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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..0cadf3e --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #51839 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/51839) diff --git a/old/51839-0.txt b/old/51839-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 5444aee..0000000 --- a/old/51839-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,1700 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg eBook, Historic Nacogdoches, by Robert Bruce Blake, -Illustrated by Roy Henderson, Charlotte Baker Montgomery, and George L. -Crocket - - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - - -Title: Historic Nacogdoches - - -Author: Robert Bruce Blake - - - -Release Date: April 23, 2016 [eBook #51839] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - - -***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORIC NACOGDOCHES*** - - -E-text prepared by Stephen Hutcheson, Dave Morgan, and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team (http://www.pgdp.net) - - - -Note: Project Gutenberg also has an HTML version of this - file which includes the original illustrations. - See 51839-h.htm or 51839-h.zip: - (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/51839/51839-h/51839-h.htm) - or - (http://www.gutenberg.org/files/51839/51839-h.zip) - - -Transcriber’s note: - - Text enclosed by underscores is in italics (_italics_). - - - - - -HISTORIC NACOGDOCHES - -Nacogdoches - -by - -R. B. BLAKE - -Illustrations by Roy Henderson, Charlotte Baker Montgomery, and -Dr. George L. Crocket. - - This booklet is an enlarged and revised reprint of two earlier - booklets, one prepared by Mr. Blake and the Reverend George L. Crocket - in 1936 as a part of the Celebration of the Texas Centennial. The - second booklet was published in 1939 by the Nacogdoches Historical - Society and dedicated to the memory of Dr. Crocket, who, among the - other labors of a singularly useful and beneficient life, was an - untiring student of the history and traditions of East Texas. Since he - was one of the earliest workers in the field, much material which - would otherwise have been lost was preserved by Dr. Crocket’s industry - and enthusiasm. The demand for information concerning Historic - Nacogdoches has been so great that the supply has been exhausted. Many - copies have been furnished historians, school children, historical - societies and people generally interested in the rich, historical - background of this area. This third edition was financed by the - Nacogdoches Chamber of Commerce and will be supplied free upon - request. - - - - - - - -Published by -Nacogdoches Historical Society -and the -Nacogdoches Chamber of Commerce - - - - - _Nacogdoches Speaks_ - - - BY KARLE WILSON BAKER - (By permission of the Southwest Press) - - I was The Gateway. Here they came, and passed, - The homespun centaurs with their arms of steel - And taut heart-strings: wild wills, who thought to deal - Bare-handed with jade Fortune, tracked at last - Out of her silken lairs into the vast - Of a man’s world. They passed, but still I feel - The dint of hoof, the print of booted heel, - Like prick of spurs—the shadows that they cast. - I do not vaunt their valors, or their crimes: - I tell my secrets only to some lover, - Some taster of spilled wine and scattered musk. - But I have not forgotten; and, sometimes, - The things that I remember arise, and hover, - A sharper perfume in some April dusk. - - [Illustration: Travellers and Inn] - - [Illustration: Indian on Horse] - - - - - _Nacogdoches The Indian Town_ - - -For the beginnings of Nacogdoches we must go back to the shadowy times -when heroic figures march with majestic tread across the stage of -tradition, obscured by the mists of centuries. Having no written -language with which to record the glories of their race, the Tejas -Indians recounted the tales of their beginnings around their home fires, -thus passing them down from father to son through the long centuries -before the coming of the Europeans. - -Thus it is recounted that in the days of long ago an old Caddo chief -lived on the bank of the Sabine, the river of the cypress trees. To him -twin sons were born: Natchitoches, swarthy of features with straight -black hair and flashing black eyes; and Nacogdoches, fair of complexion -with blue eyes and yellow hair. As the old man neared the end of his -days, before being ushered into the happy hunting-grounds, he called his -two sons into his presence to receive his final blessings. He commanded -that immediately following his death, Natchitoches should gather his -wife and children together, turn his face towards the rising sun, and -after three days’ march should build his home and rear his tribe; while -Nacogdoches was instructed to travel a like distance toward the setting -sun, where he should rear his children and children’s children. Thus the -twin tribes of Nacogdoches and Natchitoches were founded 100 miles -apart, and thus Nacogdoches was the father of the Tejas, the white -Indians of Eastern Texas. - -The two tribes were a sufficient distance apart to prevent friction over -their hunting-grounds, and thus through the succeeding centuries they -were ever on friendly terms, the one with the other. This friendly -communication and barter between the tribes was such that they beat out -a broad highway between them and through their confines, which became El -Camino Real, extending from Natchez, on the Father of Waters, to the -Trinity river on the west, through Natchitoches, Louisiana, and -Nacogdoches, Texas. - -During the succeeding centuries the Tejas lived on the Redlands, -building comfortable homes around the ceremonial mounds which they had -erected, where they left their wives and children while they pursued the -bison, the deer and the black bear. Then another figure of heroic mold -emerges from the mists of the past, when Red Feather rules his people. - -The story of Red Feather is delightfully recounted by Miss Adina de -Zavala, of San Antonio, Texas, in her “Origin of the Red Bird.” Red -Feather taught his people the gentle arts of husbandry—the cultivation -of Indian corn, beans, peas, melons and pumpkins; taught the women to -make preserves of the fruit of the persimmon tree, and to store the -fruits of the soil and the chase in their homes for winter. Great was -the mourning when Chief Red Feather died; while his subjects reverently -laid his body to rest on the chief mound in Nacogdoches, his spirit -soared upward on the crimson wings of the first red bird, and hovered in -the majestic trees above the mounds, as if guarding his people from -danger. - -Less than fifty years after Columbus sighted America, Hernando De Soto, -in the winter of 1541-42, penetrated as far west as Nacogdoches, where -he spent the winter, sending out scouting parties further west in search -for the seven cities of the Cibolo. He remained in Nacogdoches because -he found here a well-settled, hospitable Indian town, with an -agricultural population, having well-built homes, provided with -comfortable furnishings. - -Nearly eighty years after De Soto’s visit, on the borderline between -tradition and history, came the ministration of Mother Maria de Jesus de -Agreda, “the angel in blue,” teaching the Tejas tribes the Christian -religion, in 1620. So great was the influence of this saintly woman that -in 1690 the chief of the Tejas told Massanet that they wished to do as -she had done, and even wanted to be buried in blue garments. - -The first definite description of Nacogdoches and its aboriginal -population is in the account of LaSalle’s visit here in 1685. On this -visit Robert Sieur de LaSalle became desperately ill and remained in -Nacogdoches for a month, recuperating from disease. Here the Frenchman -received such hospitable treatment at the hands of the natives that four -of his men deserted and remained here when LaSalle started back to Fort -St. Louis. - -LaSalle found numerous evidences of prior contact with both French and -Spanish here. Perhaps the Indian traditions pointed to the presence here -of DeSoto and Coronado, and the traditional appearances of Mother Maria -de Agreda, already referred to. - -DeLeon and his followers, in 1691-1692, made the first serious attempts -to educate the Tejas Indians in European ways by taking several of the -young members of the tribes back to the College of Zacatecas in Mexico. -Among these were two children of the chief of the Hainai Indians, living -near what is now known as the Goodman Crossing on the Angelina river, -about eighteen miles southwest of Nacogdoches. The young man, who -afterwards became head chief of the Hasinai Confederation, the Spaniards -named Bernadino, which name was also given to his father, the chief; the -young woman they named Angelina, and the river was named for her. She -also acted as interpreter between the Indians and the Spanish explorers, -including the followers of Captain Ramon in 1716, and those of the -Marquis de Aguayo in 1721. - - - First White Settlement - -The first permanent European settlement in the town of Nacogdoches was -made in June, 1716, when Fray Antonio Margil de Jesus founded the -Mission Nuestra Senora de Guadalupe de Nacogdoches on what is now North -street, overlooking the valley of the Banito, “little bath.” The -Spaniards named the town Nuestra Senora del Pilar de Nacogdoches. - -In the struggle between the French and Spanish for mastery of Eastern -Texas (called the Province of the New Philippines), the Mission -Guadalupe had an eventful history. Deserted at times but never -permanently abandoned, it finally decayed and its very site was utterly -forgotten, though the information concerning its location has been -preserved in the ancient Spanish parchments of our Nacogdoches archives. - -When the Spanish settlers began making their homes in the old Indian -town, they found several mounds within the limits of the town, relics of -the centuries of Indian occupation before the coming of the white man. -Three of the larger of these mounds were located on what became the -Nacogdoches University campus, now the high school campus. The -importance of these mounds was not recognized by those who founded the -university, and they were razed in an effort to level the ground of the -campus. Only one now remains, on Mound street, so named because of these -monuments to the antiquity of the town. A large oak tree, whose age has -been estimated at about two hundred years, grows from the summit of this -remaining mound. - - - Nacogdoches—The Spanish Town - -With the French cession of Louisiana to Spain in 1764, the necessity for -the Spanish garrison in Nacogdoches ceased; and the town was abandoned -as a military post in 1773, to be refounded by Captain Antonio Gil -Ybarbo and his compatriots in 1779. - - [Illustration: The Red House - Built in 1827 for accommodation of Mexican officials. See page 23.] - -The city of Nacogdoches, as a civic corporation, dates from that year, -in which that sturdy old Spaniard, Ybarbo, conducted his harassed and -bewildered followers from their experimental settlement of Bucareli on -the Trinity river, to the old Mission of Guadalupe. The eastern boundary -of Texas was at that time a shadowy, uncertain quantity, somewhere -between the Sabine and Red rivers. Louisiana belonged to Spain, and the -government was but little concerned to mark out definitely the exact -limitation between its provinces. - -Gil Ybarbo recognized the necessity of a commissary for the storing of -military and commercial supplies, and after applying to the authorities -in Mexico for such a building, and growing weary of the endless delays -and red tape, that industrious old Spaniard erected on his own account -what he and his followers called “The Stone House,” now generally -referred to as “The Old Stone Fort.” It was not erected primarily as a -fort, but as a house of commerce; and that has been its main use -throughout its varied history. But the construction of its walls—almost -a yard in thickness—made it practically impregnable to the ordinary -means of offense; so that it naturally became a place of refuge and -haven of safety in the successive perils that visited the old -border-town. - -Gil Ybarbo, ruling his people as a benevolent despot, was officially -known as Lieutenant Governor of the Eastern Province of the New -Philippines and Military Comandante of the Post of Our Mother of the -Pilar of Nacogdoches. He promulgated the first Book of Ordinances for -the government of the city in 1780, the original of which is now in the -Nacogdoches Archives in the Capitol at Austin. - -The new city grew apace, and by the beginning of the Nineteenth Century -embraced a population of several hundred souls. In 1792 General Don -Ramon de Castro sent Don Juan Antonio Cortez, captain of cavalry at -LaBahia, to Nacogdoches for the purpose of conducting an investigation -of the irregularities of verbal land grants made by Ybarbo, as well as -of his illegal traffic with the French and Indians. The result of the -investigation was the removal of Ybarbo from his office; he was sent to -Bexar while the investigation proceeded. Don Carlos de Zepeda succeeded -Ybarbo as Lieutenant Governor, and in turn was followed by a succession -of officials who had charge of the public business of the town, and -superintended legal and commercial affairs, in addition to leading what -military expeditions were needed in their infrequent exigencies. -Nacogdoches was at that time the second largest town in Texas. - - - Philip Nolan - -In 1800 Nacogdoches was a loyal Spanish town, as was shown by the part -it took in the suppression of Philip Nolan’s expedition. Nolan had been -reared by General James Wilkinson, commander of the United States forces -at Natchez, Mississippi. In furtherance of the schemes of Wilkinson and -Aaron Burr (then Vice President of the United States), Nolan invaded -Texas with a small band of adventurers, on the pretext of horse-trading. -The population of the town were largely behind Lieutenant M. Musquiz and -his Garrison, when they were ordered to pursue and arrest the little -band. Musquiz and his men were accompanied by William Barr, of the -trading firm of Barr and Davenport, who acted as interpreter between the -Spanish and Americans. Lieutenant Bernardo D’Ortolan, a Frenchman by -birth, was left in charge of the garrison here while Musquiz was on his -expedition; during this time he conveyed titles to land to such settlers -as applied for them. - -Nolan was overtaken on the banks of the Blanco river, at the block house -he had built, and in the ensuing engagement he was killed and the -remainder of the expedition were captured and brought back to -Nacogdoches. They were placed in the Old Stone Fort, from whence they -were taken prisoners to Mexico; the sole survivor of the band, so far as -history records, was Peter Ellis Bean, one of the most colorful and -resourceful men Texas has seen. - -Correspondence found in the possession of Nolan enabled Musquiz to -discover various ramifications of the plot of Nolan, Burr and Wilkinson -among the inhabitants in Nacogdoches. One of the local leaders was a -Spanish woman, Gertrudis Leal, and her husband, Antonio Leal, who were -tried for treason by Musquiz. The priest in charge of Mission Guadalupe, -Padre Bernadino Vallejo, was also one of the conspirators, but the robes -of St. Francis saved him from punishment for his part in the plot. -Samuel Davenport was also found to be in some manner connected with the -affair, but he was shrewd enough to escape being tried, as was also a -man by the name of Cook, who then lived at Nacogdoches. - -In the beginning of the new century the purchase of Louisiana by the -United States from the French, in consequence of the Napoleonic upheaval -in Europe, brought about a great change in the political and military -affairs of Nacogdoches. There was great jealousy between the two -countries, and a territorial dispute to be settled before the old status -of somnolent peace could prevail. The Americans built Fort Jesup, west -of Red River, near Natchitoches, and in 1806, Governor Cordero, with -1500 Spanish troops, advanced to Nacogdoches to meet the American threat -across the Sabine. As a result of the negotiations of Governor Cordero -and General Wilkinson, there was formed The Neutral Ground, a strip of -territory lying between the Sabine and the Rio Hondo, over which neither -government exercised dominion, and which consequently became the -rendezvous of the lawless, until the settlement of the present boundary -between Texas and Louisiana. - - - The Mexican Revolution Against Spain - -The next band of adventurers found Nacogdoches in a very different -temper. In 1810 the Mexicans rebelled against the government of Spain, -and Nacogdoches lost no time in assisting in the formation of the -Magee-Gutierrez expedition, under the leadership of Lieut. Augustus -Magee, who resigned his position in the United States garrison at Fort -Jesup to take command of the American and Mexican forces in their effort -to throw off the yoke of Spain. - -It is said that every able-bodied man east of the Trinity river joined -in this expedition. For a time it prospered, and by 1813 had -successfully driven the Spanish military forces from Eastern Texas and -pursued them to San Antonio, where Governor Manuel Salcedo and most of -the high Spanish officials there were butchered. - -One of the interesting incidents of this expedition, to the whole -province as well as to Nacogdoches, was the publication of two -newspapers here, the first ventures of their kind in Texas; the first of -these, “The Gazette,” appeared in May, 1813, while the second, “El -Mejicano,” was published the following month. - -Vengeance of Spain was swift, and the Spanish army sent into Texas swept -the inhabitants of Nacogdoches beyond the