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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..f303502 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #50787 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/50787) diff --git a/old/50787-8.txt b/old/50787-8.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 509d919..0000000 --- a/old/50787-8.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,2252 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of Chambers's Journal of Popular Literature, -Science, and Art, No. 724, by Various - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - -Title: Chambers's Journal of Popular Literature, Science, and Art, No. 724 - November 10, 1877 - -Author: Various - -Editor: William Chambers - Robert Chambers - -Release Date: December 29, 2015 [EBook #50787] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHAMBER'S JOURNAL *** - - - - -Produced by Susan Skinner and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - - - - - -[Illustration: CHAMBERS'S JOURNAL - -OF - -POPULAR - -LITERATURE, SCIENCE, AND ART. - -Fourth Series - -CONDUCTED BY WILLIAM AND ROBERT CHAMBERS. - -NO. 724. SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 10, 1877. PRICE 1½_d._] - - - - -THE ROYAL GAME OF GOLF. - - -For ages golf has been pre-eminently the national game of Scotland. As -its history emerges from the mists of antiquity we find football and -it linked together as representative games, in fulminations against -'unprofitabill sportis,' unduly distracting the attention of the people -from more serious affairs. But our game far exceeds this old rival -in interest; and if it were not for the popularity of curling in its -season, no rival pastime could pretend to vie with golf in Scotland. - -The mode of playing golf is so well known in these days that it may -suffice to explain that it is a game played over extensive commons, or -'links' as they are termed; that the implements used are peculiarly -constructed clubs, so weighted at the crook or 'head' of the shaft, as -to give great impetus to the small hard gutta-percha ball to be driven -along the grass; and that the object of the players--either as single -antagonists or two against two--is to endeavour to vie with each other -as to who shall drive the ball towards and into a series of small -artificially made holes, in the fewest strokes. From hole to hole the -party proceeds, sometimes one winning a hole, sometimes another, and -occasionally (by evenly contested play) halving: until the whole round -of the green has been traversed; when the party who has gained the -greatest number of holes is declared the winner. The links ought to -be of considerable extent, and the holes several hundred yards apart, -so as to give opportunity for skilful driving and other niceties of -the game. To those unfortunates who have only read of the pastime, -it may appear hard to believe in the reality of the enthusiasm shewn -by its votaries; but whenever they are privileged to come under its -influence, even as spectators, they will find it is one of the most -fascinating of pursuits. How can a man describe in fitting language -the subtle spell that brings him out in all weathers and seasons, and -makes him find perfect pleasure in 'grinding round a barren stretch of -ground, impelling a gutta-percha ball before him, striving to land it -in a succession of small holes in fewer strokes than his companion and -opponent,' as the game might be described by one of that class of men -to whom the 'primrose by the river's brink a primrose is, and nothing -more.' - -The fascinations of the game have enlisted in the ranks of its votaries -men of all classes, many of them famous on other fields, who have -made their reminiscences of their beloved pursuit mediums for many a -bright word-picture in prose and verse. Hitherto no attempt has been -made to gather together what has been so said and sung in praise of -the pastime; but in Mr Robert Clark's beautiful volume now before us, -entitled _Golf--a Royal and Ancient Game_, ample amends have been made -for this neglect, by one of the most enthusiastic and best golfers -of the day. Here we have presented in a gossipy way so beloved by -golfers, wealth of material, both as regards the history and literature -of the fascinating game--a labour of love in an artistic guise. What -the author is on the links, so seems he to be among his printers and -artists and binders--_facile princeps_. The volume before us, though -unfortunately too costly to be very generally available, is a marvel -of beautiful typography and tasteful binding. Our author has gone for -his information to the most various sources--old acts of the Scots -parliament, proclamations by kings, burgh records, minutes of the more -prominent golf-clubs, books and magazines; and by judicious editing of -this medley has shewn the many-sidedness of the game in a way that none -but a devotee could. - -Mr Clark wastes no space on unprofitable speculations as to the origin -of golf. All that is clear in this vexed subject is that though -Scotland is the chosen home of the game, she is not its birthplace. -It is, however, of little moment whether the game came in with the -Scandinavians who settled on the east coast of Scotland, or whether -it was brought northward over the Border as a variety of the English -'bandy-ball;' or even if we have to go back to the Campus Martius, and -look for the parent of golf in the curved club and feather ball of the -Roman _Paganica_. Games of ball seem to have existed in all ages, -and it is therefore probable that golf is a development of some older -game, or perhaps a 'selection of the fittest' from several previously -existing ball-games. It is sufficient for our purpose that early in the -fifteenth century it was at least as popular with all classes as it is -to-day. - -When gunpowder made archery a thing of the past, the conflict between -love of country and love of golf ceased, and the game went on -prospering under the smiles of royal favour, surviving proclamations -of various town-councils directed against sacrilegious golfers whose -sin was held to be, not so much that they played on Sunday, as on that -part of the day called 'the tyme of the sermonnes.' This matter was -set at rest by the decree of James VI. of Scotland, who in 1618 sent -from his new kingdom of England an order that after divine service -'our good people be not discouraged from any harmless recreation,' -but prohibiting 'the said recreations to any that are not present in -the church, at the service of God, before their going to the said -recreations;' or as Charles I., when subsequently ratifying this order, -puts it, 'having first done their dutie to God.' - -Besides James VI.'s crowning act of founding the Royal Blackheath Club, -Mr Clark has recalled two other instances of royal connection with -the game in a charming way, as one of the illustrations in his book -is from Sir John Gilbert's picture of Charles I. receiving, during a -game on Leith Links, the intelligence of Sir Phelim O'Neill's rebellion -in Ireland in 1642; while another is a delicately drawn pen-and-ink -sketch by Mr James Drummond, R.S.A., of the house in the Canongate of -Edinburgh, which John Patersone, shoemaker, built for himself with half -the stake in that famous 'foursome'--the Duke of York (James VII.) and -Patersone against two English noblemen. - -With the Stuarts went out for a time royal countenance of the game, -till William IV. became patron of the Royal and Ancient Club of St -Andrews, and presented to it for annual competition that coveted -golfing trophy, the gold medal. - -But though there came kings who knew not golf, the game lost none of -its old popularity. Still, as before, pre-eminently the game of the -people, we find it associated with many a notable scene and character -in the history of Scotland. So fond of the game was the great Montrose, -that hardly had the minstrels ceased to serenade him and his day-old -bride 'Sweet Mistress Magdalene Carnegie,' when we find him hard at -work with clubs and ball. That fifty years later it continued to be -the favourite amusement of the aristocracy of the Scottish capital, we -can gather from the curious books of expenditure of Sir John Foulis of -Ravelstoun, who seems to have spent most of his leisure time 'losing -at golfe' on Musselburgh and Leith Links with Hamilton and Rothes and -others of the highest quality of the time. We read of Balmerino's -brother, Alexander Elphinston, and Captain Porteous, the victim of -the famous 'mob,' playing in 1724 'a solemn match at golf' for twenty -guineas on Leith Links, where, a few years later, might constantly be -seen Lord President Forbes of Culloden, who was such a keen golfer, -that when Leith Links were covered with snow he played on the sands; -though even he has to yield in all-absorbing devotion to the game to -Alexander M'Kellar, 'the Cock o' the Green,' immortalised in Kay's -_Portraits_, who played every day and all day long, and then practised -'putting' at the 'short holes' by candle-light. - -It is almost superfluous to say that in our own day the noble and -ancient pastime is still the game of the Scots, and latterly of the -English, of all classes and in all parts of the world. One little -fact that incontestably proves the eminent respectability of the game -is that 'the minister' can be a golfer without the least fear of the -straitest-laced of presbyteries. It is said that when the canny Scot -abroad 'prospects' for a new settlement, while he naturally rivets one -eye on the main chance, with the other he reckons up the capabilities -of the ground for his favourite game; therefore it is that golf has -taken firm root and flourishes in many a distant colony. Across the -Border the game is so acclimatised that formidable rivals to our -native players are now trained on well-known English greens. That it -may go on and prosper is of course the wish of every true lover of the -invigorating pastime. - -Mr Clark gives us some historical notes of the more prominent of the -many golfing clubs that now flourish in different parts of Scotland, -and extracts from their minute-books the leading events of their -career. Now and then we come across eccentricities, such as the feats -of Mr Sceales and Mr Smellie of the Edinburgh Burgess Club in driving -balls over the dome of St Giles's Cathedral, one hundred and sixty-one -feet high; or the even more wonderful achievement of another member -of this club, who drove a ball in forty-four strokes from _inside_ -their golf-house on Bruntsfield Links over the hill of Arthur Seat. As -a rule, however, these clubs pursue the even tenor of their way, the -members finding their best happiness in playing the pure and simple -game. - -While the Honourable Company of Edinburgh Golfers is generally held to -be the oldest Scotch Club, so great has been the development of its -sister Club at St Andrews, and so great are the attractions of golfing -on the famous links of the venerable city, that the 'Royal and Ancient' -takes precedence over all, and is indisputably _the_ club of the -kingdom. What Newmarket is to racing, or Melton to hunting, St Andrews -is to golf. In St Andrews, it is not a mere pastime, but a business -and a passion. It is the one recreation of the inhabitants from the -Principal of the College to the youngest urchin; it has even invaded -the domain of croquet, and has taken captive the ladies, who now take -so keen an interest in the game, that on more links than those of St -Andrews their green is a charming feature of the place. In short, in -St Andrews 'no living thing that does not play golf, or talk golf, or -think golf, or at least thoroughly knock under to golf, can live.' - -The chief prize of the 'Royal and Ancient'--the gold challenge -medal played for every autumn, presented in 1837 by King William -IV.--is termed the 'Blue Ribbon of Golf.' To win it is the dream -of every member of the Club. Other clubs, such as North Berwick, -Musselburgh, Montrose, Perth, Prestwick, Burgess, &c. have each its -own time-honoured challenge trophy, that of the Royal Musselburgh -being laden with more than a century of medals commemorating each -winner. That English clubs too are following fast the fashion set by -their older brethren north of the Tweed, is attested by the prizes -now competed for at Westward Ho! in Devonshire, Hoylake in Cheshire, -and at Wimbledon, &c.; though it is but fair to state that Blackheath -claims with good reason to be father of all English golf-clubs, and has -for long been celebrated for the keenness of its players and the prizes -offered for competition. - -So much for the history of the game; let us now glance at its -literature. In the interesting collection of prose papers Mr Clark has -gathered from various quarters, we can study the peculiar features -of the game and the effect it has, for the time, on the tempers of -its votaries. As we have seen at St Andrews, the ardent golfer has -little time for thought or conversation unconnected with the game. -For the time being the be-all and end-all of his life lies within the -pot-hook-shaped course he has to traverse; and not a little of his -happiness or his misery for the day depends on the nature of the match -he succeeds in getting. Though the game is as a rule an exceedingly -social one, and admits of quiet chat and occasional good-natured -banter, the _true_ golfer at work is essentially a man of silence; -chattering during the crises of the game is as abhorrent to him as -conversation during whist; one thing only is as obnoxious as the human -voice to him then--that is, any movement of the human body near him. -'Stand still while I'm putting,' and 'Don't speak on the stroke,' -are two postulates he would fain enforce. This over-sensitiveness -to external influences may explain the seeming ungallantry of the -'Colonel' in H. J. M.'s amusing account of _The Golfer at Home_, which -appeared in the _Cornhill Magazine_ a few years ago. After a charming -little picture of the 'Colonel' resenting, though he does not openly -object to Browne being accompanied over the course by 'his women,' -as he ungallantly terms Mrs Browne and her sister, he says to his -partner: 'The Links is not the place for women; they talk incessantly, -they never stand still, and if they do, the wind won't allow their -dresses to stand still.' However, as they settle down to their game, -the 'Colonel's' good temper returns under the healthy influence of an -invigorating 'round,' and gives H. J. M. an opportunity of pointing out -how all ill-humours of body and mind give way before the equable and -bracing exercise of a round or two of the Links of St Rule. That the -reader may see the amount of walking exercise taken in a round of St -Andrews Links, it may be interesting to note that the exact distance, -as the crow flies, is three miles eleven hundred and fifty-four -yards; so that the golfer who takes his daily three rounds walks _at -least_ eleven miles. It is no wonder, then, that in addition to its -own attractions, golf is esteemed as a capital preparation for the -moors or the stubbles, hardening as it does the muscles both of arms -and legs. What hunting does for the cavalry soldier as a training for -more important bursts in the battle-field, the like does golf for the -infantry soldier in bracing him to encounter forced marching with ease. -The Links have formed the training-ground of many a brilliant officer. - -Space will not allow us to dwell on the genial gossip about St Andrews -and St Andrews players--amateur and professional--that we find in Mr -Clark's book, further than to mention three names. First, that of -the great champion of the professionals, Allan Robertson, who was -'never beaten in a match;' of the brilliant but short-lived career -of poor 'young Tom Morris,' the champion player of his day--son of a -worthy sire who still survives; of Mr Sutherland, an old gentleman -who made golf the chief business of his life, whose interest in his -fellow-men, not as men but as golfers, is well shewn in this anecdote. -His antagonist was about to strike off for the finishing hole at -St Andrews, when a boy appeared on the bridge over the burn. Old -Sutherland shouted out: 'Stop, stop! Don't play upon _him_; he's a fine -young golfer!' - -It is in verse, however, that the votary of golf finds the field -congenial to his subject. - -In 1842 appeared a clever collection of poems, entitled _Golfiana_, by -George Fullerton Carnegie of Pittarrow, which delighted the golfers -of that day by the humorous way in which it hit off the playing -characteristics of the men he introduced into it. He begins by throwing -down the gauntlet to those students of Scottish history who sigh over -the musty memories and deplore the decayed glories of the city of their -patron saint: - - St Andrews! they say that thy glories are gone, - That thy streets are deserted, thy castles o'er-thrown: - If thy glories _be_ gone, they are only, methinks, - As it were by enchantment transferred to thy Links. - Though thy streets be not now, as of yore, full of prelates, - Of abbots and monks, and of hot-headed zealots, - Let none judge us rashly, or blame us as scoffers, - When we say that instead there are Links full of golfers, - With more of good heart and good feeling among them - Than the abbots, the monks, and the zealots who sung them! - -We have many capital songs in honour of the game; amongst others a -parody of Lord Houghton's well-known song, _Strangers yet_, from which -it will be seen that something more is necessary to make a good golfer -than a set of clubs and an anxious 'cady' to carry them: - - -DUFFERS YET.--BY TWO 'LONG SPOONS.' - - After years of play together, - After fair and stormy weather, - After rounds of every green - From Westward Ho! to Aberdeen; - Why did e'er we buy a set - If we must be duffers yet! - Duffers yet! Duffers yet! - - After singles, foursomes--all, - Fractured club and cloven ball; - After grief in sand and whin, - Foozled drives and 'putts' not in-- - Ev'n our cadies scarce regret - When we part as duffers yet, - Duffers yet! Duffers yet! - - After days of frugal fare, - Still we spend our force in air; - After nips to give us nerve, - Not the less our drivers swerve; - Friends may back and foes may bet, - And ourselves be duffers yet, - Duffers yet! Duffers yet! - - Must it ever then be thus? - Failure most mysterious! - Shall we never fairly stand - Eye on ball as club in hand? - Are the bounds eternal set - To retain us duffers yet? - Duffers yet! Duffers yet! - -In conclusion, we may remark that though golf, to the uninitiated, may -appear to be a game requiring considerable strength of muscle for its -achievement, it is not so; for the easier it is played, the better are -the results. To apply much force to the stroke is to imperil the chance -of driving a far ball; whereas by a moderate swing of the club, the -ball is not only driven far and sure, but goes from no effort apparent -to the striker. - -A notion also prevails that golf is a game suited for young and -middle-aged folks only. This is a delusion, for no outdoor pastime is -more fitted for elderly people. To attain _great_ excellence in the -game, the player must commence early in life; but to become enamoured -of its joys requires but a beginning, and that beginning may be made -by men who have long passed the meridian of life. We could point -to many elderly gentlemen whose lives are being lengthened by the -vigour-inspiring game, and who, when their daily round or rounds are -finished, can fight their battles o'er again in the cheery club-house, -with all the zest of youth. When games such as cricket have been found -too much, or perhaps the exertion of tramping the moors too severe, -the sexagenarian may safely take to the easy but invigorating pursuit -of golf, and 'bless the chiel who invented it.' If he misgives his -ability to cope with the exertion, or fancied exertion, of pacing a few -miles of green turf and wielding a club, our advice to him is to place -himself in the hands of a professional golf-player--plenty of whom are -to be found wherever there are links--and try; and in a wonderfully -short time our veteran may find himself interested, perhaps absorbed, -in a game the delights of which he has lived all these years without -having been able till now to realise! - - - - -FROM DAWN TO SUNSET. - - -PART III. - - -CHAPTER THE SECOND. - -Deborah waited and watched--a gloom unutterable weighed on her -spirits--and no Mistress Fleming came. At last old Jordan Dinnage -arrived at the castle alone, looking scared and sorrow-stricken. - -'The master is very ill,' said Mistress Marjory, as she waited on -Jordan. 'These be bad days, Master Dinnage. I doubt if he lives till -morning. Doctor says he won't; but doctors know naught. In general, if -doctors say "He'll be dead by mornin'," it means he'll live to a good -old age; I've seed it often. But mark my words, Jordan Dinnage: there's -not much life in our dear Master; _he's goin'_. This comes o' leavin' -Enderby. I felt it; I knew'd 'twould be so. _This comes o' Master -Sinclair's leavin's._ O Jordan Dinnage, it's wrong, it's grievous -wrong, this leavin' Enderby, for this grand blowed-out old place, an' -these flaunting livery-men an' maids. Master Sinclair's curse is on us!' - -'Nay, nay, Mistress Marjory; these be women's superstitions. Mistress -Deborah did rightly. A goose she would ha' been to fling all this -grandery and gold guineas in the ditch, for fear o' bad luck, 'sooth! -It's no more that, than thou'rt a wise woman! The Master'll pull -through; an' if he don't, better die a prince than a beggar.' - -Marjory shook her head. 'Give me honest beggary. An' where's Mistress -Dinnage? Be sure Lady Deb 'ud be glad o' her company now. Why didst not -bring her along, Jordan? It speaks not much for her love.' - -Jordan reddened. 'Not a word agen Meg, Mistress Marjory! She'll be -comin' soon. I must see Mistress Deborah.' - -'Well, come now. An' heaven send Master Kingston soon.' - -Deborah met the dear old man with outstretched hands. 'Jordan, I am so -glad to see ye! Where is Margaret?' - -Jordan shuffled from one foot to the other, and twisted his hat round -in his hands. 'Well, Lady Deb--Mistress Deborah--I've not brought Meg -along.' - -'I see ye have not!' cried Deborah impetuously. 'But where is she?' - -The old gray eyes, growing dim with age, looked straight and honestly -on their young Mistress, yet humbly too, as he answered in a low voice: -'Where she ought to be, Mistress Deborah--off to her young husband, -Master Charlie Fleming.' - -'Jordan, Jordan! Is this true? Her husband? Ye bewilder me. Are they -wedded then? Is she gone to Ireland?' - -'Sure enow! O Mistress Deborah, I come to ask forgiveness! It isn't -for the like o' Jordan Dinnage to have his daughter Mistress Fleming; -but dear heaven knows I know'd naught, an' never sought it out, nor -had high notions. Mistress Deborah, I ask forgiveness, an' I hope the -master'll forgive me.' - -Deborah took the old trembling hand. 'The master is in no state to -blame or to forgive. But, Jordan, thou may'st give me joy o' this. It -gladdens mine heart in my sore troubles like a sunbeam on a dark, dark -cloud. Forgive thee? Ay, I am proud to be Margaret Fleming's sister; -an' well believe my father would bid her welcome too--faithful honest -Jordan. Now come, Jordan, come, and see how he lies. He knows me not, -and he calls ever upon Charlie. Hast sent my letter to Ireland? Hast -the address?' - -'Ay, ay; it's gone.' - -'Then I will write again to-night. Heaven send he may come in time. -Sometimes, Jordan, he lieth in a stupor; again he calls for Charlie or -for me.' - -Reverently pulling his white forelock, with his old habit of respect, -to his fiery but beloved master, Jordan stood at the foot of the bed, -and saw the shadow of death on the face of Vincent Fleming. - -'My boy,' murmured the dying man, with his eyes upon Jordan--'my boy -Charlie!' - -Old Jordan gazed helplessly and sorrowfully from him to the doctor who -stood by, and Marjory, who entered. 'What's to be done?' he muttered. -'It kills him!' - -'Patience, patience!' whispered the solemn doctor; 'he may see his son -yet. There is great hope for him, Mistress Fleming; keep good heart.' - -'Not hope of his recovery, Master Allan,' said Deborah, with stern and -still despair. 'I know death when I see it. You have held out hope -before; yet make him live till my brother comes. Ye hear me, Master -Allan?' - -'Ay, Mistress Fleming; I will use my poor skill to the utmost. Bear up. -I will return to-night, Mistress Fleming;' and with a courtly bow, he -left her. - -But for Deborah, she kneeled beside her father, and with old days and -old memories her heart was like to break. Jordan was weeping bitterly; -she heard the old man's sobs; but on her own heart a still Hand was -laid, enforcing strength and calmness. For two things she prayed: that -Charlie might come in time; and that her father might be himself before -he died, to hear that Charlie had ever been true to him. And so through -the long night she watched; and old Marjory oft slept and nodded, as -age and dulled senses will; and though Sir Vincent at times called -plaintively for his Deb, his 'Rose of Enderby,' his more frequent -plaint was for his boy. - - -CHAPTER THE THIRD. - -In those days there were wild doings in Ireland. 