit to wrong, and have no voice to plead for -themselves. - -Mr. Angell helped to establish the first "American Band of Mercy;" and -now there are nearly 25,000 bands, with a membership of between one and -two million persons, all pledged "to try to be kind to all living -creatures, and try to protect them from cruel usage." - -He has helped to scatter more than two million copies, in nearly all -European and some Asiatic languages, of Anna Sewell's charming -autobiography of an English horse, "Black Beauty," telling both of kind -and cruel masters. Ten thousand copies have recently been printed for -circulation in the schools of Italy. - -A thousand cruel fashions, such as that of docking horses, or killing -for mere sport, will be done away when men and women have given these -subjects more careful thought. - - - "Evil is wrought by want of thought - As well as want of heart," - - -wrote Thomas Hood in "The Lady's Dream." - -"Our Dumb Animals," published in Boston, of which Mr. Angell is the -editor, and which should be in every home and school in the land, has a -circulation of about 50,000 to 60,000 a month, and is sent to the -editors of 20,000 American publications. Over one hundred and seventeen -million pages of humane literature are printed in a single year by the -American Humane Education Society and the Massachusetts S. P. C. A.; the -latter society has convicted about 5,000 persons in the last few years -of overloading horses, beating dogs or inciting them to fight, starving -animals, or other forms of cruelty. - -In most large cities drinking fountains have been provided for man and -beast; transportation and slaughter of animals have been rendered more -humane; children have been taught kindness to the weakest and smallest -of God's creatures; to feel with Cowper,-- - - - "I would not enter on my list of friends - (Though graced with polished manners and fine sense, - Yet wanting sensibility) the man - Who needlessly sets foot upon a worm." - - -Some persons are following the example of Baroness Burdett-Coutts in -London, who has provided a home for lost dogs, where they are kept till -their owners call for them, or are given away to those who know that to -have a pet in the home is a sure way to make people more tender and more -noble in character. Such a place is found on Lake Street, Brighton, -Mass., in the Ellen M. Gifford Sheltering Home for Animals, where each -year several hundred dogs and cats are received, and homes found for -them. There is a large playground for the dogs, and greater space for -the cats. It is stated in the Report that the Boston police "have always -generously and humanely aided the work of the Shelter." The objects of -the "Sheltering Home" are:-- - -"First, to aid and succor the waifs and strays of the city. - -"Second, to alleviate the sufferings of sick, abused, and homeless -animals. - -"Third, to find good homes for all those who come to the Shelter, as far -as possible. - -"Fourth, to spread the gospel of humanity towards dumb creatures by -practical example." - -It would be difficult to find in history a truly great person, like -Wellington, Abraham Lincoln, Dr. Samuel Johnson, or Sir Walter Scott, -who has not been a lover of dogs or birds or cats. Frederick the Great -when dying asked an attendant to cover one of his dogs which seemed to -be shivering with the cold. - -"Our Dumb Animals" for May, 1896, gives the names of more than a hundred -persons who have left legacies in the last few years to the -Massachusetts Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. Every -State and city needs more of these generous givers. A letter lies before -me from Mr. E. C. Parmelee, the general agent of the society in -Cleveland, Ohio, which says, "I regret to say that we have no dog -shelter.... We should very much like to have one, and a hospital for -broken-down and neglected horses.... We have very much hoped that we -should have a bequest at no very distant day sufficiently large to build -such a block as we need, with dormitories for children who are picked up -in the night, and with an apartment for keeping our horse-ambulance, -with a pair of horses and driver always at command, to remove such -horses as are disabled, and fall in the streets from various causes." - -Every society needs more agents to watch carefully the dumb creatures -who carry heavy loads, or are neglected or ill treated; and the gospel -of kindness to animals needs to be carried to every part of the earth. - - - - -WILLIAM W. CORCORAN - -AND HIS ART GALLERY. - - -William Wilson Corcoran was born Dec. 27, 1798, at Georgetown, D.C. He -was the son of Thomas Corcoran, who settled in Georgetown when a youth, -and became one of its leading citizens. He was mayor, postmaster, and -one of the founders of the Columbian College, of which institution he -was an active trustee while he lived. He was also one of the principal -founders of two Episcopal churches in Georgetown, St. John's and -Christ's Church, and was always a vestryman in one or the other. - -His son William, after a good preparatory education, spent a year at the -Georgetown College, and a year at the school of the Rev. Addison Belt, a -graduate of Princeton. His father desired that he should complete his -college course; but William was eager to enter upon a business life, and -when he was seventeen went into the dry-goods store of his brothers, -James and Thomas Corcoran. Two years later they established him in -business under the firm name of W. W. Corcoran & Co. The firm prospered -so well that the wholesale auction and commission business was begun in -1819. - -For four years the firm made money; but in the spring of 1823, they, -with many other merchants in Georgetown and Baltimore, failed, and were -obliged to settle with their creditors for fifty cents on the dollar. - -Young Corcoran, then twenty-five years of age, devoted himself to caring -for the property of his father, who was growing old. The father died -Jan. 27, 1830. Five years later, in 1835, Mr. Corcoran married Louise A. -Morris, who lived but five years after their marriage, dying Nov. 21, -1840, leaving a son and daughter. The son died soon after the death of -his mother; the daughter grew to womanhood, and became a great joy to -her father. She married the Hon. George Eustis, a member of Congress -from Louisiana, and died in early life at Cannes, France, 1867, leaving -three small children. - -Mr. Corcoran long before this had become a very successful banker. Two -years after his marriage, in 1837, he moved his family to Washington, -and began the brokerage business in a small store, ten by sixteen feet, -on Pennsylvania Avenue near Fifteenth Street. After three years he took -into partnership Mr. George W. Riggs, the son of a wealthy man from -Maryland, under the firm name of Corcoran & Riggs. - -In 1845 they purchased the old United States Bank building, corner of -Fifteenth Street and New York Avenue; and two years later Mr. Corcoran -settled with his creditors of 1823, paying principal and interest, about -$46,000. During the Mexican war the firm made extensive loans to the -government, which conservative bankers regarded as a hazardous -investment. Mr. Riggs retired from the firm July 1, 1848; and his -younger brother, Elisha, was made a junior partner. - -"In August, 1848, having about twelve millions of the six-per-cent loan -of 1848 on hand, and the demand for it falling off in this country, and -the stock being one per cent below the price at which Corcoran & Riggs -took it, Mr. Corcoran determined to try the European markets; and, after -one day's reflection, embarked for London, where, on arrival, he was -told by Mr. Bates, of the house of Baring Bros. & Co., and Mr. George -Peabody, that no sale could be made of the stock, and no money could be -raised by hypothecation thereof, and they regretted that he had not -written to them to inquire before coming over. He replied that he was -perfectly satisfied that such would be their views, and therefore came, -confident that he could convince them of the expediency of taking an -interest in the securities; and that the very fact that London bankers -had taken them would make it successful. - -"Ten days after his first interview with them, Mr. Thomas Baring -returned from the Continent, and with him he was more successful. A sale -of five millions at about cost (one hundred and one here) was made to -six of the most eminent and wealthy houses in London, viz., Baring Bros. -& Co., George Peabody, Overend, Gurney & Co., Dennison & Co., Samuel -Jones Lloyd, and James Morrison. - -"This was the first sale of American securities made in Europe since -1837; and on his return to New York he was greeted by every one with -marked expressions of satisfaction, his success being a great relief to -the money market by securing that amount of