Sabine and into American -territory, where they remained until 1818-20. Erasmo Seguin was sent by -the new government of Mexico in 1821 to Nacogdoches to invite the old -settlers back to their former homes, as well as to welcome Stephen F. -Austin to Texas. - - - Dr. James Long—1819 - -The settlement of the boundary dispute between the United States and -Texas on February 22, 1819, by fixing the Sabine river as the boundary, -met with strong opposition in Arkansas, Louisiana and Mississippi, as -well as Eastern Texas. The American settlers had contended for the -Neches river as the true boundary, and Dr. James Long, who had married -the daughter of a wealthy planter at Natchez, Mississippi, lost no time -in exploiting his scheme of forming the Republic of Texas. Leaving -Natchez June 17, 1819, with 75 men, he reached Nacogdoches with -approximately 300, including Samuel Davenport, Bernado Guitierrez de -Lara, and many others who had fled in 1813. - -Upon reaching Nacogdoches, Long’s forces occupied the Old Stone Fort, -organized a provisional government, and issued a proclamation declaring -Texas a free and independent republic, and another newspaper—the third -in Nacogdoches as well as in Texas—was published by Horatio Bigelow. It -was called “The Mexican Advocate.” - -It is very probable that Dr. Long’s expedition would have been -completely successful if it had been organized a year later, after the -revolutionary movement had begun in Spain but in 1819 the royalists were -in control in Mexico; and that fact, together with Long’s division of -his forces after leaving Nacogdoches for the West, so weakened his -fighting units as to cause them to fall an easy prey to the successive -onslaughts of the Spanish Army sent against him under Colonel Perez. - -With the capture of his block houses and forts on the Brazos, Trinity -and Red rivers, Mrs. Jane Long, who had been left at Nacogdoches, fled -across the Sabine, and her husband soon followed, thus ending his first -attempt at freeing Texas, in October, 1819. - - [Illustration: Frost Thorne Home—Hart Hotel - Residence of Texas’ first millionaire. Built 1825. See page 12.] - - - Nacogdoches—The Mexican Town - -Under the leadership of Alcalde James Dill Nacogdoches soon regained its -former prestige as the largest town in East Texas, and settlers from the -United States began coming in increasing numbers under the beneficient -colonization laws of the new government in Mexico; but things were much -changed. In 1825 Haden and Benjamin Edwards secured their ill-fated -contract as empresarios. When Edwards began to plant his colonists, -sometimes on land which had once belonged to the Mexican inhabitants and -had been abandoned temporarily in the flight of 1813, the friction -between the Americans and Mexicans increased. On the northwest of them -also had settled a tribe of Cherokee Indians, who claimed the right to -occupy a vast territory which had formerly been the habitation of the -friendly Tejas Indians. - -This triangular situation bred distrust and antagonism that at last -broke out into open warfare, and threw the country into the wildest -disorder, in what is known as the Fredonian War in 1826. The coup of -Edwards was at first successful, and he and his followers were able to -seize the “Stone House” and fortify it; but the citizenship of -Nacogdoches and the surrounding country was not behind the movement, and -it was doomed to failure from its inception. - -The Fredonian rebellion resulted in many of the prominent citizens of -the town being expelled in 1827—among whom were John S. Roberts, Haden -and Benjamin Edwards, Adolphus Sterne and Martin Parmer. The Mexican -general, Ahumada, who occupied Nacogdoches upon this occasion, was a -genuine diplomat, and with the assistance and advice of Stephen F. -Austin, who came to Nacogdoches with Ahumada, soon had the old town -peaceful again. However, the man whom Ahumada selected as comandante -here proved to be an unfortunate choice, and Colonel Jose de las Piedras -soon aroused the hostility of the American settlers with his -high-handed, arbitrary methods, as was the case with Col. Bradburn at -Anahuac. - - [Illustration: Adolphus Sterne Home - Where Sam Houston was baptized. Standing at corner Lanana and Pilar - street. See page 22.] - - - The Battle of Nacogdoches - -For the real cause of the Battle of Nacogdoches, we must go back to -Bustamente’s Law of April 6, 1830, forbidding further immigration from -the United States, while permitting Europeans to come in unimpeded. Juan -Antonio Padilla had been appointed as commissioner general for granting -land titles in East Texas, assuming his duties on January 1, 1830. Upon -the passage of the law of April 6th, Padilla was unwilling to enforce -its provisions, and in the latter part of April he was ordered by Don -Ramon Musquiz, political chief in Bexar, to be imprisoned and suspended -on a trumped-up-charge of murder. - -An outbreak was prevented in Nacogdoches only by prompt action on the -part of Col. Piedras, while the people of Ayish Bayou and the Palo Gacho -met and passed resolutions of an inflammatory nature. Stephen F. Austin -refused to cooperate in this opposition and thus for a time the trouble -was delayed. - -The military force in Nacogdoches was doubled during 1830, and passports -of all immigrants going through Nacogdoches for Austin’s colony, which -was exempted by Bustamente’s Decree, were required to be signed by -Austin in person. - -Under the dictatorship of Bustamente the military comandantes -continually encroached upon the power of the civil authorities, and -finally, in June, 1832, the settlers at Anahuac rebelled and ousted -Bradburn, Piedras arriving too late with troops from Nacogdoches and -Fort Teran. Becoming alarmed at the rising tide of opposition, Col. -Piedras, upon his return, ordered the people of Nacogdoches to surrender -all their arms. This order was followed immediately by an appeal from -the ayuntamiento in Nacogdoches, issued July 28, 1832, to the -neighboring communities to present an united front against this action; -copies of this resolution were sent to Ayish Bayou, the Palo Gacho, -Tenaha and San Felipe de Austin and met immediate response from all -except San Felipe. Two companies came from the Ayish Bayou settlement, -commanded by Capts. Samuel Davis and Bailey Anderson, one from Sabine -and one from Shelby and Capt. James Bradshaw’s company from the Neches -settlement; while the people of Nacogdoches were led by Alcalde -Encarnacion Chirino. On the morning of August 2, 1832, these forces met -in the eastern outskirts of Nacogdoches and elected Colonel James W. -Bullock as commander-in-chief of approximately 500 men. - -Colonel Piedras commanded approximately the same number of Mexican -soldiers, and proceeded to fortify the Stone House, the old Catholic -church and the Red House. An Ultimatum from the settlers for Piedras to -declare in favor of Santa Anna and the Constitution of 1824, or -surrender at discretion to an officer to be selected by Colonel Bullock, -brought forth the answer that none of the demands would be complied -with, and that he was prepared to fight. - -Colonel Piedras advanced to meet the Americans and the fighting -commenced in the eastern part of town about eleven o’clock. By noon the -Mexicans had retreated to the business part of town, around the Stone -House. Alexander Horton, a member of the American forces, says: “We were -armed with shotguns and various other guns such as citizens used for -hunting purposes, while the Mexicans were armed with splendid English -muskets; so we turned north and marched down North street. As we began -our march we heard a French horn. When we had gotten about opposite the -Stone House the Mexican cavalry made a furious charge upon us, pouring -upon us a heavy fire of small arms; they advanced to within a few steps -of our lines, but were forced back with considerable loss.” This cavalry -charge met the American force near the Catholic church, which had been -used by Piedras as quarters for his soldiers. - -The Mexicans about mid-afternoon were driven out of the Stone House, and -the main body of their army was concentrated in the cuartel or Old Red -House, the older part of which was built of adobe, and almost as strong -as stone; it also had the advantage of several dormer windows on the -second floor, from which sharpshooters could better defend the building. -The fighting continued with unabated fury until night separated the -combatants. Colonel Piedras evacuated Nacogdoches during the night of -the 2nd, under the protecting cloak of a heavy fog, retreating westward -toward the Angelina river. - -The next morning James Carter, with seventeen volunteers, set out in -pursuit of the Mexican army, overtaking them at Durst lake, and after a -skirmish at that point, Carter and his men went further south, crossing -the Angelina at the Goodman Crossing, and marched northward to the West -side of Durst’s Ferry to oppose the crossing of the Mexican troops. Here -Piedras lost many of his men in an unsuccessful attempt to cross the -river. It was from this event that the name Buckshot Crossing was given -to this place. - -During the following morning Colonel Piedras surrendered the command to -Captain Francisco Medina, who in turn declared for Santa Anna and -surrendered to James Carter the entire Mexican force of some four -hundred men. - -Col. James Bowie, who reached Nacogdoches a few days after the battle, -agreed to convey the Mexican troops to San Antonio, and in his report -stated that there were 33 Mexicans killed and 17 or 18 wounded; the -Americans losing three men killed and seven wounded. - -The Battle of Nacogdoches was the opening gun in the Texas Revolution, -and resulted in the expulsion of all Mexican troops from the territory -east of San Antonio, giving the Texans an opportunity to hold their -Convention without military interference of the enemy. - - [Illustration: Peter Ellis Bean Home - Built 1829. Standing 4½ miles east of Nacogdoches near Old King’s - Highway. See page 21.] - - - Growth of American Influence - -Nacogdoches now became more and more American in its character. In 1834 -the neighboring municipality of San Augustine was organized, and the two -sister towns grew in numbers and influence. Nacogdoches was the capital -of the department of the same name, and held jurisdiction over all the -region east of Trinity River. The alcaldes who presided over the civil -affairs of the municipality from the first reorganization in 1820 had -usually been chosen from among the Mexican people living there, but -after the expulsion of the Mexican troops in 1832 Americans were -selected to fill that office, and the town gradually assumed a character -more American than Mexican. American customs prevailed over those of -former times, and the business fell into the hands of enterprising -merchants and tradesmen from the States. The Indians to the northeast -were impressed by the power and vigor of the new people and left them -unmolested, although they also had increased until they greatly -outnumbered the whites. - -Business was thriving, the population was increasing, and new settlers -were coming into the town, or taking up land in the country. Commerce -was greatly aided by the communication with the other colonies in the -interior, and an era of prosperity seemed to have dawned. But in the -midst of all came more political troubles in the republic of Mexico. -Santa Anna, by a rapid series of measures, overturned the constitution -of 1824, under which the settlement of the province by Americans had -begun. The guarantees of liberty seemed to be disappearing. In Austin’s -colony there arose a “war party,” which advocated resistance to these -measures by force of arms. Trouble began to arise at Galveston and at -Anahuac. Still Nacogdoches remained peaceful, hoping even against hope -that all would yet be well. - - - War Clouds - -At length, however, the ambition of the Mexican dictator began to unfold -itself, and his designs against the lovers of freedom in Texas became -manifest. Even yet the mind of the people refused to move towards -complete independence. Delegates from the war party at San Felipe -visited the town, and by their persuasion at length convinced the people -that it was in vain to lie still any longer. Then East Texas was ready -to act, and from Nacogdoches and San Augustine armed soldiers set forth -on the long march across the State to the threatened region around San -Antonio. - -With the coming of Sam Houston to Nacogdoches in 1833, followed by such -men as General Thomas J. Rusk in 1835; with the backing of Colonel Frost -Thorne, Haden Edwards, Adolphus Sterne, Charles S. Taylor, John S. -Roberts, William G. Logan, Henry Raguet, Dr. James H. Starr, John -Forbes, Kelsey H. Douglass, Wm. B. Ochiltree and a host of others, -Nacogdoches practically financed the Texas Revolution, feeding and -arming the men pouring in from the United States to the defence of the -new Republic. - - - Run-Away Scrape - -The tide of war never really rolled near to East Texas. For a time -General Sam Houston was accused of intending to flee through Nacogdoches -to the Sabine, where an American army was supposed to be expecting him, -but he had other designs, which were consummated on the field of San -Jacinto, and the danger was dispelled. East Texas, however, did suffer -the throes of a paroxysm of panic. It was known that Mexican agents were -dispersed among the Cherokee and other Indians north of the settlements. -Reports, highly colored no doubt, were disseminated that these Indians -were about to move in an overwhelming body on the unprotected -settlements, whose men were in the field against the Mexican army, and -wipe out town and countryside alike. Fugitives from the devastated West, -passing through, helped to spread the terror, and so it happened that -the “Run-Away Scrape” came to include both Nacogdoches and San Augustine -in the frantic flight to safety beyond the Sabine. - - - The Republic - -The news of victory soon restored the minds of the people to sanity, and -they entered with alacrity into the work of establishing the new -government of the Republic. After the disorganization of the West and -South, which were devastated by the advance of the enemy. East Texas -remained in a position of leadership, and furnished perhaps more than -its share of the prominent officials of the Republic. The towns, -including Nacogdoches, were alive with the discussions of governmental -problems, and the advocacy of the names of the foremost citizens for -high offices. After the repression of Mexican domination, politics arose -to unprecedented heights, and everybody was affected by political -fervor. Among the first officials of the new-formed Republic, -Nacogdoches furnished Sam Houston for President, General Thomas J. Rusk -as Secretary of War; Colonel John Forbes as Commissary General of the -Army. - -Following the formation of the new government, the business men of -Nacogdoches entered upon a period of expansion, resulting in the laying -out of numerous new towns in the then Nacogdoches county, extending -almost to the Gulf of Mexico on the south and including Dallas on the -north. Among the towns thus formed following the Revolution may be -mentioned Pattonia south of Nacogdoches on the Angelina river, and a -little further south the town of Travis on the same river, Mount -Sterling at the home of John Durst on the Angelina river west of -Nacogdoches, and a few miles further up the river where the present -highway crosses, the town of Angelina where James Durst and his father, -Joe Durst, lived. The original town of Rusk was south of Nacogdoches -where the road to Fort Teran crossed the Angelina river on the Pierre -Roblo grant. Thornville, near the present village of Mahl; Liberty, a -few miles northwest of Douglass; Jackson, built on an island on the -Attoyac not far from where Chireno was later founded. Haden Edwards -founded two towns north of Nacogdoches on the Sabine river, near the -present town of Longview, one of which was named Fredonia, in memory of -his ill-fated revolution, and the other he called Cotton-Plant. In -addition to these ghost towns of long ago, we may mention such towns as -Attoyac, Melrose, Chireno and Douglass, each of which was regularly laid -out in lots and blocks, in anticipation of the boom to come. - - - The Cordova Rebellion - -But the war was not over yet. The Mexican army had been defeated and -expelled, but there were enemies at home. The town of Nacogdoches was -aroused to feverish excitement when the preacher and congregation of a -country meeting came in one night with the news that the Mexican -population of the country had risen in arms under the leadership of a -former alcalde, Vicente Cordova, and were on the warpath against the -American citizens. General Rusk at once called for volunteers, and -scouts were sent everywhere to discover the whereabouts of the -insurgents. All the next day their efforts were in vain, but at length -John Durst and a party of scouts under him, came in with the report that -they were encamped across the Angelina river in what is now Cherokee -county, where they were doubtless waiting to join those Indians to make -war against the American settlers. Rusk appealed to the people of San -Augustine and Sabine counties, and within forty-eight hours they began -to arrive, armed and equipped for a campaign. After some delay, caused -by contradictory orders from President Houston, Rusk marched into the -Indian country, where he found that the rebels had gone to other tribes, -and were beyond his reach. He marched to the Cherokee and Shawnee -villages and so impressed them with the readiness with which he had -assembled so considerable a body of soldiers that they readily premised -peace and disavowed any connection with the