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+This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #53140 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/53140)
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-The Project Gutenberg EBook of Chickamauga and Chattanooga Battlefields, by 
-James R. Sullivan
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
-other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
-the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
-to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
-
-Title: Chickamauga and Chattanooga Battlefields
-       Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park--Georgia, Tennessee
-
-Author: James R. Sullivan
-
-Release Date: September 24, 2016 [EBook #53140]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: UTF-8
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHICKAMAUGA, CHATTANOOGA BATTLEFIELDS ***
-
-
-
-
-Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, Dave Morgan and the Online
-Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
-
-
-
-
-
-
-    [Illustration: DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR,: March 3, 1849]
-
-                UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
-                     Stewart L. Udall, _Secretary_
-
-                         NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
-                      Conrad L. Wirth, _Director_
-
-
-                _HISTORICAL HANDBOOK NUMBER TWENTY-FIVE_
-
-This publication is one of a series of handbooks describing the
-historical and archeological areas in the National Park System
-administered by the National Park Service of the United States
-Department of the Interior. It is printed by the Government Printing
-Office and may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents,
-Washington 25, D. C. Price 25 cents.
-
-
-
-
-                Chickamauga and Chattanooga Battlefields
- CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA NATIONAL MILITARY PARK · GEORGIA—TENNESSEE
-
-
-                         _by James R. Sullivan_
-
-    [Illustration: DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR,: March 3, 1849]
-
-                 NATIONAL PARK SERVICE HISTORICAL HANDBOOK SERIES No. 25
-                                                 Washington, D. C., 1956
-                                                          (Reprint 1961)
-
-  _The National Park System, of which Chickamauga and Chattanooga
-  National Military Park is a unit, is dedicated to conserving the
-  scenic, scientific, and historic heritage of the United States for the
-  benefit and inspiration of its people._
-
-    [Illustration: NATIONAL PARK SERVICE · DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR]
-
-
-
-
-                               _Contents_
-
-
-                                                                  _Page_
-  WARTIME IMPORTANCE OF CHATTANOOGA AND EAST TENNESSEE                 2
-  WINTER, 1863                                                         4
-  THE TULLAHOMA CAMPAIGN                                               5
-  FROM TULLAHOMA TO CHICKAMAUGA                                        8
-  REINFORCEMENTS FOR GENERAL BRAGG                                    10
-  MANEUVER FOR POSITION                                               13
-  THE BATTLE OF CHICKAMAUGA                                           14
-      September 18—Preliminaries                                      15
-      September 19—First Day                                          18
-      September 20—Second Day                                         19
-  THE SIEGE OF CHATTANOOGA                                            24
-  REINFORCEMENTS FOR THE BESIEGED ARMY                                27
-  LIFTING THE SIEGE—THE BATTLE OF CHATTANOOGA                         33
-      Orchard Knob                                                    33
-      Sherman Moves                                                   35
-      The Battle Above the Clouds, November 24                        35
-      Missionary Ridge, November 25                                   39
-  RELIEF OF KNOXVILLE                                                 42
-  EFFECTS OF THE BATTLE OF CHATTANOOGA                                44
-  THE WAR AFTER CHATTANOOGA                                           44
-  GUIDE TO THE AREA                                                   47
-      Chickamauga Battlefield                                         47
-      Missionary Ridge                                                52
-      Point Park                                                      55
-  THE PARK                                                            56
-  HOW TO REACH THE PARK                                               56
-  ABOUT YOUR VISIT                                                    57
-  RELATED AREAS                                                       59
-  ADMINISTRATION                                                      59
-  SUGGESTED READINGS                                                  60
-
-
-                                  TABLES
-
-
-  1. Union Army at Chickamauga                                        16
-  2. Confederate Army at Chickamauga                                  17
-  3. Union Army at Chattanooga                                        34
-  4. Confederate Army at Chattanooga                                  35
-
-    [Illustration: _Moccasin Bend of the Tennessee River from Point Park
-    on Lookout Mountain._]
-
-    [Illustration: Cannon and crew.]
-
-
-In and around strategically important Chattanooga, Tenn., in the autumn
-of 1863, there occurred some of the most complex maneuvers and hard
-fighting of the Civil War. The Confederate victory at Chickamauga
-(September 19-20) gave new hope to the South after the defeats at
-Gettysburg and Vicksburg in July of that year. At Chattanooga (November
-23-25) Union forces under Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant blasted this hope
-and prepared the way for the capture of Atlanta and Sherman’s “March to
-the Sea.” Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park, oldest and
-largest of the national military parks, commemorates the heroic soldiers
-of both North and South in the battles for the control of Chattanooga.
-
-The year 1863 proved to be one of victory for the Union forces. Three
-great campaigns took place which shaped the destiny of the war. The
-first, a decisive blow at Gettysburg, forced a Confederate army under
-Gen. Robert E. Lee to abandon its attempt to invade Northern soil. Lee
-began an orderly retreat to Virginia on July 4.
-
-On the same day, but far removed from the fields of Gettysburg, Lt. Gen.
-John C. Pemberton surrendered his army and the City of Vicksburg, Miss.,
-to General Grant. The fall of Vicksburg, simultaneous with the victory
-at Gettysburg, gave heart and strength to the North, while Confederate
-morale dropped.
-
-The third campaign, Murfreesboro to Chattanooga, slow and uncertain in
-its first phases, and including later the great Confederate victory at
-Chickamauga, culminated nearly 5 months after the other two in ultimate
-victory for the North in the Battle of Chattanooga.
-
-
-
-
-         _Wartime Importance of Chattanooga and East Tennessee_
-
-
-Chattanooga had only 2,545 inhabitants in 1860, but its importance was
-out of all proportion to its size. Situated where the Tennessee River
-passes through the Cumberland Mountains, forming gaps, it was called the
-“Key to East Tennessee” and “Gateway to the deep South.” The possession
-of Chattanooga was vital to the Confederacy, and a coveted goal of the
-Northern armies.
-
-Chattanooga’s principal importance during the Civil War was its position
-as a railroad center. Four lines radiated in the four principal
-directions—to the North and Middle West via Nashville, to the western
-States via Memphis, to the South and southern seaboard via Atlanta, and
-to Richmond and the North Atlantic States via Knoxville.
-
-By 1863 both sides were aware of the great advantages of strategic
-railroad lines. Lt. Gen. Braxton Bragg had made skillful use of the
-railroads in 1862, when he suddenly shifted his army from Mississippi to
-Chattanooga to begin his drive across Tennessee and into Kentucky.
-President Lincoln had long recognized the importance of railroads in
-this area. In the same year Lincoln said, “To take and hold the railroad
-at or east of Cleveland, in East Tennessee, I think fully as important
-as the taking and holding of Richmond.” And in 1863 Lincoln wrote Maj.
-Gen. William S. Rosecrans, “If we can hold Chattanooga and East
-Tennessee, I think the rebellion must dwindle and die. I think you and
-[General] Burnside can do this, and hence doing so is your main object.”
-
-The armies that traversed this region found it a fertile farming area.
-East Tennessee’s rich grain fields supplied not only wheat, corn, and
-hay, but beef, pork, bacon, horses, and mules. It was a vital region for
-the armies of the Confederacy. It not only supported the troops that
-occupied that region, but large quantities of provisions were shipped to
-other armies.
-
-In addition to the military and economic reasons, a political factor had
-to be considered in the struggle for control of East Tennessee. The
-people there, living in a mountainous area unlike the rest of the State,
-wished to adhere to the Union. The people maintained their allegiance to
-the Old Whig party, and there was an attitude of suspicion and distrust
-toward the Democrats. They were mostly small farmers with little cash
-income, who had a dislike for the wealthy plantation- and slave-owning
-class.
-
-After fighting broke out at Fort Sumter, neighbors began to take sides.
-An uneasy truce prevailed until November 1861 when small groups of Union
-men struck blows at widely dispersed railroad bridges. The cancellation
-of a projected northern campaign into East Tennessee left the Unionists
-there without support, and the Confederates took retaliatory measures.
-Many of the Unionists in East Tennessee fled to Kentucky to enlist in
-the Union Army; others hid in the mountains. While relief to this
-section of Tennessee by the Union Army was not to come until 1863, it
-was not forgotten by President Lincoln.
-
-    [Illustration: _Wartime view of Chattanooga from north bank of the
-    Tennessee River._ From _Harper’s Pictorial History of the Great
-    Rebellion_.]
-
-    [Illustration: _Gen. Braxton Bragg, Commander Army of Tennessee._
-    Courtesy National Archives.]
-
-    [Illustration: _Maj. Gen. William S. Rosecrans, Commander Army of
-    the Cumberland._ Courtesy National Archives.]
-
-
-
-
-                             _Winter 1863_
-
-
-After the battle of Stones River, or Murfreesboro, Tenn., December 31,
-1862, to January 2, 1863, the Union Army of the Cumberland, under Maj.
-Gen. William Rosecrans, and the Confederate Army of Tennessee, commanded
-by Gen. Braxton Bragg, remained relatively inactive for several months.
-During this time the Union forces entrenched themselves at Murfreesboro.
-General Bragg withdrew his forces southward and established his
-headquarters at Tullahoma. He placed his army in a defensive position to
-cover the routes, both rail and road, to Chattanooga.
-
-Impatient at the inaction, the War Department in Washington urged
-Rosecrans to move against Bragg’s army. Grant, conducting his Vicksburg
-campaign, wanted pressure applied against Bragg’s army to prevent all or
-part of it from reinforcing the Confederates in Mississippi. At the same
-time Andrew Johnson, Military Governor of Tennessee, reminded the
-authorities in Washington of the plight of the East Tennesseans. During
-this period, Maj. Gen. Ambrose E. Burnside gathered a Union force and
-made plans to invade East Tennessee.
-
-Rosecrans hesitated to move. His lack of cavalry was a disadvantage in
-gathering intelligence and prevented him from countering the Confederate
-cavalry which harassed him constantly. In June, Maj. Gen. Henry W.
-Halleck, general in chief, U. S. Army, wired Rosecrans asking him, “Is
-it your intention to make an immediate movement forward? A definite
-answer, yes or no, is required.” Rosecrans telegraphed: “In reply to
-your inquiry, if immediate means tonight or tomorrow, no. If it means as
-soon as all things are ready, say five days, yes.” On June 24, General
-Rosecrans put his army of some 60,000 men in motion.
-
-
-
-
-                        _The Tullahoma Campaign_
-
-
-The Army of the Cumberland—the Union force—had undergone a
-reorganization since the Battle of Stones River. It now comprised three
-corps: The Fourteenth, Maj. Gen. George H. Thomas in command; the
-Twentieth, Maj. Gen. Alexander McD. McCook in command; and the
-Twenty-first, Maj. Gen. Thomas L. Crittenden in command. Maj. Gen. David
-S. Stanley commanded the Cavalry Corps. Maj. Gen. Gordon Granger
-commanded the Reserve Corps.
-
-The left wing of General Bragg’s defense line was at Shelbyville under
-Lt. Gen. Leonidas Polk and its right wing at Wartrace and Fairfield
-under Lt. Gen. William Hardee—a line nearly 13 miles long. Two
-Confederate cavalry corps occupied positions on either flank—that on the
-right at McMinnville under Maj. Gen. Joseph Wheeler, the other on the
-left at Columbia under Brig. Gen. Nathan B. Forrest. The total strength
-of the Army of Tennessee was approximately 43,000 men at this time.
-
-The Confederate position was good. The terrain favored a defensive
-fight. To traverse the Cumberland Plateau the Union Army would have to
-move along roads that pierced the mountains by way of Hoover’s, Liberty,
-and Guy’s Gaps. The railroad to Chattanooga and another road passed
-through Bellbuckle Gap. This latter route and the road by way of
-Shelbyville were well fortified. Rosecrans resolved to make a feint
-toward Shelbyville with Granger’s Reserve Corps and most of the cavalry
-while the rest of his army moved toward the Confederate right. After
-stubborn fights at Hoover’s and Liberty Gaps the Confederates withdrew
-toward Tullahoma. So successful was Rosecrans’ flanking movement that
-Col. John T. Wilder’s mounted infantry brigade reached Decherd, on the
-main line of the Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad, and destroyed the
-depot and a few hundred yards of track. Although Wilder withdrew when
-superior Confederate forces appeared, his raid against the railroad was
-of great importance in forcing Bragg to evacuate Tullahoma.
-
-    [Illustration: UNION ADVANCE
-    MURFREESBORO TO CHATTANOOGA]
-
-Rough terrain and bad weather were the worst enemies of the Union Army.
-Brig. Gen. John Beatty records in his diary that “The road was
-exceedingly rough, and the rebels had made it impassable, for artillery,
-by rolling great rocks into it and felling trees across it.” He
-frequently mentions the rain which fell incessantly during the campaign.
-His entry of July 5 states that “Since we left Murfreesboro (June 24)
-rain has been falling almost constantly; today it has been coming down
-in torrents, and the low grounds around us are overflowed.” Yet, in
-spite of mountains and rain and the Confederate Army, Rosecrans, by this
-series of brilliant flanking maneuvers, forced Bragg to evacuate
-Tullahoma on July 1 and withdraw toward Chattanooga.
-
-
-
-
-                    _From Tullahoma to Chickamauga_
-
-
-After the Tullahoma campaign, the two armies adopted their previous
-policy of remaining stationary. Each began to gather forces and
-equipment for a future struggle. The Union Army occupied a line from
-Winchester to McMinnville—the same territory the Confederates had
-occupied previously—while the Confederate General Bragg established his
-headquarters at Chattanooga. There the Army of Tennessee strengthened
-its defensive position and prepared to close the “gate” to further
-advances of the Army of the Cumberland.
-
-During July and August, Halleck again urged Rosecrans to move against
-Bragg’s forces, but Rosecrans failed to budge. In the latter’s judgment,
-three things were needed to insure a successful campaign. The first was
-ripe corn which would not be ready until August; the second was the
-repair of the railroad to the Tennessee River; and the third was support
-for his flanks. In spite of the constant flow of dispatches from Halleck
-to Rosecrans, it was not until August 16 that he began his movement
-southward to cross the river.
-
-As Rosecrans moved toward the Tennessee River and Chattanooga, another
-Union army under command of General Burnside entered east Tennessee to
-threaten Knoxville. General Bragg, supposing that the two armies would
-join forces to attack him, made urgent appeals for help. Though the
-shortage of manpower at this time was a major problem of the
-Confederacy, troops were sent hurrying to Bragg from several directions.
-
-Rosecrans’ strategy, after viewing several possibilities, was to cross
-the river below Chattanooga, turn the Confederate left and interrupt his
-opponent’s communications and supply line from Atlanta. This movement if
-successful would effectively cut all railroad lines to Chattanooga, and
-Bragg would find himself shut in between Burnside on the north and east
-and Rosecrans on the west and south. To deceive Bragg as to the point of
-crossing the Tennessee River, Rosecrans sent Hazen’s and Wagner’s
-infantry brigades, Wilder’s mounted infantry, and Minty’s cavalry, all
-under the command of Brig. Gen. William B. Hazen, to make a feint at the
-river north of the town and to annoy the enemy as much as possible.
-
-    [Illustration: _Union troops constructing a pontoon bridge across
-    the Tennessee River at Bridgeport, Ala. Ruins of Nashville and
-    Chattanooga Railroad bridge shown._ Courtesy Library of Congress.]
-
-The ruse was successful, and so thoroughly was Bragg deceived into
-thinking the attack would come from upstream on the north side of the
-Tennessee, he left the crossings below Chattanooga practically
-unguarded. Rosecrans with the bulk of his army then crossed the river in
-the vicinity of Bridgeport and Caperton’s Ferry, Ala., and Shellmound,
-Tenn. By September 4, the Army of the Cumberland, thus meeting little
-opposition, was safely across a great barrier and was threatening Bragg
-from new positions.
-
-When Bragg learned that the Union Army had crossed the Tennessee below
-Chattanooga and was threatening his supply lines, he decided after much
-deliberation to abandon his position and retreat southward.
-
-Once the Union Army had crossed the river, Thomas’ corps marched toward
-Trenton, Ga.; McCook’s took the road to Alpine, Ga.; and Crittenden
-moved toward Chattanooga. On the 9th of September, Rosecrans, believing
-the Confederates to be in full retreat, ordered McCook to press forward
-toward Alpine, covered by the cavalry, and make attempts to cut Bragg
-off; Crittenden to garrison Chattanooga with one brigade and pursue
-Bragg by way of the Ringgold Road with the rest of his force; and Thomas
-to continue toward Trenton.
-
-In order to understand the importance of the movements of both
-commanding generals, the geography of the country must be considered.
-When the Union commanders climbed to the top of the Lookout Mountain
-range and viewed the country, they began to have misgivings about their
-divided army. Thomas and McCook, 20 and 40 miles southwest of
-Chattanooga, respectively, found themselves on a mountain ribbed by
-ridges and hills, more than 1,000 feet above the valley floor. The few
-roads which ran over the mountain were narrow, rough, stony, and
-unusually steep.
-
-Thomas, looking to the east, saw Pigeon Mountain, a spur that juts off
-Lookout Mountain and veers in a northeastwardly direction. The acute
-angle of these diverging mountains forms McLemore’s Cove. Running into
-this cove from the northeast and ending there is the southern extremity
-of Missionary Ridge which begins immediately east of Chattanooga. Here,
-also, originates Chickamauga Creek which gave the ensuing battle its
-name.
-
-As the two Union corps moved eastward they found the country sparsely
-populated. There were a few farms, but most of the land was covered with
-cedar thickets and tangled undergrowth. The roads connecting farm and
-village were dry and dusty.
-
-The Union Army was now split into three distinct columns with its flanks
-more than 40 miles apart. In mountainous terrain, this made it
-impossible for them to support one another. In the period September
-10-12, corps commanders began to receive reports that a large
-Confederate force was at LaFayette, Ga. It was Bragg’s army. He had not
-retreated as far south as Rosecrans had thought—he had stopped at
-LaFayette behind Pigeon Mountain. There he concentrated his army and
-awaited reinforcements.
-
-    [Illustration: _Wooden railroad trestle at Cumberland Ravine, Ga.,
-    erected by Union Army to replace bridge destroyed by Confederates._
-    Courtesy National Archives.]
-
-
-
-
-                   _Reinforcements for General Bragg_
-
-
-General Bragg had purposely given the impression that his army was
-disorganized and in full flight before Rosecrans. Actually, however, he
-was not running away but was quietly preparing for battle and gathering
-strength as reinforcements began to reach him. Realizing that Maj. Gen.
-Simon Bolivar Buckner’s Corps could not defend Knoxville from Burnside,
-and having no troops to spare for reinforcements, Bragg ordered Buckner
-to rejoin the Army of Tennessee. Buckner’s Corps of 8,000 men joined
-Bragg about the time the latter evacuated Chattanooga. Gen. Joseph E.
-Johnston from his army in Mississippi sent two divisions (about 9,000
-men), under command of Major Generals John C. Breckinridge and W. H. T.
-Walker. A little later at Bragg’s insistence Johnston sent two brigades,
-under command of Brigadier Generals John Gregg and Evander McNair. These
-brigades added 2,500 more troops to Bragg’s Army.
-
-    [Illustration: ROUTE OF REINFORCEMENTS _FOR_ GENERAL BRAGG _AT_
-    CHICKAMAUGA]
-
-About this same time preparations were under way to reinforce General
-Bragg further with Lt. Gen. James Longstreet’s corps from the Army of
-Northern Virginia.
-
-The movement of Longstreet’s troops from Virginia to reinforce General
-Bragg in Georgia was an outstanding logistical achievement for the
-Confederacy. Even though by this time railroads had become an important
-factor in the strategy of war, no major troop movement involving so many
-lines over such a long distance had yet been attempted. It also shows
-the great concern the Southern War Department felt for the approaching
-battle.
-
-From the Army of Northern Virginia to General Bragg’s forces in Georgia
-was a distance of some 900 miles by railroad lines through Virginia,
-North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. It was necessary for the
-troops to take this longer and roundabout route of reaching General
-Bragg because General Burnside had cut the railroad line by way of
-Knoxville.
-
-By the summer of 1863 the railroads in the Confederacy were in very poor
-condition, for it had been extremely difficult to replace rails and
-rolling stock as the war continued. For the most part, the lines were
-comparatively short; were not connected at many points; lacked bridges
-across some of the major rivers; and like railroads everywhere, had
-different gauges. Sixteen different railroad lines were involved in the
-transfer as all parallel routes and all types of rolling stock were
-pressed into service.
-
-In spite of all these difficulties, however, the movement was attended
-with dispatch and secrecy. Leaving the vicinity of Orange Courthouse,
-Va., on or about September 9, the advance brigades of Longstreet’s Corps
-were joining General Bragg 9 days later. Mrs. Mary B. Chestnut recorded
-in her diary what she saw of this troop movement:
-
-  At Kingsville (S. C.) on my way to Camden, I caught a glimpse of
-  Longstreet’s Corps going past.... It was a strange sight. What seemed
-  miles of platform cars, and soldiers rolled in their blankets lying in
-  rows with their heads all covered, fast asleep. In their grey blankets
-  packed in regular order, they looked like swathed mummies. One man
-  nearby was writing on his knee. He used his cap for a desk, and he was
-  seated on a rail.
-
-Information on the details of the movement, of the delays, the hazards
-encountered, as well as the number of men, animals, and artillery
-transported is difficult to find. A fair estimate of the number of
-troops is 15,000.
-
-    [Illustration: _Longstreet’s soldiers detraining below Ringgold,
-    Ga., September 18, 1863. From there they marched into battle at
-    Chickamauga._ A. R. Waud wartime sketch. From _Battlefields in Dixie
-    Land and Chickamauga National Military Park_.]
-
-Only part of the infantry troops, and none of the artillery, arrived in
-time to participate in the Battle of Chickamauga; Longstreet himself was
-not present for the first day’s fighting but three of his brigades were.
-The five brigades (about 9,000 men) which took part in the second day of
-battle became heroes along with their commander when they broke through
-the Union line.
-
-
-
-
-                        _Maneuver for Position_
-
-
-Bragg was aware of the isolated positions of the Union Army, and he saw
-an opportunity to strike his opponent in detail, one corps at a time,
-while they were not in supporting distance of each other. He issued
-orders to Maj. Gen. T. C. Hindman and Lt. Gen. D. H. Hill to strike Maj.
-Gen. James S. Negley’s division of Thomas’ corps, which was in an
-advanced position at McLemore’s Cove, but Hill failed to carry out his
-order. Bragg ordered Buckner to join Hindman which he did on September
-10. Instead of attacking Negley, the two Confederate commanders decided
-that a different plan was needed for the situation and sent their
-recommendation to Bragg. While this correspondence passed back and
-forth, Negley withdrew and rejoined the rest of Thomas’ corps. The
-Confederates had now lost their opportunity to strike and possibly
-destroy this division.
-
-Two days later a similar situation arose with the same result—loss of
-the opportunity to strike another corps in detail. This time Bragg
-ordered Polk to move his and Walker’s corps to Lee and Gordon’s Mills to
-strike Union General Crittenden’s divided force. Two of Crittenden’s
-divisions had marched toward Ringgold; one had moved to Lee and Gordon’s
-Mills. Polk, instead of attacking, went on the defensive and asked for
-reinforcements. For the second time in 3 days, subordinate Confederate
-commanders allowed a Union corps to regroup.
-
-Rosecrans now realized Bragg had concentrated and reinforced his army,
-and that his own force was in danger of annihilation in its divided
-condition. Accordingly he ordered General Granger, commanding the
-Reserve Corps in the vicinity of Bridgeport, Ala., to Chattanooga;
-General Crittenden to position at Lee and Gordon’s Mills on Chickamauga
-Creek, some 12 miles south of Chattanooga; and General Thomas to move
-northward toward Crittenden as soon as he was joined by General McCook’s
-Corps, which had been commanded to make haste in joining the other
-corps.
-
-In the hurried concentration of the Army of the Cumberland, McCook
-withdrew from Alpine and chose to retrace his way by crossing over
-Lookout Mountain, thence up Lookout Valley where he had to recross the
-mountain to join General Thomas. It took McCook approximately 5 days
-(September 13 to 17) to complete this movement, greatly to the
-consternation of Rosecrans who had expected McCook to follow the shorter
-route on top of Lookout Mountain or roads through McLemore’s Cove. Some
-of the troops, however, such as the Second Division, did forced marches
-in some instances of 25 miles in a day.
-
-Bragg made no effort to prevent this concentration of the Union forces,
-and during the night of September 17 the three corps were within
-supporting distance of each other. The Union left was at Lee and
-Gordon’s Mills, and from there the line extended west and south through
-McLemore’s Cove to Stevens Gap through Lookout Mountain.
-
-
-
-
-                      _The Battle of Chickamauga_
-
-
-Chafing over the failure of his subordinate commanders to strike the
-divided units of Rosecrans’ army and wishing to seize the initiative,
-General Bragg had his troops do an “about face.” Turning northward, he
-planned an all-out attack on General Crittenden who had been following
-in his rear since the evacuation of Chattanooga and was now at Lee and
-Gordon’s Mills. General Bragg moved his troops northward on the east
-side of the Chickamauga Creek. His plan was to cross the Chickamauga
-north of Lee and Gordon’s Mills, seize the roads leading to Chattanooga,
-bear down on Crittenden, and crush this corps or drive it back into the
-Union center in McLemore’s Cove. By turning the Union left in this
-manner, he hoped to force Rosecrans back into the mountains and to
-reoccupy Chattanooga.
-
-Maj. Gen. John B. Hood (Longstreet’s Corps) and Brig. Gen. Bushrod
-Johnson’s troops were to cross at Reeds Bridge and turn left; Walker’s
-Corps to cross at Alexander’s Bridge; Buckner to cross at Tedford’s
-Ford; Lt. Gen. Leonidas Polk’s Corps to cross at Lee and Gordon’s Mills;
-and Hill’s Corps to cover the Confederate left.
-
-Bragg did not seem to suspect that Rosecrans had guessed his intentions,
-and was hurriedly moving to support Crittenden and deploying his troops
-so as to protect the roads to Chattanooga.
-
-
-                      SEPTEMBER 18—PRELIMINARIES.
-
-On the morning of the 18th the three advanced brigades of Longstreet’s
-Corps from Virginia arrived at Ringgold. One brigade immediately joined
-Bushrod Johnson’s division as it prepared to cross Chickamauga Creek at
-Reed’s Bridge. Union cavalry under Col. Robert H. G. Minty and mounted
-infantry under command of Col. John T. Wilder, guarding the bridges,
-offered stout resistance and delayed the crossing of the southern troops
-for several hours. During the skirmishing, Minty’s men dismantled
-Alexander’s Bridge and forced Walker to proceed to Lambert’s Ford, a
-half-mile downstream. The Confederates used other fords and crossings
-throughout the late afternoon and night as all of Bragg’s forces, except
-three divisions, crossed to the west side of Chickamauga Creek.
-
-The Union forces were not idle, and during the night Rosecrans moved
-Thomas’ corps northeastward above and back of Crittenden, so that Bragg
-would not outflank the Federal line. Negley’s Division remained near
-Crawfish Springs (now Chickamauga), Maj. Gen. Joseph J. Reynolds’
-Division near Widow Glenn’s, and Brigadier Generals Absalom Baird’s and
-John M. Brannan’s Divisions covered the roads leading to Reed’s and
-Alexander’s Bridges. General McCook’s Corps moved to position in
-McLemore’s Cove.
-
-The situation at dawn on the 19th found the two armies facing each other
-over a stretch of several miles along the banks of the Chickamauga.
-Rosecrans had been able in a short time to maneuver the Army of the
-Cumberland into position so that it interposed between Bragg and
-Chattanooga. His Reserve Corps under General Granger was at McAfee’s
-Church, near Rossville. Thomas’ Fourteenth Army Corps composed the
-Union’s left a few miles south of Granger, and formed a southwesterly
-line to Crawfish Spring where it joined McCook, forming the right in
-McLemore’s Cove. Crittenden’s Twenty-First Army Corps remained
-concentrated at Lee and Gordon’s Mills, somewhat in front of the other
-two corps, to protect the Union center.
-
-
-
-
-                  Table 1.—_Union Army at Chickamauga_
-
-        _Army of the Cumberland_—Maj. Gen. William S. Rosecrans
-
-
-  _Fourteenth Army Corps_—Maj. Gen. George H. Thomas
-      1st Division—Brig. Gen. Absalom Baird
-      2d Division—Maj. Gen. James S. Negley
-      3d Division—Brig. Gen. John M. Brannan
-      4th Division—Maj. Gen. Joseph J. Reynolds
-  _Twentieth Army Corps_—Maj. Gen. Alexander McD. McCook
-      1st Division—Brig. Gen. Jefferson C. Davis
-      2d Division—Brig. Gen. Richard W. Johnson
-      3d Division—Maj. Gen. Philip H. Sheridan
-  _Twenty-first Army Corps_—Maj. Gen. Thomas L. Crittenden
-      1st Division—Brig. Gen. Thomas J. Wood
-      2d Division—Maj. Gen. John M. Palmer
-      3d Division—Brig. Gen. H. P. Van Cleve
-  _Reserve Corps_—Maj. Gen. Gordon Granger
-      1st Division—Brig. Gen. James B. Steedman
-      2d Division—Col. Daniel McCook
-  _Cavalry Corps_—Brig. Gen. Robert B. Mitchell
-      1st Division—Col. Edward M. McCook
-      2d Division—Brig. Gen. George Crook
-
-
-    [Illustration: _“The First Gun at Chickamauga.” Confederates open
-    fire on Union cavalry at Reed’s Bridge._ A. R. Waud wartime sketch.
-    From Brown, _The Mountain Campaign in Georgia_.]
-
-
-
-
-               Table 2.—_Confederate Army at Chickamauga_
-
-               _Army of Tennessee_—Gen. Braxton Bragg[1]
-
-
-  _Right Wing_—Lt. Gen. Leonidas Polk
-      _Cheatham’s Division_—Maj. Gen. B. F. Cheatham
-      _Hill’s Corps_—Lt. Gen. Daniel H. Hill
-          Cleburne’s Division—Maj. Gen. P. R. Cleburne
-          Breckinridge’s Division—Maj. Gen. J. C. Breckinridge
-      _Reserve Corps_—Maj. Gen. W. H. T. Walker
-          Walker’s Division—Brig. Gen. S. R. Gist
-          Liddell’s Division—Brig. Gen. St. John R. Liddell
-  _Left Wing_—Lt. Gen. James Longstreet
-      _Hindman’s Division_—Maj. Gen. T. C. Hindman
-      _Buckner’s Corps_—Maj. Gen. Simon B. Buckner
-          Stewart’s Division—Maj. Gen. Alexander P. Stewart
-          Preston’s Division—Brig. Gen. William Preston
-          Johnson’s Division—Brig. Gen. Bushrod R. Johnson
-      _Longstreet’s Corps_—Maj. Gen. John B. Hood
-          McLaw’s Division—Brig. Gen. Joseph B. Kershaw
-          Hood’s Division—Maj. Gen. John B. Hood, Brig. Gen. E. McIver
-                Law
-      _Corps Artillery_[2]—Col. E. Porter Alexander
-      _Reserve Artillery, Army of Tennessee_—Maj. Felix H. Robertson
-      _Cavalry_—Maj. Gen. Joseph Wheeler
-          Wharton’s Division—Brig. Gen. John A. Wharton
-          Martin’s Division—Brig. Gen. William T. Martin
-          Forrest’s Corps—Brig. Gen. N. B. Forrest
-              Armstrong’s Division—Brig. Gen. Frank C. Armstrong
-              Pegram’s Division—Brig. Gen. John Pegram
-
-
-[1]General Bragg’s army was composed of Polk’s, Hill’s, Buckner’s,
-    Longstreet’s (Hood’s), and Walker’s (Reserve) Corps of infantry, and
-    Wheeler’s and Forrest’s Corps of cavalry. For the second day’s fight
-    the army was divided into two wings. General Polk commanding the
-    right and General Longstreet the left.
-
-[2]In transit, did not take part in the battle.
-
-
-Bragg’s Army of Tennessee, except three divisions, was concentrated on
-the west side of the Chickamauga from Reeds Bridge almost to Dalton’s
-Ford, near Lee and Gordon’s Mills. The divisions had been shuffled
-around during the night, and remained so for the first day’s battle.
-Brig. Gen. Nathan Bedford Forrest’s cavalry held the right flank at
-Reeds Bridge; then, in succession toward the left (south), were Walker’s
-Corps; Maj. Gen. Benjamin F. Cheatham’s Division (Polk’s Corps);
-Longstreet’s Corps (under Maj. Gen. John B. Hood); and Buckner’s Corps.
-On the east side of the stream and forming the right were Maj. Gen.
-Patrick R. Cleburne’s Division (Hill’s Corps), preparing to cross at
-Tedford’s Ford; Maj. Gen. T. C. Hindman’s Division (Polk’s Corps)
-opposite Lee and Gordon’s Mills; and Maj. Gen. John C. Breckinridge’s
-Division (Hill’s Corps) forming the extreme left opposite Glass’ Mill.
-Maj. Gen. Joseph Wheeler’s cavalry, stationed at the upper fords of the
-Chickamauga, held the left flank.
-
-    [Illustration: _Maj. Gen. George H. Thomas, “The Rock of
-    Chickamauga.”_ Courtesy National Archives.]
-
-Neither army knew the exact position of the other as they maneuvered for
-position during the night. The densely wooded area, covered with tangled
-undergrowth, brambles and cedar thickets, prevented easy movement or
-good observation, and many of the officers had difficulty keeping in
-touch with their own commands.
-
-The armies were so close to each other, in some instances only a few
-hundred yards apart, that it was inevitable a clash would soon take
-place, but at what point no one could say.
-
-
-                        SEPTEMBER 19—FIRST DAY.
-
-Early in the morning of September 19, Thomas ordered Brannan forward to
-reconnoiter the Confederate forces which had crossed the Chickamauga. In
-this manner, Col. John T. Croxton’s brigade of infantry accidentally ran
-into some of Forrest’s cavalry, which were dismounted and serving as
-infantry, at Jay’s Mill near Reed’s Bridge. And so the battle began.
-
-Croxton drove Forrest back, but reinforcements hurried to the latter
-forced Croxton to give ground. Suddenly the commanding generals realized
-that a major conflict was upon them, and they hurriedly sent troops into
-the fight as first one side and then the other gained the upper hand.
-Rosecrans, by rapid and forced marches, brought up his troops from
-Crawfish Springs. Bragg ordered his left wing divisions to cross to the
-west side of the Chickamauga. By mid-afternoon major fighting had spread
-along a jagged line some 3 miles in length. All the Union divisions,
-with the exception of Granger’s reserve force, became involved. The
-Confederate troops were also largely engaged, except Hindman and
-Breckinridge who crossed over during the late afternoon and night.
-
-When the battle ended for the day, little progress could be shown by
-either side. The fighting had been furious and without much plan.
-Bragg’s troops had reached the LaFayette-Chattanooga Road but were not
-able to hold the position. Neither side could claim a victory. Bragg had
-failed to crush the Union left, and Rosecrans remained in possession of
-the roads to Chattanooga. The losses on both sides were heavy.
-
-As night fell and darkness settled over the battlefield the fighting
-stopped, but there was little rest for the weary soldiers. Rosecrans
-brought the Army of the Cumberland into a more compact defensive line;
-Thomas’ Corps, heavily reinforced, formed the left in a bulge east of
-the LaFayette Road at Kelly’s Field.
-
-Throughout the night the Confederates heard the ring of axes as the
-Union troops cut trees and logs to form breastworks. McCook’s Corps in
-the center faced LaFayette Road; Crittenden’s Corps on the right was a
-little withdrawn west of the road.
-
-During the night, Longstreet arrived with two more brigades ready for
-action. Bragg then decided to form the Army of Tennessee into two wings
-for offensive action the next day. He placed General Polk in command of
-the right wing and General Longstreet the left. The Confederate Army,
-facing west between Chickamauga Creek and the LaFayette Road formed a
-line more or less parallel with the road.
-
-    [Illustration: _Confederate line of battle in woods at Chickamauga._
-    From _Battles and Leaders of the Civil War_.]
-
-
-                        SEPTEMBER 20—SECOND DAY.
-
-General Bragg issued orders to his subordinates to resume the battle at
-daybreak. On the Confederate right Breckinridge’s Division was to begin
-the attack which would be taken up by successive divisions to the left.
-Sunday morning came. Daylight began to creep over the battlefield. The
-sun rose, but no attack came. Bragg waited impatiently. Finally, the
-orders reached Hill at 7:30 a.m. Further delay followed as the troops
-moved into position. About 9:30 a.m. Breckinridge advanced to attack,
-followed by Cleburne. The extreme left of the Union line fell back, but
-the fire from the Union breastworks halted further Confederate advance.
-Reinforcements hurried to Thomas. In further fighting at this part of
-the line neither side made any considerable gain, as Rosecrans sought to
-hold his left against Polk’s furious attacks. Almost equally matched,
-neither Thomas nor Polk could show any appreciable gains throughout the
-morning. About 11 o’clock a lull occurred as Longstreet’s wing prepared
-to move against the center in Bragg’s plan of attack.
-
-    [Illustration: THE BATTLE OF CHICKAMAUGA
-    SEPTEMBER 20, 1863]
-
-    [Illustration: _Lt. Gen. James Longstreet._ Courtesy National
-    Archives.]