'Liberty and Reform' -were the watch-words which did then, and ever will, electrify the -fiery, rebellious, ardent spirits that flocked under one banner to -struggle and to die. Irish and French met and fought together against -the iron hand of England; thousands perished; the fated isle ran blood. - - * * * * * - -It is the eve of a battle. Gray dawn is slowly breaking over forest -and mountain, where strange and wonderful echoes are wont to be heard -amongst the rocks and caves; but in the gray of this dread dawn, on -the eve of battle and blood, all seems silent as the grave, saving the -thunderous roar of the waterfall in its descent into the lake, that -seems to make the silence the more intense. - -But hark! through the mist of morning a bugle suddenly sounds loud and -clear; and when it ceases--far away, a spirit-bugle answers. A soldier, -driven to frenzy, they say, by an insulting taunt from a superior -officer, had struck him down in the heat of the instant. Short shrift -in those days; the man has been tried, condemned, and is about to be -led out to execution. So, loud and clear the bugle calls: 'Come forth -to thy death,' as plain as a human voice could speak; and he whom -it summons cannot mistake that voice, and comes forth guarded, but -with steady step, and head erect and soldierly; while in front of him -bristles a long line of musketry, and behind yawns an open grave. The -condemned soldier is Charles Fleming. Have his ungovernable passions -and his strong uncurbed will brought him to this? Ay; and the stubborn -pride which has ever been his bane, leads him now to die without that -word of extenuation or appeal which even yet might save him. - -Yet who may tell how that proud heart swells well-nigh to breaking -beneath the broad breast, as he thinks on the old white-haired father -and his son's death of shame! He sees too the shadows on the woods -of Enderby. He hears the voice of a little sister, calling 'Charlie, -Charlie!' at play. And the trees are waving their long arms round -the old, old home; and his little playmate Margaret--his _young wife -Margaret_--stands beneath and smiles. And then his bold eyes ask for -death, merciful death, which shall put him out of his anguish. Yet -hold! Even as the muskets are raised, but ere the triggers are pressed, -there is a wild shriek of 'Rescue! rescue! Pardon! pardon for Charles -Fleming!' - -And there, headlong down the way--while all reel back before -him--rides one spurring for life or death, his horse in a lather of -foam, his head bare, and his long hair flying in the wind. In one hand -he clenches a packet, and waves it above his head--the Royal pardon! He -reaches them; he stays the deadly fire with his wild outstretched arms -raised to heaven, with white face and blazing eyes, and lips which fail -to speak. But _one_ could have undertaken and accomplished that famous -ride; but _one_ could have saved him in this strait. In male disguise, -that _one_ proves to be Margaret Dinning! ''Tis my wife!' cried Charles -Fleming in piercing accents; ''tis my wife Margaret!' And with that, -the king's messenger sways in the saddle, and is supported to the -ground by the commanding officer.... - - * * * * * - -And thus it came to pass that Deborah, watching at her father's -bedside, heard rumours of that battle by which the name of Charles -Fleming became famous. It was early morning. The great wild clouds of -dawn were parted, and rolled asunder. The glorious sun rose on the -watcher's weary eyes, and steeped the land in splendour. Deborah threw -up the windows wide, and returned to the dying man. O heaven, tender -mercy, cannot the light of summer sunrise rob that dear face of aught -of its wintry wanness? - -'Father, sweet father!' she said in thrilling tones of grief, 'art thou -not better? See the glorious sun, father!' - -'Nay, Deb,' he answered plaintively; 'I see no sun; mine eyes are dark. -How little thou dost look to me! Thou'rt grown so small! My child, my -darling, I am very ill.' - -Then Deborah raised his head upon her shoulder; she knew that he was -himself again, himself but to die; her brave heart sank, yet she -answered calmly: 'Yes, thou hast been very ill. Dost thou remember all -that happed?' - -'Ay, ay. My boy, my boy!' And he sobbed. - -'Hush, father; that was wrong; that was false! That was a wicked -forgery. Charlie never wronged thee by thought or deed. Charlie hath -ever been loyal to thee and thine. Art thou content now, dear?' - -A brilliant smile stole over the fading face of Vincent Fleming. 'Ay,' -said he, 'content to _die_!' He lay musing, his eyes closed. 'Deb,' -said he at last, 'whisper me. My boy is true to me--is't not so?' - -'Yes, father; true as steel: he loves thee dearly. And for _thee_,' she -went on, with heaving breast, 'he hath done brave things! Charlie is a -soldier, and men are all saying he hath won great honour and renown.' - -'Ah, Deb; thank God, thank God for this! And thou, Deb, sweet Deb, how -is't with thee?' - -'I am rich, dear. I am betrothed to King Fleming, whom I love most -dearly; and I have wealth enough for all. It is well with thy two -children, thou seest.' - -And ere the night fell, two messengers came gently to his side. One, -radiant with 'white raiment' and drooped wings; the other, footsore, -travel-stained, and war-worn. And one was the Angel of Death, who stood -and looked upon them pitifully; the other was his prodigal son, who -kneeled and folded his arms around his father, and bowed his head and -wept. - -'Now,' said Sir Vincent, 'I die in peace. How have I yearned for thee! -God bless thee! I bless thee, my boy! Deb, this is death!' - -And so, raised in Charlie's strong arms and with his hands in -Deborah's, without a struggle, the spirit passed away. - - -CHAPTER THE LAST. - -Two figures stand together in one of the deep oriel windows of the -old hall at Enderby. The blood-red splendour of a setting sun fills -the marsh, the low land, and the hanging woods; and streaming like a -beacon in at the windows, floods those two with radiant light. They are -Charles Fleming and his bride. The storms have swept by, and left her -thrice his own, with the old walls and the sacred hearth of Enderby. -Thus may God send on us the lightning of His chastisement, and yet -guide and guard us through all--through the morning of wild and sunny -childhood; through the noon of gay and love-bright youth, environed as -it is by perils; through the sudden-falling night of dread, despair, -and death. He does not leave us 'comfortless.' As for Deborah Fleming, -passionately as she loved the beauteous world, she never again lost -sight of the valley up which had passed the souls of those she loved, -and the golden gates across the shining flood. And in later days, when -children's children clustered eagerly round the stately old Lady of -Lincoln, she, with the faithfulness of old age, would return lovingly, -lingeringly to the days of her youth, when 'Charlie and she were young.' - -O happy time--blessed childhood--how can I end better than with thee? -Over the shadows of evening rises the day-star of childhood's memories. - - It knows no night-- - There is _no_ night in a glad and green old age. - -THE END. - - - - -CHARLES DICKENS' MANUSCRIPTS. - - -A glimpse of the manuscripts of the late Charles Dickens, which now -form part of the 'Forster Collection' in the South Kensington Museum, -conjures up a vision of numerous characters in his popular novels. On -looking attentively at the manuscripts, we are at once struck by the -number of alterations and interlineations with which the pages abound; -and our first sentiment is one of surprise that the books which appear -so wonderfully natural and fluent when we read them, should evidently -have been the result of much anxious thought, care, and elaboration. - -The collection comprises the original manuscripts of the following -works: _Oliver Twist_, published in 1838-39; _Master Humphrey's Clock_, -comprising the _Old Curiosity Shop_ and _Barnaby Rudge_, published -in 1840-41; _Barnaby Rudge_, a separate volume, 1840-41; _American -Notes_, 1842; _Martin Chuzzlewit_, 1843-44; _The Chimes_, Christmas -1844; _Dombey and Son_, 1846-48; _David Copperfield_, 1849-50; _Bleak -House_, which has in the original manuscript a secondary title, _The -East Wind_, 1852-53; _Hard Times_, 1854; _Little Dorrit_, 1855-57; _A -Tale of Two Cities_, 1859; and _The Mystery of Edwin Drood_ (his last -but unfinished work), 1870. There are also proof volumes from the -printers, consisting of _Dombey and Son_, _David Copperfield_, _Bleak -House_, and _Little Dorrit_, the pages of which bear marginal and other -corrections and alterations, in ink, by the author. - -Of course, as the collection is placed under a glass case, the public -can only see one or two pages of each work; but even with this meagre -guide, the acute observer is able in some degree to trace the working -of the writer's mind, and to follow to some extent the development of -his ideas. As we have already remarked, the first thing which strikes -us is the comparatively large number of alterations and interlineations -which occur in the manuscript. It is evident that Charles Dickens wrote -with the greatest care, and scrupulously revised his writing, in order -to render each sentence as perfect as might be. Taking the works in -their chronological order, we may notice that in _Oliver Twist_, which -is open at 'Chapter the Twelfth'--'In which Oliver is taken better -care of than he ever was before, with some particulars concerning a -certain picture'--there are few alterations in the manuscript; the -writing also being larger and firmer than in the majority of the later -works. Charles Dickens made his alterations so carefully that it is -difficult to trace the words which he had originally written; but the -one or two which occur on this page give us some little insight into -the careful manner in which the author worked up his sentences into a -well-rounded and euphonious form. The passage at which this manuscript -is opened runs as follows: 'The coach rattled away down Mount Pleasant -and up Exmouth Street--over nearly the same ground as that which Oliver -had traversed when he first entered London in;' and here occurs the -first alteration, 'the D----' is erased, and 'company with the Dodger' -is written in its place; the author evidently considering the latter -a more euphonious form of expression than 'in the Dodger's company,' -as it was doubtless his original intention to make the passage. The -alteration to which we have referred may appear, as indeed it is, of -exceedingly small significance; but we have mentioned it simply as an -instance of the extremely careful way in which Dickens studied the -details and minutię of composition. - -The next manuscript in point of date is _Master Humphrey's Clock_, -which is open at 'No. IV.,' headed 'Master Humphrey from his clock-side -in the chimney corner,' and commences as follows: 'Night is generally -my time for walking. In the summer I often leave home early in the -morning and roam about fields and lanes all day, or even escape for -days or weeks together, but, saving in the country' [this originally -stood 'but, at other seasons of the year;' but Dickens doubtless saw -that the expression as it now stands would be more consistent with the -context], 'I seldom go out until after dark, though, Heaven be thanked, -I love its light and feel the cheerfulness it sheds upon the earth -as much as any creature living.' This page of manuscript has only a -moderate share of alterations. - -Then we come to the volume of _Barnaby Rudge_, which is opened at -'Chapter One,' and also contains only a moderate number of alterations, -one being in the height of the _Maypole_ sign, and another in the -distance of Epping Forest from Cornhill; both of which are noticeable -as further illustrations of the conscientious love of accuracy which -characterised the author's mind. Next in order follows the _American -Notes_, which has very few corrections, and is opened at the page -headed 'Chapter the First. Introductory and necessary to be read;' in -which the author challenges the right of any person 'to pass judgment -on this book or to arrive at any reasonable conclusion in reference to -it without first being at the trouble of becoming acquainted with its -design and purpose.' Surely a caution fair and reasonable enough on the -part of the writer of a book which he could not but feel would probably -give offence, where such an end was farthest from his wish. - -_The Life and Adventures of Martin Chuzzlewit_ comes next, open at -'Chapter I. Introductory. Concerning the Pedigree of the Chuzzlewit -Family;' and giving us a brief but telling satire on the pride of birth -by assuring us that this family 'undoubtedly descended in a direct -line from Adam and Eve, and was in the very earliest times closely -connected with the agricultural interest.' This page is notably full -of alterations, and seems a fair indication that with Charles Dickens, -as with many others, the first step was the most difficult of all. -The caligraphy in this as in all the other manuscripts is legible but -rather small, the letters being distinctly formed, and the use of -abbreviations studiously avoided. - -We next turn to _The Chimes_, one of those delightful stories with -which Dickens introduced to us those Christmas annuals, which now form -so important a section of our periodical literature. This again is -open at the commencement, where the author lays down the dogma that -there are not many people who would care to sleep in a church: 'I -don't mean at sermon-time in warm weather (when the thing has actually -been done once or twice), but in the night, and alone.' This sentence -originally finished with 'in the night;' but we can readily imagine the -development of the idea in the brain of the writer; and the words 'and -alone' suggesting themselves as lending an additional ground of fear -for the situation. The manuscript of this page bears a moderate number -of alterations. - -In _Dombey and Son_ we find a large number of alterations on the first -page, the very title itself having been altered more than once. The -sketch of the newly-born Paul, who was placed in front of the fire, -'as if his constitution were analogous to that of a muffin, and it -was essential to toast him brown while he was very new,' is very good -indeed; but it is evident that the passage was rather the result of -careful elaboration than of spontaneous humour. And the same remark -will apply to the opening chapter of _David Copperfield_, in which, -although the passage descriptive of the birth of the hero is very neat -and natural as it now stands, the same careful revision and alteration -are again apparent. - -_Bleak House_ too is notably full of alterations on the first page, -especially in the passage which tells us that in the muddy condition of -the London streets 'it would not be wonderful to meet a Mesalosaurus -forty feet long or so waddling like an elephantine lizard up Holborn -Hill.' - -In _Hard Times_, where we are introduced to the gentleman who wants -nothing but 'Facts,' and in the opening chapter of _Little Dorrit_, -in which we have a description of Marseilles as it 'lay broiling -in the sun one day,' we find a large number of alterations; but in -these, as in most of the other instances, the primary words have been -erased so carefully, that it is next to impossible to form an idea -of how the passages originally stood. The _Tale of Two Cities_, on -the contrary, contains remarkably few corrections; and the opening -passage descriptive of 'The Period' is telling, and apparently written -spontaneously. _The Mystery of Edwin Drood_ has been opened with good -judgment at the last page. The manuscript is very small, but fairly -legible, and having but a moderate number of alterations. In a literary -sense, it is not perhaps so interesting as some of the others; but it -possesses a sad and melancholy claim upon our attention and sympathy, -inasmuch as it is the last page of manuscript ever written by this -gifted hand. - -In the proof volumes with corrections in the handwriting of the author -there is nothing which calls for especial note save an unimportant -deletion in _Bleak House_, and a more interesting alteration in _David -Copperfield_. In the former there is a passage marked 'out,' in which -Sir Leicester Dedlock speaks to Mrs Rouncewell of her grandson in the -following passage: 'If (he said) the boy could not settle down at -Chesney Wold, in itself the most astonishing circumstance in the world, -could he not serve his country in the ranks of her defenders, as his -brother had done? Must he rush to her destruction at his early age and -with his parricidal hand strike at her?' - -In _David Copperfield_ we find by a passage in which Mr Dick is -referring to his Memorial that his original hallucination took the form -of a 'bull in a china shop;' a rather trite idea, and it was not until -after the proof had actually been submitted to him by the printers that -Charles Dickens introduced the whimsical and happier notion of 'King -Charles's Head.' - -Before bringing our brief paper to a conclusion, we would venture -to suggest to the gentleman or gentlemen to whom is intrusted the -arrangement of these manuscripts, that the present positions of the -manuscripts and printed volumes should be transposed, so that the -manuscripts should occupy the lower half of the case, as in their -present position it is rather difficult to decipher the caligraphy; -and to any one below the ordinary height it must involve an amount -of physical contortion as uncomfortable as it is inelegant. The -manuscripts being of course of greater interest than the printed -proofs, should certainly occupy the more prominent space, especially as -the latter could be read without any difficulty if placed in the rear -rank. - -We have no doubt that many of those who read this short article will -have seen the Dickens manuscripts for themselves; many more doubtless -will see them; but there will still be a large number who will not -have the opportunity; and while we think that our remarks will be -endorsed by the first and second classes, we hope that they will prove -interesting to the third less fortunate class, and will enable them -to enjoy, at least in imagination, a somewhat closer intimacy than -they have known before with that great and gifted man, whose books -have effected so many beneficial changes both in society at large and -in many an individual heart and life, uprooting and casting to the -winds much that was base, worthless, and contemptible, and implanting -in their stead the seeds of those gentler sympathies and nobler -aspirations which find their fruition in a well-spent life. - - - - -THE ADMIRAL'S SECOND WIFE. - - -CHAPTER XII.--OTHER EVENTS OF THAT EVENING. - -Lady Dillworth's reverie is doomed to be a short one. She feels a soft -caressing touch on her arm, and looks up to see Miss Delmere close by -her chair. Her long light hair is streaming over her shoulders, and an -embroidered Indian dressing-gown covers her antique dress. - -'Liddy, you quite frightened me! Why do you come creeping in like a -mouse? You ought to be in bed.' - -'I have something to tell you, Katie; something you will be _so_ glad -to hear, and something that makes me _so_ happy. I cannot sleep till I -tell you all about it.' - -Miss Delmere flings herself on a low stool at Katie's feet, and looks -up through her mass of sunny hair with flushed cheeks, glowing eyes, -and lips that _will_ form themselves into smiles. She cannot hide her -joy. - -'Walter Reeves has asked me to be his wife. Are you surprised, Katie?' - -'Not exactly; I thought there must be some outcome from all that -flirting. Do you know, Liddy, if he had not made you an offer, and if -you had not accepted him, I should have been very angry, and should -have given you a lecture.' - -Liddy looks up at her friend with surprise, the words are so cold, the -tone of voice so hard and unsympathising. - -'Are you not glad about it, Katie?' - -'Of course I am; and I hope you will both be happy.' - -'I owe it all to _you_, darling Katie! Had it not been for this dear -delightful charade party, I should never have found out that Walter -really cared for me. How sudden it has all been! And what good news -I shall have to carry home to-morrow! Little did I think when I -came to stay with you, that my wedding was so near!' The words came -out in joyous gasps between hugs and kisses, for Miss Delmere is -demonstrative, and shews it. - -Then Liddy flits away, radiant in her delight, never dreaming of the -anguish in Katie's heart that constrains her again to bury her face in -her hands, and utter short, eager, impassioned prayers for the poor -sailors whom she believes are at that very hour in dire and mortal -conflict with the winds and waves. - -But we must take a glimpse at Sir Herbert's proceedings. He never -even glances at the order after his wife's fingers have altered it -to her will; he merely folds it up, puts it in the envelope, and -despatches it to its destination. Though he decides the _Leo_ shall -proceed on the dangerous enterprise, no thought of malice towards -Captain Reeves actuates him. It never enters his thought that it is -a good way of getting rid of him for a while, and thus stopping the -constant visits to Government House. The idea is altogether too paltry -and despicable--it is beneath a man of Sir Herbert's tone of mind. He -fixes on that particular ship simply because she is best fitted for -the duty. Weighing anchor in such a storm near the Short Reefs on an -iron-bound coast, and rendering assistance to a vessel in danger, is -an undertaking that requires a good ship, a steady crew, and an able -captain. - -All these qualifications the _Leo_ possesses to perfection. She -is a well-built handsome craft; her hardy tars are smart and well -disciplined; and there is no braver officer in the British navy -than Walter Reeves. True, when on shore he seems rather too fond of -amusement, and has been called 'conceited,' 'trifling,' 'frivolous,' -'dandified,' and what not, by men who are jealous of him; but let his -foot once touch the quarter-deck, and even his enemies can never charge -him with these questionable qualities. There all his frippery and -nonsense vanish away like dew in the sunshine; and he becomes the true -sailor, with courage to plan and carry out deeds of daring; he becomes -the gallant officer fired with vigour and ambition. Never would he -shirk a duty or hesitate to undertake any lawful enterprise even though -it led to danger or death. Sir Herbert knows all this, and therefore he -is right in selecting the _Leo_. - -Hardly has he sent away the order when he is called off to Hillview; -and when his duties there are over, he determines to pay a farewell -visit to Lady Ribson. He thinks of Katie all the way he is going to -Belton Park. But when is he _not_ thinking of her? His love has not -lessened, though he has begun to see her faults. He is sorry she is -not with him, and that she has never paid the needful respect to -his god-mother. He has often and often urged her to call, but his -persuasions have failed. Whenever he has made the suggestion, Katie has -been so overwhelmed with engagements that she has hardly given him a -hearing, and of late he has dropped the subject. He goes towards Belton -Park in rather a gloomy mood after all. Lady Ribson quite expects Katie -on this last evening, and while she welcomes the Admiral, she looks -over his shoulder inquiringly. - -'Ah! I knew you would come to say "good-bye," Herbert. But where is the -"gudewife," the bonnie Katie?' - -'Miss Delmere is staying with her, and she has many engagements; -besides, you could hardly expect her out in this storm.' - -'Ah no, certainly not. There are many reasons for Lady Dillworth's -staying at home, and but few inducements for her to come out to see an -old woman like me.' - -'Katie has often said how anxious she is to know you.' - -'True, true, Herbert; so you must bring her to Scotland with you in -the bright summer-time--that is, if I'm spared to see it; but life is -uncertain, my friend, life is uncertain.' - -Lady Ribson, who is the brightest, kindest, dearest old woman in the -world, smiles on her god-son, and does not let him see how much she -is hurt by Katie's neglect of her; but in her heart she is sorry for -him, more sorry than she would like him to know. Bessie his first wife -was in her opinion perfection; and Katie she suspects is very much the -reverse. - -To her old eyes, the Admiral is still young, and she thinks there is -hardly a woman in the world good enough to mate with him. 'I can see -Herbert is not happy; and Laura Best was right when she foretold the -risk her father ran in marrying a mere frivolous girl,' she decides -in her own mind; but none of her suspicions float to the surface, so -gay, so kindly, so warm is her manner. The Admiral sets out early on -his homeward journey; his thoughts still turn to Katie, but they have -grown softer, more tender. The gloom has passed from his spirit; the -interview with Lady Ribson has calmed his ruffled thoughts; his reserve -and pride have altogether melted down, and he longs to press his -darling wife to his heart and forgive all her follies. He feels, even -with all her failings, he loves her more completely, more passionately -than he has ever loved the dead Bessie. - -When he reaches Government House, it is brilliantly lighted up. The -guests are assembled, and fragments of song and melody are floating -out on the rough night-wind. Sir Herbert makes his way at once to -the scene of festivity, and pauses at the door, astonished at the -unwonted appearance of the rooms. As he has not been initiated into -the arrangements, nor witnessed the preparations, the merest stranger -present is not more ignorant than he is of all that has been going -on. So he looks on the scene with curiosity. The music-room has been -turned into a raised stage, with painted wings and festoons of scarlet -curtains. A crescent-shaped row of gas jets serves as foot-lights, and -throws a soft clear brilliance on the performers. Wreaths of flowers, -clusters of trailing evergreens, pots of rich exotics, groups of -banners, add to the display. Nothing that taste, art, fancy, or money -can accomplish is wanting. The Admiral looks at all this; then at the -rows of spectators; then at his wife, who comes forward on the stage -at that moment leaning on Liddy's arm. Presently their voices ring out -through the rooms; then a solo falls to Katie's share, and her husband -listens spell-bound to her singing. Her voice is tuned to the deepest -pathos, and her face is sad as her song. - -Never has he seen Katie look like that before. The curiously cut -costume suits her wonderfully well; the dress of azure silk falls in -rich bright folds; her bodice glitters with gold and gems; and her hair -turned back in its own luxuriant wealth of tresses, has no ornament -but a diamond cluster. The mellowed rays from gas jets, hidden by -the curtains, fall full on her head, and she shines out as though -surrounded by a strange unearthly glory. - -She seems altered, spiritualised, refined, incorporealised in her -marvellously weird-like beauty, and her husband cannot remove his rapt -gaze from her. But presently a single turn of his head changes his -glance of admiration into one of surprise and anger. In the shade of a -gigantic azalea he spies Captain Walter Reeves, standing in an attitude -of calm listening enjoyment. Instantly the Admiral's eye flashes -with indignation. How dares Walter Reeves to be here, in his wife's -drawing-room, when he ought to be miles away out on the stormy seas? - -In an instant the offender is called out of the room, and Sir Herbert -demands to know why he has disobeyed orders by staying on shore. - -'I have had no orders to weigh anchor, Sir Herbert.' - -'Perhaps the order is still lying on your cabin table; it was issued at -ten o'clock this morning.' - -'No despatch has reached the _Leo_, for I've been on board all day, Sir -Herbert, and came direct to Government House.' - -'Very strange, very! There must be some terrible mistake in the matter. -Is Mr Grey here to-night?' - -'No, Sir Herbert.' - -'I must see him at once. The subject admits of no delay.' - -'Shall _I_ go to North Street, and fetch him here?' - -The Admiral pauses for a moment, and takes a survey of Walter from -head to foot. He notes the velvet suit, the delicate lace ruffles, -the Montero cap, the large plume of feathers, the dark cloak set -so jauntily on his shoulder, the thin shining shoes, and the huge -glittering buckles; and a _soupēon_ of contempt glances from his eyes, -a slight sneer trembles on his lip. 