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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #51839 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/51839)
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-The Project Gutenberg eBook, Historic Nacogdoches, by Robert Bruce Blake,
-Illustrated by Roy Henderson, Charlotte Baker Montgomery, and George L.
-Crocket
-
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
-other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions 
-whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
-the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at 
-www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
-to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
-
-
-
-
-Title: Historic Nacogdoches
-
-
-Author: Robert Bruce Blake
-
-
-
-Release Date: April 23, 2016  [eBook #51839]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: UTF-8
-
-
-***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORIC NACOGDOCHES***
-
-
-E-text prepared by Stephen Hutcheson, Dave Morgan, and the Online
-Distributed Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net)
-
-
-
-Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this
-      file which includes the original illustrations.
-      See 51839-h.htm or 51839-h.zip:
-      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/51839/51839-h/51839-h.htm)
-      or
-      (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/51839/51839-h.zip)
-
-
-Transcriber’s note:
-
-      Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_).
-
-
-
-
-
-HISTORIC NACOGDOCHES
-
-Nacogdoches
-
-by
-
-R. B. BLAKE
-
-Illustrations by Roy Henderson, Charlotte Baker Montgomery, and
-Dr. George L. Crocket.
-
-  This booklet is an enlarged and revised reprint of two earlier
-  booklets, one prepared by Mr. Blake and the Reverend George L. Crocket
-  in 1936 as a part of the Celebration of the Texas Centennial. The
-  second booklet was published in 1939 by the Nacogdoches Historical
-  Society and dedicated to the memory of Dr. Crocket, who, among the
-  other labors of a singularly useful and beneficient life, was an
-  untiring student of the history and traditions of East Texas. Since he
-  was one of the earliest workers in the field, much material which
-  would otherwise have been lost was preserved by Dr. Crocket’s industry
-  and enthusiasm. The demand for information concerning Historic
-  Nacogdoches has been so great that the supply has been exhausted. Many
-  copies have been furnished historians, school children, historical
-  societies and people generally interested in the rich, historical
-  background of this area. This third edition was financed by the
-  Nacogdoches Chamber of Commerce and will be supplied free upon
-  request.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-Published by
-Nacogdoches Historical Society
-and the
-Nacogdoches Chamber of Commerce
-
-
-
-
-                          _Nacogdoches Speaks_
-
-
-                         BY KARLE WILSON BAKER
-                 (By permission of the Southwest Press)
-
-  I was The Gateway. Here they came, and passed,
-  The homespun centaurs with their arms of steel
-  And taut heart-strings: wild wills, who thought to deal
-  Bare-handed with jade Fortune, tracked at last
-  Out of her silken lairs into the vast
-  Of a man’s world. They passed, but still I feel
-  The dint of hoof, the print of booted heel,
-  Like prick of spurs—the shadows that they cast.
-  I do not vaunt their valors, or their crimes:
-  I tell my secrets only to some lover,
-  Some taster of spilled wine and scattered musk.
-  But I have not forgotten; and, sometimes,
-  The things that I remember arise, and hover,
-  A sharper perfume in some April dusk.
-
-    [Illustration: Travellers and Inn]
-
-    [Illustration: Indian on Horse]
-
-
-
-
-                     _Nacogdoches The Indian Town_
-
-
-For the beginnings of Nacogdoches we must go back to the shadowy times
-when heroic figures march with majestic tread across the stage of
-tradition, obscured by the mists of centuries. Having no written
-language with which to record the glories of their race, the Tejas
-Indians recounted the tales of their beginnings around their home fires,
-thus passing them down from father to son through the long centuries
-before the coming of the Europeans.
-
-Thus it is recounted that in the days of long ago an old Caddo chief
-lived on the bank of the Sabine, the river of the cypress trees. To him
-twin sons were born: Natchitoches, swarthy of features with straight
-black hair and flashing black eyes; and Nacogdoches, fair of complexion
-with blue eyes and yellow hair. As the old man neared the end of his
-days, before being ushered into the happy hunting-grounds, he called his
-two sons into his presence to receive his final blessings. He commanded
-that immediately following his death, Natchitoches should gather his
-wife and children together, turn his face towards the rising sun, and
-after three days’ march should build his home and rear his tribe; while
-Nacogdoches was instructed to travel a like distance toward the setting
-sun, where he should rear his children and children’s children. Thus the
-twin tribes of Nacogdoches and Natchitoches were founded 100 miles
-apart, and thus Nacogdoches was the father of the Tejas, the white
-Indians of Eastern Texas.
-
-The two tribes were a sufficient distance apart to prevent friction over
-their hunting-grounds, and thus through the succeeding centuries they
-were ever on friendly terms, the one with the other. This friendly
-communication and barter between the tribes was such that they beat out
-a broad highway between them and through their confines, which became El
-Camino Real, extending from Natchez, on the Father of Waters, to the
-Trinity river on the west, through Natchitoches, Louisiana, and
-Nacogdoches, Texas.
-
-During the succeeding centuries the Tejas lived on the Redlands,
-building comfortable homes around the ceremonial mounds which they had
-erected, where they left their wives and children while they pursued the
-bison, the deer and the black bear. Then another figure of heroic mold
-emerges from the mists of the past, when Red Feather rules his people.
-
-The story of Red Feather is delightfully recounted by Miss Adina de
-Zavala, of San Antonio, Texas, in her “Origin of the Red Bird.” Red
-Feather taught his people the gentle arts of husbandry—the cultivation
-of Indian corn, beans, peas, melons and pumpkins; taught the women to
-make preserves of the fruit of the persimmon tree, and to store the
-fruits of the soil and the chase in their homes for winter. Great was
-the mourning when Chief Red Feather died; while his subjects reverently
-laid his body to rest on the chief mound in Nacogdoches, his spirit
-soared upward on the crimson wings of the first red bird, and hovered in
-the majestic trees above the mounds, as if guarding his people from
-danger.
-
-Less than fifty years after Columbus sighted America, Hernando De Soto,
-in the winter of 1541-42, penetrated as far west as Nacogdoches, where
-he spent the winter, sending out scouting parties further west in search
-for the seven cities of the Cibolo. He remained in Nacogdoches because
-he found here a well-settled, hospitable Indian town, with an
-agricultural population, having well-built homes, provided with
-comfortable furnishings.
-
-Nearly eighty years after De Soto’s visit, on the borderline between
-tradition and history, came the ministration of Mother Maria de Jesus de
-Agreda, “the angel in blue,” teaching the Tejas tribes the Christian
-religion, in 1620. So great was the influence of this saintly woman that
-in 1690 the chief of the Tejas told Massanet that they wished to do as
-she had done, and even wanted to be buried in blue garments.
-
-The first definite description of Nacogdoches and its aboriginal
-population is in the account of LaSalle’s visit here in 1685. On this
-visit Robert Sieur de LaSalle became desperately ill and remained in
-Nacogdoches for a month, recuperating from disease. Here the Frenchman
-received such hospitable treatment at the hands of the natives that four
-of his men deserted and remained here when LaSalle started back to Fort
-St. Louis.
-
-LaSalle found numerous evidences of prior contact with both French and
-Spanish here. Perhaps the Indian traditions pointed to the presence here
-of DeSoto and Coronado, and the traditional appearances of Mother Maria
-de Agreda, already referred to.
-
-DeLeon and his followers, in 1691-1692, made the first serious attempts
-to educate the Tejas Indians in European ways by taking several of the
-young members of the tribes back to the College of Zacatecas in Mexico.
-Among these were two children of the chief of the Hainai Indians, living
-near what is now known as the Goodman Crossing on the Angelina river,
-about eighteen miles southwest of Nacogdoches. The young man, who
-afterwards became head chief of the Hasinai Confederation, the Spaniards
-named Bernadino, which name was also given to his father, the chief; the
-young woman they named Angelina, and the river was named for her. She
-also acted as interpreter between the Indians and the Spanish explorers,
-including the followers of Captain Ramon in 1716, and those of the
-Marquis de Aguayo in 1721.
-
-
-                         First White Settlement
-
-The first permanent European settlement in the town of Nacogdoches was
-made in June, 1716, when Fray Antonio Margil de Jesus founded the
-Mission Nuestra Senora de Guadalupe de Nacogdoches on what is now North
-street, overlooking the valley of the Banito, “little bath.” The
-Spaniards named the town Nuestra Senora del Pilar de Nacogdoches.
-
-In the struggle between the French and Spanish for mastery of Eastern
-Texas (called the Province of the New Philippines), the Mission
-Guadalupe had an eventful history. Deserted at times but never
-permanently abandoned, it finally decayed and its very site was utterly
-forgotten, though the information concerning its location has been
-preserved in the ancient Spanish parchments of our Nacogdoches archives.
-
-When the Spanish settlers began making their homes in the old Indian
-town, they found several mounds within the limits of the town, relics of
-the centuries of Indian occupation before the coming of the white man.
-Three of the larger of these mounds were located on what became the
-Nacogdoches University campus, now the high school campus. The
-importance of these mounds was not recognized by those who founded the
-university, and they were razed in an effort to level the ground of the
-campus. Only one now remains, on Mound street, so named because of these
-monuments to the antiquity of the town. A large oak tree, whose age has
-been estimated at about two hundred years, grows from the summit of this
-remaining mound.
-
-
-                      Nacogdoches—The Spanish Town
-
-With the French cession of Louisiana to Spain in 1764, the necessity for
-the Spanish garrison in Nacogdoches ceased; and the town was abandoned
-as a military post in 1773, to be refounded by Captain Antonio Gil
-Ybarbo and his compatriots in 1779.
-
-    [Illustration: The Red House
-     Built in 1827 for accommodation of Mexican officials. See page 23.]
-
-The city of Nacogdoches, as a civic corporation, dates from that year,
-in which that sturdy old Spaniard, Ybarbo, conducted his harassed and
-bewildered followers from their experimental settlement of Bucareli on
-the Trinity river, to the old Mission of Guadalupe. The eastern boundary
-of Texas was at that time a shadowy, uncertain quantity, somewhere
-between the Sabine and Red rivers. Louisiana belonged to Spain, and the
-government was but little concerned to mark out definitely the exact
-limitation between its provinces.
-
-Gil Ybarbo recognized the necessity of a commissary for the storing of
-military and commercial supplies, and after applying to the authorities
-in Mexico for such a building, and growing weary of the endless delays
-and red tape, that industrious old Spaniard erected on his own account
-what he and his followers called “The Stone House,” now generally
-referred to as “The Old Stone Fort.” It was not erected primarily as a
-fort, but as a house of commerce; and that has been its main use
-throughout its varied history. But the construction of its walls—almost
-a yard in thickness—made it practically impregnable to the ordinary
-means of offense; so that it naturally became a place of refuge and
-haven of safety in the successive perils that visited the old
-border-town.
-
-Gil Ybarbo, ruling his people as a benevolent despot, was officially
-known as Lieutenant Governor of the Eastern Province of the New
-Philippines and Military Comandante of the Post of Our Mother of the
-Pilar of Nacogdoches. He promulgated the first Book of Ordinances for
-the government of the city in 1780, the original of which is now in the
-Nacogdoches Archives in the Capitol at Austin.
-
-The new city grew apace, and by the beginning of the Nineteenth Century
-embraced a population of several hundred souls. In 1792 General Don
-Ramon de Castro sent Don Juan Antonio Cortez, captain of cavalry at
-LaBahia, to Nacogdoches for the purpose of conducting an investigation
-of the irregularities of verbal land grants made by Ybarbo, as well as
-of his illegal traffic with the French and Indians. The result of the
-investigation was the removal of Ybarbo from his office; he was sent to
-Bexar while the investigation proceeded. Don Carlos de Zepeda succeeded
-Ybarbo as Lieutenant Governor, and in turn was followed by a succession
-of officials who had charge of the public business of the town, and
-superintended legal and commercial affairs, in addition to leading what
-military expeditions were needed in their infrequent exigencies.
-Nacogdoches was at that time the second largest town in Texas.
-
-
-                              Philip Nolan
-
-In 1800 Nacogdoches was a loyal Spanish town, as was shown by the part
-it took in the suppression of Philip Nolan’s expedition. Nolan had been
-reared by General James Wilkinson, commander of the United States forces
-at Natchez, Mississippi. In furtherance of the schemes of Wilkinson and
-Aaron Burr (then Vice President of the United States), Nolan invaded
-Texas with a small band of adventurers, on the pretext of horse-trading.
-The population of the town were largely behind Lieutenant M. Musquiz and
-his Garrison, when they were ordered to pursue and arrest the little
-band. Musquiz and his men were accompanied by William Barr, of the
-trading firm of Barr and Davenport, who acted as interpreter between the
-Spanish and Americans. Lieutenant Bernardo D’Ortolan, a Frenchman by
-birth, was left in charge of the garrison here while Musquiz was on his
-expedition; during this time he conveyed titles to land to such settlers
-as applied for them.
-
-Nolan was overtaken on the banks of the Blanco river, at the block house
-he had built, and in the ensuing engagement he was killed and the
-remainder of the expedition were captured and brought back to
-Nacogdoches. They were placed in the Old Stone Fort, from whence they
-were taken prisoners to Mexico; the sole survivor of the band, so far as
-history records, was Peter Ellis Bean, one of the most colorful and
-resourceful men Texas has seen.
-
-Correspondence found in the possession of Nolan enabled Musquiz to
-discover various ramifications of the plot of Nolan, Burr and Wilkinson
-among the inhabitants in Nacogdoches. One of the local leaders was a
-Spanish woman, Gertrudis Leal, and her husband, Antonio Leal, who were
-tried for treason by Musquiz. The priest in charge of Mission Guadalupe,
-Padre Bernadino Vallejo, was also one of the conspirators, but the robes
-of St. Francis saved him from punishment for his part in the plot.
-Samuel Davenport was also found to be in some manner connected with the
-affair, but he was shrewd enough to escape being tried, as was also a
-man by the name of Cook, who then lived at Nacogdoches.
-
-In the beginning of the new century the purchase of Louisiana by the
-United States from the French, in consequence of the Napoleonic upheaval
-in Europe, brought about a great change in the political and military
-affairs of Nacogdoches. There was great jealousy between the two
-countries, and a territorial dispute to be settled before the old status
-of somnolent peace could prevail. The Americans built Fort Jesup, west
-of Red River, near Natchitoches, and in 1806, Governor Cordero, with
-1500 Spanish troops, advanced to Nacogdoches to meet the American threat
-across the Sabine. As a result of the negotiations of Governor Cordero
-and General Wilkinson, there was formed The Neutral Ground, a strip of
-territory lying between the Sabine and the Rio Hondo, over which neither
-government exercised dominion, and which consequently became the
-rendezvous of the lawless, until the settlement of the present boundary
-between Texas and Louisiana.
-
-
-                  The Mexican Revolution Against Spain
-
-The next band of adventurers found Nacogdoches in a very different
-temper. In 1810 the Mexicans rebelled against the government of Spain,
-and Nacogdoches lost no time in assisting in the formation of the
-Magee-Gutierrez expedition, under the leadership of Lieut. Augustus
-Magee, who resigned his position in the United States garrison at Fort
-Jesup to take command of the American and Mexican forces in their effort
-to throw off the yoke of Spain.
-
-It is said that every able-bodied man east of the Trinity river joined
-in this expedition. For a time it prospered, and by 1813 had
-successfully driven the Spanish military forces from Eastern Texas and
-pursued them to San Antonio, where Governor Manuel Salcedo and most of
-the high Spanish officials there were butchered.
-
-One of the interesting incidents of this expedition, to the whole
-province as well as to Nacogdoches, was the publication of two
-newspapers here, the first ventures of their kind in Texas; the first of
-these, “The Gazette,” appeared in May, 1813, while the second, “El
-Mejicano,” was published the following month.
-
-Vengeance of Spain was swift, and the Spanish army sent into Texas swept
-the inhabitants of Nacogdoches beyond the Sabine and into American
-territory, where they remained until 1818-20. Erasmo Seguin was sent by
-the new government of Mexico in 1821 to Nacogdoches to invite the old
-settlers back to their former homes, as well as to welcome Stephen F.
-Austin to Texas.