exchange in favor of the -United States. On his success being announced, the stock gradually -advanced until it reached one hundred and nineteen and one-half, thus -securing by his prompt and successful action a handsome profit which -would otherwise have resulted in a serious loss." - -On April 1, 1854, Mr. Corcoran withdrew from the banking-firm, and -devoted himself to the management of his property and to his benevolent -projects. - -In 1859 he began, at the northeast corner of Pennsylvania Avenue and -Seventeenth Street, a building for the encouragement of the Fine Arts. -The structure was used during the Civil War for military purposes. In -1869 Mr. Corcoran deeded this property to trustees. "I shall ask you to -receive," he wrote the trustees, "as a nucleus, my own gallery of art, -which has been collected at no inconsiderable pains; and I have -assurances from friends in other cities, whose tastes and liberality -have taken this direction, that they will contribute fine works of art -from their respective collections.... I venture to hope that with your -kind co-operation and judicious management we shall have provided, at no -distant day, not only a pure and refined pleasure for residents and -visitors of the national metropolis, but have accomplished something -useful in the development of American genius." - -In 1869 Mr. Corcoran also deeded to trustees the Louise Home, erected in -memory of his wife and daughter, as a home for refined and educated -gentlewomen who had "become reduced by misfortune." - -The deed specified that "there shall be no discrimination or distinction -on account of religious creed or sectarian opinions, in respect to the -trustees, directresses, officers, or inmates of the said establishment; -but all proper facilities that may be possible in the judgment of the -trustees shall be allowed and furnished to the inmates for the worship -of Almighty God, according to each one's conscientious belief." - -The building and grounds of the Louise Home in 1869 were estimated at -$200,000, and are now worth probably over $500,000. The endowment -consisted of an invested fund of $325,000. - -Mr. Corcoran gave generously as long as he lived, having decided early -in life that "at least one-half of his moneyed accumulations should be -held for the welfare of men." - -In Oak Hill Cemetery he erected a beautiful monument to the memory of -John Howard Payne, author of "Home, Sweet Home." It is a shaft of -Carrara marble, surmounted by a bust one and one-half times the size of -the average man. - -In his old age he purchased the Patapsco Institute at Ellicott's Mills, -and gave the title-deeds to the two grand-nieces of John Randolph of -Roanoke, who were in reduced circumstances, that they might open a -school. - -He gave to Columbian University, it is stated, houses and lands and -money, amounting to a quarter of a million dollars. The University of -Virginia, the Ascension Church, and other colleges and churches, were -enriched through his generosity. - -Mr. Corcoran died in Washington, Feb. 24, 1888, at the age of ninety -years. He had given away over five million dollars. - -"The treasures of the Corcoran Art Gallery," said its president in -laying the corner-stone of a new building two years ago, "represent a -money cost of $346,938 (exclusive of donations), a cost value which, of -course, is greatly below the real value which these treasures represent -to-day. The total value of the gallery, in its treasures, its -endowments, and its buildings, is estimated to-day at $1,926,938. The -total number of visitors who have inspected the paintings and sculpture -exhibited in the gallery from the date of its opening down to the -beginning of this month [May, 1896] was 1,696,489." - - - - -JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER - -AND CHICAGO UNIVERSITY. - - -From our windows we look out upon a forest of beautiful beech-trees, -great oaks, and maples. There are well-kept drives, cool ravines with -tasteful walks, a pretty lake and boat-house, and great stretches of -lawn, in the four hundred or more acres, such as one sees in England. -The gravelled roadways are appropriately named. "Blithedale" leads into -a charming valley, through which a brook winds in and out, under a dozen -bridges. The "Maze" leads through clusters of beeches and other -undergrowth, and opens upon a magnificent view of blue Lake Erie at the -right and the busy city at the left. In the distance, on a hilltop, -stands a large white frame house, with red roof. Vines clamber over the -broad double porches, red trumpet-creepers twine and blossom about some -of the big oaks, beds of roses send out their fragrance, and the place -looks most attractive and restful. - -It is "Forest Hill," at Cleveland, Ohio, the summer home of Mr. John D. -Rockefeller, probably the greatest giver in America. Our largest giver -heretofore, so far as known, was George Peabody, who gave at his death -$9,000,000. Mr. Rockefeller has given about $7,500,000 to one -institution, besides several hundred thousand dollars each year for the -past twenty-five years to various charities. - -Mr. Rockefeller comes from very honorable ancestry. The Rockefellers -were an old French family in Normandy, who moved to Holland, and came to -America about 1650, settling in New Jersey. Nearly a century ago, in -1803, Mr. Rockefeller's grandfather, Godfrey, married Lucy, one of the -Averys of Groton, Conn., a family distinguished in the Revolutionary -War, and which has since furnished to our country many able men and -women. - -The picturesque home of the Averys, built in 1656, in the town of New -London (now Groton), by Captain James Avery, was occupied by his -descendants until it was destroyed by fire in 1894. A monument has been -erected upon the site, with a bronze tablet containing a _fac-simile_ of -the old home. - -The youngest son of Captain James Avery was Samuel, whose fine face -looks out from the pages of the interesting Avery Genealogy, which Homer -D. L. Sweet, of Syracuse, spent thirty years in writing. Samuel, an able -and public-spirited man, married, in 1686, in Swanzey, Mass., Susannah -Palmes, a direct descendant, through thirty-four generations, of Egbert, -the first king of England. The name has always been retained in the -family, Lucy Avery Rockefeller naming her youngest son Egbert. Her -eldest son, William Avery, married Eliza Davison; and of their six -children, John Davison Rockefeller is the second child and eldest son. - -[Illustration: JOHN D. ROCKEFELLER.] - -He was born in Richford, Tioga County, N.Y., July 8, 1839. His father, -William Avery, was a physician and business man as well. With great -energy he cleared the forest, built a sawmill, loaned his money, and, -like his noted son, knew how to overcome obstacles. - -The mother, Eliza Davison, was a woman of rare common sense and -executive ability. Self-poised in manner, charitable, persevering in -whatever she attempted, she gave careful attention to the needs of her -family, but did not forget that she had Christian duties outside her -home. The devotion of Mr. Rockefeller to his mother as long as she lived -was marked, and worthy of example. - -The Rockefeller home in Richford was one of mutual work and helpfulness. -The eldest child, Lucy, now dead, was less than two years older than -John; the third child, William, about two years younger; Mary, Franklin -and Frances, twins, each about two years younger than the others; the -last named died early. All were taught the value of labor and of -economy. - -The eldest son, John, early took responsibility upon himself. Willing -and glad to work, he cared for the garden, milked the cows, and acquired -the valuable habit of never wasting his time. When about nine years old -he raised and sold turkeys, and instead of spending the money, probably -his first earnings, saved it, and loaned it at seven per cent. It would -be interesting to know if the lad ever dreamed then of being perhaps the -richest man in America? - -In 1853 the Rockefeller family moved to Cleveland, Ohio; and John, then -fourteen years of age, entered the high school. He was a studious boy, -especially fond of mathematics and of music, and learned to play on the -piano; he was retiring in manner, and exemplary in conduct. When -between fourteen and fifteen years of age, he joined the Erie Street -Baptist Church of Cleveland, Ohio, now known as the Euclid Avenue -Baptist Church, where he has been from that time an earnest and most -helpful worker in it. The boy of fifteen did not confine his work in the -church to prayer-meetings and Sunday-school. There was a church debt, -and it had to be paid. He began to solicit money, standing in the -church-door as the people went out, ready to receive what each was -willing to contribute. He gave also of his own as much as was