-
-    [Illustration: _Lt. Gen. Leonidas Polk._ Courtesy National
-    Archives.]
-
-The Union center at which Longstreet pointed his attack was held by
-Brig. Gen. Thomas J. Wood’s Division which had replaced Negley’s
-Division in the line when the latter had reinforced Thomas early in the
-morning. To the immediate left of Wood were the troops of Brannan’s
-Division, and on Brannan’s left, Maj. Gen. Joseph J. Reynolds’ Division.
-
-An hour before noon as the Confederate right wing poised to strike, an
-irreparable blunder occurred on the Union side. A staff officer riding
-from Thomas’ headquarters near Kelly Field reported to Rosecrans that he
-had noticed Brannan’s Division was out of line and believed “General
-Reynolds’ right was exposed.” Rosecrans, without further investigation,
-immediately ordered Wood to “close up on Reynolds as fast as possible
-and support him.” In order to do this, Wood had to pull his division out
-of line and march behind Brannan’s Division toward Reynolds. Wood’s
-division had left its place in the line, creating a true gap where none
-had actually existed before, and had started to march northward behind
-Brannan when Longstreet’s column of five divisions accidentally struck
-into the gap.
-
-Longstreet’s attack hit Wood’s and Brannan’s Divisions on their exposed
-flank and drove them from the immediate field of battle. On the other
-side of the gap the Confederates struck Brig. Gen. Jefferson C. Davis’
-Division, which was marching up to take Wood’s place in the line, and
-Maj. Gen. Philip H. Sheridan’s Division in flank. In a very short time
-the entire Union right flank was in disorder and driven from the field.
-Wilder’s brigade on the extreme right made a valiant stand for a while,
-employing to good effect the heavy fire power of the Spencer repeating
-carbine with which it was armed. Nothing, however, seemed to daunt the
-onrush of the Confederates, and Wilder withdrew for fear of being cut
-off from escape.
-
-The routed divisions from the Union right withdrew northwestward through
-McFarland’s Gap to Rossville. Generals Rosecrans, Crittenden, and McCook
-were caught in the breakthrough and fled the field. General Thomas was
-now in command of the Union forces left there.
-
-The altered conditions of the battlefield now dictated a change in
-Confederate strategy. The original plan of enveloping the Union left
-changed to a sweep from the Union right to the left. A pause in the
-fighting enabled Thomas to form a new line quickly to his rear on
-Snodgrass Hill, almost at a right angle with the Union left. From this
-vantage point he met the onslaught of Longstreet’s troops with such
-stubborn and determined resistance on that Sunday afternoon that he
-earned the name “Rock of Chickamauga.”
-
-The Union line on Snodgrass Hill was composed of Brannan’s Division with
-fragments of Wood’s, Negley’s, and Van Cleve’s Divisions. Longstreet
-vigorously assaulted the line again and again and nearly succeeded in
-enveloping Brannan’s right. Confederate success seemed assured as
-Thomas’ troops were hard hit and were short of ammunition, but at this
-moment unexpected reinforcements reached General Thomas.
-
-    [Illustration: _The Battle of Chickamauga. Scene from diorama in the
-    Museum, Park Headquarters Building._]
-
-General Granger, without orders and following the sound of battle, had
-hastened to the aid of Thomas. He arrived at Snodgrass Hill at a very
-opportune moment and just in time to stop the Confederates from
-enveloping Brannan’s right. A fierce engagement took place as Brig. Gen.
-James B. Steedman’s Division of Granger’s Corps forced the southern
-troops from the crest of the hill.
-
-Midafternoon found Longstreet once again attempting to wrest the hill
-from Thomas’ troops, using McLaw’s, Hindman’s, and Bushrod Johnson’s
-Divisions, and again he was repulsed. Later in the afternoon, Longstreet
-asked Bragg for reinforcements but was told none were available and that
-the right wing “had been beaten back so badly that they could be of no
-service” to him. Longstreet determined to make one more effort. He
-formed a column of such troops as were available and again assaulted the
-hill. The fight was desperate and lasted until nightfall. The Union
-troops repulsed some of the Confederate charges with the bayonet as
-their ammunition was nearly exhausted. Finally, Longstreet pushed
-Steedman back to the next ridge and occupied the ground to the right of
-Brannan.
-
-The left of the Union line around Kelly Field spent a relatively quiet
-afternoon compared to their comrades on Snodgrass Hill. However, about 4
-p.m., the divisions of Hill’s corps and part of Walker’s again assaulted
-the Union positions there. By 6 p.m., Cheatham’s Division had joined the
-attack. This attack succeeded in enveloping the Union left, and the road
-to Rossville, through Rossville Gap, was cut off for the moment.
-
-    [Illustration: _Headquarters, Maj. Gen. Gordon Granger, Reserve
-    Corps, Army of the Cumberland, at Rossville Gap. The house was built
-    by John Ross, Cherokee Indian Chief, who lived in it until 1832.
-    Ross gave his name to the village in the gap._ From Elson, _The
-    Civil War Through the Camera_.]
-
-In the meantime, Thomas received orders from Rosecrans to “Assume
-command of all the forces, and with Crittenden and McCook take a strong
-position and assume a threatening attitude at Rossville.” Although
-Thomas received these orders with little delay, it was late afternoon
-before he sent instructions to Reynolds to begin the withdrawal and move
-into position to cover the retirement of the other troops on the left.
-In executing this movement, Reynolds was forced to drive off the
-Confederate troops who had begun to envelop the Union left. The Union
-army withdrew in relatively good order. The troops holding Kelly Field
-moved out first, followed by those who had stubbornly resisted
-Longstreet’s attacks upon Snodgrass Hill.
-
-While the retreat from the battlelines may have been in “good order,”
-General Beatty’s description of the march to Rossville amply describes
-the scene: “The march to Rossville was a melancholy one. All along the
-road, for miles, wounded men were lying. They had crawled or hobbled
-slowly away from the fury of the battle, become exhausted, and lain down
-by the roadside to die.” Beatty reached Rossville between “ten and
-eleven” and reported, “At this hour of the night (eleven to twelve
-o’clock) the army is simply a mob. There appears to be neither
-organization nor discipline. The various commands are mixed up in what
-seems to be inextricable confusion.”
-
-Nevertheless, Thomas placed his forces at Rossville Gap and along
-Missionary Ridge in preparation against further attacks. The morning of
-the 21st found the Union Army of the Cumberland more or less
-reorganized. With the exception of some skirmishing, the Union forces
-were not molested.
-
-The losses on both sides were appalling and the percentages surprisingly
-equal. The following tabulation of casualties at the Battle of
-Chickamauga is based on Thomas L. Livermore’s _Numbers and Losses in the
-Civil War in America, 1861-65_:
-
- Army             Total      Total   Killed  Wounded  Missing    Percent
-               Strength Casualties                            Casualties
-
- Union           58,222     16,170    1,657    9,756    4,757         28
- Confederate     66,326     18,454    2,312   14,674    1,468         28
-
-
-
-
-                       _The Siege of Chattanooga_
-
-
-Thomas remained in position at Rossville throughout the 21st, but it was
-evident that the Confederates could turn his right flank and cut him off
-from Chattanooga. He suggested to Rosecrans that the Union Army
-concentrate at Chattanooga. In anticipation of receiving an order to
-withdraw to the town, Thomas instructed his officers to prepare their
-commands for the movement. Rosecrans adopted the suggestion and that
-evening Thomas withdrew the Union forces to Chattanooga. All wagons,
-ambulances, and surplus artillery had already departed for Chattanooga
-during the day. By morning of September 22, all Union troops were in
-position in the town.
-
-    [Illustration: _Wartime view. Lee and Gordon’s Mills, Chickamauga
-    Battlefield._ Courtesy National Archives.]
-
-The situation in which the men in blue found themselves in Chattanooga
-was not pleasant. The Tennessee River walled them in on the north,
-although a pontoon bridge and two ferries offered escape possibilities.
-Lookout Mountain blocked the way on the west, and Missionary Ridge to
-the east and south, now held by the Confederates, completed the circle.
-
-    [Illustration: _Wartime view of Chattanooga in 1863—Lookout Mountain
-    in distance._ Courtesy National Archives.]
-
-Bragg issued orders for the pursuit of the Army of the Cumberland, then
-countermanded them. Instead, the Confederate troops began to take up
-siege positions around Chattanooga. In these positions the Confederates
-dominated the Union lines. Bragg’s men controlled all the railroads
-leading into the town; Confederate batteries and sharpshooters commanded
-the Tennessee River, and river traffic ceased; they controlled the roads
-on the south side of the river and kept under fire the one road north of
-the river leading to Bridgeport, the nearest Union supply base. Only the
-road over Walden’s Ridge and down through the Sequatchie Valley to
-Bridgeport was open to General Rosecrans.
-
-    [Illustration: _Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant._ Courtesy National
-    Archives.]
-
-    [Illustration: _Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman._ Courtesy National
-    Archives.]
-
-
-
-
-                 _Reinforcements for the Besieged Army_
-
-
-As early as September 13, General in Chief Halleck ordered
-reinforcements sent to Rosecrans. His dispatches on September 13, 14,
-and 15 to Major Generals Hurlbut at Memphis and Grant and Sherman at
-Vicksburg directed the troop movements. These dispatches, however, were
-delayed for several days en route from Cairo to Memphis and, in the
-meantime, the Battle of Chickamauga was fought. Grant received the
-orders on the 22nd and immediately instructed four divisions under
-Sherman to march to Chattanooga.
-
-One division of the Seventeenth Corps, already in transit from Vicksburg
-to Helena, Ark., was ordered to proceed on to Memphis. General Sherman
-quickly brought three divisions of his Fifteenth Army Corps from the
-vicinity of the Big Black River into Vicksburg, where they embarked as
-fast as water transportation could be provided. By October 3, all of the
-movement of 17,000 men was under way.
-
-The route of travel was by boat to Memphis, then by railroad and
-overland marches to Chattanooga. From Memphis the troops followed
-closely the Memphis and Charleston Railroad, which Sherman was ordered
-to repair as he advanced. By November 15, the troops were at Bridgeport,
-Ala., having traveled a distance of 675 miles.
-
-When the War Department in Washington received word that the Army of the
-Cumberland was besieged in Chattanooga, it considered the situation so
-critical that President Lincoln was called out of bed late at night to
-attend a council meeting. This meeting occurred on the night of
-September 23, and is described by Nicolay and Hay:
-
-  Immediately on receipt of Rosecrans’ dispatch, Mr. Stanton sent one of
-  the President’s secretaries who was standing by to the Soldier’s Home,
-  where the President was sleeping. A little startled by the unwonted
-  summons,—for this was “the first time” he said, Stanton had ever sent
-  for him,—the President mounted his horse and rode in through the
-  moonlight to the War Department to preside over an improvised council
-  to consider the subject of reinforcing Rosecrans.
-
-  There were present General Halleck, Stanton, Seward and Chase of the
-  Cabinet; P. H. Watson and James A. Hardie of the War Department, and
-  General D. C. McCallum, Superintendent of Military Transportation.
-  After a brief debate, it was resolved to detach the Eleventh and
-  Twelfth Corps from the Army of the Potomac, General Hooker to be
-  placed in command of both....
-
-    [Illustration: ROUTE OF UNION REINFORCEMENTS
-    MOVEMENTS, SEPT. 22-OCT. 15, 1863]
-
-    [Illustration: _Chattanooga headquarters of General Rosecrans during
-    the siege._ Courtesy National Archives.]
-
-The movement of the Eleventh and Twelfth Army Corps from the Army of the
-Potomac to Tennessee eclipsed all other such troop movements by rail up
-to that time. It represented a high degree of cooperation between the
-railroads and the government and was a singular triumph of skill and
-planning. It also shows the great importance the War Department attached
-to the Chattanooga campaign.
-
-The troops began to entrain at Manassas Junction and Bealton Station,
-Va., on September 25, and 5 days later on September 30 the first trains
-arrived at Bridgeport, Ala. The route traveled was by way of Washington,
-D. C.; Baltimore, Md.; Bellaire and Columbus, Ohio; Indianapolis, Ind.;
-Louisville, Ky.; Nashville, Tenn.; and Bridgeport, Ala. Several major
-railroad lines, including the Baltimore and Ohio, Central Ohio,
-Louisville and Nashville, and Nashville and Chattanooga were involved.
-
-Not all of the troops, however, made such good time as the first trains,
-and for the majority of the infantry the trip consumed about 9 days. The
-movement of the artillery, horses, mules, baggage, and impedimenta was
-somewhat slower, but by the middle of October, all were in the vicinity
-of Bridgeport ready to help break the siege.
-
-These two corps under Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker, comprising 20,000 troops
-and more than 3,000 horses and mules, traveled 1,157 miles. Differences
-in the railroad gauges hampered the movement, but most of the changes in
-gauge occurred at river crossings which had no bridges and the troops
-had to detrain at these points anyway.
-
-Confederate cavalry raids, bent on destroying the railroad bridges and
-otherwise interfering with the reinforcing effort, imposed a more
-serious difficulty, but, except for delaying the latter part of the
-movement a few days, the raids were ineffective.
-
-At the beginning of the siege, the Union Army had large supply trains in
-good condition and transporting supplies seemed feasible. But early in
-October rain began to fall and the roads became almost impassable. To
-make the situation more critical Bragg sent Wheeler to harass and
-destroy the Union supply trains as they moved over Walden’s Ridge on
-their trips to and from Bridgeport. Wheeler destroyed hundreds of wagons
-and animals and it was not long before the Union soldier received less
-and less food. Wagon horses and mules and artillery horses were on a
-starvation diet and many died each day.
-
-Command of the two hostile armies had undergone a considerable change
-during the siege period. Grant received orders to meet “an officer of
-the War Department” at Louisville, Ky. He proceeded by rail to
-Indianapolis, Ind., and just as his train left the depot there, en route
-to Louisville, it was stopped. A message informed Grant that Secretary
-of War Stanton was coming into the station and wished to see him. This
-was the “officer” from the War Department who gave Grant command of the
-newly organized Military Division of the Mississippi. Thomas replaced
-Rosecrans. McCook and Crittenden had previously been relieved of their
-commands and their corps consolidated into the Fourth Corps under
-command of Granger. Stanton accompanied Grant to Louisville and there
-the two spent a day reviewing the situation.
-
-In Bragg’s camp, Polk was relieved of his command, and Lt. Gen. William
-J. Hardee rejoined the army. Bragg’s army was reorganized into three
-corps commanded by Longstreet, Hardee, and Breckinridge.
-
-    [Illustration: _Entrenchments of Thomas’ Corps, Army of the
-    Cumberland in front of Chattanooga. Lookout Mountain in distance._
-    From _Battles and Leaders of the Civil War_.]
-
-When Grant reached Chattanooga on October 23 he found a plan already
-drawn up to open a new supply line for the besieged army. This plan of
-necessity was conditioned upon the terrain and the configuration of the
-river between Bridgeport, the railhead and base of supplies for the
-Union Army, and Chattanooga. (After the Tennessee River passes the city
-it flows southward for some 2 miles until it strikes Lookout Mountain
-where, after a short westerly course, it curves northward. This
-elongated loop of the river is called Moccasin Bend.)
-
-The plan called for 1,500 men on pontoons to float down the river from
-Chattanooga during the night of October 26-27 while another force
-marched across Moccasin Point to support the landings of the river-borne
-troops. Grant ordered the plan executed. The pontoon-borne troops
-quickly disembarked upon striking the west bank at Brown’s Ferry, drove
-off the Confederate pickets, and threw up breastworks. The troops
-marching across the neck of land came up to the east side of the ferry,
-joined this group, and constructed a pontoon bridge.
-
-Hooker’s advance from Bridgeport coincided with this action. He marched
-by the road along Raccoon Mountain into Lookout Valley. There he met the
-advance post of a Confederate brigade and drove it back. Maj. Gen. O. O.
-Howard’s Eleventh Corps moved to within 2 miles of Brown’s Ferry, while
-Brig. Gen. John W. Geary of the Twelfth Corps remained at Wauhatchie to
-guard the road to Kelley’s Ferry.
-
-The Confederates made a night attack against Geary which the latter
-repulsed, but both sides lost heavily. After this action, the short line
-of communication with Bridgeport by way of Brown’s and Kelley’s Ferries
-was held by Hooker without further trouble.
-
-With the successful seizure of Brown’s Ferry and construction of a
-pontoon bridge across the Tennessee River there, and Hooker’s equally
-successful advance from Bridgeport and seizure of the south side of the
-river at Raccoon Mountain and in Lookout Valley, the way was finally
-clear for the Union Army to reopen a short line of supply and
-communication between Chattanooga and Bridgeport, the rail end of its
-supply line. This “Cracker Line” ran by boat up the Tennessee River from
-Bridgeport to Kelley’s Ferry. Above Kelley’s Ferry, the swift current
-made the stream unnavigable at certain points to boats then available.
-Accordingly, at Kelley’s Ferry, the “Cracker Line” left the river and
-crossed Raccoon Mountain by road to Brown’s Ferry. There it crossed the
-river on the pontoon bridge, thence across Moccasin Point, and finally
-across the river once more into Chattanooga.
-
-Early in November, Bragg ordered Longstreet to march against Burnside in
-East Tennessee with Maj. Gen. Lafayette McLaw’s and Maj. Gen. John B.
-Hood’s Divisions of infantry, Col. E. Porter Alexander’s and Maj. A.
-Leyden’s battalions of artillery, and five brigades of cavalry under
-Maj. Gen. Joseph Wheeler—about 15,000 men in all. This movement caused
-great anxiety in Washington and the authorities urged Grant to act
-promptly to assist Burnside. Grant felt that the quickest way to aid him
-was to attack Bragg and force the latter to recall Longstreet. On
-November 7, Thomas received Grant’s order to attack Bragg’s right.
-Thomas replied that he was unable to move a single piece of artillery
-because of the poor condition of the horses and mules. They were not
-strong enough to pull artillery pieces. In these circumstances, Grant
-could only answer Washington dispatches, urge Sherman forward, and
-encourage Burnside to hold on.
-
-
-
-
-             _Lifting the Siege—The Battle of Chattanooga_
-
-
-(See map on pages 36-37.)
-
-With the Confederate Army in front of Chattanooga divided into two
-corps, Hardee on the right and Breckinridge on the left on Missionary
-Ridge, and General Stevenson with a small force occupying Lookout
-Mountain, Bragg waited.
-
-Grant’s plan of battle was for Sherman with his four divisions to cross
-the Tennessee River at Brown’s Ferry and march behind Stringer’s Ridge,
-concealed from the eyes of the Confederates, and take a position near
-the North Chickamauga Creek. He was to recross the river by pontoon
-bridge at the mouth of the South Chickamauga Creek, strike the north end
-of Missionary Ridge and capture it as far as the railroad tunnel. Thomas
-was to move his Army of the Cumberland to the left, and connect with
-Sherman. This united force was to sweep the Confederates southward off
-Missionary Ridge and away from their base of supplies at Chickamauga
-Station. Howard’s Corps was to act as a general reserve for this force.
-Hooker, with the Twelfth Corps and Brig. Gen. Charles Cruft’s Division
-(Fourth Corps), was to hold Lookout Valley. Col. Eli Long’s Cavalry was
-to cover Sherman’s left and when no longer needed for this task was to
-strike Bragg’s communications. This original plan, however, was changed
-several times to fit the situation.
-
-The rains that hampered movement of Union supplies also delayed
-Sherman’s movement across the Tennessee. High water broke the bridge at
-Brown’s Ferry and Osterhaus’ Division could not cross the river.
-Subsequently it received orders to join Hooker in Lookout Valley.
-
-On November 22, Grant received word that Bragg was withdrawing his army;
-actually the movement reported was Buckner leaving to reinforce
-Longstreet. To “test the truth” of the report, Grant changed his plans
-and ordered Thomas to make a demonstration to his front on the 23rd.
-This began the battles of Chattanooga.
-
-
-                             ORCHARD KNOB.
-
-The Union Army of the Cumberland had made its positions very strong
-during the time it was besieged by Bragg’s army. One of its strong
-points was Fort Wood on an elevated point east of the town. Thomas,
-according to instructions, sent Maj. Gen. Philip H. Sheridan’s and Brig.
-Gen. T. J. Wood’s divisions to level ground at Fort Wood and there
-formed them in line—Wood on the left, Sheridan on the right, with Brig.
-Gen. Absalom Baird supporting Sheridan. Brig. Gen. R. W. Johnson’s
-troops held the trenches, and Maj. Gen. O. O. Howard’s Corps, which had
-crossed from the north bank of the river, acted as the reserve.
-
-
-
-
-                  Table 3.—_Union Army at Chattanooga_
-
-                       Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant
-
-
-  _Army of the Cumberland_—Maj. Gen. George H. Thomas
-      _Fourth Army Corps_—Maj. Gen. Gordon Granger
-          1st Division—Brig. Gen. Charles Cruft
-          2d Division—Maj. Gen. Philip H. Sheridan
-          3d Division—Brig. Gen. Thomas J. Wood
-      _Fourteenth Army Corps_—Maj. Gen. J. M. Palmer
-          1st Division—Brig. Gen. Richard W. Johnson
-          2d Division—Brig. Gen. J. C. Davis
-          3d Division—Brig. Gen. Absalom Baird
-      _Engineer Troops_—Brig. Gen. William F. Smith
-      _Artillery Reserve_—Brig. Gen. J. M. Brannan
-          1st Division—Col. James Barnett
-          2d Division
-      _Cavalry_
-          2d Division
-          —2d Brigade—Col. Eli Long
-      _Post of Chattanooga_—Col. John G. Parkhurst
-  _Detachment from the Army of the Potomac_—Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker
-      _Eleventh Army Corps_—Maj. Gen. O. O. Howard
-          2d Division—Brig. Gen. Adolph von Steinwehr
-          3d Division—Maj. Gen. Carl Schurz
-      _Twelfth Army Corps_—Maj. Gen. Henry W. Slocum
-          2d Division—Brig. Gen. John W. Geary
-  _Army of the Tennessee_—Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman
-      _Fifteenth Corps_—Maj. Gen. Frank P. Blair, Jr.
-          1st Division—Brig. Gen. Peter J. Osterhaus
-          2d Division—Brig. Gen. Morgan L. Smith
-          4th Division—Brig. Gen. Hugh Ewing
-      _Seventeenth Army Corps_
-          2d Division—Brig. Gen. John E. Smith
-
-
-At 2 p. m. on November 23, the lines of blue moved forward, driving the
-Confederate outposts and their supports back to the base of Missionary
-Ridge, and captured Orchard Knob, a low hill a little more than a mile
-in front of the ridge. The Union forces occupied the captured
-entrenchments and erected a battery on Orchard Knob. Except for
-occasional artillery firing, the fighting ended for the day.
-
-
-
-
-               Table 4.—_Confederate Army at Chattanooga_
-
-                           Gen. Braxton Bragg
-
-
-  _Hardee’s Corps_—Lt. Gen. William J. Hardee
-      Cheatham’s Division—Brig. Gen. John K. Jackson
-      Stevenson’s Division—Maj. Gen. Carter L. Stevenson
-      Cleburne’s Division—Maj. Gen. P. R. Cleburne
-      Walker’s Division—Brig. Gen. States R. Gist
-  _Breckinridge’s Corps_—Maj. Gen. John C. Breckinridge
-      Hindman’s Division—Brig. Gen. J. Patton Anderson
-      Breckinridge’s Division—Brig. Gen. William B. Bate
-      Stewart’s Division—Maj. Gen. Ambrose P. Stewart
-      Reserve Artillery
-          Robertson’s Battalion—Capt. Felix H. Robertson
-          Williams’ Battalion—Maj. S. C. Williams
-
-
-                             SHERMAN MOVES.
-
-During the night of November 23-24, Sherman began to carry out his role
-in the drama. He selected Brig. Gen. Giles A. Smith’s brigade to man the
-pontoon boats, concealed in North Chickamauga Creek, to cross the
-Tennessee River and secure a bridgehead near the mouth of the South
-Chickamauga Creek. During the hours of darkness the brigade landed at
-its designated place. A few soldiers stopped at the mouth of the creek,
-surprising and capturing the pickets there. The remaining troops landed
-and prepared to build bridges across the Tennessee River and South
-Chickamauga Creek. By early afternoon they had finished the bridge
-across the river, and Sherman’s forces were across and ready to attack.
-Brig. Gen. Jefferson C. Davis’ Division (Fourteenth Corps), which had
-guarded the pontoons, also crossed and became part of Sherman’s force.
-
-Sherman attacked and seized the north end of Missionary Ridge at 4 p.m.
-against only Confederate outpost opposition. To his surprise, Sherman
-found a deep and wide ravine separating the north end of the ridge from
-Tunnel Hill immediately southward, his real objective. Cleburne’s
-Division of Confederate troops had hurried to Tunnel Hill only an hour
-or two before Sherman seized the north end of Missionary Ridge, and they
-were busily engaged entrenching there when Sherman arrived across the
-ravine from them. Sherman did not attack Tunnel Hill that afternoon, but
-entrenched where he was.
-
-
-               THE BATTLE ABOVE THE CLOUDS, NOVEMBER 24.
-
-While operations were in progress, east of Chattanooga, Hooker moved
-into action west of the town. The failure of Osterhaus’ Division to join
-Sherman resulted in another change of orders. A new plan for Hooker to
-take Lookout Mountain and descend into Chattanooga Valley replaced the
-original one of having him merely hold Lookout Valley and the route to
-Bridgeport. Hooker had three divisions in his force commanded by
-Brigadier Generals Peter J. Osterhaus, John W. Geary, and Charles Cruft,
-each from a different army corps. Geary was on the right at Wauhatchie,
-Cruft in the center, and Osterhaus near Brown’s Ferry. It was a unique
-team. One who was present wrote, “We were all strangers, no one division
-ever having seen either of the others.”
-
-    [Illustration: THE BATTLE OF CHATTANOOGA
-    NOVEMBER 23, 24, 25, 1863]
-
-The terrain that confronted Hooker’s command was rugged, steep, heavily
-timbered, and topped by a rocky cliff. At the northern end, at the cliff
-base and halfway up the mountain, was a bench of nearly level land. On
-it stood the Cravens Farm. At 8 a. m. on November 24 Hooker sent Geary’s
-Division, supported by a brigade from Cruft’s Division, to effect a
-crossing of Lookout Creek. The troops accomplished this with little
-opposition and Geary climbed the mountain until the head of his column
-reached the cliff. The division then moved to the left and proceeded
-northward toward the point of the mountain.
-
-    [Illustration: _Hazen’s men landing from pontoon boats at Brown’s
-    Ferry, Tennessee River. Theodore R. Davis wartime sketch._ From
-    _Battles and Leaders of the Civil War_.]
-
-While Geary climbed the mountain, Cruft, with his force, moved farther
-down the valley toward the Tennessee River and seized a bridge over the
-creek. Osterhaus’ Division then crossed the stream at that point in the
-face of sharp skirmishing with Confederate defenders before the latter
-retreated up the mountain. The three Union divisions soon joined on a
-common line and, supported by Union batteries on Moccasin Point,
-steadily drove Walthall’s Confederate brigade around the point of
-Lookout Mountain to the Cravens farmhouse. By noon, Hooker’s forces were
-in possession of the farm but the Confederates made a stand beyond the
-Cravens house within prepared defense works, and were joined there by
-two brigades from the top of the mountain. Fog which covered the
-mountainside most of the morning became so heavy that by 2 p. m. it was
-almost impossible to see. This factor, plus a shortage of ammunition,
-caused Hooker to halt and consolidate his position. Later in the
-afternoon, Carlin’s brigade arrived with a resupply of ammunition.
-
-During the night, General Stevenson withdrew the Confederate forces from
-Lookout Mountain and marched them to Missionary Ridge where they joined
-their comrades holding that sector of the line.
-
-“The Battle Above the Clouds” was fought on the bench of land
-surrounding the Cravens house. There was no fighting on top the
-mountain. The romantic name given in later years to this action on the
-Union right was the result of the fog and mist which shrouded the
-mountain that day from observers below. It was not until the next
-morning that the 8th Kentucky Volunteers planted the Stars and Stripes
-on top of the bluff.
-
-    [Illustration: _Lookout Mountain from Union works in Chattanooga._
-    From _Harper’s Pictorial History of the Great Rebellion_.]
-
-
-                     MISSIONARY RIDGE, NOVEMBER 25.
-
-The decisive blow of the battle was at hand. Grant’s orders for the
-morning of November 25 were as follows: “Sherman was directed to attack
-at daylight. Hooker was ordered to move at the same hour, and endeavor
-to intercept the enemy’s retreat, if he still remained; if he had gone,
-then to move directly to Rossville and operate against the left and rear
-of the force on Missionary Ridge. Thomas was not to move until Hooker
-had reached Missionary Ridge.”
-
-    [Illustration: _Gen. Ulysses S. Grant on Lookout Mountain, 1863.
-    Grant is in the lower left corner._ Courtesy National Archives.]
-
-    [Illustration: _Missionary Ridge from a Union trench._ From Elson,
-    _The Civil War Through the Camera_.]
-
-Sherman began his attack, as directed, just after sunrise. His troops
-attacked Cleburne’s Division frontally, but without success. All night
-the Confederates had worked at strengthening their position on Tunnel
-Hill which now formed the Confederate right. These field works gave good
-protection to Cleburne’s men from enemy fire. The stubbornly fighting
-Confederates held their positions against repeated attacks by superior
-numbers. This fight continued until 3 p. m., and is a notable example of
-the value to a greatly outnumbered defending force of field works on a
-good position. Some Union troops did make a lodgment on the slopes of
-Tunnel Hill in the afternoon, but a Confederate charge drove them off.
-Cleburne’s soldiers held the hill.
-
-In the meantime, Hooker was in trouble—not with the enemy, but with
-Chattanooga Creek. He started for Rossville bright and early to get into
-position to strike Bragg’s left. Stevenson’s men, who had evacuated
-Lookout Mountain during the night, had burned the bridge across
-Chattanooga Creek and had done all they could to obstruct the roads that
-Hooker needed to march to Rossville. Hooker lost 3 hours building a
-bridge across the creek and it was late afternoon before his men took
-their places on Missionary Ridge.
-
-From his post on Orchard Knob, Grant realized that Sherman’s attacks had
-failed to gain their objective and that Hooker had been delayed in
-reaching his assigned position. To relieve some of the pressure on
-Sherman, Grant ordered Thomas to move out against the Confederate center
-on Missionary Ridge.
-
-The ridge that lay before the Union troops was rough and steep. It rose
-from 200 to 400 feet higher than the level ground at its base. Its steep
-slopes were broken by ravines, strewn with boulders, and dotted with
-stumps, the latter reminders of recently felled timber. The first line
-of Confederate breastworks was at the foot of the ridge. Some unfinished
-works had been built half-way up the slope. Finally, a third line of
-works was built on the natural, instead of the military, crest of the
-hill. Thus, Confederate fire from the crest could not cover some of the
-ravine approaches.
-
-Four Union divisions—Baird, Wood, Sheridan, and R. W. Johnson, from left
-to right—started toward the ridge. The hard charging Union soldiers soon
-overwhelmed the gray defenders in the rifle pits at the base of the
-ridge. Scarcely halting, and generally without orders to continue, the
-men in blue charged up the ridge. They followed the retreating
-Confederates so closely from the rifle pits that the Confederates on the
-crest in many places hesitated to fire for fear of hitting their own
-men. It was not long before units of the Army of the Cumberland pierced
-the Confederate line in several places and sent Bragg’s veterans reeling
-in retreat down the east slope of the ridge toward Chickamauga Creek.
-Sheridan pushed forward in pursuit of the retreating army, capturing
-men, artillery, and equipment. Even though the Confederate center had
-disintegrated, Hardee held his position on the Confederate right until
-darkness, and then began his withdrawal with Cleburne’s Division
-covering the retreat. Bragg’s army crossed Chickamauga Creek during the
-night, carrying out a surprisingly successful retreat.
-
-    [Illustration: _A skirmish line and regimental line behind it—Union
-    troops drilling at Chattanooga, circa January 1864. This gives a
-    conception of how the soldiers of the Civil War ordinarily fought. A
-    skirmish line moved ahead of the main regimental line, which charged
-    upon order. The Union attack on Missionary Ridge must have looked
-    something like this to watching Confederate soldiers._ From Miller,
-    _Photographic History of the Civil War_.]
-
-During the evening of the 25th, Grant issued orders to Thomas and
-Sherman to pursue Bragg. The next morning, Sherman advanced by way of
-Chickamauga Station, and Thomas’ troops marched on the Rossville Road
-toward Graysville and Ringgold. In the vicinity of Ringgold, Cleburne’s
-Confederates held a strong position on Taylor’s Ridge covering Bragg’s
-retreat. Cleburne’s men repulsed a Union attack, inflicting heavy
-casualties, until Bragg’s army had successfully withdrawn southward, and
-then they followed. Union troops then occupied Taylor’s Ridge. There the
-pursuit stopped.
-
-This decisive Union victory raised the siege of Chattanooga.
-
-The following tabulation of strength and casualties at the Battle of
-Chattanooga is based on Livermore’s studies:
-
- Army             Total      Total   Killed  Wounded  Missing    Percent
-               Strength Casualties                            Casualties
- Union           56,360      5,824      753    4,722      349         10
- Confederate     46,165      6,667      361    2,160    4,146         14
-
-
-
-
-                         _Relief of Knoxville_
-
-
-Meanwhile, in East Tennessee, Burnside attempted to hold Longstreet in
-check by abandoning territory and skirmishing when necessary, but
-avoiding any serious fight. This took Longstreet farther away from
-Chattanooga and lessened his opportunity to assist Bragg. Burnside
-gained precious time by using these tactics. Grant’s plan was to “whip”
-Bragg and then help Burnside.
-
-    [Illustration: _Gen. Joseph Hooker and his staff. Hooker is sixth
-    from the right._ Courtesy National Archives.]
-
-After Missionary Ridge, with Bragg in full retreat, Thomas prepared to
-send Granger’s Corps and detachments from other commands, about 20,000
-men altogether, toward Knoxville. In addition, Sherman was to march
-along the Hiwassee River to protect Granger’s flank. Grant reports that
-upon “Returning from the front on the 28th, I found that Granger had not
-yet got off.... I therefore determined ... to send him [Sherman] with
-his command, and orders ... were sent him at Calhoun to assume command
-of the troops with Granger, in addition to those with him, and proceed,
-with all possible dispatch, to the relief of Burnside.”
-
-    [Illustration: _Steamboat with supplies for Union Army being warped
-    up narrows of Tennessee River between Bridgeport, Ala. and
-    Chattanooga._ Courtesy National Archives.]
-
-Skirmishing was more or less continuous around Knoxville. Burnside
-followed the original plan of buying time by giving up ground and fell
-back toward Knoxville, withdrawing into the city during the night of
-November 16-17. Longstreet drew up before the city the next day, and on
-the 29th made his initial attack against the Union position at Fort
-Sanders. The assault was repulsed and before it could be renewed
-Longstreet received word of Bragg’s defeat on Missionary Ridge. The
-Confederate commander deemed it necessary to maintain a threatening
-position before Knoxville until the approaching Union relief columns
-were but a day’s march distant. On December 4, Longstreet began his
-retreat toward Virginia. Sherman arrived on the 6th, and preparations
-for the pursuit of Longstreet were soon under way. Burnside’s command
-moved out in pursuit of Longstreet’s force; Granger’s Corps became the
-garrison of Knoxville; and Sherman’s command returned to Chattanooga.
-
-
-
-
-                 _Effects of the Battle of Chattanooga_
-
-
-The battles around Chattanooga must be considered as ending in one of
-the most complete victories of the war. Bragg’s army was defeated, men
-and material captured, and the Confederates driven south. The
-mountainous defense line which the Confederacy hoped to hold had been
-pierced and large sections of it were in Union control. Chattanooga, the
-railroad center, was now in Union hands and the interior line of
-communication from this section of the Confederacy to Richmond, by way
-of Knoxville, was destined to remain in Union control for the remainder
-of the war. Not only Chattanooga, but Knoxville and the rich,
-food-producing East Tennessee section was lost to the Confederacy. With
-this came relief for the Union sympathizers in East Tennessee. Virtually
-all of Tennessee was now under Northern control.
-
-The fortunes of war brought changes to both commanders. Bragg asked to
-be relieved from his command and went to Richmond to become military
-advisor to Jefferson Davis. President Lincoln promoted Grant, in March
-1864, to command of all Union armies in the field. Grant then left
-Chattanooga for the East, to lead the attack against General Lee in
-Virginia.
-
-
-
-
-                      _The War After Chattanooga_
-
-
-In the spring of 1864, the Union armies began to move into the heart of
-the Confederacy. Grant attached himself to the Army of the Potomac
-(General Meade) and began operations against Lee; Sherman moved against
-Gen. Joseph E. Johnston in Georgia.
-
-The Army of the Potomac launched a campaign against Richmond. In the
-bitter battles of the Wilderness and Spotsylvania Court House, in May
-1864, Grant reduced Lee’s offensive power. After being repulsed at Cold
-Harbor, Grant moved against Petersburg and a 10-month siege finally
-forced Lee to evacuate the city. Lee moved westward to Appomattox Court
-House where on April 9, 1865, Grant forced him to surrender.