-
-
-                          Dr. James Long—1819
-
-The settlement of the boundary dispute between the United States and
-Texas on February 22, 1819, by fixing the Sabine river as the boundary,
-met with strong opposition in Arkansas, Louisiana and Mississippi, as
-well as Eastern Texas. The American settlers had contended for the
-Neches river as the true boundary, and Dr. James Long, who had married
-the daughter of a wealthy planter at Natchez, Mississippi, lost no time
-in exploiting his scheme of forming the Republic of Texas. Leaving
-Natchez June 17, 1819, with 75 men, he reached Nacogdoches with
-approximately 300, including Samuel Davenport, Bernado Guitierrez de
-Lara, and many others who had fled in 1813.
-
-Upon reaching Nacogdoches, Long’s forces occupied the Old Stone Fort,
-organized a provisional government, and issued a proclamation declaring
-Texas a free and independent republic, and another newspaper—the third
-in Nacogdoches as well as in Texas—was published by Horatio Bigelow. It
-was called “The Mexican Advocate.”
-
-It is very probable that Dr. Long’s expedition would have been
-completely successful if it had been organized a year later, after the
-revolutionary movement had begun in Spain but in 1819 the royalists were
-in control in Mexico; and that fact, together with Long’s division of
-his forces after leaving Nacogdoches for the West, so weakened his
-fighting units as to cause them to fall an easy prey to the successive
-onslaughts of the Spanish Army sent against him under Colonel Perez.
-
-With the capture of his block houses and forts on the Brazos, Trinity
-and Red rivers, Mrs. Jane Long, who had been left at Nacogdoches, fled
-across the Sabine, and her husband soon followed, thus ending his first
-attempt at freeing Texas, in October, 1819.
-
-    [Illustration: Frost Thorne Home—Hart Hotel
-    Residence of Texas’ first millionaire. Built 1825. See page 12.]
-
-
-                      Nacogdoches—The Mexican Town
-
-Under the leadership of Alcalde James Dill Nacogdoches soon regained its
-former prestige as the largest town in East Texas, and settlers from the
-United States began coming in increasing numbers under the beneficient
-colonization laws of the new government in Mexico; but things were much
-changed. In 1825 Haden and Benjamin Edwards secured their ill-fated
-contract as empresarios. When Edwards began to plant his colonists,
-sometimes on land which had once belonged to the Mexican inhabitants and
-had been abandoned temporarily in the flight of 1813, the friction
-between the Americans and Mexicans increased. On the northwest of them
-also had settled a tribe of Cherokee Indians, who claimed the right to
-occupy a vast territory which had formerly been the habitation of the
-friendly Tejas Indians.
-
-This triangular situation bred distrust and antagonism that at last
-broke out into open warfare, and threw the country into the wildest
-disorder, in what is known as the Fredonian War in 1826. The coup of
-Edwards was at first successful, and he and his followers were able to
-seize the “Stone House” and fortify it; but the citizenship of
-Nacogdoches and the surrounding country was not behind the movement, and
-it was doomed to failure from its inception.
-
-The Fredonian rebellion resulted in many of the prominent citizens of
-the town being expelled in 1827—among whom were John S. Roberts, Haden
-and Benjamin Edwards, Adolphus Sterne and Martin Parmer. The Mexican
-general, Ahumada, who occupied Nacogdoches upon this occasion, was a
-genuine diplomat, and with the assistance and advice of Stephen F.
-Austin, who came to Nacogdoches with Ahumada, soon had the old town
-peaceful again. However, the man whom Ahumada selected as comandante
-here proved to be an unfortunate choice, and Colonel Jose de las Piedras
-soon aroused the hostility of the American settlers with his
-high-handed, arbitrary methods, as was the case with Col. Bradburn at
-Anahuac.
-
-    [Illustration: Adolphus Sterne Home
-    Where Sam Houston was baptized. Standing at corner Lanana and Pilar
-    street. See page 22.]
-
-
-                       The Battle of Nacogdoches
-
-For the real cause of the Battle of Nacogdoches, we must go back to
-Bustamente’s Law of April 6, 1830, forbidding further immigration from
-the United States, while permitting Europeans to come in unimpeded. Juan
-Antonio Padilla had been appointed as commissioner general for granting
-land titles in East Texas, assuming his duties on January 1, 1830. Upon
-the passage of the law of April 6th, Padilla was unwilling to enforce
-its provisions, and in the latter part of April he was ordered by Don
-Ramon Musquiz, political chief in Bexar, to be imprisoned and suspended
-on a trumped-up-charge of murder.
-
-An outbreak was prevented in Nacogdoches only by prompt action on the
-part of Col. Piedras, while the people of Ayish Bayou and the Palo Gacho
-met and passed resolutions of an inflammatory nature. Stephen F. Austin
-refused to cooperate in this opposition and thus for a time the trouble
-was delayed.
-
-The military force in Nacogdoches was doubled during 1830, and passports
-of all immigrants going through Nacogdoches for Austin’s colony, which
-was exempted by Bustamente’s Decree, were required to be signed by
-Austin in person.
-
-Under the dictatorship of Bustamente the military comandantes
-continually encroached upon the power of the civil authorities, and
-finally, in June, 1832, the settlers at Anahuac rebelled and ousted
-Bradburn, Piedras arriving too late with troops from Nacogdoches and
-Fort Teran. Becoming alarmed at the rising tide of opposition, Col.
-Piedras, upon his return, ordered the people of Nacogdoches to surrender
-all their arms. This order was followed immediately by an appeal from
-the ayuntamiento in Nacogdoches, issued July 28, 1832, to the
-neighboring communities to present an united front against this action;
-copies of this resolution were sent to Ayish Bayou, the Palo Gacho,
-Tenaha and San Felipe de Austin and met immediate response from all
-except San Felipe. Two companies came from the Ayish Bayou settlement,
-commanded by Capts. Samuel Davis and Bailey Anderson, one from Sabine
-and one from Shelby and Capt. James Bradshaw’s company from the Neches
-settlement; while the people of Nacogdoches were led by Alcalde
-Encarnacion Chirino. On the morning of August 2, 1832, these forces met
-in the eastern outskirts of Nacogdoches and elected Colonel James W.
-Bullock as commander-in-chief of approximately 500 men.
-
-Colonel Piedras commanded approximately the same number of Mexican
-soldiers, and proceeded to fortify the Stone House, the old Catholic
-church and the Red House. An Ultimatum from the settlers for Piedras to
-declare in favor of Santa Anna and the Constitution of 1824, or
-surrender at discretion to an officer to be selected by Colonel Bullock,
-brought forth the answer that none of the demands would be complied
-with, and that he was prepared to fight.
-
-Colonel Piedras advanced to meet the Americans and the fighting
-commenced in the eastern part of town about eleven o’clock. By noon the
-Mexicans had retreated to the business part of town, around the Stone
-House. Alexander Horton, a member of the American forces, says: “We were
-armed with shotguns and various other guns such as citizens used for
-hunting purposes, while the Mexicans were armed with splendid English
-muskets; so we turned north and marched down North street. As we began
-our march we heard a French horn. When we had gotten about opposite the
-Stone House the Mexican cavalry made a furious charge upon us, pouring
-upon us a heavy fire of small arms; they advanced to within a few steps
-of our lines, but were forced back with considerable loss.” This cavalry
-charge met the American force near the Catholic church, which had been
-used by Piedras as quarters for his soldiers.
-
-The Mexicans about mid-afternoon were driven out of the Stone House, and
-the main body of their army was concentrated in the cuartel or Old Red
-House, the older part of which was built of adobe, and almost as strong
-as stone; it also had the advantage of several dormer windows on the
-second floor, from which sharpshooters could better defend the building.
-The fighting continued with unabated fury until night separated the
-combatants. Colonel Piedras evacuated Nacogdoches during the night of
-the 2nd, under the protecting cloak of a heavy fog, retreating westward
-toward the Angelina river.
-
-The next morning James Carter, with seventeen volunteers, set out in
-pursuit of the Mexican army, overtaking them at Durst lake, and after a
-skirmish at that point, Carter and his men went further south, crossing
-the Angelina at the Goodman Crossing, and marched northward to the West
-side of Durst’s Ferry to oppose the crossing of the Mexican troops. Here
-Piedras lost many of his men in an unsuccessful attempt to cross the
-river. It was from this event that the name Buckshot Crossing was given
-to this place.
-
-During the following morning Colonel Piedras surrendered the command to
-Captain Francisco Medina, who in turn declared for Santa Anna and
-surrendered to James Carter the entire Mexican force of some four
-hundred men.
-
-Col. James Bowie, who reached Nacogdoches a few days after the battle,
-agreed to convey the Mexican troops to San Antonio, and in his report
-stated that there were 33 Mexicans killed and 17 or 18 wounded; the
-Americans losing three men killed and seven wounded.
-
-The Battle of Nacogdoches was the opening gun in the Texas Revolution,
-and resulted in the expulsion of all Mexican troops from the territory
-east of San Antonio, giving the Texans an opportunity to hold their
-Convention without military interference of the enemy.
-
-    [Illustration: Peter Ellis Bean Home
-    Built 1829. Standing 4½ miles east of Nacogdoches near Old King’s
-    Highway. See page 21.]
-
-
-                      Growth of American Influence
-
-Nacogdoches now became more and more American in its character. In 1834
-the neighboring municipality of San Augustine was organized, and the two
-sister towns grew in numbers and influence. Nacogdoches was the capital
-of the department of the same name, and held jurisdiction over all the
-region east of Trinity River. The alcaldes who presided over the civil
-affairs of the municipality from the first reorganization in 1820 had
-usually been chosen from among the Mexican people living there, but
-after the expulsion of the Mexican troops in 1832 Americans were
-selected to fill that office, and the town gradually assumed a character
-more American than Mexican. American customs prevailed over those of
-former times, and the business fell into the hands of enterprising
-merchants and tradesmen from the States. The Indians to the northeast
-were impressed by the power and vigor of the new people and left them
-unmolested, although they also had increased until they greatly
-outnumbered the whites.
-
-Business was thriving, the population was increasing, and new settlers
-were coming into the town, or taking up land in the country. Commerce
-was greatly aided by the communication with the other colonies in the
-interior, and an era of prosperity seemed to have dawned. But in the
-midst of all came more political troubles in the republic of Mexico.
-Santa Anna, by a rapid series of measures, overturned the constitution
-of 1824, under which the settlement of the province by Americans had
-begun. The guarantees of liberty seemed to be disappearing. In Austin’s
-colony there arose a “war party,” which advocated resistance to these
-measures by force of arms. Trouble began to arise at Galveston and at
-Anahuac. Still Nacogdoches remained peaceful, hoping even against hope
-that all would yet be well.
-
-
-                               War Clouds
-
-At length, however, the ambition of the Mexican dictator began to unfold
-itself, and his designs against the lovers of freedom in Texas became
-manifest. Even yet the mind of the people refused to move towards
-complete independence. Delegates from the war party at San Felipe
-visited the town, and by their persuasion at length convinced the people
-that it was in vain to lie still any longer. Then East Texas was ready
-to act, and from Nacogdoches and San Augustine armed soldiers set forth
-on the long march across the State to the threatened region around San
-Antonio.
-
-With the coming of Sam Houston to Nacogdoches in 1833, followed by such
-men as General Thomas J. Rusk in 1835; with the backing of Colonel Frost
-Thorne, Haden Edwards, Adolphus Sterne, Charles S. Taylor, John S.
-Roberts, William G. Logan, Henry Raguet, Dr. James H. Starr, John
-Forbes, Kelsey H. Douglass, Wm. B. Ochiltree and a host of others,
-Nacogdoches practically financed the Texas Revolution, feeding and
-arming the men pouring in from the United States to the defence of the
-new Republic.
-
-
-                            Run-Away Scrape
-
-The tide of war never really rolled near to East Texas. For a time
-General Sam Houston was accused of intending to flee through Nacogdoches
-to the Sabine, where an American army was supposed to be expecting him,
-but he had other designs, which were consummated on the field of San
-Jacinto, and the danger was dispelled. East Texas, however, did suffer
-the throes of a paroxysm of panic. It was known that Mexican agents were
-dispersed among the Cherokee and other Indians north of the settlements.
-Reports, highly colored no doubt, were disseminated that these Indians
-were about to move in an overwhelming body on the unprotected
-settlements, whose men were in the field against the Mexican army, and
-wipe out town and countryside alike. Fugitives from the devastated West,
-passing through, helped to spread the terror, and so it happened that
-the “Run-Away Scrape” came to include both Nacogdoches and San Augustine
-in the frantic flight to safety beyond the Sabine.
-
-
-                              The Republic
-
-The news of victory soon restored the minds of the people to sanity, and
-they entered with alacrity into the work of establishing the new
-government of the Republic. After the disorganization of the West and
-South, which were devastated by the advance of the enemy. East Texas
-remained in a position of leadership, and furnished perhaps more than
-its share of the prominent officials of the Republic. The towns,
-including Nacogdoches, were alive with the discussions of governmental
-problems, and the advocacy of the names of the foremost citizens for
-high offices. After the repression of Mexican domination, politics arose
-to unprecedented heights, and everybody was affected by political
-fervor. Among the first officials of the new-formed Republic,
-Nacogdoches furnished Sam Houston for President, General Thomas J. Rusk
-as Secretary of War; Colonel John Forbes as Commissary General of the
-Army.
-
-Following the formation of the new government, the business men of
-Nacogdoches entered upon a period of expansion, resulting in the laying
-out of numerous new towns in the then Nacogdoches county, extending
-almost to the Gulf of Mexico on the south and including Dallas on the
-north. Among the towns thus formed following the Revolution may be
-mentioned Pattonia south of Nacogdoches on the Angelina river, and a
-little further south the town of Travis on the same river, Mount
-Sterling at the home of John Durst on the Angelina river west of
-Nacogdoches, and a few miles further up the river where the present
-highway crosses, the town of Angelina where James Durst and his father,
-Joe Durst, lived. The original town of Rusk was south of Nacogdoches
-where the road to Fort Teran crossed the Angelina river on the Pierre
-Roblo grant. Thornville, near the present village of Mahl; Liberty, a
-few miles northwest of Douglass; Jackson, built on an island on the
-Attoyac not far from where Chireno was later founded. Haden Edwards
-founded two towns north of Nacogdoches on the Sabine river, near the
-present town of Longview, one of which was named Fredonia, in memory of
-his ill-fated revolution, and the other he called Cotton-Plant. In
-addition to these ghost towns of long ago, we may mention such towns as
-Attoyac, Melrose, Chireno and Douglass, each of which was regularly laid
-out in lots and blocks, in anticipation of the boom to come.
-
-
-                         The Cordova Rebellion
-
-But the war was not over yet. The Mexican army had been defeated and
-expelled, but there were enemies at home. The town of Nacogdoches was
-aroused to feverish excitement when the preacher and congregation of a
-country meeting came in one night with the news that the Mexican
-population of the country had risen in arms under the leadership of a
-former alcalde, Vicente Cordova, and were on the warpath against the
-American citizens. General Rusk at once called for volunteers, and
-scouts were sent everywhere to discover the whereabouts of the
-insurgents. All the next day their efforts were in vain, but at length
-John Durst and a party of scouts under him, came in with the report that
-they were encamped across the Angelina river in what is now Cherokee
-county, where they were doubtless waiting to join those Indians to make
-war against the American settlers. Rusk appealed to the people of San
-Augustine and Sabine counties, and within forty-eight hours they began
-to arrive, armed and equipped for a campaign. After some delay, caused
-by contradictory orders from President Houston, Rusk marched into the
-Indian country, where he found that the rebels had gone to other tribes,
-and were beyond his reach. He marched to the Cherokee and Shawnee
-villages and so impressed them with the readiness with which he had
-assembled so considerable a body of soldiers that they readily premised
-peace and disavowed any connection with the Mexican insurgents.
-
-
-                          Commercial Expansion
-
-In the meantime the town began to grow. It was the home of many of the
-prominent leaders of Texas during the time of the republic, whose
-influence was felt in the public affairs of the country. General Thomas
-J. Rusk was a citizen of Nacogdoches until his death. Sam Houston
-frequently was a resident until his removal to Huntsville. Charles S.
-Taylor was very prominent in public affairs. William B. Ochiltree lived
-here for a time. Thomas J. Jennings, the elder, lived here until his
-removal to Marshall, as did Dr. James H. Starr. James Reily, who was
-minister to the United States, had his home here. These are some of the
-men more prominent in public life; among private citizens there were
-also many whose names were well known throughout the land. Adolphus
-Sterne, Archibald Hotchkiss, Henry Raguet and others might be mentioned.