possible; -thus learning early in life, not only to be generous, but to incite -others to generosity. - -When about eighteen or nineteen, he was made one of the Board of -Trustees of the church, which position he held till his absence from the -city in the past few years prevented his serving. He has been the -superintendent of the Sunday-school of the Euclid Avenue Baptist Church -for about thirty years. When he had held the office for twenty-five -years the Sunday-school celebrated the event by a reception for their -leader. After addresses and music, each one of the five hundred or more -persons present shook hands with Mr. Rockefeller, and laid a flower on -the table beside him. From the first he has won the love of the children -from his sympathy, kindness, and his interest in their welfare. No -picnic even would be satisfactory to them without his presence. - -After two years passed in the Cleveland High School, the school-year -ending June, 1855, young Rockefeller took a summer course in the -Commercial College, and at sixteen was ready to see what obstacles the -business world presented to a boy. He found plenty of them. It was the -old story of every place seeming to be full; but he would not allow -himself to be discouraged by continued refusals. He visited -manufacturing establishments, stores, and shops, again and again, -determined to find a position. - -He succeeded on the twenty-sixth day of September, 1855, and became -assistant bookkeeper in the forwarding and commission house of Hewitt & -Tuttle. He did not know what pay he was to receive; but he knew he had -taken the first step towards success,--he had obtained work. At the end -of the year, for the three months, October, November, and December, he -received fifty dollars,--not quite four dollars a week. - -The next year he was paid twenty-five dollars a month, or three hundred -dollars a year, and at the end of fifteen months, took the vacant -position with the same firm, at five hundred dollars, as cashier and -bookkeeper, of a man who had been receiving a salary of two thousand -dollars. - -Desirous of earning more, young Rockefeller after a time asked for eight -hundred dollars as wages; and, the firm declining to give over seven -hundred dollars a year, the enterprising youth, not yet nineteen, -decided to start in business for himself. He had industry and energy; he -was saving of both time and money; he had faith in his ability to -succeed, and the courage to try. He had managed to save about a thousand -dollars; and his father loaned him another thousand, on which he paid -ten per cent interest, receiving the principal as a gift when he became -twenty-one years of age. This certainly was a modest beginning for one -of the founders of the Standard Oil Company. - -Having formed a partnership with Morris B. Clark, in 1858, in produce -commission and forwarding, the firm name became Clark & Rockefeller. The -closest attention was given to business. Mr. Rockefeller lived within -his means, and worked early and late, finding little or no time for -recreation or amusements, but always time for his accustomed work in the -church. There was always some person in sickness or sorrow to be -visited, some child to be brought into the Sunday-school, or some -stranger to be invited to the prayer-meetings. - -The firm succeeded in business, and was continued with various partners -for seven years, until the spring of 1865. During this time some parts -of the country, especially Pennsylvania and Ohio, had become -enthusiastic over the finding of large quantities of oil through -drilling wells. _The Petroleum Age_ for December, 1881, gives a most -interesting account of the first oil-well in this country, drilled at -Titusville, on Oil Creek, a branch of the Alleghany River, in August, -1859. - -Petroleum had long been known, both in Europe and America, under various -names. The Indians used it as a medicine, mixed it with paint to anoint -themselves for war, or set fire at night to the oil that floated upon -the surface of their creeks, making the illumination a part of their -religious ceremonies. In Ohio, in 1819, when, in boring for salt, -springs of petroleum were found, Professor Hildreth of Marietta wrote -that the oil was used in lamps in workshops, and believed it would be "a -valuable article for lighting the street-lamps in the future cities of -Ohio." But forty years went by before the first oil-well was drilled, -when men became almost as excited as in the rush to California for gold -in 1849. - -Several refineries were started in Cleveland to prepare the crude oil -for illuminating purposes. Mr. Rockefeller, the young commission -merchant, like his father a keen observer of men and things, as early as -1860, the year after the first well was drilled, helped to establish an -oil-refining business under the firm name of Andrews, Clark, & Co. - -The business increased so rapidly that Mr. Rockefeller sold his interest -in the commission house in 1865, and with Mr. Samuel Andrews bought out -their associates in the refining business, and established the firm of -Rockefeller & Andrews, the latter having charge of the practical -details. - -Mr. Rockefeller was then less than twenty-six years old; but an -exceptional opportunity had presented itself, and a young man of -exceptional ability was ready for the opportunity. A good and cheap -illuminator was a world-wide necessity; and it required brain, and -system, and rare business ability to produce the best product, and send -it to all nations. - -The brother of Mr. Rockefeller, William, entered into the partnership; -and a new firm was established, under the name of William Rockefeller & -Co. The necessity of a business house in New York for the sale of their -products soon became apparent, and all parties were united in the firm -of Rockefeller & Co. - -In 1867 Mr. Henry M. Flagler, well known in connection with his -improvements in St. Augustine, Fla., was taken into the company, which -became Rockefeller, Andrews, & Flagler. Three years later, in 1870, the -Standard Oil Company of Ohio was established with a capital of -$1,000,000, Mr. Rockefeller being made president. He was also made -president of the National Refiners' Association. - -He was now thirty-one years old, far-seeing, self-centred, quiet and -calm in manner, but untiring in work, and comprehensive in his grasp of -business. The determination which had won a position for him in youth, -even though it brought him but four dollars a week, the confidence in -his ability, integrity, and sound judgment, which made the banks willing -to lend him money, or men willing to invest their capital in his -enterprise, made him a power in the business world thus early in life. - -Amid all his business and his church work, he had found time to form -another partnership, the wisest and best of all. In the same high school -with him for two years was a young girl near his own age, Laura C. -Spelman, a bright scholar, refined and sensible. - -Her father was a merchant, a Representative in the Legislature of Ohio, -an earnest helper in the church, in temperance, and in all that lifts -the world upward. He was the friend of the slave; and the Spelman home -was one of the restful stations on that "underground railroad" to which -so many colored men and women owe their freedom. He was an active member -for years of Plymouth Congregational Church in Cleveland, and later of -Dr. Buddington's church in Brooklyn, and of the Broadway Tabernacle, New -York, under Dr. Wm. M. Taylor. He died in New York City, Oct. 10, 1881. - -Mrs. Spelman, the mother, was also a devoted Christian. She now lives, -at the age of eighty-six, with her daughter, grateful, as she says, for -life's beautiful sunset. She is loved by everybody, and her sweet face -and voice would be sadly missed. She retains all her faculties, and has -as deep an interest as ever in all religious, philanthropic, and -political affairs. - -The Spelman ancestors are English. Sir Henry Spelman, knighted by King -James I., died in 1641, and lies buried in Westminster Abbey. Henry S., -the third son of Sir Henry, and first of the name in America, came to -Jamestown, Va., in 1609, and was killed by the Indians. Richard Spelman, -born in Danbury, England, in 1665, came to Middletown, Conn., in 1700, -and died in 1750. Laura's grandfather, Samuel, was the fourth in line -from Richard. He was one of the pioneers in Ohio, moving thither from -Granville, Mass. Her father, Harvey B. Spelman, was born in a log cabin -in Rootstown, Ohio. Her mother's family came also from Massachusetts, -from the town of Blanford; and her father and mother met and were -married in Ohio. - -Laura Spelman was a member of the first graduating class of the -Cleveland High School, and has always retained the deepest interest in -her classmates. After graduating, and