'I think I am more fitted to brave -the storm than you are to-night, so I'll go to Mr Grey myself.' Then -without another word, he walks down the stairs, and passes out into the -wind and rain. The house in North Street is closed for the night, and -Mrs Grey and Helen are sleeping the sleep of the quiet-minded. Only the -master of the house is still up, and he is finishing a cigar in his -library. He starts up in alarm when he hears the authoritative knock -at the door, and visions of fire and thieves start up before him. His -alarm is in no whit lessened when he sees his august son-in-law on the -steps. - -'Sir Herbert! Who would have thought of seeing you so late! Is anything -wrong? Is Katie ill?' - -'No; your daughter is quite well. I left her just now dressed up like -some medieval heroine, and lamenting her woes in song.' - -'True; I recollect this is the night of Katie's charade party.' - -They have both gone into the library now; Mr Grey has flung the stump -of his cigar aside, and the Admiral speedily explains the cause of his -late visit. - -'I acted as your note directed, Sir Herbert, and at once sent off the -_Leoni_ to assist the _Daring_.' - -'The _Leoni_! Were you mad, Grey?' - -'I confess your order amazed me. I did all I could to consult with you -about it, but you were gone to Hillview. Here is the order; you will -see the _Leoni's_ name written plainly.' - -The Admiral takes the paper in his hand, holds it near his gaze, -scrutinises it afar off, glances at it through his eye-glass; but the -fact is indisputable--there is the word _Leoni_, apparently in his own -writing. - -'This is a vile forgery, Grey! I never wrote that, never dreamt -of giving such a mad order. Heaven alone knows what results, what -complications may arise from it! I shudder to think of the _Daring_ -still aground on the Short Reefs, or perhaps altogether broken up long -ere this.' - -'The _Leoni_ couldn't help her much, I fear.' - -'Help her! She'll never reach her. I should not be surprised if she -were a wreck herself by this time; a hideous, top-heavy, unmanageable -craft like that couldn't take care even of herself in such a storm.' - -'What had better be done now, Sir Herbert?' - -'Despatch the _Leo_ at once; though I fear her services will come too -late.' - -Practical discussions follow, that keep the Admiral and his secretary -employed for some time longer. When Sir Herbert returns home, it is -no vain excuse that makes him retire to his room in very weariness of -spirit, very fatigue of body. He finds Walter Reeves is already gone -away; but some of the guests are still lingering in the rooms, trying -to prolong their amusements to the last minute. - - -CHAPTER XIII.--CONFESSION. - -The storm has spent itself before the next morning. Katie can see that, -as she listlessly looks out of the bay-window of the breakfast-room. -One would hardly suppose the treacherous gale had been holding such -wild revels the night before. The tossing waves that had leaped with -frothy crests over the serrated rocks of the Short Reefs, are placid -enough now--dancing perhaps over those who went down a few hours -before into the cruel depths. Lady Dillworth has a headache; she -listens calmly to Liddy, who blushing and blooming, pours forth her -rose-coloured confidences, and swallows her coffee between whiles. -Hunter is helping the groom to carry her boxes down-stairs; and Miss -Delmere, with only a few minutes to spare, is selfish in the exuberance -of her joy, and cannot see the dark circles round Katie's sleepless -eyes nor note the deep sadness of her looks. At length she goes away, -and the Admiral enters the room. - -'You are just in time, Herbert; Hunter has brought up some fresh -coffee.' - -'None for me, thank you. I knew you would be engaged with Miss Delmere; -and as I had papers to examine, I had my breakfast brought to the -library.' - -'Liddy is gone away now.' - -'Yes; I met her in the hall, and saw her into the carriage. I've -brought you the newspaper, Katie; you will see the wreck of the -unfortunate ship I told you of yesterday.' - -'The _Daring_! Is she wrecked?' Katie takes the paper into her -trembling hands, but cannot read a word for the throbbing of her brows -and the dizziness of her eyes. - -Her husband goes on: 'Yes; she went to pieces in the gale, and every -soul on board would have gone down with her had not a merchant-ship -passed by the merest chance. Twenty-three men are lost. At least they -went away in the _Daring's_ large cutter; but no boat could have lived -out the storm.' - -'How dreadful!' Katie starts at the sound of her own voice, it is so -deep and hoarse. - -'Dreadful indeed! What makes the matter worse is, that in all human -probability every man might have been saved and the ship also, had not -an atrociously wrong act been perpetrated.' - -Katie hears a rustle of paper; she knows by instinct what is coming, -but she dares not lift her head. - -The Admiral goes on in an agitated tone: 'Some one has tampered with my -papers, has even dared to meddle with my orders. I directed the _Leo_ -to be sent out at once to the scene of the wreck; but from malignity or -some other motive, the name _Leoni_ was substituted.' - -'Wouldn't that ship do as well, Herbert?' - -'Certainly not. She would never reach the Short Reefs in such a gale. -I fully suspect she's foundered at sea or gone on the rocks herself. -I'll find out who did it! If I thought Reeves, or any one else at his -instigation, had been guilty, I'd, I'd'---- - -There is no saying how the sentence might have ended. Katie has risen -from her seat, and stands before her husband trembling. - -'I did it, Herbert! _I_ altered your order!' - -'You, Katie!--you, my wife!' - -'Yes; but I never thought my silly act would lead to such misfortune.' - -'What was your motive, Kate? Surely you could not have wished to injure -_me_? To set me up as a mark of inefficiency and ridicule?' - -'O no; a thousand times _no_. But Captain Reeves was helping me to get -up our charade, and I altered the ship's name that he might not have -to go away.' Here Lady Dillworth's voice fails her. She cannot utter -another word, so choked and gasping is her breath; the bare blank -sentence remains as it was: 'I altered the ship's name that he might -not have to go away.' - -The Admiral does not reply. There is a stillness in the room as though -some one had died there. A burst of passion, an angry storm of words -would be a relief; and Katie glances up in alarm to see her husband -looking down sadly at her. He is pale as death; his lips are set and -firm; a dim haze has clouded his eyes, as though unshed tears are -springing there; but there is no sign of resentment in his face--only -pity, a tender, touching, tremulous pity, an infinite yearning for -something gone, a regret, sorrowful and deep! Yet all so mixed with -intense love, that Katie knows for the first time in her life what -passionate boundless strength there is in his affection for her. A -sudden understanding of how dear she is to him dawns upon her; she -feels he would give his very life for her. - -Katie would have flown to his arms, and told him his love is fully -returned, that at last she feels his worth and goodness; she would have -fallen at his feet and there have craved for pardon; but he puts her -gently yet firmly away. - -'My poor, poor Katie! Have I then spoiled your young life? I might have -suspected this; but I was blind and selfish. Forgive me, my poor child, -forgive me! I would give worlds to restore you your freedom again!' - -Ere Katie has fully grasped the meaning of his words, he has gone out -of the room; she hears him walk rapidly down the stairs and out of -the house. A sense of numbness creeps over her; she sits for a while -like one stunned. How long she remains crouching on the sofa she never -knows; a whole lifetime of anguish seems crushed into that space. All -the brightness of youth appears to die out at her husband's departure; -his retreating footstep sounds like a knell of departed hope. - -After a time, Lady Dillworth rouses herself; even sorrow cannot endure -for ever. She recollects it is near the hour for luncheon, and then -Herbert will come home. She dresses herself in the robes she had on -when he made her the offer of marriage. _Why_ she has done this, -she does not confess even to herself; but perhaps she imagines old -associations may soften present misunderstandings. She goes down to the -dining-room and waits. The table is laid for luncheon, and the bright -fire glitters on the silver and glasses and flowers. All is so pleasant -and cheerful and homelike! And even then a thrill of satisfaction comes -over her that now Liddy Delmere is gone she will be able to devote -all her time to her husband--have him all to herself. But the luncheon -hour passes, and then the door opens and Hunter enters with a letter on -a salver. The address is written in a rapid unsteady hand, as though -the fingers trembled. She sees it is Sir Herbert's writing, and tears -open the envelope with a sense of impending trouble, that blanches her -cheeks and chills her heart. The words run thus: - -'No one shall ever know you did the mischief, my poor Katie; the blame -shall rest on me alone, and I will bear it willingly for your sake. But -my professional career is over; men will never again trust my judgment -or deem me fit to command. I was proud of my standing in the service -and of an untarnished reputation; but you have spoiled it all, merely -to enjoy a short interval more of Walter Reeves's society. Why did -you not tell me he was so dear to you? You should have said before we -married _I_ could never make you happy. Yet I will not blame you, my -poor wife. My own selfish blindness has caused all this misery. Before -this letter reaches you, I shall be on my way to London to resign my -appointment.' - -This was all! But the contents fell like a blow on her heart. Katie -sits alone in that quiet room while the iron pierces her soul. The -untasted luncheon stands on the table till the fire goes out and the -shades of night gather round. Then Hunter knocks at the door in alarm, -to know if 'my Lady' will have the things removed. Katie rouses herself -to tell him that while his master is away she will henceforth have her -meals laid in her boudoir, and that she will receive no visitors in Sir -Herbert's absence. - -Hunter sees her pallid face and tear-stained eyes, and draws his own -conclusions, and thinks things 'never went on like that in the _first_ -Lady Dillworth's time, anyhow.' - - - - -THE GUACHO. - - -'Will you ride over with me to the neighbouring village?' asked my -friend Senhor Pedro da Silva. 'There is a _festa_ there to-day. And -as you are a stranger in the country, you will see some feats of -horsemanship quite as clever as can be shewn in the circus rings of old -England.' - -'With the greatest pleasure,' I replied. 'I have often heard of the -wonderful horsemen called Guachos, and desire much to see if the -accounts are really true.' - -'I think you will not be disappointed. He and his horse are one; -sometimes he acts as its tyrant, but more frequently they are friends. -From infancy they have scoured over the immense Pampas of South -America, frequently amidst violent storms of thunder, wind, and -rain. His address and grace on horseback yield neither to your best -fox-hunters nor to the American Indian. But here is Antonio with our -steeds; let us mount.' - -An hour's ride over the dull arid plains of Buenos Ayres, covered with -the grass now so much cultivated in our gardens, and admired for its -light leathery tufts waving in the wind, brought us to San Joachim, -where the people were already collecting in their holiday attire, and -exchanging friendly greetings on all sides. The gay striking dresses of -the Guachos mingled in every group. The _poncho_ or mantle of cloth, -woven in bright coloured stripes, has a hole in the centre through -which the head is passed, and falls down to the hips in graceful folds. -The nether garment is a combination of bedgown and trousers, bordered -by a fringe or even rich lace on these festa days, which varies from -two to six inches deep according to the wealth of the wearer. Then -to-day the great jack-boots of untanned leather are exchanged for the -smartest patent leather, with bright scarlet tops, and enormous spurs -at the heels. A wide-brimmed Spanish hat is worn, a purple or yellow -handkerchief twisted round it; whilst the belt encircling the waist -sparkles with the dollars sewn upon it--often the whole fortune of -the owner. His weapons are attached to this girdle, consisting of a -formidable knife, a lasso, and a bolas, which may not be so familiar -to the English reader as the lasso. There are two balls fastened -together by short leathern straps, to which another thong is attached, -by which it is thrown; this is whirled violently round the head before -propulsion, and entangles itself in the legs of the horse or cow to be -captured. - -But whilst we are gaily chatting to Senhor Pedro's many friends the -games are beginning, and we hasten off to the ground. There we find two -lines of mounted Guachos, from ten to twenty on each side, just so far -apart as to allow a rider to pass between the ranks; all are on the -alert and holding the lasso ready for use. One whom they call Massimo, -an evident favourite with the crowd, comes tearing along at a gallop -and dashes in between the lines. The first horseman in the ranks throws -his lasso at Massimo's horse as he flashes past, but misses, amidst the -derisive shouts of those around; then the second, quick as lightning -casts his; and so on down the ranks. Presently, however, the horse -is lassoed and brought to the ground; and the skilful rider alights -uninjured on his feet, smoking his cigarette as coolly as when he -started from the post. The dexterity and watchfulness of the men, who -can throw the lasso so as to entangle the feet of a horse while going -at full speed, are simply wonderful. Another and another followed with -varying fortunes; sometimes the first struck down the horse and rider, -rarely was it that one escaped altogether. The popularity of the famous -chief Rosas was said to be founded on his proficiency in this adroit -but cruel art, and no man can be their chief who is not the cleverest -among them: renown on horseback is the one great virtue that exalts a -man in their eyes; cruelty to their favourite animal does not seem to -enter into their thoughts! - -But at length they weary of this sport, and move off a little way to -vary it with another. Now we seem to have moved back a few hundred -years, and find a pastime of the middle ages still lingering among -these descendants of the Spaniards, who doubtless introduced it into -the New World. In those days it was called the game of the quintain. A -pole was firmly planted in the ground, with a cross-bar, to which was -hung the figure of a misbelieving Saracen, well armed and holding a -large sword. The horseman tilted at full gallop against this puppet; -and as it moved lightly on a pivot, unless it were well struck in the -breast, it revolved, and the sword smote the assailant on the back -amidst the laughter of the crowd. Here in the wild Pampas the trial -of skill is greater. A kind of gibbet is erected, to which is hung a -finger-ring by a string. The Guacho, instead of the spear of knightly -days, holds a weapon more characteristic of his work in the _saladero_, -where the cattle are killed and salted--namely, a skewer. One after -another the Guachos gallop at full speed and try to push the skewer -into the ring and carry it off. Antonio, Luis, and Melito succeeded -admirably; but many a novice failed in the difficult task. Still it was -a pretty sight, and enjoyed apparently by both horses and men. - -Then came the inevitable horse-races, which are of almost daily -occurrence, when associates challenge one another, and they strike off -in a moment in a straight line until they disappear in the horizon. In -this case, however, a wide straight avenue near the village was chosen -for a short, rapid, and often renewed race; a pastime for the idle, and -the occasion of ruinous bets. The riders were dressed with the greatest -elegance; their horses well chosen from the corral, and covered with -silver ornaments. The bridle is of the leather of a foal, finely -plaited and mounted with silver; stirrup, bit, and spurs of the same -metal. A glittering silver belt, sometimes of a flowery pattern, and of -colossal proportions, hangs round the breast, and a silver strap across -the forehead. The saddle is a wonderful piece of mechanism, forming the -Guacho's 'bed by night and chest of drawers by day;' it is very heavy, -and consists of ten parts; skins, carpets, and cow-hides intermingled -with other necessaries. Off they go at last from the post, spurring and -urging their steeds like modern centaurs, handling them in a manner -well worthy of admiration, and with the most perfect elegance. When -the winner came in, many a by-stander had lost all his possessions, -so mad a race of gamblers are they. As a last resource, they pledge -their horse, and expose themselves, if they lose, to the lowest of -humiliations--that of going away on foot! - -We turned at last towards home, leaving the roystering spirits to -finish off their day at the _pulperia_. This it is which takes the -place of the club, the café, the newsroom, and the home. A cottage, -neither more simple nor more luxurious than any other to be found -in the Pampas, covered with thatch; the walls of dried mud, or more -frequently of rushes sparged with mud; the flooring being of trodden -earth; into which the rain penetrates, the sun never enters, and where -a hot damp air is the prevailing atmosphere. Before the door stands a -row of strong posts, to which the horses of the guests are tied; the -new-comer jumps off, and there leaves his steed, saddled and bridled, -for many weary hours in the hot sun or pouring rain; whilst he, to use -a native expression, 'satisfies his vices' in the _pulperia_. The door -is open to all comers, and great outward politeness reigns within; -there is a continual exchange of gallantries, to which the Spanish -language easily lends itself; but reason soon loses its sway, and the -strangest bets are offered and taken. Sometimes it is between two -friends as to who shall first lose blood; when the whole company sally -out, knives are drawn between the duellers, and a combat, often much -more ridiculous than valiant, ensues! - -The following morning, Senhor Pedro proposed that we should ride out -and see the Guacho at work and in his home. 'You seem to have been -interested in him yesterday,' he said, 'and he belongs to a type that -is unique. Notwithstanding the hatred of the original inhabitants -towards their invaders, the two races were mixed, and these unions -produced the Guacho. Look at his tall figure, bony square face -embrowned by the sun, and stiff black hair--there you see the Indian; -whilst the Spaniard is in his proud haughty manner, in his vanity, and -also in his great sobriety. He drinks water and eats his dried meat -without bread, not from contempt for better food, but from a horror of -work. To earn his daily food is not so much his aim as to get money -to bet with. He will go into the _saladero_, where, knife in hand, he -will kill, skin, and cut up the cattle for salting, and find enjoyment -rather than labour in it. He easily gains in a few hours a wage that -suffices; and as soon as it is paid, he jumps on his horse and rides -off to the _pulperia_ to gamble it away.' - -Thus conversing, we reached a hut which could scarcely be surpassed in -its misery. Placed alone in the middle of the plain, without any garden -or cultivated ground, not a tree to cast a welcome shadow, or a hand to -repair the dilapidated walls, it seemed formed to repulse rather than -attract the owner. At our approach, the mother came out, surrounded by -her children, her complexion approaching the mulatto, for the air of -the Pampas quickly destroys the fineness of the skin. It is only in the -capital, Buenos Ayres, that handsome Creole types are to be seen, where -fine features of an Indian class surpass European beauty, even when -the tint is olive. The wife, like the husband, hates work: her only -occupation is to boil some water, pour it over maté or tea of Paraguay, -and drink it through a metal tube. Her children, at the age of three -or four, can sit on horseback and gallop over the plain with no other -bridle than a cord passed through the horse's mouth. At six they watch -the sheep, and at ten are ready to break in the most spirited colts. -Only everything they do must be on horseback: they will neither use -their arms nor legs. - -'Good-morning, Senorita,' said my friend. 'Where shall we find your -husband?' - -'He is gone, Senhor, to break in some horses for Senhor Melisos; it is -not far from here.' - -'So much the better. We will ride on and see him at work.' - -We reached the place; and the Guacho came out to meet us. - -'Will you shew my friend your feat at the gate?' said Senhor Pedro. - -'With the greatest pleasure,' answered the flattered Guacho. He jumped -on to the top transverse bar which forms the gate of the corral, and -calling to another man to open the lower ones and drive out a troop of -horses at full gallop, he, with the most astonishing skill, singled one -out with his eye, dropped down on to it, and rode off without saddle or -bridle at the top of its speed. Soon returning, he proceeded to break a -horse that had been previously caught in the plains. The Guacho threw -two lassos, one over the neck, the other on the hind-legs. Several men -hold the colt tightly whilst he saddles and passes a cord through the -mouth of the animal; and when the first paroxysms of fear have passed, -the tamer jumps on, and pressing his powerful knees into its sides, -the lasso is withdrawn. The horse and rider then start on a furious -course, from which they both return exhausted, in the midst of the -_vivats_ which resound from every side. All that is now required is for -the breaker to ride ten or fifteen leagues, when he gives up the horse -to the owner and receives his fee. They are never taught to trot, but -have an easy movement; and a man has been known to ride two hundred -miles a day without fatigue, and living only on dried meat and maté. - - - - -THE GERM THEORY AGAIN. - - -We have on several occasions alluded to the Germ theory, by which is -meant the theory that invisible germs, capable of producing animalculę -and of spreading disease are constantly floating in the atmosphere--and -that the more impure the air the greater are the number of these germs. -We revert to the subject, because it is debated in all quarters, and it -is as well that our readers should know something of what is causing so -much controversy. Some surgeons distinguished as operators are great -believers in the Germ theory; so much so, that before beginning, for -instance, to cut off a leg, they cause a certain germ-killing liquid to -shower like spray near the part operated on; by which, as is alleged, -the wound is kept free of anything noxious. Whether there be germs or -not, the use of disinfectants in the air is said to be beneficial. -Notably the celebrated carbolic-acid plan of Professor Lister has met -with marked success, and is practised by the greatest surgeons of our -time. But though the air certainly contains something which favours -decomposition, it is by no means yet proved that that something _is_ -made up of germs. - -Professor Tyndall has been the principal advocate of the Germ theory, -and has written some papers strongly in its favour. Professor Bastian -takes an opposite opinion. He thinks that living organisms may -originate in disease by spontaneous generation. His notions are that -if germs are continually floating about in the air, they would drop -everywhere and anywhere alike. This argument applies more forcibly -to the fact which Dr Bastian discovered--namely, that he was able to -get life in flasks containing inorganic solutions, but that he always -failed if such solutions were not made up of salts containing oxygen, -hydrogen, carbon, and nitrogen; that is to say, of the elements of -life. If the organisms are really the result of a molecular arrangement -of the 'mother-liquid,' we should expect to find them only in those -fluids which already contain the elements necessary for their -composition. Three speculations are involved in these experiments: -on the one hand, that low forms of life do occasionally arise by -spontaneous generation; on the other hand, either that the heat which -is usually considered destructive of life and germinating power is in -reality nothing of the kind; or that Dr Bastian's experiments were -incorrectly performed. - -Since the publication of Dr Bastian's observations, a very lively -controversy has been carried on in scientific quarters between the -supporters of the germ theory and of the theory of spontaneous -generation. Dr Bastian's work was conducted with great care and in -the presence of some distinguished authorities. Dr Sanderson, on the -other hand, found that upon increasing the heat which is applied to the -flasks, no organisms were produced; but until we have reason to doubt -the generally received opinion as to the amount of heat necessary to -destroy life, this result may be equally well explained according to -either of the two theories. - -Dr Bastian insists that the organic solutions in his own flasks are -not found by him to undergo putrefaction where every precaution is -taken for withholding the entrance of air. Thus a simple piece of -cotton-wool, which acts as a kind of sieve, will when placed in -the mouth of a flask prevent decomposition. Professor Tyndall has -invented the most ingenious contrivances for illustrating his views. -In one case he employed a chamber the walls of which were covered by -a sticky substance. The particles of dust in the air were allowed to -collect and adhere to the sides, and the air in the vessel, as shewn -by its non-reflection of a beam of light, was