-Of the county officers Oscar L. Holmes, Richard Parmalee, Murray Orton,
-William Hart and others were prominent. Colonel Haden Edwards, who
-returned to Nacogdoches after the bitterness of the Fredonian rebellion
-had subsided, was here until his death, and his family continued to live
-here for many years afterwards.
-
-    [Illustration: S. M. Orton Home
-    Built in 1840.
-    Has “Strong Room” built for temporary detention of prisoners by
-    Sheriff Orton.]
-
-The invaluable services of Nacogdoches and its people in opening up the
-great northern regions of Texas, after the expulsion of the Indians, had
-the result, unfortunate for it but inevitable, of diminishing the
-population and importance of the town. New centers of agriculture and
-trade sprang up and became towns which attracted more and more people to
-themselves, and new opportunities presented themselves for business
-enterprise. It was easier to fence in the prairies than to clear the
-forest lands of East Texas. Many of the citizens of Nacogdoches,
-including some of the more prominent persons, removed to other places.
-
-After the annexation of Texas to the United States, Nacogdoches
-gradually settled down to the station of one of the many flourishing
-towns of the State, and lost the preeminence in political and social
-matters which had been its lots from the beginning of its history. With
-San Augustine it still continued to be the center of this section of the
-State, and the two towns cooperated harmoniously in the development of
-the surrounding regions.
-
-Nacogdoches has always been an important social center. Even under
-Spanish rule it was noted for the culture of its inhabitants, and during
-the residence of the Governor of the State at this place in the
-unsettled period after the Louisiana purchase, there was a social life
-here that was not unworthy of a larger city. During the third and fourth
-decade of the Nineteenth Century social amenities prevailed even through
-the confusion of changing political scenes of that time. The Mexican
-officers at that time were, as a rule, gentlemen, and the American
-immigrants included many persons of high culture and attainments. After
-the revolution the social standing of the place grew even stronger. It
-was not merely in entertainments and enjoyments that Nacogdoches and San
-Augustine set the pace in East Texas; they became centers of learning as
-well. Schools flourished, and a refined taste in literary and scholastic
-affairs exhibited higher ideals of mental achievements. The University
-of Nacogdoches was established in 1845, and attracted many persons who
-were desirous of scholastic training.
-
-    [Illustration: Old North Church
-    Founded 1838.
-    Standing four miles north Nacogdoches. See page 22.]
-
-When the shadow of war fell over the country in 1861, Nacogdoches at
-once took her place among those who were ready to offer their belongings
-and their lives upon the altar of their country. Her soldiers went to
-the front and did gallant service for the cause of the Confederacy. At
-home, the women and other non-combatants worked and prayed for the
-success and safety of their loved ones far away on the battlefield. But
-war brought ruin to the town; the schools were overwhelmed in the
-general desolation. Business enterprise was at an end, and the great
-stores gave place to little shops, which barely supplied the necessities
-of life. The soldiers came home and went back to their farms, but the
-old plantations had disappeared and the fields barely produced a living
-for their owners and workers. The town itself was reduced to the
-proportions of an insignificant village. The people bravely kept up the
-traditions of a more affluent existence, but it was a mournful struggle
-against untoward conditions.
-
-These conditions prevailed for twenty years, but at length a harbinger
-of better times appeared in the shape of a railroad, the Houston East
-and West Texas, connecting Houston and Shreveport. It was a narrow-gauge
-road, burning wood for fuel and creeping along at an extremely low rate
-of speed, but it was the first road to pass through East Texas, where
-formerly the wagon and the two-horse hack formed the sole means of
-transportation. It brought new business, new people and new ambitions to
-the place which soon began to be built up in brick in place of the old
-wooden houses of the earlier years. Soon cotton wagons assembled,
-bearing bales of wealth, and in the autumn season the streets were
-filled with people from surrounding counties selling their crops and
-buying supplies.
-
-There was no boom. The town grew gradually and slowly. Greater business
-enterprises were undertaken and accomplished and various kinds of
-improvements were effected in the way of conveniences of living. For
-many years the village spirit remained among the people. Everybody knew
-everybody else, and each was interested in the welfare of all. New
-churches were erected and a new court house and also, sad to relate, a
-new jail. A large lumber mill was erected on the east side of town which
-added to the prosperity of the place.
-
-Finally, after the World War, when a number of new teachers colleges
-were authorized by the Legislature, the enterprising spirit of the
-citizens secured the location of that one named for Stephen F. Austin in
-Nacogdoches, and the promise of cultured prosperity evinced in the days
-of the Republic, but sadly interrupted by war, was at length realized.
-Nacogdoches had now become one of the fairest of the little cities of
-Texas and bids a hearty welcome to all comers within her borders.
-
-And so we close the story of Nacogdoches under nine flags: The Lilies of
-France with LaSalle in 1685; the Flag of Castile and Aragon of Spain in
-1716; the green flag of the Magee-Guitierrez Expedition in 1813; Long’s
-flag of the First Republic of Texas in 1819; the white and red flag of
-the Republic of Fredonia in 1826; the flag of the Mexican
-Republic—1821-1836; the Lone Star Flag of the Republic of Texas; the
-Stars and Bars of the Southern Confederacy—1861-1865; and finally the
-Stars and Stripes forever.
-
-
-
-
-                _Historical Sites in Nacogdoches County_
-
-
-    [Illustration: THE OLD STONE FORT
-    The above drawing was made from the earliest photograph of the Old
-    Stone Fort. The original picture has been re-photographed and the
-    reproduction forms a treasured scene in many homes of the city.]
-
-For one hundred fifty years tradition has thrown a veil of romance
-around the old building that formerly stood at the corner of Main and
-Fredonia streets, facing the northeast corner of the Plaza Principal in
-Nacogdoches, where the two main branches of El Camino Real merged.
-
-Even as early as Revolutionary days it was regarded by many as being one
-of the old mission buildings, and later years this belief was
-strengthened when a wandering sign painter, with the permission of John
-S. Roberts, painted a sign for the front of his saloon in the old
-structure: “The Old Stone Fort, erected in 1719”.
-
-The Stone House, as it was called in the early records, has a history
-more intriguing, more romantic, than any other building in the state of
-Texas, not even excluding the Alamo. Over its walls all but one of the
-nine flags of Nacogdoches have flown.
-
-Built as a private enterprise by Antonio Gil Ybarbo in 1779, as a
-trading post, it soon became the most important building in the New
-Philippines. In 1801 Lieut. Musquiz brought Peter Ellis Bean and the
-remainder of Philip Nolan’s expedition and placed them in the Old Stone
-Fort, where they remained for thirty days.
-
-Cordero, governor of the Province of Texas, together with General
-Herrera and 1300 Spanish troops, had his headquarters in the stone house
-when the treaty creating the “Neutral Ground” was agreed upon on
-November 6, 1806. For three months it was the seat of government of the
-Eastern Provinces of Spain, when Governor Manuel de Salcedo was here in
-the summer of 1810.
-
-Magee and Gutierrez proclaimed their republican government from the old
-building in 1813; as did Dr. James Long on August 14, 1819. Again it
-became the capitol of the Fredonian Government, and on December 23,
-1826, the Fredonian flag was raised over its walls.
-
-Following the collapse of the Fredonian republic, the old building was
-occupied as a home by John Durst, and the happy laughter of little
-children resounded within its walls. Louis O. and Miss Benigna Durst
-were born in the old house, inherited by Durst from his foster-father
-Samuel Davenport, who purchased the property in 1806.
-
-In 1831 John Durst moved to his new home on the Angelina river and the
-Old Stone Fort was sold to Juan Mora, the district judge, and Vicente
-Cordova, district attorney under the Mexican regime, in 1834. The
-official records were again placed in the old building, where they
-remained until a courthouse was built in 1840.
-
-Within its walls the oath of allegiance was administered by the Mexican
-authorities to such celebrities as James Bowie, Thomas J. Rusk, Sam
-Houston and David Crockett. Around its walls the forces of Bustamente
-and Santa Anna vied for supremacy on August 2, 1832, at the Battle of
-Nacogdoches. Then in the spring of 1836, the stone walls of the old
-building seemed a bulwark of safety to the few brave souls who refused
-to flee from threatened Indian massacre in the Runaway Scrape.
-
-On March 17, 1837, the first regular term of district court under the
-republic assembled in the Old Stone Fort, followed by a special term in
-August of the same year, presided over by “Three-legged” Willie, with a
-pistol as his gavel, at which time General Thomas J. Rusk delivered one
-of his famous orations, which has been preserved to us in our court
-records.
-
-Even the transfer of title to the old house from Vicente Cordova brings
-an element of tragedy and in some respects even comedy. Cordova was the
-leader in the so-called Cordova Rebellion in 1838, in which Zechariah
-Fenley was murdered and one of his slaves taken away. Following this, in
-1840, Rebecca Fenley filed suit for damages against Cordova, not for the
-death of her husband, but for the loss of her slave. Cordova was a
-fugitive and a judgment against him for $1500 resulted in a sale of his
-half-interest in the Old Stone Fort under execution, being purchased by
-Rebecca Fenley, who was a daughter of Mrs. John S. Roberts.
-
-The Old Stone Fort remained in the Roberts family until it was purchased
-by Perkins Brothers in 1901; after which it was torn down, the material
-given to the Cum Concilio Club of Nacogdoches, who used the stones in
-the erection of the Stone Fort Memorial in 1907 at the northwest corner
-of Washington Square, where it remained as a museum until 1936, when the
-State of Texas again used the material from the Old Stone Fort in the
-erection of the present Replica of the Old Stone Fort on the beautiful
-campus of Stephen F. Austin State Teachers College at the intersection
-of Griffith and Clark Boulevards.
-
-    [Illustration: REPLICA OF THE OLD STONE FORT
-    Replica of the Old Stone Fort, erected by the State of Texas as a
-    part of its Centennial program, 1936. It stands on the campus of the
-    Stephen F. Austin State Teachers College and is maintained by the
-    State as a museum.]
-
-
-THE MISSIONS AND PRESIDIO.—During the summer of 1716, under the
-direction of Captain Don Domingo Ramon, three missions and a presidio
-were erected in the present Nacogdoches county. The Presidio Nuestra
-Senora de los Dolores, built in 1716, was repaired and enlarged by the
-Marquis de Aguayo in 1721, and abandoned about 1730. Built by the
-Spanish government as a fort and headquarters for soldiers guarding the
-East Texas Missions and the borders of the New Philippines, it
-overlooked Los Terreros or Mill creek, near the intersection of the
-Lower Douglass road with the road from Douglass to Wells.
-
-The Mission Nuestra Senora de la Purissima Concepcion was built 1.25
-miles northeast of Goodman crossing of the Angelina river, near “two
-bubbling springs” in the heart of the Hainai Indian village. In 1731
-this mission was moved to San Antonio where it now stands.
-
-The Mission San Jose de los Nazonis was built 2.6 miles northeast of the
-present town of Cushing, overlooking Dill creek. In 1731 this mission
-was also removed to San Antonio, where it was called San Juan
-Capistrano.
-
-Mission Nuestra Senora de Guadalupe was founded at the same time on the
-west side of North street in Nacogdoches, overlooking Banito creek,
-which was called “the creek of the mission.” This mission was never
-permanently abandoned until it was replaced by the church which stood on
-the little plaza in front of the present court house, built in 1802. The
-third Catholic church was formerly the home of Nathaniel Norris at the
-northwest corner of Hospital and North streets. The fourth church was
-the Sacred Heart church on Pecan street, built in 1847 under the
-influence of Bishop J. N. Odin; which was in turn replaced by the
-present Sacred Heart church, built in 1937 on a portion of the homestead
-of Judge Charles S. Taylor on North street, the house of the old Sacred
-Heart church being rebuilt about eight miles south of Nacogdoches as the
-Fern Lake church. The sites of the presidio and missions have been
-appropriately marked by the State of Texas.
-
-
-OLD STAGE STAND NEAR CHIRENO.—On Highway 21 about two miles west of the
-town of Chireno is a very old house on the north side of the road. It
-was built in the early forties of last century by Mr. James B. Johnson,
-who was the first mayor of San Augustine. It was used as a halfway
-station between San Augustine and Nacogdoches for the old Concord
-coaches used at that time for mail and passenger service. Here the
-horses were changed and passengers had meals. Another station on the
-same coach line stands in the town of Douglass, fourteen miles west of
-Nacogdoches.
-
-
-EYES OF FATHER MARGIL.—The old Spanish legend relates that in the first
-year after the Mission Guadalupe was built there was a great drouth and
-water was scarce. Father Margil went out in faith and smote the rock on
-the bank of LaNana creek, which had completely dried up, and two
-unfailing springs gushed out. They were called “Los Ojos de Padre
-Margil,” The Eyes of Father Margil, and are located in what was formerly
-known as Mims Park, now a pasture in the rear of the J. R. Gray
-residence.
-
-
-RESIDENCE OF PETER ELLIS BEAN.—One of the members of Nolan’s expedition;
-was captured by Lieut. Musquiz and held prisoner many years in Mexico.
-During the Revolution under Morelos he made his escape and joined the
-revolutionary forces. Settled in East Texas and had several homes there.
-One of these was on the Carrizo creek, on the upper Melrose road, four
-and one-fourth miles east of Nacogdoches. Marked by the State of Texas.
-
-
-OAK GROVE CEMETERY.—The State of Texas has placed granite markers at the
-graves of the four signers of the Texas Declaration of Independence who
-are buried in this cemetery: Thomas J. Rusk, Charles S. Taylor and John
-S. Roberts, who represented the Municipality of Nacogdoches, and William
-Clark, who represented Sabine District. The graves of the following
-veterans of the Battle of San Jacinto have also been marked: E. E.
-Hamilton, Capt. Hayden Arnold. Markers have been placed at the graves of
-Haden Edwards, empresario and leader of the Fredonians, and his wife,
-Susan Beal Edwards; General Kelsey Harris Douglass, commander-in-chief
-of the forces that drove the Indians out of East Texas in 1839; Dr.
-Robert Anderson Irion, Secretary of State in the Cabinet of Sam Houston,
-first president of the Republic of Texas, and Thos. Y. Buford.
-
-
-GRAVE OF WILLIAM GOYENS.—Goyens family cemetery, four miles southwest of
-Nacogdoches, near Aylitos creek. Only negro to be honored by the State
-of Texas with a Centennial marker. Participated in Battle of New
-Orleans. Came to Texas in 1821. Indian Agent under Mexican government,
-lawyer in Alcalde court. Participated in the Texas Revolution in 1836;
-noted for his private charities. Although the Constitution of Republic
-and State both forbade the holding of land by negroes, Goyens amassed a
-considerable fortune with his land deals and was owner of thousands of
-acres of land at his death in 1856. His white wife, whom he married in
-1828, is buried by his side.
-
-
-GRIFFITH PARK.—The park fronting North street and extending from
-Caroline street on the south to the southern border of the campus of
-Stephen F. Austin State Teachers College on the north. Given to the city
-of Nacogdoches by the Griffith heirs in memory of Dr. L. E. Griffith and
-his wife, Sarah Jane Clark Griffith, and Dr. Griffith’s brother, Alfred.
-Dr. L. E. Griffith came to Nacogdoches from San Augustine about 1850 and
-was one of the builders of modern Nacogdoches. The park was dedicated to
-Dr. Griffith and the early pioneers of Nacogdoches.
-
-
-INDIAN MOUNDS.—On the corner of the school campus at Mound and Arnold
-streets, was a large Indian Mound 150×75 feet and about fifteen feet
-high. On the corner opposite was a circular Mound about 75 feet in
-diameter. These Mounds were leveled to make room on the campus. One
-small mound still remains on the front lawn of the T. M. Reavley home.
-An oak tree of considerable size grows from the summit of it. (See back
-cover).
-
-
-OLD NORTH CHURCH.—About four miles north near Highway 35, North Church
-was built in 1838, but the congregation had met for some time before the
-house was built, under an oak tree, the lower part of the trunk of which
-still stands. It was first known as Union church, being intended for two
-bodies of Baptists as well as other denominations. It has since become
-the property of the Missionary Baptists, who hold regular services
-there. The old cemetery contains the graves of many of the early
-settlers of Nacogdoches county. Marked by the State of Texas.