-
-While Lee and Grant fought it out in Virginia, Sherman, using
-Chattanooga for his base of supplies, conducted a strenuous campaign
-against the Army of Tennessee, first under Johnston and then Hood,
-finally entering Atlanta on September 2. In November, Sherman began his
-famous “march to the sea,” reaching Savannah in late December. From
-there he struck northward through the Carolinas and forced the surrender
-of Joseph E. Johnston’s army on April 26. By June all isolated
-Confederate forces had laid down their arms.
-
-    [Illustration: _Chattanooga from Point Park, Lookout Mountain. The
-    Cravens House and portion of “Battle above the Clouds” battlefield
-    around it lies in the foreground._]
-
-    [Illustration: CHICKAMAUGA BATTLEFIELD]
-
-
-  ① PARK HEADQUARTERS
-  ② FLORIDA MONUMENT
-  ③ KENTUCKY MONUMENT
-  ④ BATTLELINE ROAD
-  ⑤ POE ROAD
-  ⑥ GEORGIA MONUMENT
-  ⑦ BROTHERTON HOUSE
-  ⑧ WILDER MONUMENT
-  ⑨ SNODGRASS HILL
-  Ⓐ JAY’S MILL, OPENING ATTACK, SEPT. 19
-  Ⓑ CONFEDERATE HEADQUARTERS, SEPT. 20
-  Ⓒ UNION HEADQUARTERS, SEPT. 19
-  Ⓓ SOUTH CAROLINA MONUMENT
-
-
-    [Illustration: _Park Administration and Museum Building._]
-
-
-
-
-                          _Guide to the Area_
-
-
-                        CHICKAMAUGA BATTLEFIELD.
-
-A self-guided tour of the battlefield may be made by automobile. This
-8-mile tour begins at park headquarters and follows the yellow line on
-the tour road. On the gravel roads a yellow arrow points the way. Red
-markers indicate Confederate forces and blue markers show Union forces.
-As you read the markers or sight along the barrel of a field gun, you
-face the direction the troops moved at the time of the battle. There are
-several monuments of spherical, iron shells along the tour. Of these,
-the low square monuments mark the sites of various army and corps
-headquarters; the taller, triangular shaped monuments designate the
-sites where eight brigade commanders were killed during the battle.
-
-The numbered sections in the following guide correspond to location
-numbers on the map on page 46.
-
-
-1. _Park Headquarters._ It is suggested that before making the tour of
-the Chickamauga Battlefield, you stop first at park headquarters located
-on U. S. 27, where an attendant is on duty. Exhibits there describe the
-battle, and the Fuller Gun Collection is displayed.
-
-The Claud E. and Zenada O. Fuller Collection of American Military Arms
-contains almost every type of shoulder arms used by the military forces
-of America. There are several rare or unique items in the collection.
-The Harpers Ferry Blunderbuss, manufactured in 1808, and the Texas Rifle
-(1844) are the only ones known to exist. The Jenks Rifle, the pattern
-for the model 1840 Musket, the pattern for the model 1817 Rifle, and the
-Sharps, with coffeemill in the stock, are extremely rare. The
-Confederate section, while not complete, contains some outstanding
-weapons.
-
-
-2. _Florida Monument._ Immediately after leaving park headquarters, you
-will see the Florida Monument to your left on U. S. 27.
-
-
-3. _Kentucky Monument._ Bear to the left at this monument.
-
-
-4. _Battleline Road._ Make a right turn to enter Battleline Road. The
-positions of the Confederate right wing are on the left in the wooded
-area some 75 to 250 yards east of the road. Union troops occupied the
-line along the road during the second day of the battle.
-
-
-5. _Poe Road._ Cross U. S. 27 and follow Poe Road. This route is a
-continuation of the Union defense line that you have followed along
-Battleline Road. You will note in this area that several Confederate
-batteries are so situated that it would appear they must have fired into
-their own infantry. This situation resulted from Longstreet’s
-breakthrough. The Confederate troops in this sector turned right after
-crossing the highway and struck the right center of the Union line. A
-careful examination of the metal markers at each battery will give the
-movements of each unit and the time element involved.
-
-A metal marker designates the site of the Poe House.
-
-    [Illustration: _Part of Fuller Gun Collection, Park Headquarters and
-    Museum Building, Chickamauga Battlefield._]
-
-    [Illustration: _Brotherton House, scene of Confederate breakthrough.
-    Chickamauga Battlefield._ Courtesy Chattanoogans, Inc.]
-
-    [Illustration: _Union monuments along Battleline Road, Chickamauga
-    Battlefield._]
-
-    [Illustration: _Georgia Monument, Chickamauga Battlefield._]
-
-    [Illustration: _Wilder Monument, Chickamauga Battlefield._]
-
-
-6. _Georgia Monument._ This imposing shaft is directly in front of you
-as you leave Poe Road to enter the main highway. Upon entering the main
-highway turn right.
-
-
-7. _Brotherton House._ (Please face the house). This reconstructed house
-marks the site of the old Brotherton home, famous for the Confederate
-breakthrough. Here Longstreet found the gap in the Union lines (to the
-rear of the house at the wooded area) and sent his troops forward. The
-Confederate troops emerged from the wooded area back of you, crossed the
-LaFayette Road, and drove westward and northward. This action was the
-turning point in the Battle of Chickamauga.
-
-The monument of shell across the highway in back of you marks Maj. Gen.
-Simon Bolivar Buckner’s headquarters site.
-
-After leaving the Brotherton House, you continue for 1.1 miles and make
-a right turn. The triangular shell monument on the right along the
-highway commemorates Col. Hans C. Heg (Union).
-
-
-8. _Wilder Monument._ This imposing monument was authorized in 1892 and
-completed in 1902, to honor Col. John T. Wilder and his troops. It is
-built of Chickamauga limestone and rises to a height of 86 feet. A
-spiral staircase leads to a platform at the top where you can obtain an
-excellent view of the battlefield and surrounding area.
-
-Wilder’s troops occupied the ground in this vicinity when Longstreet
-sent the left wing of the Confederate Army forward. This brigade of
-mounted infantry was armed with the Spencer repeating carbine, a
-seven-shot weapon. These troops, numbering more than 2,000 men, poured a
-deadly fire into Longstreet’s veterans, but were unable to stop the
-Confederate advance. They remained on the field until the last minute
-and had to fight to get to their horses.
-
-The monument stands upon the ground where General Rosecrans had his
-headquarters on the 19th and early morning of the 20th of September
-1863.
-
-
-9. _Snodgrass Hill._ The log cabin on Snodgrass Hill marks the home of
-the Snodgrass family.
-
-The troops from the center of the Union line began to fall back toward
-this hill when Longstreet’s men rushed through the gap in the Union
-line. Brannan’s Division and fragments of Negley’s, Wood’s, and Van
-Cleve’s Divisions held the positions on the hill. About 2 p. m.
-Steedman’s Division arrived to reinforce the line on the extreme right.
-The Union troops held the hill during the afternoon and at dusk began
-the withdrawal that led them through McFarland’s Gap and into Rossville.
-
-    [Illustration: _Union monuments at Viniard field, Chickamauga
-    Battlefield._]
-
-    [Illustration: _Snodgrass House, Chickamauga Battlefield._ Courtesy
-    Walter H. Miller.]
-
-The tour ends on Snodgrass Hill. To return to park headquarters and U.
-S. 27, please follow park headquarters signs and the yellow lines.
-
-
-                           MISSIONARY RIDGE.
-
-To reach Missionary Ridge, after leaving Chickamauga Battlefield, you
-should drive north 3 miles toward Chattanooga on U. S. 27 to Crest Road.
-A right turn on Crest Road will start you on your tour of the ridge.
-Crest Road runs the entire length of the line occupied by the
-Confederates during the Battle of Missionary Ridge. Small reservations,
-markers, monuments, tablets, and gun positions along the road provide
-information, and excellent views of Chattanooga are obtained along this
-drive. Moving northward the more important units of the park are: _Bragg
-Reservation_, where the Confederate commander had his headquarters;
-_Ohio Reservation_, an area set aside to commemorate the participation
-of Ohio troops in the battle; _DeLong Reservation_, site of one of the
-Union penetrations in the Confederate line; and _Sherman Reservation_,
-where Sherman’s forces unsuccessfully attacked the north end of the
-Confederate line.
-
-Sherman Reservation marks the end of Crest Road and the park on
-Missionary Ridge.
-
-    [Illustration: _Looking north along Missionary Ridge with
-    Chattanooga and Tennessee Rivers to the left, and the Illinois
-    Monument at Bragg’s Headquarters site in center foreground. This
-    point is about one-third distance from Rossville to north end of the
-    ridge._]
-
-    [Illustration: _Looking south along Missionary Ridge from DeLong
-    Reservation._]
-
-    [Illustration: CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA
-    NATIONAL MILITARY PARK
-    GEORGIA AND TENNESSEE
-    PRINCIPAL ROADS AND STREETS BETWEEN CHATTANOOGA AND PARK AREAS]
-
-    [Illustration: _Entrance to Point Park, Lookout Mountain, built to
-    resemble Army Corps of Engineers insignia._]
-
-
-                              POINT PARK.
-
-Visitors to the Chattanooga Battlefields are urged to go first to Point
-Park. There, from the terrace of the Adolph S. Ochs Observatory and
-Museum, high above the winding Tennessee River, you will have a wide
-view of the battlefields. This point is acclaimed one of the finest
-overlooks in the South. Markers throughout the area identify important
-landmarks and troop positions. A National Park Service attendant is
-there to assist you. The observatory and museum bears the name of one of
-the park’s major benefactors, the late Adolph S. Ochs, Publisher of the
-_Chattanooga Times_ and the _New York Times_.
-
-The New York Monument, completed in 1907, is in the center of the area.
-
-The Cravens House, where part of the “Battle Above the Clouds” was
-fought, can be seen from the museum terrace. Near the house, stand three
-large monuments—New York, Iowa, and Ohio—honoring troops who were in
-this battle.
-
-From Lookout Point several foot trails provide interesting walks. These
-reveal unusual rock formations and provide ever changing and beautiful
-vistas of the countryside below.
-
-
-
-
-                               _The Park_
-
-
-Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park is composed of
-several separate areas, the more important of which are: Chickamauga
-Battlefield in Georgia; Point Park and the Battlefield of Lookout
-Mountain, in Tennessee; Orchard Knob in Chattanooga; a chain of small
-reservations located on Missionary Ridge; and Signal Point on Signal
-Mountain. The park contains approximately 8,190 acres of Federal land.
-
-
-
-
-                        _How to Reach the Park_
-
-
-Chickamauga Battlefield is 9 miles south of Chattanooga on U. S. 27.
-This section of the park is also reached by Georgia Route 2 connecting
-with U. S. 41 at Ringgold, Ga. Buses from Chattanooga run on a schedule
-to the battlefield throughout the week.
-
-Point Park is reached from Chattanooga by U. S. 11, 41, 64, and 72 which
-combine as they leave the city and skirt the base of Lookout Mountain.
-The Scenic Highway turns off from these highways at the base of Lookout
-Mountain and winds up the slope to the park entrance. You may also visit
-the park by means of the St. Elmo buses from Chattanooga which connect
-with the Lookout Mountain Incline Railway at the foot of the mountain.
-The top of the incline is within short walking distance of the Point
-Park entrance.
-
-    [Illustration: _The Ochs Memorial in Point Park, Lookout Mountain._]
-
-From Chattanooga, Missionary Ridge is reached by following eastward on
-U. S. 11 and 64; 41 and 76; or 27; and Tennessee Route 58. There are
-access roads to the top of the ridge and Crest Road from these highways.
-
-Orchard Knob is on Orchard Knob Avenue near McCallie Avenue (U. S. 11
-and 64) in Chattanooga.
-
-
-
-
-                           _About Your Visit_
-
-
-The park is open daily, including Sunday, throughout the year. The park
-museum and headquarters building is at the north entrance to Chickamauga
-Battlefield on U. S. 27. The museum, which has no admission fee, is open
-from 8 a. m. to 4:30 p. m. (E. S. T.) during the winter, and from 8 a.
-m. to 5 p. m. (E. S. T.) during the summer. At the museum, you will
-receive information concerning the self-guided tour. Library facilities
-are also available here. Talks and guide service are given to
-educational and special groups if arrangements are made in advance with
-the superintendent.
-
-At Point Park on Lookout Mountain, you are urged to visit the Adolph S.
-Ochs Observatory and Museum. Point Park is open from 8:30 a. m. to 4:30
-p. m. (E. S. T.) in winter and from 8 a. m. to 6 p. m. (E. S. T.) in
-summer. There is an admission fee of 25 cents. Children under 12 years
-of age, or groups of school children 18 years of age or under, when
-accompanied by adults assuming responsibility for their safety and
-orderly conduct, are admitted free.
-
-    [Illustration: _2nd Minnesota Monument, Chickamauga Battlefield._]
-
-    [Illustration: _New York Monument at Point Park, Lookout Mountain._]
-
-
-
-
-                            _Related Areas_
-
-
-Also administered by the National Park Service are two areas associated
-with the campaigns before and after the battles of Chickamauga and
-Chattanooga: Stones River National Military Park and Cemetery,
-Murfreesboro, Tenn., and Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park,
-Marietta, Ga. Both are less than half-a-day’s drive from Chattanooga.
-Other Civil War areas administered by the National Park Service are:
-Shiloh and Fort Donelson National Military Parks, Tenn.; Vicksburg
-National Military Park, Miss.; Fort Pulaski National Monument, Ga.;
-Antietam National Battlefield Site, Md.; Gettysburg National Military
-Park, Pa.; Manassas National Battlefield Park, Fredericksburg and
-Spotsylvania National Military Park, Petersburg National Military Park,
-Richmond National Battlefield Park, and Appomattox Court House National
-Historical Park, Va.
-
-
-
-
-                            _Administration_
-
-
-Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park is administered by
-the National Park Service of the U. S. Department of the Interior.
-
-The headquarters office for the park is located at Fort Oglethorpe, Ga.
-Communications and inquiries relating to the area should be addressed to
-the Superintendent, Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park,
-Fort Oglethorpe, Ga.
-
-    [Illustration: _The Tennessee River and Lookout Mountain from the
-    east._]
-
-
-
-
-                          _Suggested Readings_
-
-
-  Alexander, E. P. _Military Memoirs of a Confederate._ Charles
-          Scribner’s Sons, New York. 1907.
-  Beatty, John. _Memoirs of a Volunteer._ W. W. Norton & Co. New York.
-          1946.
-  Govan, Gilbert E., and James W. Livingood. _The Chattanooga Country
-          1540-1951._ E. P. Dutton & Co., New York. 1952.
-  Grant, U. S. _Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant. Vol. II._ Charles L.
-          Webster & Co., New York. 1886.
-  Guernsey, Alfred H., and Henry M. Alden. _Harper’s Pictorial History
-          of the Great Rebellion. Part II._ Harper & Brothers, New York.
-          1866.
-  Horn, Stanley F. _The Army of Tennessee._ The Bobbs-Merrill Co.,
-          Indianapolis. 1941.
-  Johnson, Robert Underwood, and Clarence Clough Buel, Eds. _Battles and
-          Leaders of the Civil War. Vol. III._ The Century Co., New
-          York. 1884-88.
-  Livermore, Thomas L. _Numbers and Losses in the Civil War in America
-          1861-65._ Houghton Mifflin & Co., Boston. 1900.
-  Miller, Francis T. _The Photographic History of the Civil War. Vols.
-          II, V, X._ The Review of Reviews Co., New York. 1911.
-  Mottelay, Paul F., and T. Campbell-Copeland. _The Soldier in Our Civil
-          War: A Pictorial History of the Conflict, 1861-1865. Vol. II._
-          Stanley Bradley Publishing Co., New York. 1890.
-  Sheridan, P. H. _Personal Memoirs of P. H. Sheridan. Vol. I._ Charles
-          L. Webster & Co., New York. 1888.
-  Steele, Matthew Forney. _American Campaigns. Vol. I, text: Vol. II,
-          maps._ Byron S. Adams, Washington. 1909. 2 Vols.
-  United States Government. _Atlas to Accompany the Official Records of
-          the Union and Confederate Armies._ Government Printing Office,
-          Washington. 1891-95.
-  Van Horne, Thomas B. _History of the Army of the Cumberland._ Robert
-          Clarke & Co., Cincinnati. 1876. 2 Vols, and Atlas.
-
-
-
-
-                         NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
-                       HISTORICAL HANDBOOK SERIES
-
-
-(Price lists of National Park Service publications may be obtained from
-         the Superintendent of Documents, Washington 25, D.C.)
-
-
-  Antietam
-  Bandelier
-  Chalmette
-  Chickamauga and Chattanooga Battlefields
-  Custer Battlefield
-  Custis-Lee Mansion, the Robert E. Lee Memorial
-  Fort Laramie
-  Fort McHenry
-  Fort Necessity
-  Fort Pulaski
-  Fort Raleigh
-  Fort Sumter
-  George Washington Birthplace
-  Gettysburg
-  Guilford Courthouse
-  Hopewell Village
-  Independence
-  Jamestown, Virginia
-  Kings Mountain
-  The Lincoln Museum and the House Where Lincoln Died
-  Manassas (Bull Run)
-  Montezuma Castle
-  Morristown, a Military Capital of the Revolution
-  Ocmulgee
-  Petersburg Battlefields
-  Saratoga
-  Scotts Bluff
-  Shiloh
-  Statue of Liberty
-  Vanderbilt Mansion
-  Vicksburg
-  Yorktown
-
-
-    [Illustration: Endpapers]
-
-
-
-
-                          Transcriber’s Notes
-
-
-—Silently corrected a few typos.
-
-—Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook
-  is public-domain in the country of publication.
-
-—In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by
-  _underscores_.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Chickamauga and Chattanooga
-Battlefields, by James R. Sullivan
-
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-The Project Gutenberg EBook of Chickamauga and Chattanooga Battlefields, by 
-James R. Sullivan
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
-other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
-the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
-to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
-
-Title: Chickamauga and Chattanooga Battlefields
-       Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park--Georgia, Tennessee
-
-Author: James R. Sullivan
-
-Release Date: September 24, 2016 [EBook #53140]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHICKAMAUGA, CHATTANOOGA BATTLEFIELDS ***
-
-
-
-
-Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, Dave Morgan and the Online
-Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
-
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-
-
-
-
-    [Illustration: DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR,: March 3, 1849]
-
-                UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
-                     Stewart L. Udall, _Secretary_
-
-                         NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
-                      Conrad L. Wirth, _Director_
-
-
-                _HISTORICAL HANDBOOK NUMBER TWENTY-FIVE_
-
-This publication is one of a series of handbooks describing the
-historical and archeological areas in the National Park System
-administered by the National Park Service of the United States
-Department of the Interior. It is printed by the Government Printing
-Office and may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents,
-Washington 25, D. C. Price 25 cents.
-
-
-
-
-                Chickamauga and Chattanooga Battlefields
-CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA NATIONAL MILITARY PARK � GEORGIA--TENNESSEE
-
-
-                         _by James R. Sullivan_
-
-    [Illustration: DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR,: March 3, 1849]
-
-                 NATIONAL PARK SERVICE HISTORICAL HANDBOOK SERIES No. 25
-                                                 Washington, D. C., 1956
-                                                          (Reprint 1961)
-
-  _The National Park System, of which Chickamauga and Chattanooga
-  National Military Park is a unit, is dedicated to conserving the
-  scenic, scientific, and historic heritage of the United States for the
-  benefit and inspiration of its people._
-
-    [Illustration: NATIONAL PARK SERVICE � DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR]
-
-
-
-
-                               _Contents_
-
-
-                                                                  _Page_
-  WARTIME IMPORTANCE OF CHATTANOOGA AND EAST TENNESSEE                 2
-  WINTER, 1863                                                         4
-  THE TULLAHOMA CAMPAIGN                                               5
-  FROM TULLAHOMA TO CHICKAMAUGA                                        8
-  REINFORCEMENTS FOR GENERAL BRAGG                                    10
-  MANEUVER FOR POSITION                                               13
-  THE BATTLE OF CHICKAMAUGA                                           14
-      September 18--Preliminaries                                     15
-      September 19--First Day                                         18
-      September 20--Second Day                                        19
-  THE SIEGE OF CHATTANOOGA                                            24
-  REINFORCEMENTS FOR THE BESIEGED ARMY                                27
-  LIFTING THE SIEGE--THE BATTLE OF CHATTANOOGA                        33
-      Orchard Knob                                                    33
-      Sherman Moves                                                   35
-      The Battle Above the Clouds, November 24                        35
-      Missionary Ridge, November 25                                   39
-  RELIEF OF KNOXVILLE                                                 42
-  EFFECTS OF THE BATTLE OF CHATTANOOGA                                44
-  THE WAR AFTER CHATTANOOGA                                           44
-  GUIDE TO THE AREA                                                   47
-      Chickamauga Battlefield                                         47
-      Missionary Ridge                                                52
-      Point Park                                                      55
-  THE PARK                                                            56
-  HOW TO REACH THE PARK                                               56
-  ABOUT YOUR VISIT                                                    57
-  RELATED AREAS                                                       59
-  ADMINISTRATION                                                      59
-  SUGGESTED READINGS                                                  60
-
-
-                                  TABLES
-
-
-  1. Union Army at Chickamauga                                        16
-  2. Confederate Army at Chickamauga                                  17
-  3. Union Army at Chattanooga                                        34
-  4. Confederate Army at Chattanooga                                  35
-
-    [Illustration: _Moccasin Bend of the Tennessee River from Point Park
-    on Lookout Mountain._]
-
-    [Illustration: Cannon and crew.]
-
-
-In and around strategically important Chattanooga, Tenn., in the autumn
-of 1863, there occurred some of the most complex maneuvers and hard
-fighting of the Civil War. The Confederate victory at Chickamauga
-(September 19-20) gave new hope to the South after the defeats at
-Gettysburg and Vicksburg in July of that year. At Chattanooga (November
-23-25) Union forces under Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant blasted this hope
-and prepared the way for the capture of Atlanta and Sherman's "March to
-the Sea." Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park, oldest and
-largest of the national military parks, commemorates the heroic soldiers
-of both North and South in the battles for the control of Chattanooga.
-
-The year 1863 proved to be one of victory for the Union forces. Three
-great campaigns took place which shaped the destiny of the war. The
-first, a decisive blow at Gettysburg, forced a Confederate army under
-Gen. Robert E. Lee to abandon its attempt to invade Northern soil. Lee
-began an orderly retreat to Virginia on July 4.
-
-On the same day, but far removed from the fields of Gettysburg, Lt. Gen.
-John C. Pemberton surrendered his army and the City of Vicksburg, Miss.,
-to General Grant. The fall of Vicksburg, simultaneous with the victory
-at Gettysburg, gave heart and strength to the North, while Confederate
-morale dropped.
-
-The third campaign, Murfreesboro to Chattanooga, slow and uncertain in
-its first phases, and including later the great Confederate victory at
-Chickamauga, culminated nearly 5 months after the other two in ultimate
-victory for the North in the Battle of Chattanooga.
-
-
-
-
-         _Wartime Importance of Chattanooga and East Tennessee_
-
-
-Chattanooga had only 2,545 inhabitants in 1860, but its importance was
-out of all proportion to its size. Situated where the Tennessee River
-passes through the Cumberland Mountains, forming gaps, it was called the
-"Key to East Tennessee" and "Gateway to the deep South." The possession
-of Chattanooga was vital to the Confederacy, and a coveted goal of the
-Northern armies.
-
-Chattanooga's principal importance during the Civil War was its position
-as a railroad center. Four lines radiated in the four principal
-directions--to the North and Middle West via Nashville, to the western
-States via Memphis, to the South and southern seaboard via Atlanta, and
-to Richmond and the North Atlantic States via Knoxville.
-
-By 1863 both sides were aware of the great advantages of strategic
-railroad lines. Lt. Gen. Braxton Bragg had made skillful use of the
-railroads in 1862, when he suddenly shifted his army from Mississippi to
-Chattanooga to begin his drive across Tennessee and into Kentucky.
-President Lincoln had long recognized the importance of railroads in
-this area. In the same year Lincoln said, "To take and hold the railroad
-at or east of Cleveland, in East Tennessee, I think fully as important
-as the taking and holding of Richmond." And in 1863 Lincoln wrote Maj.
-Gen. William S. Rosecrans, "If we can hold Chattanooga and East
-Tennessee, I think the rebellion must dwindle and die. I think you and
-[General] Burnside can do this, and hence doing so is your main object."
-
-The armies that traversed this region found it a fertile farming area.
-East Tennessee's rich grain fields supplied not only wheat, corn, and
-hay, but beef, pork, bacon, horses, and mules. It was a vital region for
-the armies of the Confederacy. It not only supported the troops that
-occupied that region, but large quantities of provisions were shipped to
-other armies.
-
-In addition to the military and economic reasons, a political factor had
-to be considered in the struggle for control of East Tennessee. The
-people there, living in a mountainous area unlike the rest of the State,
-wished to adhere to the Union. The people maintained their allegiance to
-the Old Whig party, and there was an attitude of suspicion and distrust
-toward the Democrats. They were mostly small farmers with little cash
-income, who had a dislike for the wealthy plantation- and slave-owning
-class.
-
-After fighting broke out at Fort Sumter, neighbors began to take sides.
-An uneasy truce prevailed until November 1861 when small groups of Union
-men struck blows at widely dispersed railroad bridges. The cancellation
-of a projected northern campaign into East Tennessee left the Unionists
-there without support, and the Confederates took retaliatory measures.
-Many of the Unionists in East Tennessee fled to Kentucky to enlist in
-the Union Army; others hid in the mountains. While relief to this
-section of Tennessee by the Union Army was not to come until 1863, it
-was not forgotten by President Lincoln.
-
-    [Illustration: _Wartime view of Chattanooga from north bank of the
-    Tennessee River._ From _Harper's Pictorial History of the Great
-    Rebellion_.]
-
-    [Illustration: _Gen. Braxton Bragg, Commander Army of Tennessee._
-    Courtesy National Archives.]
-
-    [Illustration: _Maj. Gen. William S. Rosecrans, Commander Army of
-    the Cumberland._ Courtesy National Archives.]
-
-
-
-
-                             _Winter 1863_
-
-
-After the battle of Stones River, or Murfreesboro, Tenn., December 31,
-1862, to January 2, 1863, the Union Army of the Cumberland, under Maj.
-Gen. William Rosecrans, and the Confederate Army of Tennessee, commanded
-by Gen. Braxton Bragg, remained relatively inactive for several months.
-During this time the Union forces entrenched themselves at Murfreesboro.
-General Bragg withdrew his forces southward and established his
-headquarters at Tullahoma. He placed his army in a defensive position to
-cover the routes, both rail and road, to Chattanooga.
-
-Impatient at the inaction, the War Department in Washington urged
-Rosecrans to move against Bragg's army. Grant, conducting his Vicksburg
-campaign, wanted pressure applied against Bragg's army to prevent all or
-part of it from reinforcing the Confederates in Mississippi. At the same
-time Andrew Johnson, Military Governor of Tennessee, reminded the
-authorities in Washington of the plight of the East Tennesseans. During
-this period, Maj. Gen. Ambrose E. Burnside gathered a Union force and
-made plans to invade East Tennessee.
-
-Rosecrans hesitated to move. His lack of cavalry was a disadvantage in
-gathering intelligence and prevented him from countering the Confederate
-cavalry which harassed him constantly. In June, Maj. Gen. Henry W.
-Halleck, general in chief, U. S. Army, wired Rosecrans asking him, "Is
-it your intention to make an immediate movement forward? A definite
-answer, yes or no, is required." Rosecrans telegraphed: "In reply to
-your inquiry, if immediate means tonight or tomorrow, no. If it means as
-soon as all things are ready, say five days, yes." On June 24, General
-Rosecrans put his army of some 60,000 men in motion.
-
-
-
-
-                        _The Tullahoma Campaign_
-
-
-The Army of the Cumberland--the Union force--had undergone a
-reorganization since the Battle of Stones River. It now comprised three
-corps: The Fourteenth, Maj. Gen. George H. Thomas in command; the
-Twentieth, Maj. Gen. Alexander McD. McCook in command; and the
-Twenty-first, Maj. Gen. Thomas L. Crittenden in command. Maj. Gen. David
-S. Stanley commanded the Cavalry Corps. Maj. Gen. Gordon Granger
-commanded the Reserve Corps.
-
-The left wing of General Bragg's defense line was at Shelbyville under
-Lt. Gen. Leonidas Polk and its right wing at Wartrace and Fairfield
-under Lt. Gen. William Hardee--a line nearly 13 miles long. Two
-Confederate cavalry corps occupied positions on either flank--that on
-the right at McMinnville under Maj. Gen. Joseph Wheeler, the other on
-the left at Columbia under Brig. Gen. Nathan B. Forrest. The total
-strength of the Army of Tennessee was approximately 43,000 men at this
-time.
-
-The Confederate position was good. The terrain favored a defensive
-fight. To traverse the Cumberland Plateau the Union Army would have to
-move along roads that pierced the mountains by way of Hoover's, Liberty,
-and Guy's Gaps. The railroad to Chattanooga and another road passed
-through Bellbuckle Gap. This latter route and the road by way of
-Shelbyville were well fortified. Rosecrans resolved to make a feint
-toward Shelbyville with Granger's Reserve Corps and most of the cavalry
-while the rest of his army moved toward the Confederate right. After
-stubborn fights at Hoover's and Liberty Gaps the Confederates withdrew
-toward Tullahoma. So successful was Rosecrans' flanking movement that
-Col. John T. Wilder's mounted infantry brigade reached Decherd, on the
-main line of the Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad, and destroyed the
-depot and a few hundred yards of track. Although Wilder withdrew when
-superior Confederate forces appeared, his raid against the railroad was
-of great importance in forcing Bragg to evacuate Tullahoma.
-
-    [Illustration: UNION ADVANCE
-    MURFREESBORO TO CHATTANOOGA]
-
-Rough terrain and bad weather were the worst enemies of the Union Army.
-Brig. Gen. John Beatty records in his diary that "The road was
-exceedingly rough, and the rebels had made it impassable, for artillery,
-by rolling great rocks into it and felling trees across it." He
-frequently mentions the rain which fell incessantly during the campaign.
-His entry of July 5 states that "Since we left Murfreesboro (June 24)
-rain has been falling almost constantly; today it has been coming down
-in torrents, and the low grounds around us are overflowed." Yet, in
-spite of mountains and rain and the Confederate Army, Rosecrans, by this
-series of brilliant flanking maneuvers, forced Bragg to evacuate
-Tullahoma on July 1 and withdraw toward Chattanooga.
-
-
-
-
-                    _From Tullahoma to Chickamauga_
-
-
-After the Tullahoma campaign, the two armies adopted their previous
-policy of remaining stationary. Each began to gather forces and
-equipment for a future struggle. The Union Army occupied a line from
-Winchester to McMinnville--the same territory the Confederates had
-occupied previously--while the Confederate General Bragg established his
-headquarters at Chattanooga. There the Army of Tennessee strengthened
-its defensive position and prepared to close the "gate" to further
-advances of the Army of the Cumberland.
-
-During July and August, Halleck again urged Rosecrans to move against
-Bragg's forces, but Rosecrans failed to budge. In the latter's judgment,
-three things were needed to insure a successful campaign. The first was
-ripe corn which would not be ready until August; the second was the
-repair of the railroad to the Tennessee River; and the third was support
-for his flanks. In spite of the constant flow of dispatches from Halleck
-to Rosecrans, it was not until August 16 that he began his movement
-southward to cross the river.
-
-As Rosecrans moved toward the Tennessee River and Chattanooga, another
-Union army under command of General Burnside entered east Tennessee to
-threaten Knoxville. General Bragg, supposing that the two armies would
-join forces to attack him, made urgent appeals for help. Though the
-shortage of manpower at this time was a major problem of the
-Confederacy, troops were sent hurrying to Bragg from several directions.
-
-Rosecrans' strategy, after viewing several possibilities, was to cross
-the river below Chattanooga, turn the Confederate left and interrupt his
-opponent's communications and supply line from Atlanta. This movement if
-successful would effectively cut all railroad lines to Chattanooga, and
-Bragg would find himself shut in between Burnside on the north and east
-and Rosecrans on the west and south. To deceive Bragg as to the point of
-crossing the Tennessee River, Rosecrans sent Hazen's and Wagner's
-infantry brigades, Wilder's mounted infantry, and Minty's cavalry, all
-under the command of Brig. Gen. William B. Hazen, to make a feint at the
-river north of the town and to annoy the enemy as much as possible.
-
-    [Illustration: _Union troops constructing a pontoon bridge across
-    the Tennessee River at Bridgeport, Ala. Ruins of Nashville and
-    Chattanooga Railroad bridge shown._ Courtesy Library of Congress.]
-
-The ruse was successful, and so thoroughly was Bragg deceived into
-thinking the attack would come from upstream on the north side of the
-Tennessee, he left the crossings below Chattanooga practically
-unguarded. Rosecrans with the bulk of his army then crossed the river in
-the vicinity of Bridgeport and Caperton's Ferry, Ala., and Shellmound,
-Tenn. By September 4, the Army of the Cumberland, thus meeting little
-opposition, was safely across a great barrier and was threatening Bragg
-from new positions.
-
-When Bragg learned that the Union Army had crossed the Tennessee below
-Chattanooga and was threatening his supply lines, he decided after much
-deliberation to abandon his position and retreat southward.
-
-Once the Union Army had crossed the river, Thomas' corps marched toward
-Trenton, Ga.; McCook's took the road to Alpine, Ga.; and Crittenden
-moved toward Chattanooga. On the 9th of September, Rosecrans, believing
-the Confederates to be in full retreat, ordered McCook to press forward
-toward Alpine, covered by the cavalry, and make attempts to cut Bragg
-off; Crittenden to garrison Chattanooga with one brigade and pursue
-Bragg by way of the Ringgold Road with the rest of his force; and Thomas
-to continue toward Trenton.
-
-In order to understand the importance of the movements of both
-commanding generals, the geography of the country must be considered.
-When the Union commanders climbed to the top of the Lookout Mountain
-range and viewed the country, they began to have misgivings about their
-divided army. Thomas and McCook, 20 and 40 miles southwest of
-Chattanooga, respectively, found themselves on a mountain ribbed by
-ridges and hills, more than 1,000 feet above the valley floor. The few
-roads which ran over the mountain were narrow, rough, stony, and
-unusually steep.
-
-Thomas, looking to the east, saw Pigeon Mountain, a spur that juts off
-Lookout Mountain and veers in a northeastwardly direction. The acute
-angle of these diverging mountains forms McLemore's Cove. Running into
-this cove from the northeast and ending there is the southern extremity
-of Missionary Ridge which begins immediately east of Chattanooga. Here,
-also, originates Chickamauga Creek which gave the ensuing battle its
-name.
-
-As the two Union corps moved eastward they found the country sparsely
-populated. There were a few farms, but most of the land was covered with
-cedar thickets and tangled undergrowth. The roads connecting farm and
-village were dry and dusty.
-
-The Union Army was now split into three distinct columns with its flanks
-more than 40 miles apart. In mountainous terrain, this made it
-impossible for them to support one another. In the period September
-10-12, corps commanders began to receive reports that a large
-Confederate force was at LaFayette, Ga. It was Bragg's army. He had not
-retreated as far south as Rosecrans had thought--he had stopped at
-LaFayette behind Pigeon Mountain. There he concentrated his army and
-awaited reinforcements.
-
-    [Illustration: _Wooden railroad trestle at Cumberland Ravine, Ga.,
-    erected by Union Army to replace bridge destroyed by Confederates._
-    Courtesy National Archives.]
-
-
-
-
-                   _Reinforcements for General Bragg_
-
-
-General Bragg had purposely given the impression that his army was
-disorganized and in full flight before Rosecrans. Actually, however, he
-was not running away but was quietly preparing for battle and gathering
-strength as reinforcements began to reach him. Realizing that Maj. Gen.
-Simon Bolivar Buckner's Corps could not defend Knoxville from Burnside,
-and having no troops to spare for reinforcements, Bragg ordered Buckner
-to rejoin the Army of Tennessee. Buckner's Corps of 8,000 men joined
-Bragg about the time the latter evacuated Chattanooga. Gen. Joseph E.
-Johnston from his army in Mississippi sent two divisions (about 9,000
-men), under command of Major Generals John C. Breckinridge and W. H. T.
-Walker. A little later at Bragg's insistence Johnston sent two brigades,
-under command of Brigadier Generals John Gregg and Evander McNair. These
-brigades added 2,500 more troops to Bragg's Army.
-
-    [Illustration: ROUTE OF REINFORCEMENTS _FOR_ GENERAL BRAGG _AT_
-    CHICKAMAUGA]
-
-About this same time preparations were under way to reinforce General
-Bragg further with Lt. Gen. James Longstreet's corps from the Army of
-Northern Virginia.
-
-The movement of Longstreet's troops from Virginia to reinforce General
-Bragg in Georgia was an outstanding logistical achievement for the
-Confederacy. Even though by this time railroads had become an important
-factor in the strategy of war, no major troop movement involving so many
-lines over such a long distance had yet been attempted. It also shows
-the great concern the Southern War Department felt for the approaching
-battle.