rendered comparatively -dustless. Flasks were now introduced, and they remained for a long -period free from organisms. On repeating some of these experiments -this year, however, Professor Tyndall found that many of the infusions -which had previously been preserved from putrefaction with ease, -were now found, when placed under the same conditions, to swarm -with life. Still he refused to believe in 'spontaneous generation,' -and preferred to consider that the production of life in his flasks -was due to some fault in his experiments, and that the air of the -Royal Institution was not so pure this year as it was last. Instead, -therefore, of introducing his fluids by means of an open pipette, as he -had previously done, he now made use of a 'separating funnel,' and by -this means the fluids found their way into the flasks without exposure -to the air. The result of these precautions was that no organisms -appeared. The objection, however, that we have to find is, that no -guarantee can be given that will enable us to ascertain whether the air -is really free from particles of organic matter or not. Last year the -air was considered to be pure because moteless; but this year, though -moteless, it was found to be impure. - -Professor Tyndall and his friends are so exceedingly confident in the -power of the germs of the atmosphere, that they attribute to their -influence every known case of putrefaction; and they do so because they -believe that they have proved that whenever the air can be excluded -from a putrescible fluid, putrefaction will not take place. But Dr -Bastian has succeeded in producing life out of organic infusions from -which the air has been excluded, and which have been previously raised -by him to temperatures hitherto considered by scientific authority as -fatal to life. Thus the question resolves itself into this: What is the -exact point of heat which kills the germs of bacteria? At present we do -not know, and we have therefore no right to make any supposition upon -this point in favour of either of the two theories. - -Since Dr Bastian's experiments were first made public, the holders of -the Germ theory have gradually raised what we may call the thermal -death-point of bacteria, in order to explain away the results of his -experiments by the light of their own theory. If Dr Bastian's fluids -did develop life, they say, the germs must have entered into them by -some means or other; and if he superheated these fluids, the fact of -the germs surviving the process shews that they must be possessed of -greater enduring power than we have given them credit for. - -Curiously enough, Professor Tyndall declares that frequent applications -of a low degree of heat, and applied at intervals, have a far greater -'sterilising effect' than a single application of a high temperature. -For a given fluid may contain germs of all ages. If such a fluid be -boiled for a considerable time, all the germs of recent formation will -be killed; but those of a greater age will merely be softened, but -still capable of reanimation. If, however, the fluid be heated for a -short time only, the recent germs will be destroyed, while an older -crop will be liberated. A second application of heat destroys this -second crop, and brings a third into play. Further heat will awaken -successive crops, until at length a point is reached when the toughest -germ must yield. This is certainly a most ingenious explanation of the -difficulty. - -A very interesting contribution to this subject has lately been made -by Dr Bastian and others; and we will now briefly describe the main -results of their researches. It has long been known that slightly -alkaline organic fluids are more difficult to sterilise than those -which are slightly acid. Pasteur the French chemist says that animal -water in its normally acid state becomes sterile at one hundred degrees -centigrade; but that if the infusion is first rendered alkaline by the -addition of potash, the application of a little more heat is necessary, -in order to insure sterility. If we bear in mind the two theories, we -shall see that these observations of Pasteur may be explained according -to either of them. We may believe that the germs in the infusion are -fortified against the destructive action of heat by liquor potassę; -or on the other hand, we may hold that the spontaneous generation of -organisms is favoured by the presence of an alkali. Acting upon these -data, Dr Bastian heated a similar fluid in its acid condition to the -temperature of one hundred degrees; so that, according to Pasteur, -it was now barren. He then added a quantity of potash sufficient to -neutralise the acid, the addition of the alkali thus being made _after_ -instead of before the boiling; and he then allowed the fluid so treated -to stand at a temperature of about one hundred and fifteen degrees -Fahrenheit. In a short time swarms of bacteria appeared. - -Dr Roberts, however, considers that this result was obtained because -sufficient precaution had not been taken by Dr Bastian to prevent -the entry of germs, which might have been introduced by the potash. -Accordingly, he filled a small flask with an ounce of the acid -infusion, and then sealed up his potash in a capillary tube. The potash -was then heated in oil to two hundred and eighty degrees Fahrenheit, -and kept for fifteen minutes. The tube of potash was now introduced -into the flask containing the infusion, and the flask was boiled for -five minutes, and sealed. The flask was now kept for some time in order -to test its sterility. When this was ascertained, the flask was shaken, -so that the little tube of potash inside was broken, and the potash -was thus allowed to mingle with and neutralise the infusion. The flask -was now maintained at a low temperature of one hundred and fifteen -degrees Fahrenheit, and it remained perfectly clear. And so Dr Roberts -concludes that liquor potassę has no power to excite the generation of -organisms in a sterilised infusion. Professor Tyndall repeated these -experiments with additional precautions, and obtained similar results. - -The _general_ conclusion which is drawn from various experiments by the -advocates of the Germ theory is, that liquor potassę has no inherent -power to stimulate the production of bacteria, and that any apparent -power of this kind which it may seem to possess is due to the presence -of germs within it. These germs they consider are not destroyed until -the potash has been raised to the temperature of one hundred degrees -centigrade if solid, and to one hundred and ten degrees centigrade if -liquid. Dr Bastian, who repeated his former experiments with every -possible precaution, found no difference in his results. Moreover, he -discovered that liquor potassę, when added in proper quantities, is -just as efficacious in stimulating the development of life after it has -been heated to one hundred and ten degrees centigrade, as when it has -been heated to only one hundred degrees. Pasteur will consequently have -to raise the temperature which he considers sufficient to destroy the -germs contained in a solution of strong liquor potassę to a point still -higher than one hundred and ten degrees. - -But there is still another proof that liquor potassę if previously -heated to one hundred degrees does not induce fermentation in virtue -of its germs, because if only one or two drops be added, the infusion -will remain as barren as ever; while a few more drops will immediately -start the process of fermentation. Now if the potash really induced -fermentation because it brought germs along with it, two drops would be -quite as efficacious as any other amount. Finally, Dr Bastian has shewn -us that an excess of alkali prevents fermentation, and to this fact -he attributes the failure of Pasteur to develop life when he employed -solid potash. He had added too much of the alkali. - -It is impossible to draw any _definite_ conclusion from these as from -the other experiments, until we know the precise temperature which -is fatal to germinal life. Dr Bastian indeed thinks that he has been -able to shew that bacteria and their germs cannot exist at higher -temperatures than one hundred and forty degrees Fahrenheit; but his -evidence here is not quite conclusive. He does not deny the existence -of germs nor their probable influence in producing life; he merely -says that his experiments furnish evidence to shew that in some cases -organisms may spring into existence without the aid of a parent. The -strong points of his case are, that as fast as his adversaries can -suggest precautions to insure the destruction of germs, he has been -able to shew life under the altered conditions; and that whenever the -supposed death-point of bacteria has been raised on account of his -experiments, he has succeeded in obtaining life after having submitted -his flasks to the required temperatures. - -How this most interesting controversy will end, we cannot foretell; -but we hope that the further researches of our scientific men upon the -subject will ultimately lead to the discovery of the truth. Meanwhile, -we observe that Dr Richardson, at the late Sanitary Congress at -Leamington, entirely dissented from the theory of germs being the -origin of disease, and characterised it as the wildest and most distant -from the phenomena to be explained, ever conceived. As no one contests -the fact that pure air is a very important factor in promoting health -and averting the insidious approaches of disease, people keeping that -in mind need not practically give themselves much concern about germs. -See that you draw pure air into the lungs. That is an advice to which -no theorist can take exception. - - - - -OCEAN-VOYAGES IN SMALL BOATS. - - -It is perhaps not generally known that adventurous persons occasionally -cross the Atlantic from the American coast to England in small boats. -The undertaking is dangerous, but is accomplished. Twenty-four years -ago, when on board a Cunard steamer, our vessel passed an open -sailing-boat containing two men on a voyage from America to Europe. -They had no means for taking an observation, but trusted to fall in -with large ships, from which they would get information as to where -they were. On sighting them, our captain knew what they wanted, and -hung out a black board on which were inscribed in chalk the latitude -and longitude. This was satisfactory, and on they went on their -perilous expedition. What came of them we know not. We were told -that men who run risks of this kind, and who happen not to procure -information as to their whereabouts, are apt to make strange mistakes -in their voyage to England; such, for instance, as running on the coast -of Spain instead of the British Islands--the whole thing a curious -instance of reckless daring. - -Small vessels, possibly better provided, have made runs which have -attracted the admiring attention of nautical men, for the exceptional -circumstances under which they occurred, but without reference -to competition or bonus. In 1859 three Cornish fishermen, in a -fishing-boat of small tonnage, sailed from Newlyn near Penzance to the -Cape of Good Hope, and thence across the Indian Ocean to Melbourne, -where they arrived 'all well.' We do not find the actual tonnage named. -In 1866 a small yacht of twenty-five tons, hailing from Dublin, set out -from Liverpool, and safely reached New South Wales after a run of a -hundred and thirty days. The distance was set down at sixteen thousand -miles. It was regarded, and justly regarded, as a bold adventure in -1874, when a schooner of only fifty-four tons safely brought over a -cargo of deals from St Johns, New Brunswick, to Dublin, with but seven -hands to manage the craft. - -Boat-voyages, however, are evidently more remarkable than those of -clippers, yachts, and schooners; on account of the extremely small -dimensions of the craft which have ventured to brave the perils of the -ocean, and of the paucity of hands to manage the sails and helm during -a period measured by months--under privations of various kinds. - -Eleven years ago the Americans gave an indication of spirit and pluck -in the conception and fulfilment of a very bold enterprise. Mr Hudson, -the owner of a small craft named the _Red White and Blue_, fitted -it up for an ocean-trip to England. It was a life-boat, built of -galvanised iron, only twenty-six feet in length, six feet in breadth -of beam, and three feet deep from deck to hold. Small as it was, the -_Red White and Blue_ carried what sailors call a very cloud of canvas; -it had mainsail, spritsails, staysails, courses, topsails, royals, -top-gallants, sternsails, trysails, three masts, bowsprit, booms, -yards, gaffs, jib-boom, yard-tops, cross jack yards, spankers, and all -the rest of it--an enormous amount of furniture, one would think, for -so small a house. The boat was sharp at both ends, had water-tight -compartments lengthwise and transverse, and safety-valves which would -enable her to right herself in a few minutes if flooded. There was -a tiny cockpit for the steersman near the mizzen-mast, in which he -sat somewhat in the same position as Mr Macgregor in his _Rob Roy_ -canoe. The air-cylinders at each end of the boat and along the sides, -customary in life-boats, assisted in maintaining the buoyancy and -upright position. It is amusing to read of a mainmast only seven feet -high and a bowsprit of two feet in length; but the juvenile ship was -proportionate in all these matters, and bravely she looked, a plucky -handsome little craft. - -The crew of the _Red White and Blue_ was as exceptional as the boat -itself. The owner, Captain John M. Hudson, took the command; Mr Frank -E. Fitch acted as mate; while in lieu of petty officers, able seamen, -and ordinary seamen was a dog named 'Fanny.' On the 9th of July 1866 -the pigmy ship took farewell of Sandy Hook, near New York, on a voyage -of unknown duration and uncertain vicissitude. At midnight on the 18th -the boat struck against something hard and solid, but fortunately -without receiving much damage. They sailed on till the 5th of August, -when they fell in with the brig _Princess Royal_, hailing from -Yarmouth, and obtained a bottle of rum, two newspapers (very precious -to the wayfarers), and a signal-lamp. Narrowly escaping a complete -overturn on the 8th, they spoke with the barque _Welle Merryman_, from -which they obtained two bottles of brandy. After another peril of -capsizing, they at length sighted English land, the Bill of Portland, -on the 14th. Beating up the Channel, the boat entered Margate Harbour -on the 16th, after being thirty-seven days at sea. The little craft -created no small astonishment at Margate. As there was no chronometer -on board, the calculations of distance, direction, &c. had to be made -by compass, line, and dead-reckoning. So little opportunity had there -been of obtaining a fire, that the food (mostly preserved in air-tight -tins) had to be eaten cold. The original store of a hundred and twenty -gallons of water supplied their wants with this essential requisite. -Poor Fanny the dog did not at all relish the voyage; constant exposure -to the weather so weakened her that she died soon after reaching -Margate. When the _Red White and Blue_ was afterwards exhibited at the -Crystal Palace, a little incredulity was expressed as to the reality of -the voyage; but as the names of the vessels spoken with were given and -the dates of meeting, there seems no reason to doubt the faithfulness -of the narrative. The two navigators, however, did not return to -America in the same way; they had 'had enough of it.' - -A still bolder achievement, in so far as the number of the crew was -concerned, was that of Alfred Johnson, who in June 1876 started from -America in a small boat manned only _by himself_. Quitting the port -of Gloucester, Massachusetts, on the 15th, he had fine weather for a -time, but then experienced some of the peril of Atlantic voyaging -under exceptional circumstances. Fogs and head winds compelled him to -put into Shake Harbour, where he had his compass corrected. Starting -again on the 25th, he experienced tolerably fair weather until the 7th -of July, when a heavy gale set in from the south-west. The combings of -the hatchway were started, and the water, finding entrance, damaged -some of his provisions. The gale subsiding, he was favoured with fine -weather and fair wind until the 16th; and a strong breeze in the right -direction coming on, he made good progress till the 2d of August. When -about three hundred miles from the Irish coast, the wind increased to -a hurricane; he hove to, but in unshipping his mast for this purpose, -the boat got broadside on a large wave and was upset. Johnson clambered -on the upturned bottom, where he remained for about twenty minutes. By -dexterous management he succeeded in righting the boat, got in, and -pumped it dry; everything, however, was wetted by the upset, and he -lost his square-sail and kerosene lamp. - -Wending his way as winds permitted, he reached within a hundred miles -of the Irish coast by the 7th, spoke a ship, and obtained some bread -and fresh water--both of which had become very scanty with him. On -the following day he got soundings, but fog prevented him from seeing -land. On the 10th he sighted Milford, near the south-west extremity -of Wales. He landed at Abercastle in Pembrokeshire on the 11th, after -being fifty-seven days at sea; starting again, he put into Holyhead, -and finally arrived at Liverpool on the 21st. The little _Centennial_, -which measured only twenty feet in length over all, had run about -seventy miles a day on an average. Johnson maintained his general -health excellently well, though suffering from want of sleep. - -The little boat that has recently crossed the Atlantic differed from -Johnson's in this among other particulars, that it had a crew of two -persons, one of whom was a woman. Certainly this woman will have -something to talk about for the rest of her life: seeing that we may -safely assign to her a position such as her sex has never before -occupied--that of having managed half the navigation of a little -ocean-craft for some three thousand miles. The _New Bedford_, so -designated after the town of the same name in Massachusetts (the state -from which Johnson also hailed), is only twenty feet long, with a -burden of a little over a ton and a half; built of cedar, and rigged as -(in sailor-phrase) a 'leg-of-mutton schooner;' with two masts and one -anchor. Anything less ocean-like we can hardly conceive. Captain Thomas -Crapo, the owner of this little affair, is an active man in the prime -of life; and his better-half proves herself worthy to be the helpmate -of such a man. On the 28th of May in the present year, Captain and Mrs -Crapo embarked in their tiny ocean-boat, provided with such provisions -and stores as they could stow away under the deck. The steersman (or -steerswoman) sat in a sunken recess near the stern, with head and bust -above the level of the deck; the other took any standing-place that he -could get for managing the sails, rope, anchor, &c. The boat had no -chronometer; and the progress had to be measured as best it could by -dead-reckoning. - -The boat, soon after leaving New Bedford, was forced by stress of -weather to seek a few days' shelter at Chatham, a small port in the -same state. Hoisting sail again on the 2d of June, the boat set off -with a fair wind; and all went well for three days. An adverse wind -then sprang up, a fog overspread the sky, and for ten days the voyage -continued under these unfavourable circumstances. Whilst near the -shoal known as the Great Banks, a keg was seen floating; this was -secured, and the iron hoops utilised (with the aid of canvas) in making -a drogue--one which was included among the outfit of the boat being -found too light for its purpose. The boat, after lying to for three -or four days in a gale of wind, started again, and sailed on till the -21st of June, when another gale necessitated another stoppage. The -_New Bedford_ sighted the steamer _Batavia_, which offered to take -the lonely pair of navigators on board: an offer kindly appreciated, -but courteously declined. After this meeting, a succession of gales -was encountered, and the rudder broke; a spare oar was made to act as -a substitute. The sea ran so very high that even when lying down to -rest, husband and wife had to lie on wet clothes, everything on board -being sloppy and half saturated. At one portion of this trying period -Captain Crapo had to steer for seventy hours uninterruptedly, his wife -being incapacitated from rendering the aid which was her wont; and on -another occasion he had to pay eighteen hours' close attention to the -drogue. The voyage terminated on the 21st of July, after a duration of -fifty-four days. The average sleep of the captain did not exceed four -hours a day; and he had no sleep at all during the last seventy hours -of the run. He had intended to make Falmouth his port of arrival, but -was glad to make for Penzance instead. - -The surname of Crapo, we were informed by the captain, is not uncommon -at New Bedford. The good wife is Swedish by descent, Scotch by birth, -American by marriage--a citizen of the world. In examining the boat -closely (which we have done), it becomes more than ever a marvel how -it could have formed the home of a married couple for seven weeks. -Descending through a small hatchway, the feet rest on the floor of (let -us say) the state-cabin, an apartment three feet high; consequently the -head and body project above the hatchway. By spreading blankets and -rugs, and crouching down by degrees, a would-be sleeper can lie down -under the deck, or two sleepers close to the two sides of the boat. The -wife of course acted as stewardess, cook, parlour-maid, scullery-maid, -&c., leaving her husband to manage most of the navigation. The -sperm-oil lamp for the compass-binnacle; the kerosene or petroleum lamp -for the cooking-stove; the receptacles for biscuit and preserved meats -and vegetables; the butler's pantry for a few bottles of spirits; the -vessels for containing water--all were packed into a marvellously small -space. The drogue (already mentioned) is a kind of floating anchor -which, dragged after the vessel by means of a long rope, helps to -steady it in certain states of the wind. Five hundred pounds weight of -stores and six hundred of iron ballast, kept the boat sufficiently low -in the water. - -Such were the interior arrangements of one of those strange small -vessels which adventurously attempt to cross the Atlantic. - - * * * * * - -Printed and Published by W. & R. 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You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - -Title: Chambers's Journal of Popular Literature, Science, and Art, No. 724 - November 10, 1877 - -Author: Various - -Editor: William Chambers - Robert Chambers - -Release Date: December 29, 2015 [EBook #50787] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHAMBER'S JOURNAL *** - - - - -Produced by Susan Skinner and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - - - - - -</pre> - -<hr class="chap" /> - - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_705" id="Page_705">{705}</a></span></p> - - - -<h1>CHAMBERS'S JOURNAL<br /> -OF<br /> -POPULAR<br /> -LITERATURE, SCIENCE, AND ART.</h1> - -<div> -<h2>CONTENTS</h2> - -<p class='center'> - -<!-- Autogenerated TOC. Modify or delete as required. --> - -<a href="#THE_ROYAL_GAME_OF_GOLF">THE ROYAL GAME OF GOLF.</a><br /> -<a href="#FROM_DAWN_TO_SUNSET">FROM DAWN TO SUNSET.</a><br /> -<a href="#CHARLES_DICKENS_MANUSCRIPTS">CHARLES DICKENS' MANUSCRIPTS.</a><br /> -<a href="#THE_ADMIRALS_SECOND_WIFE">THE ADMIRAL'S SECOND WIFE.</a><br /> -<a href="#THE_GUACHO">THE GUACHO.</a><br /> -<a href="#THE_GERM_THEORY_AGAIN">THE GERM THEORY AGAIN.</a><br /> -<a href="#OCEAN-VOYAGES_IN_SMALL_BOATS">OCEAN-VOYAGES IN SMALL BOATS.</a><br /> - -<!-- End Autogenerated TOC. --> - -</p> - - -<hr class="full" /> - -<div class="figcenter"> -<img src="images/header.png" width="600" height="294" alt="Chambers's Journal of Popular Literature, Science, and Art. Fourth Series. Conducted by William and Robert Chambers." /> -</div> - - -<hr class="full" /> -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary="" width="85%"> -<tr><td align="left"><b><span class="smcap">No.</span> 724.</b></td><td align="center"><b>SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 10, 1877.</b></td><td align="right"><b><span class="smcap">Price</span> 1½<i>d.</i></b></td></tr> -</table></div></div> - -<hr class="full" /> - -<div> - -<h2><a name="THE_ROYAL_GAME_OF_GOLF" id="THE_ROYAL_GAME_OF_GOLF">THE ROYAL GAME OF GOLF.</a></h2> - - -<p><span class="smcap">For</span> ages golf has been pre-eminently the national -game of Scotland. As its history emerges from the -mists of antiquity we find football and it linked -together as representative games, in fulminations -against 'unprofitabill sportis,' unduly distracting -the attention of the people from more serious -affairs. But our game far exceeds this old rival in -interest; and if it were not for the popularity of -curling in its season, no rival pastime could pretend -to vie with golf in Scotland.</p> - -<p>The mode of playing golf is so well known in -these days that it may suffice to explain that it is -a game played over extensive commons, or 'links' -as they are termed; that the implements used are -peculiarly constructed clubs, so weighted at the -crook or 'head' of the shaft, as to give great -impetus to the small hard gutta-percha ball to be -driven along the grass; and that the object of the -players—either as single antagonists or two against -two—is to endeavour to vie with each other as to -who shall drive the ball towards and into a series -of small artificially made holes, in the fewest -strokes. From hole to hole the party proceeds, -sometimes one winning a hole, sometimes another, -and occasionally (by evenly contested play) halving: -until the whole round of the green has been -traversed; when the party who has gained the -greatest number of holes is declared the winner. -The links ought to be of considerable extent, -and the holes several hundred yards apart, so -as to give opportunity for skilful driving and -other niceties of the game. To those unfortunates -who have only read of the pastime, it may appear -hard to believe in the reality of the enthusiasm -shewn by its votaries; but whenever they are -privileged to come under its influence, even as -spectators, they will find it is one of the most -fascinating of pursuits. How can a man describe -in fitting language the subtle spell that brings -him out in all weathers and seasons, and makes -him find perfect pleasure in 'grinding round a -barren stretch of ground, impelling a gutta-percha -ball before him, striving to land it in a succession -of small holes in fewer strokes than his companion -and opponent,' as the game might be -described by one of that class of men to whom -the 'primrose by the river's brink a primrose is, -and nothing more.'