-
-
-ADOLPHUS STERNE’S HOME.—The old home of Adolphus Sterne is situated on
-LaNana street, formerly called Sterne street. Built about 1830, in this
-house General Sam Houston was baptized into the Roman Catholic church in
-May, 1833. Now known as the Hoya home. Marked by the State of Texas.
-
-
-NACOGDOCHES UNIVERSITY.—The Nacogdoches University was established in
-1845, and at first occupied the “Old Red House” on Pilar street. Later
-the Sons of Temperance Hall was acquired, and in 1856 the present high
-school campus was donated to the University and given the name of
-Washington Square. Two buildings were erected—a frame building for the
-Female Department of the University, and a brick house for the Male
-Department. The brick structure still stands in the center of the group
-of buildings. Marked by the State of Texas.
-
-
-EPISCOPAL CHURCH.—The first Episcopal Church stood on Church street.
-
-
-OLD SPANISH CEMETERY.—Where the courthouse now stands, was used from
-1800 to 1825. The burial place of many of the earliest settlers of
-Nacogdoches, among whom was Antonio Gil Ybarbo, founder of Modern
-Nacogdoches. Marked by the State of Texas.
-
-
-THE PROTESTANT ELM.—The noted Elm Tree stood immediately east of the
-Southern Pacific freight depot and just south of a brick warehouse now
-there. Henry Stephenson preached under this tree in 1819.
-
-
-HOSPITAL STREET.—The old Spanish hospital, from which the street derives
-its name, was situated on the corner of Pecan and Hospital, in front of
-the Methodist church. Across Pecan street was the old Cabildo or jail,
-built in 1835. Adjoining it on the west was the Hall of the Sons of
-Temperance during the period of the Republic of Texas. On the block
-where the First Presbyterian church now stands was the old Bull Ring,
-where bull fights were held during the Spanish and Mexican regime.
-
-
-THE OLD SOLEDAD.—Famous throughout East Texas prior to 1800 as the
-headquarters of William Barr and Samuel Davenport, Indian traders; was
-located on the block on which the Texan Theatre now stands. Marked by
-the State of Texas.
-
-
-THE RED HOUSE.—About 1827 Colonel Piedras, comandante of the Mexican
-garrison in Nacogdoches, built a house—part adobe and part frame—on
-Pilar street in the block west of the Square, for the accommodation of
-his officers and as headquarters for his forces. After the Texas
-Revolution this house was sold under execution on a judgment against
-Colonel Jose de las Piedras and became the property of Gen. Thomas J.
-Rusk. General Rusk made his home there when he first came to Nacogdoches
-in 1835, and remained there for eight or nine years. In 1845 the
-University of Nacogdoches used it for class rooms. Later it was used by
-various parties as an inn.
-
-
-THOMAS F. McKINNEY.—Site of mercantile establishment of Thomas F.
-McKinney—1823-1830. As senior member of the firm of McKinney and
-Williams, built first wharf at Galveston. Financial adviser of the
-Republic and creator of the Texas Navy. Site marked by the State of
-Texas.
-
-
-                             Old Home Sites
-
-HOMES IN NACOGDOCHES.—Sites of the following residences of early
-settlers of Nacogdoches have been marked by the State of Texas:
-
-James Dill, southeast corner of North and Hospital streets. Pioneer
-Indian trader; recognized by King of Spain. First alcalde of
-Nacogdoches, 1821. Home built in 1804.
-
-William Clark, Jr., northwest corner Main and North streets, signer of
-Texas Declaration of Independence, member Second Congress of the
-Republic of Texas. Home originally built by John J. Simpson in 1835,
-acquired by Clark in 1840.
-
-Charles S. Taylor, southeast corner North street and Mims avenue. Born
-in London, 1808; died in Nacogdoches, November 1, 1865, Signer Texas
-Declaration of Independence. Land Commissioner 1833, Chief Justice
-Nacogdoches county 1837, Rio Grande Land Commissioner 1854. Home built
-before the Texas Revolution.
-
-Don Juan Antonio Padilla, site now occupied by Westminster Presbyterian
-church on North street. Born in Nacogdoches on Rancho Santo Domingo;
-died in Houston 1839, while there on business. Served as an officer in
-the Spanish army; Secretary of State of Coahuila and Texas; Land
-Commissioner for Eastern Texas; delegate from Victoria county to the
-convention which declared Texas independent; member of deputation that
-demanded the surrender of Goliad, and volunteer to the Army of the
-Republic before San Antonio. Home built in 1830 on land granted to his
-grandfather.
-
-Thomas J. Rusk, opposite campus of Stephen F. Austin State Teachers
-college, west side of North street; born 1803, died 1857. Hero of San
-Jacinto, Commander-in-Chief of the army 1836. Chief Justice of the
-Supreme Court 1839. President of the Constitutional Convention 1845.
-United States Senator 1846. Nacogdoches was his home from 1835 to 1857.
-Home built about 1844.
-
-Antonio Gil Ybarbo, Main street, site now occupied by Cason-Monk
-Hardware store; born 1729, died 1809. Founder of modern Nacogdoches in
-1770; builder of Old Stone Fort. This Spanish frontiersman matched wits
-with Spanish governors in the interest of the early settlers of this
-region.
-
-Sam Houston, site now occupied by the Liberty Hotel. First home owned by
-Sam Houston in Texas. Erected by John Forbes, Commissary General of the
-Army of San Jacinto, in 1836. Purchased by Sam Houston in 1839.
-
-John S. Roberts, on block facing south side of Plaza Principal; born
-1796, died 1871. Came to Texas December, 1826. Participated in Fredonian
-Rebellion, a leader in the Battle of Nacogdoches 1832; delegate to
-Consultation, November 3, 1835; signer of Texas Declaration of
-Independence. Home originally built and occupied as a residence by
-Samuel Davenport during early years of the Nineteenth Century.
-
-
-MOUNT STERLING.—Site of town of Mount Sterling; surveyed off for John
-Durst in 1837. One of important river ports for Nacogdoches for many
-years, at present known as Goodman crossing on the Angelina River. John
-Durst residence overlooked the boat landing and used as a refuge for his
-and his neighbors’ families during the Indian and Mexican troubles. Site
-marked by the State of Texas.
-
-
-NORTH STREET.—Oldest street north of Mexico. Originally a street in the
-Nacogdoches Indian village leading to the road from Nacogdoches to the
-Nassonite village near Cushing. On this street the Mission Guadalupe was
-built in 1716. Travelled by Spanish missionaries, soldiers and settlers,
-French traders and American filibusterers before Anglo-American
-colonists came to make Texas their home. Marked by the State of Texas.
-
-
-NACOGDOCHES COUNTY.—Marker placed by the State of Texas three miles
-north of Nacogdoches on east side of Highway 35.
-
-
-
-
-                  _El Camino Real—The King’s Highway_
-
-
-The old King’s Highway, known to the Spaniards as “El Camino Real,”
-which runs through Nacogdoches, San Augustine and Sabine counties, was
-followed by La Salle and his men in 1685, at which time they spoke of
-this road as being “as well beaten a road as that from Paris to
-Orleans.” This road was followed by St. Dennis in 1714, as he was making
-his way from Natchitoches on Red River to San Juan Bautista on the Rio
-Grande. It was doubtless an Indian trail to the western borders of the
-Tejas Indians, probably about the Trinity river, and from there to San
-Antonio the best route was determined by use. After the Mexican
-Revolution and the coming of the American settlers it was straightened
-into a cart-road or Camino Carretera, and was known as the Old San
-Antonio Road. State Highway 21 now follows approximately the track of
-the old road.
-
-Highway 21 leads east to San Augustine, the sister town to Nacogdoches
-from the earliest days, where are the sites of the old Mission of
-Dolores, the home of General James Pinckney Henderson, Governor O. M.
-Roberts, and many of the prominent men of the Republic of Texas. The
-home of Stephen W. Blount, signer of the Texas Declaration of
-Independence, many of whose descendants live in Nacogdoches and San
-Augustine, was built on the north side of the King’s Highway, and is in
-an excellent state of preservation.
-
-Seven miles west of San Augustine on this highway was the home of Thomas
-S. McFarland, who laid out the town of San Augustine in 1834. The house
-was built about 1830 and was provided with port-holes for shooting
-Indians in case of attack.
-
-Pendleton Ferry was the original ferry on the King’s Highway across the
-Sabine river; now spanned by a splendid interstate bridge. Not far from
-the road is McMahan’s Chapel, the first Methodist Church in Texas, and
-the site of old Sabine-town.
-
-
-
-
-                            _Masonic Lodge_
-
-
-MASONIC LODGE.—Some time in the Spring of 1837, immediately following
-the organization of a permanent government in Nacogdoches county, a
-movement for the organization of a Masonic lodge began which culminated
-in a dispensation from the Grand Lodge of Louisiana for the Milam Lodge
-No. 40, which was dated July 29, 1837.
-
-One of the leaders in the Masonic circles of Nacogdoches was Adolphus
-Sterne, who was a past master of a lodge in New Orleans, and also a 32nd
-degree Scottish Rite Mason, the first Scottish Rite Mason to come to
-Texas. Haden Edwards was also a past master of another lodge. The other
-charter members of Milam Lodge No. 40 were: Isaac W. Burton, John H.
-Hyde, George A. Nixon, John S. Roberts, Charles H. Sims, Frost Thorn,
-Simon Weiss, as Master Masons, and Kelsey H. Douglass and John W. Lowe
-as Estered Apprentice and Fellow Craft respectively.
-
-The first meeting of the Lodge under dispensation was held in the Old
-Stone Fort on August 16, 1837, with the following present: Haden
-Edwards, Master; John H. Hyde, Senior Warden; J. S. Roberts, Junior
-Warden; Chas. H. Sims, Treasurer pro tem; Adolphus Sterne, Secretary pro
-tem; with George A. Nixon, Simon Weiss and J. W. Lowe, members. The
-Charter from the Grand Lodge of Louisiana was granted September 22,
-1837, and was received in the Lodge on its meeting November 20, 1837.
-
-Upon suggestions from Holland Lodge No. 36, Houston, Texas, a committee
-consisting of Adolphus Sterne, I. W. Burton, Thomas J. Rusk, Charles S.
-Taylor and Kelsey Douglass, was appointed to attend a meeting in Houston
-to consider the formation of the Grand Lodge of Texas. Their mission was
-accomplished in the city of Houston on February, 1838, with the
-organization of the Grand Lodge of Texas, and this lodge became Milam
-Lodge No. 2.
-
-After the first meeting, the Lodge began using the upper floor of Simon
-Weiss’ store for its meeting-place, and during its long history, it held
-its meetings in several houses in Nacogdoches, but never succeeded in
-building its own permanent home until the completion of its present
-Temple in May, 1931, on North Fredonia street.
-
-During the administration of Haden Edwards as Worshipful Master of Milam
-Lodge No. 40, one dozen chairs were made for the use of the Lodge, which
-were of hickory, turned on an old-fashioned lathe, with seats of
-rawhide. These chairs served the Lodge long and faithfully, and have
-witnessed the degrees conferred on every Mason made in Milam Lodge for
-110 years. In 1914 a resolution was passed, instructing the worshipful
-master to present to the old past masters then living and to the sons of
-those old pioneers that had passed away, one of these chairs, that they
-might be kept as relics and mementos of the long ago. One of them was
-retained by the Lodge and now occupies a prominent place in the East,
-there to remain for all time to come, never to be used again except it
-be by the President of the United States, the governor of Texas, or the
-Grand Master of the Most Worshipful Grand Lodge of Texas.
-
-Many of the men prominent in the affairs of Texas have been members of
-Milam Lodge No. 2, and the minutes show Sam Houston a visitor on more
-than one occasion.
-
-
-
-
-                _Texas’ Monument to a Great Empresario_
-
-
-    [Illustration: STEPHEN F. AUSTIN STATE TEACHERS COLLEGE
-    Nacogdoches, Texas]
-
-A glimpse of Stephen F. Austin State Teachers College, the Thomas J.
-Rusk building on the right. General Rusk made his home in Nacogdoches
-from his arrival in Texas in 1834 until his death in 1857. He is buried
-in Oak Grove cemetery. The college buildings are located on the Thomas
-J. Rusk homestead.
-
-
-
-
-                 _Old Nacogdoches University Building_
-
-
-    [Illustration: BY VIRGIE SANDERS]
-
-The project of rebuilding the exterior of the historic Nacogdoches
-University, as recently proposed by the Nacogdoches school board, is now
-partially completed.
-
-The sum allocated by the board has been used discreetly and the
-replacement of brick on outside walls, new window frames and panes with
-new lumber added supporting the antiquated structure, guarantees safety
-to the public school children who play on the hallowed ground of the Old
-Nacogdoches University built by subscription with some state aid during
-the days of the Texas Republic.
-
-We feel that now is the time to emulate the spirit of the pioneers. Let
-us be awakened to this opportunity to complete the noble edifice, making
-it available to be used by the citizens as a club center and a museum.
-
-                             Printed in the
-                               office of
-                       THE HERALD PUBLISHING CO.
-                           Nacogdoches, Texas
-
-                            PRICE TEN CENTS
-                                PER COPY
-
-    [Illustration: INDIAN MOUND
-    Located on Mound Street Opposite High School Building]
-
-
-
-
-      *      *      *      *      *      *
-
-
-
-
-Transcriber’s note:
-
-—Silently corrected obvious typographical errors.
-
-
-
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-<h1 class="pg">The Project Gutenberg eBook, Historic Nacogdoches, by Robert Bruce Blake,
-Illustrated by Roy Henderson, Charlotte Baker Montgomery, and George L.
-Crocket</h1>
-<p>This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States
-and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
-restrictions whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
-under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
-eBook or online at <a
-href="http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>.  If you are not
-located in the United States, you'll have to check the laws of the
-country where you are located before using this ebook.</p>
-<p>Title: Historic Nacogdoches</p>
-<p>Author: Robert Bruce Blake</p>
-<p>Release Date: April 23, 2016  [eBook #51839]</p>
-<p>Language: English</p>
-<p>Character set encoding: UTF-8</p>
-<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORIC NACOGDOCHES***</p>
-<p>&nbsp;</p>
-<h3>E-text prepared by Stephen Hutcheson, Dave Morgan,<br />
-    and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br />
-    (http://www.pgdp.net)</h3>
-<p>&nbsp;</p>
-<hr class="full" />
-<p>&nbsp;</p>
-<p>&nbsp;</p>
-<p>&nbsp;</p>
-
-<div id="cover" class="img">
-<img id="coverpage" src="images/cover.jpg" alt="Historic Nacogdoches" width="500" height="734" />
-</div>
-<div class="box">
-<p class="center">Historic Nacogdoches</p>
-<h1>NACOGDOCHES</h1>
-<p class="tbcenter">By R. B. BLAKE
-<br />Illustrations by Roy Henderson, Charlotte Baker Montgomery, and Dr. George L. Crocket.</p>
-</div>
-<blockquote>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_1">1</div>
-<p>This booklet is an enlarged and revised
-reprint of two earlier booklets, one prepared
-by Mr. Blake and the Reverend George L.
-Crocket in 1936 as a part of the Celebration
-of the Texas Centennial. The second booklet
-was published in 1939 by the Nacogdoches
-Historical Society and dedicated to
-the memory of Dr. Crocket, who, among
-the other labors of a singularly useful and
-beneficient life, was an untiring student
-of the history and traditions of East Texas.
-Since he was one of the earliest workers
-in the field, much material which would
-otherwise have been lost was preserved by
-Dr. Crocket&rsquo;s industry and enthusiasm.