-
-From the Army of Northern Virginia to General Bragg's forces in Georgia
-was a distance of some 900 miles by railroad lines through Virginia,
-North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. It was necessary for the
-troops to take this longer and roundabout route of reaching General
-Bragg because General Burnside had cut the railroad line by way of
-Knoxville.
-
-By the summer of 1863 the railroads in the Confederacy were in very poor
-condition, for it had been extremely difficult to replace rails and
-rolling stock as the war continued. For the most part, the lines were
-comparatively short; were not connected at many points; lacked bridges
-across some of the major rivers; and like railroads everywhere, had
-different gauges. Sixteen different railroad lines were involved in the
-transfer as all parallel routes and all types of rolling stock were
-pressed into service.
-
-In spite of all these difficulties, however, the movement was attended
-with dispatch and secrecy. Leaving the vicinity of Orange Courthouse,
-Va., on or about September 9, the advance brigades of Longstreet's Corps
-were joining General Bragg 9 days later. Mrs. Mary B. Chestnut recorded
-in her diary what she saw of this troop movement:
-
-  At Kingsville (S. C.) on my way to Camden, I caught a glimpse of
-  Longstreet's Corps going past.... It was a strange sight. What seemed
-  miles of platform cars, and soldiers rolled in their blankets lying in
-  rows with their heads all covered, fast asleep. In their grey blankets
-  packed in regular order, they looked like swathed mummies. One man
-  nearby was writing on his knee. He used his cap for a desk, and he was
-  seated on a rail.
-
-Information on the details of the movement, of the delays, the hazards
-encountered, as well as the number of men, animals, and artillery
-transported is difficult to find. A fair estimate of the number of
-troops is 15,000.
-
-    [Illustration: _Longstreet's soldiers detraining below Ringgold,
-    Ga., September 18, 1863. From there they marched into battle at
-    Chickamauga._ A. R. Waud wartime sketch. From _Battlefields in Dixie
-    Land and Chickamauga National Military Park_.]
-
-Only part of the infantry troops, and none of the artillery, arrived in
-time to participate in the Battle of Chickamauga; Longstreet himself was
-not present for the first day's fighting but three of his brigades were.
-The five brigades (about 9,000 men) which took part in the second day of
-battle became heroes along with their commander when they broke through
-the Union line.
-
-
-
-
-                        _Maneuver for Position_
-
-
-Bragg was aware of the isolated positions of the Union Army, and he saw
-an opportunity to strike his opponent in detail, one corps at a time,
-while they were not in supporting distance of each other. He issued
-orders to Maj. Gen. T. C. Hindman and Lt. Gen. D. H. Hill to strike Maj.
-Gen. James S. Negley's division of Thomas' corps, which was in an
-advanced position at McLemore's Cove, but Hill failed to carry out his
-order. Bragg ordered Buckner to join Hindman which he did on September
-10. Instead of attacking Negley, the two Confederate commanders decided
-that a different plan was needed for the situation and sent their
-recommendation to Bragg. While this correspondence passed back and
-forth, Negley withdrew and rejoined the rest of Thomas' corps. The
-Confederates had now lost their opportunity to strike and possibly
-destroy this division.
-
-Two days later a similar situation arose with the same result--loss of
-the opportunity to strike another corps in detail. This time Bragg
-ordered Polk to move his and Walker's corps to Lee and Gordon's Mills to
-strike Union General Crittenden's divided force. Two of Crittenden's
-divisions had marched toward Ringgold; one had moved to Lee and Gordon's
-Mills. Polk, instead of attacking, went on the defensive and asked for
-reinforcements. For the second time in 3 days, subordinate Confederate
-commanders allowed a Union corps to regroup.
-
-Rosecrans now realized Bragg had concentrated and reinforced his army,
-and that his own force was in danger of annihilation in its divided
-condition. Accordingly he ordered General Granger, commanding the
-Reserve Corps in the vicinity of Bridgeport, Ala., to Chattanooga;
-General Crittenden to position at Lee and Gordon's Mills on Chickamauga
-Creek, some 12 miles south of Chattanooga; and General Thomas to move
-northward toward Crittenden as soon as he was joined by General McCook's
-Corps, which had been commanded to make haste in joining the other
-corps.
-
-In the hurried concentration of the Army of the Cumberland, McCook
-withdrew from Alpine and chose to retrace his way by crossing over
-Lookout Mountain, thence up Lookout Valley where he had to recross the
-mountain to join General Thomas. It took McCook approximately 5 days
-(September 13 to 17) to complete this movement, greatly to the
-consternation of Rosecrans who had expected McCook to follow the shorter
-route on top of Lookout Mountain or roads through McLemore's Cove. Some
-of the troops, however, such as the Second Division, did forced marches
-in some instances of 25 miles in a day.
-
-Bragg made no effort to prevent this concentration of the Union forces,
-and during the night of September 17 the three corps were within
-supporting distance of each other. The Union left was at Lee and
-Gordon's Mills, and from there the line extended west and south through
-McLemore's Cove to Stevens Gap through Lookout Mountain.
-
-
-
-
-                      _The Battle of Chickamauga_
-
-
-Chafing over the failure of his subordinate commanders to strike the
-divided units of Rosecrans' army and wishing to seize the initiative,
-General Bragg had his troops do an "about face." Turning northward, he
-planned an all-out attack on General Crittenden who had been following
-in his rear since the evacuation of Chattanooga and was now at Lee and
-Gordon's Mills. General Bragg moved his troops northward on the east
-side of the Chickamauga Creek. His plan was to cross the Chickamauga
-north of Lee and Gordon's Mills, seize the roads leading to Chattanooga,
-bear down on Crittenden, and crush this corps or drive it back into the
-Union center in McLemore's Cove. By turning the Union left in this
-manner, he hoped to force Rosecrans back into the mountains and to
-reoccupy Chattanooga.
-
-Maj. Gen. John B. Hood (Longstreet's Corps) and Brig. Gen. Bushrod
-Johnson's troops were to cross at Reeds Bridge and turn left; Walker's
-Corps to cross at Alexander's Bridge; Buckner to cross at Tedford's
-Ford; Lt. Gen. Leonidas Polk's Corps to cross at Lee and Gordon's Mills;
-and Hill's Corps to cover the Confederate left.
-
-Bragg did not seem to suspect that Rosecrans had guessed his intentions,
-and was hurriedly moving to support Crittenden and deploying his troops
-so as to protect the roads to Chattanooga.
-
-
-                      SEPTEMBER 18--PRELIMINARIES.
-
-On the morning of the 18th the three advanced brigades of Longstreet's
-Corps from Virginia arrived at Ringgold. One brigade immediately joined
-Bushrod Johnson's division as it prepared to cross Chickamauga Creek at
-Reed's Bridge. Union cavalry under Col. Robert H. G. Minty and mounted
-infantry under command of Col. John T. Wilder, guarding the bridges,
-offered stout resistance and delayed the crossing of the southern troops
-for several hours. During the skirmishing, Minty's men dismantled
-Alexander's Bridge and forced Walker to proceed to Lambert's Ford, a
-half-mile downstream. The Confederates used other fords and crossings
-throughout the late afternoon and night as all of Bragg's forces, except
-three divisions, crossed to the west side of Chickamauga Creek.
-
-The Union forces were not idle, and during the night Rosecrans moved
-Thomas' corps northeastward above and back of Crittenden, so that Bragg
-would not outflank the Federal line. Negley's Division remained near
-Crawfish Springs (now Chickamauga), Maj. Gen. Joseph J. Reynolds'
-Division near Widow Glenn's, and Brigadier Generals Absalom Baird's and
-John M. Brannan's Divisions covered the roads leading to Reed's and
-Alexander's Bridges. General McCook's Corps moved to position in
-McLemore's Cove.
-
-The situation at dawn on the 19th found the two armies facing each other
-over a stretch of several miles along the banks of the Chickamauga.
-Rosecrans had been able in a short time to maneuver the Army of the
-Cumberland into position so that it interposed between Bragg and
-Chattanooga. His Reserve Corps under General Granger was at McAfee's
-Church, near Rossville. Thomas' Fourteenth Army Corps composed the
-Union's left a few miles south of Granger, and formed a southwesterly
-line to Crawfish Spring where it joined McCook, forming the right in
-McLemore's Cove. Crittenden's Twenty-First Army Corps remained
-concentrated at Lee and Gordon's Mills, somewhat in front of the other
-two corps, to protect the Union center.
-
-
-
-
-                 Table 1.--_Union Army at Chickamauga_
-
-        _Army of the Cumberland_--Maj. Gen. William S. Rosecrans
-
-
-  _Fourteenth Army Corps_--Maj. Gen. George H. Thomas
-      1st Division--Brig. Gen. Absalom Baird
-      2d Division--Maj. Gen. James S. Negley
-      3d Division--Brig. Gen. John M. Brannan
-      4th Division--Maj. Gen. Joseph J. Reynolds
-  _Twentieth Army Corps_--Maj. Gen. Alexander McD. McCook
-      1st Division--Brig. Gen. Jefferson C. Davis
-      2d Division--Brig. Gen. Richard W. Johnson
-      3d Division--Maj. Gen. Philip H. Sheridan
-  _Twenty-first Army Corps_--Maj. Gen. Thomas L. Crittenden
-      1st Division--Brig. Gen. Thomas J. Wood
-      2d Division--Maj. Gen. John M. Palmer
-      3d Division--Brig. Gen. H. P. Van Cleve
-  _Reserve Corps_--Maj. Gen. Gordon Granger
-      1st Division--Brig. Gen. James B. Steedman
-      2d Division--Col. Daniel McCook
-  _Cavalry Corps_--Brig. Gen. Robert B. Mitchell
-      1st Division--Col. Edward M. McCook
-      2d Division--Brig. Gen. George Crook
-
-
-    [Illustration: _"The First Gun at Chickamauga." Confederates open
-    fire on Union cavalry at Reed's Bridge._ A. R. Waud wartime sketch.
-    From Brown, _The Mountain Campaign in Georgia_.]
-
-
-
-
-              Table 2.--_Confederate Army at Chickamauga_
-
-               _Army of Tennessee_--Gen. Braxton Bragg[1]
-
-
-  _Right Wing_--Lt. Gen. Leonidas Polk
-      _Cheatham's Division_--Maj. Gen. B. F. Cheatham
-      _Hill's Corps_--Lt. Gen. Daniel H. Hill
-          Cleburne's Division--Maj. Gen. P. R. Cleburne
-          Breckinridge's Division--Maj. Gen. J. C. Breckinridge
-      _Reserve Corps_--Maj. Gen. W. H. T. Walker
-          Walker's Division--Brig. Gen. S. R. Gist
-          Liddell's Division--Brig. Gen. St. John R. Liddell
-  _Left Wing_--Lt. Gen. James Longstreet
-      _Hindman's Division_--Maj. Gen. T. C. Hindman
-      _Buckner's Corps_--Maj. Gen. Simon B. Buckner
-          Stewart's Division--Maj. Gen. Alexander P. Stewart
-          Preston's Division--Brig. Gen. William Preston
-          Johnson's Division--Brig. Gen. Bushrod R. Johnson
-      _Longstreet's Corps_--Maj. Gen. John B. Hood
-          McLaw's Division--Brig. Gen. Joseph B. Kershaw
-          Hood's Division--Maj. Gen. John B. Hood, Brig. Gen. E. McIver
-                Law
-      _Corps Artillery_[2]--Col. E. Porter Alexander
-      _Reserve Artillery, Army of Tennessee_--Maj. Felix H. Robertson
-      _Cavalry_--Maj. Gen. Joseph Wheeler
-          Wharton's Division--Brig. Gen. John A. Wharton
-          Martin's Division--Brig. Gen. William T. Martin
-          Forrest's Corps--Brig. Gen. N. B. Forrest
-              Armstrong's Division--Brig. Gen. Frank C. Armstrong
-              Pegram's Division--Brig. Gen. John Pegram
-
-
-[1]General Bragg's army was composed of Polk's, Hill's, Buckner's,
-    Longstreet's (Hood's), and Walker's (Reserve) Corps of infantry, and
-    Wheeler's and Forrest's Corps of cavalry. For the second day's fight
-    the army was divided into two wings. General Polk commanding the
-    right and General Longstreet the left.
-
-[2]In transit, did not take part in the battle.
-
-
-Bragg's Army of Tennessee, except three divisions, was concentrated on
-the west side of the Chickamauga from Reeds Bridge almost to Dalton's
-Ford, near Lee and Gordon's Mills. The divisions had been shuffled
-around during the night, and remained so for the first day's battle.
-Brig. Gen. Nathan Bedford Forrest's cavalry held the right flank at
-Reeds Bridge; then, in succession toward the left (south), were Walker's
-Corps; Maj. Gen. Benjamin F. Cheatham's Division (Polk's Corps);
-Longstreet's Corps (under Maj. Gen. John B. Hood); and Buckner's Corps.
-On the east side of the stream and forming the right were Maj. Gen.
-Patrick R. Cleburne's Division (Hill's Corps), preparing to cross at
-Tedford's Ford; Maj. Gen. T. C. Hindman's Division (Polk's Corps)
-opposite Lee and Gordon's Mills; and Maj. Gen. John C. Breckinridge's
-Division (Hill's Corps) forming the extreme left opposite Glass' Mill.
-Maj. Gen. Joseph Wheeler's cavalry, stationed at the upper fords of the
-Chickamauga, held the left flank.
-
-    [Illustration: _Maj. Gen. George H. Thomas, "The Rock of
-    Chickamauga."_ Courtesy National Archives.]
-
-Neither army knew the exact position of the other as they maneuvered for
-position during the night. The densely wooded area, covered with tangled
-undergrowth, brambles and cedar thickets, prevented easy movement or
-good observation, and many of the officers had difficulty keeping in
-touch with their own commands.
-
-The armies were so close to each other, in some instances only a few
-hundred yards apart, that it was inevitable a clash would soon take
-place, but at what point no one could say.
-
-
-                        SEPTEMBER 19--FIRST DAY.
-
-Early in the morning of September 19, Thomas ordered Brannan forward to
-reconnoiter the Confederate forces which had crossed the Chickamauga. In
-this manner, Col. John T. Croxton's brigade of infantry accidentally ran
-into some of Forrest's cavalry, which were dismounted and serving as
-infantry, at Jay's Mill near Reed's Bridge. And so the battle began.
-
-Croxton drove Forrest back, but reinforcements hurried to the latter
-forced Croxton to give ground. Suddenly the commanding generals realized
-that a major conflict was upon them, and they hurriedly sent troops into
-the fight as first one side and then the other gained the upper hand.
-Rosecrans, by rapid and forced marches, brought up his troops from
-Crawfish Springs. Bragg ordered his left wing divisions to cross to the
-west side of the Chickamauga. By mid-afternoon major fighting had spread
-along a jagged line some 3 miles in length. All the Union divisions,
-with the exception of Granger's reserve force, became involved. The
-Confederate troops were also largely engaged, except Hindman and
-Breckinridge who crossed over during the late afternoon and night.
-
-When the battle ended for the day, little progress could be shown by
-either side. The fighting had been furious and without much plan.
-Bragg's troops had reached the LaFayette-Chattanooga Road but were not
-able to hold the position. Neither side could claim a victory. Bragg had
-failed to crush the Union left, and Rosecrans remained in possession of
-the roads to Chattanooga. The losses on both sides were heavy.
-
-As night fell and darkness settled over the battlefield the fighting
-stopped, but there was little rest for the weary soldiers. Rosecrans
-brought the Army of the Cumberland into a more compact defensive line;
-Thomas' Corps, heavily reinforced, formed the left in a bulge east of
-the LaFayette Road at Kelly's Field.
-
-Throughout the night the Confederates heard the ring of axes as the
-Union troops cut trees and logs to form breastworks. McCook's Corps in
-the center faced LaFayette Road; Crittenden's Corps on the right was a
-little withdrawn west of the road.
-
-During the night, Longstreet arrived with two more brigades ready for
-action. Bragg then decided to form the Army of Tennessee into two wings
-for offensive action the next day. He placed General Polk in command of
-the right wing and General Longstreet the left. The Confederate Army,
-facing west between Chickamauga Creek and the LaFayette Road formed a
-line more or less parallel with the road.
-
-    [Illustration: _Confederate line of battle in woods at Chickamauga._
-    From _Battles and Leaders of the Civil War_.]
-
-
-                       SEPTEMBER 20--SECOND DAY.
-
-General Bragg issued orders to his subordinates to resume the battle at
-daybreak. On the Confederate right Breckinridge's Division was to begin
-the attack which would be taken up by successive divisions to the left.
-Sunday morning came. Daylight began to creep over the battlefield. The
-sun rose, but no attack came. Bragg waited impatiently. Finally, the
-orders reached Hill at 7:30 a.m. Further delay followed as the troops
-moved into position. About 9:30 a.m. Breckinridge advanced to attack,
-followed by Cleburne. The extreme left of the Union line fell back, but
-the fire from the Union breastworks halted further Confederate advance.
-Reinforcements hurried to Thomas. In further fighting at this part of
-the line neither side made any considerable gain, as Rosecrans sought to
-hold his left against Polk's furious attacks. Almost equally matched,
-neither Thomas nor Polk could show any appreciable gains throughout the
-morning. About 11 o'clock a lull occurred as Longstreet's wing prepared
-to move against the center in Bragg's plan of attack.
-
-    [Illustration: THE BATTLE OF CHICKAMAUGA
-    SEPTEMBER 20, 1863]
-
-    [Illustration: _Lt. Gen. James Longstreet._ Courtesy National
-    Archives.]
-
-    [Illustration: _Lt. Gen. Leonidas Polk._ Courtesy National
-    Archives.]
-
-The Union center at which Longstreet pointed his attack was held by
-Brig. Gen. Thomas J. Wood's Division which had replaced Negley's
-Division in the line when the latter had reinforced Thomas early in the
-morning. To the immediate left of Wood were the troops of Brannan's
-Division, and on Brannan's left, Maj. Gen. Joseph J. Reynolds' Division.
-
-An hour before noon as the Confederate right wing poised to strike, an
-irreparable blunder occurred on the Union side. A staff officer riding
-from Thomas' headquarters near Kelly Field reported to Rosecrans that he
-had noticed Brannan's Division was out of line and believed "General
-Reynolds' right was exposed." Rosecrans, without further investigation,
-immediately ordered Wood to "close up on Reynolds as fast as possible
-and support him." In order to do this, Wood had to pull his division out
-of line and march behind Brannan's Division toward Reynolds. Wood's
-division had left its place in the line, creating a true gap where none
-had actually existed before, and had started to march northward behind
-Brannan when Longstreet's column of five divisions accidentally struck
-into the gap.
-
-Longstreet's attack hit Wood's and Brannan's Divisions on their exposed
-flank and drove them from the immediate field of battle. On the other
-side of the gap the Confederates struck Brig. Gen. Jefferson C. Davis'
-Division, which was marching up to take Wood's place in the line, and
-Maj. Gen. Philip H. Sheridan's Division in flank. In a very short time
-the entire Union right flank was in disorder and driven from the field.
-Wilder's brigade on the extreme right made a valiant stand for a while,
-employing to good effect the heavy fire power of the Spencer repeating
-carbine with which it was armed. Nothing, however, seemed to daunt the
-onrush of the Confederates, and Wilder withdrew for fear of being cut
-off from escape.
-
-The routed divisions from the Union right withdrew northwestward through
-McFarland's Gap to Rossville. Generals Rosecrans, Crittenden, and McCook
-were caught in the breakthrough and fled the field. General Thomas was
-now in command of the Union forces left there.
-
-The altered conditions of the battlefield now dictated a change in
-Confederate strategy. The original plan of enveloping the Union left
-changed to a sweep from the Union right to the left. A pause in the
-fighting enabled Thomas to form a new line quickly to his rear on
-Snodgrass Hill, almost at a right angle with the Union left. From this
-vantage point he met the onslaught of Longstreet's troops with such
-stubborn and determined resistance on that Sunday afternoon that he
-earned the name "Rock of Chickamauga."
-
-The Union line on Snodgrass Hill was composed of Brannan's Division with
-fragments of Wood's, Negley's, and Van Cleve's Divisions. Longstreet
-vigorously assaulted the line again and again and nearly succeeded in
-enveloping Brannan's right. Confederate success seemed assured as
-Thomas' troops were hard hit and were short of ammunition, but at this
-moment unexpected reinforcements reached General Thomas.
-
-    [Illustration: _The Battle of Chickamauga. Scene from diorama in the
-    Museum, Park Headquarters Building._]
-
-General Granger, without orders and following the sound of battle, had
-hastened to the aid of Thomas. He arrived at Snodgrass Hill at a very
-opportune moment and just in time to stop the Confederates from
-enveloping Brannan's right. A fierce engagement took place as Brig. Gen.
-James B. Steedman's Division of Granger's Corps forced the southern
-troops from the crest of the hill.
-
-Midafternoon found Longstreet once again attempting to wrest the hill
-from Thomas' troops, using McLaw's, Hindman's, and Bushrod Johnson's
-Divisions, and again he was repulsed. Later in the afternoon, Longstreet
-asked Bragg for reinforcements but was told none were available and that
-the right wing "had been beaten back so badly that they could be of no
-service" to him. Longstreet determined to make one more effort. He
-formed a column of such troops as were available and again assaulted the
-hill. The fight was desperate and lasted until nightfall. The Union
-troops repulsed some of the Confederate charges with the bayonet as
-their ammunition was nearly exhausted. Finally, Longstreet pushed
-Steedman back to the next ridge and occupied the ground to the right of
-Brannan.
-
-The left of the Union line around Kelly Field spent a relatively quiet
-afternoon compared to their comrades on Snodgrass Hill. However, about 4
-p.m., the divisions of Hill's corps and part of Walker's again assaulted
-the Union positions there. By 6 p.m., Cheatham's Division had joined the
-attack. This attack succeeded in enveloping the Union left, and the road
-to Rossville, through Rossville Gap, was cut off for the moment.
-
-    [Illustration: _Headquarters, Maj. Gen. Gordon Granger, Reserve
-    Corps, Army of the Cumberland, at Rossville Gap. The house was built
-    by John Ross, Cherokee Indian Chief, who lived in it until 1832.
-    Ross gave his name to the village in the gap._ From Elson, _The
-    Civil War Through the Camera_.]
-
-In the meantime, Thomas received orders from Rosecrans to "Assume
-command of all the forces, and with Crittenden and McCook take a strong
-position and assume a threatening attitude at Rossville." Although
-Thomas received these orders with little delay, it was late afternoon
-before he sent instructions to Reynolds to begin the withdrawal and move
-into position to cover the retirement of the other troops on the left.
-In executing this movement, Reynolds was forced to drive off the
-Confederate troops who had begun to envelop the Union left. The Union
-army withdrew in relatively good order. The troops holding Kelly Field
-moved out first, followed by those who had stubbornly resisted
-Longstreet's attacks upon Snodgrass Hill.
-
-While the retreat from the battlelines may have been in "good order,"
-General Beatty's description of the march to Rossville amply describes
-the scene: "The march to Rossville was a melancholy one. All along the
-road, for miles, wounded men were lying. They had crawled or hobbled
-slowly away from the fury of the battle, become exhausted, and lain down
-by the roadside to die." Beatty reached Rossville between "ten and
-eleven" and reported, "At this hour of the night (eleven to twelve
-o'clock) the army is simply a mob. There appears to be neither
-organization nor discipline. The various commands are mixed up in what
-seems to be inextricable confusion."
-
-Nevertheless, Thomas placed his forces at Rossville Gap and along
-Missionary Ridge in preparation against further attacks. The morning of
-the 21st found the Union Army of the Cumberland more or less
-reorganized. With the exception of some skirmishing, the Union forces
-were not molested.
-
-The losses on both sides were appalling and the percentages surprisingly
-equal. The following tabulation of casualties at the Battle of
-Chickamauga is based on Thomas L. Livermore's _Numbers and Losses in the
-Civil War in America, 1861-65_:
-
- Army             Total      Total   Killed  Wounded  Missing    Percent
-               Strength Casualties                            Casualties
-
- Union           58,222     16,170    1,657    9,756    4,757         28
- Confederate     66,326     18,454    2,312   14,674    1,468         28
-
-
-
-
-                       _The Siege of Chattanooga_
-
-
-Thomas remained in position at Rossville throughout the 21st, but it was
-evident that the Confederates could turn his right flank and cut him off
-from Chattanooga. He suggested to Rosecrans that the Union Army
-concentrate at Chattanooga. In anticipation of receiving an order to
-withdraw to the town, Thomas instructed his officers to prepare their
-commands for the movement. Rosecrans adopted the suggestion and that
-evening Thomas withdrew the Union forces to Chattanooga. All wagons,
-ambulances, and surplus artillery had already departed for Chattanooga
-during the day. By morning of September 22, all Union troops were in
-position in the town.
-
-    [Illustration: _Wartime view. Lee and Gordon's Mills, Chickamauga
-    Battlefield._ Courtesy National Archives.]
-
-The situation in which the men in blue found themselves in Chattanooga
-was not pleasant. The Tennessee River walled them in on the north,
-although a pontoon bridge and two ferries offered escape possibilities.
-Lookout Mountain blocked the way on the west, and Missionary Ridge to
-the east and south, now held by the Confederates, completed the circle.
-
-    [Illustration: _Wartime view of Chattanooga in 1863--Lookout
-    Mountain in distance._ Courtesy National Archives.]
-
-Bragg issued orders for the pursuit of the Army of the Cumberland, then
-countermanded them. Instead, the Confederate troops began to take up
-siege positions around Chattanooga. In these positions the Confederates
-dominated the Union lines. Bragg's men controlled all the railroads
-leading into the town; Confederate batteries and sharpshooters commanded
-the Tennessee River, and river traffic ceased; they controlled the roads
-on the south side of the river and kept under fire the one road north of
-the river leading to Bridgeport, the nearest Union supply base. Only the
-road over Walden's Ridge and down through the Sequatchie Valley to
-Bridgeport was open to General Rosecrans.
-
-    [Illustration: _Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant._ Courtesy National
-    Archives.]
-
-    [Illustration: _Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman._ Courtesy National
-    Archives.]
-
-
-
-
-                 _Reinforcements for the Besieged Army_
-
-
-As early as September 13, General in Chief Halleck ordered
-reinforcements sent to Rosecrans. His dispatches on September 13, 14,
-and 15 to Major Generals Hurlbut at Memphis and Grant and Sherman at
-Vicksburg directed the troop movements. These dispatches, however, were
-delayed for several days en route from Cairo to Memphis and, in the
-meantime, the Battle of Chickamauga was fought. Grant received the
-orders on the 22nd and immediately instructed four divisions under
-Sherman to march to Chattanooga.
-
-One division of the Seventeenth Corps, already in transit from Vicksburg
-to Helena, Ark., was ordered to proceed on to Memphis. General Sherman
-quickly brought three divisions of his Fifteenth Army Corps from the
-vicinity of the Big Black River into Vicksburg, where they embarked as
-fast as water transportation could be provided. By October 3, all of the
-movement of 17,000 men was under way.
-
-The route of travel was by boat to Memphis, then by railroad and
-overland marches to Chattanooga. From Memphis the troops followed
-closely the Memphis and Charleston Railroad, which Sherman was ordered
-to repair as he advanced. By November 15, the troops were at Bridgeport,
-Ala., having traveled a distance of 675 miles.
-
-When the War Department in Washington received word that the Army of the
-Cumberland was besieged in Chattanooga, it considered the situation so
-critical that President Lincoln was called out of bed late at night to
-attend a council meeting. This meeting occurred on the night of
-September 23, and is described by Nicolay and Hay:
-
-  Immediately on receipt of Rosecrans' dispatch, Mr. Stanton sent one of
-  the President's secretaries who was standing by to the Soldier's Home,
-  where the President was sleeping. A little startled by the unwonted
-  summons,--for this was "the first time" he said, Stanton had ever sent
-  for him,--the President mounted his horse and rode in through the
-  moonlight to the War Department to preside over an improvised council
-  to consider the subject of reinforcing Rosecrans.
-
-  There were present General Halleck, Stanton, Seward and Chase of the
-  Cabinet; P. H. Watson and James A. Hardie of the War Department, and
-  General D. C. McCallum, Superintendent of Military Transportation.
-  After a brief debate, it was resolved to detach the Eleventh and
-  Twelfth Corps from the Army of the Potomac, General Hooker to be
-  placed in command of both....
-
-    [Illustration: ROUTE OF UNION REINFORCEMENTS
-    MOVEMENTS, SEPT. 22-OCT. 15, 1863]
-
-    [Illustration: _Chattanooga headquarters of General Rosecrans during
-    the siege._ Courtesy National Archives.]
-
-The movement of the Eleventh and Twelfth Army Corps from the Army of the
-Potomac to Tennessee eclipsed all other such troop movements by rail up
-to that time. It represented a high degree of cooperation between the
-railroads and the government and was a singular triumph of skill and
-planning. It also shows the great importance the War Department attached
-to the Chattanooga campaign.
-
-The troops began to entrain at Manassas Junction and Bealton Station,
-Va., on September 25, and 5 days later on September 30 the first trains
-arrived at Bridgeport, Ala. The route traveled was by way of Washington,
-D. C.; Baltimore, Md.; Bellaire and Columbus, Ohio; Indianapolis, Ind.;
-Louisville, Ky.; Nashville, Tenn.; and Bridgeport, Ala. Several major
-railroad lines, including the Baltimore and Ohio, Central Ohio,
-Louisville and Nashville, and Nashville and Chattanooga were involved.
-
-Not all of the troops, however, made such good time as the first trains,
-and for the majority of the infantry the trip consumed about 9 days. The
-movement of the artillery, horses, mules, baggage, and impedimenta was
-somewhat slower, but by the middle of October, all were in the vicinity
-of Bridgeport ready to help break the siege.
-
-These two corps under Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker, comprising 20,000 troops
-and more than 3,000 horses and mules, traveled 1,157 miles. Differences
-in the railroad gauges hampered the movement, but most of the changes in
-gauge occurred at river crossings which had no bridges and the troops
-had to detrain at these points anyway.
-
-Confederate cavalry raids, bent on destroying the railroad bridges and
-otherwise interfering with the reinforcing effort, imposed a more
-serious difficulty, but, except for delaying the latter part of the
-movement a few days, the raids were ineffective.
-
-At the beginning of the siege, the Union Army had large supply trains in
-good condition and transporting supplies seemed feasible. But early in
-October rain began to fall and the roads became almost impassable. To
-make the situation more critical Bragg sent Wheeler to harass and
-destroy the Union supply trains as they moved over Walden's Ridge on
-their trips to and from Bridgeport. Wheeler destroyed hundreds of wagons
-and animals and it was not long before the Union soldier received less
-and less food. Wagon horses and mules and artillery horses were on a
-starvation diet and many died each day.
-
-Command of the two hostile armies had undergone a considerable change
-during the siege period. Grant received orders to meet "an officer of
-the War Department" at Louisville, Ky. He proceeded by rail to
-Indianapolis, Ind., and just as his train left the depot there, en route
-to Louisville, it was stopped. A message informed Grant that Secretary
-of War Stanton was coming into the station and wished to see him. This
-was the "officer" from the War Department who gave Grant command of the
-newly organized Military Division of the Mississippi. Thomas replaced
-Rosecrans. McCook and Crittenden had previously been relieved of their
-commands and their corps consolidated into the Fourth Corps under
-command of Granger. Stanton accompanied Grant to Louisville and there
-the two spent a day reviewing the situation.
-
-In Bragg's camp, Polk was relieved of his command, and Lt. Gen. William
-J. Hardee rejoined the army. Bragg's army was reorganized into three
-corps commanded by Longstreet, Hardee, and Breckinridge.
-
-    [Illustration: _Entrenchments of Thomas' Corps, Army of the
-    Cumberland in front of Chattanooga. Lookout Mountain in distance._
-    From _Battles and Leaders of the Civil War_.]
-
-When Grant reached Chattanooga on October 23 he found a plan already
-drawn up to open a new supply line for the besieged army. This plan of
-necessity was conditioned upon the terrain and the configuration of the
-river between Bridgeport, the railhead and base of supplies for the
-Union Army, and Chattanooga. (After the Tennessee River passes the city
-it flows southward for some 2 miles until it strikes Lookout Mountain
-where, after a short westerly course, it curves northward. This
-elongated loop of the river is called Moccasin Bend.)
-
-The plan called for 1,500 men on pontoons to float down the river from
-Chattanooga during the night of October 26-27 while another force
-marched across Moccasin Point to support the landings of the river-borne
-troops. Grant ordered the plan executed. The pontoon-borne troops
-quickly disembarked upon striking the west bank at Brown's Ferry, drove
-off the Confederate pickets, and threw up breastworks. The troops
-marching across the neck of land came up to the east side of the ferry,
-joined this group, and constructed a pontoon bridge.
-
-Hooker's advance from Bridgeport coincided with this action. He marched
-by the road along Raccoon Mountain into Lookout Valley. There he met the
-advance post of a Confederate brigade and drove it back. Maj. Gen. O. O.
-Howard's Eleventh Corps moved to within 2 miles of Brown's Ferry, while
-Brig. Gen. John W. Geary of the Twelfth Corps remained at Wauhatchie to
-guard the road to Kelley's Ferry.
-
-The Confederates made a night attack against Geary which the latter
-repulsed, but both sides lost heavily. After this action, the short line
-of communication with Bridgeport by way of Brown's and Kelley's Ferries
-was held by Hooker without further trouble.
-
-With the successful seizure of Brown's Ferry and construction of a
-pontoon bridge across the Tennessee River there, and Hooker's equally
-successful advance from Bridgeport and seizure of the south side of the
-river at Raccoon Mountain and in Lookout Valley, the way was finally
-clear for the Union Army to reopen a short line of supply and
-communication between Chattanooga and Bridgeport, the rail end of its
-supply line. This "Cracker Line" ran by boat up the Tennessee River from
-Bridgeport to Kelley's Ferry. Above Kelley's Ferry, the swift current
-made the stream unnavigable at certain points to boats then available.
-Accordingly, at Kelley's Ferry, the "Cracker Line" left the river and
-crossed Raccoon Mountain by road to Brown's Ferry. There it crossed the
-river on the pontoon bridge, thence across Moccasin Point, and finally
-across the river once more into Chattanooga.
-
-Early in November, Bragg ordered Longstreet to march against Burnside in
-East Tennessee with Maj. Gen. Lafayette McLaw's and Maj. Gen. John B.
-Hood's Divisions of infantry, Col. E. Porter Alexander's and Maj. A.
-Leyden's battalions of artillery, and five brigades of cavalry under
-Maj. Gen. Joseph Wheeler--about 15,000 men in all. This movement caused
-great anxiety in Washington and the authorities urged Grant to act
-promptly to assist Burnside. Grant felt that the quickest way to aid him
-was to attack Bragg and force the latter to recall Longstreet. On
-November 7, Thomas received Grant's order to attack Bragg's right.
-Thomas replied that he was unable to move a single piece of artillery
-because of the poor condition of the horses and mules. They were not
-strong enough to pull artillery pieces. In these circumstances, Grant
-could only answer Washington dispatches, urge Sherman forward, and
-encourage Burnside to hold on.
-
-
-
-
-             _Lifting the Siege--The Battle of Chattanooga_
-
-
-(See map on pages 36-37.)
-
-With the Confederate Army in front of Chattanooga divided into two
-corps, Hardee on the right and Breckinridge on the left on Missionary
-Ridge, and General Stevenson with a small force occupying Lookout
-Mountain, Bragg waited.
-
-Grant's plan of battle was for Sherman with his four divisions to cross
-the Tennessee River at Brown's Ferry and march behind Stringer's Ridge,
-concealed from the eyes of the Confederates, and take a position near
-the North Chickamauga Creek. He was to recross the river by pontoon
-bridge at the mouth of the South Chickamauga Creek, strike the north end
-of Missionary Ridge and capture it as far as the railroad tunnel. Thomas
-was to move his Army of the Cumberland to the left, and connect with
-Sherman. This united force was to sweep the Confederates southward off
-Missionary Ridge and away from their base of supplies at Chickamauga
-Station. Howard's Corps was to act as a general reserve for this force.
-Hooker, with the Twelfth Corps and Brig. Gen. Charles Cruft's Division
-(Fourth Corps), was to hold Lookout Valley. Col. Eli Long's Cavalry was
-to cover Sherman's left and when no longer needed for this task was to
-strike Bragg's communications. This original plan, however, was changed
-several times to fit the situation.
-
-The rains that hampered movement of Union supplies also delayed
-Sherman's movement across the Tennessee. High water broke the bridge at
-Brown's Ferry and Osterhaus' Division could not cross the river.
-Subsequently it received orders to join Hooker in Lookout Valley.
-
-On November 22, Grant received word that Bragg was withdrawing his army;
-actually the movement reported was Buckner leaving to reinforce
-Longstreet. To "test the truth" of the report, Grant changed his plans
-and ordered Thomas to make a demonstration to his front on the 23rd.
-This began the battles of Chattanooga.
-
-
-                             ORCHARD KNOB.
-
-The Union Army of the Cumberland had made its positions very strong
-during the time it was besieged by Bragg's army. One of its strong
-points was Fort Wood on an elevated point east of the town. Thomas,
-according to instructions, sent Maj. Gen. Philip H. Sheridan's and Brig.