</p> - -<p>The fascinations of the game have enlisted in -the ranks of its votaries men of all classes, many -of them famous on other fields, who have made -their reminiscences of their beloved pursuit -mediums for many a bright word-picture in prose -and verse. Hitherto no attempt has been made to -gather together what has been so said and sung -in praise of the pastime; but in Mr Robert -Clark's beautiful volume now before us, entitled -<i>Golf—a Royal and Ancient Game</i>, ample amends -have been made for this neglect, by one of the -most enthusiastic and best golfers of the day. -Here we have presented in a gossipy way so -beloved by golfers, wealth of material, both as -regards the history and literature of the fascinating -game—a labour of love in an artistic guise. What -the author is on the links, so seems he to be among -his printers and artists and binders—<i>facile princeps</i>. -The volume before us, though unfortunately too -costly to be very generally available, is a marvel -of beautiful typography and tasteful binding. Our -author has gone for his information to the most -various sources—old acts of the Scots parliament, -proclamations by kings, burgh records, minutes of -the more prominent golf-clubs, books and magazines; -and by judicious editing of this medley -has shewn the many-sidedness of the game in -a way that none but a devotee could.</p> - -<p>Mr Clark wastes no space on unprofitable speculations -as to the origin of golf. All that is clear in -this vexed subject is that though Scotland is the -chosen home of the game, she is not its birthplace. -It is, however, of little moment whether -the game came in with the Scandinavians who -settled on the east coast of Scotland, or whether -it was brought northward over the Border as a -variety of the English 'bandy-ball;' or even if we -have to go back to the Campus Martius, and look -for the parent of golf in the curved club and feather -ball of the Roman <i>Paganica</i>. Games of ball seem<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_706" id="Page_706">{706}</a></span> -to have existed in all ages, and it is therefore probable -that golf is a development of some older game, -or perhaps a 'selection of the fittest' from several -previously existing ball-games. It is sufficient for -our purpose that early in the fifteenth century it was -at least as popular with all classes as it is to-day.</p> - -<p>When gunpowder made archery a thing of the -past, the conflict between love of country and love -of golf ceased, and the game went on prospering -under the smiles of royal favour, surviving proclamations -of various town-councils directed against -sacrilegious golfers whose sin was held to be, not -so much that they played on Sunday, as on that -part of the day called 'the tyme of the sermonnes.' -This matter was set at rest by the decree of -James VI. of Scotland, who in 1618 sent from -his new kingdom of England an order that -after divine service 'our good people be not discouraged -from any harmless recreation,' but prohibiting -'the said recreations to any that are not -present in the church, at the service of God, before -their going to the said recreations;' or as Charles -I., when subsequently ratifying this order, puts it, -'having first done their dutie to God.'</p> - -<p>Besides James VI.'s crowning act of founding -the Royal Blackheath Club, Mr Clark has recalled -two other instances of royal connection with the -game in a charming way, as one of the illustrations -in his book is from Sir John Gilbert's picture of -Charles I. receiving, during a game on Leith Links, -the intelligence of Sir Phelim O'Neill's rebellion in -Ireland in 1642; while another is a delicately -drawn pen-and-ink sketch by Mr James Drummond, -R.S.A., of the house in the Canongate of -Edinburgh, which John Patersone, shoemaker, -built for himself with half the stake in that -famous 'foursome'—the Duke of York (James -VII.) and Patersone against two English noblemen.</p> - -<p>With the Stuarts went out for a time royal countenance -of the game, till William IV. became -patron of the Royal and Ancient Club of St -Andrews, and presented to it for annual competition -that coveted golfing trophy, the gold medal.</p> - -<p>But though there came kings who knew not -golf, the game lost none of its old popularity. -Still, as before, pre-eminently the game of the -people, we find it associated with many a notable -scene and character in the history of Scotland. So -fond of the game was the great Montrose, that -hardly had the minstrels ceased to serenade him -and his day-old bride 'Sweet Mistress Magdalene -Carnegie,' when we find him hard at work with -clubs and ball. That fifty years later it continued -to be the favourite amusement of the aristocracy -of the Scottish capital, we can gather from the -curious books of expenditure of Sir John Foulis of -Ravelstoun, who seems to have spent most of his -leisure time 'losing at golfe' on Musselburgh and -Leith Links with Hamilton and Rothes and others -of the highest quality of the time. We read of -Balmerino's brother, Alexander Elphinston, and -Captain Porteous, the victim of the famous 'mob,' -playing in 1724 'a solemn match at golf' for -twenty guineas on Leith Links, where, a few years -later, might constantly be seen Lord President -Forbes of Culloden, who was such a keen golfer, -that when Leith Links were covered with snow he -played on the sands; though even he has to yield -in all-absorbing devotion to the game to Alexander -M'Kellar, 'the Cock o' the Green,' immortalised in -Kay's <i>Portraits</i>, who played every day and all day -long, and then practised 'putting' at the 'short -holes' by candle-light.</p> - -<p>It is almost superfluous to say that in our own -day the noble and ancient pastime is still the game -of the Scots, and latterly of the English, of all -classes and in all parts of the world. One little -fact that incontestably proves the eminent respectability -of the game is that 'the minister' can be -a golfer without the least fear of the straitest-laced -of presbyteries. It is said that when the -canny Scot abroad 'prospects' for a new settlement, -while he naturally rivets one eye on the main -chance, with the other he reckons up the capabilities -of the ground for his favourite game; -therefore it is that golf has taken firm root and -flourishes in many a distant colony. Across the -Border the game is so acclimatised that formidable -rivals to our native players are now trained on -well-known English greens. That it may go on -and prosper is of course the wish of every true -lover of the invigorating pastime.</p> - -<p>Mr Clark gives us some historical notes of the -more prominent of the many golfing clubs that -now flourish in different parts of Scotland, and -extracts from their minute-books the leading events -of their career. Now and then we come across -eccentricities, such as the feats of Mr Sceales and -Mr Smellie of the Edinburgh Burgess Club in -driving balls over the dome of St Giles's Cathedral, -one hundred and sixty-one feet high; or the even -more wonderful achievement of another member -of this club, who drove a ball in forty-four strokes -from <i>inside</i> their golf-house on Bruntsfield Links -over the hill of Arthur Seat. As a rule, however, -these clubs pursue the even tenor of their way, -the members finding their best happiness in playing -the pure and simple game.</p> - -<p>While the Honourable Company of Edinburgh -Golfers is generally held to be the oldest Scotch -Club, so great has been the development of its -sister Club at St Andrews, and so great are the -attractions of golfing on the famous links of the -venerable city, that the 'Royal and Ancient' takes -precedence over all, and is indisputably <i>the</i> club -of the kingdom. What Newmarket is to racing, -or Melton to hunting, St Andrews is to golf. -In St Andrews, it is not a mere pastime, but a -business and a passion. It is the one recreation -of the inhabitants from the Principal of the -College to the youngest urchin; it has even -invaded the domain of croquet, and has taken -captive the ladies, who now take so keen an -interest in the game, that on more links than -those of St Andrews their green is a charming -feature of the place. In short, in St Andrews -'no living thing that does not play golf, or talk -golf, or think golf, or at least thoroughly knock -under to golf, can live.'</p> - -<p>The chief prize of the 'Royal and Ancient'—the -gold challenge medal played for every autumn, -presented in 1837 by King William IV.—is termed -the 'Blue Ribbon of Golf.' To win it is the dream -of every member of the Club. Other clubs, such -as North Berwick, Musselburgh, Montrose, Perth, -Prestwick, Burgess, &c. have each its own time-honoured -challenge trophy, that of the Royal Musselburgh -being laden with more than a century of -medals commemorating each winner. That English -clubs too are following fast the fashion set by their -older brethren north of the Tweed, is attested by -the prizes now competed for at Westward Ho!<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_707" id="Page_707">{707}</a></span> -in Devonshire, Hoylake in Cheshire, and at -Wimbledon, &c.; though it is but fair to state -that Blackheath claims with good reason to be -father of all English golf-clubs, and has for long -been celebrated for the keenness of its players and -the prizes offered for competition.</p> - -<p>So much for the history of the game; let us now -glance at its literature. In the interesting collection -of prose papers Mr Clark has gathered from -various quarters, we can study the peculiar features -of the game and the effect it has, for the time, on -the tempers of its votaries. As we have seen at -St Andrews, the ardent golfer has little time for -thought or conversation unconnected with the -game. For the time being the be-all and end-all -of his life lies within the pot-hook-shaped course -he has to traverse; and not a little of his happiness -or his misery for the day depends on the nature -of the match he succeeds in getting. Though the -game is as a rule an exceedingly social one, and -admits of quiet chat and occasional good-natured -banter, the <i>true</i> golfer at work is essentially a man -of silence; chattering during the crises of the game -is as abhorrent to him as conversation during -whist; one thing only is as obnoxious as the -human voice to him then—that is, any movement -of the human body near him. 'Stand -still while I'm putting,' and 'Don't speak on -the stroke,' are two postulates he would fain -enforce. This over-sensitiveness to external influences -may explain the seeming ungallantry of the -'Colonel' in H. J. M.'s amusing account of <i>The -Golfer at Home</i>, which appeared in the <i>Cornhill -Magazine</i> a few years ago. After a charming -little picture of the 'Colonel' resenting, though -he does not openly object to Browne being accompanied -over the course by 'his women,' as he -ungallantly terms Mrs Browne and her sister, he -says to his partner: 'The Links is not the place -for women; they talk incessantly, they never stand -still, and if they do, the wind won't allow their -dresses to stand still.' However, as they settle -down to their game, the 'Colonel's' good temper -returns under the healthy influence of an invigorating -'round,' and gives H. J. M. an opportunity -of pointing out how all ill-humours of body and -mind give way before the equable and bracing -exercise of a round or two of the Links of St Rule. -That the reader may see the amount of walking -exercise taken in a round of St Andrews Links, it -may be interesting to note that the exact distance, -as the crow flies, is three miles eleven hundred -and fifty-four yards; so that the golfer who takes -his daily three rounds walks <i>at least</i> eleven miles. -It is no wonder, then, that in addition to its own -attractions, golf is esteemed as a capital preparation -for the moors or the stubbles, hardening as it -does the muscles both of arms and legs. What -hunting does for the cavalry soldier as a training -for more important bursts in the battle-field, the -like does golf for the infantry soldier in bracing -him to encounter forced marching with ease. The -Links have formed the training-ground of many a -brilliant officer.</p> - -<p>Space will not allow us to dwell on the genial -gossip about St Andrews and St Andrews players—amateur -and professional—that we find in Mr -Clark's book, further than to mention three names. -First, that of the great champion of the professionals, -Allan Robertson, who was 'never beaten -in a match;' of the brilliant but short-lived -career of poor 'young Tom Morris,' the champion -player of his day—son of a worthy sire who -still survives; of Mr Sutherland, an old gentleman -who made golf the chief business of his life, -whose interest in his fellow-men, not as men but -as golfers, is well shewn in this anecdote. His -antagonist was about to strike off for the finishing -hole at St Andrews, when a boy appeared on the -bridge over the burn. Old Sutherland shouted -out: 'Stop, stop! Don't play upon <i>him</i>; he's a -fine young golfer!'</p> - -<p>It is in verse, however, that the votary of golf -finds the field congenial to his subject.</p> - -<p>In 1842 appeared a clever collection of poems, -entitled <i>Golfiana</i>, by George Fullerton Carnegie of -Pittarrow, which delighted the golfers of that day -by the humorous way in which it hit off the -playing characteristics of the men he introduced -into it. He begins by throwing down the gauntlet -to those students of Scottish history who sigh over -the musty memories and deplore the decayed -glories of the city of their patron saint:</p> - -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">St Andrews! they say that thy glories are gone,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">That thy streets are deserted, thy castles o'er-thrown:<br /></span> -<span class="i0">If thy glories <i>be</i> gone, they are only, methinks,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">As it were by enchantment transferred to thy Links.<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Though thy streets be not now, as of yore, full of prelates,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Of abbots and monks, and of hot-headed zealots,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Let none judge us rashly, or blame us as scoffers,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">When we say that instead there are Links full of golfers,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">With more of good heart and good feeling among them<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Than the abbots, the monks, and the zealots who sung them!<br /></span> -</div></div> - -<p>We have many capital songs in honour of the -game; amongst others a parody of Lord Houghton's -well-known song, <i>Strangers yet</i>, from which -it will be seen that something more is necessary -to make a good golfer than a set of clubs and an -anxious 'cady' to carry them:</p> - - -<p class='ph3'>DUFFERS YET.—BY TWO 'LONG SPOONS.'</p> - -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">After years of play together,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">After fair and stormy weather,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">After rounds of every green<br /></span> -<span class="i0">From Westward Ho! to Aberdeen;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Why did e'er we buy a set<br /></span> -<span class="i0">If we must be duffers yet!<br /></span> -<span class="i12">Duffers yet! Duffers yet!<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">After singles, foursomes—all,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Fractured club and cloven ball;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">After grief in sand and whin,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Foozled drives and 'putts' not in—<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Ev'n our cadies scarce regret<br /></span> -<span class="i0">When we part as duffers yet,<br /></span> -<span class="i12">Duffers yet! Duffers yet!<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">After days of frugal fare,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Still we spend our force in air;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">After nips to give us nerve,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Not the less our drivers swerve;<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Friends may back and foes may bet,<br /></span> -<span class="i0">And ourselves be duffers yet,<br /></span> -<span class="i12">Duffers yet! Duffers yet!<br /></span> -</div><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">Must it ever then be thus?<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Failure most mysterious!<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Shall we never fairly stand<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Eye on ball as club in hand?<br /></span> -<span class="i0">Are the bounds eternal set<br /></span> -<span class="i0">To retain us duffers yet?<br /></span> -<span class="i12">Duffers yet! Duffers yet!<br /></span> -</div></div> -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_708" id="Page_708">{708}</a></span></p> -<p>In conclusion, we may remark that though -golf, to the uninitiated, may appear to be a game -requiring considerable strength of muscle for its -achievement, it is not so; for the easier it is played, -the better are the results. To apply much force -to the stroke is to imperil the chance of driving -a far ball; whereas by a moderate swing of the -club, the ball is not only driven far and sure, but -goes from no effort apparent to the striker.</p> - -<p>A notion also prevails that golf is a game suited -for young and middle-aged folks only. This is a -delusion, for no outdoor pastime is more fitted for -elderly people. To attain <i>great</i> excellence in the -game, the player must commence early in life; -but to become enamoured of its joys requires -but a beginning, and that beginning may be made -by men who have long passed the meridian of -life. We could point to many elderly gentlemen -whose lives are being lengthened by the vigour-inspiring -game, and who, when their daily round -or rounds are finished, can fight their battles o'er -again in the cheery club-house, with all the -zest of youth. When games such as cricket -have been found too much, or perhaps the exertion -of tramping the moors too severe, the sexagenarian -may safely take to the easy but invigorating -pursuit of golf, and 'bless the chiel who invented -it.' If he misgives his ability to cope with the -exertion, or fancied exertion, of pacing a few miles -of green turf and wielding a club, our advice to -him is to place himself in the hands of a professional -golf-player—plenty of whom are to be found -wherever there are links—and try; and in a -wonderfully short time our veteran may find himself -interested, perhaps absorbed, in a game the -delights of which he has lived all these years without -having been able till now to realise!</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<h2><a name="FROM_DAWN_TO_SUNSET" id="FROM_DAWN_TO_SUNSET">FROM DAWN TO SUNSET.</a></h2> - - -<h3>PART III.</h3> - - -<h4>CHAPTER THE SECOND.</h4> - -<p><span class="smcap">Deborah</span> waited and watched—a gloom unutterable -weighed on her spirits—and no Mistress -Fleming came. At last old Jordan Dinnage arrived -at the castle alone, looking scared and sorrow-stricken.</p> - -<p>'The master is very ill,' said Mistress Marjory, -as she waited on Jordan. 'These be bad days, -Master Dinnage. I doubt if he lives till morning. -Doctor says he won't; but doctors know naught. -In general, if doctors say "He'll be dead by -mornin'," it means he'll live to a good old -age; I've seed it often. But mark my words, -Jordan Dinnage: there's not much life in our dear -Master; <i>he's goin'</i>. This comes o' leavin' Enderby. -I felt it; I knew'd 'twould be so. <i>This comes o' -Master Sinclair's leavin's.</i> O Jordan Dinnage, it's -wrong, it's grievous wrong, this leavin' Enderby, -for this grand blowed-out old place, an' these -flaunting livery-men an' maids. Master Sinclair's -curse is on us!'</p> - -<p>'Nay, nay, Mistress Marjory; these be women's -superstitions. Mistress Deborah did rightly. A -goose she would ha' been to fling all this grandery -and gold guineas in the ditch, for fear o' bad luck, -'sooth! It's no more that, than thou'rt a wise -woman! The Master'll pull through; an' if he -don't, better die a prince than a beggar.'</p> - -<p>Marjory shook her head. 'Give me honest -beggary. An' where's Mistress Dinnage? Be sure -Lady Deb 'ud be glad o' her company now. Why -didst not bring her along, Jordan? It speaks not -much for her love.'</p> - -<p>Jordan reddened. 'Not a word agen Meg, -Mistress Marjory! She'll be comin' soon. I must -see Mistress Deborah.'</p> - -<p>'Well, come now. An' heaven send Master -Kingston soon.'</p> - -<p>Deborah met the dear old man with outstretched -hands. 'Jordan, I am so glad to see ye! Where -is Margaret?'</p> - -<p>Jordan shuffled from one foot to the other, and -twisted his hat round in his hands. 'Well, Lady -Deb—Mistress Deborah—I've not brought Meg -along.'</p> - -<p>'I see ye have not!' cried Deborah impetuously. -'But where is she?'</p> - -<p>The old gray eyes, growing dim with age, looked -straight and honestly on their young Mistress, yet -humbly too, as he answered in a low voice: -'Where she ought to be, Mistress Deborah—off to -her young husband, Master Charlie Fleming.'</p> - -<p>'Jordan, Jordan! Is this true? Her husband? -Ye bewilder me. Are they wedded then? Is she -gone to Ireland?'</p> - -<p>'Sure enow! O Mistress Deborah, I come to -ask forgiveness! It isn't for the like o' Jordan -Dinnage to have his daughter Mistress Fleming; -but dear heaven knows I know'd naught, an' never -sought it out, nor had high notions. Mistress -Deborah, I ask forgiveness, an' I hope the -master'll forgive me.'</p> - -<p>Deborah took the old trembling hand. 'The -master is in no state to blame or to forgive. But, -Jordan, thou may'st give me joy o' this. It -gladdens mine heart in my sore troubles like a -sunbeam on a dark, dark cloud. Forgive thee? -Ay, I am proud to be Margaret Fleming's sister; -an' well believe my father would bid her welcome -too—faithful honest Jordan. Now come, Jordan, -come, and see how he lies. He knows me not, -and he calls ever upon Charlie. Hast sent my -letter to Ireland? Hast the address?'</p> - -<p>'Ay, ay; it's gone.'</p> - -<p>'Then I will write again to-night. Heaven send -he may come in time. Sometimes, Jordan, he lieth -in a stupor; again he calls for Charlie or for me.'</p> - -<p>Reverently pulling his white forelock, with his -old habit of respect, to his fiery but beloved master, -Jordan stood at the foot of the bed, and saw the -shadow of death on the face of Vincent Fleming.</p> - -<p>'My boy,' murmured the dying man, with his -eyes upon Jordan—'my boy Charlie!'</p> - -<p>Old Jordan gazed helplessly and sorrowfully -from him to the doctor who stood by, and Marjory, -who entered. 'What's to be done?' he muttered. -'It kills him!'</p> - -<p>'Patience, patience!' whispered the solemn -doctor; 'he may see his son yet. There is great -hope for him, Mistress Fleming; keep good heart.'</p> - -<p>'Not hope of his recovery, Master Allan,' said -Deborah, with stern and still despair. 'I know -death when I see it. You have held out hope -before; yet make him live till my brother comes. -Ye hear me, Master Allan?'</p> - -<p>'Ay, Mistress Fleming; I will use my poor skill -to the utmost. Bear up. I will return to-night, -Mistress Fleming;' and with a courtly bow, he left -her.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_709" id="Page_709">{709}</a></span></p> - -<p>But for Deborah, she kneeled beside her father, -and with old days and old memories her heart was -like to break. Jordan was weeping bitterly; she -heard the old man's sobs; but on her own heart a -still Hand was laid, enforcing strength and calmness. -For two things she prayed: that Charlie -might come in time; and that her father might be -himself before he died, to hear that Charlie had -ever been true to him. And so through the long -night she watched; and old Marjory oft slept and -nodded, as age and dulled senses will; and though -Sir Vincent at times called plaintively for his -Deb, his 'Rose of Enderby,' his more frequent -plaint was for his boy.</p> - - -<h4>CHAPTER THE THIRD.</h4> - -<p>In those days there were wild doings in Ireland. -'Liberty and Reform' were the watch-words which -did then, and ever will, electrify the fiery, rebellious, -ardent spirits that flocked under one banner -to struggle and to die. Irish and French met -and fought together against the iron hand of -England; thousands perished; the fated isle ran -blood.</p> - -<p class='p2'>It is the eve of a battle. Gray dawn is slowly -breaking over forest and mountain, where strange -and wonderful echoes are wont to be heard amongst -the rocks and caves; but in the gray of this dread -dawn, on the eve of battle and blood, all seems -silent as the grave, saving the thunderous roar -of the waterfall in its descent into the lake, that -seems to make the silence the more intense.</p> - -<p>But hark! through the mist of morning a bugle -suddenly sounds loud and clear; and when it ceases—far -away, a spirit-bugle answers. A soldier, -driven to frenzy, they say, by an insulting taunt -from a superior officer, had struck him down in -the heat of the instant. Short shrift in those -days; the man has been tried, condemned, and is -about to be led out to execution. So, loud and -clear the bugle calls: 'Come forth to thy death,' -as plain as a human voice could speak; and he -whom it summons cannot mistake that voice, -and comes forth guarded, but with steady step, -and head erect and soldierly; while in front of -him bristles a long line of musketry, and behind -yawns an open grave. The condemned soldier is -Charles Fleming. Have his ungovernable passions -and his strong uncurbed will brought him to this? -Ay; and the stubborn pride which has ever been -his bane, leads him now to die without that -word of extenuation or appeal which even yet -might save him.