-The demand for information concerning Historic
-Nacogdoches has been so great that
-the supply has been exhausted. Many copies
-have been furnished historians, school children,
-historical societies and people generally
-interested in the rich, historical background
-of this area. This third edition was
-financed by the Nacogdoches Chamber of
-Commerce and will be supplied free upon
-request.</p>
-</blockquote>
-<p class="center">Published By
-<br />NACOGDOCHES HISTORICAL SOCIETY
-<br />and the
-<br />NACOGDOCHES CHAMBER OF COMMERCE</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_2">2</div>
-<h2 id="c1"><span class="small"><i>Nacogdoches Speaks</i></span></h2>
-<p class="center">BY KARLE WILSON BAKER
-<br />(By permission of the Southwest Press)</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0">I was The Gateway. Here they came, and passed,</p>
-<p class="t0">The homespun centaurs with their arms of steel</p>
-<p class="t0">And taut heart-strings: wild wills, who thought to deal</p>
-<p class="t0">Bare-handed with jade Fortune, tracked at last</p>
-<p class="t0">Out of her silken lairs into the vast</p>
-<p class="t0">Of a man&rsquo;s world. They passed, but still I feel</p>
-<p class="t0">The dint of hoof, the print of booted heel,</p>
-<p class="t0">Like prick of spurs&mdash;the shadows that they cast.</p>
-<p class="t0">I do not vaunt their valors, or their crimes:</p>
-<p class="t0">I tell my secrets only to some lover,</p>
-<p class="t0">Some taster of spilled wine and scattered musk.</p>
-<p class="t0">But I have not forgotten; and, sometimes,</p>
-<p class="t0">The things that I remember arise, and hover,</p>
-<p class="t0">A sharper perfume in some April dusk.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p00.jpg" alt="Travellers and Inn" width="600" height="244" />
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_3">3</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p00a.jpg" alt="Indian on Horse" width="600" height="491" />
-</div>
-<h2 id="c2"><span class="small"><i>Nacogdoches The Indian Town</i></span></h2>
-<p>For the beginnings of Nacogdoches we must go back to the shadowy
-times when heroic figures march with majestic tread across the stage of
-tradition, obscured by the mists of centuries. Having no written language
-with which to record the glories of their race, the Tejas Indians recounted
-the tales of their beginnings around their home fires, thus passing them
-down from father to son through the long centuries before the coming of
-the Europeans.</p>
-<p>Thus it is recounted that in the days of long ago an old Caddo chief
-lived on the bank of the Sabine, the river of the cypress trees. To him twin
-sons were born: Natchitoches, swarthy of features with straight black
-hair and flashing black eyes; and Nacogdoches, fair of complexion with
-blue eyes and yellow hair. As the old man neared the end of his days, before
-being ushered into the happy hunting-grounds, he called his two sons into
-his presence to receive his final blessings. He commanded that immediately
-following his death, Natchitoches should gather his wife and children
-together, turn his face towards the rising sun, and after three days&rsquo; march
-should build his home and rear his tribe; while Nacogdoches was instructed
-to travel a like distance toward the setting sun, where he should rear his
-children and children&rsquo;s children. Thus the twin tribes of Nacogdoches
-and Natchitoches were founded 100 miles apart, and thus Nacogdoches was
-the father of the Tejas, the white Indians of Eastern Texas.</p>
-<p>The two tribes were a sufficient distance apart to prevent friction
-over their hunting-grounds, and thus through the succeeding centuries they
-were ever on friendly terms, the one with the other. This friendly communication
-and barter between the tribes was such that they beat out a broad
-highway between them and through their confines, which became El Camino
-Real, extending from Natchez, on the Father of Waters, to the Trinity river
-on the west, through Natchitoches, Louisiana, and Nacogdoches, Texas.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_4">4</div>
-<p>During the succeeding centuries the Tejas lived on the Redlands, building
-comfortable homes around the ceremonial mounds which they had
-erected, where they left their wives and children while they pursued the
-bison, the deer and the black bear. Then another figure of heroic mold
-emerges from the mists of the past, when Red Feather rules his people.</p>
-<p>The story of Red Feather is delightfully recounted by Miss Adina de
-Zavala, of San Antonio, Texas, in her &ldquo;Origin of the Red Bird.&rdquo; Red
-Feather taught his people the gentle arts of husbandry&mdash;the cultivation of
-Indian corn, beans, peas, melons and pumpkins; taught the women to make
-preserves of the fruit of the persimmon tree, and to store the fruits of
-the soil and the chase in their homes for winter. Great was the mourning
-when Chief Red Feather died; while his subjects reverently laid his body
-to rest on the chief mound in Nacogdoches, his spirit soared upward on the
-crimson wings of the first red bird, and hovered in the majestic trees above
-the mounds, as if guarding his people from danger.</p>
-<p>Less than fifty years after Columbus sighted America, Hernando De
-Soto, in the winter of 1541-42, penetrated as far west as Nacogdoches,
-where he spent the winter, sending out scouting parties further west in
-search for the seven cities of the Cibolo. He remained in Nacogdoches
-because he found here a well-settled, hospitable Indian town, with an agricultural
-population, having well-built homes, provided with comfortable
-furnishings.</p>
-<p>Nearly eighty years after De Soto&rsquo;s visit, on the borderline between
-tradition and history, came the ministration of Mother Maria de Jesus de
-Agreda, &ldquo;the angel in blue,&rdquo; teaching the Tejas tribes the Christian religion,
-in 1620. So great was the influence of this saintly woman that in 1690 the
-chief of the Tejas told Massanet that they wished to do as she had done,
-and even wanted to be buried in blue garments.</p>
-<p>The first definite description of Nacogdoches and its aboriginal population
-is in the account of LaSalle&rsquo;s visit here in 1685. On this visit
-Robert Sieur de LaSalle became desperately ill and remained in Nacogdoches
-for a month, recuperating from disease. Here the Frenchman received such
-hospitable treatment at the hands of the natives that four of his men deserted
-and remained here when LaSalle started back to Fort St. Louis.</p>
-<p>LaSalle found numerous evidences of prior contact with both French
-and Spanish here. Perhaps the Indian traditions pointed to the presence
-here of DeSoto and Coronado, and the traditional appearances of Mother
-Maria de Agreda, already referred to.</p>
-<p>DeLeon and his followers, in 1691-1692, made the first serious attempts
-to educate the Tejas Indians in European ways by taking several of the
-young members of the tribes back to the College of Zacatecas in Mexico.
-Among these were two children of the chief of the Hainai Indians, living
-near what is now known as the Goodman Crossing on the Angelina river,
-about eighteen miles southwest of Nacogdoches. The young man, who afterwards
-became head chief of the Hasinai Confederation, the Spaniards
-named Bernadino, which name was also given to his father, the chief; the
-young woman they named Angelina, and the river was named for her. She
-<span class="pb" id="Page_5">5</span>
-also acted as interpreter between the Indians and the Spanish explorers,
-including the followers of Captain Ramon in 1716, and those of the Marquis
-de Aguayo in 1721.</p>
-<h3 id="c3">First White Settlement</h3>
-<p>The first permanent European settlement in the town of Nacogdoches
-was made in June, 1716, when Fray Antonio Margil de Jesus founded the
-Mission Nuestra Senora de Guadalupe de Nacogdoches on what is now
-North street, overlooking the valley of the Banito, &ldquo;little bath.&rdquo; The Spaniards
-named the town Nuestra Senora del Pilar de Nacogdoches.</p>
-<p>In the struggle between the French and Spanish for mastery of Eastern
-Texas (called the Province of the New Philippines), the Mission Guadalupe
-had an eventful history. Deserted at times but never permanently abandoned,
-it finally decayed and its very site was utterly forgotten, though
-the information concerning its location has been preserved in the ancient
-Spanish parchments of our Nacogdoches archives.</p>
-<p>When the Spanish settlers began making their homes in the old
-Indian town, they found several mounds within the limits of the town, relics
-of the centuries of Indian occupation before the coming of the white man.
-Three of the larger of these mounds were located on what became the
-Nacogdoches University campus, now the high school campus. The importance
-of these mounds was not recognized by those who founded the
-university, and they were razed in an effort to level the ground of the
-campus. Only one now remains, on Mound street, so named because of
-these monuments to the antiquity of the town. A large oak tree, whose
-age has been estimated at about two hundred years, grows from the summit
-of this remaining mound.</p>
-<h3 id="c4">Nacogdoches&mdash;The Spanish Town</h3>
-<p>With the French cession of Louisiana to Spain in 1764, the necessity for
-the Spanish garrison in Nacogdoches ceased; and the town was abandoned
-as a military post in 1773, to be refounded by Captain Antonio Gil Ybarbo
-and his compatriots in 1779.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig1">
-<img src="images/p01.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="357" />
-<p class="pcap">The Red House
-<br />
-Built in 1827 for accommodation of Mexican officials. See <a href="#Page_23">page 23</a>.</p>
-</div>
-<p>The city of Nacogdoches, as a civic corporation, dates from that year,
-in which that sturdy old Spaniard, Ybarbo, conducted his harassed and
-bewildered followers from their experimental settlement of Bucareli on
-<span class="pb" id="Page_6">6</span>
-the Trinity river, to the old Mission of Guadalupe. The eastern boundary
-of Texas was at that time a shadowy, uncertain quantity, somewhere between
-the Sabine and Red rivers. Louisiana belonged to Spain, and the
-government was but little concerned to mark out definitely the exact
-limitation between its provinces.</p>
-<p>Gil Ybarbo recognized the necessity of a commissary for the storing
-of military and commercial supplies, and after applying to the authorities
-in Mexico for such a building, and growing weary of the endless delays and
-red tape, that industrious old Spaniard erected on his own account what
-he and his followers called &ldquo;The Stone House,&rdquo; now generally referred to
-as &ldquo;The Old Stone Fort.&rdquo; It was not erected primarily as a fort, but as a
-house of commerce; and that has been its main use throughout its varied
-history. But the construction of its walls&mdash;almost a yard in thickness&mdash;made
-it practically impregnable to the ordinary means of offense; so that
-it naturally became a place of refuge and haven of safety in the successive
-perils that visited the old border-town.</p>
-<p>Gil Ybarbo, ruling his people as a benevolent despot, was officially
-known as Lieutenant Governor of the Eastern Province of the New Philippines
-and Military Comandante of the Post of Our Mother of the Pilar of
-Nacogdoches. He promulgated the first Book of Ordinances for the government
-of the city in 1780, the original of which is now in the Nacogdoches
-Archives in the Capitol at Austin.</p>
-<p>The new city grew apace, and by the beginning of the Nineteenth
-Century embraced a population of several hundred souls. In 1792 General
-Don Ramon de Castro sent Don Juan Antonio Cortez, captain of cavalry at
-LaBahia, to Nacogdoches for the purpose of conducting an investigation
-of the irregularities of verbal land grants made by Ybarbo, as well as of his
-illegal traffic with the French and Indians. The result of the investigation
-was the removal of Ybarbo from his office; he was sent to Bexar while the
-investigation proceeded. Don Carlos de Zepeda succeeded Ybarbo as Lieutenant
-Governor, and in turn was followed by a succession of officials who
-had charge of the public business of the town, and superintended legal
-and commercial affairs, in addition to leading what military expeditions
-were needed in their infrequent exigencies. Nacogdoches was at that time
-the second largest town in Texas.</p>
-<h3 id="c5">Philip Nolan</h3>
-<p>In 1800 Nacogdoches was a loyal Spanish town, as was shown by the
-part it took in the suppression of Philip Nolan&rsquo;s expedition. Nolan had
-been reared by General James Wilkinson, commander of the United
-States forces at Natchez, Mississippi. In furtherance of the schemes of
-Wilkinson and Aaron Burr (then Vice President of the United States),
-Nolan invaded Texas with a small band of adventurers, on the pretext of
-horse-trading. The population of the town were largely behind Lieutenant
-M. Musquiz and his Garrison, when they were ordered to pursue and arrest
-the little band. Musquiz and his men were accompanied by William Barr,
-of the trading firm of Barr and Davenport, who acted as interpreter between
-the Spanish and Americans. Lieutenant Bernardo D&rsquo;Ortolan, a
-Frenchman by birth, was left in charge of the garrison here while Musquiz
-<span class="pb" id="Page_7">7</span>
-was on his expedition; during this time he conveyed titles to land to such
-settlers as applied for them.</p>
-<p>Nolan was overtaken on the banks of the Blanco river, at the block
-house he had built, and in the ensuing engagement he was killed and the
-remainder of the expedition were captured and brought back to Nacogdoches.
-They were placed in the Old Stone Fort, from whence they were
-taken prisoners to Mexico; the sole survivor of the band, so far as history
-records, was Peter Ellis Bean, one of the most colorful and resourceful
-men Texas has seen.</p>
-<p>Correspondence found in the possession of Nolan enabled Musquiz to
-discover various ramifications of the plot of Nolan, Burr and Wilkinson
-among the inhabitants in Nacogdoches. One of the local leaders was a
-Spanish woman, Gertrudis Leal, and her husband, Antonio Leal, who were
-tried for treason by Musquiz. The priest in charge of Mission Guadalupe,
-Padre Bernadino Vallejo, was also one of the conspirators, but the robes of
-St. Francis saved him from punishment for his part in the plot. Samuel
-Davenport was also found to be in some manner connected with the affair,
-but he was shrewd enough to escape being tried, as was also a man by the
-name of Cook, who then lived at Nacogdoches.</p>
-<p>In the beginning of the new century the purchase of Louisiana by the
-United States from the French, in consequence of the Napoleonic upheaval
-in Europe, brought about a great change in the political and military affairs
-of Nacogdoches. There was great jealousy between the two countries, and a
-territorial dispute to be settled before the old status of somnolent peace
-could prevail. The Americans built Fort Jesup, west of Red River, near
-Natchitoches, and in 1806, Governor Cordero, with 1500 Spanish troops,
-advanced to Nacogdoches to meet the American threat across the Sabine.
-As a result of the negotiations of Governor Cordero and General Wilkinson,
-there was formed The Neutral Ground, a strip of territory lying between
-the Sabine and the Rio Hondo, over which neither government exercised
-dominion, and which consequently became the rendezvous of the lawless,
-until the settlement of the present boundary between Texas and Louisiana.</p>
-<h3 id="c6">The Mexican Revolution Against Spain</h3>
-<p>The next band of adventurers found Nacogdoches in a very different
-temper. In 1810 the Mexicans rebelled against the government of Spain,
-and Nacogdoches lost no time in assisting in the formation of the Magee-Gutierrez
-expedition, under the leadership of Lieut. Augustus Magee, who
-resigned his position in the United States garrison at Fort Jesup to take
-command of the American and Mexican forces in their effort to throw
-off the yoke of Spain.</p>
-<p>It is said that every able-bodied man east of the Trinity river joined
-in this expedition. For a time it prospered, and by 1813 had successfully
-driven the Spanish military forces from Eastern Texas and pursued them
-to San Antonio, where Governor Manuel Salcedo and most of the high
-Spanish officials there were butchered.</p>
-<p>One of the interesting incidents of this expedition, to the whole province
-as well as to Nacogdoches, was the publication of two newspapers
-here, the first ventures of their kind in Texas; the first of these, &ldquo;The
-<span class="pb" id="Page_8">8</span>
-Gazette,&rdquo; appeared in May, 1813, while the second, &ldquo;El Mejicano,&rdquo; was
-published the following month.</p>
-<p>Vengeance of Spain was swift, and the Spanish army sent into Texas
-swept the inhabitants of Nacogdoches beyond the Sabine and into American
-territory, where they remained until 1818-20. Erasmo Seguin was sent by
-the new government of Mexico in 1821 to Nacogdoches to invite the old
-settlers back to their former homes, as well as to welcome Stephen F. Austin
-to Texas.</p>
-<h3 id="c7">Dr. James Long&mdash;1819</h3>
-<p>The settlement of the boundary dispute between the United States and
-Texas on February 22, 1819, by fixing the Sabine river as the boundary,
-met with strong opposition in Arkansas, Louisiana and Mississippi, as well
-as Eastern Texas. The American settlers had contended for the Neches
-river as the true boundary, and Dr. James Long, who had married the
-daughter of a wealthy planter at Natchez, Mississippi, lost no time in exploiting
-his scheme of forming the Republic of Texas. Leaving Natchez June
-17, 1819, with 75 men, he reached Nacogdoches with approximately
-300, including Samuel Davenport, Bernado Guitierrez de Lara, and many
-others who had fled in 1813.</p>
-<p>Upon reaching Nacogdoches, Long&rsquo;s forces occupied the Old Stone
-Fort, organized a provisional government, and issued a proclamation declaring
-Texas a free and independent republic, and another newspaper&mdash;the
-third in Nacogdoches as well as in Texas&mdash;was published by Horatio Bigelow.
