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+This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
+Procedures for determining public domain status are described in
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+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #53141 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/53141)
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-The Project Gutenberg EBook of Popular Official Guide to the New York
-Zoological Park (September 1915), by William T. Hornaday
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
-other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
-the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
-to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
-
-Title: Popular Official Guide to the New York Zoological Park (September 1915)
-       Thirteenth Edition
-
-Author: William T. Hornaday
-
-Release Date: September 24, 2016 [EBook #53141]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: UTF-8
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GUIDE TO NY ZOOLOGICAL PARK, 1915 ***
-
-
-
-
-Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, Dave Morgan and the Online
-Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
-
-
-
-
-
-
-    [Illustration: NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK]
-
-  Administration Bldg., 8                                         D 4
-  Alaskan House, 32                                               H 3
-  Alligator Pool, 36                                              H 4
-  Antelope House, 50                                              J 3
-  Bear Dens, 37                                                   H 5
-  Beaver Pond, 29                                                 G 5
-  Biological Laboratory, 28 A                                     G 4
-  Bird House, Aquatic, 5                                          D 2
-  Bird House, Large, 7                                            D 3
-  Bison, 51                                                       J 5
-  Boat House, 54                                                  M 6
-  Buffalo Herd, 52                                                J 6
-  Burrowing Animals, 42                                           I 3
-  Cage, Flying, 4                                                 C 3
-  Camel House, 39                                                 I 2
-  Deer House, Small, 49                                           I 2
-  Deer, American, 30                                              H 2
-  Deer, Asiatic, 1                                              C-D 2
-  Deer, Axis and Sika, 2                                          C 2
-  Deer, Fallow, 53                                                K 4
-  Deer, Red, 10                                                   D 2
-  Duck Aviary, 3                                                  C 3
-  Eagle and Vulture Aviary, 11                                    E 2
-  Elephant House, 20                                              F 3
-  Elk Range, 21                                                   G 2
-  Feed Barn, 27                                                   G 3
-  Flying Cage, 4                                                  C 3
-  Fountain, Rockefeller, 13                                       D 4
-  Fountains, Drinking,                                  D 2, H 2, M 7
-  Fox Dens, 23                                                    G 2
-  Lion House, 15                                                  E 3
-  Llama House, 38                                                 I 2
-  Lydig Arch, 47                                                  I 5
-  Mammal House, Small, 35                                         H 3
-  Mountain Sheep Hill, 44                                         I 4
-  Musk Oxen, 48                                                   I 2
-  Nursery, 18                                                     E 9
-  Ostrich House, 43                                               I 3
-  Otter Pools, 31                                                 H 2
-  Pavilion, Shelter, 26                                           G 3
-  Pheasant Aviary, 40                                             I 2
-  Polar Bear Den, 37                                              H 5
-  Prairie Dogs, 41                                                I 3
-  Primate House, 17                                               E 4
-  Puma and Lynx House, 33 A                                       H 3
-  Raccoon’s Tree, 44 A                                            I 5
-  Reptile House, 34                                               H 4
-  Restaurant, 46                                                  I 5
-  Riding Animals, 6                                               D 3
-  Rocking Stone, 45                                               I 5
-  Sea Lion Pool, 12                                               D 3
-  Service Bldg., 28                                               H 4
-  Soda Fount’s.                                        *D 2, G 3, H 4
-  Subway Station                                                  O 6
-  Toilets, W. M.,                        C 3, E 3, G 3, I 5, L 6, M 8
-  Tortoise Yards                                                  H 4
-  Totem Pole, 32                                                  H 3
-  Turkeys, Wild, 33                                               H 3
-  Wolf Dens, 22                                                   G 3
-  Yak House, 55                                                   K 4
-  Zebra Houses, 14                                                E 2
-
-    [Illustration: PENINSULA BEAR: IVAN]
-
-
-
-
-                         POPULAR OFFICIAL GUIDE
-                                 TO THE
-                        New York Zoological Park
-
-
-                     By WILLIAM T. HORNADAY, Sc.D.
-                      Director and General Curator
-
-                    ILLUSTRATED BY ELWIN R. SANBORN
-
-    [Illustration: New York Zoological Society]
-
-                            GORILLA EDITION
-
-                   WITH MAPS, PLANS AND ILLUSTRATIONS
-
-                   THIRTEENTH EDITION—SEPTEMBER, 1915
-
-
-                            PUBLISHED BY THE
-                      NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY
-                        11 WALL STREET, NEW YORK
-
-                Only Authorized Guide    Price 25 Cents
-                    COMPLETELY REVISED AND EXTENDED
-
-              1st  Edition,   October,    1899—        5000
-               2d      “      May,        1900—        5000
-               3d      “      December,   1900—        5000
-              4th      “      October,    1901—        3000
-              5th      “      June,       1902—       10000
-              6th      “         “        1903—       10000
-              7th      “         “        1904—       15000
-              8th      “         “        1906—        7000
-              9th      “         “        1907—       30000
-             10th      “      October,    1909—       30000
-             11th      “      June,       1911—       30000
-             12th      “         “        1913—       40000
-             13th      “      September,  1915—       20000
-
- Copyright, 1899, 1900, 1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1906, 1907, 1909, 1911,
-                             1913 and 1915.
-                      NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY
-
-
-
-
-                                PREFACE
-
-
-The publication of this revised and extended edition of the Guide to the
-Zoological Park is necessary in order to bring our most important
-collections down to date. With the completion of the Zebra House and
-Eagle Aviary, we are now able to offer a Guide Book to the Zoological
-Park as practically finished.
-
-The visitor is not to understand, however, that with the completion of
-the features named above nothing more will remain to be done. An
-institution of this kind never reaches a state of absolute completion,
-with no further possibilities of improvement. But the building of
-boundary walls, and the rebuilding of temporary entrances, are matters
-of small moment in comparison with the completion of a grand series of
-installations for animals, and buildings for public comfort.
-
-Few indeed are the persons who know, or who ever will know, the extent
-to which both the general design and the details of the Zoological Park
-have been originated, and hammered out of the raw materials. From the
-inception of the undertaking, the work of development has involved a
-continuous struggle to meet new conditions. Although precedents and
-models for things to be done were sought far and wide, in all save a
-very few instances, our needs were so peculiar, and so different from
-those of other zoological gardens and parks, we have found really very
-little that we could copy. The abundant-room idea on which the
-Zoological Park was founded, and our desire for the full utilization of
-the works of nature, have from the first taxed the creative faculties of
-the Society to the utmost.
-
-It has been gratifying to find in other zoological establishments a
-number of features which we could utilize here, thereby saving ourselves
-something in the eternal grind of invention and experiment, and we have
-gladly made prominent mention of such cases.
-
-While it is possible to complete the equipment of animal installations
-for a Zoological Park, and fill them with fine collections, the demand
-for more animals is continuous. Our wild creatures are not immortal;
-and, like human beings, they live out their allotted lives and pass
-away. The great majority do not perpetuate themselves in captivity, and
-the depleted ranks must be filled by new gifts and new purchases. Gifts
-of specimens, and funds for purchases, must constantly be forthcoming.
-
-In the acquisition of certain representative species of great variety
-but particular desirability, the Society has been much favored by its
-friends, both at home and abroad. Frequently it happens that the
-greatest zoological rarities are obtainable only through the good will
-and tireless industry of friends who travel into the most remote and
-inaccessible regions of the earth. It is to such sources that we owe our
-musk-ox herd, walrus, mountain goat herd, spectacled bear and many other
-species.
-
-The Executive Committee makes grateful acknowledgment of the loyal and
-generous support it has constantly received from the Board of Managers,
-the members of the Zoological Society, and from the Government of the
-City of New York. Thanks to a judicious union of these forces, the
-development of the Zoological Park has gone forward rapidly and
-satisfactorily. Although the actual period of construction has been
-remarkably short for so vast an undertaking, everything constructed is
-of the most permanent character. It is only just to note the fact that
-while the Zoological Park is an institution of national interest and
-importance, and free to all the world, with the exception of a few gifts
-of animals it has been created and is maintained wholly by the citizens
-of the City of New York. The State has contributed nothing.
-
-The Executive Committee.
-
-JUNE 1, 1913.
-
-
-
-
-                               CONTENTS.
-
-
-                                                                    Page
-  Statistics of the Zoological Park                                   10
-  Officers of the Society                                             11
-  Origin                                                              13
-  Means of Access                                                     16
-  Admission                                                           17
-  Physical Aspect of the Grounds                                      21
-
-
-                                 MAMMALS.
-  Bison Ranges                                                        26
-  Mountain Sheep Hill                                                 29
-  Antelope House                                                      35
-  Small-Deer House                                                    42
-  Miscellaneous Mammals                                               49
-  White Mountain Goat                                                 50
-  Prong-Horned Antelope                                               51
-  Camel House                                                         53
-  Llama House                                                         55
-  North American Deer                                                 57
-  Zebra House                                                         63
-  Asiatic and European Deer                                           66
-  Lion House                                                          71
-  Sea-Lions                                                           78
-  Primate House                                                       80
-  Elephant House                                                      89
-  Wolf Dens                                                           98
-  Fox Dens                                                           101
-  Otter Pools                                                        103
-  Small-Mammal House                                                 104
-  Puma and Lynx House                                                115
-  Burrowing Mammals                                                  116
-  Prairie-Dog Village                                                118
-  Bear Dens                                                          119
-  Raccoon Tree                                                       128
-  Beaver Pond                                                        128
-  Economic Rodent-Reptile Collection                                 130
-
-
-                                  BIRDS.
-  Goose Aviary                                                       133
-  Flying Cage                                                        135
-  Aquatic-Bird House                                                 141
-  Eagle and Vulture Aviary                                           143
-  Wild Turkey Enclosure                                              146
-  Large-Bird House                                                   146
-  Wild Fowl Pond                                                     153
-  Pheasant and Pigeon Aviary                                         155
-  Ostrich House                                                      162
-  Cranes                                                             167
-
-
-                                REPTILES.
-  Reptile House                                                      171
-  Turtles and Tortoises                                              172
-  Crocodiles and Alligators                                          175
-  Lizards                                                            177
-  Serpents                                                           179
-  Batrachians or Amphibians                                          182
-
-
-                                 INSECTS.
-  Insect Collection                                                  185
-  Index                                                              188
-
-
-                                  MAPS.
-  Map of Zoological Park                            Second page of cover
-  Sketch Map, New York                                                14
-  Sketch Map, Vicinity of Park                                        16
-
-
-
-
-                             ILLUSTRATIONS.
-
-
-  PAGE
-  Peninsula Bear: Ivan                                    _Frontispiece_
-  Baird Court and Concourse                                           12
-  The Boat House                                                      18
-  Boating on Bronx Lake                                               20
-  White-Tailed Deer                                                   24
-  American Bison                                                      26
-  European Bison                                                      27
-  White-Fronted Musk-Ox                                               30
-  Big-Horn Mountain Sheep                                             30
-  Mouflon                                                             32
-  Arcal Sheep                                                         32
-  Himalayan Tahr                                                      32
-  Burrhel                                                             32
-  Chamois                                                             33
-  Markhor                                                             33
-  Aoudad                                                              33
-  Persian Wild Goat                                                   33
-  Nilgai: Indian Antelope                                             36
-  Nubian Giraffes                                                     38
-  Beatrix Antelope                                                    40
-  Blessbok                                                            40
-  Leucoryx Antelope                                                   41
-  White-Tailed Gnu                                                    41
-  Eland                                                               42
-  Sable Antelope                                                      43
-  Redunca Antelope                                                    44
-  Sasin Antelope                                                      46
-  Great Gray Kangaroo                                                 48
-  Rocky Mountain Goat                                                 49
-  American Prong-Horned Antelope                                      52
-  Bactrian Camel                                                      53
-  Alpaca                                                              54
-  Vicunia                                                             55
-  American Elk                                                        58
-  European Red Deer                                                   58
-  Development of Antlers                                              61
-  Grant Zebra                                                         64
-  Prjevalsky Horses                                                   65
-  Axis Deer                                                           68
-  Burmese Deer                                                        69
-  Jaguar                                                              72
-  Cheetah                                                             73
-  Barbary Lion                                                        74
-  Snow Leopard                                                        75
-  Atlantic Walrus                                                     79
-  Chimpanzee, “Baldy”                                                 82
-  Orang-Utan                                                          84
-  Humboldt Woolly Monkey                                              85
-  Japanese Red-Faced Monkey                                           88
-  Pig-Tailed Macaque                                                  88
-  Slow Lemur                                                          89
-  Siamang                                                             89
-  Elephant House                                                      90
-  Indian Elephant                                                     92
-  African Elephants                                                   93
-  African Two-Horned Rhinoceros                                       94
-  Indian Rhinoceros                                                   95
-  Pygmy Hippopotami                                                   96
-  Timber Wolf                                                         99
-  Coyote: Prairie Wolf                                               100
-  Swift or Kit Fox                                                   102
-  Red Fox                                                            103
-  Ocelot                                                             106
-  Common Genet                                                       107
-  African Porcupine                                                  111
-  Tamandua                                                           112
-  Great Ant-Eater                                                    113
-  Six-Banded Armadillo                                               114
-  Two-Toed Sloth                                                     115
-  Polar Bear Den                                                     120
-  Polar Bear “Silver King”                                           122
-  Syrian Bear                                                        123
-  Spectacled Bear                                                    126
-  European Brown Bear                                                127
-  Brazilian Tree Porcupine                                           131
-  Mute and Trumpeter Swans                                           133
-  Cereopsis Geese                                                    136
-  White-Faced Glossy Ibis                                            137
-  Roseate Spoonbill                                                  137
-  Brown and White Pelicans                                           140
-  Great Horned Owl                                                   142
-  Spectacled Owl                                                     142
-  Eared Vulture                                                      143
-  Lammergeyer                                                        143
-  King Vulture                                                       145
-  Black Vulture                                                      145
-  Harpy Eagle                                                        145
-  Griffon Vulture                                                    145
-  Wild Turkey                                                        147
-  Seriema                                                            148
-  Secretary Bird                                                     148
-  Great Crowned Pigeon                                               150
-  Sulphur Crested Cockatoo                                           151
-  Toco Toucan                                                        151
-  Ducks Feeding                                                      154
-  Pheasant Aviary                                                    156
-  Manchurian Eared Pheasant                                          158
-  Indian Peacock                                                     159
-  North African Ostrich                                              163
-  Rhea                                                               164
-  Cassowary                                                          164
-  Emeus                                                              165
-  Little Brown Crane                                                 167
-  Demoiselle Crane                                                   167
-  Asiatic White Crane                                                168
-  Paradise Crane                                                     168
-  Whooping Crane                                                     169
-  Crowned Crane                                                      169
-  Adjutant                                                           169
-  Jabiru                                                             169
-  Mastigure                                                          170
-  Horned Rattlesnake                                                 170
-  Hog-Nosed Snake                                                    170
-  Gecko                                                              170
-  Tree Frog                                                          170
-  Giant Tortoise                                                     173
-  Alligator Pool                                                     176
-  Venezuelan Boa                                                     177
-  Rhinoceros Viper                                                   180
-  Cobra-De-Capello                                                   181
-  Metamorphosis of the Leopard Frog                                  184
-  Giant Centipede                                                    186
-  Tarantula                                                          187
-  Red-Winged Locust                                                  187
-  Hercules Beetle                                                    187
-
-
-
-
-                   STATISTICS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL PARK.
-
-
-                              January, 1915.
-
-  Final plan of the Zoological Park approved by Park Board, November
-  22, 1897.
-  Zoological Society assumed control of grounds, July 1, 1898.
-  First building begun, August 11, 1898.
-  Park formally opened to the public, November 9, 1899.
-  Administration and Service Buildings                                 2
-  Large Animal Buildings (all heated)                                 14
-  Small Animal Buildings (4 heated)                                   10
-  Large Groups of Outdoor Dens, Aviaries and Corrals                  13
-  Animal Storehouses, for winter use                                   3
-  Restaurants                                                          2
-  Public-Comfort Buildings                                             6
-  Entrances                                                            7
-  Area of Park Land and Water                                  264 acres
-  Area of Water                                                 30 acres
-  Walks and Roads                                             7.78 miles
-  Fences                                                     10.55 miles
-
-                     LIVE ANIMALS IN THE COLLECTIONS.
-                              January, 1915.
-
-             Mammals       204 species,        586 specimens.
-             Birds         811     “         2,753     “
-             Reptiles      164     “         1,014     “
-             Total       1,179               4,353
-
-  Attendance of visitors in 1914                              2,020,433
-  Total attendance of visitors from 1899 to Jan., 1915       19,325,590
-
-
-
-
-                      NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY
-
-
-                              _President_,
-                        HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN.
-
-              MADISON GRANT, _Secretary_, 11 Wall Street.
-              PERCY R. PYNE, _Treasurer_, 30 Pine Street.
-
-                          Executive Committee
-                       MADISON GRANT, _Chairman_.
-                             PERCY R. PYNE,
-                          WATSON B. DICKERMAN,
-                             SAMUEL THORNE,
-                         WM. PIERSON HAMILTON,
-                          WILLIAM WHITE NILES,
-                           FRANK K. STURGIS,
-                           LISPENARD STEWART,
-                 HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN, _ex-officio_.
-
-                             General Officers
-                     WILLIAM T. HORNADAY, _Director_
-  H. J. SHORTER                                    _Assistant Secretary_
-  R. L. CERERO                                  _Assistant to Treasurer_
-  DR. GEORGE S. HUNTINGTON                                   _Prosector_
-  C. GRANT LA FARGE                                          _Architect_
-  H. DeB. PARSONS                                  _Consulting Engineer_
-                     Officers of the Zoological Park.
-                        WILLIAM T. HORNADAY, Sc.D.
-                     _Director and General Curator._
-  H. R. MITCHELL                    _Chief Clerk and Disbursing Officer_
-  R. L. DITMARS                      _Curator of Reptiles, Asst. Curator
-                                                             of Mammals_
-  C. WILLIAM BEEBE                                    _Curator of Birds_
-  LEE S. CRANDALL                           _Assistant Curator of Birds_
-  W. REID BLAIR, D.V.S.                                   _Veterinarian_
-  H. W. MERKEL                          _Chief Forester and Constructor_
-  ELWIN R. SANBORN                             _Editor and Photographer_
-  GEORGE M. BEERBOWER                                   _Civil Engineer_
-  WILLIAM MITCHELL                                             _Cashier_
-
-    [Illustration: ITALIAN GARDEN, BAIRD COURT,
-    The structure on the right is the Large Bird-House, and in the
-    distance, the Lion House.]
-
-
-
-
-                             GENERAL STATUS
-                        OF THE ZOOLOGICAL PARK.
-
-
-Origin.—The New York Zoological Park originated with the New York
-Zoological Society, a scientific body incorporated in 1895, under a
-special charter granted by the Legislature of the State of New York. The
-declared objects of the Society are three in number—“A public Zoological
-Park; the preservation of our native animals; the promotion of zoology.”
-The Society has enrolled among its various classes over 2,000 members.
-
-Henry Fairfield Osborn is the President of the Society. The affairs of
-the Society are managed by a Board of Managers of thirty-six persons,
-which meets three times each year. The planning and general development
-of the Zoological Society is in the hands of an Executive Committee of
-eight members, as follows: Madison Grant, Chairman; Percy R. Pyne,
-Samuel Thorne, William White Niles, Watson B. Dickerman, Wm. Pierson
-Hamilton, Frank K. Sturgis, Lispenard Stewart and Henry Fairfield
-Osborn, _ex-officio_. Madison Grant, the Chairman of the Executive
-Committee, is also Secretary of the Society, and his office is at No. 11
-Wall Street. Dr. William T. Hornaday is the Director and General Curator
-of the Zoological Park, and his office is now located in the
-Administration Building on Baird Court. The address is 185th Street and
-Southern Boulevard. The Society assumed control of the grounds on July
-1, 1898, and began the first excavation, for the Bird House, on August
-11th. The Park Department began work, on the Wild-Fowl Pond, on August
-29, 1898.
-
-Sources of Income.—The funds devoted to the development of the
-Zoological Park have been derived from the following sources:
-
-1. From the Zoological Society, obtained by subscriptions from private
-citizens—funds for plans, for the erection of buildings, aviaries, dens
-and other accommodations for animals; and for the purchase of animals.