</p> - -<p>Yet who may tell how that proud heart swells -well-nigh to breaking beneath the broad breast, -as he thinks on the old white-haired father and -his son's death of shame! He sees too the shadows -on the woods of Enderby. He hears the voice -of a little sister, calling 'Charlie, Charlie!' at -play. And the trees are waving their long arms -round the old, old home; and his little playmate -Margaret—his <i>young wife Margaret</i>—stands beneath -and smiles. And then his bold eyes ask for death, -merciful death, which shall put him out of his -anguish. Yet hold! Even as the muskets are -raised, but ere the triggers are pressed, there is a -wild shriek of 'Rescue! rescue! Pardon! pardon -for Charles Fleming!'</p> - -<p>And there, headlong down the way—while all -reel back before him—rides one spurring for life -or death, his horse in a lather of foam, his head -bare, and his long hair flying in the wind. In -one hand he clenches a packet, and waves it -above his head—the Royal pardon! He reaches -them; he stays the deadly fire with his wild outstretched -arms raised to heaven, with white face -and blazing eyes, and lips which fail to speak. -But <i>one</i> could have undertaken and accomplished -that famous ride; but <i>one</i> could have saved him -in this strait. In male disguise, that <i>one</i> proves -to be Margaret Dinning! ''Tis my wife!' cried -Charles Fleming in piercing accents; ''tis my -wife Margaret!' And with that, the king's messenger -sways in the saddle, and is supported to the -ground by the commanding officer....</p> - -<p class='p2'>And thus it came to pass that Deborah, watching -at her father's bedside, heard rumours of that -battle by which the name of Charles Fleming -became famous. It was early morning. The great -wild clouds of dawn were parted, and rolled -asunder. The glorious sun rose on the watcher's -weary eyes, and steeped the land in splendour. -Deborah threw up the windows wide, and returned -to the dying man. O heaven, tender mercy, cannot -the light of summer sunrise rob that dear face -of aught of its wintry wanness?</p> - -<p>'Father, sweet father!' she said in thrilling -tones of grief, 'art thou not better? See the -glorious sun, father!'</p> - -<p>'Nay, Deb,' he answered plaintively; 'I see no -sun; mine eyes are dark. How little thou dost -look to me! Thou'rt grown so small! My child, -my darling, I am very ill.'</p> - -<p>Then Deborah raised his head upon her shoulder; -she knew that he was himself again, himself but -to die; her brave heart sank, yet she answered -calmly: 'Yes, thou hast been very ill. Dost thou -remember all that happed?'</p> - -<p>'Ay, ay. My boy, my boy!' And he sobbed.</p> - -<p>'Hush, father; that was wrong; that was false! -That was a wicked forgery. Charlie never wronged -thee by thought or deed. Charlie hath ever been -loyal to thee and thine. Art thou content now, -dear?'</p> - -<p>A brilliant smile stole over the fading face of -Vincent Fleming. 'Ay,' said he, 'content to <i>die</i>!' -He lay musing, his eyes closed. 'Deb,' said he at -last, 'whisper me. My boy is true to me—is't -not so?'</p> - -<p>'Yes, father; true as steel: he loves thee dearly. -And for <i>thee</i>,' she went on, with heaving breast, -'he hath done brave things! Charlie is a soldier, -and men are all saying he hath won great honour -and renown.'</p> - -<p>'Ah, Deb; thank God, thank God for this! -And thou, Deb, sweet Deb, how is't with thee?'</p> - -<p>'I am rich, dear. I am betrothed to King -Fleming, whom I love most dearly; and I have -wealth enough for all. It is well with thy two -children, thou seest.'</p> - -<p>And ere the night fell, two messengers came -gently to his side. One, radiant with 'white -raiment' and drooped wings; the other, footsore, -travel-stained, and war-worn. And one was the -Angel of Death, who stood and looked upon them -pitifully; the other was his prodigal son, who -kneeled and folded his arms around his father, and -bowed his head and wept.</p> - -<p>'Now,' said Sir Vincent, 'I die in peace. How<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_710" id="Page_710">{710}</a></span> -have I yearned for thee! God bless thee! I -bless thee, my boy! Deb, this is death!'</p> - -<p>And so, raised in Charlie's strong arms and with -his hands in Deborah's, without a struggle, the -spirit passed away.</p> - - -<h4>CHAPTER THE LAST.</h4> - -<p>Two figures stand together in one of the deep oriel -windows of the old hall at Enderby. The blood-red -splendour of a setting sun fills the marsh, the -low land, and the hanging woods; and streaming -like a beacon in at the windows, floods those two -with radiant light. They are Charles Fleming and -his bride. The storms have swept by, and left her -thrice his own, with the old walls and the sacred -hearth of Enderby. Thus may God send on us -the lightning of His chastisement, and yet guide -and guard us through all—through the morning -of wild and sunny childhood; through the noon -of gay and love-bright youth, environed as it is -by perils; through the sudden-falling night of -dread, despair, and death. He does not leave us -'comfortless.' As for Deborah Fleming, passionately -as she loved the beauteous world, she never -again lost sight of the valley up which had passed -the souls of those she loved, and the golden gates -across the shining flood. And in later days, when -children's children clustered eagerly round the -stately old Lady of Lincoln, she, with the faithfulness -of old age, would return lovingly, lingeringly -to the days of her youth, when 'Charlie and she -were young.'</p> - -<p>O happy time—blessed childhood—how can I -end better than with thee? Over the shadows of -evening rises the day-star of childhood's memories.</p> - -<div class="poem"><div class="stanza"> -<span class="i0">It knows no night—<br /></span> -<span class="i0">There is <i>no</i> night in a glad and green old age.<br /></span> -</div></div> - -<p class='center'>THE END.</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /></div><div> -<h2><a name="CHARLES_DICKENS_MANUSCRIPTS" id="CHARLES_DICKENS_MANUSCRIPTS">CHARLES DICKENS' MANUSCRIPTS.</a></h2> - - -<p><span class="smcap">A glimpse</span> of the manuscripts of the late Charles -Dickens, which now form part of the 'Forster -Collection' in the South Kensington Museum, -conjures up a vision of numerous characters in -his popular novels. On looking attentively at the -manuscripts, we are at once struck by the number -of alterations and interlineations with which the -pages abound; and our first sentiment is one of -surprise that the books which appear so wonderfully -natural and fluent when we read them, -should evidently have been the result of much -anxious thought, care, and elaboration.</p> - -<p>The collection comprises the original manuscripts -of the following works: <i>Oliver Twist</i>, -published in 1838-39; <i>Master Humphrey's Clock</i>, -comprising the <i>Old Curiosity Shop</i> and <i>Barnaby -Rudge</i>, published in 1840-41; <i>Barnaby Rudge</i>, -a separate volume, 1840-41; <i>American Notes</i>, -1842; <i>Martin Chuzzlewit</i>, 1843-44; <i>The Chimes</i>, -Christmas 1844; <i>Dombey and Son</i>, 1846-48; <i>David -Copperfield</i>, 1849-50; <i>Bleak House</i>, which has in -the original manuscript a secondary title, <i>The East -Wind</i>, 1852-53; <i>Hard Times</i>, 1854; <i>Little Dorrit</i>, -1855-57; <i>A Tale of Two Cities</i>, 1859; and <i>The -Mystery of Edwin Drood</i> (his last but unfinished -work), 1870. There are also proof volumes from -the printers, consisting of <i>Dombey and Son</i>, <i>David -Copperfield</i>, <i>Bleak House</i>, and <i>Little Dorrit</i>, the -pages of which bear marginal and other corrections -and alterations, in ink, by the author.</p> - -<p>Of course, as the collection is placed under a -glass case, the public can only see one or two -pages of each work; but even with this meagre -guide, the acute observer is able in some degree -to trace the working of the writer's mind, and to -follow to some extent the development of his -ideas. As we have already remarked, the first -thing which strikes us is the comparatively large -number of alterations and interlineations which -occur in the manuscript. It is evident that -Charles Dickens wrote with the greatest care, and -scrupulously revised his writing, in order to render -each sentence as perfect as might be. Taking the -works in their chronological order, we may notice -that in <i>Oliver Twist</i>, which is open at 'Chapter -the Twelfth'—'In which Oliver is taken better care -of than he ever was before, with some particulars -concerning a certain picture'—there are few -alterations in the manuscript; the writing also -being larger and firmer than in the majority of the -later works. Charles Dickens made his alterations -so carefully that it is difficult to trace the words -which he had originally written; but the one or -two which occur on this page give us some little -insight into the careful manner in which the -author worked up his sentences into a well-rounded -and euphonious form. The passage at -which this manuscript is opened runs as follows: -'The coach rattled away down Mount Pleasant -and up Exmouth Street—over nearly the same -ground as that which Oliver had traversed when -he first entered London in;' and here occurs the -first alteration, 'the D——' is erased, and 'company -with the Dodger' is written in its place; the -author evidently considering the latter a more -euphonious form of expression than 'in the -Dodger's company,' as it was doubtless his original -intention to make the passage. The alteration to -which we have referred may appear, as indeed it -is, of exceedingly small significance; but we have -mentioned it simply as an instance of the extremely -careful way in which Dickens studied the -details and minutię of composition.</p> - -<p>The next manuscript in point of date is <i>Master -Humphrey's Clock</i>, which is open at 'No. IV.,' -headed 'Master Humphrey from his clock-side in -the chimney corner,' and commences as follows: -'Night is generally my time for walking. In the -summer I often leave home early in the morning -and roam about fields and lanes all day, or even -escape for days or weeks together, but, saving in -the country' [this originally stood 'but, at other -seasons of the year;' but Dickens doubtless saw -that the expression as it now stands would be -more consistent with the context], 'I seldom go out -until after dark, though, Heaven be thanked, I -love its light and feel the cheerfulness it sheds -upon the earth as much as any creature living.' -This page of manuscript has only a moderate share -of alterations.</p> - -<p>Then we come to the volume of <i>Barnaby Rudge</i>, -which is opened at 'Chapter One,' and also contains -only a moderate number of alterations, one being -in the height of the <i>Maypole</i> sign, and another -in the distance of Epping Forest from Cornhill;<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_711" id="Page_711">{711}</a></span> -both of which are noticeable as further illustrations -of the conscientious love of accuracy which -characterised the author's mind. Next in order -follows the <i>American Notes</i>, which has very few -corrections, and is opened at the page headed -'Chapter the First. Introductory and necessary to -be read;' in which the author challenges the right -of any person 'to pass judgment on this book or -to arrive at any reasonable conclusion in reference -to it without first being at the trouble of becoming -acquainted with its design and purpose.' Surely a -caution fair and reasonable enough on the part of -the writer of a book which he could not but feel -would probably give offence, where such an end -was farthest from his wish.</p> - -<p><i>The Life and Adventures of Martin Chuzzlewit</i> -comes next, open at 'Chapter I. Introductory. -Concerning the Pedigree of the Chuzzlewit Family;' -and giving us a brief but telling satire on the pride -of birth by assuring us that this family 'undoubtedly -descended in a direct line from Adam and -Eve, and was in the very earliest times closely -connected with the agricultural interest.' This -page is notably full of alterations, and seems a fair -indication that with Charles Dickens, as with -many others, the first step was the most difficult -of all. The caligraphy in this as in all the other -manuscripts is legible but rather small, the letters -being distinctly formed, and the use of abbreviations -studiously avoided.</p> - -<p>We next turn to <i>The Chimes</i>, one of those delightful -stories with which Dickens introduced -to us those Christmas annuals, which now form -so important a section of our periodical literature. -This again is open at the commencement, -where the author lays down the dogma that -there are not many people who would care to -sleep in a church: 'I don't mean at sermon-time -in warm weather (when the thing has actually been -done once or twice), but in the night, and alone.' -This sentence originally finished with 'in the -night;' but we can readily imagine the development -of the idea in the brain of the writer; and the -words 'and alone' suggesting themselves as lending -an additional ground of fear for the situation. -The manuscript of this page bears a moderate -number of alterations.</p> - -<p>In <i>Dombey and Son</i> we find a large number of -alterations on the first page, the very title itself -having been altered more than once. The sketch -of the newly-born Paul, who was placed in front -of the fire, 'as if his constitution were analogous to -that of a muffin, and it was essential to toast him -brown while he was very new,' is very good -indeed; but it is evident that the passage was -rather the result of careful elaboration than of -spontaneous humour. And the same remark will -apply to the opening chapter of <i>David Copperfield</i>, -in which, although the passage descriptive of the -birth of the hero is very neat and natural as it now -stands, the same careful revision and alteration are -again apparent.</p> - -<p><i>Bleak House</i> too is notably full of alterations on -the first page, especially in the passage which tells -us that in the muddy condition of the London -streets 'it would not be wonderful to meet a -Mesalosaurus forty feet long or so waddling like an -elephantine lizard up Holborn Hill.'</p> - -<p>In <i>Hard Times</i>, where we are introduced to the -gentleman who wants nothing but 'Facts,' and in -the opening chapter of <i>Little Dorrit</i>, in which we -have a description of Marseilles as it 'lay broiling -in the sun one day,' we find a large number of -alterations; but in these, as in most of the other -instances, the primary words have been erased so -carefully, that it is next to impossible to form -an idea of how the passages originally stood. -The <i>Tale of Two Cities</i>, on the contrary, contains -remarkably few corrections; and the opening -passage descriptive of 'The Period' is telling, and -apparently written spontaneously. <i>The Mystery of -Edwin Drood</i> has been opened with good judgment -at the last page. The manuscript is very small, -but fairly legible, and having but a moderate -number of alterations. In a literary sense, it is -not perhaps so interesting as some of the others; -but it possesses a sad and melancholy claim upon -our attention and sympathy, inasmuch as it is the -last page of manuscript ever written by this gifted -hand.</p> - -<p>In the proof volumes with corrections in the -handwriting of the author there is nothing which -calls for especial note save an unimportant deletion -in <i>Bleak House</i>, and a more interesting alteration -in <i>David Copperfield</i>. In the former there is -a passage marked 'out,' in which Sir Leicester -Dedlock speaks to Mrs Rouncewell of her grandson -in the following passage: 'If (he said) the -boy could not settle down at Chesney Wold, in -itself the most astonishing circumstance in the -world, could he not serve his country in the ranks -of her defenders, as his brother had done? Must -he rush to her destruction at his early age and -with his parricidal hand strike at her?'</p> - -<p>In <i>David Copperfield</i> we find by a passage in -which Mr Dick is referring to his Memorial that -his original hallucination took the form of a 'bull -in a china shop;' a rather trite idea, and it was not -until after the proof had actually been submitted -to him by the printers that Charles Dickens introduced -the whimsical and happier notion of 'King -Charles's Head.'</p> - -<p>Before bringing our brief paper to a conclusion, -we would venture to suggest to the gentleman -or gentlemen to whom is intrusted the -arrangement of these manuscripts, that the present -positions of the manuscripts and printed volumes -should be transposed, so that the manuscripts -should occupy the lower half of the case, as in -their present position it is rather difficult to decipher -the caligraphy; and to any one below the -ordinary height it must involve an amount of -physical contortion as uncomfortable as it is inelegant. -The manuscripts being of course of greater -interest than the printed proofs, should certainly -occupy the more prominent space, especially as the -latter could be read without any difficulty if placed -in the rear rank.</p> - -<p>We have no doubt that many of those who read -this short article will have seen the Dickens manuscripts -for themselves; many more doubtless will -see them; but there will still be a large number -who will not have the opportunity; and while we -think that our remarks will be endorsed by the first -and second classes, we hope that they will prove -interesting to the third less fortunate class, and -will enable them to enjoy, at least in imagination, -a somewhat closer intimacy than they have known -before with that great and gifted man, whose books -have effected so many beneficial changes both in -society at large and in many an individual heart -and life, uprooting and casting to the winds much<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_712" id="Page_712">{712}</a></span> -that was base, worthless, and contemptible, and -implanting in their stead the seeds of those gentler -sympathies and nobler aspirations which find their -fruition in a well-spent life.</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /></div><div> -<h2><a name="THE_ADMIRALS_SECOND_WIFE" id="THE_ADMIRALS_SECOND_WIFE">THE ADMIRAL'S SECOND WIFE.</a></h2> - - -<h3>CHAPTER XII.—OTHER EVENTS OF THAT EVENING.</h3> - -<p><span class="smcap">Lady Dillworth's</span> reverie is doomed to be a short -one. She feels a soft caressing touch on her arm, -and looks up to see Miss Delmere close by her -chair. Her long light hair is streaming over her -shoulders, and an embroidered Indian dressing-gown -covers her antique dress.</p> - -<p>'Liddy, you quite frightened me! Why do you -come creeping in like a mouse? You ought to be -in bed.'</p> - -<p>'I have something to tell you, Katie; something -you will be <i>so</i> glad to hear, and something that -makes me <i>so</i> happy. I cannot sleep till I tell -you all about it.'</p> - -<p>Miss Delmere flings herself on a low stool at -Katie's feet, and looks up through her mass of -sunny hair with flushed cheeks, glowing eyes, and -lips that <i>will</i> form themselves into smiles. She -cannot hide her joy.</p> - -<p>'Walter Reeves has asked me to be his wife. -Are you surprised, Katie?'</p> - -<p>'Not exactly; I thought there must be some -outcome from all that flirting. Do you know, -Liddy, if he had not made you an offer, and if you -had not accepted him, I should have been very -angry, and should have given you a lecture.'</p> - -<p>Liddy looks up at her friend with surprise, the -words are so cold, the tone of voice so hard and -unsympathising.</p> - -<p>'Are you not glad about it, Katie?'</p> - -<p>'Of course I am; and I hope you will both be -happy.'</p> - -<p>'I owe it all to <i>you</i>, darling Katie! Had it not -been for this dear delightful charade party, I should -never have found out that Walter really cared for -me. How sudden it has all been! And what good -news I shall have to carry home to-morrow! Little -did I think when I came to stay with you, that -my wedding was so near!' The words came out -in joyous gasps between hugs and kisses, for Miss -Delmere is demonstrative, and shews it.</p> - -<p>Then Liddy flits away, radiant in her delight, -never dreaming of the anguish in Katie's heart that -constrains her again to bury her face in her hands, -and utter short, eager, impassioned prayers for the -poor sailors whom she believes are at that very -hour in dire and mortal conflict with the winds -and waves.</p> - -<p>But we must take a glimpse at Sir Herbert's -proceedings. He never even glances at the order -after his wife's fingers have altered it to her will; -he merely folds it up, puts it in the envelope, and -despatches it to its destination. Though he decides -the <i>Leo</i> shall proceed on the dangerous enterprise, -no thought of malice towards Captain Reeves -actuates him. It never enters his thought that it -is a good way of getting rid of him for a while, -and thus stopping the constant visits to Government -House. The idea is altogether too paltry -and despicable—it is beneath a man of Sir Herbert's -tone of mind. He fixes on that particular -ship simply because she is best fitted for the duty. -Weighing anchor in such a storm near the Short -Reefs on an iron-bound coast, and rendering -assistance to a vessel in danger, is an undertaking -that requires a good ship, a steady crew, and an -able captain.</p> - -<p>All these qualifications the <i>Leo</i> possesses to perfection. -She is a well-built handsome craft; her -hardy tars are smart and well disciplined; and -there is no braver officer in the British navy than -Walter Reeves. True, when on shore he seems -rather too fond of amusement, and has been called -'conceited,' 'trifling,' 'frivolous,' 'dandified,' and -what not, by men who are jealous of him; but let -his foot once touch the quarter-deck, and even his -enemies can never charge him with these questionable -qualities. There all his frippery and nonsense -vanish away like dew in the sunshine; and he -becomes the true sailor, with courage to plan and -carry out deeds of daring; he becomes the gallant -officer fired with vigour and ambition. Never -would he shirk a duty or hesitate to undertake -any lawful enterprise even though it led to danger -or death. Sir Herbert knows all this, and therefore -he is right in selecting the <i>Leo</i>.</p> - -<p>Hardly has he sent away the order when he is -called off to Hillview; and when his duties there -are over, he determines to pay a farewell visit to -Lady Ribson. He thinks of Katie all the way he -is going to Belton Park. But when is he <i>not</i> -thinking of her? His love has not lessened, though -he has begun to see her faults. He is sorry she is -not with him, and that she has never paid the -needful respect to his god-mother. He has often -and often urged her to call, but his persuasions -have failed. Whenever he has made the suggestion, -Katie has been so overwhelmed with engagements -that she has hardly given him a hearing, -and of late he has dropped the subject. He goes -towards Belton Park in rather a gloomy mood -after all. Lady Ribson quite expects Katie on this -last evening, and while she welcomes the Admiral, -she looks over his shoulder inquiringly.</p> - -<p>'Ah! I knew you would come to say "good-bye," -Herbert. But where is the "gudewife," the -bonnie Katie?'</p> - -<p>'Miss Delmere is staying with her, and she has -many engagements; besides, you could hardly -expect her out in this storm.'</p> - -<p>'Ah no, certainly not. There are many reasons -for Lady Dillworth's staying at home, and but few -inducements for her to come out to see an old -woman like me.'</p> - -<p>'Katie has often said how anxious she is to -know you.'</p> - -<p>'True, true, Herbert; so you must bring her to -Scotland with you in the bright summer-time—that -is, if I'm spared to see it; but life is uncertain, -my friend, life is uncertain.'</p> - -<p>Lady Ribson, who is the brightest, kindest, -dearest old woman in the world, smiles on her -god-son, and does not let him see how much she -is hurt by Katie's neglect of her; but in her heart -she is sorry for him, more sorry than she would -like him to know. Bessie his first wife was in -her opinion perfection; and Katie she suspects -is very much the reverse.</p> - -<p>To her old eyes, the Admiral is still young, and -she thinks there is hardly a woman in the world -good enough to mate with him. 'I can see -Herbert is not happy; and Laura Best was right -when she foretold the risk her father ran in marrying -a mere frivolous girl,' she decides in her own<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_713" id="Page_713">{713}</a></span> -mind; but none of her suspicions float to the surface, -so gay, so kindly, so warm is her manner. -The Admiral sets out early on his homeward -journey; his thoughts still turn to Katie, but they -have grown softer, more tender. The gloom has -passed from his spirit; the interview with Lady -Ribson has calmed his ruffled thoughts; his reserve -and pride have altogether melted down, and he -longs to press his darling wife to his heart and -forgive all her follies. He feels, even with all her -failings, he loves her more completely, more passionately -than he has ever loved the dead Bessie.</p> - -<p>When he reaches Government House, it is -brilliantly lighted up. The guests are assembled, -and fragments of song and melody are floating -out on the rough night-wind. Sir Herbert -makes his way at once to the scene of festivity, -and pauses at the door, astonished at the -unwonted appearance of the rooms. As he has -not been initiated into the arrangements, nor -witnessed the preparations, the merest stranger -present is not more ignorant than he is of all that -has been going on. So he looks on the scene with -curiosity. The music-room has been turned into -a raised stage, with painted wings and festoons of -scarlet curtains. A crescent-shaped row of gas -jets serves as foot-lights, and throws a soft clear -brilliance on the performers. Wreaths of flowers, -clusters of trailing evergreens, pots of rich exotics, -groups of banners, add to the display. Nothing -that taste, art, fancy, or money can accomplish is -wanting. The Admiral looks at all this; then at -the rows of spectators; then at his wife, who comes -forward on the stage at that moment leaning on -Liddy's arm. Presently their voices ring out -through the rooms; then a solo falls to Katie's -share, and her husband listens spell-bound to her -singing. Her voice is tuned to the deepest pathos, -and her face is sad as her song.</p> - -<p>Never has he seen Katie look like that before. -The curiously cut costume suits her wonderfully -well; the dress of azure silk falls in rich bright -folds; her bodice glitters with gold and gems; and -her hair turned back in its own luxuriant wealth -of tresses, has no ornament but a diamond cluster. -The mellowed rays from gas jets, hidden by the -curtains, fall full on her head, and she shines out -as though surrounded by a strange unearthly -glory.