Mexican insurgents. - - - Commercial Expansion - -In the meantime the town began to grow. It was the home of many of the -prominent leaders of Texas during the time of the republic, whose -influence was felt in the public affairs of the country. General Thomas -J. Rusk was a citizen of Nacogdoches until his death. Sam Houston -frequently was a resident until his removal to Huntsville. Charles S. -Taylor was very prominent in public affairs. William B. Ochiltree lived -here for a time. Thomas J. Jennings, the elder, lived here until his -removal to Marshall, as did Dr. James H. Starr. James Reily, who was -minister to the United States, had his home here. These are some of the -men more prominent in public life; among private citizens there were -also many whose names were well known throughout the land. Adolphus -Sterne, Archibald Hotchkiss, Henry Raguet and others might be mentioned. -Of the county officers Oscar L. Holmes, Richard Parmalee, Murray Orton, -William Hart and others were prominent. Colonel Haden Edwards, who -returned to Nacogdoches after the bitterness of the Fredonian rebellion -had subsided, was here until his death, and his family continued to live -here for many years afterwards. - - [Illustration: S. M. Orton Home - Built in 1840. - Has “Strong Room” built for temporary detention of prisoners by - Sheriff Orton.] - -The invaluable services of Nacogdoches and its people in opening up the -great northern regions of Texas, after the expulsion of the Indians, had -the result, unfortunate for it but inevitable, of diminishing the -population and importance of the town. New centers of agriculture and -trade sprang up and became towns which attracted more and more people to -themselves, and new opportunities presented themselves for business -enterprise. It was easier to fence in the prairies than to clear the -forest lands of East Texas. Many of the citizens of Nacogdoches, -including some of the more prominent persons, removed to other places. - -After the annexation of Texas to the United States, Nacogdoches -gradually settled down to the station of one of the many flourishing -towns of the State, and lost the preeminence in political and social -matters which had been its lots from the beginning of its history. With -San Augustine it still continued to be the center of this section of the -State, and the two towns cooperated harmoniously in the development of -the surrounding regions. - -Nacogdoches has always been an important social center. Even under -Spanish rule it was noted for the culture of its inhabitants, and during -the residence of the Governor of the State at this place in the -unsettled period after the Louisiana purchase, there was a social life -here that was not unworthy of a larger city. During the third and fourth -decade of the Nineteenth Century social amenities prevailed even through -the confusion of changing political scenes of that time. The Mexican -officers at that time were, as a rule, gentlemen, and the American -immigrants included many persons of high culture and attainments. After -the revolution the social standing of the place grew even stronger. It -was not merely in entertainments and enjoyments that Nacogdoches and San -Augustine set the pace in East Texas; they became centers of learning as -well. Schools flourished, and a refined taste in literary and scholastic -affairs exhibited higher ideals of mental achievements. The University -of Nacogdoches was established in 1845, and attracted many persons who -were desirous of scholastic training. - - [Illustration: Old North Church - Founded 1838. - Standing four miles north Nacogdoches. See page 22.] - -When the shadow of war fell over the country in 1861, Nacogdoches at -once took her place among those who were ready to offer their belongings -and their lives upon the altar of their country. Her soldiers went to -the front and did gallant service for the cause of the Confederacy. At -home, the women and other non-combatants worked and prayed for the -success and safety of their loved ones far away on the battlefield. But -war brought ruin to the town; the schools were overwhelmed in the -general desolation. Business enterprise was at an end, and the great -stores gave place to little shops, which barely supplied the necessities -of life. The soldiers came home and went back to their farms, but the -old plantations had disappeared and the fields barely produced a living -for their owners and workers. The town itself was reduced to the -proportions of an insignificant village. The people bravely kept up the -traditions of a more affluent existence, but it was a mournful struggle -against untoward conditions. - -These conditions prevailed for twenty years, but at length a harbinger -of better times appeared in the shape of a railroad, the Houston East -and West Texas, connecting Houston and Shreveport. It was a narrow-gauge -road, burning wood for fuel and creeping along at an extremely low rate -of speed, but it was the first road to pass through East Texas, where -formerly the wagon and the two-horse hack formed the sole means of -transportation. It brought new business, new people and new ambitions to -the place which soon began to be built up in brick in place of the old -wooden houses of the earlier years. Soon cotton wagons assembled, -bearing bales of wealth, and in the autumn season the streets were -filled with people from surrounding counties selling their crops and -buying supplies. - -There was no boom. The town grew gradually and slowly. Greater business -enterprises were undertaken and accomplished and various kinds of -improvements were effected in the way of conveniences of living. For -many years the village spirit remained among the people. Everybody knew -everybody else, and each was interested in the welfare of all. New -churches were erected and a new court house and also, sad to relate, a -new jail. A large lumber mill was erected on the east side of town which -added to the prosperity of the place. - -Finally, after the World War, when a number of new teachers colleges -were authorized by the Legislature, the enterprising spirit of the -citizens secured the location of that one named for Stephen F. Austin in -Nacogdoches, and the promise of cultured prosperity evinced in the days -of the Republic, but sadly interrupted by war, was at length realized. -Nacogdoches had now become one of the fairest of the little cities of -Texas and bids a hearty welcome to all comers within her borders. - -And so we close the story of Nacogdoches under nine flags: The Lilies of -France with LaSalle in 1685; the Flag of Castile and Aragon of Spain in -1716; the green flag of the Magee-Guitierrez Expedition in 1813; Long’s -flag of the First Republic of Texas in 1819; the white and red flag of -the Republic of Fredonia in 1826; the flag of the Mexican -Republic—1821-1836; the Lone Star Flag of the Republic of Texas; the -Stars and Bars of the Southern Confederacy—1861-1865; and finally the -Stars and Stripes forever. - - - - - _Historical Sites in Nacogdoches County_ - - - [Illustration: THE OLD STONE FORT - The above drawing was made from the earliest photograph of the Old - Stone Fort. The original picture has been re-photographed and the - reproduction forms a treasured scene in many homes of the city.] - -For one hundred fifty years tradition has thrown a veil of romance -around the old building that formerly stood at the corner of Main and -Fredonia streets, facing the northeast corner of the Plaza Principal in -Nacogdoches, where the two main branches of El Camino Real merged. - -Even as early as Revolutionary days it was regarded by many as being one -of the old mission buildings, and later years this belief was -strengthened when a wandering sign painter, with the permission of John -S. Roberts, painted a sign for the front of his saloon in the old -structure: “The Old Stone Fort, erected in 1719”. - -The Stone House, as it was called in the early records, has a history -more intriguing, more romantic, than any other building in the state of -Texas, not even excluding the Alamo. Over its walls all but one of the -nine flags of Nacogdoches have flown. - -Built as a private enterprise by Antonio Gil Ybarbo in 1779, as a -trading post, it soon became the most important building in the New -Philippines. In 1801 Lieut. Musquiz brought Peter Ellis Bean and the -remainder of Philip Nolan’s expedition and placed them in the Old Stone -Fort, where they remained for thirty days. - -Cordero, governor of the Province of Texas, together with General -Herrera and 1300 Spanish troops, had his headquarters in the stone house -when the treaty creating the “Neutral Ground” was agreed upon on -November 6, 1806. For three months it was the seat of government of the -Eastern Provinces of Spain, when Governor Manuel de Salcedo was here in -the summer of 1810. - -Magee and Gutierrez proclaimed their republican government from the old -building in 1813; as did Dr. James Long on August 14, 1819. Again it -became the capitol of the Fredonian Government, and on December 23, -1826, the Fredonian flag was raised over its walls. - -Following the collapse of the Fredonian republic, the old building was -occupied as a home by John Durst, and the happy laughter of little -children resounded within its walls. Louis O. and Miss Benigna Durst -were born in the old house, inherited by Durst from his foster-father -Samuel Davenport, who purchased the property in 1806. - -In 1831 John Durst moved to his new home on the Angelina river and the -Old Stone Fort was sold to Juan Mora, the district judge, and Vicente -Cordova, district attorney under the Mexican regime, in 1834. The -official records were again placed in the old building, where they -remained until a courthouse was built in 1840. - -Within its walls the oath of allegiance was administered by the Mexican -authorities to such celebrities as James Bowie, Thomas J. Rusk, Sam -Houston and David Crockett. Around its walls the forces of Bustamente -and Santa Anna vied for supremacy on August 2, 1832, at the Battle of -Nacogdoches. Then in the spring of 1836, the stone walls of the old -building seemed a bulwark of safety to the few brave souls who refused -to flee from threatened Indian massacre in the Runaway Scrape. - -On March 17, 1837, the first regular term of district court under the -republic assembled in the Old Stone Fort, followed by a special term in -August of the same year, presided over by “Three-legged” Willie, with a -pistol as his gavel, at which time General Thomas J. Rusk delivered one -of his famous orations, which has been preserved to us in our court -records. - -Even the transfer of title to the old house from Vicente Cordova brings -an element of tragedy and in some respects even comedy. Cordova was the -leader in the so-called Cordova Rebellion in 1838, in which Zechariah -Fenley was murdered and one of his slaves taken away. Following this, in -1840, Rebecca Fenley filed suit for damages against Cordova, not for the -death of her husband, but for the loss of her slave. Cordova was a -fugitive and a judgment against him for $1500 resulted in a sale of his -half-interest in the Old Stone Fort under execution, being purchased by -Rebecca Fenley, who was a daughter of Mrs. John S. Roberts. - -The Old Stone Fort remained in the Roberts family until it was purchased -by Perkins Brothers in 1901; after which it was torn down, the material -given to the Cum Concilio Club of Nacogdoches, who used the stones in -the erection of the Stone Fort Memorial in 1907 at the northwest corner -of Washington Square, where it remained as a museum until 1936, when the -State of Texas again used the material from the Old Stone Fort in the -erection of the present Replica of the Old Stone Fort on the beautiful -campus of Stephen F. Austin State Teachers College at the intersection -of Griffith and Clark Boulevards. - - [Illustration: REPLICA OF THE OLD STONE FORT - Replica of the Old Stone Fort, erected by the State of Texas as a - part of its Centennial program, 1936. It stands on the campus of the - Stephen F. Austin State Teachers College and is maintained by the - State as a museum.] - - -THE MISSIONS AND PRESIDIO.—During the summer of 1716, under the -direction of Captain Don Domingo Ramon, three missions and a presidio -were erected in the present Nacogdoches county. The Presidio Nuestra -Senora de los Dolores, built in 1716, was repaired and enlarged by the -Marquis de Aguayo in 1721, and abandoned about 1730. Built by the -Spanish government as a fort and headquarters for soldiers guarding the -East Texas Missions and the borders of the New Philippines, it -overlooked Los Terreros or Mill creek, near the intersection of the -Lower Douglass road with the road from Douglass to Wells. - -The Mission Nuestra Senora de la Purissima Concepcion was built 1.25 -miles northeast of Goodman crossing of the Angelina river, near “two -bubbling springs” in the heart of the Hainai Indian village. In 1731 -this mission was moved to San Antonio where it now stands. - -The Mission San Jose de los Nazonis was built 2.6 miles northeast of the -present town of Cushing, overlooking Dill creek. In 1731 this mission -was also removed to San Antonio, where it was called San Juan -Capistrano. - -Mission Nuestra Senora de Guadalupe was founded at the same time on the -west side of North street in Nacogdoches, overlooking Banito creek, -which was called “the creek of the mission.” This mission was never -permanently abandoned until it was replaced by the church which stood on -the little plaza in front of the present court house, built in 1802. The -third Catholic church was formerly the home of Nathaniel Norris at the -northwest corner of Hospital and North streets. The fourth church was -the Sacred Heart church on Pecan street, built in 1847 under the -influence of Bishop J. N. Odin; which was in turn replaced by the -present Sacred Heart church, built in 1937 on a portion of the homestead -of Judge Charles S. Taylor on North street, the house of the old Sacred -Heart church being rebuilt about eight miles south of Nacogdoches as the -Fern Lake church. The sites of the presidio and missions have been -appropriately marked by the State of Texas. - - -OLD STAGE STAND NEAR CHIRENO.—On Highway 21 about two miles west of the -town of Chireno is a very old house on the north side of the road. It -was built in the early forties of last century by Mr. James B. Johnson, -who was the first mayor of San Augustine. It was used as a halfway -station between San Augustine and Nacogdoches for the old Concord -coaches used at that time for mail and passenger service. Here the -horses were changed and passengers had meals. Another station on the -same coach line stands in the town of Douglass, fourteen miles west of -Nacogdoches. - - -EYES OF FATHER MARGIL.—The old Spanish legend relates that in the first -year after the Mission Guadalupe was built there was a great drouth and -water was scarce. Father Margil went out in faith and smote the rock on -the bank of LaNana creek, which had completely dried up, and two -unfailing springs gushed out. They were called “Los Ojos de Padre -Margil,” The Eyes of Father Margil, and are located in what was formerly -known as Mims Park, now a pasture in the rear of the J. R. Gray -residence. - - -RESIDENCE OF PETER ELLIS BEAN.—One of the members of Nolan’s expedition; -was captured by Lieut. Musquiz and held prisoner many years in Mexico. -During the Revolution under Morelos he made his escape and joined the -revolutionary forces. Settled in East Texas and had several homes there. -One of these was on the Carrizo creek, on the upper Melrose road, four -and one-fourth miles east of Nacogdoches. Marked by the State of Texas. - - -OAK GROVE CEMETERY.—The State of Texas has placed granite markers at the -graves of the four signers of the Texas Declaration of Independence who -are buried in this cemetery: Thomas J. Rusk, Charles S. Taylor and John -S. Roberts, who represented the Municipality of Nacogdoches, and William -Clark, who represented Sabine District. The graves of the following -veterans of the Battle of San Jacinto have also been marked: E. E. -Hamilton, Capt. Hayden Arnold. Markers have been placed at the graves of -Haden Edwards, empresario and leader of the Fredonians, and his wife, -Susan Beal Edwards; General Kelsey Harris Douglass, commander-in-chief -of the forces that drove the Indians out of East Texas in 1839; Dr. -Robert Anderson Irion, Secretary of State in the Cabinet of Sam Houston, -first president of the Republic of Texas, and Thos. Y. Buford. - - -GRAVE OF WILLIAM GOYENS.—Goyens family cemetery, four miles southwest of -Nacogdoches, near Aylitos creek. Only negro to be honored by the State -of Texas with a Centennial marker. Participated in Battle of New -Orleans. Came to Texas in 1821. Indian Agent under Mexican government, -lawyer in Alcalde court. Participated in the Texas Revolution in 1836; -noted for his private charities. Although the Constitution of Republic -and State both forbade the holding of land by negroes, Goyens amassed a -considerable fortune with his land deals and was owner of thousands of -acres of land at his death in 1856. His white wife, whom he married in -1828, is buried by his side. - - -GRIFFITH PARK.—The park fronting North street and extending from -Caroline street on the south to the southern border of the campus of -Stephen F. Austin State Teachers College on the north. Given to the city -of Nacogdoches by the Griffith heirs in memory of Dr. L. E. Griffith and -his wife, Sarah Jane Clark Griffith, and Dr. Griffith’s brother, Alfred. -Dr. L. E. Griffith came to Nacogdoches from San Augustine about 1850 and -was one of the builders of modern Nacogdoches. The park was dedicated to -Dr. Griffith and the early pioneers of Nacogdoches. - - -INDIAN MOUNDS.