-It was called &ldquo;The Mexican Advocate.&rdquo;</p>
-<p>It is very probable that Dr. Long&rsquo;s expedition would have been completely
-successful if it had been organized a year later, after the revolutionary
-movement had begun in Spain but in 1819 the royalists were in control
-in Mexico; and that fact, together with Long&rsquo;s division of his forces
-after leaving Nacogdoches for the West, so weakened his fighting units as
-to cause them to fall an easy prey to the successive onslaughts of the
-Spanish Army sent against him under Colonel Perez.</p>
-<p>With the capture of his block houses and forts on the Brazos, Trinity
-and Red rivers, Mrs. Jane Long, who had been left at Nacogdoches, fled
-across the Sabine, and her husband soon followed, thus ending his first
-attempt at freeing Texas, in October, 1819.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig2">
-<img src="images/p02.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="370" />
-<p class="pcap">Frost Thorne Home&mdash;Hart Hotel
-<br />Residence of Texas&rsquo; first millionaire. Built 1825. See <a href="#Page_12">page 12</a>.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_9">9</div>
-<h3 id="c8">Nacogdoches&mdash;The Mexican Town</h3>
-<p>Under the leadership of Alcalde James Dill Nacogdoches soon regained
-its former prestige as the largest town in East Texas, and settlers from the
-United States began coming in increasing numbers under the beneficient
-colonization laws of the new government in Mexico; but things were much
-changed. In 1825 Haden and Benjamin Edwards secured their ill-fated contract
-as empresarios. When Edwards began to plant his colonists, sometimes
-on land which had once belonged to the Mexican inhabitants and had
-been abandoned temporarily in the flight of 1813, the friction between the
-Americans and Mexicans increased. On the northwest of them also had settled
-a tribe of Cherokee Indians, who claimed the right to occupy a vast
-territory which had formerly been the habitation of the friendly Tejas
-Indians.</p>
-<p>This triangular situation bred distrust and antagonism that at last
-broke out into open warfare, and threw the country into the wildest disorder,
-in what is known as the Fredonian War in 1826. The coup of Edwards
-was at first successful, and he and his followers were able to seize
-the &ldquo;Stone House&rdquo; and fortify it; but the citizenship of Nacogdoches and
-the surrounding country was not behind the movement, and it was doomed
-to failure from its inception.</p>
-<p>The Fredonian rebellion resulted in many of the prominent citizens of
-the town being expelled in 1827&mdash;among whom were John S. Roberts,
-Haden and Benjamin Edwards, Adolphus Sterne and Martin Parmer. The
-Mexican general, Ahumada, who occupied Nacogdoches upon this occasion,
-was a genuine diplomat, and with the assistance and advice of Stephen F.
-Austin, who came to Nacogdoches with Ahumada, soon had the old town
-peaceful again. However, the man whom Ahumada selected as comandante
-here proved to be an unfortunate choice, and Colonel Jose de las Piedras
-soon aroused the hostility of the American settlers with his high-handed,
-arbitrary methods, as was the case with Col. Bradburn at Anahuac.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig3">
-<img src="images/p02a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="417" />
-<p class="pcap">Adolphus Sterne Home
-<br />Where Sam Houston was baptized. Standing at corner Lanana and Pilar street. See <a href="#Page_22">page 22</a>.</p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c9">The Battle of Nacogdoches</h3>
-<p>For the real cause of the Battle of Nacogdoches, we must go back to
-<span class="pb" id="Page_10">10</span>
-Bustamente&rsquo;s Law of April 6, 1830, forbidding further immigration from
-the United States, while permitting Europeans to come in unimpeded. Juan
-Antonio Padilla had been appointed as commissioner general for granting
-land titles in East Texas, assuming his duties on January 1, 1830. Upon
-the passage of the law of April 6th, Padilla was unwilling to enforce its
-provisions, and in the latter part of April he was ordered by Don Ramon
-Musquiz, political chief in Bexar, to be imprisoned and suspended on a
-trumped-up-charge of murder.</p>
-<p>An outbreak was prevented in Nacogdoches only by prompt action on
-the part of Col. Piedras, while the people of Ayish Bayou and the Palo
-Gacho met and passed resolutions of an inflammatory nature. Stephen F.
-Austin refused to cooperate in this opposition and thus for a time the
-trouble was delayed.</p>
-<p>The military force in Nacogdoches was doubled during 1830, and passports
-of all immigrants going through Nacogdoches for Austin&rsquo;s colony,
-which was exempted by Bustamente&rsquo;s Decree, were required to be signed
-by Austin in person.</p>
-<p>Under the dictatorship of Bustamente the military comandantes continually
-encroached upon the power of the civil authorities, and finally, in
-June, 1832, the settlers at Anahuac rebelled and ousted Bradburn, Piedras
-arriving too late with troops from Nacogdoches and Fort Teran. Becoming
-alarmed at the rising tide of opposition, Col. Piedras, upon his return, ordered
-the people of Nacogdoches to surrender all their arms. This order
-was followed immediately by an appeal from the ayuntamiento in Nacogdoches,
-issued July 28, 1832, to the neighboring communities to present an
-united front against this action; copies of this resolution were sent to
-Ayish Bayou, the Palo Gacho, Tenaha and San Felipe de Austin and met
-immediate response from all except San Felipe. Two companies came from
-the Ayish Bayou settlement, commanded by Capts. Samuel Davis and
-Bailey Anderson, one from Sabine and one from Shelby and Capt. James
-Bradshaw&rsquo;s company from the Neches settlement; while the people of
-Nacogdoches were led by Alcalde Encarnacion Chirino. On the morning of
-August 2, 1832, these forces met in the eastern outskirts of Nacogdoches
-and elected Colonel James W. Bullock as commander-in-chief of approximately
-500 men.</p>
-<p>Colonel Piedras commanded approximately the same number of Mexican
-soldiers, and proceeded to fortify the Stone House, the old Catholic
-church and the Red House. An Ultimatum from the settlers for Piedras to
-declare in favor of Santa Anna and the Constitution of 1824, or surrender
-at discretion to an officer to be selected by Colonel Bullock, brought forth
-the answer that none of the demands would be complied with, and that
-he was prepared to fight.</p>
-<p>Colonel Piedras advanced to meet the Americans and the fighting
-commenced in the eastern part of town about eleven o&rsquo;clock. By noon the
-Mexicans had retreated to the business part of town, around the Stone
-House. Alexander Horton, a member of the American forces, says: &ldquo;We
-were armed with shotguns and various other guns such as citizens used
-for hunting purposes, while the Mexicans were armed with splendid English
-muskets; so we turned north and marched down North street. As we began
-<span class="pb" id="Page_11">11</span>
-our march we heard a French horn. When we had gotten about opposite the
-Stone House the Mexican cavalry made a furious charge upon us, pouring
-upon us a heavy fire of small arms; they advanced to within a few steps
-of our lines, but were forced back with considerable loss.&rdquo; This cavalry
-charge met the American force near the Catholic church, which had been
-used by Piedras as quarters for his soldiers.</p>
-<p>The Mexicans about mid-afternoon were driven out of the Stone
-House, and the main body of their army was concentrated in the cuartel or
-Old Red House, the older part of which was built of adobe, and almost as
-strong as stone; it also had the advantage of several dormer windows on the
-second floor, from which sharpshooters could better defend the building.
-The fighting continued with unabated fury until night separated the combatants.
-Colonel Piedras evacuated Nacogdoches during the night of the 2nd,
-under the protecting cloak of a heavy fog, retreating westward toward the
-Angelina river.</p>
-<p>The next morning James Carter, with seventeen volunteers, set out in
-pursuit of the Mexican army, overtaking them at Durst lake, and after a
-skirmish at that point, Carter and his men went further south, crossing the
-Angelina at the Goodman Crossing, and marched northward to the West
-side of Durst&rsquo;s Ferry to oppose the crossing of the Mexican troops. Here
-Piedras lost many of his men in an unsuccessful attempt to cross the
-river. It was from this event that the name Buckshot Crossing was given
-to this place.</p>
-<p>During the following morning Colonel Piedras surrendered the command
-to Captain Francisco Medina, who in turn declared for Santa Anna
-and surrendered to James Carter the entire Mexican force of some four
-hundred men.</p>
-<p>Col. James Bowie, who reached Nacogdoches a few days after the
-battle, agreed to convey the Mexican troops to San Antonio, and in his
-report stated that there were 33 Mexicans killed and 17 or 18 wounded;
-the Americans losing three men killed and seven wounded.</p>
-<p>The Battle of Nacogdoches was the opening gun in the Texas Revolution,
-and resulted in the expulsion of all Mexican troops from the territory
-east of San Antonio, giving the Texans an opportunity to hold their
-Convention without military interference of the enemy.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig4">
-<img src="images/p03.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="360" />
-<p class="pcap">Peter Ellis Bean Home
-<br />Built 1829. Standing 4&frac12; miles east of Nacogdoches near Old King&rsquo;s Highway. See <a href="#Page_21">page 21</a>.</p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c10">Growth of American Influence</h3>
-<p>Nacogdoches now became more and more American in its character. In
-<span class="pb" id="Page_12">12</span>
-1834 the neighboring municipality of San Augustine was organized, and the
-two sister towns grew in numbers and influence. Nacogdoches was the
-capital of the department of the same name, and held jurisdiction over all
-the region east of Trinity River. The alcaldes who presided over the civil
-affairs of the municipality from the first reorganization in 1820 had usually
-been chosen from among the Mexican people living there, but after the
-expulsion of the Mexican troops in 1832 Americans were selected to fill that
-office, and the town gradually assumed a character more American than
-Mexican. American customs prevailed over those of former times, and the
-business fell into the hands of enterprising merchants and tradesmen from
-the States. The Indians to the northeast were impressed by the power and
-vigor of the new people and left them unmolested, although they also had increased
-until they greatly outnumbered the whites.</p>
-<p>Business was thriving, the population was increasing, and new settlers
-were coming into the town, or taking up land in the country. Commerce was
-greatly aided by the communication with the other colonies in the interior,
-and an era of prosperity seemed to have dawned. But in the midst of all
-came more political troubles in the republic of Mexico. Santa Anna, by a
-rapid series of measures, overturned the constitution of 1824, under which
-the settlement of the province by Americans had begun. The guarantees of
-liberty seemed to be disappearing. In Austin&rsquo;s colony there arose a &ldquo;war
-party,&rdquo; which advocated resistance to these measures by force of arms.
-Trouble began to arise at Galveston and at Anahuac. Still Nacogdoches
-remained peaceful, hoping even against hope that all would yet be well.</p>
-<h3 id="c11">War Clouds</h3>
-<p>At length, however, the ambition of the Mexican dictator began to unfold
-itself, and his designs against the lovers of freedom in Texas became
-manifest. Even yet the mind of the people refused to move towards complete
-independence. Delegates from the war party at San Felipe visited the town,
-and by their persuasion at length convinced the people that it was in vain
-to lie still any longer. Then East Texas was ready to act, and from Nacogdoches
-and San Augustine armed soldiers set forth on the long march
-across the State to the threatened region around San Antonio.</p>
-<p>With the coming of Sam Houston to Nacogdoches in 1833, followed by
-such men as General Thomas J. Rusk in 1835; with the backing of Colonel
-Frost Thorne, Haden Edwards, Adolphus Sterne, Charles S. Taylor, John
-S. Roberts, William G. Logan, Henry Raguet, Dr. James H. Starr, John
-Forbes, Kelsey H. Douglass, Wm. B. Ochiltree and a host of others, Nacogdoches
-practically financed the Texas Revolution, feeding and arming the
-men pouring in from the United States to the defence of the new Republic.</p>
-<h3 id="c12">Run-Away Scrape</h3>
-<p>The tide of war never really rolled near to East Texas. For a time
-General Sam Houston was accused of intending to flee through Nacogdoches
-to the Sabine, where an American army was supposed to be expecting him,
-but he had other designs, which were consummated on the field of San
-Jacinto, and the danger was dispelled. East Texas, however, did suffer the
-throes of a paroxysm of panic. It was known that Mexican agents were
-<span class="pb" id="Page_13">13</span>
-dispersed among the Cherokee and other Indians north of the settlements.
-Reports, highly colored no doubt, were disseminated that these Indians were
-about to move in an overwhelming body on the unprotected settlements,
-whose men were in the field against the Mexican army, and wipe out town
-and countryside alike. Fugitives from the devastated West, passing through,
-helped to spread the terror, and so it happened that the &ldquo;Run-Away
-Scrape&rdquo; came to include both Nacogdoches and San Augustine in the frantic
-flight to safety beyond the Sabine.</p>
-<h3 id="c13">The Republic</h3>
-<p>The news of victory soon restored the minds of the people to sanity,
-and they entered with alacrity into the work of establishing the new government
-of the Republic. After the disorganization of the West and South,
-which were devastated by the advance of the enemy. East Texas remained
-in a position of leadership, and furnished perhaps more than its share of
-the prominent officials of the Republic. The towns, including Nacogdoches,
-were alive with the discussions of governmental problems, and the advocacy
-of the names of the foremost citizens for high offices. After the repression
-of Mexican domination, politics arose to unprecedented heights, and everybody
-was affected by political fervor. Among the first officials of the new-formed
-Republic, Nacogdoches furnished Sam Houston for President, General
-Thomas J. Rusk as Secretary of War; Colonel John Forbes as Commissary
-General of the Army.</p>
-<p>Following the formation of the new government, the business men of
-Nacogdoches entered upon a period of expansion, resulting in the laying out
-of numerous new towns in the then Nacogdoches county, extending almost
-to the Gulf of Mexico on the south and including Dallas on the north. Among
-the towns thus formed following the Revolution may be mentioned Pattonia
-south of Nacogdoches on the Angelina river, and a little further south the
-town of Travis on the same river, Mount Sterling at the home of John Durst
-on the Angelina river west of Nacogdoches, and a few miles further up the
-river where the present highway crosses, the town of Angelina where
-James Durst and his father, Joe Durst, lived. The original town of Rusk
-was south of Nacogdoches where the road to Fort Teran crossed the Angelina
-river on the Pierre Roblo grant. Thornville, near the present village
-of Mahl; Liberty, a few miles northwest of Douglass; Jackson, built on an
-island on the Attoyac not far from where Chireno was later founded.
-Haden Edwards founded two towns north of Nacogdoches on the Sabine
-river, near the present town of Longview, one of which was named Fredonia,
-in memory of his ill-fated revolution, and the other he called Cotton-Plant.
-In addition to these ghost towns of long ago, we may mention such
-towns as Attoyac, Melrose, Chireno and Douglass, each of which was regularly
-laid out in lots and blocks, in anticipation of the boom to come.</p>
-<h3 id="c14">The Cordova Rebellion</h3>
-<p>But the war was not over yet. The Mexican army had been defeated
-and expelled, but there were enemies at home. The town of Nacogdoches
-was aroused to feverish excitement when the preacher and congregation
-of a country meeting came in one night with the news that the Mexican
-population of the country had risen in arms under the leadership of a former
-<span class="pb" id="Page_14">14</span>
-alcalde, Vicente Cordova, and were on the warpath against the American
-citizens. General Rusk at once called for volunteers, and scouts were
-sent everywhere to discover the whereabouts of the insurgents. All the next
-day their efforts were in vain, but at length John Durst and a party of
-scouts under him, came in with the report that they were encamped across
-the Angelina river in what is now Cherokee county, where they were doubtless
-waiting to join those Indians to make war against the American settlers.
-Rusk appealed to the people of San Augustine and Sabine counties,
-and within forty-eight hours they began to arrive, armed and equipped
-for a campaign. After some delay, caused by contradictory orders from
-President Houston, Rusk marched into the Indian country, where he found
-that the rebels had gone to other tribes, and were beyond his reach. He
-marched to the Cherokee and Shawnee villages and so impressed them with
-the readiness with which he had assembled so considerable a body of soldiers
-that they readily premised peace and disavowed any connection with the
-Mexican insurgents.</p>
-<h3 id="c15">Commercial Expansion</h3>
-<p>In the meantime the town began to grow. It was the home of many
-of the prominent leaders of Texas during the time of the republic, whose
-influence was felt in the public affairs of the country. General Thomas
-J. Rusk was a citizen of Nacogdoches until his death. Sam Houston frequently
-was a resident until his removal to Huntsville. Charles S. Taylor
-was very prominent in public affairs. William B. Ochiltree lived here for a
-time. Thomas J. Jennings, the elder, lived here until his removal to Marshall,
-as did Dr. James H. Starr. James Reily, who was minister to the
-United States, had his home here. These are some of the men more prominent
-in public life; among private citizens there were also many whose
-names were well known throughout the land. Adolphus Sterne, Archibald
-Hotchkiss, Henry Raguet and others might be mentioned. Of the county
-officers Oscar L. Holmes, Richard Parmalee, Murray Orton, William Hart
-and others were prominent. Colonel Haden Edwards, who returned to Nacogdoches
-after the bitterness of the Fredonian rebellion had subsided, was
-here until his death, and his family continued to live here for many years
-afterwards.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig5">
-<img src="images/p04.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="408" />
-<p class="pcap">S. M. Orton Home
-<br />Built in 1840.