-Gen. T. J. Wood's divisions to level ground at Fort Wood and there
-formed them in line--Wood on the left, Sheridan on the right, with Brig.
-Gen. Absalom Baird supporting Sheridan. Brig. Gen. R. W. Johnson's
-troops held the trenches, and Maj. Gen. O. O. Howard's Corps, which had
-crossed from the north bank of the river, acted as the reserve.
-
-
-
-
-                 Table 3.--_Union Army at Chattanooga_
-
-                       Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant
-
-
-  _Army of the Cumberland_--Maj. Gen. George H. Thomas
-      _Fourth Army Corps_--Maj. Gen. Gordon Granger
-          1st Division--Brig. Gen. Charles Cruft
-          2d Division--Maj. Gen. Philip H. Sheridan
-          3d Division--Brig. Gen. Thomas J. Wood
-      _Fourteenth Army Corps_--Maj. Gen. J. M. Palmer
-          1st Division--Brig. Gen. Richard W. Johnson
-          2d Division--Brig. Gen. J. C. Davis
-          3d Division--Brig. Gen. Absalom Baird
-      _Engineer Troops_--Brig. Gen. William F. Smith
-      _Artillery Reserve_--Brig. Gen. J. M. Brannan
-          1st Division--Col. James Barnett
-          2d Division
-      _Cavalry_
-          2d Division
-          --2d Brigade--Col. Eli Long
-      _Post of Chattanooga_--Col. John G. Parkhurst
-  _Detachment from the Army of the Potomac_--Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker
-      _Eleventh Army Corps_--Maj. Gen. O. O. Howard
-          2d Division--Brig. Gen. Adolph von Steinwehr
-          3d Division--Maj. Gen. Carl Schurz
-      _Twelfth Army Corps_--Maj. Gen. Henry W. Slocum
-          2d Division--Brig. Gen. John W. Geary
-  _Army of the Tennessee_--Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman
-      _Fifteenth Corps_--Maj. Gen. Frank P. Blair, Jr.
-          1st Division--Brig. Gen. Peter J. Osterhaus
-          2d Division--Brig. Gen. Morgan L. Smith
-          4th Division--Brig. Gen. Hugh Ewing
-      _Seventeenth Army Corps_
-          2d Division--Brig. Gen. John E. Smith
-
-
-At 2 p. m. on November 23, the lines of blue moved forward, driving the
-Confederate outposts and their supports back to the base of Missionary
-Ridge, and captured Orchard Knob, a low hill a little more than a mile
-in front of the ridge. The Union forces occupied the captured
-entrenchments and erected a battery on Orchard Knob. Except for
-occasional artillery firing, the fighting ended for the day.
-
-
-
-
-              Table 4.--_Confederate Army at Chattanooga_
-
-                           Gen. Braxton Bragg
-
-
-  _Hardee's Corps_--Lt. Gen. William J. Hardee
-      Cheatham's Division--Brig. Gen. John K. Jackson
-      Stevenson's Division--Maj. Gen. Carter L. Stevenson
-      Cleburne's Division--Maj. Gen. P. R. Cleburne
-      Walker's Division--Brig. Gen. States R. Gist
-  _Breckinridge's Corps_--Maj. Gen. John C. Breckinridge
-      Hindman's Division--Brig. Gen. J. Patton Anderson
-      Breckinridge's Division--Brig. Gen. William B. Bate
-      Stewart's Division--Maj. Gen. Ambrose P. Stewart
-      Reserve Artillery
-          Robertson's Battalion--Capt. Felix H. Robertson
-          Williams' Battalion--Maj. S. C. Williams
-
-
-                             SHERMAN MOVES.
-
-During the night of November 23-24, Sherman began to carry out his role
-in the drama. He selected Brig. Gen. Giles A. Smith's brigade to man the
-pontoon boats, concealed in North Chickamauga Creek, to cross the
-Tennessee River and secure a bridgehead near the mouth of the South
-Chickamauga Creek. During the hours of darkness the brigade landed at
-its designated place. A few soldiers stopped at the mouth of the creek,
-surprising and capturing the pickets there. The remaining troops landed
-and prepared to build bridges across the Tennessee River and South
-Chickamauga Creek. By early afternoon they had finished the bridge
-across the river, and Sherman's forces were across and ready to attack.
-Brig. Gen. Jefferson C. Davis' Division (Fourteenth Corps), which had
-guarded the pontoons, also crossed and became part of Sherman's force.
-
-Sherman attacked and seized the north end of Missionary Ridge at 4 p.m.
-against only Confederate outpost opposition. To his surprise, Sherman
-found a deep and wide ravine separating the north end of the ridge from
-Tunnel Hill immediately southward, his real objective. Cleburne's
-Division of Confederate troops had hurried to Tunnel Hill only an hour
-or two before Sherman seized the north end of Missionary Ridge, and they
-were busily engaged entrenching there when Sherman arrived across the
-ravine from them. Sherman did not attack Tunnel Hill that afternoon, but
-entrenched where he was.
-
-
-               THE BATTLE ABOVE THE CLOUDS, NOVEMBER 24.
-
-While operations were in progress, east of Chattanooga, Hooker moved
-into action west of the town. The failure of Osterhaus' Division to join
-Sherman resulted in another change of orders. A new plan for Hooker to
-take Lookout Mountain and descend into Chattanooga Valley replaced the
-original one of having him merely hold Lookout Valley and the route to
-Bridgeport. Hooker had three divisions in his force commanded by
-Brigadier Generals Peter J. Osterhaus, John W. Geary, and Charles Cruft,
-each from a different army corps. Geary was on the right at Wauhatchie,
-Cruft in the center, and Osterhaus near Brown's Ferry. It was a unique
-team. One who was present wrote, "We were all strangers, no one division
-ever having seen either of the others."
-
-    [Illustration: THE BATTLE OF CHATTANOOGA
-    NOVEMBER 23, 24, 25, 1863]
-
-The terrain that confronted Hooker's command was rugged, steep, heavily
-timbered, and topped by a rocky cliff. At the northern end, at the cliff
-base and halfway up the mountain, was a bench of nearly level land. On
-it stood the Cravens Farm. At 8 a. m. on November 24 Hooker sent Geary's
-Division, supported by a brigade from Cruft's Division, to effect a
-crossing of Lookout Creek. The troops accomplished this with little
-opposition and Geary climbed the mountain until the head of his column
-reached the cliff. The division then moved to the left and proceeded
-northward toward the point of the mountain.
-
-    [Illustration: _Hazen's men landing from pontoon boats at Brown's
-    Ferry, Tennessee River. Theodore R. Davis wartime sketch._ From
-    _Battles and Leaders of the Civil War_.]
-
-While Geary climbed the mountain, Cruft, with his force, moved farther
-down the valley toward the Tennessee River and seized a bridge over the
-creek. Osterhaus' Division then crossed the stream at that point in the
-face of sharp skirmishing with Confederate defenders before the latter
-retreated up the mountain. The three Union divisions soon joined on a
-common line and, supported by Union batteries on Moccasin Point,
-steadily drove Walthall's Confederate brigade around the point of
-Lookout Mountain to the Cravens farmhouse. By noon, Hooker's forces were
-in possession of the farm but the Confederates made a stand beyond the
-Cravens house within prepared defense works, and were joined there by
-two brigades from the top of the mountain. Fog which covered the
-mountainside most of the morning became so heavy that by 2 p. m. it was
-almost impossible to see. This factor, plus a shortage of ammunition,
-caused Hooker to halt and consolidate his position. Later in the
-afternoon, Carlin's brigade arrived with a resupply of ammunition.
-
-During the night, General Stevenson withdrew the Confederate forces from
-Lookout Mountain and marched them to Missionary Ridge where they joined
-their comrades holding that sector of the line.
-
-"The Battle Above the Clouds" was fought on the bench of land
-surrounding the Cravens house. There was no fighting on top the
-mountain. The romantic name given in later years to this action on the
-Union right was the result of the fog and mist which shrouded the
-mountain that day from observers below. It was not until the next
-morning that the 8th Kentucky Volunteers planted the Stars and Stripes
-on top of the bluff.
-
-    [Illustration: _Lookout Mountain from Union works in Chattanooga._
-    From _Harper's Pictorial History of the Great Rebellion_.]
-
-
-                     MISSIONARY RIDGE, NOVEMBER 25.
-
-The decisive blow of the battle was at hand. Grant's orders for the
-morning of November 25 were as follows: "Sherman was directed to attack
-at daylight. Hooker was ordered to move at the same hour, and endeavor
-to intercept the enemy's retreat, if he still remained; if he had gone,
-then to move directly to Rossville and operate against the left and rear
-of the force on Missionary Ridge. Thomas was not to move until Hooker
-had reached Missionary Ridge."
-
-    [Illustration: _Gen. Ulysses S. Grant on Lookout Mountain, 1863.
-    Grant is in the lower left corner._ Courtesy National Archives.]
-
-    [Illustration: _Missionary Ridge from a Union trench._ From Elson,
-    _The Civil War Through the Camera_.]
-
-Sherman began his attack, as directed, just after sunrise. His troops
-attacked Cleburne's Division frontally, but without success. All night
-the Confederates had worked at strengthening their position on Tunnel
-Hill which now formed the Confederate right. These field works gave good
-protection to Cleburne's men from enemy fire. The stubbornly fighting
-Confederates held their positions against repeated attacks by superior
-numbers. This fight continued until 3 p. m., and is a notable example of
-the value to a greatly outnumbered defending force of field works on a
-good position. Some Union troops did make a lodgment on the slopes of
-Tunnel Hill in the afternoon, but a Confederate charge drove them off.
-Cleburne's soldiers held the hill.
-
-In the meantime, Hooker was in trouble--not with the enemy, but with
-Chattanooga Creek. He started for Rossville bright and early to get into
-position to strike Bragg's left. Stevenson's men, who had evacuated
-Lookout Mountain during the night, had burned the bridge across
-Chattanooga Creek and had done all they could to obstruct the roads that
-Hooker needed to march to Rossville. Hooker lost 3 hours building a
-bridge across the creek and it was late afternoon before his men took
-their places on Missionary Ridge.
-
-From his post on Orchard Knob, Grant realized that Sherman's attacks had
-failed to gain their objective and that Hooker had been delayed in
-reaching his assigned position. To relieve some of the pressure on
-Sherman, Grant ordered Thomas to move out against the Confederate center
-on Missionary Ridge.
-
-The ridge that lay before the Union troops was rough and steep. It rose
-from 200 to 400 feet higher than the level ground at its base. Its steep
-slopes were broken by ravines, strewn with boulders, and dotted with
-stumps, the latter reminders of recently felled timber. The first line
-of Confederate breastworks was at the foot of the ridge. Some unfinished
-works had been built half-way up the slope. Finally, a third line of
-works was built on the natural, instead of the military, crest of the
-hill. Thus, Confederate fire from the crest could not cover some of the
-ravine approaches.
-
-Four Union divisions--Baird, Wood, Sheridan, and R. W. Johnson, from
-left to right--started toward the ridge. The hard charging Union
-soldiers soon overwhelmed the gray defenders in the rifle pits at the
-base of the ridge. Scarcely halting, and generally without orders to
-continue, the men in blue charged up the ridge. They followed the
-retreating Confederates so closely from the rifle pits that the
-Confederates on the crest in many places hesitated to fire for fear of
-hitting their own men. It was not long before units of the Army of the
-Cumberland pierced the Confederate line in several places and sent
-Bragg's veterans reeling in retreat down the east slope of the ridge
-toward Chickamauga Creek. Sheridan pushed forward in pursuit of the
-retreating army, capturing men, artillery, and equipment. Even though
-the Confederate center had disintegrated, Hardee held his position on
-the Confederate right until darkness, and then began his withdrawal with
-Cleburne's Division covering the retreat. Bragg's army crossed
-Chickamauga Creek during the night, carrying out a surprisingly
-successful retreat.
-
-    [Illustration: _A skirmish line and regimental line behind it--Union
-    troops drilling at Chattanooga, circa January 1864. This gives a
-    conception of how the soldiers of the Civil War ordinarily fought. A
-    skirmish line moved ahead of the main regimental line, which charged
-    upon order. The Union attack on Missionary Ridge must have looked
-    something like this to watching Confederate soldiers._ From Miller,
-    _Photographic History of the Civil War_.]
-
-During the evening of the 25th, Grant issued orders to Thomas and
-Sherman to pursue Bragg. The next morning, Sherman advanced by way of
-Chickamauga Station, and Thomas' troops marched on the Rossville Road
-toward Graysville and Ringgold. In the vicinity of Ringgold, Cleburne's
-Confederates held a strong position on Taylor's Ridge covering Bragg's
-retreat. Cleburne's men repulsed a Union attack, inflicting heavy
-casualties, until Bragg's army had successfully withdrawn southward, and
-then they followed. Union troops then occupied Taylor's Ridge. There the
-pursuit stopped.
-
-This decisive Union victory raised the siege of Chattanooga.
-
-The following tabulation of strength and casualties at the Battle of
-Chattanooga is based on Livermore's studies:
-
- Army             Total      Total   Killed  Wounded  Missing    Percent
-               Strength Casualties                            Casualties
- Union           56,360      5,824      753    4,722      349         10
- Confederate     46,165      6,667      361    2,160    4,146         14
-
-
-
-
-                         _Relief of Knoxville_
-
-
-Meanwhile, in East Tennessee, Burnside attempted to hold Longstreet in
-check by abandoning territory and skirmishing when necessary, but
-avoiding any serious fight. This took Longstreet farther away from
-Chattanooga and lessened his opportunity to assist Bragg. Burnside
-gained precious time by using these tactics. Grant's plan was to "whip"
-Bragg and then help Burnside.
-
-    [Illustration: _Gen. Joseph Hooker and his staff. Hooker is sixth
-    from the right._ Courtesy National Archives.]
-
-After Missionary Ridge, with Bragg in full retreat, Thomas prepared to
-send Granger's Corps and detachments from other commands, about 20,000
-men altogether, toward Knoxville. In addition, Sherman was to march
-along the Hiwassee River to protect Granger's flank. Grant reports that
-upon "Returning from the front on the 28th, I found that Granger had not
-yet got off.... I therefore determined ... to send him [Sherman] with
-his command, and orders ... were sent him at Calhoun to assume command
-of the troops with Granger, in addition to those with him, and proceed,
-with all possible dispatch, to the relief of Burnside."
-
-    [Illustration: _Steamboat with supplies for Union Army being warped
-    up narrows of Tennessee River between Bridgeport, Ala. and
-    Chattanooga._ Courtesy National Archives.]
-
-Skirmishing was more or less continuous around Knoxville. Burnside
-followed the original plan of buying time by giving up ground and fell
-back toward Knoxville, withdrawing into the city during the night of
-November 16-17. Longstreet drew up before the city the next day, and on
-the 29th made his initial attack against the Union position at Fort
-Sanders. The assault was repulsed and before it could be renewed
-Longstreet received word of Bragg's defeat on Missionary Ridge. The
-Confederate commander deemed it necessary to maintain a threatening
-position before Knoxville until the approaching Union relief columns
-were but a day's march distant. On December 4, Longstreet began his
-retreat toward Virginia. Sherman arrived on the 6th, and preparations
-for the pursuit of Longstreet were soon under way. Burnside's command
-moved out in pursuit of Longstreet's force; Granger's Corps became the
-garrison of Knoxville; and Sherman's command returned to Chattanooga.
-
-
-
-
-                 _Effects of the Battle of Chattanooga_
-
-
-The battles around Chattanooga must be considered as ending in one of
-the most complete victories of the war. Bragg's army was defeated, men
-and material captured, and the Confederates driven south. The
-mountainous defense line which the Confederacy hoped to hold had been
-pierced and large sections of it were in Union control. Chattanooga, the
-railroad center, was now in Union hands and the interior line of
-communication from this section of the Confederacy to Richmond, by way
-of Knoxville, was destined to remain in Union control for the remainder
-of the war. Not only Chattanooga, but Knoxville and the rich,
-food-producing East Tennessee section was lost to the Confederacy. With
-this came relief for the Union sympathizers in East Tennessee. Virtually
-all of Tennessee was now under Northern control.
-
-The fortunes of war brought changes to both commanders. Bragg asked to
-be relieved from his command and went to Richmond to become military
-advisor to Jefferson Davis. President Lincoln promoted Grant, in March
-1864, to command of all Union armies in the field. Grant then left
-Chattanooga for the East, to lead the attack against General Lee in
-Virginia.
-
-
-
-
-                      _The War After Chattanooga_
-
-
-In the spring of 1864, the Union armies began to move into the heart of
-the Confederacy. Grant attached himself to the Army of the Potomac
-(General Meade) and began operations against Lee; Sherman moved against
-Gen. Joseph E. Johnston in Georgia.
-
-The Army of the Potomac launched a campaign against Richmond. In the
-bitter battles of the Wilderness and Spotsylvania Court House, in May
-1864, Grant reduced Lee's offensive power. After being repulsed at Cold
-Harbor, Grant moved against Petersburg and a 10-month siege finally
-forced Lee to evacuate the city. Lee moved westward to Appomattox Court
-House where on April 9, 1865, Grant forced him to surrender.
-
-While Lee and Grant fought it out in Virginia, Sherman, using
-Chattanooga for his base of supplies, conducted a strenuous campaign
-against the Army of Tennessee, first under Johnston and then Hood,
-finally entering Atlanta on September 2. In November, Sherman began his
-famous "march to the sea," reaching Savannah in late December. From
-there he struck northward through the Carolinas and forced the surrender
-of Joseph E. Johnston's army on April 26. By June all isolated
-Confederate forces had laid down their arms.
-
-    [Illustration: _Chattanooga from Point Park, Lookout Mountain. The
-    Cravens House and portion of "Battle above the Clouds" battlefield
-    around it lies in the foreground._]
-
-    [Illustration: CHICKAMAUGA BATTLEFIELD]
-
-
-  (1) PARK HEADQUARTERS
-  (2) FLORIDA MONUMENT
-  (3) KENTUCKY MONUMENT
-  (4) BATTLELINE ROAD
-  (5) POE ROAD
-  (6) GEORGIA MONUMENT
-  (7) BROTHERTON HOUSE
-  (8) WILDER MONUMENT
-  (9) SNODGRASS HILL
-  (A) JAY'S MILL, OPENING ATTACK, SEPT. 19
-  (B) CONFEDERATE HEADQUARTERS, SEPT. 20
-  (C) UNION HEADQUARTERS, SEPT. 19
-  (D) SOUTH CAROLINA MONUMENT
-
-
-    [Illustration: _Park Administration and Museum Building._]
-
-
-
-
-                          _Guide to the Area_
-
-
-                        CHICKAMAUGA BATTLEFIELD.
-
-A self-guided tour of the battlefield may be made by automobile. This
-8-mile tour begins at park headquarters and follows the yellow line on
-the tour road. On the gravel roads a yellow arrow points the way. Red
-markers indicate Confederate forces and blue markers show Union forces.
-As you read the markers or sight along the barrel of a field gun, you
-face the direction the troops moved at the time of the battle. There are
-several monuments of spherical, iron shells along the tour. Of these,
-the low square monuments mark the sites of various army and corps
-headquarters; the taller, triangular shaped monuments designate the
-sites where eight brigade commanders were killed during the battle.
-
-The numbered sections in the following guide correspond to location
-numbers on the map on page 46.
-
-
-1. _Park Headquarters._ It is suggested that before making the tour of
-the Chickamauga Battlefield, you stop first at park headquarters located
-on U. S. 27, where an attendant is on duty. Exhibits there describe the
-battle, and the Fuller Gun Collection is displayed.
-
-The Claud E. and Zenada O. Fuller Collection of American Military Arms
-contains almost every type of shoulder arms used by the military forces
-of America. There are several rare or unique items in the collection.
-The Harpers Ferry Blunderbuss, manufactured in 1808, and the Texas Rifle
-(1844) are the only ones known to exist. The Jenks Rifle, the pattern
-for the model 1840 Musket, the pattern for the model 1817 Rifle, and the
-Sharps, with coffeemill in the stock, are extremely rare. The
-Confederate section, while not complete, contains some outstanding
-weapons.
-
-
-2. _Florida Monument._ Immediately after leaving park headquarters, you
-will see the Florida Monument to your left on U. S. 27.
-
-
-3. _Kentucky Monument._ Bear to the left at this monument.
-
-
-4. _Battleline Road._ Make a right turn to enter Battleline Road. The
-positions of the Confederate right wing are on the left in the wooded
-area some 75 to 250 yards east of the road. Union troops occupied the
-line along the road during the second day of the battle.
-
-
-5. _Poe Road._ Cross U. S. 27 and follow Poe Road. This route is a
-continuation of the Union defense line that you have followed along
-Battleline Road. You will note in this area that several Confederate
-batteries are so situated that it would appear they must have fired into
-their own infantry. This situation resulted from Longstreet's
-breakthrough. The Confederate troops in this sector turned right after
-crossing the highway and struck the right center of the Union line. A
-careful examination of the metal markers at each battery will give the
-movements of each unit and the time element involved.
-
-A metal marker designates the site of the Poe House.
-
-    [Illustration: _Part of Fuller Gun Collection, Park Headquarters and
-    Museum Building, Chickamauga Battlefield._]
-
-    [Illustration: _Brotherton House, scene of Confederate breakthrough.
-    Chickamauga Battlefield._ Courtesy Chattanoogans, Inc.]
-
-    [Illustration: _Union monuments along Battleline Road, Chickamauga
-    Battlefield._]
-
-    [Illustration: _Georgia Monument, Chickamauga Battlefield._]
-
-    [Illustration: _Wilder Monument, Chickamauga Battlefield._]
-
-
-6. _Georgia Monument._ This imposing shaft is directly in front of you
-as you leave Poe Road to enter the main highway. Upon entering the main
-highway turn right.
-
-
-7. _Brotherton House._ (Please face the house). This reconstructed house
-marks the site of the old Brotherton home, famous for the Confederate
-breakthrough. Here Longstreet found the gap in the Union lines (to the
-rear of the house at the wooded area) and sent his troops forward. The
-Confederate troops emerged from the wooded area back of you, crossed the
-LaFayette Road, and drove westward and northward. This action was the
-turning point in the Battle of Chickamauga.
-
-The monument of shell across the highway in back of you marks Maj. Gen.
-Simon Bolivar Buckner's headquarters site.
-
-After leaving the Brotherton House, you continue for 1.1 miles and make
-a right turn. The triangular shell monument on the right along the
-highway commemorates Col. Hans C. Heg (Union).
-
-
-8. _Wilder Monument._ This imposing monument was authorized in 1892 and
-completed in 1902, to honor Col. John T. Wilder and his troops. It is
-built of Chickamauga limestone and rises to a height of 86 feet. A
-spiral staircase leads to a platform at the top where you can obtain an
-excellent view of the battlefield and surrounding area.
-
-Wilder's troops occupied the ground in this vicinity when Longstreet
-sent the left wing of the Confederate Army forward. This brigade of
-mounted infantry was armed with the Spencer repeating carbine, a
-seven-shot weapon. These troops, numbering more than 2,000 men, poured a
-deadly fire into Longstreet's veterans, but were unable to stop the
-Confederate advance. They remained on the field until the last minute
-and had to fight to get to their horses.
-
-The monument stands upon the ground where General Rosecrans had his
-headquarters on the 19th and early morning of the 20th of September
-1863.
-
-
-9. _Snodgrass Hill._ The log cabin on Snodgrass Hill marks the home of
-the Snodgrass family.
-
-The troops from the center of the Union line began to fall back toward
-this hill when Longstreet's men rushed through the gap in the Union
-line. Brannan's Division and fragments of Negley's, Wood's, and Van
-Cleve's Divisions held the positions on the hill. About 2 p. m.
-Steedman's Division arrived to reinforce the line on the extreme right.
-The Union troops held the hill during the afternoon and at dusk began
-the withdrawal that led them through McFarland's Gap and into Rossville.
-
-    [Illustration: _Union monuments at Viniard field, Chickamauga
-    Battlefield._]
-
-    [Illustration: _Snodgrass House, Chickamauga Battlefield._ Courtesy
-    Walter H. Miller.]
-
-The tour ends on Snodgrass Hill. To return to park headquarters and U.
-S. 27, please follow park headquarters signs and the yellow lines.
-
-
-                           MISSIONARY RIDGE.
-
-To reach Missionary Ridge, after leaving Chickamauga Battlefield, you
-should drive north 3 miles toward Chattanooga on U. S. 27 to Crest Road.
-A right turn on Crest Road will start you on your tour of the ridge.
-Crest Road runs the entire length of the line occupied by the
-Confederates during the Battle of Missionary Ridge. Small reservations,
-markers, monuments, tablets, and gun positions along the road provide
-information, and excellent views of Chattanooga are obtained along this
-drive. Moving northward the more important units of the park are: _Bragg
-Reservation_, where the Confederate commander had his headquarters;
-_Ohio Reservation_, an area set aside to commemorate the participation
-of Ohio troops in the battle; _DeLong Reservation_, site of one of the
-Union penetrations in the Confederate line; and _Sherman Reservation_,
-where Sherman's forces unsuccessfully attacked the north end of the
-Confederate line.
-
-Sherman Reservation marks the end of Crest Road and the park on
-Missionary Ridge.
-
-    [Illustration: _Looking north along Missionary Ridge with
-    Chattanooga and Tennessee Rivers to the left, and the Illinois
-    Monument at Bragg's Headquarters site in center foreground. This
-    point is about one-third distance from Rossville to north end of the
-    ridge._]
-
-    [Illustration: _Looking south along Missionary Ridge from DeLong
-    Reservation._]
-
-    [Illustration: CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA
-    NATIONAL MILITARY PARK
-    GEORGIA AND TENNESSEE
-    PRINCIPAL ROADS AND STREETS BETWEEN CHATTANOOGA AND PARK AREAS]
-
-    [Illustration: _Entrance to Point Park, Lookout Mountain, built to
-    resemble Army Corps of Engineers insignia._]
-
-
-                              POINT PARK.
-
-Visitors to the Chattanooga Battlefields are urged to go first to Point
-Park. There, from the terrace of the Adolph S. Ochs Observatory and
-Museum, high above the winding Tennessee River, you will have a wide
-view of the battlefields. This point is acclaimed one of the finest
-overlooks in the South. Markers throughout the area identify important
-landmarks and troop positions. A National Park Service attendant is
-there to assist you. The observatory and museum bears the name of one of
-the park's major benefactors, the late Adolph S. Ochs, Publisher of the
-_Chattanooga Times_ and the _New York Times_.
-
-The New York Monument, completed in 1907, is in the center of the area.
-
-The Cravens House, where part of the "Battle Above the Clouds" was
-fought, can be seen from the museum terrace. Near the house, stand three
-large monuments--New York, Iowa, and Ohio--honoring troops who were in
-this battle.
-
-From Lookout Point several foot trails provide interesting walks. These
-reveal unusual rock formations and provide ever changing and beautiful
-vistas of the countryside below.
-
-
-
-
-                               _The Park_
-
-
-Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park is composed of
-several separate areas, the more important of which are: Chickamauga
-Battlefield in Georgia; Point Park and the Battlefield of Lookout
-Mountain, in Tennessee; Orchard Knob in Chattanooga; a chain of small
-reservations located on Missionary Ridge; and Signal Point on Signal
-Mountain. The park contains approximately 8,190 acres of Federal land.
-
-
-
-
-                        _How to Reach the Park_
-
-
-Chickamauga Battlefield is 9 miles south of Chattanooga on U. S. 27.
-This section of the park is also reached by Georgia Route 2 connecting
-with U. S. 41 at Ringgold, Ga. Buses from Chattanooga run on a schedule
-to the battlefield throughout the week.
-
-Point Park is reached from Chattanooga by U. S. 11, 41, 64, and 72 which
-combine as they leave the city and skirt the base of Lookout Mountain.
-The Scenic Highway turns off from these highways at the base of Lookout
-Mountain and winds up the slope to the park entrance. You may also visit
-the park by means of the St. Elmo buses from Chattanooga which connect
-with the Lookout Mountain Incline Railway at the foot of the mountain.
-The top of the incline is within short walking distance of the Point
-Park entrance.
-
-    [Illustration: _The Ochs Memorial in Point Park, Lookout Mountain._]
-
-From Chattanooga, Missionary Ridge is reached by following eastward on
-U. S. 11 and 64; 41 and 76; or 27; and Tennessee Route 58. There are
-access roads to the top of the ridge and Crest Road from these highways.
-
-Orchard Knob is on Orchard Knob Avenue near McCallie Avenue (U. S. 11
-and 64) in Chattanooga.
-
-
-
-
-                           _About Your Visit_
-
-
-The park is open daily, including Sunday, throughout the year. The park
-museum and headquarters building is at the north entrance to Chickamauga
-Battlefield on U. S. 27. The museum, which has no admission fee, is open
-from 8 a. m. to 4:30 p. m. (E. S. T.) during the winter, and from 8 a.
-m. to 5 p. m. (E. S. T.) during the summer. At the museum, you will
-receive information concerning the self-guided tour. Library facilities
-are also available here. Talks and guide service are given to
-educational and special groups if arrangements are made in advance with
-the superintendent.
-
-At Point Park on Lookout Mountain, you are urged to visit the Adolph S.
-Ochs Observatory and Museum. Point Park is open from 8:30 a. m. to 4:30
-p. m. (E. S. T.) in winter and from 8 a. m. to 6 p. m. (E. S. T.) in
-summer. There is an admission fee of 25 cents. Children under 12 years
-of age, or groups of school children 18 years of age or under, when
-accompanied by adults assuming responsibility for their safety and
-orderly conduct, are admitted free.
-
-    [Illustration: _2nd Minnesota Monument, Chickamauga Battlefield._]
-
-    [Illustration: _New York Monument at Point Park, Lookout Mountain._]
-
-
-
-
-                            _Related Areas_
-
-
-Also administered by the National Park Service are two areas associated
-with the campaigns before and after the battles of Chickamauga and
-Chattanooga: Stones River National Military Park and Cemetery,
-Murfreesboro, Tenn., and Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield Park,
-Marietta, Ga. Both are less than half-a-day's drive from Chattanooga.
-Other Civil War areas administered by the National Park Service are:
-Shiloh and Fort Donelson National Military Parks, Tenn.; Vicksburg
-National Military Park, Miss.; Fort Pulaski National Monument, Ga.;
-Antietam National Battlefield Site, Md.; Gettysburg National Military
-Park, Pa.; Manassas National Battlefield Park, Fredericksburg and
-Spotsylvania National Military Park, Petersburg National Military Park,
-Richmond National Battlefield Park, and Appomattox Court House National
-Historical Park, Va.
-
-
-
-
-                            _Administration_
-
-
-Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park is administered by
-the National Park Service of the U. S. Department of the Interior.
-
-The headquarters office for the park is located at Fort Oglethorpe, Ga.
-Communications and inquiries relating to the area should be addressed to
-the Superintendent, Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park,
-Fort Oglethorpe, Ga.
-
-    [Illustration: _The Tennessee River and Lookout Mountain from the
-    east._]
-
-
-
-
-                          _Suggested Readings_
-
-
-  Alexander, E. P. _Military Memoirs of a Confederate._ Charles
-          Scribner's Sons, New York. 1907.
-  Beatty, John. _Memoirs of a Volunteer._ W. W. Norton & Co. New York.
-          1946.
-  Govan, Gilbert E., and James W. Livingood. _The Chattanooga Country
-          1540-1951._ E. P. Dutton & Co., New York. 1952.
-  Grant, U. S. _Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant. Vol. II._ Charles L.
-          Webster & Co., New York. 1886.
-  Guernsey, Alfred H., and Henry M. Alden. _Harper's Pictorial History
-          of the Great Rebellion. Part II._ Harper & Brothers, New York.
-          1866.
-  Horn, Stanley F. _The Army of Tennessee._ The Bobbs-Merrill Co.,
-          Indianapolis. 1941.
-  Johnson, Robert Underwood, and Clarence Clough Buel, Eds. _Battles and
-          Leaders of the Civil War. Vol. III._ The Century Co., New
-          York. 1884-88.
-  Livermore, Thomas L. _Numbers and Losses in the Civil War in America
-          1861-65._ Houghton Mifflin & Co., Boston. 1900.
-  Miller, Francis T. _The Photographic History of the Civil War. Vols.
-          II, V, X._ The Review of Reviews Co., New York. 1911.
-  Mottelay, Paul F., and T. Campbell-Copeland. _The Soldier in Our Civil
-          War: A Pictorial History of the Conflict, 1861-1865. Vol. II._
-          Stanley Bradley Publishing Co., New York. 1890.
-  Sheridan, P. H. _Personal Memoirs of P. H. Sheridan. Vol. I._ Charles
-          L. Webster & Co., New York. 1888.
-  Steele, Matthew Forney. _American Campaigns. Vol. I, text: Vol. II,
-          maps._ Byron S. Adams, Washington. 1909. 2 Vols.
-  United States Government. _Atlas to Accompany the Official Records of
-          the Union and Confederate Armies._ Government Printing Office,
-          Washington. 1891-95.
-  Van Horne, Thomas B. _History of the Army of the Cumberland._ Robert
-          Clarke & Co., Cincinnati. 1876. 2 Vols, and Atlas.
-
-
-
-
-                         NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
-                       HISTORICAL HANDBOOK SERIES
-
-
-(Price lists of National Park Service publications may be obtained from
-         the Superintendent of Documents, Washington 25, D.C.)
-
-
-  Antietam
-  Bandelier
-  Chalmette
-  Chickamauga and Chattanooga Battlefields
-  Custer Battlefield
-  Custis-Lee Mansion, the Robert E. Lee Memorial
-  Fort Laramie
-  Fort McHenry
-  Fort Necessity
-  Fort Pulaski
-  Fort Raleigh
-  Fort Sumter
-  George Washington Birthplace
-  Gettysburg
-  Guilford Courthouse
-  Hopewell Village
-  Independence
-  Jamestown, Virginia
-  Kings Mountain
-  The Lincoln Museum and the House Where Lincoln Died
-  Manassas (Bull Run)
-  Montezuma Castle
-  Morristown, a Military Capital of the Revolution
-  Ocmulgee
-  Petersburg Battlefields
-  Saratoga
-  Scotts Bluff
-  Shiloh
-  Statue of Liberty
-  Vanderbilt Mansion
-  Vicksburg
-  Yorktown
-
-
-    [Illustration: Endpapers]
-
-
-
-
-                          Transcriber's Notes
-
-
---Silently corrected a few typos.
-
---Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook
-  is public-domain in the country of publication.