—On the corner of the school campus at Mound and Arnold -streets, was a large Indian Mound 150×75 feet and about fifteen feet -high. On the corner opposite was a circular Mound about 75 feet in -diameter. These Mounds were leveled to make room on the campus. One -small mound still remains on the front lawn of the T. M. Reavley home. -An oak tree of considerable size grows from the summit of it. (See back -cover). - - -OLD NORTH CHURCH.—About four miles north near Highway 35, North Church -was built in 1838, but the congregation had met for some time before the -house was built, under an oak tree, the lower part of the trunk of which -still stands. It was first known as Union church, being intended for two -bodies of Baptists as well as other denominations. It has since become -the property of the Missionary Baptists, who hold regular services -there. The old cemetery contains the graves of many of the early -settlers of Nacogdoches county. Marked by the State of Texas. - - -ADOLPHUS STERNE’S HOME.—The old home of Adolphus Sterne is situated on -LaNana street, formerly called Sterne street. Built about 1830, in this -house General Sam Houston was baptized into the Roman Catholic church in -May, 1833. Now known as the Hoya home. Marked by the State of Texas. - - -NACOGDOCHES UNIVERSITY.—The Nacogdoches University was established in -1845, and at first occupied the “Old Red House” on Pilar street. Later -the Sons of Temperance Hall was acquired, and in 1856 the present high -school campus was donated to the University and given the name of -Washington Square. Two buildings were erected—a frame building for the -Female Department of the University, and a brick house for the Male -Department. The brick structure still stands in the center of the group -of buildings. Marked by the State of Texas. - - -EPISCOPAL CHURCH.—The first Episcopal Church stood on Church street. - - -OLD SPANISH CEMETERY.—Where the courthouse now stands, was used from -1800 to 1825. The burial place of many of the earliest settlers of -Nacogdoches, among whom was Antonio Gil Ybarbo, founder of Modern -Nacogdoches. Marked by the State of Texas. - - -THE PROTESTANT ELM.—The noted Elm Tree stood immediately east of the -Southern Pacific freight depot and just south of a brick warehouse now -there. Henry Stephenson preached under this tree in 1819. - - -HOSPITAL STREET.—The old Spanish hospital, from which the street derives -its name, was situated on the corner of Pecan and Hospital, in front of -the Methodist church. Across Pecan street was the old Cabildo or jail, -built in 1835. Adjoining it on the west was the Hall of the Sons of -Temperance during the period of the Republic of Texas. On the block -where the First Presbyterian church now stands was the old Bull Ring, -where bull fights were held during the Spanish and Mexican regime. - - -THE OLD SOLEDAD.—Famous throughout East Texas prior to 1800 as the -headquarters of William Barr and Samuel Davenport, Indian traders; was -located on the block on which the Texan Theatre now stands. Marked by -the State of Texas. - - -THE RED HOUSE.—About 1827 Colonel Piedras, comandante of the Mexican -garrison in Nacogdoches, built a house—part adobe and part frame—on -Pilar street in the block west of the Square, for the accommodation of -his officers and as headquarters for his forces. After the Texas -Revolution this house was sold under execution on a judgment against -Colonel Jose de las Piedras and became the property of Gen. Thomas J. -Rusk. General Rusk made his home there when he first came to Nacogdoches -in 1835, and remained there for eight or nine years. In 1845 the -University of Nacogdoches used it for class rooms. Later it was used by -various parties as an inn. - - -THOMAS F. McKINNEY.—Site of mercantile establishment of Thomas F. -McKinney—1823-1830. As senior member of the firm of McKinney and -Williams, built first wharf at Galveston. Financial adviser of the -Republic and creator of the Texas Navy. Site marked by the State of -Texas. - - - Old Home Sites - -HOMES IN NACOGDOCHES.—Sites of the following residences of early -settlers of Nacogdoches have been marked by the State of Texas: - -James Dill, southeast corner of North and Hospital streets. Pioneer -Indian trader; recognized by King of Spain. First alcalde of -Nacogdoches, 1821. Home built in 1804. - -William Clark, Jr., northwest corner Main and North streets, signer of -Texas Declaration of Independence, member Second Congress of the -Republic of Texas. Home originally built by John J. Simpson in 1835, -acquired by Clark in 1840. - -Charles S. Taylor, southeast corner North street and Mims avenue. Born -in London, 1808; died in Nacogdoches, November 1, 1865, Signer Texas -Declaration of Independence. Land Commissioner 1833, Chief Justice -Nacogdoches county 1837, Rio Grande Land Commissioner 1854. Home built -before the Texas Revolution. - -Don Juan Antonio Padilla, site now occupied by Westminster Presbyterian -church on North street. Born in Nacogdoches on Rancho Santo Domingo; -died in Houston 1839, while there on business. Served as an officer in -the Spanish army; Secretary of State of Coahuila and Texas; Land -Commissioner for Eastern Texas; delegate from Victoria county to the -convention which declared Texas independent; member of deputation that -demanded the surrender of Goliad, and volunteer to the Army of the -Republic before San Antonio. Home built in 1830 on land granted to his -grandfather. - -Thomas J. Rusk, opposite campus of Stephen F. Austin State Teachers -college, west side of North street; born 1803, died 1857. Hero of San -Jacinto, Commander-in-Chief of the army 1836. Chief Justice of the -Supreme Court 1839. President of the Constitutional Convention 1845. -United States Senator 1846. Nacogdoches was his home from 1835 to 1857. -Home built about 1844. - -Antonio Gil Ybarbo, Main street, site now occupied by Cason-Monk -Hardware store; born 1729, died 1809. Founder of modern Nacogdoches in -1770; builder of Old Stone Fort. This Spanish frontiersman matched wits -with Spanish governors in the interest of the early settlers of this -region. - -Sam Houston, site now occupied by the Liberty Hotel. First home owned by -Sam Houston in Texas. Erected by John Forbes, Commissary General of the -Army of San Jacinto, in 1836. Purchased by Sam Houston in 1839. - -John S. Roberts, on block facing south side of Plaza Principal; born -1796, died 1871. Came to Texas December, 1826. Participated in Fredonian -Rebellion, a leader in the Battle of Nacogdoches 1832; delegate to -Consultation, November 3, 1835; signer of Texas Declaration of -Independence. Home originally built and occupied as a residence by -Samuel Davenport during early years of the Nineteenth Century. - - -MOUNT STERLING.—Site of town of Mount Sterling; surveyed off for John -Durst in 1837. One of important river ports for Nacogdoches for many -years, at present known as Goodman crossing on the Angelina River. John -Durst residence overlooked the boat landing and used as a refuge for his -and his neighbors’ families during the Indian and Mexican troubles. Site -marked by the State of Texas. - - -NORTH STREET.—Oldest street north of Mexico. Originally a street in the -Nacogdoches Indian village leading to the road from Nacogdoches to the -Nassonite village near Cushing. On this street the Mission Guadalupe was -built in 1716. Travelled by Spanish missionaries, soldiers and settlers, -French traders and American filibusterers before Anglo-American -colonists came to make Texas their home. Marked by the State of Texas. - - -NACOGDOCHES COUNTY.—Marker placed by the State of Texas three miles -north of Nacogdoches on east side of Highway 35. - - - - - _El Camino Real—The King’s Highway_ - - -The old King’s Highway, known to the Spaniards as “El Camino Real,” -which runs through Nacogdoches, San Augustine and Sabine counties, was -followed by La Salle and his men in 1685, at which time they spoke of -this road as being “as well beaten a road as that from Paris to -Orleans.” This road was followed by St. Dennis in 1714, as he was making -his way from Natchitoches on Red River to San Juan Bautista on the Rio -Grande. It was doubtless an Indian trail to the western borders of the -Tejas Indians, probably about the Trinity river, and from there to San -Antonio the best route was determined by use. After the Mexican -Revolution and the coming of the American settlers it was straightened -into a cart-road or Camino Carretera, and was known as the Old San -Antonio Road. State Highway 21 now follows approximately the track of -the old road. - -Highway 21 leads east to San Augustine, the sister town to Nacogdoches -from the earliest days, where are the sites of the old Mission of -Dolores, the home of General James Pinckney Henderson, Governor O. M. -Roberts, and many of the prominent men of the Republic of Texas. The -home of Stephen W. Blount, signer of the Texas Declaration of -Independence, many of whose descendants live in Nacogdoches and San -Augustine, was built on the north side of the King’s Highway, and is in -an excellent state of preservation. - -Seven miles west of San Augustine on this highway was the home of Thomas -S. McFarland, who laid out the town of San Augustine in 1834. The house -was built about 1830 and was provided with port-holes for shooting -Indians in case of attack. - -Pendleton Ferry was the original ferry on the King’s Highway across the -Sabine river; now spanned by a splendid interstate bridge. Not far from -the road is McMahan’s Chapel, the first Methodist Church in Texas, and -the site of old Sabine-town. - - - - - _Masonic Lodge_ - - -MASONIC LODGE.—Some time in the Spring of 1837, immediately following -the organization of a permanent government in Nacogdoches county, a -movement for the organization of a Masonic lodge began which culminated -in a dispensation from the Grand Lodge of Louisiana for the Milam Lodge -No. 40, which was dated July 29, 1837. - -One of the leaders in the Masonic circles of Nacogdoches was Adolphus -Sterne, who was a past master of a lodge in New Orleans, and also a 32nd -degree Scottish Rite Mason, the first Scottish Rite Mason to come to -Texas. Haden Edwards was also a past master of another lodge. The other -charter members of Milam Lodge No. 40 were: Isaac W. Burton, John H. -Hyde, George A. Nixon, John S. Roberts, Charles H. Sims, Frost Thorn, -Simon Weiss, as Master Masons, and Kelsey H. Douglass and John W. Lowe -as Estered Apprentice and Fellow Craft respectively. - -The first meeting of the Lodge under dispensation was held in the Old -Stone Fort on August 16, 1837, with the following present: Haden -Edwards, Master; John H. Hyde, Senior Warden; J. S. Roberts, Junior -Warden; Chas. H. Sims, Treasurer pro tem; Adolphus Sterne, Secretary pro -tem; with George A. Nixon, Simon Weiss and J. W. Lowe, members. The -Charter from the Grand Lodge of Louisiana was granted September 22, -1837, and was received in the Lodge on its meeting November 20, 1837. - -Upon suggestions from Holland Lodge No. 36, Houston, Texas, a committee -consisting of Adolphus Sterne, I. W. Burton, Thomas J. Rusk, Charles S. -Taylor and Kelsey Douglass, was appointed to attend a meeting in Houston -to consider the formation of the Grand Lodge of Texas. Their mission was -accomplished in the city of Houston on February, 1838, with the -organization of the Grand Lodge of Texas, and this lodge became Milam -Lodge No. 2. - -After the first meeting, the Lodge began using the upper floor of Simon -Weiss’ store for its meeting-place, and during its long history, it held -its meetings in several houses in Nacogdoches, but never succeeded in -building its own permanent home until the completion of its present -Temple in May, 1931, on North Fredonia street. - -During the administration of Haden Edwards as Worshipful Master of Milam -Lodge No. 40, one dozen chairs were made for the use of the Lodge, which -were of hickory, turned on an old-fashioned lathe, with seats of -rawhide. These chairs served the Lodge long and faithfully, and have -witnessed the degrees conferred on every Mason made in Milam Lodge for -110 years. In 1914 a resolution was passed, instructing the worshipful -master to present to the old past masters then living and to the sons of -those old pioneers that had passed away, one of these chairs, that they -might be kept as relics and mementos of the long ago. One of them was -retained by the Lodge and now occupies a prominent place in the East, -there to remain for all time to come, never to be used again except it -be by the President of the United States, the governor of Texas, or the -Grand Master of the Most Worshipful Grand Lodge of Texas. - -Many of the men prominent in the affairs of Texas have been members of -Milam Lodge No. 2, and the minutes show Sam Houston a visitor on more -than one occasion. - - - - - _Texas’ Monument to a Great Empresario_ - - - [Illustration: STEPHEN F. AUSTIN STATE TEACHERS COLLEGE - Nacogdoches, Texas] - -A glimpse of Stephen F. Austin State Teachers College, the Thomas J. -Rusk building on the right. General Rusk made his home in Nacogdoches -from his arrival in Texas in 1834 until his death in 1857. He is buried -in Oak Grove cemetery. The college buildings are located on the Thomas -J. Rusk homestead. - - - - - _Old Nacogdoches University Building_ - - - [Illustration: BY VIRGIE SANDERS] - -The project of rebuilding the exterior of the historic Nacogdoches -University, as recently proposed by the Nacogdoches school board, is now -partially completed. - -The sum allocated by the board has been used discreetly and the -replacement of brick on outside walls, new window frames and panes with -new lumber added supporting the antiquated structure, guarantees safety -to the public school children who play on the hallowed ground of the Old -Nacogdoches University built by subscription with some state aid during -the days of the Texas Republic. - -We feel that now is the time to emulate the spirit of the pioneers. Let -us be awakened to this opportunity to complete the noble edifice, making -it available to be used by the citizens as a club center and a museum. - - Printed in the - office of - THE HERALD PUBLISHING CO. - Nacogdoches, Texas - - PRICE TEN CENTS - PER COPY - - [Illustration: INDIAN MOUND - Located on Mound Street Opposite High School Building] - - - - - * * * * * * - - - - -Transcriber’s note: - -—Silently corrected obvious typographical errors. - - - -***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORIC NACOGDOCHES*** - - -******* This file should be named 51839-0.txt or 51839-0.zip ******* - - -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: -http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/5/1/8/3/51839 - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; text-align:justify; clear:both; } -dl.biblio dt div { display:block; float:left; margin-left:-6em; width:6em; clear:both; } -dl.biblio dt.center { margin-left:0em; text-align:center; } -dl.biblio dd { margin-top:.3em; margin-left:3em; text-align:justify; font-size:90%; } -.clear { clear:both; } -p.book { margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; } -p.review { margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; font-size:80%; } -p.pcap { font-weight:bold; text-align:center; } -p.pcapold { font-weight:bold; margin-left:4.7em; text-indent:-4.7em; text-align:justify; margin-top:0; } -p.pcapc { margin-left:4.7em; text-indent:0em; text-align:justify; } -span.pn { display:inline-block; width:4.7em; text-align:left; margin-left:0; text-indent:0; } - - h1.pg { margin-top: 0em; } - hr.full { width: 100%; - margin-top: 3em; - margin-bottom: 0em; - margin-left: auto; - margin-right: auto; - height: 4px; - border-width: 4px 0 0 0; /* remove all borders except the top one */ - border-style: solid; - border-color: #000000; - clear: both; } -</style> -</head> -<body> -<h1 class="pg">The Project Gutenberg eBook, Historic Nacogdoches, by Robert Bruce Blake, -Illustrated by Roy Henderson, Charlotte Baker Montgomery, and George L. -Crocket</h1> -<p>This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States -and most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no -restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it -under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this -eBook or online at <a -href="http://www.gutenberg.org">www.gutenberg.org</a>. If you are not -located in the United States, you'll have to check the laws of the -country where you are located before using this ebook.</p> -<p>Title: Historic Nacogdoches</p> -<p>Author: Robert Bruce Blake</p> -<p>Release Date: April 23, 2016 [eBook #51839]</p> -<p>Language: English</p> -<p>Character set encoding: UTF-8</p> -<p>***START OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORIC NACOGDOCHES***</p> -<p> </p> -<h3>E-text prepared by Stephen Hutcheson, Dave Morgan,<br /> - and the Online Distributed Proofreading Team<br /> - (http://www.pgdp.net)</h3> -<p> </p> -<hr class="full" /> -<p> </p> -<p> </p> -<p> </p> - -<div id="cover" class="img"> -<img id="coverpage" src="images/cover.jpg" alt="Historic Nacogdoches" width="500" height="734" /> -</div> -<div class="box"> -<p class="center">Historic Nacogdoches</p> -<h1>NACOGDOCHES</h1> -<p class="tbcenter">By R. B. BLAKE -<br />Illustrations by Roy Henderson, Charlotte Baker Montgomery, and Dr. George L. Crocket.