-
-2. From the City of New York—by vote of the Board of Estimate and
-Apportionment—funds for the construction of walks, roads, sewers and
-drainage, water supply, public comfort buildings, entrances, grading,
-excavating of large ponds and lakes, annual maintenance, and also for
-animal buildings.
-
-    [Illustration: SKETCH MAP SHOWING LOCATION OF ZOOLOGICAL PARK.]
-
-The Zoological Society has expended, of its own funds, for plans,
-construction and live animals, over $641,000. This sum has been derived
-from its special subscription fund, and from the annual dues and fees of
-its members.
-
-Privileges.—Because of the fact that the Zoological Society has
-undertaken to furnish all the animals for the Zoological Park, the City
-of New York has agreed that all the revenue-producing privileges of the
-Park shall be controlled by the Society. _All net profits_ derived from
-the restaurants, boats, refreshments, riding animals, the sale of
-photographs, books, etc., and all admission fees, are expended by the
-Society _in the purchase of animals for the Park_. It is well that
-visitors should know that _all net profits realized in the Park go
-directly toward the increase of the animal collections_.
-
-The Society maintains a supply of boats for hire, and riding animals of
-various kinds for the amusement of children.
-
-Location.—The Zoological Park is the geographical center of that portion
-of Greater New York now known as Bronx County. From east to west it is
-half-way between the Hudson River and Long Island Sound, and from north
-to south it is midway between the mouth of the Harlem River and Mount
-Vernon. From the City Hall to the Reptile House the distance is eleven
-miles. The distance by automobile from the Central Park Plaza to the
-Concourse Entrance is 9½ miles. The Northwest Entrance is about half a
-mile from Fordham station on the Harlem Railway.
-
-The area of the Park is 264 acres, divided as follows:
-
-  Land area west of the Boston Road                        150  acres.
-  Land area east of the Boston Road                         80     “
-  Bronx Lake                                                25     “
-  Lake Agassiz                                              5½     “
-  Aquatic Mammals’ Pond, Cope Lake and Beaver Pond          3½     “
-  Total area                                               264  acres.
-
-    [Illustration: SKETCH MAP OF THE ZOOLOGICAL PARK AND VICINITY.]
-
-
-                            MEANS OF ACCESS.
-
-Via the Subway, to the Boston Road Entrance.—The terminus of the eastern
-branch of the Subway, at “180th St., Zoological Park,” lands visitors at
-the southeastern entrances to the Zoological Park, at West Farms.
-Visitors from points below 96th Street must be careful to board the
-“Bronx Park” trains, and not the “Broadway” trains.
-
-Routes for Automobiles or Carriages.—Via Central Park, Lenox Avenue,
-Macomb’s Dam Bridge and Jerome Avenue or Grand Concourse to Pelham
-Avenue, thence eastward to the Concourse Entrance, where motor cars and
-carriages are admitted to the Park.
-
-Via the Third Avenue Elevated.—The Third Avenue Elevated Railway has
-been extended to Bedford Park, and visitors coming to the Zoological
-Park on it or on the Harlem Railroad should alight at Fordham Station,
-from which the northwest entrance is half a mile distant, due eastward,
-on Pelham Avenue, via the Union Railway surface cars.
-
-Surface Cars.—The Southern Boulevard and the Zoological Park Cars of the
-Union Railway now run to both the Crotona (Southwest) Entrance and the
-Fordham Entrance. The Crosstown cars of the same line intersect the
-Southern Boulevard three blocks south of the Crotona Entrance.
-
-
-                               ADMISSION.
-
-Free Admission.—On all holidays, and on Sunday, Tuesday, Wednesday,
-Friday and Saturday, the Zoological Park is open free to the public.
-
-Pay Admission.—On every Monday and Thursday, save when either of those
-days falls on a holiday, all members of the Zoological Society who
-surrender coupons from their membership tickets, and all other persons
-holding tickets from the Society, will be admitted free. All other
-persons seeking admission will be admitted on payment of twenty-five
-cents for each adult, and fifteen cents for each child under twelve
-years of age. Tickets are sold only at the entrance gates.
-
-Holidays on Pay Days.—Whenever a legal holiday falls on a Monday or
-Thursday, admission to the Park will be free on that day.
-
-Hours for Opening and Closing.—From May 1st to November 1st the gates
-will be opened at 9 A. M. daily, and closed half an hour before sunset.
-From November 1st to May 1st the gates will open at 10 A. M.
-
-Entrances, Walks, etc.—The portion of the Zoological Park situated west
-of the Boston Road has been enclosed. Access to this area is provided by
-six entrances, one situated at each corner—one on the Boston Road and
-one at the bridge on Pelham Avenue. The latter is a carriage entrance
-for visitors wishing to drive to the north end of Baird Court. From all
-these entrances broad walks lead into the Park and through it, reaching
-all the collections of animals now installed.
-
-Carriage Roads.—The only wagon road which enters the central portion of
-the Park now occupied by animals is the Service Road, which enters from
-the Southern Boulevard, at 185th Street, and runs eastward, to the
-Service Building, Reptile House, Bear Dens, and Rocking Stone
-Restaurant.
-
-_This road is for business purposes only_, and is not open for the
-vehicles of visitors. It is utterly impossible to admit carriages to the
-_center_ of the Park, save those of officers entering on business, and
-_visitors must not ask for exceptions to this very necessary rule_.
-
-Automobile and Carriage Entrance.—A fine public carriage road and
-concourse, leading from Pelham Avenue Bridge and to the upper end of
-Baird Court, was completed in 1908. This drive is open to carriages or
-motors, daily, and it affords easy access to the most important group of
-buildings. It is subject to the same regulations as all other entrances,
-except that carriages and automobiles are admitted.
-
-    [Illustration: THE BOAT HOUSE, BRONX LAKE.]
-
-The Boston Road, which runs through the Park from south to north, near
-the western bank of the Bronx Lake, is open at all hours. It has
-recently—and for the first time—been finely improved by the Park
-Department for the Borough of the Bronx, and a drive through it affords
-a fine view of the eastern side of the Buffalo Range, and the finest
-portion of the heavy forest of the Zoological Park.
-
-As a matter of course, the ranges of the buffalo, antelope, deer, moose,
-and elk, are in full view from the Kingsbridge Road and Southern
-Boulevard, and the Zoological Society has planned that the view from
-those avenues shall be left open sufficiently that the herds may be seen
-to good advantage.
-
-The Rocking Stone Restaurant, No. 46, has been designed to serve all the
-purposes that its name implies. It contains dining-rooms in which full
-meals may be obtained, lunch-rooms wherein choice food will be served at
-popular prices, and in the basement, toilet-rooms will be found.
-
-The Service Building, No. 28.—Near the Reptile House, and at the
-geographical center of the enclosed grounds, is situated a building
-which contains the Bureau of Administration of the Zoological Park. Here
-will be found the offices of the Chief Clerk, several other Park
-officers, and the workshops and storerooms.
-
-Children lost in the Park, and property lost or found, should be
-reported without delay at the Chief Clerk’s office in this building. The
-telephone call of the Zoological Park is 953 Tremont.
-
-Wheeled Chairs.—By persons desiring them, wheeled chairs can always be
-obtained at the entrances, by applying to gatekeepers, or at the office
-of the Chief Clerk, in the Service Building. The cost is 25 cents per
-hour; with an attendant, 50 cents per hour.
-
-Arrangement of Collections.—Inasmuch as the physical features of the
-Zoological Park grounds were important factors in locating the various
-collections of animals, a perfect zoological arrangement was impossible.
-The existing plan represents the limit of acceptable possibilities in
-grouping related animals.
-
-    [Illustration: BOATING ON BRONX LAKE.]
-
-The entire southern and western sides of the Park are exclusively
-devoted to the Hoofed Animals, in addition to which other members of
-that Order will be found at the Elephant and Small-Mammal Houses. The
-Carnivorous Animals will be found at the Lion House, Wolf and Fox Dens,
-Small-Mammal House and Bear Dens. The Birds are in two groups; one in
-the lower end of Bird Valley, and the Large Bird-House on Baird Court;
-the other around the Wild-Fowl Pond, south of the Wolf Dens.
-
-The existence of six entrances to the Park renders it impossible to lay
-out an all-embracing “tour” for the visitor, and develop the Guide Book
-accordingly. The various collections will be handled in zoological
-groups, but the various groups cannot follow each other in zoological
-sequence. The table of contents and a comprehensive index will render
-each item of the subject matter quickly available.
-
-
-                    PHYSICAL ASPECT OF THE GROUNDS.
-
-The extreme length of the Park from north to south is 4,950 feet, or 330
-feet less than one mile; and its extreme width is 3,120 feet, or
-three-fifths of a mile. Roughly estimated, one-third of the land area is
-covered by heavy forest, one-third by open forest, and the remaining
-third consists of open meadows and glades. The highest point of land in
-the Park is the crest of Rocking Stone Hill, the elevation of which is
-94.8 feet above sea level.
-
-Topography.—Speaking broadly, the Zoological Park is composed of granite
-ridges running from north to south. In many places their crests have
-been denuded of earth by the great glacier which once pushed its edge as
-far south as New York City. In the valleys lying between these
-glacier-scraped ridges, great quantities of sandy, micaceous soil have
-been deposited; but in one spot—the Wild-Fowl Pond—what was once a
-green, glacial lake fifteen feet deep, presently became a vast
-rock-walled silo filled with vegetable matter and a trembling bog of
-peat. Everywhere in the Park glacial boulders of rough granite or
-smoothly rounded trap-rock, varying in size from a cobble-stone to the
-thirty-ton Rocking Stone, have been dropped just where the warm southern
-sun freed them from the ice. The Park contains thousands of them, many
-of which have been removed from walks and building sites only with great
-labor.
-
-In three of the four principal valleys of the Park, bogs have been
-converted into ponds, and in the largest and deepest of all lie Bronx
-Lake and Lake Agassiz. The bed-rock underlying or cropping out in the
-Park exhibits pink granite, gray granite, rotten gneiss, and quartz in
-bewildering variety. Occasionally in trench-digging a ledge is
-encountered which yields good building-stone for rough work, but usually
-our rock is so full of mica as to be worthless.
-
-The water-levels in the various portions of the Park are as follows:
-
-                                        Above Sea Level.
-
-  Surface of Bronx Lake                      20.40  feet
-  Surface of Lake Agassiz                    31.70    “
-  Surface of Cope Lake and Duck Ponds        47.00    “
-  Surface of Wild-Fowl Pond                  65.00    “
-  Surface of Beaver Pond                     44.00    “
-
-The floor levels of some of the important buildings are as follows:
-
-                                        Above Sea Level.
-
-  Of the Antelope House                         88  feet
-  Of the Reptile House                          78    “
-  Of the Lion House                             64    “
-  Of the Aquatic-Bird House                     57    “
-
-Soil.—The soil varies from rich black muck in the valleys, to light and
-very dry soil, full of mica and sand, on the ridges and meadows. Where
-not packed hard, the latter is very porous, and the heaviest rainfall is
-quickly absorbed, or carried away on the surface. As a result, the
-valleys are always moist and rich in grass, and the slopes and ridges
-are always dry and warm.
-
-Streams and Ponds.—The Zoological Park contains about 34 acres of still
-water, of which Bronx Lake comprises 25 acres, Lake Agassiz 5½ acres,
-Cope Lake, the Wild-Fowl Pond, and Beaver Pond together, about 3½ acres.
-The two larger lakes are fed by the Bronx River, which drains a valley
-about 15 miles long. Even in the driest seasons the volume of water
-carried down by the Bronx River is sufficient to keep the lakes well
-filled. The areas of still water available for animal collections are
-very generous for an institution like this, and are highly prized.
-
-The Waterfall.—At the lower end of Lake Agassiz, and about 300 feet
-above the Boston Road Bridge, is a natural waterfall nearly 12 feet in
-height, where the Bronx River falls over a rugged ledge of pink granite.
-In times of high water the foaming flood that thunders over the rocks
-makes an imposing spectacle, and it constitutes a most unusual feature
-to be found in a city park. During the year 1901, an improvement was
-made which added very greatly to the beauty of this feature by extending
-the rock ledge about 200 feet farther, to the rocky side of Wilson Hill,
-thereby greatly increasing the water area of Lake Agassiz, and at the
-same time forming a beautiful island.
-
-Forests.—The crowning glory of the Zoological Park is the magnificent
-forest growth which covers, thickly or sparsely, about two-thirds of its
-land area. It consists chiefly of white, scarlet, black, red and pin
-oaks, tulip, sweet gum, hickory, beech, sassafras, maple, wild cherry,
-hornbeam, dogwood, tupelo, hemlock and cedar; but there are at least
-thirty other species of trees and shrubs. Thanks to the wise foresight
-and broad views of David and Philip Lydig, who for about eighty years
-were the sole owners of nearly the whole of the Zoological Park site,
-the virgin forest was not cut down for firewood or lumber, but was
-carefully preserved for posterity. As the legal custodian of this
-splendid domain of Nature, the Zoological Society is as rapidly as
-possible going over the entire forest, to arrest decay and death, and
-take all needed measures for the preservation of the trees. It is safe
-to say that nowhere else within fifty miles of New York can there be
-found any more beautiful forests than those in the central and eastern
-portions of the Park. Throughout the enclosed grounds, it is absolutely
-necessary that visitors should be restricted to the walks; for otherwise
-the feet of our millions of visitors would quickly destroy every ground
-plant.
-
-The Rocking Stone, No. 45, a colossal cube of pinkish granite, poised on
-one of its angles on a smooth pedestal of rock, is the Zoological Park’s
-most interesting souvenir of the glacial epoch. Across the bare face of
-the rocky hill in which lies the Crocodile Pool, there are several
-glacial scratches pointing directly toward the famous boulder; and who
-will say it had no part in making one of them?
-
-The Rocking Stone stands on a smooth table of granite on the southern
-shoulder of the hill overlooking the Buffalo Range. Its extreme height
-is 7 feet 6 inches; breadth, 10 feet 1 inch; thickness, 8 feet 1 inch,
-and its weight, as roughly calculated, is 30 tons. A pressure of about
-50 lbs. exerted on the most northern angle of the stone causes its apex
-to swing north and south about two inches.
-
-    [Illustration: WHITE TAILED DEER.]
-
-
-
-
-                        SECTION I.—THE MAMMALS.
-
-
-                          The Hoofed Animals.
-
-The forming of a collection which shall fairly represent the hoofed
-animals of the world is necessarily a work of years. It is now (in 1915)
-fifteen years since the Zoological Society entered upon this task, and
-during that period the work of providing installations and living
-specimens has been pursued with unflagging industry. In no feature of
-our development has the Society been more liberal than in the purchase
-of specimens for this collection, and the gifts to it have been both
-numerous and valuable. In our 82 species and 330 specimens we feel that
-the Order _Ungulata_ is strongly represented. On April 1, 1913, the
-summary of groups stood as follows:
-
-                       Summary of the Ungulates.
-
-  Deer                              24  species      164   specimens
-  Giraffes                           1     “           2       “
-  Bovines: Bison, etc.               3     “          38       “
-  Musk Ox                            1     “           6       “
-  Wild Sheep, Goats, etc.            8     “          41       “
-  Antelopes                         22     “          41       “
-  Hippopotamus                       2     “           4       “
-  Wild Swine                         3     “           5       “
-  Camels and Cameloids               5     “          10       “
-  Rhinoceros                         2     “           2       “
-  Tapirs                             2     “           3       “
-  Wild Equines                       6     “           9       “
-  Elephants                          3     “           5       “
-  Total                             82     “         330       “
-
-The arrangement of this section of the Guide Book begins at the Buffalo
-Entrance with the Bisons, and follows the ranges, corrals and buildings
-for Hoofed Animals, along the southern and western sides of the Park, to
-the Axis Deer Range. The Elephant House is introduced as the visitor
-leaves Baird Court, going south.
-
-The large, open pastures are called “ranges,” and the smaller fenced
-enclosures are known as “corrals.” The fences are chiefly of hard steel
-wire, so strong and elastic that the animals cannot break through them.
-
-    [Illustration: AMERICAN BISON: BULL.]
-
-Warning.—Visitors must _never_ stand close beside a wire fence or gate,
-because its elasticity between posts might enable a charging animal to
-strike a person so standing and inflict a serious injury, even though
-the fence or gate is not in the least affected by the blow.
-
-
-                   THE BISON RANGES, Nos. 51 and 52.
-
-Stretching from the Boston Road to the large Antelope House (No. 50),
-and from the Rocking Stone to the southern boundary, lies an open
-expanse of rolling meadow land, with a total area of about twenty acres.
-It is almost surrounded by shade-trees. Its easterly edge is a low-lying
-strip of rich meadow, which lies under the shelter of the rocky,
-tree-covered ridge that forms the natural retaining wall of the higher
-plateau toward the west. This is the Bison Range. It is the first
-enclosure seen on the left as the visitor enters the Park from West
-Farms by way of the Boston Road.
-
-On the north side of the main range, near the Rocking Stone, are the
-four corrals, and the Bison House. The latter is a rustic hillside barn,
-eighty feet in length, with a semicircular front, affording shelter and
-feed storage for thirty-four buffaloes. The flat roof of the Buffalo
-House is open to the public from the main walk, and has been specially
-designed as a convenient lookout over the main range and corrals. There
-are other corrals, and a shelter shed, at the Buffalo Entrance.
-
-    [Illustration: EUROPEAN BISON: BULL.]
-
-The American Bison, or Buffalo, (_B. americanus_), is the largest and
-the best known of all North American hoofed animals. What was once the
-universal herd, which occupied the whole pasture region of the West, was
-cut in twain in 1867, by the building of the first trans-continental
-railway. The great “southern herd,” of several millions of animals, was
-destroyed by skin hunters during the years 1871, 1872, 1873, and 1874,
-and the practical extinction of the northern herd was accomplished
-between 1880 and 1884.
-
-At present there are but two herds of wild bison in existence. The
-largest band, now containing by estimate about 300 individuals, inhabits
-a wide stretch of barren and inhospitable territory southwest of Great
-Slave Lake. About twenty head remain in the Yellowstone Park, more than
-nine-tenths of the original herd having been slaughtered by poachers
-since 1890. There are now about 2000 bison alive in captivity, chiefly
-in large private game preserves.
-
-Usually bison calves are born in May, June, and July. Full maturity is
-not reached until the end of the seventh year, when the horns of the
-male—at first a straight spike—have attained their full semi-circular
-curve. Like all thick-haired animals of the temperate zone, the American
-bison sheds its coat in spring, and does not regain full pelage until
-October or November.
-
-The bison breeds in confinement about as readily as domestic cattle. In
-appearance, it is the most imposing of all bovine animals, and with two
-exceptions it is also the largest. In captivity its disposition is mild,
-though inclined to stubbornness. Occasionally, however, an old bull
-becomes so vicious that it is necessary to seclude him from the herd,
-and treat him as a dangerous animal.
-
-With the exception of a very few individuals, our entire bison herd is
-the gift of the late William C. Whitney, and the increase therefrom. The
-total number of head on hand on April 1, 1913, was forty-two.
-
-In 1906, the New York Zoological Society presented to the United States
-Government a herd of fifteen bison to serve as a nucleus for an
-independent National herd. The Government very promptly fenced an area
-of twelve square miles of fine grazing grounds in the Wichita Forest and
-Game Reserve, for the proper reception of the herd. The plan was
-consummated during 1907. The effort has proven completely successful,
-and on April 1, 1913, the herd contained thirty-seven bison, all in fine
-condition.
-
-European Bison.—In a corral adjoining the Buffalo Entrance, on the
-Boston Road, are to be found two specimens of the rare and almost
-extinct European Bison, (_Bos bonasus_). This species is the nearest
-living relative of the American bison, and the two specimens (male and
-female), now exhibited, came quite unexpectedly into the possession of
-the Zoological Society in April, 1904. They were acquired from the small
-captive herd in the forest of the Prince of Pless, in Silesia,
-south-eastern Germany, and are the first living specimens of the species
-to be exhibited in America. They were presented to the Society by Mr.
-Norman James, of Baltimore, Mr. Charles Sheldon and Dr. Leonard J.
-Sanford.