spending some time in a -boarding-school at the East, she taught very successfully for five years -in the Cleveland public schools, being assistant in one of the large -grammar schools. - -At the age of twenty-five Mr. Rockefeller married Miss Spelman, Sept. 8, -1864. Disliking display or extravagance, fond of books, a wise adviser -in her home, a leader for many years of the infant department in the -Sunday-school, like her father a worker for temperance and in all -philanthropic movements, Mrs. Rockefeller has been an example to the -rich, and a friend and helper to the poor. Comparatively few men and -women can be intrusted with millions, and make the best use of the -money. With Mr. Rockefeller's married life thus happily and wisely -begun, business activities went on as before, perchance with less wear -of body and mind. It was, of course, impossible to organize and carry -forward a great business without anxiety and care. - -In Cleave's "Biographical Cyclopaedia of Cuyahoga County," it is stated -that, in 1872, two years after the organization of the Standard Oil -Company, "nearly the entire refining interest of Cleveland, and other -interests in New York and the oil-regions, were combined in this company -[the Standard Oil], the capital stock of which was raised to two and a -half millions, and its business reached in one year over twenty-five -million dollars,--the largest company of the kind in the world. The New -York establishment was enlarged in its refining departments; large -tracts of land were purchased, and fine warehouses erected for the -storage of petroleum; a considerable number of iron cars were procured, -and the business of transporting oil entered upon; interests were -purchased in oil-pipes in the producing regions. - -"Works were erected for the manufacture of barrels, paints, and glue, -and everything used in the manufacture or shipment of oil. The works had -a capacity of distilling twenty-nine thousand barrels of crude oil per -day, and from thirty-five hundred to four thousand men were employed in -the various departments. The cooperage factory, the largest in the -world, turned out nine thousand barrels a day, which consumed over two -hundred thousand staves and headings, the product of from fifteen to -twenty acres of selected oak." - -Ten years after this time, in 1882, the Standard Oil Trust was formed, -with a capital of $70,000,000, afterwards increased to $95,000,000, -which in a few years became possessed of large oil-producing interests, -and of the stock of the companies controlling the greater part of the -refining of petroleum in this country. - -Ten years later, in 1892, the Supreme Court of Ohio having declared the -Trust to be illegal, it was dissolved, and the business is now conducted -by separate companies. In each of these Mr. Rockefeller is a -shareholder. - -Mr. Rockefeller has proved himself a remarkable organizer. His -associates have been able men; and his vast business has been so -systematized, and the leaders of departments held responsible, that it -is managed with comparative ease. - -The Standard Oil Companies own hundreds of thousands of acres of -oil-lands, and wells, refineries, and many thousand miles of pipe-lines -throughout the United States. They have business houses in the principal -cities of the Old World as well as the New, and carry their oil in their -own great oil-steamships abroad as easily as in their pipe-lines to the -American seaboard. They control the greater part of the petroleum -business of this country, and export much of the oil used abroad. They -employ from forty to fifty thousand men in this great industry, many of -whom have remained with the companies for twenty or thirty years. It is -said that strikes are unknown among them. - -When it is stated, as in the last United States Census reports, that the -production of crude petroleum in this country is about thirty-five -million barrels a year, the capital invested in the production -$114,000,000, and the value of the exports of petroleum in various forms -amounts to nearly $50,000,000 a year, the vastness of the business is -apparent. - -With such power in their hands, instead of selling their product at high -rates, they have kept oil at such low prices that the poorest all over -the world have been enabled to buy and use it. - -Mr. Rockefeller has not confined his business interests to the Standard -Oil Company. He owns iron-mines and land in various States; he owns a -dozen or more immense vessels on the lakes, besides being largely -interested in other steamship lines on both the ocean and the great -lakes; he has investments in several railroads, and is connected with -many other industrial enterprises. - -With all these different lines of business, and being necessarily a very -busy man, he never seems hurried or worried. His manner is always kindly -and considerate. He is a good talker, an equally good listener, and -gathers knowledge from every source. Meeting the best educators of the -country, coming in contact with leading business and professional men as -well, and having travelled abroad and in his own country, Mr. -Rockefeller has become a man of wide and varied intelligence. In -physique he is of medium height, light hair turning gray, blue eyes, and -pleasant face. - -He is a lover of trees, never allowing one to be cut down on his grounds -unless necessity demands it, fond of flowers, knows the birds by their -song or plumage, and never tires of the beauties of nature. - -He is as courteous to a servant as to a millionnaire, is social and -genial, and enjoys the pleasantry of bright conversation. He has great -power of concentration, is very systematic in business and also in his -every-day life, allotting certain hours to work, and other hours to -exercise, the bicycle being one of his chief out-door pleasures. He is -fond of animals, and owns several valuable horses. A great Saint Bernard -dog, white and yellow, called "Laddie," was for years the pet of the -household and the admiration of friends. When recently killed -accidentally by an electric wire, the dog was carefully buried, and the -grave covered with myrtle. A pretty stone, a foot and a half high, cut -in imitation of the trunk of an oak-tree, at whose base fern-leaves -cluster, marks the spot, with the words "Our dog Laddie; died, 1895," -carved upon a tiny slab. - -It may be comparatively easy to do great deeds, but the little deeds of -thoughtfulness and love for the dumb creatures who have loved us show -the real beauty and refinement of character. - -Mr. Rockefeller belongs to few social organizations, his church work and -his home-life sufficing. He is a member of the New England Society, the -Union League Club of New York, and of the Empire State Sons of the -Revolution, as his ancestors, both on his father's and mother's side, -were in the Revolutionary War. - -His home is a very happy one. Into it have been born five -children,--Bessie, Alice, who died early, Alta, Edith, and John D. -Rockefeller, Jr. - -Bessie is married to Charles A. Strong, Associate Professor of -Psychology in Chicago University, a graduate of both the University of -Rochester and Harvard, and has been a student at the Universities of -Berlin and Paris. He is a son of the Rev. Dr. Augustus H. Strong, -President of Rochester Theological Seminary. - -Edith is married to Harold F. McCormick of Chicago, a graduate of -Princeton, and son of the late Cyrus H. McCormick, whose invention of -the reaper has been a great blessing to the world. Mr. McCormick gave -generously of his millions after he had acquired wealth. - -John D. Rockefeller, Jr., is at Brown University, and will probably be -associated with his father in business, for which he has shown much -aptitude. - -The children have all been reared with the good sense and Christian -teaching that are the foundations of the best homes. They have dressed -simply, lived without display, been active in hospital, Sunday-school, -and other good works, and found their pleasures in music, in which all -the family are especially skilled, and in reading. They enjoy out-door -life, skating in winter, and rowing, walking, and riding in the summer; -but there is no lavish use of money for their pleasures. - -The daughters know how to sew, and have made many garments for poor -children. They have been taught the useful things of home-life, and -often cook delicacies for the sick. They have found out in their youth -that the highest living is not for self. A recent gift from Miss Alta -Rockefeller is $1,200 annually to sustain an Italian day-nursery in the -eastern part of Cleveland. This summer, 1896, about fifty little people, -two years old and upwards, enjoyed a picnic in the grounds of their -benefactor. Mrs. Rockefeller's mother and sister, Miss Lucy M. Spelman, -a cultivated and philanthropic