</p> -</div> -<blockquote> -<div class="pb" id="Page_1">1</div> -<p>This booklet is an enlarged and revised -reprint of two earlier booklets, one prepared -by Mr. Blake and the Reverend George L. -Crocket in 1936 as a part of the Celebration -of the Texas Centennial. The second booklet -was published in 1939 by the Nacogdoches -Historical Society and dedicated to -the memory of Dr. Crocket, who, among -the other labors of a singularly useful and -beneficient life, was an untiring student -of the history and traditions of East Texas. -Since he was one of the earliest workers -in the field, much material which would -otherwise have been lost was preserved by -Dr. Crocket’s industry and enthusiasm. -The demand for information concerning Historic -Nacogdoches has been so great that -the supply has been exhausted. Many copies -have been furnished historians, school children, -historical societies and people generally -interested in the rich, historical background -of this area. This third edition was -financed by the Nacogdoches Chamber of -Commerce and will be supplied free upon -request.</p> -</blockquote> -<p class="center">Published By -<br />NACOGDOCHES HISTORICAL SOCIETY -<br />and the -<br />NACOGDOCHES CHAMBER OF COMMERCE</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_2">2</div> -<h2 id="c1"><span class="small"><i>Nacogdoches Speaks</i></span></h2> -<p class="center">BY KARLE WILSON BAKER -<br />(By permission of the Southwest Press)</p> -<div class="verse"> -<p class="t0">I was The Gateway. Here they came, and passed,</p> -<p class="t0">The homespun centaurs with their arms of steel</p> -<p class="t0">And taut heart-strings: wild wills, who thought to deal</p> -<p class="t0">Bare-handed with jade Fortune, tracked at last</p> -<p class="t0">Out of her silken lairs into the vast</p> -<p class="t0">Of a man’s world. They passed, but still I feel</p> -<p class="t0">The dint of hoof, the print of booted heel,</p> -<p class="t0">Like prick of spurs—the shadows that they cast.</p> -<p class="t0">I do not vaunt their valors, or their crimes:</p> -<p class="t0">I tell my secrets only to some lover,</p> -<p class="t0">Some taster of spilled wine and scattered musk.</p> -<p class="t0">But I have not forgotten; and, sometimes,</p> -<p class="t0">The things that I remember arise, and hover,</p> -<p class="t0">A sharper perfume in some April dusk.</p> -</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p00.jpg" alt="Travellers and Inn" width="600" height="244" /> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_3">3</div> -<div class="img"> -<img src="images/p00a.jpg" alt="Indian on Horse" width="600" height="491" /> -</div> -<h2 id="c2"><span class="small"><i>Nacogdoches The Indian Town</i></span></h2> -<p>For the beginnings of Nacogdoches we must go back to the shadowy -times when heroic figures march with majestic tread across the stage of -tradition, obscured by the mists of centuries. Having no written language -with which to record the glories of their race, the Tejas Indians recounted -the tales of their beginnings around their home fires, thus passing them -down from father to son through the long centuries before the coming of -the Europeans.</p> -<p>Thus it is recounted that in the days of long ago an old Caddo chief -lived on the bank of the Sabine, the river of the cypress trees. To him twin -sons were born: Natchitoches, swarthy of features with straight black -hair and flashing black eyes; and Nacogdoches, fair of complexion with -blue eyes and yellow hair. As the old man neared the end of his days, before -being ushered into the happy hunting-grounds, he called his two sons into -his presence to receive his final blessings. He commanded that immediately -following his death, Natchitoches should gather his wife and children -together, turn his face towards the rising sun, and after three days’ march -should build his home and rear his tribe; while Nacogdoches was instructed -to travel a like distance toward the setting sun, where he should rear his -children and children’s children. Thus the twin tribes of Nacogdoches -and Natchitoches were founded 100 miles apart, and thus Nacogdoches was -the father of the Tejas, the white Indians of Eastern Texas.</p> -<p>The two tribes were a sufficient distance apart to prevent friction -over their hunting-grounds, and thus through the succeeding centuries they -were ever on friendly terms, the one with the other. This friendly communication -and barter between the tribes was such that they beat out a broad -highway between them and through their confines, which became El Camino -Real, extending from Natchez, on the Father of Waters, to the Trinity river -on the west, through Natchitoches, Louisiana, and Nacogdoches, Texas.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_4">4</div> -<p>During the succeeding centuries the Tejas lived on the Redlands, building -comfortable homes around the ceremonial mounds which they had -erected, where they left their wives and children while they pursued the -bison, the deer and the black bear. Then another figure of heroic mold -emerges from the mists of the past, when Red Feather rules his people.</p> -<p>The story of Red Feather is delightfully recounted by Miss Adina de -Zavala, of San Antonio, Texas, in her “Origin of the Red Bird.” Red -Feather taught his people the gentle arts of husbandry—the cultivation of -Indian corn, beans, peas, melons and pumpkins; taught the women to make -preserves of the fruit of the persimmon tree, and to store the fruits of -the soil and the chase in their homes for winter. Great was the mourning -when Chief Red Feather died; while his subjects reverently laid his body -to rest on the chief mound in Nacogdoches, his spirit soared upward on the -crimson wings of the first red bird, and hovered in the majestic trees above -the mounds, as if guarding his people from danger.</p> -<p>Less than fifty years after Columbus sighted America, Hernando De -Soto, in the winter of 1541-42, penetrated as far west as Nacogdoches, -where he spent the winter, sending out scouting parties further west in -search for the seven cities of the Cibolo. He remained in Nacogdoches -because he found here a well-settled, hospitable Indian town, with an agricultural -population, having well-built homes, provided with comfortable -furnishings.</p> -<p>Nearly eighty years after De Soto’s visit, on the borderline between -tradition and history, came the ministration of Mother Maria de Jesus de -Agreda, “the angel in blue,” teaching the Tejas tribes the Christian religion, -in 1620. So great was the influence of this saintly woman that in 1690 the -chief of the Tejas told Massanet that they wished to do as she had done, -and even wanted to be buried in blue garments.</p> -<p>The first definite description of Nacogdoches and its aboriginal population -is in the account of LaSalle’s visit here in 1685. On this visit -Robert Sieur de LaSalle became desperately ill and remained in Nacogdoches -for a month, recuperating from disease. Here the Frenchman received such -hospitable treatment at the hands of the natives that four of his men deserted -and remained here when LaSalle started back to Fort St. Louis.</p> -<p>LaSalle found numerous evidences of prior contact with both French -and Spanish here. Perhaps the Indian traditions pointed to the presence -here of DeSoto and Coronado, and the traditional appearances of Mother -Maria de Agreda, already referred to.</p> -<p>DeLeon and his followers, in 1691-1692, made the first serious attempts -to educate the Tejas Indians in European ways by taking several of the -young members of the tribes back to the College of Zacatecas in Mexico. -Among these were two children of the chief of the Hainai Indians, living -near what is now known as the Goodman Crossing on the Angelina river, -about eighteen miles southwest of Nacogdoches. The young man, who afterwards -became head chief of the Hasinai Confederation, the Spaniards -named Bernadino, which name was also given to his father, the chief; the -young woman they named Angelina, and the river was named for her. She -<span class="pb" id="Page_5">5</span> -also acted as interpreter between the Indians and the Spanish explorers, -including the followers of Captain Ramon in 1716, and those of the Marquis -de Aguayo in 1721.</p> -<h3 id="c3">First White Settlement</h3> -<p>The first permanent European settlement in the town of Nacogdoches -was made in June, 1716, when Fray Antonio Margil de Jesus founded the -Mission Nuestra Senora de Guadalupe de Nacogdoches on what is now -North street, overlooking the valley of the Banito, “little bath.” The Spaniards -named the town Nuestra Senora del Pilar de Nacogdoches.</p> -<p>In the struggle between the French and Spanish for mastery of Eastern -Texas (called the Province of the New Philippines), the Mission Guadalupe -had an eventful history. Deserted at times but never permanently abandoned, -it finally decayed and its very site was utterly forgotten, though -the information concerning its location has been preserved in the ancient -Spanish parchments of our Nacogdoches archives.</p> -<p>When the Spanish settlers began making their homes in the old -Indian town, they found several mounds within the limits of the town, relics -of the centuries of Indian occupation before the coming of the white man. -Three of the larger of these mounds were located on what became the -Nacogdoches University campus, now the high school campus. The importance -of these mounds was not recognized by those who founded the -university, and they were razed in an effort to level the ground of the -campus. Only one now remains, on Mound street, so named because of -these monuments to the antiquity of the town. A large oak tree, whose -age has been estimated at about two hundred years, grows from the summit -of this remaining mound.</p> -<h3 id="c4">Nacogdoches—The Spanish Town</h3> -<p>With the French cession of Louisiana to Spain in 1764, the necessity for -the Spanish garrison in Nacogdoches ceased; and the town was abandoned -as a military post in 1773, to be refounded by Captain Antonio Gil Ybarbo -and his compatriots in 1779.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig1"> -<img src="images/p01.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="357" /> -<p class="pcap">The Red House -<br /> -Built in 1827 for accommodation of Mexican officials. See <a href="#Page_23">page 23</a>.</p> -</div> -<p>The city of Nacogdoches, as a civic corporation, dates from that year, -in which that sturdy old Spaniard, Ybarbo, conducted his harassed and -bewildered followers from their experimental settlement of Bucareli on -<span class="pb" id="Page_6">6</span> -the Trinity river, to the old Mission of Guadalupe. The eastern boundary -of Texas was at that time a shadowy, uncertain quantity, somewhere between -the Sabine and Red rivers. Louisiana belonged to Spain, and the -government was but little concerned to mark out definitely the exact -limitation between its provinces.</p> -<p>Gil Ybarbo recognized the necessity of a commissary for the storing -of military and commercial supplies, and after applying to the authorities -in Mexico for such a building, and growing weary of the endless delays and -red tape, that industrious old Spaniard erected on his own account what -he and his followers called “The Stone House,” now generally referred to -as “The Old Stone Fort.” It was not erected primarily as a fort, but as a -house of commerce; and that has been its main use throughout its varied -history. But the construction of its walls—almost a yard in thickness—made -it practically impregnable to the ordinary means of offense; so that -it naturally became a place of refuge and haven of safety in the successive -perils that visited the old border-town.</p> -<p>Gil Ybarbo, ruling his people as a benevolent despot, was officially -known as Lieutenant Governor of the Eastern Province of the New Philippines -and Military Comandante of the Post of Our Mother of the Pilar of -Nacogdoches. He promulgated the first Book of Ordinances for the government -of the city in 1780, the original of which is now in the Nacogdoches -Archives in the Capitol at Austin.</p> -<p>The new city grew apace, and by the beginning of the Nineteenth -Century embraced a population of several hundred souls. In 1792 General -Don Ramon de Castro sent Don Juan Antonio Cortez, captain of cavalry at -LaBahia, to Nacogdoches for the purpose of conducting an investigation -of the irregularities of verbal land grants made by Ybarbo, as well as of his -illegal traffic with the French and Indians. The result of the investigation -was the removal of Ybarbo from his office; he was sent to Bexar while the -investigation proceeded. Don Carlos de Zepeda succeeded Ybarbo as Lieutenant -Governor, and in turn was followed by a succession of officials who -had charge of the public business of the town, and superintended legal -and commercial affairs, in addition to leading what military expeditions -were needed in their infrequent exigencies. Nacogdoches was at that time -the second largest town in Texas.</p> -<h3 id="c5">Philip Nolan</h3> -<p>In 1800 Nacogdoches was a loyal Spanish town, as was shown by the -part it took in the suppression of Philip Nolan’s expedition. Nolan had -been reared by General James Wilkinson, commander of the United -States forces at Natchez, Mississippi. In furtherance of the schemes of -Wilkinson and Aaron Burr (then Vice President of the United States), -Nolan invaded Texas with a small band of adventurers, on the pretext of -horse-trading. The population of the town were largely behind Lieutenant -M. Musquiz and his Garrison, when they were ordered to pursue and arrest -the little band. Musquiz and his men were accompanied by William Barr, -of the trading firm of Barr and Davenport, who acted as interpreter between -the Spanish and Americans. Lieutenant Bernardo D’Ortolan, a -Frenchman by birth, was left in charge of the garrison here while Musquiz -<span class="pb" id="Page_7">7</span> -was on his expedition; during this time he conveyed titles to land to such -settlers as applied for them.</p> -<p>Nolan was overtaken on the banks of the Blanco river, at the block -house he had built, and in the ensuing engagement he was killed and the -remainder of the expedition were captured and brought back to Nacogdoches. -They were placed in the Old Stone Fort, from whence they were -taken prisoners to Mexico; the sole survivor of the band, so far as history -records, was Peter Ellis Bean, one of the most colorful and resourceful -men Texas has seen.</p> -<p>Correspondence found in the possession of Nolan enabled Musquiz to -discover various ramifications of the plot of Nolan, Burr and Wilkinson -among the inhabitants in Nacogdoches. One of the local leaders was a -Spanish woman, Gertrudis Leal, and her husband, Antonio Leal, who were -tried for treason by Musquiz. The priest in charge of Mission Guadalupe, -Padre Bernadino Vallejo, was also one of the conspirators, but the robes of -St. Francis saved him from punishment for his part in the plot. Samuel -Davenport was also found to be in some manner connected with the affair, -but he was shrewd enough to escape being tried, as was also a man by the -name of Cook, who then lived at Nacogdoches.</p> -<p>In the beginning of the new century the purchase of Louisiana by the -United States from the French, in consequence of the Napoleonic upheaval -in Europe, brought about a great change in the political and military affairs -of Nacogdoches. There was great jealousy between the two countries, and a -territorial dispute to be settled before the old status of somnolent peace -could prevail. The Americans built Fort Jesup, west of Red River, near -Natchitoches, and in 1806, Governor Cordero, with 1500 Spanish troops, -advanced to Nacogdoches to meet the American threat across the Sabine. -As a result of the negotiations of Governor Cordero and General Wilkinson, -there was formed The Neutral Ground, a strip of territory lying between -the Sabine and the Rio Hondo, over which neither government exercised -dominion, and which consequently became the rendezvous of the lawless, -until the settlement of the present boundary between Texas and Louisiana.</p> -<h3 id="c6">The Mexican Revolution Against Spain</h3> -<p>The next band of adventurers found Nacogdoches in a very different -temper. In 1810 the Mexicans rebelled against the government of Spain, -and Nacogdoches lost no time in assisting in the formation of the Magee-Gutierrez -expedition, under the leadership of Lieut. Augustus Magee, who -resigned his position in the United States garrison at Fort Jesup to take -command of the American and Mexican forces in their effort to throw -off the yoke of Spain.</p> -<p>It is said that every able-bodied man east of the Trinity river joined -in this expedition. For a time it prospered, and by 1813 had successfully -driven the Spanish military forces from Eastern Texas and pursued them -to San Antonio, where Governor Manuel Salcedo and most of the high -Spanish officials there were butchered.</p> -<p>One of the interesting incidents of this expedition, to the whole province -as well as to Nacogdoches, was the publication of two newspapers -here, the first ventures of their kind in Texas; the first of these, “The -<span class="pb" id="Page_8">8</span> -Gazette,” appeared in May, 1813, while the second, “El Mejicano,” was -published the following month.</p> -<p>Vengeance of Spain was swift, and the Spanish army sent into Texas -swept the inhabitants of Nacogdoches beyond the Sabine and into American -territory, where they remained until 1818-20. Erasmo Seguin was sent by -the new government of Mexico in 1821 to Nacogdoches to invite the old -settlers back to their former homes, as well as to welcome Stephen F. Austin -to Texas.</p> -<h3 id="c7">Dr. James Long—1819</h3> -<p>The settlement of the boundary dispute between the United States and -Texas on February 22, 1819, by fixing the Sabine river as the boundary, -met with strong opposition in Arkansas, Louisiana and Mississippi, as well -as Eastern Texas. The American settlers had contended for the Neches -river as the true boundary, and Dr. James Long, who had married the -daughter of a wealthy planter at Natchez, Mississippi, lost no time in exploiting -his scheme of forming the Republic of Texas. Leaving Natchez June -17, 1819, with 75 men, he reached Nacogdoches with approximately -300, including Samuel Davenport, Bernado Guitierrez de Lara, and many -others who had fled in 1813.