-
-The distinguishing characters of this species are shorter and less
-abundant hair on the head, neck and shoulders than our bison, a tail
-densely covered with hair throughout its length, very long legs, and a
-short body.
-
-But for royal protection, this species would long ere this have become
-extinct. In the year 1857, about 1,898 head were living, but in 1892 the
-total had decreased to 491. It appears, however, that an increase can
-safely be announced. An estimate recently published (1906) places the
-total number of wild and semi-wild individuals at 1,400, while in the
-captive herds of the Czar and the Prince of Pless there are 46 more.
-About 700 of the survivors inhabit the forests of Bielowitza and
-Swisslotsch, Lithuania, west Russia, and are strictly protected by the
-Czar. Other bands still exist on the northern slope of the Caucasus
-Mountains around the sources of the Laba and Bjellaja, sometimes ranging
-up to an elevation of 8,000 feet. Wherever found, they live in scattered
-bands of from three to ten individuals. All the survivors of this
-species are so jealously guarded that very few of the zoological gardens
-of Europe have been able to procure specimens.
-
-This animal is very often miscalled the “aurochs,” and from this error
-much confusion has arisen. The true aurochs, (_Bos primigenius_), was
-the wild progenitor of some of the existing breeds of domestic cattle,
-but it is now extinct.
-
-
-                      MOUNTAIN SHEEP HILL, No. 44.
-
-The wild sheep and goats of the world form an exceedingly interesting
-group of animals. In form they are odd and picturesque, and in temper
-and mentality they are everything that could be desired. All the year
-round, deer are either nervous or dangerous, and difficult to handle.
-Wild sheep, goats and ibex appreciate man’s interest in them, and even
-when not fond of attention, they act sensibly when it is necessary to
-handle them.
-
-The Zoological Park collection of wild sheep and goats is one of the
-most interesting features of the Park. Mountain Sheep Hill is the first
-high ridge west of the Rocking Stone, and its northern end is very near
-the Bear Dens and Reptile House. It consists of a ridge of pink granite
-500 feet long and 25 feet high, its southern end fully exposed, but the
-northern end well shaded by oaks and cedars. For grazing animals that
-love to climb, and pose on the sky line, the slopes of bare rock, set in
-patches of hard, green turf, are almost ideal. In the eastern face of
-the ridge, rock excavations have been made, and five roomy caves have
-been constructed in such a manner that they are cool in summer, warm in
-winter, and dry at all times. On April 1, 1913, the six wire enclosures
-on Mountain Sheep Hill contained the following species:
-
-    [Illustration: WHITE-FRONTED MUSK-OX.]
-
-    [Illustration: BIG-HORN MOUNTAIN SHEEP RAM.]
-
-
-  Suleiman Markhor.
-  Arcal Mountain Sheep.
-  Mouflon.
-  Persian Wild Goat.
-  Himalayan Tahr.
-  Aoudad.
-
-
-Because of the curious (and unaccountable) fact that they do not thrive
-on Mountain Sheep Hill, the Rocky Mountain Goat and Chamois are
-exhibited elsewhere. The former will be found near the Pheasant Aviary,
-next to the Musk-ox.
-
-Visitors are requested to make note of the fact that _in winter_, the
-_Arcal Sheep, Mouflon, and other delicate sheep are exhibited in the
-Small-Deer House_.
-
-The White-Fronted Musk-Ox, (_Ovibos wardi_, Lydekker), is represented in
-the Park by a herd of six specimens. Five of these animals were born in
-May, 1910, in Ellesmere Land, and captured in that year by Paul J.
-Rainey and Harry C. Whitney, and presented by Mr. Rainey. The sixth
-individual, a vigorous and rather vicious female, was born on Melville
-Island, in May, 1909, and captured by Captain Joseph Bernier. Owing to
-the domineering temper of “Miss Melville,” it is not possible to keep
-her with the animals a year younger than herself, because she resents
-their presence in her corral.
-
-The Musk-Ox is an animal of strange form, inhabiting a small portion of
-the Arctic regions of the western hemisphere, up to the very
-northernmost points of land east of the Mackenzie River. At Fort Conger
-(Latitude 81°, 40′), its flesh was a godsend to General Greely, and
-later on to Commander Peary, also. Structurally, this animal stands in a
-genus of its own (_Ovibos_), midway between the cattle and the sheep,
-but it is unqualifiedly a misnomer to call it a “musk-sheep.”
-
-An adult male Musk-Ox stands 4 ft. 5 in. high at the shoulders and is 6
-ft. 7 in. in total length. Our first specimen was a female, two years
-old. She stood 3 ft. 2 in. high at the shoulders, and was 4 ft. 10 in.
-in total length. Her entire body was covered by a dense mass of fine
-light brown hair, of a woolly nature, overlaid by a thatch of very long,
-straight hair specially designed to shed rain.
-
-The Musk-Ox inhabits the Barren Grounds of northern Canada north of
-Latitude 64° from Great Bear Lake to Hudson Bay, Grant Land, and the
-northeast coast of Greenland from Franz Josef Fiord (Latitude 70°) to
-the most northerly point of land. About twenty living specimens have
-been taken when very young at Franz Josef Fiord, by Swedish and
-Norwegian whaling parties. The Peary Arctic Club, of New York, presented
-to the New York Zoological Society a young calf which was captured by
-Commander Peary at Fort Conger, in 1902, but it lived only a few months.
-
-    [Illustration: MOUFLON]
-
-    [Illustration: ARCAL SHEEP]
-
-    [Illustration: HIMALAYAN TAHR]
-
-    [Illustration: BURRHEL]
-
-The Big-Horn Mountain Sheep, (_Ovis canadensis_), is exhibited in the
-Zoological Park, whenever it may be obtained. The efforts that have been
-made in New York, Philadelphia, Washington and Chicago to acclimatize
-the Big-Horn of the Rocky Mountains have proven the extreme difficulty
-involved in keeping specimens of that species alive and in good
-condition anywhere in the Mississippi Valley, or on the Atlantic coast.
-The changes of atmosphere and temperature seem more violent than
-American mountain sheep are fitted by nature to endure, and thus far all
-specimens tried have died within a comparatively few months.
-
-    [Illustration: CHAMOIS]
-
-    [Illustration: MARKHOR]
-
-In his own country, the Rocky Mountain Big-Horn is a bold, hardy and
-robust animal. He is high-headed, keen-sighted, and a sure-footed
-mountaineer. He dwells in the wildest and most picturesque country that
-he can find between the “bad-lands” of western North Dakota and the line
-of perpetual snow on the Rockies. His massive circling horns render his
-head a much-coveted trophy, and his flesh is most excellent food. A
-full-grown ram (_Ovis canadensis_) stands 41 inches in height at the
-shoulders, and weighs 316 pounds.
-
-    [Illustration: AOUDAD]
-
-    [Illustration: PERSIAN WILD GOAT]
-
-This species ranges from the northern states of Mexico to northern
-British Columbia and it culminates (i. e., reaches its finest
-development) in southeastern British Columbia. In Northwest Alaska other
-related species occur. A female specimen from southeastern British
-Columbia was exhibited in the Zoological Park during 1905 and 1906, and
-in 1902, a male specimen of a closely related species (_Ovis nelsoni_)
-was also here.
-
-As opportunities offer to procure male specimens, that have been kept in
-their home region until they are at least a year and a half old, they
-will be purchased and exhibited.
-
-The Mouflon, (_Ovis musimon_), or Wild Sheep of Sardinia, is represented
-by a fine pair of specimens presented by Maurice Egerton, Esq., of
-London, and a young male born in the Park. The female of the adult pair
-was captured when a lamb in the mountains of Sardinia by Mr. Egerton.
-The ram of this species is handsomely colored, and this specimen is
-noted for his friendliness, and his fondness for admiration.
-
-The Arcal Mountain Sheep, (_Ovis cycloceros_), is one of the smallest
-mountain sheep of India of the “big-horn” type (with circling horns).
-The fully adult male, with its long undermane of coarse, shaggy hair and
-proud postures, is a very noteworthy creature. This species inhabits the
-mountains of northern India, Tibet, Afghanistan, Beluchistan and
-southern Persia.
-
-The Burrhel, or Blue Mountain Sheep, (_Ovis burrhel_), also of northern
-India, is of quite a different mould from the preceding species. Its
-countenance has almost a benign expression, and its curious out-pointing
-horns, of large size give it a most jaunty air. By some it is regarded
-as the most beautiful of all mountain sheep. In size, however, it is not
-imposing, for it is one of the smallest species. It is not so hardy as
-the preceding species, and there may be periods when there are no
-specimens on exhibition.
-
-The Aoudad, or Barbary Wild Sheep, (_Ovis tragelaphus_), comes from the
-hot, dry mountains of northern Africa, and it endures the cold, wet
-climate of New York in a manner sufficient to put to shame our American
-mountain sheep, goat and other western ruminants. The largest male
-Aoudad of our herd is a very fine specimen of its kind. He is as fond of
-admiration as any peacock, and often poses in striking attitudes on the
-highest point of his rocks. He was born here on March 19, 1902.
-
-The Himalayan Tahr, (_Hemitragus jemlaicus_), is really a wild goat, of
-very odd and picturesque aspect, native of the higher ranges of the
-Himalayas of northern India. Its horns are short and thick, and its body
-is covered with long, purplish-brown hair which is much blown about by
-the wind. It dwells amongst the most dangerous crags and precipices,
-just below timber-line, and in reality is a forest-loving animal. Its
-hair is the longest to be found on any member of the two subfamilies of
-goats and goat-like animals. The pair on exhibition have bred here, and
-the young have been successfully reared to maturity. The young Tahr is
-very small, but remarkably nimble-footed and capable.
-
-The Chamois, (_Rupicapra tragus_), has usually been represented in the
-hoofed-animal collection, but always out of its proper installation. Our
-individuals have not thriven on Mountain Sheep Hill, always becoming ill
-soon after being placed there. They thrive well, however, in a small
-wire pen with a sanded floor quite near the Puma and Lynx House (No.
-33A), and there we keep them.
-
-This animal is one of the rock antelopes, and is related to the American
-Mountain Goat. It is a bold mountaineer, and even to-day is pictorially
-represented as leaping “from crag to crag” across chasms apparently 200
-feet wide! Its home is in the mountains of southern Europe, especially
-the Pyrenees, the Swiss Alps and the Caucasus Mountains. But it is not
-so exclusively a crag-dweller, as most persons have been led to suppose,
-for in many localities it inhabits mountain forests. Like most other
-mountain ungulates, the Chamois dwell high in summer, and in winter they
-seek lower and more sheltered situations. They are exceedingly wary and
-agile, and sure-footed on dangerous ground.
-
-
-                      THE ANTELOPE HOUSE, NO. 50.
-
-The Antelope House occupies a commanding situation on a high,
-tree-covered knoll at the south end of the Zoological Park. The
-situation seems as if specially formed by Nature to be occupied by this
-building, and its outside enclosures. The drainage is quite perfect, and
-the yards are well-shaded.
-
-The building has been designed to meet the wants of giraffes and large
-African antelopes of all kinds, more especially those which require 60°
-of heat in winter.
-
-    [Illustration: NILGAI: INDIAN ANTELOPE.]
-
-The Antelope House is 142 feet long by 78 feet in extreme width. In
-architectural style it conforms with the other large animal buildings of
-the Park. Both for visitors and for its animals, it is roomy and well
-lighted, and in every way fitted to house and display a large and
-valuable collection of tropical hoofed animals. It contains 24 interior
-compartments, directly connected with 23 open-air yards for use in mild
-weather. This building was completed and occupied on October 17, 1903,
-and with all its surrounding improvements has cost about $80,000.
-
-As the visitor will observe from the following enumeration of species,
-our collection of large and rare African and Asiatic antelopes is very
-rich. Unfortunately, until the completion of the Zebra House releases
-the apartments now occupied by the equines, a number of species which
-belong in the Antelope House must temporarily be quartered elsewhere.
-
-The Nubian or Three-Horned Giraffes, (_Giraffa camelopardalis_), are at
-present the most important and interesting animals in the building. The
-pair came from German East Africa, are now (April, 1913) about twelve
-years old, and cost $5,500. The male stands 14 feet 4 inches in height,
-and the female 12 feet 6 inches. Both are good-tempered animals, and
-have been in good health ever since their arrival. Their food consists
-of clover hay, broken forage-biscuits, an assortment of raw vegetables
-carefully cut into small pieces, a small quantity of bran, and rock
-salt.
-
-A study of the Giraffes reveals most interesting conditions. According
-to the point of view, the total number of species and subspecies may be
-reckoned at any number from three to six, inclusive. According to the
-specimens in hand, the Southern, or Two-Horned Giraffe, (_Giraffa
-capensis_), seems clearly defined from the Northern, or Three-Horned
-Giraffe, (_G. camelopardalis_). Next, the Somali Giraffe, (_G.
-reticulata_), of the Lake Rudolph region and northern British East
-Africa, seems fairly separable. At first the Five-Horned Giraffe, of
-western Uganda, seemed quite distinct, but now British naturalists
-hesitate about according to it rank as a separate species, because of
-its intergradation with the Nubian form, (_camelopardalis_).
-
-Judging from all evidence now available, it seems that the Giraffes of
-to-day represent the midway stage of an effort to develop several
-species from the parent stock, the Three-Horned Giraffe, which is the
-species here represented. The existing forms, including all species and
-subspecies, intergrade and run together in a manner that is fairly
-bewildering; but if the Giraffes could remain uninfluenced by man for a
-sufficiently long period the probabilities are that the species now
-branching off would be clearly established.
-
-The oldest, the best-known and the most common Giraffe is the
-three-horned species, found from central Uganda southward. The
-five-horned variety meets the former in Uganda, and occurs from that
-region westward to the edge of the great equatorial forest, and on
-westward even to Lake Tchad, and the lower Niger Valley. Excepting in
-Uganda, Kahma’s country, and a few other protected districts, the
-Giraffe is now rare, particularly throughout the regions that are
-accessible to hunters. Thousands of these wonderful creatures have been
-killed by hunters, both white and black, solely for the sake of seeing
-them dead, and leaving them as prey to the hyænas and hunting-dogs. It
-seems to be beyond the power of most men who can shoot to see living
-wild animals, no matter how large or wonderful, without desiring to
-reduce them to carcasses, fit only for scavengers.
-
-    [Illustration: NUBIAN GIRAFFES.]
-
-The Eland, (_Taurotragus oryx_), is the largest and most imposing of all
-antelopes. As might be inferred from its great size, it is now so nearly
-extinct that it has almost disappeared from the lists of dealers in wild
-animals. The fine young pair now in the Antelope House was presented by
-the Duke of Bedford, from his famous animal collection at Woburn Park.
-The fully adult female is the gift of Mr. C. Ledyard Blair.
-
-Of Elands there are two well-marked species. That of eastern and
-southern Africa, here represented, was once numerous on many of the
-fertile plains of the great plateau now known as Rhodesia, and in fact
-throughout nearly the whole of the uplands of eastern Africa, from the
-Cape to the Sahara. Unfortunately, however, white hunters and modern
-firearms have reduced the countless thousands of the great herds to
-numbers so small that the capture and exportation of Elands have
-practically ceased.
-
-Although a number of Elands have been born in captivity, the number on
-public exhibition still remain very small. The only captive herd known
-to the writer is that of the Duke of Bedford, in Woburn Park, England,
-which is at once the admiration and envy of all collectors of living
-wild animals.
-
-The White-Tailed Gnu, (_Connochaetes gnu_), once was abundant in South
-Africa, south of the Vaal River. But it has shared the fate of all the
-other large mammals of that region, and only a few scattered bands still
-exist. Nearly all of the specimens now living in captivity were born in
-captivity, for both species of Gnu take kindly to life in parks and
-gardens.
-
-Every way considered, the Gnu is an animal of odd and remarkable form.
-It has a nose of strange shape, its horns are curiously formed, the hair
-on its head and neck exhibits various peculiarities, and its hips are
-oddly modeled. Its long, flowing tail is so horse-like that for many
-years this animal was pictured and popularly known as the “Horned
-Horse.”
-
-The White-Bearded Gnu, (_Connochaetes albojubatus_), is noticeably
-larger than the white-tailed species, and in some respects it presents a
-finer appearance. Its bulk is considerably greater, and its color is
-more pleasing. This species bears a strong resemblance to the third
-species, which is known as the Brindled or Blue Gnu, (_Connochaetes
-taurinus_), from which the former is distinguished by its white mane and
-jaw-tufts, and generally paler color. At wide intervals the
-White-Bearded species inhabits southern East Africa, from about S. Lat.
-23°, to the Albert Nyanza and Lake Rudolph, but chiefly near the coast.
-In only one locality do we learn of its occurrence west of the 30th
-meridian. To-day it is most numerous in German East Africa and the
-southern portions of Uganda.
-
-The Addax Antelope, (_Addax naso-maculatus_), is a spiral-horned
-antelope which inhabits the southern edge of the Sahara Desert from
-Dongola quite across Africa to Senegal. Its extremely broad and
-spreading hoofs betoken a dweller upon sand, and are strongly suggestive
-of the snow-shoe hoofs of the caribou. It is said that this animal is
-not to be taken without making a journey into the desert, with camels.
-
-The Leucoryx Antelope, (_Oryx leucoryx_), is the only member of its
-genus which has curved horns. Because of the length and very slight
-curvature of the horns, this species has by some writers been spoken of
-as the Sabre Antelope, and by a mischievous perversion that name has
-been turned into “Sable” Antelope, which refers to a totally different
-creature, (_Hippotragus niger_). Anyone who places an order for the
-purchase of a real Sable Antelope, and receives a Leucoryx instead of
-_Hippotragus niger_, is profoundly disappointed.
-
-This species is a desert habitant, and its home is the desert region of
-North Africa from Dongola to the Senegal country. It is breeding
-regularly here, and the offspring mature successfully. The largest
-Leucoryx horns on record measure 39⅝ inches.
-
-    [Illustration: BEATRIX ANTELOPE]
-
-    [Illustration: BLESSBOK]
-
-The Beisa Antelope, (_Oryx beisa_), is a good representative of the
-group of straight-horned antelopes found in the genus _Oryx_. Of all the
-long-horned species, the two Beisas and the Gemsbok of Africa, and the
-Beatrix of Arabia, are the only species possessed of horns that are
-practically straight from base to tip. The Gemsbok is the largest and
-most showy species, being painted like a harlequin, in a startling
-pattern of roan, black and white. The Beisa is a good second, however.
-The horns of all these antelopes grow to great length, and are excellent
-weapons for use in encounters with the smaller game-killing carnivores.
-The largest horns of record measure 40 inches.
-
-The Beisa inhabits eastern Central Africa, from Suakin on the Red Sea
-southward to the Equator.
-
-The Beatrix Antelope, (_Oryx beatrix_), of the Arabian Desert, is one of
-the rarest antelopes to be found in captivity, and at this date this
-interesting species is represented by a fine pair of specimens. The
-longest horns of record measure 26 inches. Very few sportsmen have seen
-this animal in its native haunts. Our pair has been breeding for three
-years, and has reared two young.
-
-The Sable Antelope, (_Hippotragus niger_), is by many persons regarded
-as the handsomest of all the numerous species of African antelopes. In
-appearance it is very proud and high-headed; it has imposing horns that
-sweep backward in a semicircular curve; its large eyes and alert air
-betoken keen intelligence, and its glossy black coat, marked with pure
-white, render it a most conspicuous animal. On its native veldt it has
-now become a very rare species, and seldom is taken by sportsmen. The
-fine male specimen in the Park was presented by Miss Jean Walker
-Simpson.
-
-    [Illustration: LEUCORYX ANTELOPE]
-
-    [Illustration: WHITE-TAILED GNU]
-
-The Sing-Sing Waterbuck, (_Cobus unctuosus_), is a creature of the
-lowlands, and frequents the dense tangles of tall reeds that border many
-of the rivers of West Africa, above the great equatorial forest. In
-captivity it sometimes is one of the most insanely nervous and
-irrational creatures imaginable, ever seeking self-inflicted injuries.