woman, are the other members of the -Rockefeller family. - -Besides Mr. Rockefeller's summer home in Cleveland, he has another with -about one thousand acres of land at Pocantico Hills, near Tarrytown on -the Hudson. The place is picturesque and historic, made doubly -interesting through the legends of Washington Irving. From the summit of -Kaakoote Mountain the views are of rare beauty. Sleepy Hollow and the -grave of Irving are not far distant. The winter home in New York City is -a large brick house, with brown-stone front, near Fifth Avenue, -furnished richly but not showily, containing some choice paintings and a -fine library. - -Mr. Rockefeller will be long remembered as a remarkable financier and -the founder of a great organization, but he will be remembered longest -and honored most as a remarkable giver. We have many rich men in -America, but not all are great givers; not all have learned that it is -really more blessed to give than to receive; not all remember that we go -through life but once, with its opportunities to brighten the lives -about us, and to help to bear the burdens of others. - -Mr. Rockefeller began to give very early in life, and for the last forty -years has steadily increased his giving as his wealth has increased. -Always reticent about his gifts, it is impossible to learn how much he -has given or for what purposes. Of necessity some gifts become public, -such as his latest to Vassar College of $100,000, a like amount to -Rochester University and Theological Seminary, and the same, it is -believed, to Spelman Seminary, at Atlanta, Ga., named as a memorial to -his father-in-law. - -This is a school for colored women and girls, with preparatory, normal, -musical, and industrial departments. The institute opened with eleven -pupils in 1881, and now has 744, with nine buildings on fourteen acres -of land. Dr. J. L. M. Curry said in his report for 1893, "In process of -erection is the finest school building for normal purposes in the South, -planned and constructed expressly with reference to the work of training -teachers, which will cost over $50,000." In the industrial department, -dress-cutting, sewing, cooking, and laundry work are taught. There is -also a training-school for nurses. - -In a list of gifts for 1892, in the _New York Tribune_, Mr. -Rockefeller's name appears in connection with Des Moines College, Ia., -$25,000; Bucknell College, $10,000; Shurtleff College $10,000; the -Memorial Baptist Church in New York, erected through the efforts of Dr. -Edward Judson in memory of his father, Dr. Adoniram Judson, $40,000; -besides large amounts to Chicago University. It is probable that, aside -from Chicago University, these were only a small proportion of his gifts -during that year. - -An article in the press states that the recent anonymous gift of $25,000 -to help purchase the land for the site of Barnard College of Columbia -University was from Mr. Rockefeller. He has also pledged $100,000 -towards a million dollars, which are to be used for the construction of -model tenement houses for the poor in New York City. - -He has given largely to the Cleveland Young Men's Christian Association, -and to Young Men's and Women's Christian Associations both in this -country and abroad. He has built churches, given yearly large sums to -foreign and home missions, charity organization societies, Indian -associations, hospital work, fresh-air funds, libraries, kindergartens, -Societies for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, for the education of -the colored people at the South, and to the Woman's Christian Temperance -Unions and to the National Temperance Society. He is a total abstainer, -and no wine is ever upon his table. He does not use tobacco in any form. - -Mr. Rockefeller's private charities have been almost numberless. He has -aided young men and women through college, sometimes by gift and -sometimes by loan. He has provided the means for persons who were ill to -go abroad or elsewhere for rest. He does not forget, when his apples are -gathered at Pocantico Hills, to send hundreds of barrels to the various -charitable institutions in and near New York, or, when one of his -workingmen dies, to continue the support to his family while it is -needed. Some of us become too busy to think of the little ways of doing -good. It is said by those who know him best, that he gives more time to -his benevolences and to their consideration than to his business -affairs. He employs secretaries, whose time is given to the -investigation of requests for aid, and attending to such cases as are -favorably decided upon. - -Mr. Rockefeller's usual plan of giving is to pledge a certain sum on -condition that others give, thus making them share in the blessings of -benevolence. At one time he gave conditionally about $300,000, and it -resulted in $1,700,000 being secured for some twenty or thirty -institutions of learning in all parts of the country. It is said by a -friend, that on his pledge-book are hundreds of charities to which he -gives regularly many thousand dollars each month. - -His greatest gift has been that of $7,425,000 to the University of -Chicago. The first University of Chicago existed from 1858 to 1886, a -period of twenty-eight years, and was discontinued from lack of funds. -When the American Baptist Education Society, formed at Washington, D.C., -in May, 1888, held its first anniversary in Tremont Temple, Boston, it -was resolved "to take immediate steps toward the founding of a -well-equipped college in the city of Chicago." Mr. Rockefeller had -already become interested in founding such an institution, and made a -subscription of $600,000 toward an endowment fund, conditioned on the -pledging by others of $400,000 before June 1, 1890. The Rev. T. W. -Goodspeed, and the Rev. E. T. Gates, Secretary of the Education Society, -succeeded in raising this amount, and in addition a block and a half of -ground as a site for the institution, valued at $125,000, given by Mr. -Marshall Field of Chicago. Two and a half blocks were purchased for -$282,500, making in all twenty-four acres, lying between the two great -south parks of Chicago, Washington and Jackson, and fronting on the -Midway Plaisance, a park connecting the other two. These parks contain a -thousand acres. - -The university was incorporated in 1890, and Professor William Rainey -Harper of Yale University was elected President. The choice was an -eminently wise one, a man of progressive ideas being needed for the -great university. He had graduated at Muskingum College in 1870, taken -his degree of Ph.D. at Yale in 1875, been Professor of Hebrew and the -cognate languages at the Baptist Union Theological Seminary for seven -years, Professor of the Semitic Languages at Yale for five years, and -Woolsey Professor of Biblical Literature at Yale for two years, besides -filling other positions of influence. - -In September, 1890, Mr. Rockefeller made a second subscription of -$1,000,000; and, in accordance with the terms of this gift, the -Theological Seminary was removed from Morgan Park to the University -site, as the Divinity School of the University, and dormitories erected, -and an academy of the University established at Morgan Park. - -The University began the erection of its first buildings Nov. 26, 1891. -Mr. Henry Ives Cobb was chosen as the architect, and the English Gothic -style is to be maintained throughout. The buildings are of blue Bedford -stone, with red tiled roofs. The recitation buildings, laboratories, -chapel, museum, gymnasium, and library are the central features; while -the dormitories are arranged in quadrangles on the four corners. - -Mr. Rockefeller's third gift was made in February, 1892, "one thousand -five per cent bonds of the par value of one million dollars," for the -further endowment of instruction. In December of the same year he gave -an equal amount for endowment, "one thousand thousand-dollar five per -cent bonds." In June, 1893 he gave $150,000; the next year, December, -1894, in cash, $675,000. On Jan. 1, 1896, another million, promising two -millions more on condition that the University should also raise two -millions. Half of this sum was obtained at once through the gift of -Miss Helen Culver. In her letter to the trustees of the University, she -says, "The whole gift shall be devoted to the increase and spread of -knowledge within the field of biological science.... Among the motives -prompting this gift is the desire to carry out the ideas, and to honor -the memory, of Mr. Charles J. Hull, who was for a considerable time a -member of the Board of Trustees of the old University of Chicago." - -Miss Culver is a cousin of the late Mr. Hull, who left her his millions -for philanthropic purposes. Their home for many years was the mansion -since known as Hull House. - -The University of