</p> -<p>Upon reaching Nacogdoches, Long’s forces occupied the Old Stone -Fort, organized a provisional government, and issued a proclamation declaring -Texas a free and independent republic, and another newspaper—the -third in Nacogdoches as well as in Texas—was published by Horatio Bigelow. -It was called “The Mexican Advocate.”</p> -<p>It is very probable that Dr. Long’s expedition would have been completely -successful if it had been organized a year later, after the revolutionary -movement had begun in Spain but in 1819 the royalists were in control -in Mexico; and that fact, together with Long’s division of his forces -after leaving Nacogdoches for the West, so weakened his fighting units as -to cause them to fall an easy prey to the successive onslaughts of the -Spanish Army sent against him under Colonel Perez.</p> -<p>With the capture of his block houses and forts on the Brazos, Trinity -and Red rivers, Mrs. Jane Long, who had been left at Nacogdoches, fled -across the Sabine, and her husband soon followed, thus ending his first -attempt at freeing Texas, in October, 1819.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig2"> -<img src="images/p02.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="370" /> -<p class="pcap">Frost Thorne Home—Hart Hotel -<br />Residence of Texas’ first millionaire. Built 1825. See <a href="#Page_12">page 12</a>.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_9">9</div> -<h3 id="c8">Nacogdoches—The Mexican Town</h3> -<p>Under the leadership of Alcalde James Dill Nacogdoches soon regained -its former prestige as the largest town in East Texas, and settlers from the -United States began coming in increasing numbers under the beneficient -colonization laws of the new government in Mexico; but things were much -changed. In 1825 Haden and Benjamin Edwards secured their ill-fated contract -as empresarios. When Edwards began to plant his colonists, sometimes -on land which had once belonged to the Mexican inhabitants and had -been abandoned temporarily in the flight of 1813, the friction between the -Americans and Mexicans increased. On the northwest of them also had settled -a tribe of Cherokee Indians, who claimed the right to occupy a vast -territory which had formerly been the habitation of the friendly Tejas -Indians.</p> -<p>This triangular situation bred distrust and antagonism that at last -broke out into open warfare, and threw the country into the wildest disorder, -in what is known as the Fredonian War in 1826. The coup of Edwards -was at first successful, and he and his followers were able to seize -the “Stone House” and fortify it; but the citizenship of Nacogdoches and -the surrounding country was not behind the movement, and it was doomed -to failure from its inception.</p> -<p>The Fredonian rebellion resulted in many of the prominent citizens of -the town being expelled in 1827—among whom were John S. Roberts, -Haden and Benjamin Edwards, Adolphus Sterne and Martin Parmer. The -Mexican general, Ahumada, who occupied Nacogdoches upon this occasion, -was a genuine diplomat, and with the assistance and advice of Stephen F. -Austin, who came to Nacogdoches with Ahumada, soon had the old town -peaceful again. However, the man whom Ahumada selected as comandante -here proved to be an unfortunate choice, and Colonel Jose de las Piedras -soon aroused the hostility of the American settlers with his high-handed, -arbitrary methods, as was the case with Col. Bradburn at Anahuac.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig3"> -<img src="images/p02a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="417" /> -<p class="pcap">Adolphus Sterne Home -<br />Where Sam Houston was baptized. Standing at corner Lanana and Pilar street. See <a href="#Page_22">page 22</a>.</p> -</div> -<h3 id="c9">The Battle of Nacogdoches</h3> -<p>For the real cause of the Battle of Nacogdoches, we must go back to -<span class="pb" id="Page_10">10</span> -Bustamente’s Law of April 6, 1830, forbidding further immigration from -the United States, while permitting Europeans to come in unimpeded. Juan -Antonio Padilla had been appointed as commissioner general for granting -land titles in East Texas, assuming his duties on January 1, 1830. Upon -the passage of the law of April 6th, Padilla was unwilling to enforce its -provisions, and in the latter part of April he was ordered by Don Ramon -Musquiz, political chief in Bexar, to be imprisoned and suspended on a -trumped-up-charge of murder.</p> -<p>An outbreak was prevented in Nacogdoches only by prompt action on -the part of Col. Piedras, while the people of Ayish Bayou and the Palo -Gacho met and passed resolutions of an inflammatory nature. Stephen F. -Austin refused to cooperate in this opposition and thus for a time the -trouble was delayed.</p> -<p>The military force in Nacogdoches was doubled during 1830, and passports -of all immigrants going through Nacogdoches for Austin’s colony, -which was exempted by Bustamente’s Decree, were required to be signed -by Austin in person.</p> -<p>Under the dictatorship of Bustamente the military comandantes continually -encroached upon the power of the civil authorities, and finally, in -June, 1832, the settlers at Anahuac rebelled and ousted Bradburn, Piedras -arriving too late with troops from Nacogdoches and Fort Teran. Becoming -alarmed at the rising tide of opposition, Col. Piedras, upon his return, ordered -the people of Nacogdoches to surrender all their arms. This order -was followed immediately by an appeal from the ayuntamiento in Nacogdoches, -issued July 28, 1832, to the neighboring communities to present an -united front against this action; copies of this resolution were sent to -Ayish Bayou, the Palo Gacho, Tenaha and San Felipe de Austin and met -immediate response from all except San Felipe. Two companies came from -the Ayish Bayou settlement, commanded by Capts. Samuel Davis and -Bailey Anderson, one from Sabine and one from Shelby and Capt. James -Bradshaw’s company from the Neches settlement; while the people of -Nacogdoches were led by Alcalde Encarnacion Chirino. On the morning of -August 2, 1832, these forces met in the eastern outskirts of Nacogdoches -and elected Colonel James W. Bullock as commander-in-chief of approximately -500 men.</p> -<p>Colonel Piedras commanded approximately the same number of Mexican -soldiers, and proceeded to fortify the Stone House, the old Catholic -church and the Red House. An Ultimatum from the settlers for Piedras to -declare in favor of Santa Anna and the Constitution of 1824, or surrender -at discretion to an officer to be selected by Colonel Bullock, brought forth -the answer that none of the demands would be complied with, and that -he was prepared to fight.</p> -<p>Colonel Piedras advanced to meet the Americans and the fighting -commenced in the eastern part of town about eleven o’clock. By noon the -Mexicans had retreated to the business part of town, around the Stone -House. Alexander Horton, a member of the American forces, says: “We -were armed with shotguns and various other guns such as citizens used -for hunting purposes, while the Mexicans were armed with splendid English -muskets; so we turned north and marched down North street. As we began -<span class="pb" id="Page_11">11</span> -our march we heard a French horn. When we had gotten about opposite the -Stone House the Mexican cavalry made a furious charge upon us, pouring -upon us a heavy fire of small arms; they advanced to within a few steps -of our lines, but were forced back with considerable loss.” This cavalry -charge met the American force near the Catholic church, which had been -used by Piedras as quarters for his soldiers.</p> -<p>The Mexicans about mid-afternoon were driven out of the Stone -House, and the main body of their army was concentrated in the cuartel or -Old Red House, the older part of which was built of adobe, and almost as -strong as stone; it also had the advantage of several dormer windows on the -second floor, from which sharpshooters could better defend the building. -The fighting continued with unabated fury until night separated the combatants. -Colonel Piedras evacuated Nacogdoches during the night of the 2nd, -under the protecting cloak of a heavy fog, retreating westward toward the -Angelina river.</p> -<p>The next morning James Carter, with seventeen volunteers, set out in -pursuit of the Mexican army, overtaking them at Durst lake, and after a -skirmish at that point, Carter and his men went further south, crossing the -Angelina at the Goodman Crossing, and marched northward to the West -side of Durst’s Ferry to oppose the crossing of the Mexican troops. Here -Piedras lost many of his men in an unsuccessful attempt to cross the -river. It was from this event that the name Buckshot Crossing was given -to this place.</p> -<p>During the following morning Colonel Piedras surrendered the command -to Captain Francisco Medina, who in turn declared for Santa Anna -and surrendered to James Carter the entire Mexican force of some four -hundred men.</p> -<p>Col. James Bowie, who reached Nacogdoches a few days after the -battle, agreed to convey the Mexican troops to San Antonio, and in his -report stated that there were 33 Mexicans killed and 17 or 18 wounded; -the Americans losing three men killed and seven wounded.</p> -<p>The Battle of Nacogdoches was the opening gun in the Texas Revolution, -and resulted in the expulsion of all Mexican troops from the territory -east of San Antonio, giving the Texans an opportunity to hold their -Convention without military interference of the enemy.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig4"> -<img src="images/p03.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="360" /> -<p class="pcap">Peter Ellis Bean Home -<br />Built 1829. Standing 4½ miles east of Nacogdoches near Old King’s Highway. See <a href="#Page_21">page 21</a>.</p> -</div> -<h3 id="c10">Growth of American Influence</h3> -<p>Nacogdoches now became more and more American in its character. In -<span class="pb" id="Page_12">12</span> -1834 the neighboring municipality of San Augustine was organized, and the -two sister towns grew in numbers and influence. Nacogdoches was the -capital of the department of the same name, and held jurisdiction over all -the region east of Trinity River. The alcaldes who presided over the civil -affairs of the municipality from the first reorganization in 1820 had usually -been chosen from among the Mexican people living there, but after the -expulsion of the Mexican troops in 1832 Americans were selected to fill that -office, and the town gradually assumed a character more American than -Mexican. American customs prevailed over those of former times, and the -business fell into the hands of enterprising merchants and tradesmen from -the States. The Indians to the northeast were impressed by the power and -vigor of the new people and left them unmolested, although they also had increased -until they greatly outnumbered the whites.</p> -<p>Business was thriving, the population was increasing, and new settlers -were coming into the town, or taking up land in the country. Commerce was -greatly aided by the communication with the other colonies in the interior, -and an era of prosperity seemed to have dawned. But in the midst of all -came more political troubles in the republic of Mexico. Santa Anna, by a -rapid series of measures, overturned the constitution of 1824, under which -the settlement of the province by Americans had begun. The guarantees of -liberty seemed to be disappearing. In Austin’s colony there arose a “war -party,” which advocated resistance to these measures by force of arms. -Trouble began to arise at Galveston and at Anahuac. Still Nacogdoches -remained peaceful, hoping even against hope that all would yet be well.</p> -<h3 id="c11">War Clouds</h3> -<p>At length, however, the ambition of the Mexican dictator began to unfold -itself, and his designs against the lovers of freedom in Texas became -manifest. Even yet the mind of the people refused to move towards complete -independence. Delegates from the war party at San Felipe visited the town, -and by their persuasion at length convinced the people that it was in vain -to lie still any longer. Then East Texas was ready to act, and from Nacogdoches -and San Augustine armed soldiers set forth on the long march -across the State to the threatened region around San Antonio.</p> -<p>With the coming of Sam Houston to Nacogdoches in 1833, followed by -such men as General Thomas J. Rusk in 1835; with the backing of Colonel -Frost Thorne, Haden Edwards, Adolphus Sterne, Charles S. Taylor, John -S. Roberts, William G. Logan, Henry Raguet, Dr. James H. Starr, John -Forbes, Kelsey H. Douglass, Wm. B. Ochiltree and a host of others, Nacogdoches -practically financed the Texas Revolution, feeding and arming the -men pouring in from the United States to the defence of the new Republic.</p> -<h3 id="c12">Run-Away Scrape</h3> -<p>The tide of war never really rolled near to East Texas. For a time -General Sam Houston was accused of intending to flee through Nacogdoches -to the Sabine, where an American army was supposed to be expecting him, -but he had other designs, which were consummated on the field of San -Jacinto, and the danger was dispelled. East Texas, however, did suffer the -throes of a paroxysm of panic. It was known that Mexican agents were -<span class="pb" id="Page_13">13</span> -dispersed among the Cherokee and other Indians north of the settlements. -Reports, highly colored no doubt, were disseminated that these Indians were -about to move in an overwhelming body on the unprotected settlements, -whose men were in the field against the Mexican army, and wipe out town -and countryside alike. Fugitives from the devastated West, passing through, -helped to spread the terror, and so it happened that the “Run-Away -Scrape” came to include both Nacogdoches and San Augustine in the frantic -flight to safety beyond the Sabine.</p> -<h3 id="c13">The Republic</h3> -<p>The news of victory soon restored the minds of the people to sanity, -and they entered with alacrity into the work of establishing the new government -of the Republic. After the disorganization of the West and South, -which were devastated by the advance of the enemy. East Texas remained -in a position of leadership, and furnished perhaps more than its share of -the prominent officials of the Republic. The towns, including Nacogdoches, -were alive with the discussions of governmental problems, and the advocacy -of the names of the foremost citizens for high offices. After the repression -of Mexican domination, politics arose to unprecedented heights, and everybody -was affected by political fervor. Among the first officials of the new-formed -Republic, Nacogdoches furnished Sam Houston for President, General -Thomas J. Rusk as Secretary of War; Colonel John Forbes as Commissary -General of the Army.</p> -<p>Following the formation of the new government, the business men of -Nacogdoches entered upon a period of expansion, resulting in the laying out -of numerous new towns in the then Nacogdoches county, extending almost -to the Gulf of Mexico on the south and including Dallas on the north. Among -the towns thus formed following the Revolution may be mentioned Pattonia -south of Nacogdoches on the Angelina river, and a little further south the -town of Travis on the same river, Mount Sterling at the home of John Durst -on the Angelina river west of Nacogdoches, and a few miles further up the -river where the present highway crosses, the town of Angelina where -James Durst and his father, Joe Durst, lived. The original town of Rusk -was south of Nacogdoches where the road to Fort Teran crossed the Angelina -river on the Pierre Roblo grant. Thornville, near the present village -of Mahl; Liberty, a few miles northwest of Douglass; Jackson, built on an -island on the Attoyac not far from where Chireno was later founded. -Haden Edwards founded two towns north of Nacogdoches on the Sabine -river, near the present town of Longview, one of which was named Fredonia, -in memory of his ill-fated revolution, and the other he called Cotton-Plant. -In addition to these ghost towns of long ago, we may mention such -towns as Attoyac, Melrose, Chireno and Douglass, each of which was regularly -laid out in lots and blocks, in anticipation of the boom to come.</p> -<h3 id="c14">The Cordova Rebellion</h3> -<p>But the war was not over yet. The Mexican army had been defeated -and expelled, but there were enemies at home. The town of Nacogdoches -was aroused to feverish excitement when the preacher and congregation -of a country meeting came in one night with the news that the Mexican -population of the country had risen in arms under the leadership of a former -<span class="pb" id="Page_14">14</span> -alcalde, Vicente Cordova, and were on the warpath against the American -citizens. General Rusk at once called for volunteers, and scouts were -sent everywhere to discover the whereabouts of the insurgents. All the next -day their efforts were in vain, but at length John Durst and a party of -scouts under him, came in with the report that they were encamped across -the Angelina river in what is now Cherokee county, where they were doubtless -waiting to join those Indians to make war against the American settlers. -Rusk appealed to the people of San Augustine and Sabine counties, -and within forty-eight hours they began to arrive, armed and equipped -for a campaign. After some delay, caused by contradictory orders from -President Houston, Rusk marched into the Indian country, where he found -that the rebels had gone to other tribes, and were beyond his reach. He -marched to the Cherokee and Shawnee villages and so impressed them with -the readiness with which he had assembled so considerable a body of soldiers -that they readily premised peace and disavowed any connection with the -Mexican insurgents.