-
-The Blessbok, (_Damaliscus albifrons_), is a small but handsome
-purple-and-white antelope which is now very nearly extinct. Formerly a
-number of herds were preserved on fenced farms in the Transvaal and
-Orange Free State, but it is feared that none of them survived the Boer
-War. This species never lived north of the Limpopo, but south of that
-river it once was so numerous that a truthful traveler described a vast
-plain as being “purple with Blessbok.”
-
-The Nilgai, (_Portax tragocamelus_), is the largest of the Indian
-antelopes, and while it has the stature and the high shoulders of a
-Baker roan antelope, its absurdly small horns give it, beside the large
-antelopes of Africa, a very commonplace and unfinished appearance. The
-males and females are as differently colored as if they belonged to
-different species. This animal inhabits the roughest portions of the
-central plains of Hindustan, from Mysore to the Himalayas. In northern
-India it is found along the rivers Jumna and Ganges, in rugged and
-barren tracts of ravines which in character and origin resemble our
-western “bad-lands.”
-
-    [Illustration: ELAND]
-
-The small antelopes will be found in the Small-Deer House, the next
-building in order.
-
-
-                     THE SMALL-DEER HOUSE, No. 49.
-
-In captivity the small and delicate species of deer, antelopes and
-gazelles are better cared for in enclosures that are not too large. For
-such creatures, freedom in a large enclosure usually means early death
-from accident or exposure.
-
-The very important building called the Small-Deer House has been erected
-with special reference to the wants of the interesting little hoofed
-animals which are too small for the Antelope House and the large ranges.
-In winter it will shelter the small tropical mountain sheep and goats,
-which are unable to withstand the rigors of outdoor life on Mountain
-Sheep Hill, and the tropical swine may also be expected here.
-
-The Small-Deer House is situated in close proximity to the Antelope
-House, and westward thereof. Of the buildings of secondary rank, it is
-one of the most satisfactory, being roomy, well-lighted and capable of
-comfortably housing and displaying a large and varied collection. The
-structure is 158 feet in length by 46 feet in width. It contains thirty
-compartments, each of which, under stress of necessity, can be
-partitioned, and formed into two. The interior compartments are each 10
-feet wide by 10 feet deep. The building is surrounded by a series of 34
-corrals, connecting with the interior compartments, the average size of
-each being 75 feet long by 20 feet wide at the outer end. All the fences
-are of wire, and were specially designed in the Park for this
-installation.
-
-    [Illustration: SABLE ANTELOPE.]
-
-It is a practical impossibility to offer an enumeration of the living
-animals in this building which will permanently apply, and the best that
-can be attempted is an approximation. It is an inexorable law of Nature
-that the smallest animals shall have the shortest periods of life, and
-in a zoological park a small hoofed animal may be here to-day and gone
-to-morrow. In the following enumeration, mention will be made only of
-those species which are likely to remain longest on exhibition; and it
-may be observed that in this building there will be found various
-animals which are neither deer nor antelopes.
-
-
-                            The Small Deer.
-
-Osceola White-Tailed Deer, (_Odocoileus virginianus osceola_), is an
-interesting geographic race of the northern White-Tailed Deer which
-forms the parent stem of a group of six or seven subspecies. The robust
-and hardy northern type, often with large and strong antlers, gradually
-diminishes in size and in antlers, until in Mexico it becomes a small
-and delicate creature, with very small and light antlers bearing only
-two or three small tines. The next form has so widely diverged from the
-original type that it is necessary to accord it rank as a full species.
-
-    [Illustration: REDUNCA ANTELOPE.]
-
-The Sinaloa White-Tailed Deer, (_Odocoileus sinaloae_), is still smaller
-and weaker than the preceding. Our pair of specimens shown was obtained
-by Mr. and Mrs. C. William Beebe, in the State of Guadalajara, Mexico,
-and are highly interesting as a link near the lower terminus of the
-_Odocoileus_ chain. On a majority of the antlers of this species there
-are no branches whatever, but simply a weak main beam, curving over at
-the tip, and terminating in a rounded point.
-
-It should be noted here that the White-Tailed Deer group,
-(_Odocoileus_), is very well represented in South America by _O.
-weigmanni_ of the Guianas.
-
-The Marsh Deer, (_Blastoceros paludosus_), of eastern South America, is
-the largest South American deer. Our first specimen was obtained in
-1904. Its antlers are strongly built but short, and in architecture
-resemble the antlers of a Siamese species known as Schomburgk Deer,
-(_Cervus schomburgki_); but the latter has on each beam three double
-bifurcations, while the former has but two. The Marsh Deer has very
-large, wide-spreading hoofs, which it would seem have been developed by
-many generations of existence on soft ground. It inhabits the jungles
-along river banks, in Brazil. The head of this animal is of remarkable
-length.
-
-This important species is rather weak in captivity, and it is by no
-means certain that it can constantly be exhibited here. There is another
-South American species, (_Blastoceros campestris_), which is a
-zoological understudy, or miniature, of the large Marsh Deer.
-
-The Black-Faced Brocket, (_Mazama tema_), _whenever it can be obtained_,
-will represent a group of American deer which is as little known in the
-United States as if it inhabited the heart of Borneo. The Brockets are
-smaller than the Sinaloa white-tailed deer, and they are so nearly
-hornless that the antler is merely a small, straight, sharp-pointed
-spike of bone only three inches long. The adult animal is only 25 inches
-in shoulder height, which is about the size of the muntjac of India. Of
-the Brockets there are several species, mostly South American, but from
-skulls and horns received we now know that it is found as far north as
-the State of Puebla, Mexico. A correspondent in that locality is
-constantly endeavoring to secure specimens for us, and no doubt will
-shortly succeed. For the reason that we expect specimens in the near
-future, this species is included.
-
-The Hog Deer, (_Cervus porcinus_), which is very unlike a hog, and is
-libeled by its name, is a small species from India, which is provided
-with long and well-shaped antlers having a total of six points.
-Sometimes the adult males are spotted in summer, and sometimes they are
-not. This species stands next to the beautiful axis deer. It breeds well
-in captivity, but is a very nervous and even hysterical animal.
-
-The Molucca Deer, (_Cervus moluccensis_), is a thick-bodied,
-scantily-clad and coarse-haired understudy of the Malay sambar, (_Cervus
-unicolor_). Of all deer it is one of the least beautiful. Its hair
-resembles the bristles of a wild hog, and its color is a dull, raw-umber
-brown. It belongs to the sambar group of East Indian deer, and really
-marks, both geographically and in size, the farthest departure from the
-type species of the group.
-
-The Muntjac or Rib-Faced Deer, (_Cervus muntjac_), is one of the most
-interesting of all species of small deer. In one respect it is unique.
-Its tiny antlers, which are only 4½ inches in length, are placed high up
-on stems of solid bone, which sometimes rise 3¾ inches clear of the
-cranium. These pedicles of bone are covered with skin, quite up to the
-burr of the antler. The front angles of these pedicles are continued
-down the face to the nasal bones, and form the two sharply defined
-facial ridges which have given this creature one of its popular names.
-
-    [Illustration: SASIN ANTELOPE.]
-
-In India the Muntjac inhabits the jungles of the tiger, the leopard,
-axis deer and sloth bear, and escapes from its numerous enemies by
-hiding behind logs, and scurrying through the thick underbush so swiftly
-that its pursuers can not keep it in view. Its flesh is most excellent
-food. From its peculiar, yapping cry, many times repeated, it is often
-called the Barking Deer. It breeds readily in captivity, and its bright
-fawn color attracts to it much attention.
-
-The Musk Deer, (_Moschus moschiferus_), of northern India, Tibet and
-Southern China is the creature which produces the well-known musk
-perfume of commerce. The product is secreted by the male in the
-“rutting” season. This species is one of the smallest of the true deer.
-Its most remarkable anatomical feature is a pair of very long and sharp
-canine teeth in the upper jaw, the points of which project far below the
-lower jaw. No horns are present in this animal. Being short-lived in
-captivity, and also difficult to obtain, it must be classed as an
-intermittent exhibit.
-
-
-                      The Small African Antelopes.
-
-In addition to the grand array of large antelopes inhabiting Africa, of
-which many fine examples will be found in the Antelope House, there is
-an extensive series of small species. Indeed, the richness of Africa in
-antelopes, great and small, is almost beyond belief. The species of Asia
-and Europe are so few, and so inconspicuous, that they seem like so many
-stray wanderers from the Dark Continent. The fertile, grassy plains of
-the great Central African plateau have cradled scores of species, some
-of which have wandered into the deserts, the forests and the fluviatile
-swamps, and there made their permanent homes.
-
-The Black-Buck, or Sasin Antelope, (_Antilope cervicapra_), of the
-central plains of Hindustan, is one of the handsomest of the smaller
-antelopes. The horns of the male are long, strongly ringed, twisted
-spirally, and rise from the head in the shape of a V, sometimes to a
-length of 28 inches. At first the young males are fawn-colored, like the
-females, but as they grow older they steadily grow darker, until finally
-the whole upper body and lower neck are suffused with a rich,
-brown-black color. On the plains between the rivers Ganges and Jumna,
-herds of Black-Buck live in densely populated agricultural regions, and
-one of the greatest difficulties attendant upon its pursuit lies in
-shooting an animal without also shooting the native.
-
-The Reedbuck, (_Cervicapra arundinum_), of South Africa, below Angola
-and Mozambique, is closely related to the larger and much more showy
-waterbucks, but is distinguished from them by the pronounced forward
-curve of its horns. In the western districts of Cape Colony, the number
-alive, in 1905, was estimated at 350 individuals.
-
-The Common Duiker Antelope, (_Cephalophus grimmi_), or for that matter,
-any species of Duiker—may be regarded as the representative of a large
-group of very small African antelopes, of wide distribution. There are
-about twenty species in all, and the great majority of them are very
-modestly colored, in coats of one or two colors only. The prevailing
-tints are grayish brown and tawny red. The horns of the various species
-of Duikers are all very much alike. With but one or two exceptions,
-their horns are straight spikes from 3 to 5 inches in length. In
-shoulder height the Duikers vary from 14 to 30 inches, but the majority
-are between 17 and 22 inches. Only three or four species are strikingly
-colored.
-
-The Four-Horned Antelope, (_Tetraceros quadricornis_) is a small
-creature which looks like a duiker, but is very far from belonging to
-that genus. It is an inhabitant of the brushy plains of India, and
-enjoys the unique distinction of possessing two pairs of horns. In
-addition to the 4-inch pair, normally placed, it has a much smaller
-pair, usually only 1 inch in height, which rises from the central area
-of the forehead. I believe it is the only species of antelope which
-possesses two pairs of horns.
-
-    [Illustration: GREAT GRAY KANGAROO.]
-
-The Springbuck, (_Antidorcas euchore_), is to South Africa as the
-“prong-horn” is to our great western plains. Once, both were abundant,
-and the first hoofed animal to greet the traveler who entered their
-respective domains. To-day, both species are so nearly extinct that the
-hunter must search long before finding even one. The Springbuck received
-its name in recognition of its remarkable habit of leaping high into the
-air when running—a habit which also is displayed by the black-buck of
-India.
-
-The Gazelles are found only in Asia and Africa, and the number of
-species is about 25. In general terms they may be described as dainty
-antelopes,—so slender and delicate in leg construction that it seems
-strange that such slender bones can support a tall animal without
-breaking.
-
-The Dorcas Gazelle, of Arabia, (_Gazella dorcas_), is the species which
-most frequently finds its way into captivity, and it will serve very
-well as a specimen species for the whole group. Despite its delicate and
-frail appearance, it is much more enduring in captivity than many
-animals which seem far more robust. A pair which entered the Park in
-1900 is still living. The male has a temper which quite belies the
-reputation of the “gentle gazelle.” Although loyal and kind to his
-cage-mate, toward human beings generally he has manifested a very savage
-disposition, and in one of his fits of bad temper he broke off one of
-his own horns.
-
-    [Illustration: ROCKY MOUNTAIN GOAT.]
-
-The Indian Gazelle, (_Gazella benneti_),—frequently called in its home
-country Ravine “Deer,”—is a habitant of the sterile, water-washed
-ravines of northern and central India, which are the oriental
-counterpart of our western “badlands.” This animal inhabits the same
-regions as the black-buck, but because of the religious scruples of the
-Hindoos against the taking of life, both species are secure from
-attack—until the arrival among them of the white sahibs. A full-grown
-Indian Gazelle is 26 inches in shoulder height. The females of this
-species possess horns, which are very slender, and vary in length from 4
-to 8½ inches.
-
-
-                         Miscellaneous Mammals.
-
-The Small-Deer House will at all times contain various mammals which are
-there shown because it is a practical impossibility to provide a
-separate building for each group.
-
-The Wild Swine of the world are here represented by three noteworthy
-species:
-
-The Red River-Hog, (_Potamochaerus pencillatus_), of West Africa, is
-about the only handsome species of swine that Nature has produced. In
-form it is compact and well-turned, its long pencil-tipped ears are of
-pleasing pattern, and its hair is a rich auburn color, and the temper of
-our specimen is everything that could be desired. Beside it is shown
-“Clarence,” the East African Wart-Hog, (_Phacochaerus aethiopicus_), who
-is equally interesting, but in a different way. This species is very
-weird in form. The Collared Peccary, (_Tagassu angulatum_), beside it is
-more like the wild swine of Europe and Japan, and is not nearly so
-dangerous as general reputation demands.
-
-The Kangaroos.—Seldom is there found in Nature a group of large-animal
-species whose members are so monotonously similar in general appearance
-as are the Kangaroos and Wallabies, of Australia. The great majority are
-either gray or gray-brown, and the only striking variation is found in
-the big Red Kangaroo, (_Macropus rufus_).
-
-
-                    THE WHITE MOUNTAIN GOAT, No. 48.
-
-Fortunate indeed is the zoological park or garden which can exhibit even
-one living specimen of the White Mountain Goat. It is a very difficult
-matter to take an animal from a rarified dry atmosphere, at an elevation
-of 8,000 feet, and induce it to live at sea level, in a dense and humid
-atmosphere, on food to which it is by nature wholly unaccustomed.
-
-We have been successful in establishing here, on a breeding basis this
-rare and difficult animal, (_Oreamnos montanus_). One kid was born in
-1908 and another in 1910, and both have thriven, the former now being so
-large as to look like an adult specimen.
-
-For some subtle reason which we can not explain, these animals—like the
-chamois and mouflon quartered in small pens near the Small-Mammal
-House—do not thrive in any of the large, rock-bound corrals of Mountain
-Sheep Hill. They are kept in a rock-paved corral near the Pheasant
-Aviary and the Crotona Entrance, and to their use has been devoted a
-rustic barn, which they shelter in or climb over, according to the
-weather. To see them walking nonchalantly over the steep roof, or
-perching upon its peak, is one of the drollest sights of the Park.
-
-The White Goat, sometimes mistakenly called “goat antelope,” belongs to
-a small group known as the Rupicaprines or rock antelopes. It inhabits
-many different kinds of territory, but usually the rugged sides and
-summits of high mountains, at irregular intervals from southwestern
-Montana and northern Washington, northward to the head of Cook Inlet on
-the coast of Alaska. (See map of distribution, with label.) The valley
-of the upper Yukon contains practically no goats. They are most abundant
-in southeastern British Columbia, where in a very small area, in
-September, 1905, Mr. John M. Phillips and the writer actually counted
-239 individuals.
-
-Of the five animals now exhibited in the Park, three were captured a few
-days after their birth, in May, 1905, about seventy miles north of Fort
-Steele, British Columbia. They arrived here October 9, 1905, and up to
-this date they have thriven as well, and grown as rapidly, as they would
-have in a state of nature. Their food consists of the best clover hay
-obtainable, and crushed oats. When they shed their coats, in the spring,
-they are almost as white as snow, but with months of use, their pelage
-becomes soiled and slightly discolored.
-
-A fully adult male mountain goat stands from 39 to 41 inches in shoulder
-height, and weighs, _on scales_, from 258 to 300 pounds.
-
-
-                       THE PRONG-HORNED ANTELOPE.
-
-The Prong-Horned Antelope, (_Antilocapra americana_), is an animal in
-which Americans should now take special interest. Structurally, the
-Prong-Horn is so peculiar that it has been found necessary to create for
-it a special zoological family, called _Antilocapridae_, of which it is
-the sole member. This is due to the following facts: (1) This is the
-only living mammal possessing hollow horns (growing over a bony core)
-which sheds them annually; (2) it is the only animal possessing a hollow
-horn which bears a prong, or bifurcation; (3) it has no “dew claws,” as
-other ruminant animals have; (4) the horn is placed directly above the
-eye; (5) the long hair of the body and neck is tubular; and (6) that on
-the rump is erectile. Beyond all possibility of doubt, it will be our
-next large species to become extinct, and if we may judge by the rate at
-which the bands have been disappearing during the last fifteen years,
-ten years more will, in all probability, witness the extermination of
-the last individuals now struggling to exist outside of rigidly
-protected areas. It was the intention of the Society to make liberal
-provision for the study of the species while it is yet possible to
-obtain living specimens, for fifty years hence our graceful and
-zoologically interesting Prong-Horn will be as extinct as the dodo.
-Unfortunately, however, it fares so badly on the Atlantic coast, there
-will, no doubt, be periods wherein this species will be temporarily
-absent from the Park.
-
-    [Illustration: AMERICAN PRONG HORNED ANTELOPE.]
-
-Forty years ago this animal inhabited practically the whole of the great
-pasture region which stretches eastward from the Rocky Mountains to the
-western borders of Iowa and Missouri. Northward its range extended far
-into Manitoba; southward it went far beyond the Rio Grande, and it also
-ranged southwestward through Colorado and Nevada to southern California.
-Its chosen home was the treeless plains, where the rich buffalo grass
-and bunch grass afforded abundant food, but it also frequented the
-beautiful mountain parks of Wyoming and Colorado. It even lived
-contentedly in the deserts of the southwest, where its voluntary
-presence, coupled with the absence of water, constituted a problem which
-has puzzled the brain of many a desert traveller.
-
-    [Illustration: BACTRIAN CAMEL.]
-
-To-day, all observers agree that in all regions wherein the antelope are
-not rigidly protected, they are going fast. Those in the Yellowstone
-Park are protected against man only to be devoured by the wolves which
-infest the Park.
-
-Unfortunately, the Prong-Horned Antelope is not a hardy animal. The kids
-are very difficult to rear; they are at all times easily hurt by
-accident, and even in a state of nature this species suffers more
-severely in winter than any other North American ruminant. Often the
-herds drift helplessly before the blizzards, with numerous deaths from
-freezing and starvation, and in spring the survivors come out thin and
-weak.
-
-
-                        THE CAMEL HOUSE, No. 39.
-
-Speaking in a collective sense, the Camel is much more than an ordinary
-animal unit in a zoological park. On the high plains of central and
-southwestern Asia, and throughout the arid regions of Africa, it is an
-institution. Without it, many portions of the Old World would be
-uninhabitable by man. Take either Dromedary or Bactrian Camel, and it is
-a sad-eyed, ungainly, slow-moving creature, full of plaints and
-objections; but remember that it goes so far back toward the foundations
-of man’s dynasty, that beside it the oldest American history seems but a
-record of yesterday. It is only a species of the utmost tenacity which
-could for fifty centuries or more withstand constant use and abuse by
-man without being altered out of all resemblance to its original form.
-All races of mankind and all breeds of domestic animals save one, change
-and continue to change, indefinitely, but the Camels apparently go on
-the same, forever.
-
-    [Illustration: ALPACA.]
-
-The Bactrian Camel, (_Camelus bactrianus_), he of the long shaggy
-hair—_when not shedding_—and the two great humps, is the beast of heavy
-burden, the four-footed freight-car of the desert sands. He can carry
-550 pounds of freight, for three or four days between drinks; but a
-swift pace is not for him. It is an animal of this remarkable species,
-from distant Turkestan, southwestern Asia, which daily in fine weather
-offers its services as a riding animal, at the stand near the Large
-Bird-House.
-
-It is unfortunate that the Bactrian Camel is in its finest pelage only
-in winter, when visitors to the Park are few, and camel-riding is out of
-the question. Promptly upon the approach of warm weather and a million
-visitors, it sheds its long, shaggy brown coat, and stands forth as if
-shorn by a shearer. Of this species, the Zoological Society possesses
-two fine specimens (the gift of Captain John S. Barnes), one of which
-will at all times be found regularly exhibited at the Camel House, close
-by the Crotona (southwest) Entrance.