Chicago has been fortunate in other gifts. Mr. S. A. -Kent of Chicago gave the Kent Chemical Laboratory, costing $235,000, -opened Jan. 1, 1894. The Ryerson Physical Laboratory, costing $225,000, -opened July 2, 1894, was the gift of Mr. Martin A. Ryerson, as a -memorial to his father. Mrs. Caroline Haskell gave $100,000 for the -Haskell Oriental Museum, as a memorial of her husband, Mr. Frederick -Haskell. There will be rooms for Egyptian, Babylonian, Greek, Hebrew, -and other collections. Mr. George C. Walker, $130,000 for the Walker -Museum for geological and anthropological specimens; Mr. Charles T. -Yerkes, nearly a half million for the Yerkes Observatory and forty-inch -telescope; Mrs. N. S. Foster, Mrs. Henrietta Snell, Mrs. Mary Beecher, -and Mrs. Elizabeth G. Kelley have each given $50,000, or more, for -dormitories. It is expected that half a million will be realized from -the estate of William B. Ogden for "The Ogden (graduate) School of -Science." The first payment has amounted to half that sum. Considerably -over $10,000,000 have been given to the University. The total endowment -is over $6,000,000. - -The University opened its doors to students on Oct. 1, 1892, in Cobb -Lecture Hall, given by Mr. Silas B. Cobb of Chicago, and costing -$150,000. The number of students during the first year exceeded nine -hundred. The professors have been chosen with great care, and number -among them some very distinguished men, from both the Old World and the -New. The University of Chicago is co-educational, which is matter for -congratulation. Its courses are open on equal terms to men and women, -with the same teachers, the same studies, and the same diplomas. "Three -of the deans are women," says Grace Gilruth Rigby in _Peterson's -Magazine_ for February, 1896, "and half a dozen women are members of its -faculty. They instruct men as well as women, and in this particular it -differs from most co-educational schools." - -The University has some unique features. Instead of the usual college -year beginning in September, the year is divided into four quarters, -beginning respectively on the first day of July, October, January, and -April, and continuing twelve weeks each, with a recess of one week -between the close of each quarter and the beginning of the next. Degrees -are conferred the last week of every quarter. The summer quarter, which -was at first an experiment, has proved so successful that it is now an -established feature. - -The instructor takes his vacation in any quarter, or may take two -vacations of six weeks each. The student may absent himself for a term -or more, and take up the work where he left off, or he may attend all -the quarters, and thus shorten his college course. Much attention is -given to University Extension work, and proper preparatory work is -obtained through the affiliation of academies with the University. -Instruction is also given by the University through correspondence with -those who wish to pursue preparatory or college studies. - -"Chicago is, as far as I am aware," writes the late Hjalmar Hjorth -Boyesen in the _Cosmopolitan_ for April, 1893, "the first institution -which, by the appointment of a permanent salaried university extension -faculty, has formally charged itself with a responsibility for the -outside public. This is a great step, and one of tremendous -consequence." - -A non-resident student is expected to matriculate at the University, and -usually spends the first year in residence. Non-resident work is -accepted for only one-third of the work required for a degree. - -The University has eighty regular fellowships and scholarships, besides -several special fellowships. - -The institution, according to Robert Herrick, in _Scribner's Magazine_ -for October, 1895, seems to have the spirit of its founder. "Two college -settlements in the hard districts of Chicago," he writes, "are supported -and manned by the students.... The classes and clubs of the settlements -show that the college students feel the impossibility of an academic -life that lives solely to itself. On the philanthropic committee, and as -teachers in the settlement classes, men and women, instructors and -students, work side by side. The interest in sociological studies, which -is commoner at Chicago than elsewhere, stimulates this modern activity -in college life." - -The University of Chicago has been successful from the first. In 1895 it -numbered 1,265 students, of whom 493 were in the graduate schools, most -of them having already received their bachelor's degree at other -colleges. In 1896 there are over 1,900 students. The possibilities of -the university are almost unlimited. - -Dr. Albert Shaw writes in the _Review of Reviews_ for February, 1893, -"No rich man's recognition of his opportunity to serve society in his -own lifetime has ever produced results so mature and so extensive in so -very short a time as Mr. John D. Rockefeller's recent gifts to the -Chicago University." - -The _New York Sun_ for July 4, 1896, gives Mr. Rockefeller the following -well-deserved praise: "Mr. John D. Rockefeller has paid his first visit -to the University of Chicago, which was built up and endowed by his -magnificent gifts. The millions he has bestowed on that institution make -him one of the very greatest of private contributors to the foundation -of a school of learning in the whole history of the world. He has given -the money, moreover, in his lifetime, and thus differs from nearly all -others of the most notable founders and endowers of colleges. - -"By so giving, too, he has distinguished himself from the great mass of -all those who have made large benefactions for public uses. He has taken -the millions from his rapidly accumulating fortune; and he has made the -gifts quietly, modestly, and without the least seeking for popular -applause, or to win the conspicuous manifestations of honor their -munificence could easily have obtained for him. The reason for this -remarkable peculiarity of Mr. Rockefeller as a public benefactor is -that, being a deeply religious man, he has made his gifts as an -obligation of religious duty, as it seems to him." - -Mr. Rockefeller's latest gift, of $600,000, was made to the people of -Cleveland, Ohio, when that city celebrated her one hundredth birthday, -July 22, 1896. The gift was two hundred and seventy-six acres of land of -great natural beauty, to complete the park system of the city. For this -land Mr. Rockefeller paid $600,000. The land is already worth a million -dollars, and will be worth many times that amount in the years to come. - -When announcing Mr. Rockefeller's munificent gift to the city, Mr. J. G. -W. Cowles, president of the Chamber of Commerce, said of the giver: "His -modesty is equal to his liberality, and he is not here to share with us -this celebration. The streams of his benevolence flow largely in hidden -channels, unseen and unknown to men; but when he founds a university in -Chicago, or gives a beautiful park to Cleveland, with native forests and -shady groves, rocky ravines, sloping hillsides and level valleys, -cascades and running brook and still pools of water, all close by our -homes, open and easy of access to all our people, such deeds cannot be -hid--they belong to the public and to history, as the gift itself is for -the people and for posterity." - -The Centennial gift has caused great rejoicing and gratitude, and will -be a blessing forever to the whole people, but especially to those whose -daily work keeps them away from the fresh air and the sunshine. - -A day or two after the gift had been received, a large number of -Cleveland's prominent citizens visited the giver at his home at Forest -Hill, to express to him the thanks of the city. After the address of -gratitude, Mr. Rockefeller responded with much feeling. - -"This is our Centennial year," he said. "The city of Cleveland has grown -to great proportions, and has prospered far beyond anything any of us -had anticipated. What will be said by those who will come after us when -a hundred years hence this city celebrates its second Centennial -anniversary, and reference is made to you, gentlemen, and to me? Will it -be said that this or that man has accumulated great treasures? No; all -that will be forgotten. The question will be, What did we do with our -treasures? Did we, or did we not, use them to help our fellow-man? This -will be forever remembered." - -After referring to his early school-life in the city, and efforts to -find employment, he told how, needing a little money to engage in -business, and in the "innocence of his youth and inexperience" supposing -almost any of his business friends would indorse his note for the amount -needed, he visited one after another; and, said Mr. Rockefeller, "each -one of them had the most excellent reasons for refusing!" - -Finally he determined