-<br />Has &ldquo;Strong Room&rdquo; built for temporary detention of prisoners by Sheriff Orton.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_15">15</div>
-<p>The invaluable services of Nacogdoches and its people in opening up the
-great northern regions of Texas, after the expulsion of the Indians, had the
-result, unfortunate for it but inevitable, of diminishing the population and
-importance of the town. New centers of agriculture and trade sprang up
-and became towns which attracted more and more people to themselves, and
-new opportunities presented themselves for business enterprise. It was
-easier to fence in the prairies than to clear the forest lands of East Texas.
-Many of the citizens of Nacogdoches, including some of the more prominent
-persons, removed to other places.</p>
-<p>After the annexation of Texas to the United States, Nacogdoches
-gradually settled down to the station of one of the many flourishing towns
-of the State, and lost the preeminence in political and social matters which
-had been its lots from the beginning of its history. With San Augustine it
-still continued to be the center of this section of the State, and the two
-towns cooperated harmoniously in the development of the surrounding
-regions.</p>
-<p>Nacogdoches has always been an important social center. Even under
-Spanish rule it was noted for the culture of its inhabitants, and during
-the residence of the Governor of the State at this place in the unsettled
-period after the Louisiana purchase, there was a social life here that was
-not unworthy of a larger city. During the third and fourth decade of the
-Nineteenth Century social amenities prevailed even through the confusion
-of changing political scenes of that time. The Mexican officers at that
-time were, as a rule, gentlemen, and the American immigrants included
-many persons of high culture and attainments. After the revolution the
-social standing of the place grew even stronger. It was not merely in entertainments
-and enjoyments that Nacogdoches and San Augustine set the
-pace in East Texas; they became centers of learning as well. Schools flourished,
-and a refined taste in literary and scholastic affairs exhibited higher
-ideals of mental achievements. The University of Nacogdoches was established
-in 1845, and attracted many persons who were desirous of scholastic
-training.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig6">
-<img src="images/p04a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="417" />
-<p class="pcap">Old North Church
-<br />Founded 1838.
-<br />Standing four miles north Nacogdoches. See <a href="#Page_22">page 22</a>.</p>
-</div>
-<p>When the shadow of war fell over the country in 1861, Nacogdoches at
-<span class="pb" id="Page_16">16</span>
-once took her place among those who were ready to offer their belongings
-and their lives upon the altar of their country. Her soldiers went to the
-front and did gallant service for the cause of the Confederacy. At home,
-the women and other non-combatants worked and prayed for the success
-and safety of their loved ones far away on the battlefield. But war brought
-ruin to the town; the schools were overwhelmed in the general desolation.
-Business enterprise was at an end, and the great stores gave place to little
-shops, which barely supplied the necessities of life. The soldiers came home
-and went back to their farms, but the old plantations had disappeared and
-the fields barely produced a living for their owners and workers. The town
-itself was reduced to the proportions of an insignificant village. The people
-bravely kept up the traditions of a more affluent existence, but it was a
-mournful struggle against untoward conditions.</p>
-<p>These conditions prevailed for twenty years, but at length a harbinger
-of better times appeared in the shape of a railroad, the Houston East and
-West Texas, connecting Houston and Shreveport. It was a narrow-gauge
-road, burning wood for fuel and creeping along at an extremely low rate
-of speed, but it was the first road to pass through East Texas, where formerly
-the wagon and the two-horse hack formed the sole means of transportation.
-It brought new business, new people and new ambitions to the
-place which soon began to be built up in brick in place of the old wooden
-houses of the earlier years. Soon cotton wagons assembled, bearing bales
-of wealth, and in the autumn season the streets were filled with people
-from surrounding counties selling their crops and buying supplies.</p>
-<p>There was no boom. The town grew gradually and slowly. Greater
-business enterprises were undertaken and accomplished and various kinds
-of improvements were effected in the way of conveniences of living. For
-many years the village spirit remained among the people. Everybody knew
-everybody else, and each was interested in the welfare of all. New churches
-were erected and a new court house and also, sad to relate, a new jail. A
-large lumber mill was erected on the east side of town which added to the
-prosperity of the place.</p>
-<p>Finally, after the World War, when a number of new teachers colleges
-were authorized by the Legislature, the enterprising spirit of the citizens
-secured the location of that one named for Stephen F. Austin in Nacogdoches,
-and the promise of cultured prosperity evinced in the days of the
-Republic, but sadly interrupted by war, was at length realized. Nacogdoches
-had now become one of the fairest of the little cities of Texas and bids
-a hearty welcome to all comers within her borders.</p>
-<p>And so we close the story of Nacogdoches under nine flags: The
-Lilies of France with LaSalle in 1685; the Flag of Castile and Aragon of
-Spain in 1716; the green flag of the Magee-Guitierrez Expedition in 1813;
-Long&rsquo;s flag of the First Republic of Texas in 1819; the white and red flag
-of the Republic of Fredonia in 1826; the flag of the Mexican Republic&mdash;1821-1836;
-the Lone Star Flag of the Republic of Texas; the Stars and Bars
-of the Southern Confederacy&mdash;1861-1865; and finally the Stars and Stripes
-forever.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_17">17</div>
-<h2 id="c16"><span class="small"><i>Historical Sites in Nacogdoches County</i></span></h2>
-<div class="img" id="fig7">
-<img src="images/p05.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="512" />
-<p class="pcap">THE OLD STONE FORT
-<br />The above drawing was made from the earliest photograph of the Old Stone Fort. The
-original picture has been re-photographed and the reproduction forms a treasured scene in
-many homes of the city.</p>
-</div>
-<p>For one hundred fifty years tradition has thrown a veil of romance
-around the old building that formerly stood at the corner of Main and Fredonia
-streets, facing the northeast corner of the Plaza Principal in Nacogdoches,
-where the two main branches of El Camino Real merged.</p>
-<p>Even as early as Revolutionary days it was regarded by many as being
-one of the old mission buildings, and later years this belief was strengthened
-when a wandering sign painter, with the permission of John S.
-Roberts, painted a sign for the front of his saloon in the old structure:
-&ldquo;The Old Stone Fort, erected in 1719&rdquo;.</p>
-<p>The Stone House, as it was called in the early records, has a history
-more intriguing, more romantic, than any other building in the state of
-Texas, not even excluding the Alamo. Over its walls all but one of the
-nine flags of Nacogdoches have flown.</p>
-<p>Built as a private enterprise by Antonio Gil Ybarbo in 1779, as a trading
-post, it soon became the most important building in the New Philippines.
-In 1801 Lieut. Musquiz brought Peter Ellis Bean and the remainder
-<span class="pb" id="Page_18">18</span>
-of Philip Nolan&rsquo;s expedition and placed them in the Old Stone Fort, where
-they remained for thirty days.</p>
-<p>Cordero, governor of the Province of Texas, together with General
-Herrera and 1300 Spanish troops, had his headquarters in the stone house
-when the treaty creating the &ldquo;Neutral Ground&rdquo; was agreed upon on November
-6, 1806. For three months it was the seat of government of the
-Eastern Provinces of Spain, when Governor Manuel de Salcedo was here
-in the summer of 1810.</p>
-<p>Magee and Gutierrez proclaimed their republican government from
-the old building in 1813; as did Dr. James Long on August 14, 1819.
-Again it became the capitol of the Fredonian Government, and on December
-23, 1826, the Fredonian flag was raised over its walls.</p>
-<p>Following the collapse of the Fredonian republic, the old building was
-occupied as a home by John Durst, and the happy laughter of little children
-resounded within its walls. Louis O. and Miss Benigna Durst were
-born in the old house, inherited by Durst from his foster-father Samuel
-Davenport, who purchased the property in 1806.</p>
-<p>In 1831 John Durst moved to his new home on the Angelina river and
-the Old Stone Fort was sold to Juan Mora, the district judge, and Vicente
-Cordova, district attorney under the Mexican regime, in 1834. The official
-records were again placed in the old building, where they remained
-until a courthouse was built in 1840.</p>
-<p>Within its walls the oath of allegiance was administered by the
-Mexican authorities to such celebrities as James Bowie, Thomas J. Rusk,
-Sam Houston and David Crockett. Around its walls the forces of Bustamente
-and Santa Anna vied for supremacy on August 2, 1832, at the
-Battle of Nacogdoches. Then in the spring of 1836, the stone walls of the
-old building seemed a bulwark of safety to the few brave souls who refused
-to flee from threatened Indian massacre in the Runaway Scrape.</p>
-<p>On March 17, 1837, the first regular term of district court under the
-republic assembled in the Old Stone Fort, followed by a special term in
-August of the same year, presided over by &ldquo;Three-legged&rdquo; Willie, with a
-pistol as his gavel, at which time General Thomas J. Rusk delivered one
-of his famous orations, which has been preserved to us in our court
-records.</p>
-<p>Even the transfer of title to the old house from Vicente Cordova
-brings an element of tragedy and in some respects even comedy. Cordova
-was the leader in the so-called Cordova Rebellion in 1838, in which
-Zechariah Fenley was murdered and one of his slaves taken away. Following
-this, in 1840, Rebecca Fenley filed suit for damages against
-Cordova, not for the death of her husband, but for the loss of her slave.
-Cordova was a fugitive and a judgment against him for $1500 resulted in
-a sale of his half-interest in the Old Stone Fort under execution, being
-purchased by Rebecca Fenley, who was a daughter of Mrs. John S.
-Roberts.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_19">19</div>
-<p>The Old Stone Fort remained in the Roberts family until it was
-purchased by Perkins Brothers in 1901; after which it was torn down, the
-material given to the Cum Concilio Club of Nacogdoches, who used the
-stones in the erection of the Stone Fort Memorial in 1907 at the northwest
-corner of Washington Square, where it remained as a museum until 1936,
-when the State of Texas again used the material from the Old Stone
-Fort in the erection of the present Replica of the Old Stone Fort on the
-beautiful campus of Stephen F. Austin State Teachers College at the
-intersection of Griffith and Clark Boulevards.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig8">
-<img src="images/p06.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="462" />
-<p class="pcap">REPLICA OF THE OLD STONE FORT
-<br />Replica of the Old Stone Fort, erected by the State of Texas as a part of its Centennial
-program, 1936. It stands on the campus of the Stephen F. Austin State Teachers College and
-is maintained by the State as a museum.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_20">20</div>
-<p class="tb">THE MISSIONS AND PRESIDIO.&mdash;During the summer of 1716, under
-the direction of Captain Don Domingo Ramon, three missions and a presidio
-were erected in the present Nacogdoches county. The Presidio Nuestra
-Senora de los Dolores, built in 1716, was repaired and enlarged by the
-Marquis de Aguayo in 1721, and abandoned about 1730. Built by the
-Spanish government as a fort and headquarters for soldiers guarding
-the East Texas Missions and the borders of the New Philippines, it overlooked
-Los Terreros or Mill creek, near the intersection of the Lower
-Douglass road with the road from Douglass to Wells.</p>
-<p>The Mission Nuestra Senora de la Purissima Concepcion was built 1.25
-miles northeast of Goodman crossing of the Angelina river, near &ldquo;two
-bubbling springs&rdquo; in the heart of the Hainai Indian village. In 1731 this
-mission was moved to San Antonio where it now stands.</p>
-<p>The Mission San Jose de los Nazonis was built 2.6 miles northeast of
-the present town of Cushing, overlooking Dill creek. In 1731 this mission
-was also removed to San Antonio, where it was called San Juan Capistrano.</p>
-<p>Mission Nuestra Senora de Guadalupe was founded at the same time
-on the west side of North street in Nacogdoches, overlooking Banito creek,
-which was called &ldquo;the creek of the mission.&rdquo; This mission was never permanently
-abandoned until it was replaced by the church which stood on the
-little plaza in front of the present court house, built in 1802. The third
-Catholic church was formerly the home of Nathaniel Norris at the northwest
-corner of Hospital and North streets. The fourth church was the
-Sacred Heart church on Pecan street, built in 1847 under the influence of
-Bishop J. N. Odin; which was in turn replaced by the present Sacred Heart
-church, built in 1937 on a portion of the homestead of Judge Charles S.
-Taylor on North street, the house of the old Sacred Heart church being
-rebuilt about eight miles south of Nacogdoches as the Fern Lake church.
-The sites of the presidio and missions have been appropriately marked by
-the State of Texas.</p>
-<p class="tb">OLD STAGE STAND NEAR CHIRENO.&mdash;On Highway 21 about two
-miles west of the town of Chireno is a very old house on the north side of
-the road. It was built in the early forties of last century by Mr. James B.
-Johnson, who was the first mayor of San Augustine. It was used as a halfway
-station between San Augustine and Nacogdoches for the old Concord
-coaches used at that time for mail and passenger service. Here the horses
-were changed and passengers had meals. Another station on the same coach
-line stands in the town of Douglass, fourteen miles west of Nacogdoches.</p>
-<p class="tb">EYES OF FATHER MARGIL.&mdash;The old Spanish legend relates that
-in the first year after the Mission Guadalupe was built there was a great
-drouth and water was scarce. Father Margil went out in faith and smote
-the rock on the bank of LaNana creek, which had completely dried up, and
-two unfailing springs gushed out. They were called &ldquo;Los Ojos de Padre
-Margil,&rdquo; The Eyes of Father Margil, and are located in what was formerly
-known as Mims Park, now a pasture in the rear of the J. R. Gray residence.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_21">21</div>
-<p class="tb">RESIDENCE OF PETER ELLIS BEAN.&mdash;One of the members of
-Nolan&rsquo;s expedition; was captured by Lieut. Musquiz and held prisoner many
-years in Mexico. During the Revolution under Morelos he made his escape
-and joined the revolutionary forces. Settled in East Texas and had several
-homes there. One of these was on the Carrizo creek, on the upper Melrose
-road, four and one-fourth miles east of Nacogdoches. Marked by the
-State of Texas.</p>
-<p class="tb">OAK GROVE CEMETERY.&mdash;The State of Texas has placed granite
-markers at the graves of the four signers of the Texas Declaration of Independence
-who are buried in this cemetery: Thomas J. Rusk, Charles S.
-Taylor and John S. Roberts, who represented the Municipality of Nacogdoches,
-and William Clark, who represented Sabine District. The graves
-of the following veterans of the Battle of San Jacinto have also been
-marked: E. E. Hamilton, Capt. Hayden Arnold. Markers have been placed
-at the graves of Haden Edwards, empresario and leader of the Fredonians,
-and his wife, Susan Beal Edwards; General Kelsey Harris Douglass, commander-in-chief
-of the forces that drove the Indians out of East Texas in
-1839; Dr. Robert Anderson Irion, Secretary of State in the Cabinet of Sam
-Houston, first president of the Republic of Texas, and Thos. Y. Buford.</p>
-<p class="tb">GRAVE OF WILLIAM GOYENS.&mdash;Goyens family cemetery, four
-miles southwest of Nacogdoches, near Aylitos creek. Only negro to be honored
-by the State of Texas with a Centennial marker. Participated in
-Battle of New Orleans. Came to Texas in 1821. Indian Agent under Mexican
-government, lawyer in Alcalde court. Participated in the Texas Revolution
-in 1836; noted for his private charities. Although the Constitution of Republic
-and State both forbade the holding of land by negroes, Goyens
-amassed a considerable fortune with his land deals and was owner of thousands
-of acres of land at his death in 1856. His white wife, whom he married
-in 1828, is buried by his side.</p>
-<p class="tb">GRIFFITH PARK.&mdash;The park fronting North street and extending
-from Caroline street on the south to the southern border of the campus of
-Stephen F. Austin State Teachers College on the north. Given to the city
-of Nacogdoches by the Griffith heirs in memory of Dr. L. E. Griffith and
-his wife, Sarah Jane Clark Griffith, and Dr. Griffith&rsquo;s brother, Alfred.