-
---In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by
-  _underscores_.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Chickamauga and Chattanooga
-Battlefields, by James R. Sullivan
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-
-The Project Gutenberg EBook of Chickamauga and Chattanooga Battlefields, by 
-James R. Sullivan
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
-other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
-the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
-to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
-
-Title: Chickamauga and Chattanooga Battlefields
-       Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park--Georgia, Tennessee
-
-Author: James R. Sullivan
-
-Release Date: September 24, 2016 [EBook #53140]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: UTF-8
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK CHICKAMAUGA, CHATTANOOGA BATTLEFIELDS ***
-
-
-
-
-Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, Dave Morgan and the Online
-Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
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-</pre>
-
-<div id="cover" class="img">
-<img id="coverpage" src="images/cover.jpg" alt="Chickamauga and Chattanooga Battlefields" width="500" height="772" />
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p00.jpg" alt="DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR,: March 3, 1849" width="406" height="416" />
-</div>
-<p class="center">UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
-<br />Stewart L. Udall, <i>Secretary</i></p>
-<p class="center">NATIONAL PARK SERVICE
-<br />Conrad L. Wirth, <i>Director</i></p>
-<p class="tbcenter"><i>HISTORICAL HANDBOOK NUMBER TWENTY-FIVE</i></p>
-<p>This publication is one of a series of handbooks describing the
-historical and archeological areas in the National Park System
-administered by the National Park Service of the United States
-Department of the Interior. It is printed by the Government
-Printing Office and may be purchased from the Superintendent of
-Documents, Washington 25, D. C. Price 25 cents.</p>
-<h1><span class="large">Chickamauga and Chattanooga Battlefields</span>
-<br /><span class="small">CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA NATIONAL MILITARY PARK &middot; GEORGIA&mdash;TENNESSEE</span></h1>
-<p class="center"><i>by James R. Sullivan</i></p>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p00a.jpg" alt="DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR,: March 3, 1849" width="500" height="429" />
-</div>
-<p class="jr1">NATIONAL PARK SERVICE HISTORICAL HANDBOOK SERIES No. 25
-<br />Washington, D. C., 1956
-<br />(Reprint 1961)</p>
-<blockquote>
-<p><i><b>The National Park System, of which Chickamauga and
-Chattanooga National Military Park is a unit, is dedicated
-to conserving the scenic, scientific, and historic
-heritage of the United States for the benefit
-and inspiration of its people.</b></i></p>
-</blockquote>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p01.jpg" alt="NATIONAL PARK SERVICE &middot; DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR" width="362" height="460" />
-</div>
-<h2 class="center"><i>Contents</i></h2>
-<dl class="toc">
-<dt class="small"><i>Page</i></dt>
-<dt><a href="#c1">WARTIME IMPORTANCE OF CHATTANOOGA AND EAST TENNESSEE</a> 2</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c2">WINTER, 1863</a> 4</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c3">THE TULLAHOMA CAMPAIGN</a> 5</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c4">FROM TULLAHOMA TO CHICKAMAUGA</a> 8</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c5">REINFORCEMENTS FOR GENERAL BRAGG</a> 10</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c6">MANEUVER FOR POSITION</a> 13</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c7">THE BATTLE OF CHICKAMAUGA</a> 14</dt>
-<dd><a href="#c8">September 18&mdash;Preliminaries</a> 15</dd>
-<dd><a href="#c9">September 19&mdash;First Day</a> 18</dd>
-<dd><a href="#c10">September 20&mdash;Second Day</a> 19</dd>
-<dt><a href="#c11">THE SIEGE OF CHATTANOOGA</a> 24</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c12">REINFORCEMENTS FOR THE BESIEGED ARMY</a> 27</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c13">LIFTING THE SIEGE&mdash;THE BATTLE OF CHATTANOOGA</a> 33</dt>
-<dd><a href="#c14">Orchard Knob</a> 33</dd>
-<dd><a href="#c15">Sherman Moves</a> 35</dd>
-<dd><a href="#c16">The Battle Above the Clouds, November 24</a> 35</dd>
-<dd><a href="#c17">Missionary Ridge, November 25</a> 39</dd>
-<dt><a href="#c18">RELIEF OF KNOXVILLE</a> 42</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c19">EFFECTS OF THE BATTLE OF CHATTANOOGA</a> 44</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c20">THE WAR AFTER CHATTANOOGA</a> 44</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c21">GUIDE TO THE AREA</a> 47</dt>
-<dd><a href="#c22">Chickamauga Battlefield</a> 47</dd>
-<dd><a href="#c23">Missionary Ridge</a> 52</dd>
-<dd><a href="#c24">Point Park</a> 55</dd>
-<dt><a href="#c25">THE PARK</a> 56</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c26">HOW TO REACH THE PARK</a> 56</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c27">ABOUT YOUR VISIT</a> 57</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c28">RELATED AREAS</a> 59</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c29">ADMINISTRATION</a> 59</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c30">SUGGESTED READINGS</a> 60</dt>
-</dl>
-<h3>TABLES</h3>
-<dl class="toc">
-<dt><a href="#table1">1. Union Army at Chickamauga</a> 16</dt>
-<dt><a href="#table2">2. Confederate Army at Chickamauga</a> 17</dt>
-<dt><a href="#table3">3. Union Army at Chattanooga</a> 34</dt>
-<dt><a href="#table4">4. Confederate Army at Chattanooga</a> 35</dt>
-</dl>
-<div class="img" id="fig1">
-<img src="images/p02.jpg" alt="" width="1000" height="642" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Moccasin Bend of the Tennessee River from Point Park on Lookout
-Mountain.</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_1">1</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/p02a.jpg" alt="Cannon and crew." width="600" height="370" />
-</div>
-<p class="tb">In and around strategically important Chattanooga, Tenn.,
-in the autumn of 1863, there occurred some of the most complex
-maneuvers and hard fighting of the Civil War. The Confederate
-victory at Chickamauga (September 19-20) gave new hope to the South
-after the defeats at Gettysburg and Vicksburg in July of that year. At
-Chattanooga (November 23-25) Union forces under Maj. Gen. Ulysses
-S. Grant blasted this hope and prepared the way for the capture of
-Atlanta and Sherman&rsquo;s &ldquo;March to the Sea.&rdquo; Chickamauga and Chattanooga
-National Military Park, oldest and largest of the national military
-parks, commemorates the heroic soldiers of both North and South in
-the battles for the control of Chattanooga.</p>
-<p>The year 1863 proved to be one of victory for the Union forces. Three
-great campaigns took place which shaped the destiny of the war. The
-first, a decisive blow at Gettysburg, forced a Confederate army under
-Gen. Robert E. Lee to abandon its attempt to invade Northern soil.
-Lee began an orderly retreat to Virginia on July 4.</p>
-<p>On the same day, but far removed from the fields of Gettysburg, Lt.
-Gen. John C. Pemberton surrendered his army and the City of Vicksburg,
-Miss., to General Grant. The fall of Vicksburg, simultaneous
-with the victory at Gettysburg, gave heart and strength to the North,
-while Confederate morale dropped.</p>
-<p>The third campaign, Murfreesboro to Chattanooga, slow and uncertain
-in its first phases, and including later the great Confederate victory
-at Chickamauga, culminated nearly 5 months after the other two in
-ultimate victory for the North in the Battle of Chattanooga.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_2">2</div>
-<h2 id="c1"><span class="small"><i>Wartime Importance of Chattanooga and East Tennessee</i></span></h2>
-<p>Chattanooga had only 2,545 inhabitants in 1860, but its importance was
-out of all proportion to its size. Situated where the Tennessee River
-passes through the Cumberland Mountains, forming gaps, it was called
-the &ldquo;Key to East Tennessee&rdquo; and &ldquo;Gateway to the deep South.&rdquo; The
-possession of Chattanooga was vital to the Confederacy, and a coveted
-goal of the Northern armies.</p>
-<p>Chattanooga&rsquo;s principal importance during the Civil War was its
-position as a railroad center. Four lines radiated in the four principal
-directions&mdash;to the North and Middle West via Nashville, to the western
-States via Memphis, to the South and southern seaboard via Atlanta,
-and to Richmond and the North Atlantic States via Knoxville.</p>
-<p>By 1863 both sides were aware of the great advantages of strategic
-railroad lines. Lt. Gen. Braxton Bragg had made skillful use of the railroads
-in 1862, when he suddenly shifted his army from Mississippi to
-Chattanooga to begin his drive across Tennessee and into Kentucky.
-President Lincoln had long recognized the importance of railroads in
-this area. In the same year Lincoln said, &ldquo;To take and hold the railroad
-at or east of Cleveland, in East Tennessee, I think fully as important
-as the taking and holding of Richmond.&rdquo; And in 1863 Lincoln wrote
-Maj. Gen. William S. Rosecrans, &ldquo;If we can hold Chattanooga and East
-Tennessee, I think the rebellion must dwindle and die. I think you and
-[General] Burnside can do this, and hence doing so is your main object.&rdquo;</p>
-<p>The armies that traversed this region found it a fertile farming area.
-East Tennessee&rsquo;s rich grain fields supplied not only wheat, corn, and
-hay, but beef, pork, bacon, horses, and mules. It was a vital region for
-the armies of the Confederacy. It not only supported the troops that
-occupied that region, but large quantities of provisions were shipped
-to other armies.</p>
-<p>In addition to the military and economic reasons, a political factor
-had to be considered in the struggle for control of East Tennessee. The
-people there, living in a mountainous area unlike the rest of the State,
-wished to adhere to the Union. The people maintained their allegiance
-to the Old Whig party, and there was an attitude of suspicion and distrust
-toward the Democrats. They were mostly small farmers with little
-cash income, who had a dislike for the wealthy plantation- and
-slave-owning class.</p>
-<p>After fighting broke out at Fort Sumter, neighbors began to take sides.
-An uneasy truce prevailed until November 1861 when small groups of
-Union men struck blows at widely dispersed railroad bridges. The cancellation
-of a projected northern campaign into East Tennessee left the
-Unionists there without support, and the Confederates took retaliatory
-measures. Many of the Unionists in East Tennessee fled to Kentucky
-to enlist in the Union Army; others hid in the mountains. While relief
-to this section of Tennessee by the Union Army was not to come until
-1863, it was not forgotten by President Lincoln.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_3">3</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig2">
-<img src="images/p03.jpg" alt="" width="924" height="500" />
-<p class="pcap"><b><i>Wartime view of Chattanooga from north bank of the Tennessee River.</i></b>
-From <i>Harper&rsquo;s Pictorial History of the Great Rebellion</i>.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_4">4</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig3">
-<img src="images/p04.jpg" alt="" width="494" height="500" />
-<p class="pcap"><b><i>Gen. Braxton Bragg, Commander Army
-of Tennessee.</i></b> Courtesy National Archives.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig4">
-<img src="images/p04a.jpg" alt="" width="426" height="500" />
-<p class="pcap"><b><i>Maj. Gen. William S. Rosecrans, Commander
-Army of the Cumberland.</i></b>
-Courtesy National Archives.</p>
-</div>
-<h2 id="c2"><span class="small"><i>Winter 1863</i></span></h2>
-<p>After the battle of Stones River, or Murfreesboro, Tenn., December 31,
-1862, to January 2, 1863, the Union Army of the Cumberland, under
-Maj. Gen. William Rosecrans, and the Confederate Army of Tennessee,
-commanded by Gen. Braxton Bragg, remained relatively inactive for
-several months. During this time the Union forces entrenched themselves
-at Murfreesboro. General Bragg withdrew his forces southward
-and established his headquarters at Tullahoma. He placed his army in
-a defensive position to cover the routes, both rail and road, to Chattanooga.</p>
-<p>Impatient at the inaction, the War Department in Washington urged
-Rosecrans to move against Bragg&rsquo;s army. Grant, conducting his Vicksburg
-campaign, wanted pressure applied against Bragg&rsquo;s army to prevent
-all or part of it from reinforcing the Confederates in Mississippi. At
-the same time Andrew Johnson, Military Governor of Tennessee,
-reminded the authorities in Washington of the plight of the East Tennesseans.
-During this period, Maj. Gen. Ambrose E. Burnside gathered
-a Union force and made plans to invade East Tennessee.</p>
-<p>Rosecrans hesitated to move. His lack of cavalry was a disadvantage
-in gathering intelligence and prevented him from countering the Confederate
-cavalry which harassed him constantly. In June, Maj. Gen.
-<span class="pb" id="Page_5">5</span>
-Henry W. Halleck, general in chief, U. S. Army, wired Rosecrans asking
-him, &ldquo;Is it your intention to make an immediate movement forward?
-A definite answer, yes or no, is required.&rdquo; Rosecrans telegraphed: &ldquo;In
-reply to your inquiry, if immediate means tonight or tomorrow, no. If
-it means as soon as all things are ready, say five days, yes.&rdquo; On June 24,
-General Rosecrans put his army of some 60,000 men in motion.</p>
-<h2 id="c3"><span class="small"><i>The Tullahoma Campaign</i></span></h2>
-<p>The Army of the Cumberland&mdash;the Union force&mdash;had undergone a
-reorganization since the Battle of Stones River. It now comprised three
-corps: The Fourteenth, Maj. Gen. George H. Thomas in command;
-the Twentieth, Maj. Gen. Alexander McD. McCook in command; and
-the Twenty-first, Maj. Gen. Thomas L. Crittenden in command. Maj.
-Gen. David S. Stanley commanded the Cavalry Corps. Maj. Gen.
-Gordon Granger commanded the Reserve Corps.</p>
-<p>The left wing of General Bragg&rsquo;s defense line was at Shelbyville under
-Lt. Gen. Leonidas Polk and its right wing at Wartrace and Fairfield
-under Lt. Gen. William Hardee&mdash;a line nearly 13 miles long. Two Confederate
-cavalry corps occupied positions on either flank&mdash;that on the
-right at McMinnville under Maj. Gen. Joseph Wheeler, the other on
-the left at Columbia under Brig. Gen. Nathan B. Forrest. The total
-strength of the Army of Tennessee was approximately 43,000 men at
-this time.</p>
-<p>The Confederate position was good. The terrain favored a defensive
-fight. To traverse the Cumberland Plateau the Union Army would have
-to move along roads that pierced the mountains by way of Hoover&rsquo;s,
-Liberty, and Guy&rsquo;s Gaps. The railroad to Chattanooga and another road
-passed through Bellbuckle Gap. This latter route and the road by way
-of Shelbyville were well fortified. Rosecrans resolved to make a feint
-toward Shelbyville with Granger&rsquo;s Reserve Corps and most of the cavalry
-while the rest of his army moved toward the Confederate right.
-After stubborn fights at Hoover&rsquo;s and Liberty Gaps the Confederates
-withdrew toward Tullahoma. So successful was Rosecrans&rsquo; flanking
-movement that Col. John T. Wilder&rsquo;s mounted infantry brigade reached
-Decherd, on the main line of the Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad,
-and destroyed the depot and a few hundred yards of track. Although
-Wilder withdrew when superior Confederate forces appeared, his raid
-against the railroad was of great importance in forcing Bragg to evacuate
-Tullahoma.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_6">6</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig5">
-<img src="images/p05.jpg" alt="" width="1000" height="659" />
-<p class="pcap"><span class="ss">UNION ADVANCE<br />MURFREESBORO <span class="small">TO</span> CHATTANOOGA</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_8">8</div>
-<p>Rough terrain and bad weather were the worst enemies of the Union
-Army. Brig. Gen. John Beatty records in his diary that &ldquo;The road was
-exceedingly rough, and the rebels had made it impassable, for artillery,
-by rolling great rocks into it and felling trees across it.&rdquo; He frequently
-mentions the rain which fell incessantly during the campaign. His entry
-of July 5 states that &ldquo;Since we left Murfreesboro (June 24) rain has been
-falling almost constantly; today it has been coming down in torrents,
-and the low grounds around us are overflowed.&rdquo; Yet, in spite of mountains
-and rain and the Confederate Army, Rosecrans, by this series of
-brilliant flanking maneuvers, forced Bragg to evacuate Tullahoma on
-July 1 and withdraw toward Chattanooga.</p>
-<h2 id="c4"><span class="small"><i>From Tullahoma to Chickamauga</i></span></h2>
-<p>After the Tullahoma campaign, the two armies adopted their previous
-policy of remaining stationary. Each began to gather forces and equipment
-for a future struggle. The Union Army occupied a line from
-Winchester to McMinnville&mdash;the same territory the Confederates had
-occupied previously&mdash;while the Confederate General Bragg established
-his headquarters at Chattanooga. There the Army of Tennessee strengthened
-its defensive position and prepared to close the &ldquo;gate&rdquo; to further
-advances of the Army of the Cumberland.</p>
-<p>During July and August, Halleck again urged Rosecrans to move
-against Bragg&rsquo;s forces, but Rosecrans failed to budge. In the latter&rsquo;s
-judgment, three things were needed to insure a successful campaign.
-The first was ripe corn which would not be ready until August; the
-second was the repair of the railroad to the Tennessee River; and the
-third was support for his flanks. In spite of the constant flow of dispatches
-from Halleck to Rosecrans, it was not until August 16 that he
-began his movement southward to cross the river.</p>
-<p>As Rosecrans moved toward the Tennessee River and Chattanooga,
-another Union army under command of General Burnside entered east
-Tennessee to threaten Knoxville. General Bragg, supposing that the
-two armies would join forces to attack him, made urgent appeals for
-help. Though the shortage of manpower at this time was a major problem
-of the Confederacy, troops were sent hurrying to Bragg from several
-directions.</p>
-<p>Rosecrans&rsquo; strategy, after viewing several possibilities, was to cross
-the river below Chattanooga, turn the Confederate left and interrupt
-his opponent&rsquo;s communications and supply line from Atlanta. This
-movement if successful would effectively cut all railroad lines to Chattanooga,
-and Bragg would find himself shut in between Burnside on
-the north and east and Rosecrans on the west and south. To deceive
-Bragg as to the point of crossing the Tennessee River, Rosecrans sent
-Hazen&rsquo;s and Wagner&rsquo;s infantry brigades, Wilder&rsquo;s mounted infantry,
-and Minty&rsquo;s cavalry, all under the command of Brig. Gen. William B.
-Hazen, to make a feint at the river north of the town and to annoy the
-enemy as much as possible.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_9">9</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig6">
-<img src="images/p06.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="359" />
-<p class="pcap"><b><i>Union troops constructing a pontoon bridge across the Tennessee River at Bridgeport,
-Ala. Ruins of Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad bridge shown.</i></b> Courtesy Library
-of Congress.</p>
-</div>
-<p>The ruse was successful, and so thoroughly was Bragg deceived into
-thinking the attack would come from upstream on the north side of
-the Tennessee, he left the crossings below Chattanooga practically unguarded.
-Rosecrans with the bulk of his army then crossed the river in
-the vicinity of Bridgeport and Caperton&rsquo;s Ferry, Ala., and Shellmound,
-Tenn. By September 4, the Army of the Cumberland, thus meeting little
-opposition, was safely across a great barrier and was threatening Bragg
-from new positions.</p>
-<p>When Bragg learned that the Union Army had crossed the Tennessee
-below Chattanooga and was threatening his supply lines, he decided
-after much deliberation to abandon his position and retreat southward.</p>
-<p>Once the Union Army had crossed the river, Thomas&rsquo; corps marched
-toward Trenton, Ga.; McCook&rsquo;s took the road to Alpine, Ga.; and
-Crittenden moved toward Chattanooga. On the 9th of September,
-Rosecrans, believing the Confederates to be in full retreat, ordered
-McCook to press forward toward Alpine, covered by the cavalry, and
-make attempts to cut Bragg off; Crittenden to garrison Chattanooga
-with one brigade and pursue Bragg by way of the Ringgold Road with
-the rest of his force; and Thomas to continue toward Trenton.</p>
-<p>In order to understand the importance of the movements of both
-commanding generals, the geography of the country must be considered.
-When the Union commanders climbed to the top of the Lookout
-Mountain range and viewed the country, they began to have misgivings
-about their divided army. Thomas and McCook, 20 and 40 miles
-southwest of Chattanooga, respectively, found themselves on a mountain
-ribbed by ridges and hills, more than 1,000 feet above the valley
-floor. The few roads which ran over the mountain were narrow, rough,
-stony, and unusually steep.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_10">10</div>
-<p>Thomas, looking to the east, saw Pigeon Mountain, a spur that juts
-off Lookout Mountain and veers in a northeastwardly direction. The
-acute angle of these diverging mountains forms McLemore&rsquo;s Cove. Running
-into this cove from the northeast and ending there is the southern
-extremity of Missionary Ridge which begins immediately east of Chattanooga.
-Here, also, originates Chickamauga Creek which gave the
-ensuing battle its name.</p>
-<p>As the two Union corps moved eastward they found the country
-sparsely populated. There were a few farms, but most of the land was
-covered with cedar thickets and tangled undergrowth. The roads
-connecting farm and village were dry and dusty.</p>
-<p>The Union Army was now split into three distinct columns with its
-flanks more than 40 miles apart. In mountainous terrain, this made it
-impossible for them to support one another. In the period September
-10-12, corps commanders began to receive reports that a large Confederate
-force was at LaFayette, Ga. It was Bragg&rsquo;s army. He had not
-retreated as far south as Rosecrans had thought&mdash;he had stopped at
-LaFayette behind Pigeon Mountain. There he concentrated his army
-and awaited reinforcements.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig7">
-<img src="images/p07.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="389" />
-<p class="pcap"><b><i>Wooden railroad trestle at Cumberland Ravine, Ga., erected by Union Army to
-replace bridge destroyed by Confederates.</i></b> Courtesy National Archives.</p>
-</div>
-<h2 id="c5"><span class="small"><i>Reinforcements for General Bragg</i></span></h2>
-<p>General Bragg had purposely given the impression that his army was
-disorganized and in full flight before Rosecrans. Actually, however, he
-was not running away but was quietly preparing for battle and gathering
-strength as reinforcements began to reach him. Realizing that Maj.
-Gen. Simon Bolivar Buckner&rsquo;s Corps could not defend Knoxville from
-Burnside, and having no troops to spare for reinforcements, Bragg
-ordered Buckner to rejoin the Army of Tennessee. Buckner&rsquo;s Corps of
-8,000 men joined Bragg about the time the latter evacuated Chattanooga.
-Gen. Joseph E. Johnston from his army in Mississippi sent two divisions
-(about 9,000 men), under command of Major Generals John C. Breckinridge
-and W. H. T. Walker. A little later at Bragg&rsquo;s insistence Johnston
-sent two brigades, under command of Brigadier Generals John
-Gregg and Evander McNair. These brigades added 2,500 more troops
-to Bragg&rsquo;s Army.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_11">11</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig8">
-<img src="images/p07a.jpg" alt="" width="1000" height="695" />
-<p class="pcap"><span class="ss">ROUTE OF REINFORCEMENTS
-<span class="small"><i>FOR</i></span> GENERAL BRAGG <span class="small"><i>AT</i></span>
-CHICKAMAUGA</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_12">12</div>
-<p>About this same time preparations were under way to reinforce
-General Bragg further with Lt. Gen. James Longstreet&rsquo;s corps from the
-Army of Northern Virginia.</p>
-<p>The movement of Longstreet&rsquo;s troops from Virginia to reinforce
-General Bragg in Georgia was an outstanding logistical achievement
-for the Confederacy. Even though by this time railroads had become an
-important factor in the strategy of war, no major troop movement involving
-so many lines over such a long distance had yet been attempted.
-It also shows the great concern the Southern War Department felt for
-the approaching battle.</p>
-<p>From the Army of Northern Virginia to General Bragg&rsquo;s forces in
-Georgia was a distance of some 900 miles by railroad lines through Virginia,
-North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. It was necessary
-for the troops to take this longer and roundabout route of reaching
-General Bragg because General Burnside had cut the railroad line by
-way of Knoxville.</p>
-<p>By the summer of 1863 the railroads in the Confederacy were in very
-poor condition, for it had been extremely difficult to replace rails and
-rolling stock as the war continued. For the most part, the lines were
-comparatively short; were not connected at many points; lacked bridges
-across some of the major rivers; and like railroads everywhere, had different
-gauges. Sixteen different railroad lines were involved in the
-transfer as all parallel routes and all types of rolling stock were pressed
-into service.</p>
-<p>In spite of all these difficulties, however, the movement was attended
-with dispatch and secrecy. Leaving the vicinity of Orange Courthouse,
-Va., on or about September 9, the advance brigades of Longstreet&rsquo;s Corps
-were joining General Bragg 9 days later. Mrs. Mary B. Chestnut recorded
-in her diary what she saw of this troop movement:</p>
-<blockquote>
-<p>At Kingsville (S. C.) on my way to Camden, I caught a glimpse of Longstreet&rsquo;s
-Corps going past.... It was a strange sight. What seemed miles
-of platform cars, and soldiers rolled in their blankets lying in rows with
-their heads all covered, fast asleep. In their grey blankets packed in regular
-order, they looked like swathed mummies. One man nearby was writing
-on his knee. He used his cap for a desk, and he was seated on a rail.</p>
-</blockquote>
-<p>Information on the details of the movement, of the delays, the hazards
-encountered, as well as the number of men, animals, and artillery
-<span class="pb" id="Page_13">13</span>
-transported is difficult to find. A fair estimate of the number of troops
-is 15,000.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig9">
-<img src="images/p08.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="464" />
-<p class="pcap"><b><i>Longstreet&rsquo;s soldiers detraining below Ringgold, Ga., September 18, 1863. From
-there they marched into battle at Chickamauga.</i></b> A. R. Waud wartime sketch. From
-<i>Battlefields in Dixie Land and Chickamauga National Military Park</i>.</p>
-</div>
-<p>Only part of the infantry troops, and none of the artillery, arrived
-in time to participate in the Battle of Chickamauga; Longstreet himself
-was not present for the first day&rsquo;s fighting but three of his brigades were.
-The five brigades (about 9,000 men) which took part in the second day
-of battle became heroes along with their commander when they broke
-through the Union line.</p>
-<h2 id="c6"><span class="small"><i>Maneuver for Position</i></span></h2>
-<p>Bragg was aware of the isolated positions of the Union Army, and he
-saw an opportunity to strike his opponent in detail, one corps at a time,
-while they were not in supporting distance of each other. He issued
-orders to Maj. Gen. T. C. Hindman and Lt. Gen. D. H. Hill to strike
-Maj. Gen. James S. Negley&rsquo;s division of Thomas&rsquo; corps, which was in
-an advanced position at McLemore&rsquo;s Cove, but Hill failed to carry out
-his order. Bragg ordered Buckner to join Hindman which he did on
-September 10. Instead of attacking Negley, the two Confederate commanders
-decided that a different plan was needed for the situation and
-sent their recommendation to Bragg. While this correspondence passed
-back and forth, Negley withdrew and rejoined the rest of Thomas&rsquo;
-<span class="pb" id="Page_14">14</span>
-corps. The Confederates had now lost their opportunity to strike and
-possibly destroy this division.</p>
-<p>Two days later a similar situation arose with the same result&mdash;loss of
-the opportunity to strike another corps in detail. This time Bragg
-ordered Polk to move his and Walker&rsquo;s corps to Lee and Gordon&rsquo;s Mills
-to strike Union General Crittenden&rsquo;s divided force. Two of Crittenden&rsquo;s
-divisions had marched toward Ringgold; one had moved to Lee and
-Gordon&rsquo;s Mills. Polk, instead of attacking, went on the defensive and
-asked for reinforcements. For the second time in 3 days, subordinate
-Confederate commanders allowed a Union corps to regroup.</p>
-<p>Rosecrans now realized Bragg had concentrated and reinforced his
-army, and that his own force was in danger of annihilation in its
-divided condition. Accordingly he ordered General Granger, commanding
-the Reserve Corps in the vicinity of Bridgeport, Ala., to Chattanooga;
-General Crittenden to position at Lee and Gordon&rsquo;s Mills on
-Chickamauga Creek, some 12 miles south of Chattanooga; and General
-Thomas to move northward toward Crittenden as soon as he was
-joined by General McCook&rsquo;s Corps, which had been commanded to
-make haste in joining the other corps.</p>
-<p>In the hurried concentration of the Army of the Cumberland, McCook
-withdrew from Alpine and chose to retrace his way by crossing over
-Lookout Mountain, thence up Lookout Valley where he had to recross
-the mountain to join General Thomas. It took McCook approximately
-5 days (September 13 to 17) to complete this movement, greatly to the
-consternation of Rosecrans who had expected McCook to follow the
-shorter route on top of Lookout Mountain or roads through McLemore&rsquo;s
-Cove. Some of the troops, however, such as the Second Division, did
-forced marches in some instances of 25 miles in a day.</p>
-<p>Bragg made no effort to prevent this concentration of the Union
-forces, and during the night of September 17 the three corps were within
-supporting distance of each other. The Union left was at Lee and Gordon&rsquo;s
-Mills, and from there the line extended west and south through
-McLemore&rsquo;s Cove to Stevens Gap through Lookout Mountain.</p>
-<h2 id="c7"><span class="small"><i>The Battle of Chickamauga</i></span></h2>
-<p>Chafing over the failure of his subordinate commanders to strike the
-divided units of Rosecrans&rsquo; army and wishing to seize the initiative,
-General Bragg had his troops do an &ldquo;about face.&rdquo; Turning northward,
-he planned an all-out attack on General Crittenden who had been following
-in his rear since the evacuation of Chattanooga and was now at
-Lee and Gordon&rsquo;s Mills. General Bragg moved his troops northward
-on the east side of the Chickamauga Creek. His plan was to cross the
-Chickamauga north of Lee and Gordon&rsquo;s Mills, seize the roads leading
-<span class="pb" id="Page_15">15</span>
-to Chattanooga, bear down on Crittenden, and crush this corps or drive
-it back into the Union center in McLemore&rsquo;s Cove. By turning the
-Union left in this manner, he hoped to force Rosecrans back into the
-mountains and to reoccupy Chattanooga.</p>
-<p>Maj. Gen. John B. Hood (Longstreet&rsquo;s Corps) and Brig. Gen. Bushrod
-Johnson&rsquo;s troops were to cross at Reeds Bridge and turn left;
-Walker&rsquo;s Corps to cross at Alexander&rsquo;s Bridge; Buckner to cross at
-Tedford&rsquo;s Ford; Lt. Gen. Leonidas Polk&rsquo;s Corps to cross at Lee and
-Gordon&rsquo;s Mills; and Hill&rsquo;s Corps to cover the Confederate left.</p>
-<p>Bragg did not seem to suspect that Rosecrans had guessed his intentions,
-and was hurriedly moving to support Crittenden and deploying
-his troops so as to protect the roads to Chattanooga.</p>
-<h3 id="c8"><span class="sc">SEPTEMBER 18&mdash;PRELIMINARIES.</span></h3>
-<p>On the morning of the 18th the three
-advanced brigades of Longstreet&rsquo;s Corps from Virginia arrived at Ringgold.
-One brigade immediately joined Bushrod Johnson&rsquo;s division as it
-prepared to cross Chickamauga Creek at Reed&rsquo;s Bridge. Union cavalry
-under Col. Robert H. G. Minty and mounted infantry under command
-of Col. John T. Wilder, guarding the bridges, offered stout resistance
-and delayed the crossing of the southern troops for several hours.
-During the skirmishing, Minty&rsquo;s men dismantled Alexander&rsquo;s Bridge
-and forced Walker to proceed to Lambert&rsquo;s Ford, a half-mile downstream.
-The Confederates used other fords and crossings throughout
-the late afternoon and night as all of Bragg&rsquo;s forces, except three divisions,
-crossed to the west side of Chickamauga Creek.</p>
-<p>The Union forces were not idle, and during the night Rosecrans
-moved Thomas&rsquo; corps northeastward above and back of Crittenden, so
-that Bragg would not outflank the Federal line. Negley&rsquo;s Division remained
-near Crawfish Springs (now Chickamauga), Maj. Gen. Joseph
-J. Reynolds&rsquo; Division near Widow Glenn&rsquo;s, and Brigadier Generals
-Absalom Baird&rsquo;s and John M. Brannan&rsquo;s Divisions covered the roads
-leading to Reed&rsquo;s and Alexander&rsquo;s Bridges. General McCook&rsquo;s Corps
-moved to position in McLemore&rsquo;s Cove.</p>
-<p>The situation at dawn on the 19th found the two armies facing each
-other over a stretch of several miles along the banks of the Chickamauga.
-Rosecrans had been able in a short time to maneuver the
-Army of the Cumberland into position so that it interposed between
-Bragg and Chattanooga. His Reserve Corps under General Granger
-was at McAfee&rsquo;s Church, near Rossville. Thomas&rsquo; Fourteenth Army
-Corps composed the Union&rsquo;s left a few miles south of Granger, and
-formed a southwesterly line to Crawfish Spring where it joined
-McCook, forming the right in McLemore&rsquo;s Cove. Crittenden&rsquo;s
-Twenty-First Army Corps remained concentrated at Lee and Gordon&rsquo;s
-Mills, somewhat in front of the other two corps, to protect the Union
-<span class="pb" id="Page_16">16</span>
-center.</p>
-<div class="box">
-<p class="center"><a class="sc" id="table1">Table 1.</a>&mdash;<i>Union Army at Chickamauga</i></p>
-<p class="center"><i>Army of the Cumberland</i>&mdash;<span class="sc">Maj. Gen. William S. Rosecrans</span></p>
-<dl class="undent"><dt><i>Fourteenth Army Corps</i>&mdash;<span class="sc">Maj. Gen. George H. Thomas</span></dt>
-<dd class="t">1st Division&mdash;Brig. Gen. Absalom Baird</dd>
-<dd class="t">2d Division&mdash;Maj. Gen. James S. Negley</dd>
-<dd class="t">3d Division&mdash;Brig. Gen. John M. Brannan</dd>
-<dd class="t">4th Division&mdash;Maj. Gen. Joseph J. Reynolds</dd>
-<dt><i>Twentieth Army Corps</i>&mdash;<span class="sc">Maj. Gen. Alexander McD. McCook</span></dt>
-<dd class="t">1st Division&mdash;Brig. Gen. Jefferson C. Davis</dd>
-<dd class="t">2d Division&mdash;Brig. Gen. Richard W. Johnson</dd>
-<dd class="t">3d Division&mdash;Maj. Gen. Philip H. Sheridan</dd>
-<dt><i>Twenty-first Army Corps</i>&mdash;<span class="sc">Maj. Gen. Thomas L. Crittenden</span></dt>
-<dd class="t">1st Division&mdash;Brig. Gen. Thomas J. Wood</dd>
-<dd class="t">2d Division&mdash;Maj. Gen. John M. Palmer</dd>
-<dd class="t">3d Division&mdash;Brig. Gen. H. P. Van Cleve</dd>
-<dt><i>Reserve Corps</i>&mdash;<span class="sc">Maj. Gen. Gordon Granger</span></dt>
-<dd class="t">1st Division&mdash;Brig. Gen. James B. Steedman</dd>
-<dd class="t">2d Division&mdash;Col. Daniel McCook</dd>
-<dt><i>Cavalry Corps</i>&mdash;<span class="sc">Brig. Gen. Robert B. Mitchell</span></dt>
-<dd class="t">1st Division&mdash;Col. Edward M. McCook</dd>
-<dd class="t">2d Division&mdash;Brig. Gen. George Crook</dd></dl>
-</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig10">
-<img src="images/p09.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="542" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>&ldquo;The First Gun at Chickamauga.&rdquo; Confederates open fire on Union cavalry at Reed&rsquo;s
-Bridge.</i> A. R. Waud wartime sketch. From Brown, <i>The Mountain Campaign in Georgia</i>.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_17">17</div>
-<div class="box">
-<p class="center"><a class="sc" id="table2">Table 2.</a>&mdash;<i>Confederate Army at Chickamauga</i></p>
-<p class="center"><i>Army of Tennessee</i>&mdash;<span class="sc">Gen. Braxton Bragg</span><a class="fn" id="fr_1" href="#fn_1">[1]</a></p>
-<dl class="undent"><dt><i>Right Wing</i>&mdash;<span class="sc">Lt. Gen. Leonidas Polk</span></dt>
-<dd class="t"><i>Cheatham&rsquo;s Division</i>&mdash;<span class="sc">Maj. Gen. B. F. Cheatham</span></dd>
-<dd class="t"><i>Hill&rsquo;s Corps</i>&mdash;<span class="sc">Lt. Gen. Daniel H. Hill</span></dd>
-<dd class="t3">Cleburne&rsquo;s Division&mdash;Maj. Gen. P. R. Cleburne</dd>
-<dd class="t3">Breckinridge&rsquo;s Division&mdash;Maj. Gen. J. C. Breckinridge</dd>
-<dd class="t"><i>Reserve Corps</i>&mdash;<span class="sc">Maj. Gen. W. H. T. Walker</span></dd>
-<dd class="t3">Walker&rsquo;s Division&mdash;Brig. Gen. S. R. Gist</dd>
-<dd class="t3">Liddell&rsquo;s Division&mdash;Brig. Gen. St. John R. Liddell</dd>
-<dt><i>Left Wing</i>&mdash;<span class="sc">Lt. Gen. James Longstreet</span></dt>
-<dd class="t"><i>Hindman&rsquo;s Division</i>&mdash;<span class="sc">Maj. Gen. T. C. Hindman</span></dd>
-<dd class="t"><i>Buckner&rsquo;s Corps</i>&mdash;<span class="sc">Maj. Gen. Simon B. Buckner</span></dd>
-<dd class="t3">Stewart&rsquo;s Division&mdash;Maj. Gen. Alexander P. Stewart</dd>
-<dd class="t3">Preston&rsquo;s Division&mdash;Brig. Gen. William Preston</dd>
-<dd class="t3">Johnson&rsquo;s Division&mdash;Brig. Gen. Bushrod R. Johnson</dd>
-<dd class="t"><i>Longstreet&rsquo;s Corps</i>&mdash;<span class="sc">Maj. Gen. John B. Hood</span></dd>
-<dd class="t3">McLaw&rsquo;s Division&mdash;Brig. Gen. Joseph B. Kershaw</dd>
-<dd class="t3">Hood&rsquo;s Division&mdash;Maj. Gen. John B. Hood, Brig. Gen. E. McIver Law</dd>
-<dd class="t"><i>Corps Artillery</i><a class="fn" id="fr_2" href="#fn_2">[2]</a>&mdash;<span class="sc">Col. E. Porter Alexander</span></dd>
-<dd class="t"><i>Reserve Artillery, Army of Tennessee</i>&mdash;<span class="sc">Maj. Felix H. Robertson</span></dd>
-<dd class="t"><i>Cavalry</i>&mdash;<span class="sc">Maj. Gen. Joseph Wheeler</span></dd>
-<dd class="t3">Wharton&rsquo;s Division&mdash;Brig. Gen. John A. Wharton</dd>
-<dd class="t3">Martin&rsquo;s Division&mdash;Brig. Gen. William T. Martin</dd>
-<dd class="t3">Forrest&rsquo;s Corps&mdash;Brig. Gen. N. B. Forrest</dd>
-<dd class="t5">Armstrong&rsquo;s Division&mdash;Brig. Gen. Frank C. Armstrong</dd>
-<dd class="t5">Pegram&rsquo;s Division&mdash;Brig. Gen. John Pegram</dd></dl>
-</div>
-<div class="fnblock"><div class="fndef"><a class="fn"  id="fn_1" href="#fr_1">[1]</a>General Bragg&rsquo;s army was composed of Polk&rsquo;s, Hill&rsquo;s, Buckner&rsquo;s, Longstreet&rsquo;s (Hood&rsquo;s), and Walker&rsquo;s (Reserve) Corps of infantry, and Wheeler&rsquo;s and Forrest&rsquo;s Corps of cavalry. For the second day&rsquo;s fight the army was divided into two wings. General Polk commanding the right and General Longstreet the left.
-</div><div class="fndef"><a class="fn"  id="fn_2" href="#fr_2">[2]</a>In transit, did not take part in the battle.