</p> -<h3 id="c15">Commercial Expansion</h3> -<p>In the meantime the town began to grow. It was the home of many -of the prominent leaders of Texas during the time of the republic, whose -influence was felt in the public affairs of the country. General Thomas -J. Rusk was a citizen of Nacogdoches until his death. Sam Houston frequently -was a resident until his removal to Huntsville. Charles S. Taylor -was very prominent in public affairs. William B. Ochiltree lived here for a -time. Thomas J. Jennings, the elder, lived here until his removal to Marshall, -as did Dr. James H. Starr. James Reily, who was minister to the -United States, had his home here. These are some of the men more prominent -in public life; among private citizens there were also many whose -names were well known throughout the land. Adolphus Sterne, Archibald -Hotchkiss, Henry Raguet and others might be mentioned. Of the county -officers Oscar L. Holmes, Richard Parmalee, Murray Orton, William Hart -and others were prominent. Colonel Haden Edwards, who returned to Nacogdoches -after the bitterness of the Fredonian rebellion had subsided, was -here until his death, and his family continued to live here for many years -afterwards.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig5"> -<img src="images/p04.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="408" /> -<p class="pcap">S. M. Orton Home -<br />Built in 1840. -<br />Has “Strong Room” built for temporary detention of prisoners by Sheriff Orton.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_15">15</div> -<p>The invaluable services of Nacogdoches and its people in opening up the -great northern regions of Texas, after the expulsion of the Indians, had the -result, unfortunate for it but inevitable, of diminishing the population and -importance of the town. New centers of agriculture and trade sprang up -and became towns which attracted more and more people to themselves, and -new opportunities presented themselves for business enterprise. It was -easier to fence in the prairies than to clear the forest lands of East Texas. -Many of the citizens of Nacogdoches, including some of the more prominent -persons, removed to other places.</p> -<p>After the annexation of Texas to the United States, Nacogdoches -gradually settled down to the station of one of the many flourishing towns -of the State, and lost the preeminence in political and social matters which -had been its lots from the beginning of its history. With San Augustine it -still continued to be the center of this section of the State, and the two -towns cooperated harmoniously in the development of the surrounding -regions.</p> -<p>Nacogdoches has always been an important social center. Even under -Spanish rule it was noted for the culture of its inhabitants, and during -the residence of the Governor of the State at this place in the unsettled -period after the Louisiana purchase, there was a social life here that was -not unworthy of a larger city. During the third and fourth decade of the -Nineteenth Century social amenities prevailed even through the confusion -of changing political scenes of that time. The Mexican officers at that -time were, as a rule, gentlemen, and the American immigrants included -many persons of high culture and attainments. After the revolution the -social standing of the place grew even stronger. It was not merely in entertainments -and enjoyments that Nacogdoches and San Augustine set the -pace in East Texas; they became centers of learning as well. Schools flourished, -and a refined taste in literary and scholastic affairs exhibited higher -ideals of mental achievements. The University of Nacogdoches was established -in 1845, and attracted many persons who were desirous of scholastic -training.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig6"> -<img src="images/p04a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="417" /> -<p class="pcap">Old North Church -<br />Founded 1838. -<br />Standing four miles north Nacogdoches. See <a href="#Page_22">page 22</a>.</p> -</div> -<p>When the shadow of war fell over the country in 1861, Nacogdoches at -<span class="pb" id="Page_16">16</span> -once took her place among those who were ready to offer their belongings -and their lives upon the altar of their country. Her soldiers went to the -front and did gallant service for the cause of the Confederacy. At home, -the women and other non-combatants worked and prayed for the success -and safety of their loved ones far away on the battlefield. But war brought -ruin to the town; the schools were overwhelmed in the general desolation. -Business enterprise was at an end, and the great stores gave place to little -shops, which barely supplied the necessities of life. The soldiers came home -and went back to their farms, but the old plantations had disappeared and -the fields barely produced a living for their owners and workers. The town -itself was reduced to the proportions of an insignificant village. The people -bravely kept up the traditions of a more affluent existence, but it was a -mournful struggle against untoward conditions.</p> -<p>These conditions prevailed for twenty years, but at length a harbinger -of better times appeared in the shape of a railroad, the Houston East and -West Texas, connecting Houston and Shreveport. It was a narrow-gauge -road, burning wood for fuel and creeping along at an extremely low rate -of speed, but it was the first road to pass through East Texas, where formerly -the wagon and the two-horse hack formed the sole means of transportation. -It brought new business, new people and new ambitions to the -place which soon began to be built up in brick in place of the old wooden -houses of the earlier years. Soon cotton wagons assembled, bearing bales -of wealth, and in the autumn season the streets were filled with people -from surrounding counties selling their crops and buying supplies.</p> -<p>There was no boom. The town grew gradually and slowly. Greater -business enterprises were undertaken and accomplished and various kinds -of improvements were effected in the way of conveniences of living. For -many years the village spirit remained among the people. Everybody knew -everybody else, and each was interested in the welfare of all. New churches -were erected and a new court house and also, sad to relate, a new jail. A -large lumber mill was erected on the east side of town which added to the -prosperity of the place.</p> -<p>Finally, after the World War, when a number of new teachers colleges -were authorized by the Legislature, the enterprising spirit of the citizens -secured the location of that one named for Stephen F. Austin in Nacogdoches, -and the promise of cultured prosperity evinced in the days of the -Republic, but sadly interrupted by war, was at length realized. Nacogdoches -had now become one of the fairest of the little cities of Texas and bids -a hearty welcome to all comers within her borders.</p> -<p>And so we close the story of Nacogdoches under nine flags: The -Lilies of France with LaSalle in 1685; the Flag of Castile and Aragon of -Spain in 1716; the green flag of the Magee-Guitierrez Expedition in 1813; -Long’s flag of the First Republic of Texas in 1819; the white and red flag -of the Republic of Fredonia in 1826; the flag of the Mexican Republic—1821-1836; -the Lone Star Flag of the Republic of Texas; the Stars and Bars -of the Southern Confederacy—1861-1865; and finally the Stars and Stripes -forever.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_17">17</div> -<h2 id="c16"><span class="small"><i>Historical Sites in Nacogdoches County</i></span></h2> -<div class="img" id="fig7"> -<img src="images/p05.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="512" /> -<p class="pcap">THE OLD STONE FORT -<br />The above drawing was made from the earliest photograph of the Old Stone Fort. The -original picture has been re-photographed and the reproduction forms a treasured scene in -many homes of the city.</p> -</div> -<p>For one hundred fifty years tradition has thrown a veil of romance -around the old building that formerly stood at the corner of Main and Fredonia -streets, facing the northeast corner of the Plaza Principal in Nacogdoches, -where the two main branches of El Camino Real merged.</p> -<p>Even as early as Revolutionary days it was regarded by many as being -one of the old mission buildings, and later years this belief was strengthened -when a wandering sign painter, with the permission of John S. -Roberts, painted a sign for the front of his saloon in the old structure: -“The Old Stone Fort, erected in 1719”.</p> -<p>The Stone House, as it was called in the early records, has a history -more intriguing, more romantic, than any other building in the state of -Texas, not even excluding the Alamo. Over its walls all but one of the -nine flags of Nacogdoches have flown.</p> -<p>Built as a private enterprise by Antonio Gil Ybarbo in 1779, as a trading -post, it soon became the most important building in the New Philippines. -In 1801 Lieut. Musquiz brought Peter Ellis Bean and the remainder -<span class="pb" id="Page_18">18</span> -of Philip Nolan’s expedition and placed them in the Old Stone Fort, where -they remained for thirty days.</p> -<p>Cordero, governor of the Province of Texas, together with General -Herrera and 1300 Spanish troops, had his headquarters in the stone house -when the treaty creating the “Neutral Ground” was agreed upon on November -6, 1806. For three months it was the seat of government of the -Eastern Provinces of Spain, when Governor Manuel de Salcedo was here -in the summer of 1810.</p> -<p>Magee and Gutierrez proclaimed their republican government from -the old building in 1813; as did Dr. James Long on August 14, 1819. -Again it became the capitol of the Fredonian Government, and on December -23, 1826, the Fredonian flag was raised over its walls.</p> -<p>Following the collapse of the Fredonian republic, the old building was -occupied as a home by John Durst, and the happy laughter of little children -resounded within its walls. Louis O. and Miss Benigna Durst were -born in the old house, inherited by Durst from his foster-father Samuel -Davenport, who purchased the property in 1806.</p> -<p>In 1831 John Durst moved to his new home on the Angelina river and -the Old Stone Fort was sold to Juan Mora, the district judge, and Vicente -Cordova, district attorney under the Mexican regime, in 1834. The official -records were again placed in the old building, where they remained -until a courthouse was built in 1840.</p> -<p>Within its walls the oath of allegiance was administered by the -Mexican authorities to such celebrities as James Bowie, Thomas J. Rusk, -Sam Houston and David Crockett. Around its walls the forces of Bustamente -and Santa Anna vied for supremacy on August 2, 1832, at the -Battle of Nacogdoches. Then in the spring of 1836, the stone walls of the -old building seemed a bulwark of safety to the few brave souls who refused -to flee from threatened Indian massacre in the Runaway Scrape.</p> -<p>On March 17, 1837, the first regular term of district court under the -republic assembled in the Old Stone Fort, followed by a special term in -August of the same year, presided over by “Three-legged” Willie, with a -pistol as his gavel, at which time General Thomas J. Rusk delivered one -of his famous orations, which has been preserved to us in our court -records.</p> -<p>Even the transfer of title to the old house from Vicente Cordova -brings an element of tragedy and in some respects even comedy. Cordova -was the leader in the so-called Cordova Rebellion in 1838, in which -Zechariah Fenley was murdered and one of his slaves taken away. Following -this, in 1840, Rebecca Fenley filed suit for damages against -Cordova, not for the death of her husband, but for the loss of her slave. -Cordova was a fugitive and a judgment against him for $1500 resulted in -a sale of his half-interest in the Old Stone Fort under execution, being -purchased by Rebecca Fenley, who was a daughter of Mrs. John S. -Roberts.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_19">19</div> -<p>The Old Stone Fort remained in the Roberts family until it was -purchased by Perkins Brothers in 1901; after which it was torn down, the -material given to the Cum Concilio Club of Nacogdoches, who used the -stones in the erection of the Stone Fort Memorial in 1907 at the northwest -corner of Washington Square, where it remained as a museum until 1936, -when the State of Texas again used the material from the Old Stone -Fort in the erection of the present Replica of the Old Stone Fort on the -beautiful campus of Stephen F. Austin State Teachers College at the -intersection of Griffith and Clark Boulevards.</p> -<div class="img" id="fig8"> -<img src="images/p06.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="462" /> -<p class="pcap">REPLICA OF THE OLD STONE FORT -<br />Replica of the Old Stone Fort, erected by the State of Texas as a part of its Centennial -program, 1936. It stands on the campus of the Stephen F. Austin State Teachers College and -is maintained by the State as a museum.</p> -</div> -<div class="pb" id="Page_20">20</div> -<p class="tb">THE MISSIONS AND PRESIDIO.—During the summer of 1716, under -the direction of Captain Don Domingo Ramon, three missions and a presidio -were erected in the present Nacogdoches county. The Presidio Nuestra -Senora de los Dolores, built in 1716, was repaired and enlarged by the -Marquis de Aguayo in 1721, and abandoned about 1730. Built by the -Spanish government as a fort and headquarters for soldiers guarding -the East Texas Missions and the borders of the New Philippines, it overlooked -Los Terreros or Mill creek, near the intersection of the Lower -Douglass road with the road from Douglass to Wells.</p> -<p>The Mission Nuestra Senora de la Purissima Concepcion was built 1.25 -miles northeast of Goodman crossing of the Angelina river, near “two -bubbling springs” in the heart of the Hainai Indian village. In 1731 this -mission was moved to San Antonio where it now stands.</p> -<p>The Mission San Jose de los Nazonis was built 2.6 miles northeast of -the present town of Cushing, overlooking Dill creek. In 1731 this mission -was also removed to San Antonio, where it was called San Juan Capistrano.</p> -<p>Mission Nuestra Senora de Guadalupe was founded at the same time -on the west side of North street in Nacogdoches, overlooking Banito creek, -which was called “the creek of the mission.” This mission was never permanently -abandoned until it was replaced by the church which stood on the -little plaza in front of the present court house, built in 1802. The third -Catholic church was formerly the home of Nathaniel Norris at the northwest -corner of Hospital and North streets. The fourth church was the -Sacred Heart church on Pecan street, built in 1847 under the influence of -Bishop J. N. Odin; which was in turn replaced by the present Sacred Heart -church, built in 1937 on a portion of the homestead of Judge Charles S. -Taylor on North street, the house of the old Sacred Heart church being -rebuilt about eight miles south of Nacogdoches as the Fern Lake church. -The sites of the presidio and missions have been appropriately marked by -the State of Texas.</p> -<p class="tb">OLD STAGE STAND NEAR CHIRENO.—On Highway 21 about two -miles west of the town of Chireno is a very old house on the north side of -the road. It was built in the early forties of last century by Mr. James B. -Johnson, who was the first mayor of San Augustine. It was used as a halfway -station between San Augustine and Nacogdoches for the old Concord -coaches used at that time for mail and passenger service. Here the horses -were changed and passengers had meals. Another station on the same coach -line stands in the town of Douglass, fourteen miles west of Nacogdoches.</p> -<p class="tb">EYES OF FATHER MARGIL.—The old Spanish legend relates that -in the first year after the Mission Guadalupe was built there was a great -drouth and water was scarce. Father Margil went out in faith and smote -the rock on the bank of LaNana creek, which had completely dried up, and -two unfailing springs gushed out. They were called “Los Ojos de Padre -Margil,” The Eyes of Father Margil, and are located in what was formerly -known as Mims Park, now a pasture in the rear of the J. R. Gray residence.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_21">21</div> -<p class="tb">RESIDENCE OF PETER ELLIS BEAN.—One of the members of -Nolan’s expedition; was captured by Lieut. Musquiz and held prisoner many -years in Mexico. During the Revolution under Morelos he made his escape -and joined the revolutionary forces. Settled in East Texas and had several -homes there. One of these was on the Carrizo creek, on the upper Melrose -road, four and one-fourth miles east of Nacogdoches. Marked by the -State of Texas.</p> -<p class="tb">OAK GROVE CEMETERY.—The State of Texas has placed granite -markers at the graves of the four signers of the Texas Declaration of Independence -who are buried in this cemetery: Thomas J. Rusk, Charles S. -Taylor and John S. Roberts, who represented the Municipality of Nacogdoches, -and William Clark, who represented Sabine District. The graves -of the following veterans of the Battle of San Jacinto have also been -marked: E. E. Hamilton, Capt. Hayden Arnold. Markers have been placed -at the graves of Haden Edwards, empresario and leader of the Fredonians, -and his wife, Susan Beal Edwards; General Kelsey Harris Douglass, commander-in-chief -of the forces that drove the Indians out of East Texas in -1839; Dr. Robert Anderson Irion, Secretary of State in the Cabinet of Sam -Houston, first president of the Republic of Texas, and Thos. Y. Buford.