</p> - -<p>She seems altered, spiritualised, refined, incorporealised -in her marvellously weird-like beauty, -and her husband cannot remove his rapt gaze from -her. But presently a single turn of his head -changes his glance of admiration into one of surprise -and anger. In the shade of a gigantic -azalea he spies Captain Walter Reeves, standing -in an attitude of calm listening enjoyment. Instantly -the Admiral's eye flashes with indignation. -How dares Walter Reeves to be here, in his -wife's drawing-room, when he ought to be miles -away out on the stormy seas?</p> - -<p>In an instant the offender is called out of the -room, and Sir Herbert demands to know why he -has disobeyed orders by staying on shore.</p> - -<p>'I have had no orders to weigh anchor, Sir -Herbert.'</p> - -<p>'Perhaps the order is still lying on your cabin -table; it was issued at ten o'clock this morning.'</p> - -<p>'No despatch has reached the <i>Leo</i>, for I've been -on board all day, Sir Herbert, and came direct to -Government House.'</p> - -<p>'Very strange, very! There must be some -terrible mistake in the matter. Is Mr Grey here -to-night?'</p> - -<p>'No, Sir Herbert.'</p> - -<p>'I must see him at once. The subject admits -of no delay.'</p> - -<p>'Shall <i>I</i> go to North Street, and fetch him -here?'</p> - -<p>The Admiral pauses for a moment, and takes a -survey of Walter from head to foot. He notes the -velvet suit, the delicate lace ruffles, the Montero -cap, the large plume of feathers, the dark cloak -set so jauntily on his shoulder, the thin shining -shoes, and the huge glittering buckles; and -a <i>soupēon</i> of contempt glances from his eyes, a -slight sneer trembles on his lip. 'I think -I am more fitted to brave the storm than you -are to-night, so I'll go to Mr Grey myself.' -Then without another word, he walks down the -stairs, and passes out into the wind and rain. The -house in North Street is closed for the night, and -Mrs Grey and Helen are sleeping the sleep of the -quiet-minded. Only the master of the house is -still up, and he is finishing a cigar in his library. -He starts up in alarm when he hears the authoritative -knock at the door, and visions of fire and -thieves start up before him. His alarm is in no -whit lessened when he sees his august son-in-law -on the steps.</p> - -<p>'Sir Herbert! Who would have thought of -seeing you so late! Is anything wrong? Is Katie -ill?'</p> - -<p>'No; your daughter is quite well. I left her -just now dressed up like some medieval heroine, -and lamenting her woes in song.'</p> - -<p>'True; I recollect this is the night of Katie's -charade party.'</p> - -<p>They have both gone into the library now; Mr -Grey has flung the stump of his cigar aside, and -the Admiral speedily explains the cause of his late -visit.</p> - -<p>'I acted as your note directed, Sir Herbert, and -at once sent off the <i>Leoni</i> to assist the <i>Daring</i>.'</p> - -<p>'The <i>Leoni</i>! Were you mad, Grey?'</p> - -<p>'I confess your order amazed me. I did all I -could to consult with you about it, but you were -gone to Hillview. Here is the order; you will see -the <i>Leoni's</i> name written plainly.'</p> - -<p>The Admiral takes the paper in his hand, holds -it near his gaze, scrutinises it afar off, glances at it -through his eye-glass; but the fact is indisputable—there -is the word <i>Leoni</i>, apparently in his own -writing.</p> - -<p>'This is a vile forgery, Grey! I never wrote -that, never dreamt of giving such a mad order. -Heaven alone knows what results, what complications -may arise from it! I shudder to think of the -<i>Daring</i> still aground on the Short Reefs, or perhaps -altogether broken up long ere this.'</p> - -<p>'The <i>Leoni</i> couldn't help her much, I fear.'</p> - -<p>'Help her! She'll never reach her. I should -not be surprised if she were a wreck herself by this -time; a hideous, top-heavy, unmanageable craft -like that couldn't take care even of herself in such -a storm.'</p> - -<p>'What had better be done now, Sir Herbert?'</p> - -<p>'Despatch the <i>Leo</i> at once; though I fear her -services will come too late.'</p> - -<p>Practical discussions follow, that keep the -Admiral and his secretary employed for some -time longer. When Sir Herbert returns home, it is<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_714" id="Page_714">{714}</a></span> -no vain excuse that makes him retire to his room -in very weariness of spirit, very fatigue of body. -He finds Walter Reeves is already gone away; but -some of the guests are still lingering in the rooms, -trying to prolong their amusements to the last -minute.</p> - - -<h3>CHAPTER XIII.—CONFESSION.</h3> - -<p>The storm has spent itself before the next -morning. Katie can see that, as she listlessly -looks out of the bay-window of the breakfast-room. -One would hardly suppose the treacherous gale -had been holding such wild revels the night before. -The tossing waves that had leaped with frothy -crests over the serrated rocks of the Short Reefs, -are placid enough now—dancing perhaps over -those who went down a few hours before into the -cruel depths. Lady Dillworth has a headache; she -listens calmly to Liddy, who blushing and blooming, -pours forth her rose-coloured confidences, and -swallows her coffee between whiles. Hunter is -helping the groom to carry her boxes down-stairs; -and Miss Delmere, with only a few minutes to -spare, is selfish in the exuberance of her joy, and -cannot see the dark circles round Katie's sleepless -eyes nor note the deep sadness of her looks. At -length she goes away, and the Admiral enters the -room.</p> - -<p>'You are just in time, Herbert; Hunter has -brought up some fresh coffee.'</p> - -<p>'None for me, thank you. I knew you would -be engaged with Miss Delmere; and as I had papers -to examine, I had my breakfast brought to the -library.'</p> - -<p>'Liddy is gone away now.'</p> - -<p>'Yes; I met her in the hall, and saw her into -the carriage. I've brought you the newspaper, -Katie; you will see the wreck of the unfortunate -ship I told you of yesterday.'</p> - -<p>'The <i>Daring</i>! Is she wrecked?' Katie takes -the paper into her trembling hands, but cannot -read a word for the throbbing of her brows and -the dizziness of her eyes.</p> - -<p>Her husband goes on: 'Yes; she went to pieces -in the gale, and every soul on board would have -gone down with her had not a merchant-ship -passed by the merest chance. Twenty-three men -are lost. At least they went away in the <i>Daring's</i> -large cutter; but no boat could have lived out the -storm.'</p> - -<p>'How dreadful!' Katie starts at the sound of -her own voice, it is so deep and hoarse.</p> - -<p>'Dreadful indeed! What makes the matter -worse is, that in all human probability every man -might have been saved and the ship also, had -not an atrociously wrong act been perpetrated.'</p> - -<p>Katie hears a rustle of paper; she knows by -instinct what is coming, but she dares not lift her -head.</p> - -<p>The Admiral goes on in an agitated tone: -'Some one has tampered with my papers, has even -dared to meddle with my orders. I directed the -<i>Leo</i> to be sent out at once to the scene of the -wreck; but from malignity or some other motive, -the name <i>Leoni</i> was substituted.'</p> - -<p>'Wouldn't that ship do as well, Herbert?'</p> - -<p>'Certainly not. She would never reach the -Short Reefs in such a gale. I fully suspect she's -foundered at sea or gone on the rocks herself. I'll -find out who did it! If I thought Reeves, or -any one else at his instigation, had been guilty, -I'd, I'd'——</p> - -<p>There is no saying how the sentence might have -ended. Katie has risen from her seat, and stands -before her husband trembling.</p> - -<p>'I did it, Herbert! <i>I</i> altered your order!'</p> - -<p>'You, Katie!—you, my wife!'</p> - -<p>'Yes; but I never thought my silly act would -lead to such misfortune.'</p> - -<p>'What was your motive, Kate? Surely you -could not have wished to injure <i>me</i>? To set me -up as a mark of inefficiency and ridicule?'</p> - -<p>'O no; a thousand times <i>no</i>. But Captain Reeves -was helping me to get up our charade, and I -altered the ship's name that he might not have -to go away.' Here Lady Dillworth's voice fails -her. She cannot utter another word, so choked -and gasping is her breath; the bare blank -sentence remains as it was: 'I altered the ship's -name that he might not have to go away.'</p> - -<p>The Admiral does not reply. There is a stillness -in the room as though some one had died there. -A burst of passion, an angry storm of words would -be a relief; and Katie glances up in alarm to -see her husband looking down sadly at her. He -is pale as death; his lips are set and firm; a dim -haze has clouded his eyes, as though unshed tears -are springing there; but there is no sign of resentment -in his face—only pity, a tender, touching, -tremulous pity, an infinite yearning for something -gone, a regret, sorrowful and deep! Yet all so -mixed with intense love, that Katie knows for the -first time in her life what passionate boundless -strength there is in his affection for her. A sudden -understanding of how dear she is to him dawns -upon her; she feels he would give his very life -for her.</p> - -<p>Katie would have flown to his arms, and told -him his love is fully returned, that at last she -feels his worth and goodness; she would have -fallen at his feet and there have craved for pardon; -but he puts her gently yet firmly away.</p> - -<p>'My poor, poor Katie! Have I then spoiled -your young life? I might have suspected this; -but I was blind and selfish. Forgive me, my poor -child, forgive me! I would give worlds to restore -you your freedom again!'</p> - -<p>Ere Katie has fully grasped the meaning of his -words, he has gone out of the room; she hears -him walk rapidly down the stairs and out of the -house. A sense of numbness creeps over her; -she sits for a while like one stunned. How long -she remains crouching on the sofa she never -knows; a whole lifetime of anguish seems crushed -into that space. All the brightness of youth -appears to die out at her husband's departure; his -retreating footstep sounds like a knell of departed -hope.</p> - -<p>After a time, Lady Dillworth rouses herself; even -sorrow cannot endure for ever. She recollects it -is near the hour for luncheon, and then Herbert -will come home. She dresses herself in the robes -she had on when he made her the offer of marriage. -<i>Why</i> she has done this, she does not confess -even to herself; but perhaps she imagines old -associations may soften present misunderstandings. -She goes down to the dining-room and waits. The -table is laid for luncheon, and the bright fire -glitters on the silver and glasses and flowers. All -is so pleasant and cheerful and homelike! And -even then a thrill of satisfaction comes over her<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_715" id="Page_715">{715}</a></span> -that now Liddy Delmere is gone she will be able -to devote all her time to her husband—have him -all to herself. But the luncheon hour passes, and -then the door opens and Hunter enters with a letter -on a salver. The address is written in a rapid -unsteady hand, as though the fingers trembled. -She sees it is Sir Herbert's writing, and tears open -the envelope with a sense of impending trouble, -that blanches her cheeks and chills her heart. The -words run thus:</p> - -<p>'No one shall ever know you did the mischief, -my poor Katie; the blame shall rest on me alone, -and I will bear it willingly for your sake. But -my professional career is over; men will never -again trust my judgment or deem me fit to command. -I was proud of my standing in the service -and of an untarnished reputation; but you have -spoiled it all, merely to enjoy a short interval -more of Walter Reeves's society. Why did you -not tell me he was so dear to you? You should -have said before we married <i>I</i> could never make -you happy. Yet I will not blame you, my poor -wife. My own selfish blindness has caused all -this misery. Before this letter reaches you, I shall -be on my way to London to resign my appointment.'</p> - -<p>This was all! But the contents fell like a blow -on her heart. Katie sits alone in that quiet room -while the iron pierces her soul. The untasted -luncheon stands on the table till the fire goes -out and the shades of night gather round. Then -Hunter knocks at the door in alarm, to know if -'my Lady' will have the things removed. Katie -rouses herself to tell him that while his master is -away she will henceforth have her meals laid in -her boudoir, and that she will receive no visitors -in Sir Herbert's absence.</p> - -<p>Hunter sees her pallid face and tear-stained eyes, -and draws his own conclusions, and thinks things -'never went on like that in the <i>first</i> Lady Dillworth's -time, anyhow.'</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /></div><div> -<h2><a name="THE_GUACHO" id="THE_GUACHO">THE GUACHO.</a></h2> - - -<p>'<span class="smcap">Will</span> you ride over with me to the neighbouring -village?' asked my friend Senhor Pedro da Silva. -'There is a <i>festa</i> there to-day. And as you are a -stranger in the country, you will see some feats of -horsemanship quite as clever as can be shewn in -the circus rings of old England.'</p> - -<p>'With the greatest pleasure,' I replied. 'I have -often heard of the wonderful horsemen called -Guachos, and desire much to see if the accounts -are really true.'</p> - -<p>'I think you will not be disappointed. He and -his horse are one; sometimes he acts as its tyrant, -but more frequently they are friends. From infancy -they have scoured over the immense Pampas -of South America, frequently amidst violent storms -of thunder, wind, and rain. His address and grace -on horseback yield neither to your best fox-hunters -nor to the American Indian. But here is -Antonio with our steeds; let us mount.'</p> - -<p>An hour's ride over the dull arid plains of -Buenos Ayres, covered with the grass now so much -cultivated in our gardens, and admired for its light -leathery tufts waving in the wind, brought us to -San Joachim, where the people were already collecting -in their holiday attire, and exchanging -friendly greetings on all sides. The gay striking -dresses of the Guachos mingled in every group. -The <i>poncho</i> or mantle of cloth, woven in bright -coloured stripes, has a hole in the centre through -which the head is passed, and falls down to the -hips in graceful folds. The nether garment is a -combination of bedgown and trousers, bordered by -a fringe or even rich lace on these festa days, -which varies from two to six inches deep according -to the wealth of the wearer. Then to-day the -great jack-boots of untanned leather are exchanged -for the smartest patent leather, with bright -scarlet tops, and enormous spurs at the heels. A -wide-brimmed Spanish hat is worn, a purple or -yellow handkerchief twisted round it; whilst the -belt encircling the waist sparkles with the dollars -sewn upon it—often the whole fortune of the -owner. His weapons are attached to this girdle, -consisting of a formidable knife, a lasso, and a -bolas, which may not be so familiar to the English -reader as the lasso. There are two balls fastened -together by short leathern straps, to which another -thong is attached, by which it is thrown; this is -whirled violently round the head before propulsion, -and entangles itself in the legs of the horse -or cow to be captured.</p> - -<p>But whilst we are gaily chatting to Senhor -Pedro's many friends the games are beginning, and -we hasten off to the ground. There we find two -lines of mounted Guachos, from ten to twenty on -each side, just so far apart as to allow a rider to -pass between the ranks; all are on the alert and -holding the lasso ready for use. One whom they -call Massimo, an evident favourite with the crowd, -comes tearing along at a gallop and dashes in -between the lines. The first horseman in the -ranks throws his lasso at Massimo's horse as he -flashes past, but misses, amidst the derisive shouts -of those around; then the second, quick as lightning -casts his; and so on down the ranks. Presently, -however, the horse is lassoed and brought -to the ground; and the skilful rider alights uninjured -on his feet, smoking his cigarette as coolly -as when he started from the post. The dexterity -and watchfulness of the men, who can throw the -lasso so as to entangle the feet of a horse while -going at full speed, are simply wonderful. -Another and another followed with varying -fortunes; sometimes the first struck down the -horse and rider, rarely was it that one escaped -altogether. The popularity of the famous chief -Rosas was said to be founded on his proficiency in -this adroit but cruel art, and no man can be their -chief who is not the cleverest among them: -renown on horseback is the one great virtue that -exalts a man in their eyes; cruelty to their -favourite animal does not seem to enter into -their thoughts!</p> - -<p>But at length they weary of this sport, and -move off a little way to vary it with another. -Now we seem to have moved back a few hundred -years, and find a pastime of the middle ages still -lingering among these descendants of the Spaniards, -who doubtless introduced it into the New World. -In those days it was called the game of the quintain. -A pole was firmly planted in the ground, -with a cross-bar, to which was hung the figure of -a misbelieving Saracen, well armed and holding a -large sword. The horseman tilted at full gallop -against this puppet; and as it moved lightly on a -pivot, unless it were well struck in the breast, it -revolved, and the sword smote the assailant on the -back amidst the laughter of the crowd. Here in<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_716" id="Page_716">{716}</a></span> -the wild Pampas the trial of skill is greater. A -kind of gibbet is erected, to which is hung a finger-ring -by a string. The Guacho, instead of the spear -of knightly days, holds a weapon more characteristic -of his work in the <i>saladero</i>, where the cattle -are killed and salted—namely, a skewer. One after -another the Guachos gallop at full speed and try -to push the skewer into the ring and carry it off. -Antonio, Luis, and Melito succeeded admirably; -but many a novice failed in the difficult task. -Still it was a pretty sight, and enjoyed apparently -by both horses and men.</p> - -<p>Then came the inevitable horse-races, which are -of almost daily occurrence, when associates challenge -one another, and they strike off in a moment -in a straight line until they disappear in the -horizon. In this case, however, a wide straight -avenue near the village was chosen for a short, -rapid, and often renewed race; a pastime for the -idle, and the occasion of ruinous bets. The riders -were dressed with the greatest elegance; their -horses well chosen from the corral, and covered -with silver ornaments. The bridle is of the leather -of a foal, finely plaited and mounted with silver; -stirrup, bit, and spurs of the same metal. A -glittering silver belt, sometimes of a flowery -pattern, and of colossal proportions, hangs round -the breast, and a silver strap across the forehead. -The saddle is a wonderful piece of mechanism, -forming the Guacho's 'bed by night and chest of -drawers by day;' it is very heavy, and consists of -ten parts; skins, carpets, and cow-hides intermingled -with other necessaries. Off they go at -last from the post, spurring and urging their steeds -like modern centaurs, handling them in a manner -well worthy of admiration, and with the most perfect -elegance. When the winner came in, many -a by-stander had lost all his possessions, so mad a -race of gamblers are they. As a last resource, they -pledge their horse, and expose themselves, if they -lose, to the lowest of humiliations—that of going -away on foot!</p> - -<p>We turned at last towards home, leaving the -roystering spirits to finish off their day at the -<i>pulperia</i>. This it is which takes the place of the -club, the café, the newsroom, and the home. A -cottage, neither more simple nor more luxurious -than any other to be found in the Pampas, covered -with thatch; the walls of dried mud, or more -frequently of rushes sparged with mud; the -flooring being of trodden earth; into which the -rain penetrates, the sun never enters, and where -a hot damp air is the prevailing atmosphere. -Before the door stands a row of strong posts, to -which the horses of the guests are tied; the -new-comer jumps off, and there leaves his -steed, saddled and bridled, for many weary hours -in the hot sun or pouring rain; whilst he, to -use a native expression, 'satisfies his vices' in the -<i>pulperia</i>. The door is open to all comers, and -great outward politeness reigns within; there is a -continual exchange of gallantries, to which the -Spanish language easily lends itself; but reason -soon loses its sway, and the strangest bets are -offered and taken. Sometimes it is between two -friends as to who shall first lose blood; when -the whole company sally out, knives are drawn -between the duellers, and a combat, often much -more ridiculous than valiant, ensues!</p> - -<p>The following morning, Senhor Pedro proposed -that we should ride out and see the Guacho at -work and in his home. 'You seem to have been -interested in him yesterday,' he said, 'and he -belongs to a type that is unique. Notwithstanding -the hatred of the original inhabitants towards -their invaders, the two races were mixed, and -these unions produced the Guacho. Look at his -tall figure, bony square face embrowned by the sun, -and stiff black hair—there you see the Indian; whilst -the Spaniard is in his proud haughty manner, -in his vanity, and also in his great sobriety. He -drinks water and eats his dried meat without -bread, not from contempt for better food, but from -a horror of work. To earn his daily food is not -so much his aim as to get money to bet with. -He will go into the <i>saladero</i>, where, knife in -hand, he will kill, skin, and cut up the cattle for -salting, and find enjoyment rather than labour in -it. He easily gains in a few hours a wage that -suffices; and as soon as it is paid, he jumps on -his horse and rides off to the <i>pulperia</i> to gamble -it away.'</p> - -<p>Thus conversing, we reached a hut which could -scarcely be surpassed in its misery. Placed alone -in the middle of the plain, without any garden or -cultivated ground, not a tree to cast a welcome -shadow, or a hand to repair the dilapidated walls, -it seemed formed to repulse rather than attract the -owner. At our approach, the mother came out, -surrounded by her children, her complexion approaching -the mulatto, for the air of the Pampas -quickly destroys the fineness of the skin. It is -only in the capital, Buenos Ayres, that handsome -Creole types are to be seen, where fine features -of an Indian class surpass European beauty, even -when the tint is olive. The wife, like the husband, -hates work: her only occupation is to boil -some water, pour it over maté or tea of Paraguay, -and drink it through a metal tube. Her children, -at the age of three or four, can sit on horseback -and gallop over the plain with no other bridle -than a cord passed through the horse's mouth. At -six they watch the sheep, and at ten are ready to -break in the most spirited colts. Only everything -they do must be on horseback: they will neither -use their arms nor legs.</p> - -<p>'Good-morning, Senorita,' said my friend. -'Where shall we find your husband?'</p> - -<p>'He is gone, Senhor, to break in some horses -for Senhor Melisos; it is not far from here.'</p> - -<p>'So much the better. We will ride on and see -him at work.'</p> - -<p>We reached the place; and the Guacho came out -to meet us.</p> - -<p>'Will you shew my friend your feat at the gate?' -said Senhor Pedro.</p> - -<p>'With the greatest pleasure,' answered the -flattered Guacho. He jumped on to the top -transverse bar which forms the gate of the corral, -and calling to another man to open the lower -ones and drive out a troop of horses at full gallop, -he, with the most astonishing skill, singled one -out with his eye, dropped down on to it, and rode -off without saddle or bridle at the top of its speed. -Soon returning, he proceeded to break a horse that -had been previously caught in the plains. The -Guacho threw two lassos, one over the neck, -the other on the hind-legs. Several men hold the -colt tightly whilst he saddles and passes a cord -through the mouth of the animal; and when -the first paroxysms of fear have passed, the tamer -jumps on, and pressing his powerful knees into its<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_717" id="Page_717">{717}</a></span> -sides, the lasso is withdrawn. The horse and -rider then start on a furious course, from which -they both return exhausted, in the midst of the -<i>vivats</i> which resound from every side. All that -is now required is for the breaker to ride ten or -fifteen leagues, when he gives up the horse to the -owner and receives his fee. They are never taught -to trot, but have an easy movement; and a man -has been known to ride two hundred miles a day -without fatigue, and living only on dried meat -and maté.</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /></div><div> -<h2><a name="THE_GERM_THEORY_AGAIN" id="THE_GERM_THEORY_AGAIN">THE GERM THEORY AGAIN.</a></h2> - - -<p><span class="smcap">We</span> have on several occasions alluded to the -Germ theory, by which is meant the theory that -invisible germs, capable of producing animalculę -and of spreading disease are constantly floating in -the atmosphere—and that the more impure the air -the greater are the number of these germs. We -revert to the subject, because it is debated in all -quarters, and it is as well that our readers should -know something of what is causing so much controversy. -Some surgeons distinguished as operators -are great believers in the Germ theory; so much -so, that before beginning, for instance, to cut off a -leg, they cause a certain germ-killing liquid to -shower like spray near the part operated on; by -which, as is alleged, the wound is kept free of -anything noxious. Whether there be germs or -not, the use of disinfectants in the air is said to be -beneficial. Notably the celebrated carbolic-acid -plan of Professor Lister has met with marked -success, and is practised by the greatest surgeons -of our time. But though the air certainly contains -something which favours decomposition, it is by -no means yet proved that that something <i>is</i> made -up of germs.