-</div>
-</div>
-<p>Bragg&rsquo;s Army of Tennessee, except three divisions, was concentrated
-on the west side of the Chickamauga from Reeds Bridge almost to
-Dalton&rsquo;s Ford, near Lee and Gordon&rsquo;s Mills. The divisions had been
-shuffled around during the night, and remained so for the first day&rsquo;s
-battle. Brig. Gen. Nathan Bedford Forrest&rsquo;s cavalry held the right
-flank at Reeds Bridge; then, in succession toward the left (south),
-were Walker&rsquo;s Corps; Maj. Gen. Benjamin F. Cheatham&rsquo;s Division
-(Polk&rsquo;s Corps); Longstreet&rsquo;s Corps (under Maj. Gen. John B. Hood);
-and Buckner&rsquo;s Corps. On the east side of the stream and forming the
-<span class="pb" id="Page_18">18</span>
-right were Maj. Gen. Patrick R. Cleburne&rsquo;s Division (Hill&rsquo;s Corps),
-preparing to cross at Tedford&rsquo;s Ford; Maj. Gen. T. C. Hindman&rsquo;s Division
-(Polk&rsquo;s Corps) opposite Lee and Gordon&rsquo;s Mills; and Maj. Gen.
-John C. Breckinridge&rsquo;s Division (Hill&rsquo;s Corps) forming the extreme
-left opposite Glass&rsquo; Mill. Maj. Gen. Joseph Wheeler&rsquo;s cavalry, stationed
-at the upper fords of the Chickamauga, held the left flank.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig11">
-<img src="images/p10.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="591" />
-<p class="pcap"><b><i>Maj. Gen. George H. Thomas, &ldquo;The
-Rock of Chickamauga.&rdquo;</i></b> Courtesy National
-Archives.</p>
-</div>
-<p>Neither army knew the exact position of the other as they maneuvered
-for position during the night. The densely wooded area, covered
-with tangled undergrowth, brambles and cedar thickets, prevented easy
-movement or good observation, and many of the officers had difficulty
-keeping in touch with their own commands.</p>
-<p>The armies were so close to each other, in some instances only a
-few hundred yards apart, that it was inevitable a clash would soon take
-place, but at what point no one could say.</p>
-<h3 id="c9"><span class="sc">SEPTEMBER 19&mdash;FIRST DAY.</span></h3>
-<p>Early in the morning of September 19,
-Thomas ordered Brannan forward to reconnoiter the Confederate
-forces which had crossed the Chickamauga. In this manner, Col. John
-T. Croxton&rsquo;s brigade of infantry accidentally ran into some of Forrest&rsquo;s
-cavalry, which were dismounted and serving as infantry, at Jay&rsquo;s Mill
-near Reed&rsquo;s Bridge. And so the battle began.</p>
-<p>Croxton drove Forrest back, but reinforcements hurried to the latter
-forced Croxton to give ground. Suddenly the commanding generals
-realized that a major conflict was upon them, and they hurriedly sent
-troops into the fight as first one side and then the other gained the
-upper hand. Rosecrans, by rapid and forced marches, brought up his
-troops from Crawfish Springs. Bragg ordered his left wing divisions to
-cross to the west side of the Chickamauga. By mid-afternoon major
-fighting had spread along a jagged line some 3 miles in length. All
-the Union divisions, with the exception of Granger&rsquo;s reserve force, became
-involved. The Confederate troops were also largely engaged,
-<span class="pb" id="Page_19">19</span>
-except Hindman and Breckinridge who crossed over during the late
-afternoon and night.</p>
-<p>When the battle ended for the day, little progress could be shown
-by either side. The fighting had been furious and without much plan.
-Bragg&rsquo;s troops had reached the LaFayette-Chattanooga Road but were
-not able to hold the position. Neither side could claim a victory. Bragg
-had failed to crush the Union left, and Rosecrans remained in possession
-of the roads to Chattanooga. The losses on both sides were heavy.</p>
-<p>As night fell and darkness settled over the battlefield the fighting
-stopped, but there was little rest for the weary soldiers. Rosecrans
-brought the Army of the Cumberland into a more compact defensive
-line; Thomas&rsquo; Corps, heavily reinforced, formed the left in a bulge east
-of the LaFayette Road at Kelly&rsquo;s Field.</p>
-<p>Throughout the night the Confederates heard the ring of axes as the
-Union troops cut trees and logs to form breastworks. McCook&rsquo;s Corps
-in the center faced LaFayette Road; Crittenden&rsquo;s Corps on the right
-was a little withdrawn west of the road.</p>
-<p>During the night, Longstreet arrived with two more brigades ready
-for action. Bragg then decided to form the Army of Tennessee into
-two wings for offensive action the next day. He placed General Polk
-in command of the right wing and General Longstreet the left. The
-Confederate Army, facing west between Chickamauga Creek and the
-LaFayette Road formed a line more or less parallel with the road.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig12">
-<img src="images/p10a.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="370" />
-<p class="pcap"><b><i>Confederate line of battle in woods at Chickamauga.</i></b> From <i>Battles and Leaders of the
-Civil War</i>.</p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c10"><span class="sc">SEPTEMBER 20&mdash;SECOND DAY.</span></h3>
-<p>General Bragg issued orders to his subordinates
-to resume the battle at daybreak. On the Confederate right
-Breckinridge&rsquo;s Division was to begin the attack which would be taken
-up by successive divisions to the left. Sunday morning came. Daylight
-began to creep over the battlefield. The sun rose, but no attack came.
-Bragg waited impatiently. Finally, the orders reached Hill at 7:30 a.m.
-Further delay followed as the troops moved into position. About 9:30
-a.m. Breckinridge advanced to attack, followed by Cleburne. The extreme
-left of the Union line fell back, but the fire from the Union
-breastworks halted further Confederate advance. Reinforcements hurried
-to Thomas. In further fighting at this part of the line neither side
-made any considerable gain, as Rosecrans sought to hold his left
-against Polk&rsquo;s furious attacks. Almost equally matched, neither
-Thomas nor Polk could show any appreciable gains throughout the
-morning. About 11 o&rsquo;clock a lull occurred as Longstreet&rsquo;s wing prepared
-to move against the center in Bragg&rsquo;s plan of attack.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_20">20</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig13">
-<img src="images/p11.jpg" alt="" width="699" height="1001" />
-<p class="pcap"><span class="ss">THE BATTLE OF CHICKAMAUGA
-<br /><span class="small">SEPTEMBER 20, 1863</span></span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_21">21</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig14">
-<img src="images/p11a.jpg" alt="" width="392" height="500" />
-<p class="pcap"><b><i>Lt. Gen. James Longstreet.</i></b> Courtesy
-National Archives.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig15">
-<img src="images/p11b.jpg" alt="" width="466" height="500" />
-<p class="pcap"><b><i>Lt. Gen. Leonidas Polk.</i></b> Courtesy National
-Archives.</p>
-</div>
-<p>The Union center at which Longstreet pointed his attack was held
-by Brig. Gen. Thomas J. Wood&rsquo;s Division which had replaced Negley&rsquo;s
-Division in the line when the latter had reinforced Thomas early in
-the morning. To the immediate left of Wood were the troops of Brannan&rsquo;s
-Division, and on Brannan&rsquo;s left, Maj. Gen. Joseph J. Reynolds&rsquo;
-Division.</p>
-<p>An hour before noon as the Confederate right wing poised to strike,
-an irreparable blunder occurred on the Union side. A staff officer riding
-from Thomas&rsquo; headquarters near Kelly Field reported to Rosecrans
-that he had noticed Brannan&rsquo;s Division was out of line and believed
-&ldquo;General Reynolds&rsquo; right was exposed.&rdquo; Rosecrans, without further investigation,
-immediately ordered Wood to &ldquo;close up on Reynolds as
-fast as possible and support him.&rdquo; In order to do this, Wood had to
-pull his division out of line and march behind Brannan&rsquo;s Division toward
-Reynolds. Wood&rsquo;s division had left its place in the line, creating
-a true gap where none had actually existed before, and had started to
-march northward behind Brannan when Longstreet&rsquo;s column of five
-divisions accidentally struck into the gap.</p>
-<p>Longstreet&rsquo;s attack hit Wood&rsquo;s and Brannan&rsquo;s Divisions on their
-exposed flank and drove them from the immediate field of battle. On
-the other side of the gap the Confederates struck Brig. Gen. Jefferson
-C. Davis&rsquo; Division, which was marching up to take Wood&rsquo;s place in
-the line, and Maj. Gen. Philip H. Sheridan&rsquo;s Division in flank. In a
-<span class="pb" id="Page_22">22</span>
-very short time the entire Union right flank was in disorder and
-driven from the field. Wilder&rsquo;s brigade on the extreme right made a
-valiant stand for a while, employing to good effect the heavy fire
-power of the Spencer repeating carbine with which it was armed.
-Nothing, however, seemed to daunt the onrush of the Confederates,
-and Wilder withdrew for fear of being cut off from escape.</p>
-<p>The routed divisions from the Union right withdrew northwestward
-through McFarland&rsquo;s Gap to Rossville. Generals Rosecrans, Crittenden,
-and McCook were caught in the breakthrough and fled the field.
-General Thomas was now in command of the Union forces left there.</p>
-<p>The altered conditions of the battlefield now dictated a change in
-Confederate strategy. The original plan of enveloping the Union left
-changed to a sweep from the Union right to the left. A pause in the
-fighting enabled Thomas to form a new line quickly to his rear on Snodgrass
-Hill, almost at a right angle with the Union left. From this
-vantage point he met the onslaught of Longstreet&rsquo;s troops with such
-stubborn and determined resistance on that Sunday afternoon that he
-earned the name &ldquo;Rock of Chickamauga.&rdquo;</p>
-<p>The Union line on Snodgrass Hill was composed of Brannan&rsquo;s Division
-with fragments of Wood&rsquo;s, Negley&rsquo;s, and Van Cleve&rsquo;s Divisions.
-Longstreet vigorously assaulted the line again and again and nearly
-succeeded in enveloping Brannan&rsquo;s right. Confederate success seemed
-assured as Thomas&rsquo; troops were hard hit and were short of ammunition,
-but at this moment unexpected reinforcements reached General
-Thomas.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig16">
-<img src="images/p12.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="430" />
-<p class="pcap"><b><i>The Battle of Chickamauga. Scene from diorama in the Museum, Park Headquarters
-Building.</i></b></p>
-</div>
-<p>General Granger, without orders and following the sound of battle,
-had hastened to the aid of Thomas. He arrived at Snodgrass Hill at
-a very opportune moment and just in time to stop the Confederates
-<span class="pb" id="Page_23">23</span>
-from enveloping Brannan&rsquo;s right. A fierce engagement took place as
-Brig. Gen. James B. Steedman&rsquo;s Division of Granger&rsquo;s Corps forced
-the southern troops from the crest of the hill.</p>
-<p>Midafternoon found Longstreet once again attempting to wrest the
-hill from Thomas&rsquo; troops, using McLaw&rsquo;s, Hindman&rsquo;s, and Bushrod
-Johnson&rsquo;s Divisions, and again he was repulsed. Later in the afternoon,
-Longstreet asked Bragg for reinforcements but was told none were
-available and that the right wing &ldquo;had been beaten back so badly that
-they could be of no service&rdquo; to him. Longstreet determined to make
-one more effort. He formed a column of such troops as were available
-and again assaulted the hill. The fight was desperate and lasted until
-nightfall. The Union troops repulsed some of the Confederate charges
-with the bayonet as their ammunition was nearly exhausted. Finally,
-Longstreet pushed Steedman back to the next ridge and occupied the
-ground to the right of Brannan.</p>
-<p>The left of the Union line around Kelly Field spent a relatively
-quiet afternoon compared to their comrades on Snodgrass Hill. However,
-about 4 p.m., the divisions of Hill&rsquo;s corps and part of Walker&rsquo;s
-again assaulted the Union positions there. By 6 p.m., Cheatham&rsquo;s
-Division had joined the attack. This attack succeeded in enveloping
-the Union left, and the road to Rossville, through Rossville Gap, was
-cut off for the moment.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig17">
-<img src="images/p12a.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="415" />
-<p class="pcap"><b><i>Headquarters, Maj. Gen. Gordon Granger, Reserve Corps, Army of the Cumberland,
-at Rossville Gap. The house was built by John Ross, Cherokee Indian Chief, who
-lived in it until 1832. Ross gave his name to the village in the gap.</i></b> From Elson,
-<i>The Civil War Through the Camera</i>.</p>
-</div>
-<p>In the meantime, Thomas received orders from Rosecrans to
-&ldquo;Assume command of all the forces, and with Crittenden and McCook
-take a strong position and assume a threatening attitude at Rossville.&rdquo;
-Although Thomas received these orders with little delay, it was late
-<span class="pb" id="Page_24">24</span>
-afternoon before he sent instructions to Reynolds to begin the withdrawal
-and move into position to cover the retirement of the other
-troops on the left. In executing this movement, Reynolds was forced to
-drive off the Confederate troops who had begun to envelop the Union
-left. The Union army withdrew in relatively good order. The troops
-holding Kelly Field moved out first, followed by those who had stubbornly
-resisted Longstreet&rsquo;s attacks upon Snodgrass Hill.</p>
-<p>While the retreat from the battlelines may have been in &ldquo;good
-order,&rdquo; General Beatty&rsquo;s description of the march to Rossville amply
-describes the scene: &ldquo;The march to Rossville was a melancholy one.
-All along the road, for miles, wounded men were lying. They had
-crawled or hobbled slowly away from the fury of the battle, become
-exhausted, and lain down by the roadside to die.&rdquo; Beatty reached Rossville
-between &ldquo;ten and eleven&rdquo; and reported, &ldquo;At this hour of the
-night (eleven to twelve o&rsquo;clock) the army is simply a mob. There appears
-to be neither organization nor discipline. The various commands
-are mixed up in what seems to be inextricable confusion.&rdquo;</p>
-<p>Nevertheless, Thomas placed his forces at Rossville Gap and along
-Missionary Ridge in preparation against further attacks. The morning
-of the 21st found the Union Army of the Cumberland more or less
-reorganized. With the exception of some skirmishing, the Union
-forces were not molested.</p>
-<p>The losses on both sides were appalling and the percentages surprisingly
-equal. The following tabulation of casualties at the Battle of
-Chickamauga is based on Thomas L. Livermore&rsquo;s <i>Numbers and Losses in
-the Civil War in America, 1861-65</i>:</p>
-<table class="center" summary="">
-<tr class="th"><th>Army </th><th>Total Strength </th><th>Total Casualties </th><th>Killed </th><th>Wounded </th><th>Missing </th><th>Percent Casualties</th></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Union </td><td class="r">58,222 </td><td class="r">16,170 </td><td class="r">1,657 </td><td class="r">9,756 </td><td class="r">4,757 </td><td class="r">28</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Confederate </td><td class="r">66,326 </td><td class="r">18,454 </td><td class="r">2,312 </td><td class="r">14,674 </td><td class="r">1,468 </td><td class="r">28</td></tr>
-</table>
-<h2 id="c11"><span class="small"><i>The Siege of Chattanooga</i></span></h2>
-<p>Thomas remained in position at Rossville throughout the 21st, but it
-was evident that the Confederates could turn his right flank and cut
-him off from Chattanooga. He suggested to Rosecrans that the Union
-Army concentrate at Chattanooga. In anticipation of receiving an order
-to withdraw to the town, Thomas instructed his officers to prepare
-their commands for the movement. Rosecrans adopted the suggestion
-and that evening Thomas withdrew the Union forces to Chattanooga.
-All wagons, ambulances, and surplus artillery had already departed for
-Chattanooga during the day. By morning of September 22, all Union
-troops were in position in the town.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_25">25</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig18">
-<img src="images/p13.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="384" />
-<p class="pcap"><b><i>Wartime view. Lee and Gordon&rsquo;s Mills, Chickamauga Battlefield.</i></b> Courtesy National
-Archives.</p>
-</div>
-<p>The situation in which the men in blue found themselves in Chattanooga
-was not pleasant. The Tennessee River walled them in on the
-north, although a pontoon bridge and two ferries offered escape possibilities.
-Lookout Mountain blocked the way on the west, and Missionary
-Ridge to the east and south, now held by the Confederates, completed
-the circle.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig19">
-<img src="images/p13a.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="374" />
-<p class="pcap"><b><i>Wartime view of Chattanooga in 1863&mdash;Lookout Mountain in distance.</i></b> Courtesy
-National Archives.</p>
-</div>
-<p>Bragg issued orders for the pursuit of the Army of the Cumberland,
-then countermanded them. Instead, the Confederate troops began to
-take up siege positions around Chattanooga. In these positions the
-Confederates dominated the Union lines. Bragg&rsquo;s men controlled all
-the railroads leading into the town; Confederate batteries and sharpshooters
-commanded the Tennessee River, and river traffic ceased; they
-controlled the roads on the south side of the river and kept under fire
-the one road north of the river leading to Bridgeport, the nearest
-Union supply base. Only the road over Walden&rsquo;s Ridge and down
-through the Sequatchie Valley to Bridgeport was open to General
-Rosecrans.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_26">26</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig20">
-<img src="images/p14.jpg" alt="" width="468" height="600" />
-<p class="pcap"><b><i>Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant.</i></b>
-Courtesy National Archives.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig21">
-<img src="images/p14a.jpg" alt="" width="404" height="600" />
-<p class="pcap"><b><i>Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman.</i></b>
-Courtesy National Archives.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_27">27</div>
-<h2 id="c12"><span class="small"><i>Reinforcements for the Besieged Army</i></span></h2>
-<p>As early as September 13, General in Chief Halleck ordered reinforcements
-sent to Rosecrans. His dispatches on September 13, 14, and 15
-to Major Generals Hurlbut at Memphis and Grant and Sherman at
-Vicksburg directed the troop movements. These dispatches, however,
-were delayed for several days en route from Cairo to Memphis and, in
-the meantime, the Battle of Chickamauga was fought. Grant received
-the orders on the 22nd and immediately instructed four divisions
-under Sherman to march to Chattanooga.</p>
-<p>One division of the Seventeenth Corps, already in transit from
-Vicksburg to Helena, Ark., was ordered to proceed on to Memphis.
-General Sherman quickly brought three divisions of his Fifteenth
-Army Corps from the vicinity of the Big Black River into Vicksburg,
-where they embarked as fast as water transportation could be provided.
-By October 3, all of the movement of 17,000 men was under way.</p>
-<p>The route of travel was by boat to Memphis, then by railroad and
-overland marches to Chattanooga. From Memphis the troops followed
-closely the Memphis and Charleston Railroad, which Sherman was
-ordered to repair as he advanced. By November 15, the troops were at
-Bridgeport, Ala., having traveled a distance of 675 miles.</p>
-<p>When the War Department in Washington received word that the
-Army of the Cumberland was besieged in Chattanooga, it considered
-the situation so critical that President Lincoln was called out of bed
-late at night to attend a council meeting. This meeting occurred on
-the night of September 23, and is described by Nicolay and Hay:</p>
-<blockquote>
-<p>Immediately on receipt of Rosecrans&rsquo; dispatch, Mr. Stanton sent one of
-the President&rsquo;s secretaries who was standing by to the Soldier&rsquo;s Home,
-where the President was sleeping. A little startled by the unwonted summons,&mdash;for
-this was &ldquo;the first time&rdquo; he said, Stanton had ever sent for
-him,&mdash;the President mounted his horse and rode in through the moonlight
-to the War Department to preside over an improvised council to
-consider the subject of reinforcing Rosecrans.</p>
-<p>There were present General Halleck, Stanton, Seward and Chase of the
-Cabinet; P. H. Watson and James A. Hardie of the War Department,
-and General D. C. McCallum, Superintendent of Military Transportation.
-After a brief debate, it was resolved to detach the Eleventh and Twelfth
-Corps from the Army of the Potomac, General Hooker to be placed in
-command of both....</p>
-</blockquote>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_28">28</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig22">
-<img src="images/p15.jpg" alt="" width="1000" height="716" />
-<p class="pcap"><span class="ss">ROUTE OF UNION REINFORCEMENTS
-<br /><span class="small">MOVEMENTS, SEPT. 22-OCT. 15, 1863</span></span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_30">30</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig23">
-<img src="images/p16.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="346" />
-<p class="pcap"><b><i>Chattanooga headquarters of General Rosecrans during the siege.</i></b> Courtesy National
-Archives.</p>
-</div>
-<p>The movement of the Eleventh and Twelfth Army Corps from the
-Army of the Potomac to Tennessee eclipsed all other such troop movements
-by rail up to that time. It represented a high degree of cooperation
-between the railroads and the government and was a singular
-triumph of skill and planning. It also shows the great importance the
-War Department attached to the Chattanooga campaign.</p>
-<p>The troops began to entrain at Manassas Junction and Bealton Station,
-Va., on September 25, and 5 days later on September 30 the first
-trains arrived at Bridgeport, Ala. The route traveled was by way of
-Washington, D. C.; Baltimore, Md.; Bellaire and Columbus, Ohio;
-Indianapolis, Ind.; Louisville, Ky.; Nashville, Tenn.; and Bridgeport,
-Ala. Several major railroad lines, including the Baltimore and Ohio,
-Central Ohio, Louisville and Nashville, and Nashville and Chattanooga
-were involved.</p>
-<p>Not all of the troops, however, made such good time as the first
-trains, and for the majority of the infantry the trip consumed about
-9 days. The movement of the artillery, horses, mules, baggage, and impedimenta
-was somewhat slower, but by the middle of October, all
-were in the vicinity of Bridgeport ready to help break the siege.</p>
-<p>These two corps under Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker, comprising 20,000
-troops and more than 3,000 horses and mules, traveled 1,157 miles.
-Differences in the railroad gauges hampered the movement, but most
-of the changes in gauge occurred at river crossings which had no
-bridges and the troops had to detrain at these points anyway.</p>
-<p>Confederate cavalry raids, bent on destroying the railroad bridges
-and otherwise interfering with the reinforcing effort, imposed a more
-serious difficulty, but, except for delaying the latter part of the movement
-a few days, the raids were ineffective.</p>
-<p>At the beginning of the siege, the Union Army had large supply
-trains in good condition and transporting supplies seemed feasible. But
-<span class="pb" id="Page_31">31</span>
-early in October rain began to fall and the roads became almost impassable.
-To make the situation more critical Bragg sent Wheeler to
-harass and destroy the Union supply trains as they moved over Walden&rsquo;s
-Ridge on their trips to and from Bridgeport. Wheeler destroyed
-hundreds of wagons and animals and it was not long before the Union
-soldier received less and less food. Wagon horses and mules and
-artillery horses were on a starvation diet and many died each day.</p>
-<p>Command of the two hostile armies had undergone a considerable
-change during the siege period. Grant received orders to meet &ldquo;an
-officer of the War Department&rdquo; at Louisville, Ky. He proceeded by
-rail to Indianapolis, Ind., and just as his train left the depot there, en
-route to Louisville, it was stopped. A message informed Grant that
-Secretary of War Stanton was coming into the station and wished to
-see him. This was the &ldquo;officer&rdquo; from the War Department who gave
-Grant command of the newly organized Military Division of the
-Mississippi. Thomas replaced Rosecrans. McCook and Crittenden had
-previously been relieved of their commands and their corps consolidated
-into the Fourth Corps under command of Granger. Stanton
-accompanied Grant to Louisville and there the two spent a day reviewing
-the situation.</p>
-<p>In Bragg&rsquo;s camp, Polk was relieved of his command, and Lt. Gen.
-William J. Hardee rejoined the army. Bragg&rsquo;s army was reorganized
-into three corps commanded by Longstreet, Hardee, and Breckinridge.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig24">
-<img src="images/p16a.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="370" />
-<p class="pcap"><b><i>Entrenchments of Thomas&rsquo; Corps, Army of the Cumberland in front of Chattanooga.
-Lookout Mountain in distance.</i></b> From <i>Battles and Leaders of the Civil War</i>.</p>
-</div>
-<p>When Grant reached Chattanooga on October 23 he found a plan
-already drawn up to open a new supply line for the besieged army.
-This plan of necessity was conditioned upon the terrain and the configuration
-of the river between Bridgeport, the railhead and base of supplies
-for the Union Army, and Chattanooga. (After the Tennessee
-River passes the city it flows southward for some 2 miles until it
-strikes Lookout Mountain where, after a short westerly course, it
-<span class="pb" id="Page_32">32</span>
-curves northward. This elongated loop of the river is called Moccasin
-Bend.)</p>
-<p>The plan called for 1,500 men on pontoons to float down the river
-from Chattanooga during the night of October 26-27 while another
-force marched across Moccasin Point to support the landings of the
-river-borne troops. Grant ordered the plan executed. The pontoon-borne
-troops quickly disembarked upon striking the west bank at
-Brown&rsquo;s Ferry, drove off the Confederate pickets, and threw up breastworks.
-The troops marching across the neck of land came up to the
-east side of the ferry, joined this group, and constructed a pontoon
-bridge.</p>
-<p>Hooker&rsquo;s advance from Bridgeport coincided with this action. He
-marched by the road along Raccoon Mountain into Lookout Valley.
-There he met the advance post of a Confederate brigade and drove it
-back. Maj. Gen. O. O. Howard&rsquo;s Eleventh Corps moved to within 2
-miles of Brown&rsquo;s Ferry, while Brig. Gen. John W. Geary of the
-Twelfth Corps remained at Wauhatchie to guard the road to Kelley&rsquo;s
-Ferry.</p>
-<p>The Confederates made a night attack against Geary which the latter
-repulsed, but both sides lost heavily. After this action, the short
-line of communication with Bridgeport by way of Brown&rsquo;s and
-Kelley&rsquo;s Ferries was held by Hooker without further trouble.</p>
-<p>With the successful seizure of Brown&rsquo;s Ferry and construction of a
-pontoon bridge across the Tennessee River there, and Hooker&rsquo;s equally
-successful advance from Bridgeport and seizure of the south side of
-the river at Raccoon Mountain and in Lookout Valley, the way was
-finally clear for the Union Army to reopen a short line of supply and
-communication between Chattanooga and Bridgeport, the rail end of
-its supply line. This &ldquo;Cracker Line&rdquo; ran by boat up the Tennessee
-River from Bridgeport to Kelley&rsquo;s Ferry. Above Kelley&rsquo;s Ferry, the
-swift current made the stream unnavigable at certain points to boats
-then available. Accordingly, at Kelley&rsquo;s Ferry, the &ldquo;Cracker Line&rdquo; left
-the river and crossed Raccoon Mountain by road to Brown&rsquo;s Ferry.
-There it crossed the river on the pontoon bridge, thence across Moccasin
-Point, and finally across the river once more into Chattanooga.</p>
-<p>Early in November, Bragg ordered Longstreet to march against
-Burnside in East Tennessee with Maj. Gen. Lafayette McLaw&rsquo;s and
-Maj. Gen. John B. Hood&rsquo;s Divisions of infantry, Col. E. Porter
-Alexander&rsquo;s and Maj. A. Leyden&rsquo;s battalions of artillery, and five
-brigades of cavalry under Maj. Gen. Joseph Wheeler&mdash;about 15,000
-men in all. This movement caused great anxiety in Washington and
-the authorities urged Grant to act promptly to assist Burnside. Grant
-felt that the quickest way to aid him was to attack Bragg and force
-the latter to recall Longstreet. On November 7, Thomas received
-Grant&rsquo;s order to attack Bragg&rsquo;s right. Thomas replied that he was
-<span class="pb" id="Page_33">33</span>
-unable to move a single piece of artillery because of the poor condition
-of the horses and mules. They were not strong enough to pull artillery
-pieces. In these circumstances, Grant could only answer Washington
-dispatches, urge Sherman forward, and encourage Burnside to
-hold on.</p>
-<h2 id="c13"><span class="small"><i>Lifting the Siege&mdash;The Battle of Chattanooga</i></span></h2>
-<p>(See map on pages <a href="#Page_36">36</a>-37.)</p>
-<p>With the Confederate Army in front of Chattanooga divided into two
-corps, Hardee on the right and Breckinridge on the left on Missionary
-Ridge, and General Stevenson with a small force occupying Lookout
-Mountain, Bragg waited.</p>
-<p>Grant&rsquo;s plan of battle was for Sherman with his four divisions to
-cross the Tennessee River at Brown&rsquo;s Ferry and march behind
-Stringer&rsquo;s Ridge, concealed from the eyes of the Confederates, and take
-a position near the North Chickamauga Creek. He was to recross the
-river by pontoon bridge at the mouth of the South Chickamauga
-Creek, strike the north end of Missionary Ridge and capture it as far
-as the railroad tunnel. Thomas was to move his Army of the Cumberland
-to the left, and connect with Sherman. This united force was to
-sweep the Confederates southward off Missionary Ridge and away
-from their base of supplies at Chickamauga Station. Howard&rsquo;s Corps
-was to act as a general reserve for this force. Hooker, with the Twelfth
-Corps and Brig. Gen. Charles Cruft&rsquo;s Division (Fourth Corps), was to
-hold Lookout Valley. Col. Eli Long&rsquo;s Cavalry was to cover Sherman&rsquo;s
-left and when no longer needed for this task was to strike Bragg&rsquo;s
-communications. This original plan, however, was changed several
-times to fit the situation.</p>
-<p>The rains that hampered movement of Union supplies also delayed
-Sherman&rsquo;s movement across the Tennessee. High water broke the
-bridge at Brown&rsquo;s Ferry and Osterhaus&rsquo; Division could not cross the
-river. Subsequently it received orders to join Hooker in Lookout
-Valley.</p>
-<p>On November 22, Grant received word that Bragg was withdrawing
-his army; actually the movement reported was Buckner leaving to reinforce
-Longstreet. To &ldquo;test the truth&rdquo; of the report, Grant changed
-his plans and ordered Thomas to make a demonstration to his front
-on the 23rd. This began the battles of Chattanooga.</p>
-<h3 id="c14"><span class="sc">ORCHARD KNOB.</span></h3>
-<p>The Union Army of the Cumberland had made its
-positions very strong during the time it was besieged by Bragg&rsquo;s army.
-One of its strong points was Fort Wood on an elevated point east of
-the town. Thomas, according to instructions, sent Maj. Gen. Philip H.
-<span class="pb" id="Page_34">34</span>
-Sheridan&rsquo;s and Brig. Gen. T. J. Wood&rsquo;s divisions to level ground at
-Fort Wood and there formed them in line&mdash;Wood on the left, Sheridan
-on the right, with Brig. Gen. Absalom Baird supporting Sheridan.
-Brig. Gen. R. W. Johnson&rsquo;s troops held the trenches, and Maj. Gen.
-O. O. Howard&rsquo;s Corps, which had crossed from the north bank of the
-river, acted as the reserve.</p>
-<div class="box">
-<p class="center"><a class="sc" id="table3">Table 3.</a>&mdash;<i>Union Army at Chattanooga</i></p>
-<p class="center"><span class="sc">Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant</span></p>
-<dl class="undent"><dt><i>Army of the Cumberland</i>&mdash;<span class="sc">Maj. Gen. George H. Thomas</span></dt>
-<dd class="t"><i>Fourth Army Corps</i>&mdash;<span class="sc">Maj. Gen. Gordon Granger</span></dd>
-<dd class="t3">1st Division&mdash;Brig. Gen. Charles Cruft</dd>
-<dd class="t3">2d Division&mdash;Maj. Gen. Philip H. Sheridan</dd>
-<dd class="t3">3d Division&mdash;Brig. Gen. Thomas J. Wood</dd>
-<dd class="t"><i>Fourteenth Army Corps</i>&mdash;<span class="sc">Maj. Gen. J. M. Palmer</span></dd>
-<dd class="t3">1st Division&mdash;Brig. Gen. Richard W. Johnson</dd>
-<dd class="t3">2d Division&mdash;Brig. Gen. J. C. Davis</dd>
-<dd class="t3">3d Division&mdash;Brig. Gen. Absalom Baird</dd>
-<dd class="t"><i>Engineer Troops</i>&mdash;<span class="sc">Brig. Gen. William F. Smith</span></dd>
-<dd class="t"><i>Artillery Reserve</i>&mdash;<span class="sc">Brig. Gen. J. M. Brannan</span></dd>
-<dd class="t3">1st Division&mdash;Col. James Barnett</dd>
-<dd class="t3">2d Division</dd>
-<dd class="t"><i>Cavalry</i></dd>
-<dd class="t3">2d Division</dd>
-<dd class="t3">&mdash;2d Brigade&mdash;Col. Eli Long</dd>
-<dd class="t"><i>Post of Chattanooga</i>&mdash;<span class="sc">Col. John G. Parkhurst</span></dd>
-<dt><i>Detachment from the Army of the Potomac</i>&mdash;<span class="sc">Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker</span></dt>
-<dd class="t"><i>Eleventh Army Corps</i>&mdash;<span class="sc">Maj. Gen. O. O. Howard</span></dd>
-<dd class="t3">2d Division&mdash;Brig. Gen. Adolph von Steinwehr</dd>
-<dd class="t3">3d Division&mdash;Maj. Gen. Carl Schurz</dd>
-<dd class="t"><i>Twelfth Army Corps</i>&mdash;<span class="sc">Maj. Gen. Henry W. Slocum</span></dd>
-<dd class="t3">2d Division&mdash;Brig. Gen. John W. Geary</dd>
-<dt><i>Army of the Tennessee</i>&mdash;<span class="sc">Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman</span></dt>
-<dd class="t"><i>Fifteenth Corps</i>&mdash;<span class="sc">Maj. Gen. Frank P. Blair, Jr.</span></dd>
-<dd class="t3">1st Division&mdash;Brig. Gen. Peter J. Osterhaus</dd>
-<dd class="t3">2d Division&mdash;Brig. Gen. Morgan L. Smith</dd>
-<dd class="t3">4th Division&mdash;Brig. Gen. Hugh Ewing</dd>
-<dd class="t"><i>Seventeenth Army Corps</i></dd>
-<dd class="t3">2d Division&mdash;Brig. Gen. John E. Smith</dd></dl>
-</div>
-<p>At 2 p. m. on November 23, the lines of blue moved forward, driving
-the Confederate outposts and their supports back to the base of
-Missionary Ridge, and captured Orchard Knob, a low hill a little
-more than a mile in front of the ridge. The Union forces occupied the
-<span class="pb" id="Page_35">35</span>
-captured entrenchments and erected a battery on Orchard Knob.
-Except for occasional artillery firing, the fighting ended for the day.</p>
-<div class="box">
-<p class="center"><a class="sc" id="table4">Table 4.</a>&mdash;<i>Confederate Army at Chattanooga</i></p>
-<p class="center"><span class="sc">Gen. Braxton Bragg</span></p>
-<dl class="undent"><dt><i>Hardee&rsquo;s Corps</i>&mdash;<span class="sc">Lt. Gen. William J. Hardee</span></dt>
-<dd class="t">Cheatham&rsquo;s Division&mdash;Brig. Gen. John K. Jackson</dd>
-<dd class="t">Stevenson&rsquo;s Division&mdash;Maj. Gen. Carter L. Stevenson</dd>
-<dd class="t">Cleburne&rsquo;s Division&mdash;Maj. Gen. P. R. Cleburne</dd>
-<dd class="t">Walker&rsquo;s Division&mdash;Brig. Gen. States R. Gist</dd>
-<dt><i>Breckinridge&rsquo;s Corps</i>&mdash;<span class="sc">Maj. Gen. John C. Breckinridge</span></dt>
-<dd class="t">Hindman&rsquo;s Division&mdash;Brig. Gen. J. Patton Anderson</dd>
-<dd class="t">Breckinridge&rsquo;s Division&mdash;Brig. Gen. William B. Bate</dd>
-<dd class="t">Stewart&rsquo;s Division&mdash;Maj. Gen. Ambrose P. Stewart</dd>
-<dd class="t">Reserve Artillery</dd>
-<dd class="t3">Robertson&rsquo;s Battalion&mdash;Capt. Felix H. Robertson</dd>
-<dd class="t3">Williams&rsquo; Battalion&mdash;Maj. S. C. Williams</dd></dl>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c15"><span class="sc">SHERMAN MOVES.</span></h3>
-<p>During the night of November 23-24, Sherman
-began to carry out his role in the drama. He selected Brig. Gen. Giles
-A. Smith&rsquo;s brigade to man the pontoon boats, concealed in North
-Chickamauga Creek, to cross the Tennessee River and secure a bridgehead
-near the mouth of the South Chickamauga Creek. During the
-hours of darkness the brigade landed at its designated place. A few soldiers
-stopped at the mouth of the creek, surprising and capturing the
-pickets there. The remaining troops landed and prepared to build
-bridges across the Tennessee River and South Chickamauga Creek. By
-early afternoon they had finished the bridge across the river, and
-Sherman&rsquo;s forces were across and ready to attack. Brig. Gen. Jefferson
-C. Davis&rsquo; Division (Fourteenth Corps), which had guarded the pontoons,
-also crossed and became part of Sherman&rsquo;s force.</p>
-<p>Sherman attacked and seized the north end of Missionary Ridge at
-4 p.m. against only Confederate outpost opposition. To his surprise,
-Sherman found a deep and wide ravine separating the north end of the
-ridge from Tunnel Hill immediately southward, his real objective.