-
-    [Illustration: VICUNIA.]
-
-The Dromedary, or Single-Humped Camel, (_Camelus dromedarius_), is a
-smaller animal than the preceding, of lighter build, and therefore
-capable of much more speed in travelling. This species never is clothed
-with long hair.
-
-Next to the Camel House and corrals is the installation for the nearest
-relatives of those species,—the Llamas, Guanacos and other cameloids of
-South America.
-
-
-                        THE LLAMA HOUSE, No. 38.
-
-_Collection of Cameloids was presented by Mr. Robert S. Brewster._
-
-The arid regions of South America are inhabited by four species of
-long-necked, long-haired, soft-footed animals, so closely related to the
-camels of the Old World that they are called _cameloids_. There are four
-species. The llama and alpaca are in a state of domestication, and are
-supposed to have been derived from the wild guanaco and vicunia. All of
-them might almost be described as small-sized, humpless camels; and
-their tempers and mental traits are as odd as their forms.
-
-The ordinary cameloid is a quiet and inoffensive creature; but the
-exception is a rogue of rogues. It will bite with the persistence of a
-bull-dog, and with its massive, chisel-like lower incisors inflicts ugly
-wounds. At times a llama or vicunia becomes actually insane, and seeks
-to destroy every living creature within its reach. Regardless of
-punishment, such creatures attack their keepers and their herd-mates,
-spit upon visitors, and rage up and down their corrals in most absurd
-fashion. Occasionally such individuals require to be completely
-isolated.
-
-The Llama, (_Lama glama_), is the largest and strongest member of the
-group. Its body is covered with a thick mass of long, wavy hair of fine
-texture, which may be either brown, white, white and brown, or almost
-black. The head and legs are short-haired like those of the guanaco.
-From time immemorial, this animal has been used as a beast of burden,
-and in the Andes has played an important part in the mineral industry by
-carrying silver ore and bullion from the mines.
-
-The Alpaca, (_Lama pacos_), is bred for its wool. It is smaller than the
-llama, but more abundantly haired on the legs, neck and head. Its fleece
-is long, and lies in stringy tufts. Usually its color is dark brown or
-black, but occasionally a white Alpaca is seen. A white specimen in the
-Zoological Park collection has blue eyes.
-
-The Guanaco, (_Lama guanacus_), is one of the most interesting and
-valuable wild animals now found in Patagonia. Unfortunately, it is so
-stupid and incapable that it is easily killed. The natives of Terra del
-Fuego, themselves almost the lowest and most ignorant of men, slaughter
-Guanacos for food by surrounding groups of them and clubbing them to
-death.
-
-In size the Guanaco is between the llama and vicunia, and its shoulder
-height is about 4 feet. Its hair is thick and woolly, of a pale reddish
-color, and there are naked patches on the legs. This species is found on
-the Andes, from Ecuador to Terra del Fuego, and appears to be most
-abundant in Patagonia.
-
-The Vicunia, (_Lama vicunia_), is the only member of the cameloid group
-which is not clothed with a mass of long hair. It is the smallest member
-of the group, comparatively short-haired, its color is a uniform light
-brown, its head is small, and there are no callosities on the hind legs.
-The Vicunia is found from southern Ecuador, through Peru to central
-Bolivia.
-
-
-                          NORTH AMERICAN DEER.
-             Elk, Mule Deer, White-Tail, Caribou and Moose.
-
-The American members of the Deer Family will be found in the ranges
-situated on the hill west of the Wild-Fowl Pond, stretching from the
-Llama House northward to the Service Road.
-
-After several years of experiments, we must admit that to all the
-American members of the Deer Family save the wapiti white-tailed and
-mule deer, the climate of New York City is decidedly inimical. This
-densely humid and extremely saline atmosphere is about as deadly to the
-black-tail, caribou and moose as it is to the Eskimo; and thus far we
-have found it an absolute impossibility to maintain satisfactory herds
-of those species in the ranges available for them. In great tracts of
-forests, some of them might become acclimatized; but, be that as it may,
-all experiments made thus far both here and in two of the great game
-preserves of New England, prove conclusively that black-tail deer, mule
-deer, caribou, moose, and also prong-horned antelope, are among the most
-difficult of all ruminants to acclimatize anywhere in the United States
-eastward of the great plains.
-
-Although the Zoological Society will continue its experiments with some
-of these preserve species, and will always strive to exhibit some of
-them, our original hopes regarding them have been abandoned. We are
-certain that the difficulty lies not in the food, but in climate
-conditions, that are beyond our control, and especially our very salty
-atmosphere.
-
-The American Elk, or Wapiti, (_Cervus canadensis._)—Of all the numerous
-members of the Deer Family, this animal is second in size to the moose
-only; and in the autumn, when its pelage is bright and luxuriant, its
-sides well rounded, its massive antlers clean and held conspicuously
-aloft, the elk may justly be called the king of the _Cervidae_. It is
-well that in the Yellowstone Park we have an unfailing supply of Elk,
-which bids fair to perpetuate this handsome species for another century.
-
-Our Elk Range might well stand for a mountain park, in which is set a
-natural lakelet of real value. In October, when the splendid groves of
-beech, oak, and maple along the eastern ridge put on all the glorious
-tints of autumn, and the big thicket of sumacs, ash, and haw on the
-northern hill fairly blaze with scarlet—then are the elk also at their
-best. There is no finer picture in animate nature than a herd of elk in
-October, with such a setting of greensward, tree-trunk, and foliage.
-
-    [Illustration: AMERICAN ELK.]
-
-    [Illustration: EUROPEAN RED DEER.]
-
-The maximum shoulder height of the Elk is 5 feet 4 inches, or
-thereabouts, and the heaviest weight noted thus far is 927 pounds.
-
-The calves are born from May to July, and are spotted during the first
-six months. During the first year the antlers are merely two straight
-spikes, called “dag antlers.” As in all members of the Deer Family, the
-antlers are shed every year—which to many persons is almost beyond
-belief. Any person who visits a zoological garden in midsummer will see
-that the old antlers have dropped off bodily, just below the burr, and
-that new antlers, covered with hair, soft, full of blood, and with
-club-like “points,” have sprung up like mushrooms in place of the old
-ones. In supplying the great drain on the system necessary to support
-this remarkable growth, the Elk grows thin, and the fear of hurting his
-tender young antlers makes him quite timid and inoffensive. He is no
-longer the tyrant of the herd, and a constant menace to his keepers.
-
-At this point it is not amiss to call attention to the differences
-between _horns_ and _antlers_.
-
-A _horn_ is a hollow sheath, growing over a bony core, and except in the
-case of the prong-horned antelope, is never shed. Horns are worn by both
-sexes of all bison, buffaloes, cattle, antelope, sheep, and goats.
-
-An _antler_ is of solid bone throughout, growing from the skull; it is
-shed every year close to the skull, and quickly renewed. Usually antlers
-have several branches. They are worn by nearly all male members of the
-Deer Family—moose, elk, caribou, deer, etc., and also by the female
-caribou. The prongs on an antler are no index of the wearer’s age. Some
-of the finest and most massive elk antlers have only twelve or fourteen
-points. During August and September the hairy covering, or “velvet,” of
-new antlers is rubbed off against trees and bushes. This period is
-quickly followed by the mating season, during which the neck of the bull
-becomes unusually large, and often the animal becomes dangerous.
-
-Although the Elk is essentially a timber-loving animal, it also wandered
-far into the plains bordering the Rocky Mountains on the east—until
-driven from them by man. The ideal home of this animal is the timbered
-foothills of our western mountains, up to 8,000 feet. Although once
-found from Virginia and New York to Oregon, and from northern Manitoba
-to the Gulf of Mexico, it is now numerous only in and adjacent to the
-Yellowstone Park, in central Colorado, where it is well protected, and
-in western Manitoba. The number of Elk in the National Park is variously
-estimated at from 10,000 head to a much larger number.
-
-In a wild state, the Elk feeds on grasses, weeds, and the leaves and
-twigs of various trees and shrubs. Of all American deer, it is the most
-easy to acclimate and breed in captivity. Large herds are now being
-maintained and bred in numerous private game preserves in New Hampshire,
-New York, Minnesota, Massachusetts, and elsewhere. About 200 head have
-been released in the Adirondacks.
-
-The Mule Deer, (_Odocoileus hemionus._)—This fine animal is universally
-known throughout the Rocky Mountain region, which constitutes its home,
-as the “Black-Tailed Deer.” Because of its very large ears, _and the
-absence of a black tail_, it is known to naturalists as the Mule Deer.
-Inasmuch as its tail is not black, the above more common name properly
-applies to _Odocoileus columbianus_, the true black-tailed deer of the
-Pacific coast. In Manitoba this animal is called the “Jumping Deer,”
-because when running at a gallop, it makes a series of stiff-legged
-jumps, or “bucks,” of great length.
-
-The weight of full-grown bucks ranges from 250 to 300 pounds, and
-specimens have been known to reach 325 pounds. The antlers of the Mule
-Deer are larger and handsomer than those of the white-tailed deer, and
-are much better poised on the head. Instead of dropping forward, they
-partake more of the set of an elk’s antlers, and many a “tenderfoot”
-hunter has mistaken a heavily-antlered Mule Deer for an elk. The antlers
-of a Mule Deer are easily distinguished from those of the white-tailed
-species by the two Y-shaped prongs on each antler. It will be remembered
-that instead of these, the white-tailed deer antler bears three
-straight, perpendicular spikes.
-
-The Mule Deer makes its home in rugged ravines and bad lands so common
-along the creeks and rivers of the Rocky Mountain region, extending well
-eastward into the plains. Of late years it has been driven out of the
-most accessible of its former haunts, and forced to take shelter in the
-rugged fastnesses of the foothills and mountains. West of the Rocky
-Mountains it was formerly found along the whole Pacific slope, from Cape
-St. Lucas to British Columbia, although in northern California it is
-almost replaced by the Columbian Black-Tail, (_O. columbianus_).
-
-    DEVELOPMENT OF THE ANTLERS OF A MALE DEER.
-
-These pictures show the stages of growth of the antlers from the time
-the old ones are dropped, to the full development. Number 1 shows the
-bull with the one antler gone—picture made early in March. Number 6
-shows the full grown antlers, with the velvet hanging in strips. Number
-6 was made August 24 of the same year as Number 1. This remarkable
-antler development takes place every year in the life of all male deer.
-
-    [Illustration: 1.]
-
-    [Illustration: 2.]
-
-    [Illustration: 3.]
-
-    [Illustration: 4.]
-
-    [Illustration: 5.]
-
-    [Illustration: 6.]
-
-The White-Tailed Deer, (_Odocoileus virginianus_), is the species most
-widely known throughout the United States, partly by reason of the fact
-that it was the first species with which the early settlers of America
-became acquainted, partly because of its wide distribution, and also its
-persistence in holding its own. In various localities this animal is
-known under various names, such as “White-Tailed Deer,” “Flag-Tailed
-Deer,” and “Fan-Tailed Deer.” Although not at all in need of it, quite
-recently it has received still another name—American Deer. The small
-deer of Florida, and also of New Mexico and the Southwest, have been
-described as separate forms; and if size is to be accepted as a factor
-in the differentiation of species, the diminutive proportions of the
-proposed southern species are quite sufficient to establish their
-separate identity.
-
-The White-Tailed deer of Virginia and the northern United States is a
-fine animal—large, strong-limbed, heavily-antlered, and hardy. Between
-it and the deer of Florida the difference is as great as that between a
-setter dog and a mastiff. Thanks to the fact that this species is a born
-skulker and lives only in thick brush and timber, it still holds its own
-throughout the forest regions of the South generally, Pennsylvania, the
-Adirondacks, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, the Dakotas, Montana, and
-Colorado. In the West it is often found inhabiting brushy ravines and
-river bottoms.
-
-This species breeds readily in confinement, and when protected in any
-large tract of brush or timber, increases rapidly. During the months of
-September, October, and November, the bucks are dangerous and
-untrustworthy. The peculiar formation of the antlers—three strong,
-spear-like points thrust straight upward from the beam—makes them
-dangerous weapons; and when an ill-tempered buck lowers his chin and
-drives straight forward with eight sharp spears of solid bone, and
-nearly three hundred pounds of weight to back them, he may well be
-considered a dangerous animal. He is to be feared less than the elk only
-because he is smaller.
-
-The Woodland Caribou, (_Rangifer caribou_).—The first hoofed animal to
-arrive at the Zoological Park was a young female of this species, which
-was procured in Champlain County, Canada, and forwarded to the Society
-by one of our members, Mr. George S. Huntington. These animals, when
-present in the Park, will be kept in a small enclosure, because a large
-range containing an abundance of green grass is fatal to them.
-
-The wild range of the Woodland Caribou extends from Newfoundland, Nova
-Scotia, and Maine, with many wide gaps, to the head waters of the Yukon
-River, in southern Alaska. The following localities are worthy of
-special mention: northern Quebec and Ontario; James Bay; the northern
-end of Lake Winnipeg (occasionally); Lake of Woods, Minnesota; Oregon
-near Mount Hood; northern Idaho; northwestern Montana, and the mountains
-of British Columbia.
-
-Quite recently, three new species of caribou have been added to our
-fauna, one from the Alaskan Peninsula (_Rangifer granti_), one from the
-Kenai Peninsula (_Rangifer stonei_), and one from the Cassiar Mountains
-(_Rangifer osborni_).
-
-The Woodland Caribou attains nearly twice the bodily bulk of its more
-northern congener, the Barren-Ground caribou. In a state of nature it
-lives on browse, reindeer moss, tree moss, and lichens, and it loves
-ice-covered lakes and ponds as much as any boy. Its loose-jointed and
-wide spreading hoofs and enormously developed “dew-claws” have been
-specially designed by Nature to enable this animal to run freely, as if
-on snow-shoes, over snow or bogs, which to any small-hoofed deer would
-be quite impassable.
-
-The female Woodland Caribou is provided with small antlers, which, like
-those of the male, are shed and renewed annually.
-
-In the absence of caribou in the Park, visitors are advised to look for
-specimens of the Lapland Reindeer, (_Rangifer tarandus_), for we shall
-endeavor to keep this genus represented.
-
-
-                       THE ZEBRA HOUSES, No. 14.
-
-Although the main building of this installation has not yet been
-erected, the plan for the various buildings and corrals has been
-approved, and the main building was begun in 1911 and completed in 1912.
-The three buildings, and the extensive corrals connecting with them, as
-a whole, do justice to the important and picturesque Family _Equidae_,
-which includes all the zebras, wild asses and wild horses of the world.
-
-    [Illustration: GRANT ZEBRA.]
-
-The Prjevalsky Horses, (_Equus prjevalskii_).—Of all the wild equines
-which either now or hereafter may be seen in the Zoological Park, the
-strange little wild horses from western Mongolia are, and probably will
-remain, the most interesting, from a zoological point of view. Broadly
-speaking, they are the connecting link between the many-striped zebras,
-the little-striped quaggas and the wild asses on one side, and the
-domestic, unstriped horse on the other. These wild horses possess a
-narrow, dark dorsal stripe, which, in the winter pelage is scarcely
-visible, but in summer is plainly evident. A perfect specimen has an
-erect mane, no long forelock and no “chestnuts” on its legs. On the
-upper half of its tail the hair is short, and mule-like, but on the
-lower, or terminal half, it is long and horse-like. The winter coat of
-this animal is very long and shaggy.
-
-Mountain Zebra, (_Equus zebra_).—This species has been nearly
-exterminated by man, and is rarely seen in captivity. It inhabits the
-mountains of Cape Colony, and it is estimated that only 400 individuals
-remain, which now are carefully protected.
-
-    [Illustration: PRJEVALSKY HORSES.]
-
-Grevy Zebra, (_Equus grevyi_).—This picturesque species was discovered
-in Abyssinia, when Jules Grevy was president of France, and it was named
-in his honor. It is of large size, covered with very narrow stripes all
-over its body, head and limbs, and its huge ears are of remarkable form.
-This species is limited to southern Abyssinia and British East Africa
-southward to the Tana River.
-
-Grant Zebra, (_Equus burchelli granti_).—Of all the zebras now seen in
-captivity, the great majority belong to what very properly may be
-designated as the group of Burchell Zebras. This group contains, besides
-the type species, which has practically no stripes on its legs, four
-subspecies, whose legs are more or less striped, and which may or may
-not possess “shadow stripes” on the hind-quarters. A “shadow stripe” is
-a faint, dark stripe in the middle of a wide white or pale yellow stripe
-which lies between two broad black stripes.
-
-Grant Zebra is the most heavily striped of the subspecies composing the
-Burchell group. The visitor will observe that its horizontal leg-stripes
-are very pronounced, and so numerous that they are carried quite down to
-the hoofs. The ground-color of the animal is a cold white, and the thigh
-and body stripes are very wide and intense. This fine pair was captured
-in Masailand, East Africa, in 1902.
-
-Chapman Zebra, (_Equus burchelli chapmani_), also belongs to the
-Burchell group, and in its color pattern it approaches quite nearly to
-the type. The legs of the male bear a few stripes, those of the female
-almost none. There are visible on the hind-quarters of the female a few
-faint shadow-stripes.
-
-The Persian Wild Ass, (_Equus persicus_), is a very satisfactory
-representative of the wild asses generally. Its dorsal-stripe is very
-wide and sharply defined, but it bears no shoulder-stripe, and those
-that are faintly indicated on its legs are nothing more than oblong
-blotches of dark color. As its name implies, it inhabits Persia, and
-Syria, and a closely related form, the Onager, (_E. onager_), is found
-in Beluchistan and western India. A third species, the Kiang (_E.
-hemionus_), is found on the plains of Tibet.
-
-
-                THE ASIATIC AND EUROPEAN DEER, Nos. 1-3.
-
-In representatives of the deer, (Family _Cervidae_), Asia far surpasses
-all other countries. Her species number about 38,—fully double that of
-any other continental area,—and from the great Altai wapiti to the tiny
-musk deer, the variations in size and form are fairly bewildering. The
-entire hill that rises between the Fordham Entrance and Bird Valley,
-from Cope Lake to the Zebra Houses, is devoted to the series of houses,
-corrals and ranges that are occupied by the deer of Asia and Europe.
-
-It is quite certain that a number of desirable species of Asiatic deer
-can successfully be acclimatized in the parks and game preserves of
-America, and induced to breed. Almost without an exception they are
-strong and vigorous feeders, and they keep fat and sleek when our own
-black-tail, mule deer and white-tail mince like pampered epicures, grow
-thinner and thinner, and finally die of “malnutrition.”
-
-Believing that the members of the group amply justify the effort, the
-Zoological Society has been at considerable pains to bring together a
-fine, representative collection of the Old World _Cervidae_ and properly
-install its members. Although the series proposed is not quite complete,
-it contains such rarities as the Altai Wapiti, Barasingha, Burmese
-Thameng, Malay and Indian Sambar, and several others. They are sheltered
-by four houses, the largest of which crowns the summit of the hill on
-the right of Osborn Walk as the visitor enters from Fordham. For the
-visitors’ convenience we will make note of the various species about in
-the order of their appearance, and not in zoological sequence.
-
-The Axis Deer, (_Axis axis_), is the handsomest of all the tropical
-deer. Indeed, it may even be said to be the only species of the tropics
-possessing both form and pelage which are alike pleasing to the eye. In
-contrast with the many beautiful and splendidly colored antelopes of
-Africa, the deer of the tropics, all round the world, are poorly
-provided with those characters which make a handsome animal. With the
-sole exception of the Axis Deer, nearly all the other deer of the East
-Indies have thin, coarse, dull-colored hair, their antlers are small,
-and seldom have more than four points. This is equally true of the deer
-of Mexico, Central and South America. Even our own white-tailed deer, so
-lusty and fine in the North, becomes in Florida and Texas so dwarfed
-that it has now been called a subspecies.
-
-Considering the severe plainness of all the other deer in the tropics,
-it is a little strange that the coat of the Axis should be the most
-beautiful possessed by any deer. But it is quite true; and apart from
-the majesty of the elk, there is no more beautiful sight in cervine life
-than the picture offered by a herd of Axis Deer feeding in a sunlit
-glade surrounded by forest.