</p> -<p class="tb">GRAVE OF WILLIAM GOYENS.—Goyens family cemetery, four -miles southwest of Nacogdoches, near Aylitos creek. Only negro to be honored -by the State of Texas with a Centennial marker. Participated in -Battle of New Orleans. Came to Texas in 1821. Indian Agent under Mexican -government, lawyer in Alcalde court. Participated in the Texas Revolution -in 1836; noted for his private charities. Although the Constitution of Republic -and State both forbade the holding of land by negroes, Goyens -amassed a considerable fortune with his land deals and was owner of thousands -of acres of land at his death in 1856. His white wife, whom he married -in 1828, is buried by his side.</p> -<p class="tb">GRIFFITH PARK.—The park fronting North street and extending -from Caroline street on the south to the southern border of the campus of -Stephen F. Austin State Teachers College on the north. Given to the city -of Nacogdoches by the Griffith heirs in memory of Dr. L. E. Griffith and -his wife, Sarah Jane Clark Griffith, and Dr. Griffith’s brother, Alfred. -Dr. L. E. Griffith came to Nacogdoches from San Augustine about 1850 -and was one of the builders of modern Nacogdoches. The park was dedicated -to Dr. Griffith and the early pioneers of Nacogdoches.</p> -<p class="tb">INDIAN MOUNDS.—On the corner of the school campus at Mound and -Arnold streets, was a large Indian Mound 150×75 feet and about fifteen -feet high. On the corner opposite was a circular Mound about 75 feet in -diameter. These Mounds were leveled to make room on the campus. One -small mound still remains on the front lawn of the T. M. Reavley home. -An oak tree of considerable size grows from the summit of it. (See <a href="#fig11">back cover</a>).</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_22">22</div> -<p class="tb">OLD NORTH CHURCH.—About four miles north near Highway 35, -North Church was built in 1838, but the congregation had met for some -time before the house was built, under an oak tree, the lower part of the -trunk of which still stands. It was first known as Union church, being intended -for two bodies of Baptists as well as other denominations. It has -since become the property of the Missionary Baptists, who hold regular -services there. The old cemetery contains the graves of many of the early -settlers of Nacogdoches county. Marked by the State of Texas.</p> -<p class="tb">ADOLPHUS STERNE’S HOME.—The old home of Adolphus Sterne -is situated on LaNana street, formerly called Sterne street. Built about -1830, in this house General Sam Houston was baptized into the Roman -Catholic church in May, 1833. Now known as the Hoya home. Marked by -the State of Texas.</p> -<p class="tb">NACOGDOCHES UNIVERSITY.—The Nacogdoches University was -established in 1845, and at first occupied the “Old Red House” on Pilar -street. Later the Sons of Temperance Hall was acquired, and in 1856 the -present high school campus was donated to the University and given the -name of Washington Square. Two buildings were erected—a frame building -for the Female Department of the University, and a brick house for -the Male Department. The brick structure still stands in the center of -the group of buildings. Marked by the State of Texas.</p> -<p class="tb">EPISCOPAL CHURCH.—The first Episcopal Church stood on Church -street.</p> -<p class="tb">OLD SPANISH CEMETERY.—Where the courthouse now stands, was -used from 1800 to 1825. The burial place of many of the earliest settlers of -Nacogdoches, among whom was Antonio Gil Ybarbo, founder of Modern -Nacogdoches. Marked by the State of Texas.</p> -<p class="tb">THE PROTESTANT ELM.—The noted Elm Tree stood immediately -east of the Southern Pacific freight depot and just south of a brick warehouse -now there. Henry Stephenson preached under this tree in 1819.</p> -<p class="tb">HOSPITAL STREET.—The old Spanish hospital, from which the -street derives its name, was situated on the corner of Pecan and Hospital, -in front of the Methodist church. Across Pecan street was the old Cabildo -or jail, built in 1835. Adjoining it on the west was the Hall of the Sons of -Temperance during the period of the Republic of Texas. On the block where -the First Presbyterian church now stands was the old Bull Ring, where -bull fights were held during the Spanish and Mexican regime.</p> -<p class="tb">THE OLD SOLEDAD.—Famous throughout East Texas prior to 1800 -as the headquarters of William Barr and Samuel Davenport, Indian traders; -was located on the block on which the Texan Theatre now stands. Marked -by the State of Texas.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_23">23</div> -<p class="tb">THE RED HOUSE.—About 1827 Colonel Piedras, comandante of -the Mexican garrison in Nacogdoches, built a house—part adobe and part -frame—on Pilar street in the block west of the Square, for the accommodation -of his officers and as headquarters for his forces. After the Texas -Revolution this house was sold under execution on a judgment against Colonel -Jose de las Piedras and became the property of Gen. Thomas J. -Rusk. General Rusk made his home there when he first came to Nacogdoches -in 1835, and remained there for eight or nine years. In 1845 the -University of Nacogdoches used it for class rooms. Later it was used -by various parties as an inn.</p> -<p class="tb">THOMAS F. McKINNEY.—Site of mercantile establishment of Thomas -F. McKinney—1823-1830. As senior member of the firm of McKinney and -Williams, built first wharf at Galveston. Financial adviser of the Republic -and creator of the Texas Navy. Site marked by the State of Texas.</p> -<h3 id="c17">Old Home Sites</h3> -<p>HOMES IN NACOGDOCHES.—Sites of the following residences of -early settlers of Nacogdoches have been marked by the State of Texas:</p> -<p>James Dill, southeast corner of North and Hospital streets. Pioneer -Indian trader; recognized by King of Spain. First alcalde of Nacogdoches, -1821. Home built in 1804.</p> -<p>William Clark, Jr., northwest corner Main and North streets, signer -of Texas Declaration of Independence, member Second Congress of the -Republic of Texas. Home originally built by John J. Simpson in 1835, acquired -by Clark in 1840.</p> -<p>Charles S. Taylor, southeast corner North street and Mims avenue. Born -in London, 1808; died in Nacogdoches, November 1, 1865, Signer Texas -Declaration of Independence. Land Commissioner 1833, Chief Justice Nacogdoches -county 1837, Rio Grande Land Commissioner 1854. Home built -before the Texas Revolution.</p> -<p>Don Juan Antonio Padilla, site now occupied by Westminster Presbyterian -church on North street. Born in Nacogdoches on Rancho Santo -Domingo; died in Houston 1839, while there on business. Served as an officer -in the Spanish army; Secretary of State of Coahuila and Texas; -Land Commissioner for Eastern Texas; delegate from Victoria county to -the convention which declared Texas independent; member of deputation -that demanded the surrender of Goliad, and volunteer to the Army of the -Republic before San Antonio. Home built in 1830 on land granted to his -grandfather.</p> -<p>Thomas J. Rusk, opposite campus of Stephen F. Austin State Teachers -college, west side of North street; born 1803, died 1857. Hero of San -Jacinto, Commander-in-Chief of the army 1836. Chief Justice of the -Supreme Court 1839. President of the Constitutional Convention 1845. -United States Senator 1846. Nacogdoches was his home from 1835 to 1857. -Home built about 1844.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_24">24</div> -<p>Antonio Gil Ybarbo, Main street, site now occupied by Cason-Monk -Hardware store; born 1729, died 1809. Founder of modern Nacogdoches in -1770; builder of Old Stone Fort. This Spanish frontiersman matched wits -with Spanish governors in the interest of the early settlers of this region.</p> -<p>Sam Houston, site now occupied by the Liberty Hotel. First home -owned by Sam Houston in Texas. Erected by John Forbes, Commissary General -of the Army of San Jacinto, in 1836. Purchased by Sam Houston in -1839.</p> -<p>John S. Roberts, on block facing south side of Plaza Principal; born -1796, died 1871. Came to Texas December, 1826. Participated in Fredonian -Rebellion, a leader in the Battle of Nacogdoches 1832; delegate to -Consultation, November 3, 1835; signer of Texas Declaration of Independence. -Home originally built and occupied as a residence by Samuel -Davenport during early years of the Nineteenth Century.</p> -<p class="tb">MOUNT STERLING.—Site of town of Mount Sterling; surveyed off -for John Durst in 1837. One of important river ports for Nacogdoches for -many years, at present known as Goodman crossing on the Angelina River. -John Durst residence overlooked the boat landing and used as a refuge for -his and his neighbors’ families during the Indian and Mexican troubles. Site -marked by the State of Texas.</p> -<p class="tb">NORTH STREET.—Oldest street north of Mexico. Originally a street -in the Nacogdoches Indian village leading to the road from Nacogdoches -to the Nassonite village near Cushing. On this street the Mission Guadalupe -was built in 1716. Travelled by Spanish missionaries, soldiers and -settlers, French traders and American filibusterers before Anglo-American -colonists came to make Texas their home. Marked by the State of Texas.</p> -<p class="tb">NACOGDOCHES COUNTY.—Marker placed by the State of Texas -three miles north of Nacogdoches on east side of Highway 35.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_25">25</div> -<h2 id="c18"><span class="small"><i>El Camino Real—The King’s Highway</i></span></h2> -<p>The old King’s Highway, known to the Spaniards as “El Camino Real,” -which runs through Nacogdoches, San Augustine and Sabine counties, was -followed by La Salle and his men in 1685, at which time they spoke of this -road as being “as well beaten a road as that from Paris to Orleans.” This -road was followed by St. Dennis in 1714, as he was making his way from -Natchitoches on Red River to San Juan Bautista on the Rio Grande. It was -doubtless an Indian trail to the western borders of the Tejas Indians, probably -about the Trinity river, and from there to San Antonio the best route -was determined by use. After the Mexican Revolution and the coming of the -American settlers it was straightened into a cart-road or Camino Carretera, -and was known as the Old San Antonio Road. State Highway 21 now follows -approximately the track of the old road.</p> -<p>Highway 21 leads east to San Augustine, the sister town to Nacogdoches -from the earliest days, where are the sites of the old Mission of Dolores, -the home of General James Pinckney Henderson, Governor O. M. -Roberts, and many of the prominent men of the Republic of Texas. The -home of Stephen W. Blount, signer of the Texas Declaration of Independence, -many of whose descendants live in Nacogdoches and San Augustine, -was built on the north side of the King’s Highway, and is in an excellent -state of preservation.</p> -<p>Seven miles west of San Augustine on this highway was the home of -Thomas S. McFarland, who laid out the town of San Augustine in 1834. The -house was built about 1830 and was provided with port-holes for shooting -Indians in case of attack.</p> -<p>Pendleton Ferry was the original ferry on the King’s Highway across -the Sabine river; now spanned by a splendid interstate bridge. Not far from -the road is McMahan’s Chapel, the first Methodist Church in Texas, and the -site of old Sabine-town.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_26">26</div> -<h2 id="c19"><span class="small"><i>Masonic Lodge</i></span></h2> -<p>MASONIC LODGE.—Some time in the Spring of 1837, immediately -following the organization of a permanent government in Nacogdoches -county, a movement for the organization of a Masonic lodge began which -culminated in a dispensation from the Grand Lodge of Louisiana for -the Milam Lodge No. 40, which was dated July 29, 1837.</p> -<p>One of the leaders in the Masonic circles of Nacogdoches was Adolphus -Sterne, who was a past master of a lodge in New Orleans, and also -a 32nd degree Scottish Rite Mason, the first Scottish Rite Mason to come -to Texas. Haden Edwards was also a past master of another lodge. The -other charter members of Milam Lodge No. 40 were: Isaac W. Burton, -John H. Hyde, George A. Nixon, John S. Roberts, Charles H. Sims, Frost -Thorn, Simon Weiss, as Master Masons, and Kelsey H. Douglass and -John W. Lowe as Estered Apprentice and Fellow Craft respectively.</p> -<p>The first meeting of the Lodge under dispensation was held in the -Old Stone Fort on August 16, 1837, with the following present: Haden -Edwards, Master; John H. Hyde, Senior Warden; J. S. Roberts, Junior -Warden; Chas. H. Sims, Treasurer pro tem; Adolphus Sterne, Secretary -pro tem; with George A. Nixon, Simon Weiss and J. W. Lowe, members. -The Charter from the Grand Lodge of Louisiana was granted September -22, 1837, and was received in the Lodge on its meeting November 20, 1837.</p> -<p>Upon suggestions from Holland Lodge No. 36, Houston, Texas, a committee -consisting of Adolphus Sterne, I. W. Burton, Thomas J. Rusk, -Charles S. Taylor and Kelsey Douglass, was appointed to attend a meeting -in Houston to consider the formation of the Grand Lodge of Texas. -Their mission was accomplished in the city of Houston on February, 1838, -with the organization of the Grand Lodge of Texas, and this lodge became -Milam Lodge No. 2.</p> -<p>After the first meeting, the Lodge began using the upper floor -of Simon Weiss’ store for its meeting-place, and during its long history, -it held its meetings in several houses in Nacogdoches, but never succeeded -in building its own permanent home until the completion of its present -Temple in May, 1931, on North Fredonia street.</p> -<p>During the administration of Haden Edwards as Worshipful Master -of Milam Lodge No. 40, one dozen chairs were made for the use of the -Lodge, which were of hickory, turned on an old-fashioned lathe, with -seats of rawhide. These chairs served the Lodge long and faithfully, and -have witnessed the degrees conferred on every Mason made in Milam -Lodge for 110 years. In 1914 a resolution was passed, instructing the worshipful -<span class="pb" id="Page_27">27</span> -master to present to the old past masters then living and to the -sons of those old pioneers that had passed away, one of these chairs, that -they might be kept as relics and mementos of the long ago. One of -them was retained by the Lodge and now occupies a prominent place in -the East, there to remain for all time to come, never to be used again -except it be by the President of the United States, the governor of Texas, -or the Grand Master of the Most Worshipful Grand Lodge of Texas.</p> -<p>Many of the men prominent in the affairs of Texas have been members -of Milam Lodge No. 2, and the minutes show Sam Houston a visitor -on more than one occasion.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_28">28</div> -<h2 id="c20"><span class="small"><i>Texas’ Monument to a Great Empresario</i></span></h2> -<div class="img" id="fig9"> -<img src="images/p07.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="443" /> -<p class="pcap">STEPHEN F. AUSTIN STATE TEACHERS COLLEGE -<br />Nacogdoches, Texas</p> -</div> -<p>A glimpse of Stephen F. Austin State Teachers -College, the Thomas J. Rusk building on the right. -General Rusk made his home in Nacogdoches from -his arrival in Texas in 1834 until his death in 1857. -He is buried in Oak Grove cemetery. The college -buildings are located on the Thomas J. Rusk homestead.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_29">29</div> -<h2 id="c21"><span class="small"><i>Old Nacogdoches University Building</i></span></h2> -<div class="img" id="fig10"> -<img src="images/p07a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="403" /> -<p class="pcap">BY VIRGIE SANDERS</p> -</div> -<p>The project of rebuilding the exterior of the -historic Nacogdoches University, as recently proposed -by the Nacogdoches school board, is now partially -completed.</p> -<p>The sum allocated by the board has been used -discreetly and the replacement of brick on outside -walls, new window frames and panes with new lumber -added supporting the antiquated structure, -guarantees safety to the public school children who -play on the hallowed ground of the Old Nacogdoches -University built by subscription with some state aid -during the days of the Texas Republic.</p> -<p>We feel that now is the time to emulate the -spirit of the pioneers. Let us be awakened to this -opportunity to complete the noble edifice, making -it available to be used by the citizens as a club -center and a museum.</p> -<div class="pb" id="Page_30">30</div> -<p class="center smaller">Printed in the -<br />office of -<br />THE HERALD PUBLISHING CO. -<br />Nacogdoches, Texas</p> -<p class="center small">PRICE TEN CENTS -<br />PER COPY</p> -<div class="img" id="fig11"> -<img src="images/p08.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="740" /> -<p class="pcap">INDIAN MOUND -<br />Located on Mound Street Opposite High School Building</p> -</div> - -<p> </p> -<hr /> -<p> </p> - -<h2><span class="small">Transcriber’s Note</span></h2> -<ul> -<li>Silently corrected obvious typographical errors.</li> -</ul> - -<p> </p> -<p> </p> -<hr class="full" /> -<p>***END OF THE PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HISTORIC NACOGDOCHES***</p> -<p>******* This file should be named 51839-h.htm or 51839-h.zip *******</p> -<p>This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:<br /> -<a href="http://www.gutenberg.org/dirs/5/1/8/3/51839">http://www.gutenberg.org/5/1/8/3/51839</a></p> -<p> -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed.</p> - -<p>Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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