-Dr. L. E. Griffith came to Nacogdoches from San Augustine about 1850
-and was one of the builders of modern Nacogdoches. The park was dedicated
-to Dr. Griffith and the early pioneers of Nacogdoches.</p>
-<p class="tb">INDIAN MOUNDS.&mdash;On the corner of the school campus at Mound and
-Arnold streets, was a large Indian Mound 150&times;75 feet and about fifteen
-feet high. On the corner opposite was a circular Mound about 75 feet in
-diameter. These Mounds were leveled to make room on the campus. One
-small mound still remains on the front lawn of the T. M. Reavley home.
-An oak tree of considerable size grows from the summit of it. (See <a href="#fig11">back cover</a>).</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_22">22</div>
-<p class="tb">OLD NORTH CHURCH.&mdash;About four miles north near Highway 35,
-North Church was built in 1838, but the congregation had met for some
-time before the house was built, under an oak tree, the lower part of the
-trunk of which still stands. It was first known as Union church, being intended
-for two bodies of Baptists as well as other denominations. It has
-since become the property of the Missionary Baptists, who hold regular
-services there. The old cemetery contains the graves of many of the early
-settlers of Nacogdoches county. Marked by the State of Texas.</p>
-<p class="tb">ADOLPHUS STERNE&rsquo;S HOME.&mdash;The old home of Adolphus Sterne
-is situated on LaNana street, formerly called Sterne street. Built about
-1830, in this house General Sam Houston was baptized into the Roman
-Catholic church in May, 1833. Now known as the Hoya home. Marked by
-the State of Texas.</p>
-<p class="tb">NACOGDOCHES UNIVERSITY.&mdash;The Nacogdoches University was
-established in 1845, and at first occupied the &ldquo;Old Red House&rdquo; on Pilar
-street. Later the Sons of Temperance Hall was acquired, and in 1856 the
-present high school campus was donated to the University and given the
-name of Washington Square. Two buildings were erected&mdash;a frame building
-for the Female Department of the University, and a brick house for
-the Male Department. The brick structure still stands in the center of
-the group of buildings. Marked by the State of Texas.</p>
-<p class="tb">EPISCOPAL CHURCH.&mdash;The first Episcopal Church stood on Church
-street.</p>
-<p class="tb">OLD SPANISH CEMETERY.&mdash;Where the courthouse now stands, was
-used from 1800 to 1825. The burial place of many of the earliest settlers of
-Nacogdoches, among whom was Antonio Gil Ybarbo, founder of Modern
-Nacogdoches. Marked by the State of Texas.</p>
-<p class="tb">THE PROTESTANT ELM.&mdash;The noted Elm Tree stood immediately
-east of the Southern Pacific freight depot and just south of a brick warehouse
-now there. Henry Stephenson preached under this tree in 1819.</p>
-<p class="tb">HOSPITAL STREET.&mdash;The old Spanish hospital, from which the
-street derives its name, was situated on the corner of Pecan and Hospital,
-in front of the Methodist church. Across Pecan street was the old Cabildo
-or jail, built in 1835. Adjoining it on the west was the Hall of the Sons of
-Temperance during the period of the Republic of Texas. On the block where
-the First Presbyterian church now stands was the old Bull Ring, where
-bull fights were held during the Spanish and Mexican regime.</p>
-<p class="tb">THE OLD SOLEDAD.&mdash;Famous throughout East Texas prior to 1800
-as the headquarters of William Barr and Samuel Davenport, Indian traders;
-was located on the block on which the Texan Theatre now stands. Marked
-by the State of Texas.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_23">23</div>
-<p class="tb">THE RED HOUSE.&mdash;About 1827 Colonel Piedras, comandante of
-the Mexican garrison in Nacogdoches, built a house&mdash;part adobe and part
-frame&mdash;on Pilar street in the block west of the Square, for the accommodation
-of his officers and as headquarters for his forces. After the Texas
-Revolution this house was sold under execution on a judgment against Colonel
-Jose de las Piedras and became the property of Gen. Thomas J.
-Rusk. General Rusk made his home there when he first came to Nacogdoches
-in 1835, and remained there for eight or nine years. In 1845 the
-University of Nacogdoches used it for class rooms. Later it was used
-by various parties as an inn.</p>
-<p class="tb">THOMAS F. McKINNEY.&mdash;Site of mercantile establishment of Thomas
-F. McKinney&mdash;1823-1830. As senior member of the firm of McKinney and
-Williams, built first wharf at Galveston. Financial adviser of the Republic
-and creator of the Texas Navy. Site marked by the State of Texas.</p>
-<h3 id="c17">Old Home Sites</h3>
-<p>HOMES IN NACOGDOCHES.&mdash;Sites of the following residences of
-early settlers of Nacogdoches have been marked by the State of Texas:</p>
-<p>James Dill, southeast corner of North and Hospital streets. Pioneer
-Indian trader; recognized by King of Spain. First alcalde of Nacogdoches,
-1821. Home built in 1804.</p>
-<p>William Clark, Jr., northwest corner Main and North streets, signer
-of Texas Declaration of Independence, member Second Congress of the
-Republic of Texas. Home originally built by John J. Simpson in 1835, acquired
-by Clark in 1840.</p>
-<p>Charles S. Taylor, southeast corner North street and Mims avenue. Born
-in London, 1808; died in Nacogdoches, November 1, 1865, Signer Texas
-Declaration of Independence. Land Commissioner 1833, Chief Justice Nacogdoches
-county 1837, Rio Grande Land Commissioner 1854. Home built
-before the Texas Revolution.</p>
-<p>Don Juan Antonio Padilla, site now occupied by Westminster Presbyterian
-church on North street. Born in Nacogdoches on Rancho Santo
-Domingo; died in Houston 1839, while there on business. Served as an officer
-in the Spanish army; Secretary of State of Coahuila and Texas;
-Land Commissioner for Eastern Texas; delegate from Victoria county to
-the convention which declared Texas independent; member of deputation
-that demanded the surrender of Goliad, and volunteer to the Army of the
-Republic before San Antonio. Home built in 1830 on land granted to his
-grandfather.</p>
-<p>Thomas J. Rusk, opposite campus of Stephen F. Austin State Teachers
-college, west side of North street; born 1803, died 1857. Hero of San
-Jacinto, Commander-in-Chief of the army 1836. Chief Justice of the
-Supreme Court 1839. President of the Constitutional Convention 1845.
-United States Senator 1846. Nacogdoches was his home from 1835 to 1857.
-Home built about 1844.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_24">24</div>
-<p>Antonio Gil Ybarbo, Main street, site now occupied by Cason-Monk
-Hardware store; born 1729, died 1809. Founder of modern Nacogdoches in
-1770; builder of Old Stone Fort. This Spanish frontiersman matched wits
-with Spanish governors in the interest of the early settlers of this region.</p>
-<p>Sam Houston, site now occupied by the Liberty Hotel. First home
-owned by Sam Houston in Texas. Erected by John Forbes, Commissary General
-of the Army of San Jacinto, in 1836. Purchased by Sam Houston in
-1839.</p>
-<p>John S. Roberts, on block facing south side of Plaza Principal; born
-1796, died 1871. Came to Texas December, 1826. Participated in Fredonian
-Rebellion, a leader in the Battle of Nacogdoches 1832; delegate to
-Consultation, November 3, 1835; signer of Texas Declaration of Independence.
-Home originally built and occupied as a residence by Samuel
-Davenport during early years of the Nineteenth Century.</p>
-<p class="tb">MOUNT STERLING.&mdash;Site of town of Mount Sterling; surveyed off
-for John Durst in 1837. One of important river ports for Nacogdoches for
-many years, at present known as Goodman crossing on the Angelina River.
-John Durst residence overlooked the boat landing and used as a refuge for
-his and his neighbors&rsquo; families during the Indian and Mexican troubles. Site
-marked by the State of Texas.</p>
-<p class="tb">NORTH STREET.&mdash;Oldest street north of Mexico. Originally a street
-in the Nacogdoches Indian village leading to the road from Nacogdoches
-to the Nassonite village near Cushing. On this street the Mission Guadalupe
-was built in 1716. Travelled by Spanish missionaries, soldiers and
-settlers, French traders and American filibusterers before Anglo-American
-colonists came to make Texas their home. Marked by the State of Texas.</p>
-<p class="tb">NACOGDOCHES COUNTY.&mdash;Marker placed by the State of Texas
-three miles north of Nacogdoches on east side of Highway 35.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_25">25</div>
-<h2 id="c18"><span class="small"><i>El Camino Real&mdash;The King&rsquo;s Highway</i></span></h2>
-<p>The old King&rsquo;s Highway, known to the Spaniards as &ldquo;El Camino Real,&rdquo;
-which runs through Nacogdoches, San Augustine and Sabine counties, was
-followed by La Salle and his men in 1685, at which time they spoke of this
-road as being &ldquo;as well beaten a road as that from Paris to Orleans.&rdquo; This
-road was followed by St. Dennis in 1714, as he was making his way from
-Natchitoches on Red River to San Juan Bautista on the Rio Grande. It was
-doubtless an Indian trail to the western borders of the Tejas Indians, probably
-about the Trinity river, and from there to San Antonio the best route
-was determined by use. After the Mexican Revolution and the coming of the
-American settlers it was straightened into a cart-road or Camino Carretera,
-and was known as the Old San Antonio Road. State Highway 21 now follows
-approximately the track of the old road.</p>
-<p>Highway 21 leads east to San Augustine, the sister town to Nacogdoches
-from the earliest days, where are the sites of the old Mission of Dolores,
-the home of General James Pinckney Henderson, Governor O. M.
-Roberts, and many of the prominent men of the Republic of Texas. The
-home of Stephen W. Blount, signer of the Texas Declaration of Independence,
-many of whose descendants live in Nacogdoches and San Augustine,
-was built on the north side of the King&rsquo;s Highway, and is in an excellent
-state of preservation.</p>
-<p>Seven miles west of San Augustine on this highway was the home of
-Thomas S. McFarland, who laid out the town of San Augustine in 1834. The
-house was built about 1830 and was provided with port-holes for shooting
-Indians in case of attack.</p>
-<p>Pendleton Ferry was the original ferry on the King&rsquo;s Highway across
-the Sabine river; now spanned by a splendid interstate bridge. Not far from
-the road is McMahan&rsquo;s Chapel, the first Methodist Church in Texas, and the
-site of old Sabine-town.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_26">26</div>
-<h2 id="c19"><span class="small"><i>Masonic Lodge</i></span></h2>
-<p>MASONIC LODGE.&mdash;Some time in the Spring of 1837, immediately
-following the organization of a permanent government in Nacogdoches
-county, a movement for the organization of a Masonic lodge began which
-culminated in a dispensation from the Grand Lodge of Louisiana for
-the Milam Lodge No. 40, which was dated July 29, 1837.</p>
-<p>One of the leaders in the Masonic circles of Nacogdoches was Adolphus
-Sterne, who was a past master of a lodge in New Orleans, and also
-a 32nd degree Scottish Rite Mason, the first Scottish Rite Mason to come
-to Texas. Haden Edwards was also a past master of another lodge. The
-other charter members of Milam Lodge No. 40 were: Isaac W. Burton,
-John H. Hyde, George A. Nixon, John S. Roberts, Charles H. Sims, Frost
-Thorn, Simon Weiss, as Master Masons, and Kelsey H. Douglass and
-John W. Lowe as Estered Apprentice and Fellow Craft respectively.</p>
-<p>The first meeting of the Lodge under dispensation was held in the
-Old Stone Fort on August 16, 1837, with the following present: Haden
-Edwards, Master; John H. Hyde, Senior Warden; J. S. Roberts, Junior
-Warden; Chas. H. Sims, Treasurer pro tem; Adolphus Sterne, Secretary
-pro tem; with George A. Nixon, Simon Weiss and J. W. Lowe, members.
-The Charter from the Grand Lodge of Louisiana was granted September
-22, 1837, and was received in the Lodge on its meeting November 20, 1837.</p>
-<p>Upon suggestions from Holland Lodge No. 36, Houston, Texas, a committee
-consisting of Adolphus Sterne, I. W. Burton, Thomas J. Rusk,
-Charles S. Taylor and Kelsey Douglass, was appointed to attend a meeting
-in Houston to consider the formation of the Grand Lodge of Texas.
-Their mission was accomplished in the city of Houston on February, 1838,
-with the organization of the Grand Lodge of Texas, and this lodge became
-Milam Lodge No. 2.</p>
-<p>After the first meeting, the Lodge began using the upper floor
-of Simon Weiss&rsquo; store for its meeting-place, and during its long history,
-it held its meetings in several houses in Nacogdoches, but never succeeded
-in building its own permanent home until the completion of its present
-Temple in May, 1931, on North Fredonia street.</p>
-<p>During the administration of Haden Edwards as Worshipful Master
-of Milam Lodge No. 40, one dozen chairs were made for the use of the
-Lodge, which were of hickory, turned on an old-fashioned lathe, with
-seats of rawhide. These chairs served the Lodge long and faithfully, and
-have witnessed the degrees conferred on every Mason made in Milam
-Lodge for 110 years. In 1914 a resolution was passed, instructing the worshipful
-<span class="pb" id="Page_27">27</span>
-master to present to the old past masters then living and to the
-sons of those old pioneers that had passed away, one of these chairs, that
-they might be kept as relics and mementos of the long ago. One of
-them was retained by the Lodge and now occupies a prominent place in
-the East, there to remain for all time to come, never to be used again
-except it be by the President of the United States, the governor of Texas,
-or the Grand Master of the Most Worshipful Grand Lodge of Texas.</p>
-<p>Many of the men prominent in the affairs of Texas have been members
-of Milam Lodge No. 2, and the minutes show Sam Houston a visitor
-on more than one occasion.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_28">28</div>
-<h2 id="c20"><span class="small"><i>Texas&rsquo; Monument to a Great Empresario</i></span></h2>
-<div class="img" id="fig9">
-<img src="images/p07.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="443" />
-<p class="pcap">STEPHEN F. AUSTIN STATE TEACHERS COLLEGE
-<br />Nacogdoches, Texas</p>
-</div>
-<p>A glimpse of Stephen F. Austin State Teachers
-College, the Thomas J. Rusk building on the right.
-General Rusk made his home in Nacogdoches from
-his arrival in Texas in 1834 until his death in 1857.
-He is buried in Oak Grove cemetery. The college
-buildings are located on the Thomas J. Rusk homestead.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_29">29</div>
-<h2 id="c21"><span class="small"><i>Old Nacogdoches University Building</i></span></h2>
-<div class="img" id="fig10">
-<img src="images/p07a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="403" />
-<p class="pcap">BY VIRGIE SANDERS</p>
-</div>
-<p>The project of rebuilding the exterior of the
-historic Nacogdoches University, as recently proposed
-by the Nacogdoches school board, is now partially
-completed.</p>
-<p>The sum allocated by the board has been used
-discreetly and the replacement of brick on outside
-walls, new window frames and panes with new lumber
-added supporting the antiquated structure,
-guarantees safety to the public school children who
-play on the hallowed ground of the Old Nacogdoches
-University built by subscription with some state aid
-during the days of the Texas Republic.</p>
-<p>We feel that now is the time to emulate the
-spirit of the pioneers. Let us be awakened to this
-opportunity to complete the noble edifice, making
-it available to be used by the citizens as a club
-center and a museum.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_30">30</div>
-<p class="center smaller">Printed in the
-<br />office of
-<br />THE HERALD PUBLISHING CO.
-<br />Nacogdoches, Texas</p>
-<p class="center small">PRICE TEN CENTS
-<br />PER COPY</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig11">
-<img src="images/p08.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="740" />
-<p class="pcap">INDIAN MOUND
-<br />Located on Mound Street Opposite High School Building</p>
-</div>
-
-<p>&nbsp;</p>
-<hr />
-<p>&nbsp;</p>
-
-<h2><span class="small">Transcriber&rsquo;s Note</span></h2>
-<ul>
-<li>Silently corrected obvious typographical errors.</li>
-</ul>
-
-<p>&nbsp;</p>
-<p>&nbsp;</p>
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