-
-This species adapts itself to out-door life in the temperate zone with
-surprising readiness, not even second in that respect to the eland. As a
-matter of course the Axis can not withstand the fierce blizzards of
-midwinter as do the elk and other northern deer; but a reasonable degree
-of care in providing it with a dry barn, and shelter from cold winds,
-enables it to live even as far north as northern Germany with perfect
-comfort. In winter our Axis Deer barn is moderately heated by a stove.
-
-The Japanese Sika Deer, (_Cervus sika typicus_), is a small
-representative of a large group of deer species inhabiting far-eastern
-Asia, and known as the Sika Deer group. A ridiculous number of forms
-have been described as species and subspecies, of which possibly
-one-third are entitled to stand. Some of those on the Asian mainland, as
-the Pekin Sika Deer, are much larger than the Japanese Sika, and also
-more strikingly colored. The latter species, shown in our northernmost
-corral, is about 33 inches in height, and of a dull and uninteresting
-smoky-brown color. Its antlers are quite large for a deer so small, and
-in the mating season males are sometimes dangerous. This species is very
-hardy, breeds persistently, requires no heat in winter, and very rarely
-sends a case to the hospital.
-
-    [Illustration: AXIS DEER.]
-
-The Fallow Deer, (_Dama vulgaris_), is the type of a distinct group of
-deer which are distinguished by the possession of antlers widely
-palmated throughout the upper half of the beam. In some old Fallow bucks
-the antlers are quite moose-like, and give this small deer an imposing
-appearance far out of proportion to its actual size. The weight of a
-large buck in prime condition generally is between 180 and 200 pounds,
-and its shoulder height is between 36 and 40 inches. The largest antlers
-recorded by Mr. J. G. Millais, in his beautiful work on “The British
-Deer,” measured 29½ inches in length, 28½ inches spread, width of
-palmation 8 inches, and the number of points 14. The extinct Irish elk,
-with the most colossal antlers ever carried by a cervine animal, was a
-near relative of the two living species of Fallow Deer.
-
-Although a native of northern Africa and the north shore of the
-Mediterranean, the Fallow Deer was acclimatized in England and northern
-Europe so long ago that the exact date records of the event have
-disappeared, and the species is now at home in very many European
-forests and game preserves. The deer parks in England possess many fine
-herds, but they sometimes exhibit one unfortunate result of long
-breeding in a semi-domesticated state—departure from the original type.
-
-The typical Fallow Deer is in winter very dark brown, with light brown
-legs and under parts, and in summer light red with white spots—quite
-like the axis. From this standard, the variations run from pure white
-through the color of the wild type to jet black.
-
-The fine herd in the Zoological Park is the gift of Mr. William
-Rockefeller. Six of its original members came from the donor’s herd at
-Greenwich, Connecticut, and six were purchased from one of the imperial
-parks of Russia, by consent of the Czar, and represent the most hardy
-stock obtainable.
-
-    [Illustration: BURMESE DEER.]
-
-The Burmese, or Eld Deer, (_Cervus eldi_), also known as the Brow-Antler
-Deer, is one of the rarest species to be seen in captivity. Living
-specimens are acquired only through special expeditions to northern
-Burma. Its most characteristic feature is the antlers of the male, which
-sends forward a very long and almost straight brow tine, while the main
-beam sweeps backward in the opposite direction, and describes a full
-semicircle. The antlers are both very heavy and long for the size of the
-animal. The specimens shown here, which are breeding satisfactorily, are
-the gift of Mr. William Rockefeller.
-
-The Barasingha Deer, (_Cervus duvauceli_), also called the Swamp Deer,
-is to India what the mule deer is to North America. To my mind, the
-antlers of the former always suggests the latter species, and in size
-the two species are much alike. In summer the coat of the Barasingha is
-of a beautiful golden-yellow color, conspicuous from afar, and the
-antlers of old males reach a length of from 35 to 41 inches, with three
-bifurcations on each beam. The antlers sometimes are shed and renewed
-twice in twelve months. With us this species breeds very regularly, and
-the offspring mature well.
-
-The Altai Wapiti, (_Cervus canadensis asiaticus_), is, in all
-probability, the parent stock of our American elk, but it happens to be
-a fact that our species was the first to be discovered by systematic
-zoologists, and described. To all visitors who are interested in deer,
-the Altai Wapiti—and also the Tashkent Wapiti—are a constant source of
-wonder, because of their well-nigh perfect similarity in all points to
-our own wapiti, or American elk. Our Asiatic wapiti are exhibited in
-ranges connecting with the western rooms of the Asiatic Deer House,
-where they have bred twice, and produced two fine fawns. In the rutting
-season the males are very cross and dangerous. They are hardy, and
-require no heat in winter.
-
-The Indian Sambar, (_Cervus unicolor_), always suggests a tropical
-understudy of the Altai wapiti, clad with thin, coarse, bristly hair,
-and with shorter and smaller antlers, and a bristly mane all over the
-neck. Each antler possesses three points, only. Of all the Old World
-_Cervidae_, this species most nearly approaches the size of the Altai
-and Tashkent wapiti. It inhabits the hill forests of India, and in
-Burma, Siam and farther south it is replaced by the next species.
-
-The Malay Sambar, (_Cervus equinus_), also called—most
-inappropriately—the “Horse-Tailed Deer,” very strongly resembles the
-preceding species, except that the bristly mane of the former is
-generally absent. The antlers of this species are shorter, also, but
-very thick in proportion to their length. The Malay Sambar is confined
-to the Malay Peninsula and the countries immediately above, and Borneo
-and Sumatra.
-
-This species possesses many admirable qualities, and it might be
-introduced to advantage in our southern states. It is very even-tempered
-and sensible, easily handled, is a vigorous feeder, breeds persistently,
-and matures very rapidly; but in every New York winter, it requires some
-heat in its barn.
-
-The Maral Deer, (_Cervus maral_), is in appearance like an extra large
-red deer or a small elk. It is a midway member of the Wapiti group,
-which extends in a somewhat broken chain from Colorado, northward across
-Bering Strait to Asia, and thence across Asia and Europe to Scotland. We
-have owned a fine pair of Maral Deer, from the Caucasus district, but
-they have failed to breed as expected.
-
-The European Red Deer, (_Cervus elaphus_), is an understudy of the
-American elk, which it much resembles in form and in habits. Next to the
-elk it is the finest living deer, and for many generations has held its
-own against the dangers of in-breeding. In the parks and forest
-preserves of Great Britain and Europe, it exists abundantly, but only as
-private property, subject to the guns of the owner and his friends. This
-species has been successfully crossed with the American elk.
-
-Other Asiatic Deer will be found in the Small-Deer House, in the
-southern end of the Park.
-
-
-                        THE LION HOUSE, No. 15.
-
-As a spectacle of captive animal life, there is none more inspiring than
-a spacious, well-lighted and finely-appointed lion house, filled with a
-collection of the world’s greatest and handsomest wild beasts. To build
-an ideal lion house, and to fill it with a first-class collection of
-large felines, are matters involving no little time and much money; but
-the sight,—for the millions of visitors,—of lions, tigers, jaguars,
-pumas, leopards, cheetahs, black leopards, snow leopards and clouded
-leopards, all under one roof, surely is worth what it costs.
-
-The Lion House of the Zoological Park was completed, excepting a few
-minor details, early in the year 1903, and was formally opened to the
-public in February. It is 244 feet long, 115 feet wide, including the
-outdoor cages, and its cost when completed reached $150,000. The
-materials of the building are the same kind as those used in the Reptile
-House and Primate House, but the animal sculptures, all by Mr. Eli
-Harvey, are more abundant and conspicuous than on any other structure
-erected heretofore. The building contains 13 indoor cages, and 9 outdoor
-cages, and between the two there is free communication. The sizes of the
-various cages are as follows:
-
-Interior cages: Largest, 14 feet wide, 22 feet deep; smallest, 13 feet
-wide, 14 feet high.
-
-Exterior cages: two end cages, 40×44 feet, 17 feet high; central cage,
-40 feet square, 14 feet high; smallest, 13 feet wide, 12 feet deep, 13
-feet high.
-
-    [Illustration: JAGUAR.]
-
-Excepting for the single fact of having interior and exterior cages, the
-Lion House of the Zoological Park is—like the Primate House—an entirely
-original development. Its most important new features are as follows:
-
-All cage service, the introducing and withdrawal of animals, is
-conducted from the rear, by means of a track underneath the sleeping
-dens, and an elevating platform car.
-
-The communication between indoor and outdoor cages is direct and
-continuous.
-
-Instead of upright iron bars, all the cage fronts are of hard-steel wire
-netting, in rectangular pattern, attached to wrought iron frames. This
-is considered by the Zoological Society a great improvement upon the
-heavy bar-work hitherto in universal use for cage fronts in lion houses.
-
-    [Illustration: CHEETAH.]
-
-The space above the sleeping dens has been developed as a sunlit
-balcony, whereon the animals will be very conspicuous, even to large
-crowds of visitors.
-
-Jungle-green tiling, impervious to moisture and dirt, is used as a
-back-ground for the animals.
-
-The Lion is an animal of perpetual interest, but like every other
-noteworthy wild animal, its haunts are constantly being claimed by
-civilization, and its members are rapidly decreasing. It is not a
-difficult matter to exterminate or drive out from a given territory any
-large and conspicuous quadruped, and at the present rate of settlement
-and industrial development in Africa, it may easily come to pass that by
-the end of the present century, the king of beasts will be without a
-home, outside of zoological collections.
-
-Like everything great, the Lion has his share of critics and detractors.
-A few writers have asserted that because he does not stalk through his
-native forests with head proudly erect, like a drum-major on parade, he
-is mean-spirited and cowardly. But the beast of noble countenance
-believes in the survival of the fittest, and both by inheritance and
-observation he knows that a lion who needlessly exposes himself in the
-field captures the smallest amount of game, and attracts the greatest
-number of steel-tipped bullets.
-
-    [Illustration: BARBARY LION.]
-
-Although Lions vary greatly in their color, and in the length of the
-mane, it is conceded by naturalists that only one species exists. In the
-same district and under precisely similar conditions are found
-short-maned and long-maned individuals, and all shades of color from
-tawny yellow to dark brown. The present geographic range of the species
-is from Southern Rhodesia to Persia and northwestern India, but in
-northern Egypt there is a large extent of territory which is lionless.
-
-By reason of his heavy mane and massive countenance, supported by the
-grandest roar that issues from throat of beast, the Lion appears to be a
-larger animal than he really is. It is yet an unsettled question whether
-it exceeds the tiger in length, height or weight, and it is certainly
-true that in point of size these two species are very evenly matched.
-
-In captivity, the Lion is reasonably contented, and under good
-conditions breeds readily, and lives a goodly number of years.
-
-The Siberian Tiger.—Strange to say, the tiger ranges far to the
-northward of its proper home in Hindustan, even to Corea, Manchuria and
-Russian Siberia. In those cold regions the tiger grows to its greatest
-size, and is clothed with a dense coat of long and shaggy hair. In
-collections, the great northern tigers are the most highly prized. The
-Zoological Park has recently acquired from East Siberia two fine young
-specimens, born early in 1909, and all the year round they inhabit the
-great northern outdoor cage attached to the Lion House. It is a strange
-sight to see tigers living outdoors in winter in New York.
-
-    [Illustration: SNOW LEOPARD.]
-
-The Tiger will be found upon the earth long after the lion has
-disappeared. He is a far better hider, a more skillful hunter, less
-given to taking foolish risks, and he does not advertise his presence
-and invite his enemies by the bombastic roaring in which the lion
-delights to indulge. The Tiger is an animal of serious mind, and he
-attends strictly to business. A lion will stalk out into the open, in
-broad day, but the Tiger sticks closely to cover until the friendly
-darkness renders it safe to roam abroad.
-
-Despite the density of the population of India, and the omnipresence of
-sahibs with rifles of large caliber, the Tiger still inhabits all India
-from Cape Comorin to the Himalayas, the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Burma,
-Siam, and certain portions of China up to the region of snows. Corean
-and Siberian Tigers are much sought after by zoological gardens, partly
-on account of their size, and also because they are so hardy they are
-able to live out doors all winter in the temperate zone. The Tiger is
-not found in Africa, nor in any country westward of India.
-
-The maximum length attained by this animal, head, body and tail, is 10
-feet 2 inches. A very large specimen killed by Dr. Hornaday measured 9
-feet 8½ inches in length, stood 3 feet 7 inches high at the shoulders,
-and weighed, on the scales, 495 pounds. In India, Tigers are classed
-according to their habits, as “game-killers,” “cattle-lifters,” or
-“man-eaters.” Fortunately, in comparison with the total number of these
-animals, the latter are few and far between.
-
-Of yellow-coated felines, The Jaguar, (_Felis onca_), is next in size to
-the tiger. In South America, it is almost universally called “El Tigre”
-(pronounced Te’-gre), which is Spanish for tiger. Comparatively few
-Americans are aware that this superb animal belongs in the fauna of the
-United States, but such is the fact. The northern limit of its
-distribution is found in southern Texas, where it still exists in small
-numbers. In South America it extends to Patagonia.
-
-The Jaguar is a stocky, heavily-built animal, with a massive head and
-powerful forearm. It is a good climber, and many wonderful stories of
-its strength have been told and printed. Among leopards of all kinds it
-can always be identified by the great size of the black rosettes on its
-body, as well as by its heavy build.
-
-The splendid male specimen, named “Senor Lopez,” in honor of a former
-President of Paraguay, was the first to arrive for the new Lion House.
-It was captured in August, 1901, in the wilds of central Paraguay,
-expressly for us, through the efforts of Mr. William Mill Butler, of
-Philadelphia, and by him presented to the Zoological Park. After a long
-journey in small river craft, in a flimsy wooden cage that several times
-came near collapsing, the animal reached Asuncion, was taken to
-Liverpool by Mr. Butler, and finally reached New York.
-
-The Leopard, (_Felis pardus_), is fourth in size from the lion, and is
-distinguished from the jaguar by smaller spots and less powerful form.
-It inhabits both Asia and Africa, from Japan to Cape Colony. While the
-species is regarded as the same throughout that vast extent of
-territory, it is undoubtedly true that the Leopards of Africa have
-smaller spots and more intense coloring than those of Asia. The maximum
-size for this species is a total length of 8 feet, which is attained
-only by a very large animal, with a long tail.
-
-Naturally, the Leopard preys upon smaller animals than those most sought
-by the lion and tiger. It prefers small antelopes, and young animals
-generally, goats and sheep. When pursued, it is very skilful in hiding,
-and will shelter in brushy cover until fairly beaten out.
-
-The Black Leopard is the most ill-tempered of all feline
-animals—perpetually snarling and growling, and seeking to do some one an
-injury. Naturalists regard it as of the same species as the common
-leopard, (_Felis pardus_), despite the fact that it is found only in
-southeastern Asia, and both in appearance and disposition is totally
-different from the typical _pardus_. With but few exceptions, the
-world’s supply of Black Leopards comes from Singapore.
-
-The Cheetah, or Hunting Leopard, (_Cynaelurus jubatus_), is marked by
-its long legs, slender body, small head, small spots, and claws that are
-only partially retractile. Its structure suggests that of the dogs. It
-is distributed very irregularly through portions of Africa and southern
-Asia, and is by no means a common animal like the leopard and tiger.
-
-In central India, this animal is trained to hunt the sasin antelope, a
-form of sport indulged in chiefly by native rajahs. The Cheetah takes
-kindly to captivity, and permits handling to an extent quite unknown
-with other large felines. Its keepers place the animal upon an open
-cart, blindfold it, and then drive to within 200 yards of a herd of
-antelope. At the point of nearest possible approach, the hood is
-removed, and the animal is set free. Leaping to the ground, the Cheetah
-stalks the herd of antelope as closely as possible, then makes a sudden
-rush forward, and endeavors to seize a victim. If successful, the animal
-is pulled down and killed. If not, the Cheetah sullenly retires, and
-again places itself in the hands of its friends.
-
-The Snow Leopard, or Ounce, (_Felis uncia_), is the rarest, and also one
-of the most beautiful of all the large felines. It inhabits the high
-plateau of central Asia from the Himalayas to the Altai Mountains of
-Mongolia, above 9,000 feet. It is the neighbor of the Marco Polo sheep,
-the giant-horned argali, and the Siberian ibex. In its home country,
-this creature is sufficiently numerous that 2,000 tanned skins sometimes
-reach Shanghai in a single year, but owing to its great distance from
-railways and sea, not more than fifteen or twenty specimens have reached
-the zoological gardens of Europe and America. Some individuals are
-good-natured and playful, but others are morose.
-
-The Puma, or Mountain Lion, (_Felis concolor_), is the most widely-known
-feline in North America. At present it is at home in Florida, Montana,
-Wyoming, Colorado, Texas, and all the states westward thereof. Southward
-it inhabits Mexico and Central America, and ranges through South America
-quite down to southern Patagonia. It attains its maximum size (8 feet in
-length, weight 225 pounds) in Colorado, where it appears to be more
-numerous than in any other state. In Routt County it is hunted very
-successfully with dogs. When pursued, it is compelled to take refuge in
-a low tree, in which it can be photographed or shot without danger.
-
-Despite the numerous thrilling stories that have been written and
-published about the dangerous doings of this animal, it is by no means
-really dangerous to man. No Puma holding an option on a safe line of
-retreat ever stops to fight a man.
-
-The Puma was formed for agility rather than strength. It swims well, and
-it is the most agile climber of all the large felines. The head of this
-animal is particularly beautiful, and its temper in captivity is
-entirely satisfactory. The first specimen of this species to enter the
-Zoological Park came from Peru, as a gift from Mr. Joseph P. Grace, and
-during the years 1901 and 1902 it lived out doors, constantly, in the
-Puma House (No. 33A), where its health was excellent.
-
-
-                         THE SEA-LIONS, No. 12.
-
-Of all animals which find permanent homes in zoological gardens and
-parks, very few afford the public more constant entertainment than
-Sea-Lions. They are delightfully active, and in one way or
-another—diving, swimming, climbing or hopping about—are nearly always
-“showing off.” No one within a quarter of a mile of their pool need
-inquire where they are, for their loud and cheerful “Hook! hook! hook,”
-is heard far and wide, and draws visitors like a magnet.
-
-The Sea-Lion Pool is situated about in the center of Baird Court.
-
-The California Sea-Lion, or “Barking Sea-Lion,” (_Zalophus
-californianus_), is the species most easily caught alive, and the one
-usually seen in captivity. Its home is the coast of California, but it
-is said to enter the Sacramento River and travel upward for a
-considerable distance in pursuit of spawning salmon. Comparatively few
-Sea-Lions are now found on the mainland coast of California. On the
-United States Light-House reservations their slaughter is prohibited by
-the Light-House Board.
-
-The California Sea-Lion is very similar in size, and, leaving the old
-males out of consideration, it is almost the exact counterpart in form
-of that apple of perpetual international discord—the Alaskan “fur seal.”
-The unfortunate fact that the latter animal has become known as a
-“seal,” has caused much confusion in people’s minds regarding the
-classification of pinnipeds (fin-footed animals) generally. For this
-reason, it is proper to observe at this point that:
-
-_Sea-Lions_ have flat, triangular, naked front flippers, without claws;
-they have long necks, and carry their heads high. There are nine
-species, of which the so-called “fur seal” is one.
-
-_Seals_ always have short and stubby front flippers, which are covered
-with hair, and provided with claws. In most species the hair is coarse
-and valueless. The seal has a very short neck and by reason of the
-weakness of its front flippers, it is not nearly so active nor so
-interesting as the sea-lion.
-
-    [Illustration: ATLANTIC WALRUS.]
-
-The Atlantic Walrus inhabits the arctic regions between America and
-Europe, and it is estimated that not more than ten specimens ever have
-been exhibited in captivity. Because of their unusual feeding habits,
-Walruses are very difficult to keep alive. Their standard food is clams;
-and frequently clams are very difficult to obtain. The Atlantic Walrus
-grows to great size, probably exceeding 4,000 pounds in weight. The
-specimen exhibited in the rocky pool near the Reptile House was
-presented by Mr. Paul J. Rainey, in 1911, and has thriven continuously
-ever since its arrival. It was captured in Kane Basin, north of Baffin’s
-Bay.