</p> - -<p>Professor Tyndall has been the principal advocate -of the Germ theory, and has written some -papers strongly in its favour. Professor Bastian -takes an opposite opinion. He thinks that living -organisms may originate in disease by spontaneous -generation. His notions are that if germs are continually -floating about in the air, they would drop -everywhere and anywhere alike. This argument -applies more forcibly to the fact which Dr Bastian -discovered—namely, that he was able to get life in -flasks containing inorganic solutions, but that he -always failed if such solutions were not made up -of salts containing oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, and -nitrogen; that is to say, of the elements of life. If -the organisms are really the result of a molecular -arrangement of the 'mother-liquid,' we should -expect to find them only in those fluids which -already contain the elements necessary for their -composition. Three speculations are involved in -these experiments: on the one hand, that low -forms of life do occasionally arise by spontaneous -generation; on the other hand, either that the heat -which is usually considered destructive of life and -germinating power is in reality nothing of the -kind; or that Dr Bastian's experiments were -incorrectly performed.</p> - -<p>Since the publication of Dr Bastian's observations, -a very lively controversy has been carried -on in scientific quarters between the supporters of -the germ theory and of the theory of spontaneous -generation. Dr Bastian's work was conducted with -great care and in the presence of some distinguished -authorities. Dr Sanderson, on the other -hand, found that upon increasing the heat which -is applied to the flasks, no organisms were produced; -but until we have reason to doubt the -generally received opinion as to the amount of -heat necessary to destroy life, this result may be -equally well explained according to either of the -two theories.</p> - -<p>Dr Bastian insists that the organic solutions in -his own flasks are not found by him to undergo -putrefaction where every precaution is taken for -withholding the entrance of air. Thus a simple -piece of cotton-wool, which acts as a kind of -sieve, will when placed in the mouth of a flask -prevent decomposition. Professor Tyndall has -invented the most ingenious contrivances for -illustrating his views. In one case he employed -a chamber the walls of which were covered by a -sticky substance. The particles of dust in the air -were allowed to collect and adhere to the sides, -and the air in the vessel, as shewn by its non-reflection -of a beam of light, was rendered comparatively -dustless. Flasks were now introduced, -and they remained for a long period free from -organisms. On repeating some of these experiments -this year, however, Professor Tyndall found -that many of the infusions which had previously -been preserved from putrefaction with ease, were -now found, when placed under the same conditions, -to swarm with life. Still he refused to believe in -'spontaneous generation,' and preferred to consider -that the production of life in his flasks was due -to some fault in his experiments, and that the air -of the Royal Institution was not so pure this year -as it was last. Instead, therefore, of introducing -his fluids by means of an open pipette, as he had -previously done, he now made use of a 'separating -funnel,' and by this means the fluids found their -way into the flasks without exposure to the air. -The result of these precautions was that no organisms -appeared. The objection, however, that we -have to find is, that no guarantee can be given -that will enable us to ascertain whether the air is -really free from particles of organic matter or not. -Last year the air was considered to be pure because -moteless; but this year, though moteless, it was -found to be impure.</p> - -<p>Professor Tyndall and his friends are so exceedingly -confident in the power of the germs -of the atmosphere, that they attribute to their -influence every known case of putrefaction; and -they do so because they believe that they have -proved that whenever the air can be excluded from -a putrescible fluid, putrefaction will not take -place. But Dr Bastian has succeeded in producing -life out of organic infusions from which the air -has been excluded, and which have been previously -raised by him to temperatures hitherto considered -by scientific authority as fatal to life. Thus the -question resolves itself into this: What is the -exact point of heat which kills the germs of -bacteria? At present we do not know, and we -have therefore no right to make any supposition -upon this point in favour of either of the two -theories.</p> - -<p>Since Dr Bastian's experiments were first made -public, the holders of the Germ theory have gradually -raised what we may call the thermal death-point -of bacteria, in order to explain away the -results of his experiments by the light of their own -theory. If Dr Bastian's fluids did develop life,<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_718" id="Page_718">{718}</a></span> -they say, the germs must have entered into them -by some means or other; and if he superheated -these fluids, the fact of the germs surviving the -process shews that they must be possessed of -greater enduring power than we have given them -credit for.</p> - -<p>Curiously enough, Professor Tyndall declares -that frequent applications of a low degree of -heat, and applied at intervals, have a far greater -'sterilising effect' than a single application of a -high temperature. For a given fluid may contain -germs of all ages. If such a fluid be boiled for a -considerable time, all the germs of recent formation -will be killed; but those of a greater age will -merely be softened, but still capable of reanimation. -If, however, the fluid be heated for a -short time only, the recent germs will be destroyed, -while an older crop will be liberated. A second -application of heat destroys this second crop, and -brings a third into play. Further heat will awaken -successive crops, until at length a point is reached -when the toughest germ must yield. This is -certainly a most ingenious explanation of the -difficulty.</p> - -<p>A very interesting contribution to this subject -has lately been made by Dr Bastian and others; -and we will now briefly describe the main results -of their researches. It has long been known that -slightly alkaline organic fluids are more difficult -to sterilise than those which are slightly acid. -Pasteur the French chemist says that animal water -in its normally acid state becomes sterile at one -hundred degrees centigrade; but that if the infusion -is first rendered alkaline by the addition of potash, -the application of a little more heat is necessary, in -order to insure sterility. If we bear in mind the -two theories, we shall see that these observations -of Pasteur may be explained according to either -of them. We may believe that the germs in the -infusion are fortified against the destructive action -of heat by liquor potassę; or on the other hand, -we may hold that the spontaneous generation of -organisms is favoured by the presence of an alkali. -Acting upon these data, Dr Bastian heated a -similar fluid in its acid condition to the temperature -of one hundred degrees; so that, according to -Pasteur, it was now barren. He then added a -quantity of potash sufficient to neutralise the acid, -the addition of the alkali thus being made <i>after</i> -instead of before the boiling; and he then allowed -the fluid so treated to stand at a temperature of -about one hundred and fifteen degrees Fahrenheit. -In a short time swarms of bacteria appeared.</p> - -<p>Dr Roberts, however, considers that this result -was obtained because sufficient precaution had not -been taken by Dr Bastian to prevent the entry of -germs, which might have been introduced by the -potash. Accordingly, he filled a small flask with -an ounce of the acid infusion, and then sealed up -his potash in a capillary tube. The potash was -then heated in oil to two hundred and eighty -degrees Fahrenheit, and kept for fifteen minutes. -The tube of potash was now introduced into -the flask containing the infusion, and the flask -was boiled for five minutes, and sealed. The flask -was now kept for some time in order to test its -sterility. When this was ascertained, the flask -was shaken, so that the little tube of potash inside -was broken, and the potash was thus allowed to -mingle with and neutralise the infusion. The flask -was now maintained at a low temperature of one -hundred and fifteen degrees Fahrenheit, and it -remained perfectly clear. And so Dr Roberts concludes -that liquor potassę has no power to excite -the generation of organisms in a sterilised infusion. -Professor Tyndall repeated these experiments with -additional precautions, and obtained similar results.</p> - -<p>The <i>general</i> conclusion which is drawn from -various experiments by the advocates of the -Germ theory is, that liquor potassę has no inherent -power to stimulate the production of -bacteria, and that any apparent power of this kind -which it may seem to possess is due to the presence -of germs within it. These germs they consider -are not destroyed until the potash has been -raised to the temperature of one hundred degrees -centigrade if solid, and to one hundred -and ten degrees centigrade if liquid. Dr Bastian, -who repeated his former experiments with every -possible precaution, found no difference in his -results. Moreover, he discovered that liquor -potassę, when added in proper quantities, is just -as efficacious in stimulating the development of -life after it has been heated to one hundred and -ten degrees centigrade, as when it has been heated -to only one hundred degrees. Pasteur will consequently -have to raise the temperature which he -considers sufficient to destroy the germs contained -in a solution of strong liquor potassę to a point -still higher than one hundred and ten degrees.</p> - -<p>But there is still another proof that liquor -potassę if previously heated to one hundred degrees -does not induce fermentation in virtue of its -germs, because if only one or two drops be added, -the infusion will remain as barren as ever; while a -few more drops will immediately start the process -of fermentation. Now if the potash really induced -fermentation because it brought germs along with -it, two drops would be quite as efficacious as any -other amount. Finally, Dr Bastian has shewn us -that an excess of alkali prevents fermentation, and -to this fact he attributes the failure of Pasteur to -develop life when he employed solid potash. He -had added too much of the alkali.</p> - -<p>It is impossible to draw any <i>definite</i> conclusion -from these as from the other experiments, until -we know the precise temperature which is fatal to -germinal life. Dr Bastian indeed thinks that he -has been able to shew that bacteria and their -germs cannot exist at higher temperatures than -one hundred and forty degrees Fahrenheit; but -his evidence here is not quite conclusive. He -does not deny the existence of germs nor their -probable influence in producing life; he merely -says that his experiments furnish evidence to shew -that in some cases organisms may spring into -existence without the aid of a parent. The strong -points of his case are, that as fast as his adversaries -can suggest precautions to insure the destruction -of germs, he has been able to shew life under -the altered conditions; and that whenever the supposed -death-point of bacteria has been raised on -account of his experiments, he has succeeded in -obtaining life after having submitted his flasks to -the required temperatures.</p> - -<p>How this most interesting controversy will end, -we cannot foretell; but we hope that the further -researches of our scientific men upon the subject -will ultimately lead to the discovery of the -truth. Meanwhile, we observe that Dr Richardson, -at the late Sanitary Congress at Leamington, -entirely dissented from the theory of germs being<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_719" id="Page_719">{719}</a></span> -the origin of disease, and characterised it as the -wildest and most distant from the phenomena -to be explained, ever conceived. As no one -contests the fact that pure air is a very important -factor in promoting health and averting -the insidious approaches of disease, people keeping -that in mind need not practically give themselves -much concern about germs. See that you draw -pure air into the lungs. That is an advice to -which no theorist can take exception.</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /></div><div> -<h2><a name="OCEAN-VOYAGES_IN_SMALL_BOATS" id="OCEAN-VOYAGES_IN_SMALL_BOATS">OCEAN-VOYAGES IN SMALL BOATS.</a></h2> - - -<p><span class="smcap">It</span> is perhaps not generally known that adventurous -persons occasionally cross the Atlantic from -the American coast to England in small boats. -The undertaking is dangerous, but is accomplished. -Twenty-four years ago, when on board a Cunard -steamer, our vessel passed an open sailing-boat -containing two men on a voyage from America to -Europe. They had no means for taking an observation, -but trusted to fall in with large ships, from -which they would get information as to where -they were. On sighting them, our captain knew -what they wanted, and hung out a black board on -which were inscribed in chalk the latitude and -longitude. This was satisfactory, and on they -went on their perilous expedition. What came of -them we know not. We were told that men who -run risks of this kind, and who happen not to -procure information as to their whereabouts, are -apt to make strange mistakes in their voyage -to England; such, for instance, as running on the -coast of Spain instead of the British Islands—the -whole thing a curious instance of reckless daring.</p> - -<p>Small vessels, possibly better provided, have made -runs which have attracted the admiring attention -of nautical men, for the exceptional circumstances -under which they occurred, but without reference -to competition or bonus. In 1859 three Cornish -fishermen, in a fishing-boat of small tonnage, sailed -from Newlyn near Penzance to the Cape of Good -Hope, and thence across the Indian Ocean to Melbourne, -where they arrived 'all well.' We do not -find the actual tonnage named. In 1866 a small -yacht of twenty-five tons, hailing from Dublin, set -out from Liverpool, and safely reached New South -Wales after a run of a hundred and thirty days. -The distance was set down at sixteen thousand -miles. It was regarded, and justly regarded, as a -bold adventure in 1874, when a schooner of -only fifty-four tons safely brought over a cargo of -deals from St Johns, New Brunswick, to Dublin, -with but seven hands to manage the craft.</p> - -<p>Boat-voyages, however, are evidently more -remarkable than those of clippers, yachts, and -schooners; on account of the extremely small -dimensions of the craft which have ventured to -brave the perils of the ocean, and of the paucity -of hands to manage the sails and helm during a -period measured by months—under privations of -various kinds.</p> - -<p>Eleven years ago the Americans gave an indication -of spirit and pluck in the conception and -fulfilment of a very bold enterprise. Mr Hudson, -the owner of a small craft named the <i>Red White -and Blue</i>, fitted it up for an ocean-trip to England. -It was a life-boat, built of galvanised iron, only -twenty-six feet in length, six feet in breadth of -beam, and three feet deep from deck to hold. -Small as it was, the <i>Red White and Blue</i> carried -what sailors call a very cloud of canvas; it had -mainsail, spritsails, staysails, courses, topsails, -royals, top-gallants, sternsails, trysails, three masts, -bowsprit, booms, yards, gaffs, jib-boom, yard-tops, -cross jack yards, spankers, and all the rest of -it—an enormous amount of furniture, one would -think, for so small a house. The boat was sharp -at both ends, had water-tight compartments lengthwise -and transverse, and safety-valves which would -enable her to right herself in a few minutes -if flooded. There was a tiny cockpit for the -steersman near the mizzen-mast, in which he sat -somewhat in the same position as Mr Macgregor -in his <i>Rob Roy</i> canoe. The air-cylinders at each -end of the boat and along the sides, customary in -life-boats, assisted in maintaining the buoyancy -and upright position. It is amusing to read of a -mainmast only seven feet high and a bowsprit of -two feet in length; but the juvenile ship was proportionate -in all these matters, and bravely she -looked, a plucky handsome little craft.</p> - -<p>The crew of the <i>Red White and Blue</i> was as -exceptional as the boat itself. The owner, Captain -John M. Hudson, took the command; Mr Frank -E. Fitch acted as mate; while in lieu of petty -officers, able seamen, and ordinary seamen was a -dog named 'Fanny.' On the 9th of July 1866 -the pigmy ship took farewell of Sandy Hook, near -New York, on a voyage of unknown duration and -uncertain vicissitude. At midnight on the 18th -the boat struck against something hard and solid, -but fortunately without receiving much damage. -They sailed on till the 5th of August, when they -fell in with the brig <i>Princess Royal</i>, hailing from -Yarmouth, and obtained a bottle of rum, two -newspapers (very precious to the wayfarers), and a -signal-lamp. Narrowly escaping a complete overturn -on the 8th, they spoke with the barque -<i>Welle Merryman</i>, from which they obtained two -bottles of brandy. After another peril of capsizing, -they at length sighted English land, the Bill of -Portland, on the 14th. Beating up the Channel, -the boat entered Margate Harbour on the 16th, -after being thirty-seven days at sea. The little -craft created no small astonishment at Margate. -As there was no chronometer on board, the calculations -of distance, direction, &c. had to be made -by compass, line, and dead-reckoning. So little -opportunity had there been of obtaining a fire, -that the food (mostly preserved in air-tight tins) -had to be eaten cold. The original store of a -hundred and twenty gallons of water supplied -their wants with this essential requisite. Poor -Fanny the dog did not at all relish the voyage; -constant exposure to the weather so weakened her -that she died soon after reaching Margate. When -the <i>Red White and Blue</i> was afterwards exhibited -at the Crystal Palace, a little incredulity was -expressed as to the reality of the voyage; but as -the names of the vessels spoken with were given -and the dates of meeting, there seems no reason to -doubt the faithfulness of the narrative. The two -navigators, however, did not return to America -in the same way; they had 'had enough of it.'</p> - -<p>A still bolder achievement, in so far as the -number of the crew was concerned, was that of -Alfred Johnson, who in June 1876 started from -America in a small boat manned only <i>by himself</i>. -Quitting the port of Gloucester, Massachusetts, on -the 15th, he had fine weather for a time, but<span class="pagenum"><a name="Page_720" id="Page_720">{720}</a></span> -then experienced some of the peril of Atlantic -voyaging under exceptional circumstances. Fogs -and head winds compelled him to put into Shake -Harbour, where he had his compass corrected. -Starting again on the 25th, he experienced tolerably -fair weather until the 7th of July, when a -heavy gale set in from the south-west. The -combings of the hatchway were started, and the -water, finding entrance, damaged some of his -provisions. The gale subsiding, he was favoured -with fine weather and fair wind until the 16th; and -a strong breeze in the right direction coming on, -he made good progress till the 2d of August. -When about three hundred miles from the Irish -coast, the wind increased to a hurricane; he hove -to, but in unshipping his mast for this purpose, -the boat got broadside on a large wave and was -upset. Johnson clambered on the upturned bottom, -where he remained for about twenty minutes. By -dexterous management he succeeded in righting -the boat, got in, and pumped it dry; everything, -however, was wetted by the upset, and he lost his -square-sail and kerosene lamp.</p> - -<p>Wending his way as winds permitted, he reached -within a hundred miles of the Irish coast by the -7th, spoke a ship, and obtained some bread and -fresh water—both of which had become very scanty -with him. On the following day he got soundings, -but fog prevented him from seeing land. On -the 10th he sighted Milford, near the south-west -extremity of Wales. He landed at Abercastle in -Pembrokeshire on the 11th, after being fifty-seven -days at sea; starting again, he put into Holyhead, -and finally arrived at Liverpool on the 21st. The -little <i>Centennial</i>, which measured only twenty feet -in length over all, had run about seventy miles a -day on an average. Johnson maintained his general -health excellently well, though suffering from want -of sleep.</p> - -<p>The little boat that has recently crossed the -Atlantic differed from Johnson's in this among -other particulars, that it had a crew of two persons, -one of whom was a woman. Certainly this woman -will have something to talk about for the rest of -her life: seeing that we may safely assign to her a -position such as her sex has never before occupied—that -of having managed half the navigation of a -little ocean-craft for some three thousand miles. -The <i>New Bedford</i>, so designated after the town of -the same name in Massachusetts (the state from -which Johnson also hailed), is only twenty feet -long, with a burden of a little over a ton and a -half; built of cedar, and rigged as (in sailor-phrase) -a 'leg-of-mutton schooner;' with two masts and -one anchor. Anything less ocean-like we can -hardly conceive. Captain Thomas Crapo, the -owner of this little affair, is an active man in the -prime of life; and his better-half proves herself -worthy to be the helpmate of such a man. On the -28th of May in the present year, Captain and Mrs -Crapo embarked in their tiny ocean-boat, provided -with such provisions and stores as they could stow -away under the deck. The steersman (or steerswoman) -sat in a sunken recess near the stern, with -head and bust above the level of the deck; the -other took any standing-place that he could get for -managing the sails, rope, anchor, &c. The boat -had no chronometer; and the progress had to be -measured as best it could by dead-reckoning.</p> - -<p>The boat, soon after leaving New Bedford, was -forced by stress of weather to seek a few days' -shelter at Chatham, a small port in the same state. -Hoisting sail again on the 2d of June, the boat set -off with a fair wind; and all went well for three -days. An adverse wind then sprang up, a fog -overspread the sky, and for ten days the voyage -continued under these unfavourable circumstances. -Whilst near the shoal known as the Great Banks, -a keg was seen floating; this was secured, and the -iron hoops utilised (with the aid of canvas) in -making a drogue—one which was included among -the outfit of the boat being found too light for its -purpose. The boat, after lying to for three or -four days in a gale of wind, started again, and -sailed on till the 21st of June, when another gale -necessitated another stoppage. The <i>New Bedford</i> -sighted the steamer <i>Batavia</i>, which offered to take -the lonely pair of navigators on board: an offer -kindly appreciated, but courteously declined. After -this meeting, a succession of gales was encountered, -and the rudder broke; a spare oar was made -to act as a substitute. The sea ran so very high -that even when lying down to rest, husband and -wife had to lie on wet clothes, everything on board -being sloppy and half saturated. At one portion -of this trying period Captain Crapo had to steer -for seventy hours uninterruptedly, his wife being -incapacitated from rendering the aid which was -her wont; and on another occasion he had to pay -eighteen hours' close attention to the drogue. The -voyage terminated on the 21st of July, after a -duration of fifty-four days. The average sleep of -the captain did not exceed four hours a day; and -he had no sleep at all during the last seventy hours -of the run. He had intended to make Falmouth -his port of arrival, but was glad to make for -Penzance instead.</p> - -<p>The surname of Crapo, we were informed by the -captain, is not uncommon at New Bedford. The -good wife is Swedish by descent, Scotch by birth, -American by marriage—a citizen of the world. -In examining the boat closely (which we have -done), it becomes more than ever a marvel how it -could have formed the home of a married couple -for seven weeks. Descending through a small -hatchway, the feet rest on the floor of (let us say) -the state-cabin, an apartment three feet high; -consequently the head and body project above the -hatchway. By spreading blankets and rugs, and -crouching down by degrees, a would-be sleeper -can lie down under the deck, or two sleepers close -to the two sides of the boat. The wife of course -acted as stewardess, cook, parlour-maid, scullery-maid, -&c., leaving her husband to manage most of -the navigation. The sperm-oil lamp for the compass-binnacle; -the kerosene or petroleum lamp -for the cooking-stove; the receptacles for biscuit -and preserved meats and vegetables; the butler's -pantry for a few bottles of spirits; the vessels for -containing water—all were packed into a marvellously -small space. The drogue (already mentioned) -is a kind of floating anchor which, dragged -after the vessel by means of a long rope, helps to -steady it in certain states of the wind. Five hundred -pounds weight of stores and six hundred of iron -ballast, kept the boat sufficiently low in the water.</p> - -<p>Such were the interior arrangements of one of -those strange small vessels which adventurously -attempt to cross the Atlantic.</p></div> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p class='center'>Printed and Published by <span class="smcap">W. & R. Chambers</span>, 47 Paternoster -Row, <span class="smcap">London</span>, and 339 High Street, <span class="smcap">Edinburgh</span>.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p class='center'><i>All Rights Reserved.</i></p> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Chambers's Journal of Popular -Literature, Science, and Art, No. 724, by Various - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHAMBER'S JOURNAL *** - -***** This file should be named 50787-h.htm or 50787-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/0/7/8/50787/ - -Produced by Susan Skinner and the Online Distributed -Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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