to try the bankers, and called upon a man whom the -city delights to honor, Mr. T. P. Handy. The banker received the young -man kindly, invited him to be seated, asked a few questions, and then -loaned him $2,000, "a large amount for me to have all at one time," said -Mr. Rockefeller. - -Mr. Rockefeller is still in middle life, with, it is hoped, many years -before him in which to carry out his great projects of benevolence. He -is as modest and gentle in manner, as unostentatious and as kind in -heart, as when he had no millions to give away. He is never harsh, seems -to have complete self-control, and has not forgotten to be grateful to -the men who befriended and trusted him in his early business life. - -His success may be attributed in part to industry, energy, economy, and -good sense. He loved his work, and had the courage to battle with -difficulties. He had steadiness of character, the ability to command the -confidence of business men from the beginning, and gave close and -careful attention to the matters intrusted to him. - -Mr. Rockefeller will be remembered, not so much because he accumulated -millions, but because he gave away millions, thereby doing great good, -and setting a noble example. - - - -***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK FAMOUS GIVERS AND THEIR GIFTS*** - - -******* This file should be named 50772.txt or 50772.zip ******* - - -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: -http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/5/0/7/7/50772 - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part -of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm -concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark, -and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive -specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this -eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook -for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports, -performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given -away--you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks -not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the -trademark license, especially commercial redistribution. - -START: FULL LICENSE - -THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE -PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK - -To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free -distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work -(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full -Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at -www.gutenberg.org/license. - -Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works - -1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to -and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property -(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all -the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or -destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your -possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a -Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound -by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the -person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph -1.E.8. - -1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be -used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who -agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few -things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See -paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this -agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below. - -1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the -Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection -of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual -works in the collection are in the public domain in the United -States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the -United States and you are located in the United States, we do not -claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing, -displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as -all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope -that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting -free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm -works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the -Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily -comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the -same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when -you share it without charge with others. - -1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern -what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are -in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States, -check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this -agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing, -distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any -other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no -representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any -country outside the United States. - -1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg: - -1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other -immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear -prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work -on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the -phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed, -performed, viewed, copied or distributed: - - This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and - most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no - restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it - under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this - eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the - United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you - are located before using this ebook. - -1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is -derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not -contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the -copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in -the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are -redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project -Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply -either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or -obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted -with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution -must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any -additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms -will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works -posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the -beginning of this work. - -1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm -License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this -work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm. - -1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this -electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without -prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with -active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project -Gutenberg-tm License. - -1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary, -compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including -any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access -to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format -other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official -version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site -(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense -to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means -of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain -Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the -full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1. - -1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying, -performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works -unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9. - -1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing -access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works -provided that - -* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from - the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method - you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed - to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has - agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid - within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are - legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty - payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project - Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in - Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg - Literary Archive Foundation." - -* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies - you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he - does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm - License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all - copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue - all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm - works. - -* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of - any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the - electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of - receipt of the work. - -* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free - distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works. - -1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than -are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing -from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and The -Project Gutenberg Trademark LLC, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm -trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below. - -1.F. - -1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable -effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread -works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project -Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may -contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate -or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other -intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or -other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or -cannot be read by your equipment. - -1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right -of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project -Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project -Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all -liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal -fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT -LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE -PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE -TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE -LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR -INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH -DAMAGE. - -1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a -defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can -receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a -written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you -received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium -with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you -with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in -lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person -or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second -opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If -the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing -without further opportunities to fix the problem. - -1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth -in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO -OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT -LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE. - -1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied -warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of -damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement -violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the -agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or -limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or -unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the -remaining provisions. - -1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the -trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone -providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in -accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the -production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm -electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses, -including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of -the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this -or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or -additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any -Defect you cause. - -Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm - -Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of -electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of -computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It -exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations -from people in all walks of life. - -Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the -assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's -goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will -remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project -Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure -and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future -generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see -Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at -www.gutenberg.org - -Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation - -The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit -501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the -state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal -Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification -number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by -U.S. federal laws and your state's laws. - -The Foundation's principal office is in Fairbanks, Alaska, with the -mailing address: PO Box 750175, Fairbanks, AK 99775, but its -volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous -locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt -Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to -date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and -official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact - -For additional contact information: - - Dr. Gregory B. Newby - Chief Executive and Director - gbnewby@pglaf.org - -Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg -Literary Archive Foundation - -Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide -spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of -increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be -freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest -array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations -($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt -status with the IRS. - -The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating -charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United -States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a -considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up -with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations -where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND -DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular -state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate - -While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we -have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition -against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who -approach us with offers to donate. - -International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make -any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from -outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff. - -Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation -methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other -ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To -donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate - -Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. - -Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project -Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be -freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and -distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of -volunteer support. - -Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed -editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in -the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not -necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper -edition. - -Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search -facility: www.gutenberg.org - -This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm, -including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary -Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to -subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks. - diff --git a/old/50772.zip b/old/50772.zip Binary files differdeleted file mode 100644 index c6ab0fa..0000000 --- a/old/50772.zip +++ /dev/null |