-
-The Harbor Seal, (_Phoca vitulina_), is the species common along our
-Atlantic coast, and since it serves so well as a type of hair seals, or
-true seals, it will occasionally be shown in the Park. In comparison
-with the active and vivacious sea-lion, it is a tame and rather
-uninteresting creature; but neither has any commercial value, save for
-the purposes of exhibition when alive.
-
-
-                       THE PRIMATE HOUSE, No. 17.
-
-The Primates are the four-handed animals belonging to the zoological
-order called by that name, which includes man, the anthropoid apes both
-great and small, the baboons, monkeys and lemurs. The word “monkey” is
-by no means sufficiently comprehensive to embrace all these forms. Were
-it otherwise, this building would be called, officially, the Monkey
-House.
-
-The Primates include the creatures which stand nearest to man in the
-zoological scale, and in interest to all classes of humanity they stand
-above all others. There is no intelligent person, civilized or savage,
-to whom the humanlikeness of apes and monkeys does not appeal. On the
-other hand, some of the baboons are in feature and temper so thoroughly
-beast-like, their diabolism is almost as fascinating as the man-like
-character of the great apes. The variety of forms in the Order Primates,
-and the wide differences between the various groups, imperatively
-demand, for the proper representation of this Order, a large collection.
-
-The Primate House was erected in 1901, at a cost of $65,000, and opened
-to the public on December 22d, of that year. It is 162 feet in length,
-74 feet in width, contains 16 large interior cages, 22 small cages, and
-11 exterior cages, two of which are of great size. The points of special
-excellence in this building are as follows: An abundance of room for the
-animals, an abundance of sunlight, perfect ventilation, an extensive
-series of open-air cages, freedom of communication between outside and
-inside cages, floors and walls impervious to moisture and disease germs,
-and the absence of iron bars from all cages save three.
-
-During the months of mild weather, all the inmates of the large interior
-cages occupy, at will, corresponding cages in the outdoor series. It is
-also intended that certain hardy species of baboons, and the red-faced
-monkey of Japan, shall be provided with comfortable sleeping quarters
-and live outdoors, every winter. It is believed that they can do this,
-not only with comfort, but with great physical benefit.
-
-For general convenience, and the promotion of a universal understanding
-of the primates, we propose to set them forth in four groups, a
-subdivision strictly according to Nature, readily comprehended, and
-easily remembered They are as follows, with typical examples of each:
-
-                                I. Anthropoid Apes.
-
-  Chimpanzee                  _Anthropopithecus calvus_   of  Africa.
-  Orang-Utan                  _Simia satyrus_              “  Borneo.
-  Gray Gibbon                 _Hylobates leuciscus_        “     “
-
-                         II. Old World Monkeys and Baboons.
-
-  Mona Monkey                 _Cercopithecus mona_         “  Africa.
-  White-Collared Mangabey     _Cercocebus collaris_        “     “
-  Magot: Barbary “Ape”        _Macacus inuus_              “  N. Africa.
-  Japanese Red-Faced Monkey   _   “   fuscatus_            “  Japan.
-  Pig-Tailed Monkey           _   “   nemestrinus_         “  E. India.
-  Rhesus Monkey               _   “   rhesus_              “  India.
-  Entellus Monkey             _   “   entellus_            “     “
-  Black “Ape”                 _Cynopithecus niger_         “  Celebes.
-  Golden Baboon               _Papio babuin_               “  N. Africa.
-  Hamadryas                   _   “   hamadryas_           “  Arabia.
-  Mandrill                    _   “   mormon_              “  W. Africa.
-  Gelada                      _Theropithecus gelada_       “  Abyssinia.
-
-                              III. New World Monkeys.
-
-  White-Throated Sapajou      _Cebus hypoleucus_           “  S. America.
-  Red-Faced Spider Monkey     _Ateles paniscus_            “  “    “
-  White-Headed Saki           _Pithecia leucocephala_      “  “    “
-  Yarkee: Short-Tailed Monkey _Brachyurus calva_           “  “    “
-  Squirrel Monkey             _Chrysothrix sciurea_        “  “    “
-  Common Marmoset             _Hapale jacchus_             “  “    “
-  Douroucoli                  _Nyctipithecus trivirgatus_  “  “    “
-
-                             IV. Lemurs and Lemuroids.
-
-  Ring-Tailed Lemur           _Lemur catta_                “  Madagascar.
-  Indri                       _Indri brevicaudata_         “  India.
-  Galago                      _Galago galago_              “  Madagascar.
-  Slow Lemur                  _Nycticebus tardigradus_     “  Madagascar.
-  Aye-Aye                     _Cheiromys                   “  India.
-                              madagascariensis_
-
-    [Illustration: CHIMPANZEE BALDY.]
-
-Nearly all the above-named species are now living in the Primate House,
-besides which there are many others. So far as the available supply of
-captive primates will permit, these typical species will constantly be
-kept on exhibition, together with many others equally interesting. In
-this small volume it is possible to notice only the most important
-forms.
-
-The Gorilla, (_Gorilla savagei_), of equatorial West Africa, is the
-largest and ugliest of the great apes, walks erect, and in form of body
-and limbs, it most resembles man. Its brain, however, is less man-like
-than that of the chimpanzee and orang-utan. It is very rarely seen in
-captivity. The only specimen which up to 1911 had reached America alive
-lived but five days after its arrival. Despite the fact that these
-creatures seldom live in captivity longer than a few months, they are
-always being sought by zoological gardens. The agents of the New York
-Zoological Society are constantly on the watch for an opportunity to
-procure and send hither a good specimen of this wonderful creature; and
-whenever one arrives, all persons interested are advised to see it
-_immediately_,—before it dies of sullenness, lack of exercise, and
-indigestion.
-
-The Orang-Utan is intellectually superior to the gorilla, and is
-equalled only by the chimpanzee. Unfortunately, as a rule, none of the
-great apes are long-lived in captivity, and in zoological gardens they
-come and go. For this reason, it is seldom that an adult specimen, 4
-feet in height, and weighing 150 pounds, is seen in captivity. Among
-other apes, the Orang-Utan is readily recognized by its _brown skin, red
-hair and small ears_.
-
-In disposition this creature is naturally docile and affectionate. It is
-fond of the society of human beings, takes to training with wonderful
-readiness and success, and young specimens can easily be taught to wear
-clothes, sit at table, and eat with spoon and fork. In the summer of
-1911, the daily open-air exhibition of _nine_ apes dining at 4 o’clock
-on an elevated platform in the large outside cage at the Primate House,
-will long be remembered by the crowds of visitors who saw it. Such
-exhibitions are entirely germane to the educational purposes of a
-zoological garden or park, for they illustrate the mentality of animals
-and their wonderful likeness to man, far more forcibly than the best
-printed statements.
-
-The north hall of the Primate House is specially intended for the
-anthropoid apes, and it is not likely that any lengthy periods will
-elapse during which it contains neither orang-utans nor chimpanzees.
-
-    [Illustration: ORANG-UTAN.]
-
-The Chimpanzee, (_Anthropopithecus calvus_), of equatorial Africa from
-the west coast to the central lake region, is quite as common in
-captivity as the orang-utan. Both structurally and mentally this animal
-is very much like the orang-utan, and for keenness of intellect and
-susceptibility to training, it is second to none of the animals lower
-than man. A Chimpanzee is easily recognized by its _black hair and large
-ears_. There are two or three species.
-
-The Gibbon shows off to poor advantage in a cage, but in the tree-tops
-it is a wonderful creature. It is like a long-armed skeleton clothed
-with skin and hair, animated by the spirit of an Ariel. In its home in
-the jungles of Borneo and southeastern Asia, it dwells in hilly forests,
-and never descends to the earth. When attacked, it flees down-hill, if
-possible, and it seems actually to fly through the tree-tops. It boldly
-flings itself forward through space, grasps with its hands the first
-available branch, swings underneath, feet foremost, and after another
-flight presently catches with its feet, thus actually making revolutions
-as it goes. Its progress is so swift and so silent that successful
-pursuit is impossible to any enemy not provided with wings.
-
-This animal is naturally very timid, but does not hesitate to expose
-itself to mortal danger when its young are in distress. In captivity
-gibbons are shy and nervous, and take life very seriously.
-
-    [Illustration: HUMBOLDT WOOLLY MONKEY.]
-
-
-                           Old-World Monkeys.
-
-The Baboons have been specially designed by Nature for life upon the
-ground, surrounded by dangerous enemies. But for their big canine teeth,
-their fierce tempers and bull-dog courage, backed by a fine combination
-of strength and agility, the lions, leopards, hyenas and jackals of
-Africa would have exterminated them all, ages ago. They were not formed
-to become hand-organ beasts of burden, nor even companions to man, but
-rather to fight off their enemies, and bluff even the king of beasts
-when occasion requires. In captivity, their strength and ferocity always
-inspires respect, and sometimes genuine terror. At all times they
-require to be treated as dangerous animals.
-
-Of the various species of baboons on exhibition in the Primate House,
-the full-grown Mandrill is the most interesting, and wonderful. It seems
-like an animal not of this earth, and reminds the visitor of one of the
-great beasts of the visions of St. John the Divine. The home of this
-species is in West Africa, and it is found from Senegambia to the Congo.
-The long shaggy hair, lion-like appearance, the peculiar color markings
-of the face, and the indescribable grimaces, instantly fix the attention
-of every visitor.
-
-The Hamadryas Baboon, with long side whiskers and cape of long hair, is
-one of the handsomest animals of this group. Its explosive, ear-racking
-cry is almost as startling to visitors as a cannon-shot.
-
-The Golden Baboon has the liveliest disposition and the best temper
-possessed by any baboon. Young specimens are full of good-natured
-mischief, and are much given to hectoring their cage-mates. The
-Long-Armed Yellow Baboon is quite at home in the Primate House, and has
-bred here. It is a good species to keep in captivity.
-
-The Group of Old World Monkeys, in addition to the baboons, contains
-several species worthy of special remark. There are some which have
-tails so very short and insignificant that they seem to be tailless, and
-several of them are called “apes.” _They are not true anthropoids_
-(manlike apes), however, and it is a confusing error to designate any of
-them as “apes.” The species referred to are the following:
-
-  The Black “Ape,” of Celebes, exceedingly like a true baboon.
-
-  The Magot, or Barbary “Ape,” of North Africa and Gibraltar, which is a
-  true macaque.
-
-  The Japanese Red-Faced Monkey, another macaque, with a brilliant red
-  face, and long, thick coat of hair, which enables it to live out of
-  doors all winter, even in this Zoological Park.
-
-  The Pig-Tailed Monkey, several species of which are found in Burma and
-  other portions of southeastern Asia.
-
-All the above are on exhibition in the Primate House, and the outdoor
-cages.
-
-The Rhesus Monkey, of India, is one of the sacred species, and ages of
-immunity from molestation, or even wholesome discipline, have made this
-animal aggressive and domineering in temper.
-
-The Bonneted Macaque is the best-tempered monkey of all the monkey
-species found in the East Indies, and it is by far the best to keep as a
-pet.
-
-The Entellus Monkey, of India, is also a sacred species, and its natural
-seriousness of manner, and dignified bearing, quite befit the direct
-descendants of the original Hunuman, or monkey deity of the Hindoos, who
-helped to build Adam’s Bridge.
-
-Of the many African monkeys, some of the most showy (such as the Guerzas
-and Colobos) are so difficult to procure they can not be set forth as
-permanent residents in the Primate House. The following species,
-however, may be classed with the reliables:
-
-The White-Collared Mangabey and Sooty Mangabey are both so lively, so
-good-natured, and so free from the fighting habit, they are prime
-favorites with everybody.
-
-The Mona Monkey is handsome and easily kept, and an excellent
-representative of the great African genus _Cercopithecus_.
-
-The Green Monkey and the Vervet are lively but quarrelsome, and at times
-become dangerous. The Patas, or Red Monkey, is very sedate, and makes a
-good cage-mate for the mona.
-
-The New World Monkeys, even at their best, never make a strong showing
-in a vivarium. The trouble is that many of the most interesting species
-are so delicate it is impossible to keep them alive in captivity. Fame
-awaits the man who can discover a bill of fare on which Howling Monkeys,
-Sakis and Yarkees can live in captivity to old age, and repay their cost
-and care. Their digestive organs are delicate, and are subject to
-derangement from causes so slight they can not be reckoned with.
-
-The Sapajous are the hardiest, the most intelligent and in some respects
-the most interesting of the New World monkeys. They all possess the
-prehensile (or grasping) tail, _which is not found on any Old World
-monkey_, and the use made of it is a constant source of wonder. Monkeys
-of this species are quite common in captivity, and their wrinkled brows
-and serious countenances give them an appearance of being burdened with
-cares,—which most captive monkeys certainly are! These are the
-unfortunate creatures which so often come to grief on hand-organs.
-
-The Black Spider Monkey and the Gray Spider Monkey represent a genus of
-animals quite as attenuated in form as the gibbons. Their slender
-bodies, exceedingly long and slender legs and tail,—the latter strongly
-prehensile, and better than a fifth arm and hand,—give them when in the
-tree-tops an appearance truly spider-like. They are agile climbers, but
-not rapid runners, and having no means of defense are very timid. Their
-stomachs are so simple they seem to lack some element or function that
-is necessary to the life of the animal in captivity. Notwithstanding the
-fact that “Jess,” of Bath, New York, in defiance of all laws and
-precedents, _lived thirteen years in a cold climate_, the great majority
-of spider monkeys die before they reach full maturity, and nearly always
-of stomach troubles. Fortunately, however, there are exceptions to this
-rule.
-
-    [Illustration: JAPANESE RED-FACED MONKEY.]
-
-    [Illustration: PIG-TAILED MACAQUE.]
-
-The Squirrel Monkey, often called a “Marmoset,” is a pretty little
-olive-yellow monkey, almost as delicate as the true Marmoset, and the
-Pinche. These diminutive creatures are so delicate they require the
-greatest care and tenderness, and thrive better in moderately small
-cages than in large ones. True marmosets are the smallest of American
-primates, being next in size to the Tarsier, of Borneo, smallest of all
-quadrumanes.
-
-The Lemurs and Lemuroids.—A lemur is a monkey-like animal belonging to
-the lowest group of primates, but in some respects is so little like a
-typical monkey that the relationship is not always apparent. There are
-about thirty species, and all save a very few are found on the Island of
-Madagascar. They are gentle-spirited, harmless and inoffensive animals,
-and not being persecuted by their human neighbors, as all American wild
-animals are, they are quite numerous.
-
-Nearly all the Lemurs have long tails, long and fine hair, large eyes
-and pointed muzzles. Many of them are strikingly colored in various
-shades of black, white and gray. All Lemurs are supposed to be of
-nocturnal habit, and in fact they really are; but the specimens in the
-large jungle cage of the Primate House are quite as lively and
-interesting in the daytime as most of the monkeys. So far from
-manifesting a disposition to retire to dark corners, they love to lie in
-the sunshine.
-
-    [Illustration: SLOW LEMUR.]
-
-    [Illustration: SIAMANG.]
-
-The Ruffed Lemur, or Black-and-White Lemur, (_Lemur varia_), is the
-handsomest member of this entire group. Its fur is very long, silky, and
-alternately pure white and jet black. The Ring-Tailed Lemur has a very
-long, pointed tail, ornamented with about 25 alternating rings of brown
-and gray, which it carries very gracefully. This species is of a more
-lively disposition than most others. The curious Indri has not up to
-this time come into the collection, but it is expected in the near
-future. When it arrives it can at once be recognized by the entire
-absence of a tail, except a mere stump, and by its large hands and feet.
-
-
-                        ELEPHANT HOUSE, No. 20.
-
-Of its buildings for animals, the Elephant House is the culminating
-feature of the Zoological Park, and it comes quite near to being the
-last of the series. In token of these facts, it is fittingly crowned
-with a dome. Through its position in the general plan it closes a wide
-gap, and effectively links together the northern and southern halves of
-the establishment.
-
-The erection of this great structure began in 1907, and the building was
-completed and its inmates housed in the fall of 1908. The yards
-surrounding the structure were finished in 1909.
-
-    [Illustration: ELEPHANT HOUSE.]
-
-Any building which can comfortably accommodate a representative
-collection of the largest of all living land animals, must
-unquestionably be large and substantial. There is no pleasure in seeing
-a ponderous elephant chained to the floor of a small room, unable even
-to walk to and fro, and never permitted to roam at will in the open air
-and sunlight. It is no wonder that dungeon-kept elephants go mad, and do
-mischief. If an elephant—or for that matter any animal—cannot be kept in
-_comfortable_ captivity, then let it not be kept at all.
-
-The Elephant House of the City of New York is a large and roomy
-structure, built to render good service for two centuries. Its extreme
-length over all is 170 feet, and its width is 84 feet. Its two sides are
-divided into 8 huge compartments, of which 4 are for elephants, 2 for
-rhinoceroses, and 2 for hippopotami. Each of these is 24×21½ feet.
-
-The Hippopotami have within the building a tank 24×21 feet, and 8 feet
-in total depth; and another will be constructed in their corral.
-
-Each end of the building furnishes two cages of smaller dimensions, for
-tapirs, and young elephants. The whole area surrounding the building,
-excepting the axial walk, is devoted to open-air yards, so arranged that
-each cage in the interior connects directly with a corral which affords
-both sunshine and shade. Nature seems to have made this beautiful open
-grove—strangely free from trees in its center—especially for the
-purposes to which it now is devoted.
-
-It is by no means the intention of the Zoological Society, that, because
-an axial walk leads through the Elephant House, the building shall be
-used _as a thoroughfare_ for foot traffic between the northern and
-southern portions of the Park. Such use would surely defeat the main
-purpose of the structure. It is intended to be entered _only by persons
-who desire to see the animals, and all others must pass around it_, by
-one or the other of the two very direct promenades which will be
-provided. The employees of the Park are strictly forbidden to consider
-the walk through the building as a convenient highway, and visitors are
-requested to observe the obvious necessities of this case.
-
-The Indian Elephant, (_Elephas indicus_), is the universal elephant of
-captivity, the African species being shown only as a great rarity. For
-every elephant that comes from Africa, about thirty come from India, and
-of those about twenty-nine are prosy and unromantic females. In order to
-secure a male Indian Elephant, it must be specially ordered.
-
-    [Illustration: INDIAN ELEPHANT.]
-
-Our first Indian Elephant, a fine male named “Gunda,” was caught wild in
-the interior of Assam, northeastern India, and he arrived at the
-Zoological Park in May, 1904, as the gift of Col. Oliver H. Payne. He
-was then about seven years old. He stood 6 feet 7 inches in shoulder
-height, weighed 3,740 pounds, and had all the points of a “high-caste”
-elephant. His tusks were then 16 inches long. He is very mischievous
-about breaking anything in his quarters that is breakable, and he
-manifests special dislike toward certain individuals who come near him.
-Like most Indian elephants, “Gunda” is very intelligent. In two days he
-was taught to receive pennies, lift the lid of his “bank,” drop the coin
-within, and ring his bell.
-
-Since his arrival here, in May, 1904, he has grown in height at the rate
-of about 5 inches each year. On November 1, 1910, he stood 8 feet 9
-inches in shoulder height, his weight was 8100 pounds, and his tusks
-were 36 inches long.
-
-The Sudan African Elephant, (_Elephas oxyotis_, Matschie), is the
-largest of the four species of African elephants now recognized. The
-other species are the South African Elephant, (_E. capensis_), the
-German-East-African Elephant, (_E. knochenhaueri_), and the West African
-Elephant, (_E. cyclotis_).
-
-After some years of waiting, and many futile efforts, we have at last
-come into possession of a pair of young Sudan Elephants, representing,
-so we believe, the great species to which belonged Jumbo, and also the
-bearer of the enormous tusks presented to the Zoological Society by Mr.
-Charles T. Barney. Like all elephants newly arrived from Africa, they
-are young, and small; but if they have good health they will grow very
-rapidly, and about A. D. 1927 they should attain full stature,—11 feet
-at the shoulders for the male, or thereabouts.
-
-    [Illustration: AFRICAN ELEPHANTS.]