-Cleburne&rsquo;s Division of Confederate troops had hurried to Tunnel Hill
-only an hour or two before Sherman seized the north end of Missionary
-Ridge, and they were busily engaged entrenching there when Sherman
-arrived across the ravine from them. Sherman did not attack
-Tunnel Hill that afternoon, but entrenched where he was.</p>
-<h3 id="c16"><span class="sc">THE BATTLE ABOVE THE CLOUDS, NOVEMBER 24.</span></h3>
-<p>While operations
-were in progress, east of Chattanooga, Hooker moved into action west
-of the town. The failure of Osterhaus&rsquo; Division to join Sherman resulted
-in another change of orders. A new plan for Hooker to take
-Lookout Mountain and descend into Chattanooga Valley replaced the
-original one of having him merely hold Lookout Valley and the route
-to Bridgeport. Hooker had three divisions in his force commanded by
-Brigadier Generals Peter J. Osterhaus, John W. Geary, and Charles
-Cruft, each from a different army corps. Geary was on the right at
-Wauhatchie, Cruft in the center, and Osterhaus near Brown&rsquo;s Ferry. It
-was a unique team. One who was present wrote, &ldquo;We were all strangers,
-no one division ever having seen either of the others.&rdquo;</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_36">36</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig25">
-<img src="images/p17.jpg" alt="" width="1000" height="642" />
-<p class="pcap"><span class="ss">THE BATTLE OF CHATTANOOGA
-<br /><span class="small">NOVEMBER 23, 24, 25, 1863</span></span></p>
-</div>
-<p>The terrain that confronted Hooker&rsquo;s command was rugged, steep,
-heavily timbered, and topped by a rocky cliff. At the northern end, at the
-cliff base and halfway up the mountain, was a bench of nearly level land.
-On it stood the Cravens Farm. At 8 a. m. on November 24 Hooker sent
-<span class="pb" id="Page_38">38</span>
-Geary&rsquo;s Division, supported by a brigade from Cruft&rsquo;s Division, to effect
-a crossing of Lookout Creek. The troops accomplished this with little
-opposition and Geary climbed the mountain until the head of his column
-reached the cliff. The division then moved to the left and proceeded
-northward toward the point of the mountain.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig26">
-<img src="images/p18.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="230" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Hazen&rsquo;s men landing from pontoon boats at Brown&rsquo;s Ferry, Tennessee River. Theodore
-R. Davis wartime sketch.</i> From <i>Battles and Leaders of the Civil War</i>.</p>
-</div>
-<p>While Geary climbed the mountain, Cruft, with his force, moved
-farther down the valley toward the Tennessee River and seized a bridge
-over the creek. Osterhaus&rsquo; Division then crossed the stream at that
-point in the face of sharp skirmishing with Confederate defenders before
-the latter retreated up the mountain. The three Union divisions
-soon joined on a common line and, supported by Union batteries on
-Moccasin Point, steadily drove Walthall&rsquo;s Confederate brigade around
-the point of Lookout Mountain to the Cravens farmhouse. By noon,
-Hooker&rsquo;s forces were in possession of the farm but the Confederates
-made a stand beyond the Cravens house within prepared defense
-works, and were joined there by two brigades from the top of the
-mountain. Fog which covered the mountainside most of the morning
-became so heavy that by 2 p. m. it was almost impossible to see. This
-factor, plus a shortage of ammunition, caused Hooker to halt and consolidate
-his position. Later in the afternoon, Carlin&rsquo;s brigade arrived
-with a resupply of ammunition.</p>
-<p>During the night, General Stevenson withdrew the Confederate
-forces from Lookout Mountain and marched them to Missionary
-Ridge where they joined their comrades holding that sector of the line.</p>
-<p>&ldquo;The Battle Above the Clouds&rdquo; was fought on the bench of land
-surrounding the Cravens house. There was no fighting on top the
-mountain. The romantic name given in later years to this action on
-the Union right was the result of the fog and mist which shrouded
-the mountain that day from observers below. It was not until the next
-morning that the 8th Kentucky Volunteers planted the Stars and
-Stripes on top of the bluff.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_39">39</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig27">
-<img src="images/p18a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="303" />
-<p class="pcap"><b><i>Lookout Mountain from Union works in Chattanooga.</i></b> From <i>Harper&rsquo;s Pictorial History
-of the Great Rebellion</i>.</p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c17"><span class="sc">MISSIONARY RIDGE, NOVEMBER 25.</span></h3>
-<p>The decisive blow of the battle
-was at hand. Grant&rsquo;s orders for the morning of November 25 were as
-follows: &ldquo;Sherman was directed to attack at daylight. Hooker was
-ordered to move at the same hour, and endeavor to intercept the enemy&rsquo;s
-retreat, if he still remained; if he had gone, then to move
-directly to Rossville and operate against the left and rear of the force
-on Missionary Ridge. Thomas was not to move until Hooker had
-reached Missionary Ridge.&rdquo;</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig28">
-<img src="images/p18b.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="341" />
-<p class="pcap"><b><i>Gen. Ulysses S. Grant on Lookout Mountain, 1863. Grant is in the lower left corner.</i></b>
-Courtesy National Archives.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_40">40</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig29">
-<img src="images/p19.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="375" />
-<p class="pcap"><b><i>Missionary Ridge from a Union trench.</i></b> From Elson, <i>The Civil War Through the
-Camera</i>.</p>
-</div>
-<p>Sherman began his attack, as directed, just after sunrise. His troops
-attacked Cleburne&rsquo;s Division frontally, but without success. All night
-the Confederates had worked at strengthening their position on Tunnel
-Hill which now formed the Confederate right. These field works
-gave good protection to Cleburne&rsquo;s men from enemy fire. The stubbornly
-fighting Confederates held their positions against repeated
-attacks by superior numbers. This fight continued until 3 p. m., and
-is a notable example of the value to a greatly outnumbered defending
-force of field works on a good position. Some Union troops did make
-a lodgment on the slopes of Tunnel Hill in the afternoon, but a Confederate
-charge drove them off. Cleburne&rsquo;s soldiers held the hill.</p>
-<p>In the meantime, Hooker was in trouble&mdash;not with the enemy, but
-with Chattanooga Creek. He started for Rossville bright and early to
-get into position to strike Bragg&rsquo;s left. Stevenson&rsquo;s men, who had
-evacuated Lookout Mountain during the night, had burned the bridge
-across Chattanooga Creek and had done all they could to obstruct the
-roads that Hooker needed to march to Rossville. Hooker lost 3 hours
-building a bridge across the creek and it was late afternoon before his
-men took their places on Missionary Ridge.</p>
-<p>From his post on Orchard Knob, Grant realized that Sherman&rsquo;s
-attacks had failed to gain their objective and that Hooker had been
-delayed in reaching his assigned position. To relieve some of the pressure
-on Sherman, Grant ordered Thomas to move out against the
-Confederate center on Missionary Ridge.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_41">41</div>
-<p>The ridge that lay before the Union troops was rough and steep. It
-rose from 200 to 400 feet higher than the level ground at its base. Its
-steep slopes were broken by ravines, strewn with boulders, and dotted
-with stumps, the latter reminders of recently felled timber. The first
-line of Confederate breastworks was at the foot of the ridge. Some unfinished
-works had been built half-way up the slope. Finally, a third
-line of works was built on the natural, instead of the military, crest of
-the hill. Thus, Confederate fire from the crest could not cover some of
-the ravine approaches.</p>
-<p>Four Union divisions&mdash;Baird, Wood, Sheridan, and R. W. Johnson,
-from left to right&mdash;started toward the ridge. The hard charging Union
-soldiers soon overwhelmed the gray defenders in the rifle pits at the
-base of the ridge. Scarcely halting, and generally without orders to
-continue, the men in blue charged up the ridge. They followed the retreating
-Confederates so closely from the rifle pits that the Confederates
-on the crest in many places hesitated to fire for fear of hitting
-their own men. It was not long before units of the Army of the Cumberland
-pierced the Confederate line in several places and sent Bragg&rsquo;s
-veterans reeling in retreat down the east slope of the ridge toward
-Chickamauga Creek. Sheridan pushed forward in pursuit of the retreating
-army, capturing men, artillery, and equipment. Even though the
-Confederate center had disintegrated, Hardee held his position on the
-Confederate right until darkness, and then began his withdrawal with
-Cleburne&rsquo;s Division covering the retreat. Bragg&rsquo;s army crossed Chickamauga
-Creek during the night, carrying out a surprisingly successful
-retreat.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig30">
-<img src="images/p19a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="243" />
-<p class="pcap"><b><i>A skirmish line and regimental line behind it&mdash;Union troops drilling at Chattanooga,
-circa January 1864. This gives a conception of how the soldiers of the Civil War ordinarily
-fought. A skirmish line moved ahead of the main regimental line, which charged
-upon order. The Union attack on Missionary Ridge must have looked something like
-this to watching Confederate soldiers.</i></b> From Miller, <i>Photographic History of the Civil
-War</i>.</p>
-</div>
-<p>During the evening of the 25th, Grant issued orders to Thomas and
-Sherman to pursue Bragg. The next morning, Sherman advanced by
-way of Chickamauga Station, and Thomas&rsquo; troops marched on the
-Rossville Road toward Graysville and Ringgold. In the vicinity of
-<span class="pb" id="Page_42">42</span>
-Ringgold, Cleburne&rsquo;s Confederates held a strong position on Taylor&rsquo;s
-Ridge covering Bragg&rsquo;s retreat. Cleburne&rsquo;s men repulsed a Union attack,
-inflicting heavy casualties, until Bragg&rsquo;s army had successfully
-withdrawn southward, and then they followed. Union troops then
-occupied Taylor&rsquo;s Ridge. There the pursuit stopped.</p>
-<p>This decisive Union victory raised the siege of Chattanooga.</p>
-<p>The following tabulation of strength and casualties at the Battle of
-Chattanooga is based on Livermore&rsquo;s studies:</p>
-<table class="center" summary="">
-<tr><td class="l">Army </td><td class="r">Total Strength </td><td class="r">Total Casualties </td><td class="r">Killed </td><td class="r">Wounded </td><td class="r">Missing </td><td class="r">Percent Casualties</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Union </td><td class="r">56,360 </td><td class="r">5,824 </td><td class="r">753 </td><td class="r">4,722 </td><td class="r">349 </td><td class="r">10</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Confederate </td><td class="r">46,165 </td><td class="r">6,667 </td><td class="r">361 </td><td class="r">2,160 </td><td class="r">4,146 </td><td class="r">14</td></tr>
-</table>
-<h2 id="c18"><span class="small"><i>Relief of Knoxville</i></span></h2>
-<p>Meanwhile, in East Tennessee, Burnside attempted to hold Longstreet
-in check by abandoning territory and skirmishing when necessary, but
-avoiding any serious fight. This took Longstreet farther away from
-Chattanooga and lessened his opportunity to assist Bragg. Burnside
-gained precious time by using these tactics. Grant&rsquo;s plan was to &ldquo;whip&rdquo;
-Bragg and then help Burnside.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig31">
-<img src="images/p20.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="304" />
-<p class="pcap"><b><i>Gen. Joseph Hooker and his staff. Hooker is sixth from the right.</i></b> Courtesy National
-Archives.</p>
-</div>
-<p>After Missionary Ridge, with Bragg in full retreat, Thomas prepared
-to send Granger&rsquo;s Corps and detachments from other commands, about
-20,000 men altogether, toward Knoxville. In addition, Sherman was to
-march along the Hiwassee River to protect Granger&rsquo;s flank. Grant
-reports that upon &ldquo;Returning from the front on the 28th, I found that
-Granger had not yet got off.... I therefore determined ... to send
-<span class="pb" id="Page_43">43</span>
-him [Sherman] with his command, and orders ... were sent him at
-Calhoun to assume command of the troops with Granger, in addition
-to those with him, and proceed, with all possible dispatch, to the
-relief of Burnside.&rdquo;</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig32">
-<img src="images/p20a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="438" />
-<p class="pcap"><b><i>Steamboat with supplies for Union Army being warped up narrows of Tennessee River
-between Bridgeport, Ala. and Chattanooga.</i></b> Courtesy National Archives.</p>
-</div>
-<p>Skirmishing was more or less continuous around Knoxville. Burnside
-followed the original plan of buying time by giving up ground
-and fell back toward Knoxville, withdrawing into the city during the
-night of November 16-17. Longstreet drew up before the city the next
-day, and on the 29th made his initial attack against the Union position
-at Fort Sanders. The assault was repulsed and before it could be
-renewed Longstreet received word of Bragg&rsquo;s defeat on Missionary
-Ridge. The Confederate commander deemed it necessary to maintain
-a threatening position before Knoxville until the approaching Union
-relief columns were but a day&rsquo;s march distant. On December 4, Longstreet
-began his retreat toward Virginia. Sherman arrived on the 6th,
-and preparations for the pursuit of Longstreet were soon under way.
-Burnside&rsquo;s command moved out in pursuit of Longstreet&rsquo;s force;
-Granger&rsquo;s Corps became the garrison of Knoxville; and Sherman&rsquo;s
-command returned to Chattanooga.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_44">44</div>
-<h2 id="c19"><span class="small"><i>Effects of the Battle of Chattanooga</i></span></h2>
-<p>The battles around Chattanooga must be considered as ending in one
-of the most complete victories of the war. Bragg&rsquo;s army was defeated,
-men and material captured, and the Confederates driven south. The
-mountainous defense line which the Confederacy hoped to hold had
-been pierced and large sections of it were in Union control. Chattanooga,
-the railroad center, was now in Union hands and the interior
-line of communication from this section of the Confederacy to Richmond,
-by way of Knoxville, was destined to remain in Union control
-for the remainder of the war. Not only Chattanooga, but Knoxville
-and the rich, food-producing East Tennessee section was lost to the
-Confederacy. With this came relief for the Union sympathizers in East
-Tennessee. Virtually all of Tennessee was now under Northern control.</p>
-<p>The fortunes of war brought changes to both commanders. Bragg
-asked to be relieved from his command and went to Richmond to become
-military advisor to Jefferson Davis. President Lincoln promoted
-Grant, in March 1864, to command of all Union armies in the field.
-Grant then left Chattanooga for the East, to lead the attack against
-General Lee in Virginia.</p>
-<h2 id="c20"><span class="small"><i>The War After Chattanooga</i></span></h2>
-<p>In the spring of 1864, the Union armies began to move into the heart
-of the Confederacy. Grant attached himself to the Army of the Potomac
-(General Meade) and began operations against Lee; Sherman
-moved against Gen. Joseph E. Johnston in Georgia.</p>
-<p>The Army of the Potomac launched a campaign against Richmond.
-In the bitter battles of the Wilderness and Spotsylvania Court House,
-in May 1864, Grant reduced Lee&rsquo;s offensive power. After being repulsed
-at Cold Harbor, Grant moved against Petersburg and a 10-month siege
-finally forced Lee to evacuate the city. Lee moved westward to Appomattox
-Court House where on April 9, 1865, Grant forced him to
-surrender.</p>
-<p>While Lee and Grant fought it out in Virginia, Sherman, using
-Chattanooga for his base of supplies, conducted a strenuous campaign
-against the Army of Tennessee, first under Johnston and then Hood,
-finally entering Atlanta on September 2. In November, Sherman began
-his famous &ldquo;march to the sea,&rdquo; reaching Savannah in late December.
-From there he struck northward through the Carolinas and forced the
-surrender of Joseph E. Johnston&rsquo;s army on April 26. By June all isolated
-Confederate forces had laid down their arms.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_45">45</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig33">
-<img src="images/p21.jpg" alt="" width="731" height="999" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Chattanooga from Point Park, Lookout Mountain. The Cravens House and portion
-of &ldquo;Battle above the Clouds&rdquo; battlefield around it lies in the foreground.</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_46">46</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig34">
-<img src="images/p22.jpg" alt="" width="698" height="771" />
-<p class="pcap"><span class="ss"><span class="large">CHICKAMAUGA BATTLEFIELD</span></span></p>
-</div>
-<dl class="undent pcap"><dt>&#9312; <span class="ss"><span class="small">PARK HEADQUARTERS</span></span></dt>
-<dt>&#9313; <span class="ss"><span class="small">FLORIDA MONUMENT</span></span></dt>
-<dt>&#9314; <span class="ss"><span class="small">KENTUCKY MONUMENT</span></span></dt>
-<dt>&#9315; <span class="ss"><span class="small">BATTLELINE ROAD</span></span></dt>
-<dt>&#9316; <span class="ss"><span class="small">POE ROAD</span></span></dt>
-<dt>&#9317; <span class="ss"><span class="small">GEORGIA MONUMENT</span></span></dt>
-<dt>&#9318; <span class="ss"><span class="small">BROTHERTON HOUSE</span></span></dt>
-<dt>&#9319; <span class="ss"><span class="small">WILDER MONUMENT</span></span></dt>
-<dt>&#9320; <span class="ss"><span class="small">SNODGRASS HILL</span></span></dt>
-<dt>&#9398; <span class="ss"><span class="small">JAY&rsquo;S MILL, OPENING ATTACK, SEPT. 19</span></span></dt>
-<dt>&#9399; <span class="ss"><span class="small">CONFEDERATE HEADQUARTERS, SEPT. 20</span></span></dt>
-<dt>&#9400; <span class="ss"><span class="small">UNION HEADQUARTERS, SEPT. 19</span></span></dt>
-<dt>&#9401; <span class="ss"><span class="small">SOUTH CAROLINA MONUMENT</span></span></dt></dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_47">47</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig35">
-<img src="images/p22a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="440" />
-<p class="pcap"><b><i>Park Administration and Museum Building.</i></b></p>
-</div>
-<h2 id="c21"><span class="small"><i>Guide to the Area</i></span></h2>
-<h3 id="c22"><span class="sc">CHICKAMAUGA BATTLEFIELD.</span></h3>
-<p>A self-guided tour of the battlefield may
-be made by automobile. This 8-mile tour begins at park headquarters
-and follows the yellow line on the tour road. On the gravel roads a
-yellow arrow points the way. Red markers indicate Confederate forces
-and blue markers show Union forces. As you read the markers or sight
-along the barrel of a field gun, you face the direction the troops
-moved at the time of the battle. There are several monuments of
-spherical, iron shells along the tour. Of these, the low square monuments
-mark the sites of various army and corps headquarters; the
-taller, triangular shaped monuments designate the sites where eight
-brigade commanders were killed during the battle.</p>
-<p>The numbered sections in the following guide correspond to location
-numbers on the map on <a href="#Page_46">page 46</a>.</p>
-<p class="tb">1. <i>Park Headquarters.</i> It is suggested that before making the tour
-of the Chickamauga Battlefield, you stop first at park headquarters
-located on U. S. 27, where an attendant is on duty. Exhibits there describe
-the battle, and the Fuller Gun Collection is displayed.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_48">48</div>
-<p>The Claud E. and Zenada O. Fuller Collection of American Military
-Arms contains almost every type of shoulder arms used by the
-military forces of America. There are several rare or unique items in
-the collection. The Harpers Ferry Blunderbuss, manufactured in 1808,
-and the Texas Rifle (1844) are the only ones known to exist. The
-Jenks Rifle, the pattern for the model 1840 Musket, the pattern for the
-model 1817 Rifle, and the Sharps, with coffeemill in the stock, are extremely
-rare. The Confederate section, while not complete, contains
-some outstanding weapons.</p>
-<p class="tb">2. <i>Florida Monument.</i> Immediately after leaving park headquarters,
-you will see the Florida Monument to your left on U. S. 27.</p>
-<p class="tb">3. <i>Kentucky Monument.</i> Bear to the left at this monument.</p>
-<p class="tb">4. <i>Battleline Road.</i> Make a right turn to enter Battleline Road. The
-positions of the Confederate right wing are on the left in the wooded
-area some 75 to 250 yards east of the road. Union troops occupied the
-line along the road during the second day of the battle.</p>
-<p class="tb">5. <i>Poe Road.</i> Cross U. S. 27 and follow Poe Road. This route is a
-continuation of the Union defense line that you have followed along
-Battleline Road. You will note in this area that several Confederate
-batteries are so situated that it would appear they must have fired into
-their own infantry. This situation resulted from Longstreet&rsquo;s breakthrough.
-The Confederate troops in this sector turned right after crossing
-the highway and struck the right center of the Union line. A careful
-examination of the metal markers at each battery will give the
-movements of each unit and the time element involved.</p>
-<p>A metal marker designates the site of the Poe House.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig36">
-<img src="images/p23.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="281" />
-<p class="pcap"><b><i>Part of Fuller Gun Collection, Park Headquarters and Museum Building, Chickamauga
-Battlefield.</i></b></p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_49">49</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig37">
-<img src="images/p23a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="426" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Brotherton House, scene of Confederate breakthrough. Chickamauga Battlefield.</i>
-Courtesy Chattanoogans, Inc.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig38">
-<img src="images/p23b.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="422" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Union monuments along Battleline Road, Chickamauga Battlefield.</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_50">50</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig39">
-<img src="images/p24.jpg" alt="" width="517" height="600" />
-<p class="pcap"><b><i>Georgia Monument,
-Chickamauga Battlefield.</i></b></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig40">
-<img src="images/p24a.jpg" alt="" width="388" height="600" />
-<p class="pcap"><b><i>Wilder Monument,
-Chickamauga Battlefield.</i></b></p>
-</div>
-<p class="tb">6. <i>Georgia Monument.</i> This imposing shaft is directly in front of
-you as you leave Poe Road to enter the main highway. Upon entering
-the main highway turn right.</p>
-<p class="tb">7. <i>Brotherton House.</i> (Please face the house). This reconstructed
-house marks the site of the old Brotherton home, famous for the Confederate
-breakthrough. Here Longstreet found the gap in the Union
-lines (to the rear of the house at the wooded area) and sent his troops
-forward. The Confederate troops emerged from the wooded area back
-of you, crossed the LaFayette Road, and drove westward and northward.
-This action was the turning point in the Battle of Chickamauga.</p>
-<p>The monument of shell across the highway in back of you marks
-Maj. Gen. Simon Bolivar Buckner&rsquo;s headquarters site.</p>
-<p>After leaving the Brotherton House, you continue for 1.1 miles and
-make a right turn. The triangular shell monument on the right along
-the highway commemorates Col. Hans C. Heg (Union).</p>
-<p class="tb">8. <i>Wilder Monument.</i> This imposing monument was authorized in
-1892 and completed in 1902, to honor Col. John T. Wilder and his
-troops. It is built of Chickamauga limestone and rises to a height of
-86 feet. A spiral staircase leads to a platform at the top where you can
-obtain an excellent view of the battlefield and surrounding area.</p>
-<p>Wilder&rsquo;s troops occupied the ground in this vicinity when Longstreet
-sent the left wing of the Confederate Army forward. This brigade
-<span class="pb" id="Page_51">51</span>
-of mounted infantry was armed with the Spencer repeating carbine, a
-seven-shot weapon. These troops, numbering more than 2,000 men,
-poured a deadly fire into Longstreet&rsquo;s veterans, but were unable to stop
-the Confederate advance. They remained on the field until the last
-minute and had to fight to get to their horses.</p>
-<p>The monument stands upon the ground where General Rosecrans
-had his headquarters on the 19th and early morning of the 20th of
-September 1863.</p>
-<p class="tb">9. <i>Snodgrass Hill.</i> The log cabin on Snodgrass Hill marks the home
-of the Snodgrass family.</p>
-<p>The troops from the center of the Union line began to fall back toward
-this hill when Longstreet&rsquo;s men rushed through the gap in the
-Union line. Brannan&rsquo;s Division and fragments of Negley&rsquo;s, Wood&rsquo;s,
-and Van Cleve&rsquo;s Divisions held the positions on the hill. About 2 p. m.
-Steedman&rsquo;s Division arrived to reinforce the line on the extreme right.
-The Union troops held the hill during the afternoon and at dusk began
-the withdrawal that led them through McFarland&rsquo;s Gap and into
-Rossville.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig41">
-<img src="images/p24b.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="470" />
-<p class="pcap"><b><i>Union monuments at Viniard field, Chickamauga Battlefield.</i></b></p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_52">52</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig42">
-<img src="images/p25.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="460" />
-<p class="pcap"><b><i>Snodgrass House, Chickamauga Battlefield.</i></b> Courtesy Walter H. Miller.</p>
-</div>
-<p>The tour ends on Snodgrass Hill. To return to park headquarters
-and U. S. 27, please follow park headquarters signs and the yellow lines.</p>
-<h3 id="c23"><span class="sc">MISSIONARY RIDGE.</span></h3>
-<p>To reach Missionary Ridge, after leaving Chickamauga
-Battlefield, you should drive north 3 miles toward Chattanooga
-on U. S. 27 to Crest Road. A right turn on Crest Road will start you
-on your tour of the ridge. Crest Road runs the entire length of the
-line occupied by the Confederates during the Battle of Missionary
-Ridge. Small reservations, markers, monuments, tablets, and gun positions
-along the road provide information, and excellent views of Chattanooga
-are obtained along this drive. Moving northward the more
-important units of the park are: <i>Bragg Reservation</i>, where the Confederate
-commander had his headquarters; <i>Ohio Reservation</i>, an area set
-aside to commemorate the participation of Ohio troops in the battle;
-<i>DeLong Reservation</i>, site of one of the Union penetrations in the Confederate
-line; and <i>Sherman Reservation</i>, where Sherman&rsquo;s forces unsuccessfully
-attacked the north end of the Confederate line.</p>
-<p>Sherman Reservation marks the end of Crest Road and the park on
-Missionary Ridge.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_53">53</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig43">
-<img src="images/p25a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="439" />
-<p class="pcap"><b><i>Looking north along Missionary Ridge with Chattanooga and Tennessee Rivers to the
-left, and the Illinois Monument at Bragg&rsquo;s Headquarters site in center foreground.
-This point is about one-third distance from Rossville to north end of the ridge.</i></b></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig44">
-<img src="images/p25b.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="392" />
-<p class="pcap"><b><i>Looking south along Missionary Ridge from DeLong Reservation.</i></b></p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_54">54</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig45">
-<img src="images/p26.jpg" alt="" width="654" height="1001" />
-<p class="pcap"><span class="ss">CHICKAMAUGA AND CHATTANOOGA
-<br /><span class="small">NATIONAL MILITARY PARK
-<br />GEORGIA AND TENNESSEE</span>
-<br /><span class="smaller">PRINCIPAL ROADS AND STREETS BETWEEN CHATTANOOGA AND PARK AREAS</span></span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_55">55</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig46">
-<img src="images/p26b.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="446" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>Entrance to Point Park, Lookout Mountain, built to resemble Army Corps of Engineers
-insignia.</i></p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c24"><span class="sc">POINT PARK.</span></h3>
-<p>Visitors to the Chattanooga Battlefields are urged to go
-first to Point Park. There, from the terrace of the Adolph S. Ochs
-Observatory and Museum, high above the winding Tennessee River,
-you will have a wide view of the battlefields. This point is acclaimed
-one of the finest overlooks in the South. Markers throughout the area
-identify important landmarks and troop positions. A National Park
-Service attendant is there to assist you. The observatory and museum
-bears the name of one of the park&rsquo;s major benefactors, the late Adolph
-S. Ochs, Publisher of the <i>Chattanooga Times</i> and the <i>New York Times</i>.</p>
-<p>The New York Monument, completed in 1907, is in the center of
-the area.</p>
-<p>The Cravens House, where part of the &ldquo;Battle Above the Clouds&rdquo;
-was fought, can be seen from the museum terrace. Near the house,
-stand three large monuments&mdash;New York, Iowa, and Ohio&mdash;honoring
-troops who were in this battle.</p>
-<p>From Lookout Point several foot trails provide interesting walks.
-These reveal unusual rock formations and provide ever changing and
-beautiful vistas of the countryside below.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_56">56</div>
-<h2 id="c25"><span class="small"><i>The Park</i></span></h2>
-<p>Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park is composed of
-several separate areas, the more important of which are: Chickamauga
-Battlefield in Georgia; Point Park and the Battlefield of Lookout
-Mountain, in Tennessee; Orchard Knob in Chattanooga; a chain of
-small reservations located on Missionary Ridge; and Signal Point on
-Signal Mountain. The park contains approximately 8,190 acres of Federal
-land.</p>
-<h2 id="c26"><span class="small"><i>How to Reach the Park</i></span></h2>
-<p>Chickamauga Battlefield is 9 miles south of Chattanooga on U. S. 27.
-This section of the park is also reached by Georgia Route 2 connecting
-with U. S. 41 at Ringgold, Ga. Buses from Chattanooga run on a
-schedule to the battlefield throughout the week.</p>
-<p>Point Park is reached from Chattanooga by U. S. 11, 41, 64, and 72
-which combine as they leave the city and skirt the base of Lookout
-Mountain. The Scenic Highway turns off from these highways at the
-base of Lookout Mountain and winds up the slope to the park entrance.
-You may also visit the park by means of the St. Elmo buses
-from Chattanooga which connect with the Lookout Mountain Incline
-Railway at the foot of the mountain. The top of the incline is within
-short walking distance of the Point Park entrance.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig47">
-<img src="images/p27.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="385" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>The Ochs Memorial in Point Park, Lookout Mountain.</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_57">57</div>
-<p>From Chattanooga, Missionary Ridge is reached by following eastward
-on U. S. 11 and 64; 41 and 76; or 27; and Tennessee Route 58.
-There are access roads to the top of the ridge and Crest Road from
-these highways.</p>
-<p>Orchard Knob is on Orchard Knob Avenue near McCallie Avenue
-(U. S. 11 and 64) in Chattanooga.</p>
-<h2 id="c27"><span class="small"><i>About Your Visit</i></span></h2>
-<p>The park is open daily, including Sunday, throughout the year. The
-park museum and headquarters building is at the north entrance to
-Chickamauga Battlefield on U. S. 27. The museum, which has no admission
-fee, is open from 8 a. m. to 4:30 p. m. (E. S. T.) during the
-winter, and from 8 a. m. to 5 p. m. (E. S. T.) during the summer. At
-the museum, you will receive information concerning the self-guided
-tour. Library facilities are also available here. Talks and guide service
-are given to educational and special groups if arrangements are made
-in advance with the superintendent.</p>
-<p>At Point Park on Lookout Mountain, you are urged to visit the
-Adolph S. Ochs Observatory and Museum. Point Park is open from
-8:30 a. m. to 4:30 p. m. (E. S. T.) in winter and from 8 a. m. to 6 p. m.
-(E. S. T.) in summer. There is an admission fee of 25 cents. Children
-under 12 years of age, or groups of school children 18 years of age or
-under, when accompanied by adults assuming responsibility for their
-safety and orderly conduct, are admitted free.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig48">
-<img src="images/p27a.jpg" alt="" width="584" height="600" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>2nd Minnesota Monument, Chickamauga Battlefield.</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_58">58</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig49">
-<img src="images/p28.jpg" alt="" width="573" height="800" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>New York Monument at Point Park, Lookout Mountain.</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_59">59</div>
-<h2 id="c28"><span class="small"><i>Related Areas</i></span></h2>
-<p>Also administered by the National Park Service are two areas associated
-with the campaigns before and after the battles of Chickamauga
-and Chattanooga: Stones River National Military Park and Cemetery,
-Murfreesboro, Tenn., and Kennesaw Mountain National Battlefield
-Park, Marietta, Ga. Both are less than half-a-day&rsquo;s drive from Chattanooga.
-Other Civil War areas administered by the National Park Service
-are: Shiloh and Fort Donelson National Military Parks, Tenn.;
-Vicksburg National Military Park, Miss.; Fort Pulaski National Monument,
-Ga.; Antietam National Battlefield Site, Md.; Gettysburg National
-Military Park, Pa.; Manassas National Battlefield Park, Fredericksburg
-and Spotsylvania National Military Park, Petersburg National
-Military Park, Richmond National Battlefield Park, and Appomattox
-Court House National Historical Park, Va.</p>
-<h2 id="c29"><span class="small"><i>Administration</i></span></h2>
-<p>Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park is administered
-by the National Park Service of the U. S. Department of the Interior.</p>
-<p>The headquarters office for the park is located at Fort Oglethorpe,
-Ga. Communications and inquiries relating to the area should be addressed
-to the Superintendent, Chickamauga and Chattanooga National
-Military Park, Fort Oglethorpe, Ga.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig50">
-<img src="images/p28a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="377" />
-<p class="pcap"><i>The Tennessee River and Lookout Mountain from the east.</i></p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_60">60</div>
-<h2 id="c30"><span class="small"><i>Suggested Readings</i></span></h2>
-<dl class="undent"><dt><span class="sc">Alexander, E. P.</span> <i>Military Memoirs of a Confederate.</i> Charles Scribner&rsquo;s Sons, New York. 1907.</dt>
-<dt><span class="sc">Beatty, John.</span> <i>Memoirs of a Volunteer.</i> W. W. Norton &amp; Co. New York. 1946.</dt>
-<dt><span class="sc">Govan, Gilbert E., and James W. Livingood.</span> <i>The Chattanooga Country 1540-1951.</i> E. P. Dutton &amp; Co., New York. 1952.</dt>
-<dt><span class="sc">Grant, U. S.</span> <i>Personal Memoirs of U. S. Grant. Vol. II.</i> Charles L. Webster &amp; Co., New York. 1886.</dt>
-<dt><span class="sc">Guernsey, Alfred H., and Henry M. Alden.</span> <i>Harper&rsquo;s Pictorial History of the Great Rebellion. Part II.</i> Harper &amp; Brothers, New York. 1866.</dt>
-<dt><span class="sc">Horn, Stanley F.</span> <i>The Army of Tennessee.</i> The Bobbs-Merrill Co., Indianapolis. 1941.</dt>
-<dt><span class="sc">Johnson, Robert Underwood, and Clarence Clough Buel</span>, Eds. <i>Battles and Leaders of the Civil War. Vol. III.</i> The Century Co., New York. 1884-88.</dt>
-<dt><span class="sc">Livermore, Thomas L.</span> <i>Numbers and Losses in the Civil War in America 1861-65.</i> Houghton Mifflin &amp; Co., Boston. 1900.</dt>
-<dt><span class="sc">Miller, Francis T.</span> <i>The Photographic History of the Civil War. Vols. II, V, X.</i> The Review of Reviews Co., New York. 1911.</dt>
-<dt><span class="sc">Mottelay, Paul F., and T. Campbell-Copeland.</span> <i>The Soldier in Our Civil War: A Pictorial History of the Conflict, 1861-1865. Vol. II.</i> Stanley Bradley Publishing Co., New York. 1890.</dt>
-<dt><span class="sc">Sheridan, P. H.</span> <i>Personal Memoirs of P. H. Sheridan. Vol. I.</i> Charles L. Webster &amp; Co., New York. 1888.</dt>
-<dt><span class="sc">Steele, Matthew Forney.</span> <i>American Campaigns. Vol. I, text: Vol. II, maps.</i> Byron S. Adams, Washington. 1909. 2 Vols.</dt>
-<dt><span class="sc">United States Government.</span> <i>Atlas to Accompany the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies.</i> Government Printing Office, Washington. 1891-95.</dt>
-<dt><span class="sc">Van Horne, Thomas B.</span> <i>History of the Army of the Cumberland.</i> Robert Clarke &amp; Co., Cincinnati. 1876. 2 Vols, and Atlas.</dt></dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_61">61</div>
-<h2 class="center"><span class="small">NATIONAL PARK SERVICE</span>
-<br />HISTORICAL HANDBOOK SERIES</h2>
-<p class="center">(Price lists of National Park Service publications may be obtained from the Superintendent of Documents, Washington 25, D.C.)</p>
-<dl class="undent"><dt>Antietam</dt>
-<dt>Bandelier</dt>
-<dt>Chalmette</dt>
-<dt>Chickamauga and Chattanooga Battlefields</dt>
-<dt>Custer Battlefield</dt>
-<dt>Custis-Lee Mansion, the Robert E. Lee Memorial</dt>
-<dt>Fort Laramie</dt>
-<dt>Fort McHenry</dt>
-<dt>Fort Necessity</dt>
-<dt>Fort Pulaski</dt>
-<dt>Fort Raleigh</dt>
-<dt>Fort Sumter</dt>
-<dt>George Washington Birthplace</dt>
-<dt>Gettysburg</dt>
-<dt>Guilford Courthouse</dt>
-<dt>Hopewell Village</dt>
-<dt>Independence</dt>
-<dt>Jamestown, Virginia</dt>
-<dt>Kings Mountain</dt>
-<dt>The Lincoln Museum and the House Where Lincoln Died</dt>
-<dt>Manassas (Bull Run)</dt>
-<dt>Montezuma Castle</dt>
-<dt>Morristown, a Military Capital of the Revolution</dt>
-<dt>Ocmulgee</dt>
-<dt>Petersburg Battlefields</dt>
-<dt>Saratoga</dt>
-<dt>Scotts Bluff</dt>
-<dt>Shiloh</dt>
-<dt>Statue of Liberty</dt>
-<dt>Vanderbilt Mansion</dt>
-<dt>Vicksburg</dt>
-<dt>Yorktown</dt></dl>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/endpaper.jpg" alt="Endpapers" width="800" height="620" />
-</div>
-<h2><span class="small">Transcriber&rsquo;s Notes</span></h2>
-<ul><li>Silently corrected a few typos.</li>
-<li>Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook is public-domain in the country of publication.</li>
-<li>In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by _underscores_.</li></ul>
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<pre>
-
-
-
-
-
-End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Chickamauga and Chattanooga
-Battlefields, by James R. Sullivan
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