-
-The different species of elephants are most easily recognized by their
-ears. Compare the enormous “sail-area” of the ears of this species with
-the small, triangular ear of the Indian elephant, and the small, round
-ear of the next species.
-
-The West African Elephant, (_Elephas cyclotis_), of equatorial West
-Africa, especially the Congo country, is apparently a small species, not
-exceeding seven feet in height, even if that height is ever attained.
-Mr. Carl Hagenbeck reports that out of nearly 300 pairs of tusks of this
-species examined by him in the German ivory market, not one pair
-exceeded two feet in length, and many measured only 10 inches.
-
-On July 25, 1905, we received a male specimen representing this species,
-as a gift from Mr. Barney. It is strikingly marked by its small round
-ears, and the presence of 5 toes on each fore-foot and 4 on the hind
-foot, the number in the East African species being 4 and 3,
-respectively. At the time of its arrival, little “Congo” stood 43 inches
-in shoulder height, his weight was precisely 600 pounds, and his tusks
-were 4 inches long. On June 1, 1911, his shoulder height was 60 inches,
-and his weight was 1650 pounds, and his tusks were 23 inches long.
-
-    [Illustration: AFRICAN TWO-HORNED RHINOCEROS.]
-
-Regarding the life history and distribution of this odd species, much
-remains to be ascertained; and precise information is greatly desired.
-
-The African Two-Horned Rhinoceros, (_Rhinoceros bicornis_), is already
-represented by a female specimen which was acquired in 1906. “Victoria”
-was captured in July, 1905, in the northern point of German East Africa,
-within about sixty miles of the head of Speke Gulf, which is the
-southeastern arm of Lake Victoria Nyanza. The elevation is between 4,000
-and 5,000 feet. She was slung under a pole, and carried, six days’
-journey on men’s shoulders, to the shore of the lake.
-
-From thence she was transported by steamer to Port Florence, at the head
-of the Uganda Railway, thence by rail 500 miles to Mombasa. Ever since
-her arrival in New York, “Victoria” has developed rapidly. Captivity
-does not seem to fret her in the least. She is very docile, is very
-friendly toward her keeper, and it is quite apparent that she enjoys
-herself.
-
-The African Two-Horned Rhinoceros once was very abundant throughout the
-whole of the fertile plains region of east and south Africa, but the
-onslaughts of hunters have exterminated it from probably nine-tenths of
-the territory that it once occupied. To-day, the Englishmen of Africa
-are earnestly endeavoring to regulate and abate the slaughter of African
-big game, and beyond doubt safe, good results in that line are being
-accomplished. It is to be hoped that the protection lines will now be
-drawn so tightly around the game that remains that it will be
-perpetuated for centuries to come.
-
-    [Illustration: INDIAN RHINOCEROS.]
-
-The Indian Rhinoceros, (_Rhinoceros unicornis_).—A full-grown Indian
-Rhinoceros is one of the most wonderful of all living animals. It seems
-like a prehistoric monster, belonging to the days of the dinosaurs,
-rather than a creature of to-day; and the killing of so grand a creature
-solely for the sake of “sport,” and a stuffed head to hang upon a wall,
-is murder, no less. It is quite time that the most wonderful works of
-animated Nature should universally be recognized as safe from attack
-with the rifle and knife.
-
-So pronounced is the rarity of the great Indian Rhinoceros, it is a fact
-that for nearly fifteen years no living specimens came into the
-wild-animal market. At last, however, the persistence and industry of
-the renowned Carl Hagenbeck was rewarded by the capture, in 1906, of
-four young specimens, all of which reached Hamburg in May, 1907. One of
-the best specimens of the quartette was purchased for the New York
-Zoological Park, and is now living in the Park in the quarters prepared
-for him at the Elephant House.
-
-    [Illustration: PYGMY HIPPOPOTAMI.]
-
-The Indian One-Horned Rhinoceros is the largest of all living
-rhinoceroses. A full-grown male is about 5 feet, 6 inches in shoulder
-height, and 10 feet 6 inches long from end of nose to root of tail. The
-length of the horn is not great, rarely exceeding 12 inches. The skin is
-very thick, and lies upon the animal in great rigid slabs which are
-divided by articulating areas of thinner skin.
-
-The Hippopotamus, (_Hippopotamus amphibius_), is more frequently seen in
-captivity than any of the large rhinoceroses, or the African elephant.
-In the lakes and large rivers of central East Africa it still exists in
-fair numbers, and still is killed for “sport.”
-
-Strange as it may seem, this very inert and usually lethargic monster
-can, under what it deems just provocation, become very angry, and even
-dangerous. Four years ago, in one of the rivers of Uganda, a
-hippopotamus not only overturned a boat, but killed one of its native
-occupants by biting him.
-
-The Hippopotamus breeds readily in captivity, even under poor
-conditions, and the supply for the zoological gardens of the world is
-chiefly maintained in that way. The fine male specimen exhibited in the
-Zoological Park was purchased from the Central Park Menagerie, for
-$3,000, and is a gift from Mr. Samuel Thorne. He was born on July 13,
-1904. His weight on November 1, 1909, at five years of age, was 3,114
-pounds; and he is growing rapidly.
-
-The Pygmy Hippopotamus (_Hippopotamus liberiensis_), is a great
-zoological novelty, and second in rarity only to the okapi. Thus far
-only five specimens ever have been exhibited. An adult Pygmy Hippo is
-only _one-fourteenth_ the size of an adult Nile Hippo. Our three
-specimens, a female and two males, are exhibited in the Elephant House.
-They arrived in 1912, and were captured in Liberia, West Africa. The
-cost price of the trio was $15,000. They have excellent appetites, never
-have been ill, and they seem to enjoy their new home. Their habits,
-capture, and their home surroundings have been fully described in the
-_Bulletin_ (No. 52) and the Annual Report for 1912 of the Zoological
-Society.
-
-The Pygmy Hippopotamus is far more widely distributed throughout Liberia
-than might be inferred from the surprising scarcity of specimens in
-museums, and the long absence of the species from zoological gardens. It
-is an inhabitant of swampy forests, and while it frequents rivers it is
-not confined to them, like the large hippo. It seeks shelter from
-molestation in large cavities in river banks, usually under the roots of
-overhanging trees. These specimens were caught by digging pits in their
-runways, with sides so steep that the captives could not climb out.
-After capture, each animal was placed in a huge basket crate, slung
-under a pole, and carried by natives over the rough forest trails to the
-nearest river transportation.
-
-The Tapirs.—Near the end of the Order of Hoofed Animals, (_Ungulata_),
-is found the Tapir Family, represented in both the old world and the
-new, by about five species. These very odd creatures inhabit the densest
-forests of the tropics, where vegetation grows rankly, and few other
-large hoofed animals can live. They are very fond of water, and swim
-well.
-
-The South American Tapir, (_Tapirus terrestris_), takes kindly to
-captivity, breeds in confinement, and always manages to look well-fed
-and as sleek as a seal. Its color is a rich mahogany brown, and its
-long, prehensile nose is strongly suggestive of the end of an elephant’s
-trunk. The shoulder height of a full-grown animal is about 37 inches.
-This species inhabits Venezuela, the Guianas, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay
-and some other regions of South America. Some of the Central American
-Tapirs inhabit mountain regions, but all are exceedingly wary, and
-difficult to find without dogs.
-
-The Malay Tapir, (_Tapirus indicus_), of the Malay Peninsula and
-Sumatra, may be recognized as far as it can be seen, by its colors. The
-front half of the animal, and its legs, are black or dark brown, and the
-rear half of the body is white. It is much larger than the preceding
-species.
-
-
-                         THE WOLF DENS, No. 22.
-
-At the northeastern corner of the Elk Range there is a huge, bare
-granite rock, two hundred feet long, shaped precisely like the hump of a
-bull buffalo. The high end of the hump is toward the north, and its
-crest is about fifteen feet above the ground on its eastern side. A
-fringe of small trees and bushes grows along its western side. On the
-east side, well sheltered by the rock itself from the cold west winds of
-winter, and also shaded by several fine trees which most opportunely
-grow close beside the ledge, the Wolf Dens and Fox Dens are situated.
-
-In regard to the iron work, these dens are merely an understudy of the
-Bear Dens. The dimensions of each den of the series are 16 by 48 feet,
-and the height of the bars to the top of the overhang is 9 feet 6
-inches. The sleeping dens are of simple construction, all save one being
-of wood, trimmed with bark-covered slabs. At present the Wolf Dens are
-divided into four compartments.
-
-The Gray Wolf, (_Canis nubilis_), is known by as many names as it has
-color phases. In the North, where it is white, it is called the “White
-Wolf,” while in Florida it becomes the “Black Wolf.” In British Columbia
-and around Great Slave Lake, both white and black wolves abound, as well
-as the standard gray, but on the Barren Grounds the white phase
-predominates. In Texas a “Red Wolf” is found, but apparently the red
-phase is of somewhat rare occurrence, and is never found in the North.
-
-In the West this animal has recently come into prominence in a way that
-is striking terror to the hearts of ranchmen and others who have stock
-to lose. While all kinds of desirable game animals are decreasing at an
-alarming rate, the Gray Wolf not only holds its own, but is multiplying
-rapidly. The destruction by it of calves, colts and sheep, has become so
-great that nearly every western State has placed on the head of this
-bold marauder a bounty varying from $2 to $10. In some States this law
-has been in force for several years, but with no sensible diminution in
-the number of wolves.
-
-    [Illustration: TIMBER WOLF.]
-
-The Gray Wolves which live in touch with civilization are by no means
-such bold and dangerous animals as they formerly were. In the early
-days, when wolves were numerous and fire-arms few and primitive, the
-Gray Wolf undoubtedly was a dangerous animal. But the breech-loading
-rifle has changed all this. Excepting for his stock-killing
-propensities, the Gray Wolf is now a skulking creature. In the United
-States this animal possesses the courage of a coyote, but in the Barren
-Grounds it is still fierce and dangerous. However much the wolf may
-skulk and flee when the way is open, when brought to bay he knows how to
-fight. One snap of his powerful jaws and shear-like teeth is enough to
-disable almost any dog, and send it howling to the rear. It is no wonder
-that western dogs of experience are shy of approaching a Gray Wolf
-within snapping distance.
-
-Excepting the localities from which it has been driven out by
-civilization, the Gray Wolf ranges over the whole North American
-continent from central Mexico to 83° 24′ N.
-
-The Coyote, or Prairie Wolf, (_Canis latrans_), is a personal
-acquaintance of nearly every trans-continental traveler. To those who
-have camped on the “plains,” he is quite like an old friend; and the
-high-pitched, staccato cry—half howl and half bark—with which he
-announces the dawn, is associated with memories of vast stretches of
-open country, magnificent distances, sage-brush and freedom. Because of
-his fondness of barking, Thomas Say, the naturalist who first described
-this species, christened it, _Canis latrans_, which means “barking
-wolf.”
-
-    [Illustration: COYOTE: PRAIRIE WOLF.]
-
-This animal averages about one-third smaller than the gray wolf, and
-while the finest male specimens are, in the autumn, really handsome
-animals, at other times the majority are of very ordinary appearance. At
-no time, however, even in the dark, is a Coyote a courageous animal. So
-far as man is concerned, a band of a thousand coyotes would be as easily
-put to flight as one; but in hanging upon the ragged edges of
-civilization, and living by its wits, the Coyote is audacity itself. By
-inheritance, and also by personal experience, this animal knows to a rod
-how far it is safe to trust a man with a gun. If the hunter has left his
-gun behind him, the Coyote knows it at once, and boldly flaunts himself
-within stone’s throw of his enemy.
-
-The Coyote varies in color quite markedly, exhibiting the gray, brown
-and black phases. Formerly it was supposed that one species comprehended
-all, but Dr. Merriam’s series of specimens from all parts of the West
-and Southwest have led him to separate these animals into eleven
-species.
-
-
-                         THE FOX DENS, No. 23.
-
-Of the many species of foxes found in North America, three species stand
-forth as the types of prominent groups, and it is very desirable that
-all three should be well known.
-
-The Red Fox, (_Vulpes fulvus_), is the representative of the group which
-contains also the cross fox and black fox of the Northwest. In spite of
-dogs, traps, guns, spades and poison, this cunning creature persists in
-living in close touch with the poultry yards of civilized man. His
-perfect familiarity with old-fashioned dangers enables him to avoid them
-all, and no sooner does a new danger menace him than he promptly invents
-a way to escape it. The manner in which the Red Fox lives with
-civilization without being exterminated really is surprising, and speaks
-volumes for the astuteness of this animal.
-
-The geographical range of the Red Fox is very wide, From North Carolina
-and Tennessee it extends northward through the whole northeastern United
-States, gradually bearing westward to Montana, and northward almost to
-the Arctic Ocean. It is the commonest species in Alaska, where it is
-found practically everywhere.
-
-The typical Red Fox and its two subspecies, the Cross Fox, (_Vulpes
-fulvus decussatus_), and the Black Fox, (_V. f. argentatus_)—the latter
-many times miscalled the “Silver Fox”—vary in all possible gradations of
-color from bright red to pure black. Often it is difficult to decide
-where one type leaves off and another begins. The Cross Fox stands
-midway between the Red and Black, with some of the yellow color of the
-former on the sides of the neck and behind the foreleg, while the
-remainder of the general color is grizzled gray-brown laid across his
-shoulders in a more or less distinct cross. The Black Fox varies in
-color from very dark iron-gray to dark brown or black, with a slight
-wash of white-tipped hairs over the head, body and tail. The tip of the
-tail is always white, which is the only constant color mark about him.
-
-The Swift, or Kit Fox, (_Vulpes velox_), is the daintiest, smallest and
-liveliest of all American foxes. From his delicate little nose to the
-tip of his well-trimmed tail, he is every inch a thoroughbred. His
-countenance is bright and pert, and when several specimens are kept
-together they are very playful. One striking feature of this little
-animal is what may well be termed its trimness. When in fair condition,
-its coat of thick, silvery gray fur is as smooth and even as if recently
-trimmed by a barber.
-
-    [Illustration: SWIFT OR KIT FOX.]
-
-On the western plains, where it once had for companions the buffalo and
-prong-horn, the Swift is becoming rare. Its worst enemy is the deadly
-strychnine bottle of the ranchman. This species does not thrive in the
-Fox Dens, and it will be found in the Burrowing Animal’s Quarters, where
-it seems pleased to consider itself at home.
-
-In the Small-Mammal House is shown a new species, closely allied to the
-above, from Phoenix, Arizona, recently described by Dr. C. H. Merriam as
-_Vulpes macrotis_, or the Large-Eared Swift.
-
-The Gray Fox, (_Urocyon virginianus_), is the fox of the South, even
-though it does range northward well into the territory of the red fox.
-This species is distinctly smaller and more lightly built than the red,
-its hair is not so luxuriant, it is more shy and retiring, and its
-colors change very little. When hotly pursued by dogs it often climbs
-trees that are quite perpendicular, to a height of twenty feet or more.
-In captivity Gray Foxes are forever trying to escape by climbing,
-instead of by burrowing, as would naturally be expected. In temper, they
-are treacherous to their keepers, and also to each other, and as “pets”
-are anything but desirable.
-
-    [Illustration: RED FOX.]
-
-The Tasmanian Wolf, or Thylacine, (_Thylacinus cynocephalus_), is a very
-strange-looking and interesting creature, about the size of a pointer
-dog. Its color is dark yellowish brown, and it has a series of broad
-black stripes, or bands, running across its hind quarters and loins. The
-wide gape of its mouth reminds one of an iguana or a monitor.
-
-This animal, fully named above, is the largest of the carnivorous
-marsupials of Australia, and the female possesses an abdominal pouch in
-which she carries her young, like a kangaroo. It is now found only in
-Tasmania, and it dwells amongst rocks, in rugged and mountainous
-regions. Because of its depredations upon the sheep herds, the Thylacine
-has been diligently hunted and destroyed, and now living specimens
-rarely are taken.
-
-In the zoological gardens of Europe and America, this species usually is
-kept in heated buildings, but it has been ascertained by experiment that
-this specimen thrives best in the open air. Living examples in captivity
-are now so very rare it is a difficult matter to keep one constantly on
-exhibition.
-
-
-                        THE OTTER POOLS, No. 31.
-
-The American Otter, (_Lutra canadensis_), is unfortunate in being the
-bearer of valuable fur; and in the northern regions, where the cold
-causes the development of fur that is available for the use of the
-furrier, this creature is so nearly extinct that trappers no longer
-pursue it. In the southern States, where its fur is short, rather coarse
-and “off color,” the Otter still is found. In some portions of eastern
-Florida, and along the coast of South Carolina, it is frequently taken.
-In captivity, it often becomes quite tame, even affectionate, and always
-is interesting. Unless closely confined, however, it is prone to wander,
-and meet premature death.
-
-In captivity the Otter usually is active and restless, and very much in
-evidence. Owing to the strength of its jaws, its ability to climb under
-certain conditions and its restless activity, it is difficult to confine
-a full-grown Otter in anything else than a complete box of iron
-cage-work.
-
-Few persons save woodsmen and naturalists are aware of the fact that in
-a wild state the Otter is a very playful animal, and is as fond of
-sliding down hill, over a wet and muddy slide, with a water plunge at
-the bottom, as any young person is of “shooting the chutes.” Like the
-small boy with the sled and a snowy hillside, the Otter sometimes
-indulges in its sliding pastime for an hour at a time, with a keen
-relish for the sport that is quite evident to all who have ever watched
-it.
-
-The Otter is a carnivorous animal, and in a wild state lives upon fish,
-frogs, crabs, young birds, small mammals, and, in fact, about any living
-thing which it can catch.
-
-The Coypu Rat, (_Myopotamus coypu_), of Central and South America, is
-interesting because of the fact that it is the largest of all rats or
-rat-like animals. In its habits it is as fond of water as the musk-rat.
-It is sufficiently clothed with fur to endure outdoor life in the Park,
-even in winter, and it has been acclimatized here in one of the other
-pools. It breeds persistently, and thrives in captivity, provided it is
-treated as it should be.
-
-
-                    THE SMALL-MAMMAL HOUSE, No. 35.
-
-The new Small-Mammal House, erected and occupied in 1905, is a very
-different structure from the temporary building which formerly occupied
-the site. The present building is a twin of the Ostrich House, and in it
-much effort has been expended in devising ways and means to keep its
-living inhabitants clean, odorless and in good health. Owing, however,
-to the musky odors secreted by many of the civet cats and members of the
-Marten Family, it is beyond human power to keep a large collection such
-as this building contains without a certain amount of wild-animal odor.
-
-Most difficult of all collections to settle satisfactorily in a modern
-zoological park or garden is the great _omnium gatherum_ of small
-species—and some large ones, also—which fall within the meaning of the
-term “small mammals.” The number of mammalian miscellanea which can not
-have buildings all their own is really very great. In addition to that
-there are always with us a considerable number of young and tender
-animals which require small quarters, and close attention. The visitor
-will therefore always find in the Small-Mammal House a great array of
-viverrine animals, of tropical squirrels and other small rodents, of
-mustelines, the nasuas, the small marsupials, young leopards, the lynxes
-and their relatives, baby bears, and many other species.
-
-Attention is invited to the great variety of cages in and around this
-building, of which there are five different types. The total number is
-176. All those on the western side are adjustable as to their bottoms
-and sides, so that it is easy to throw several cages into one, and make
-cages either very long or very high. The idea of the collapsible cage,
-and also the general plan of it, has been copied from the model
-developed and in use in the Zoological Garden of Frankfort, Germany, by
-Director A. Seitz, to whom this acknowledgment is justly due. It will be
-noticed that every animal in this building enjoys the use of an outdoor
-cage, which connects directly with its interior quarters.
-
-Of such an odd mixture of animals as we are now to consider, anything
-like a perfect systematic zoological arrangement is a practical
-impossibility; but as far as it is possible, we will take up the animals
-by groups.
-
-On the whole, the most striking animals in the Small-Mammal House are
-the small cats and lynxes. Of the spotted cats, the Serval, (_Felis
-serval_), of Africa, is one of the rarest. Its long, slender legs, small
-head, slender body and round spots proclaim it a near relative of the
-cheetah.
-
-The Clouded Leopard, (_Felis nebulosa_).—The dense and humid jungles of
-Borneo contain a beautiful tree-climbing leopard whose markings are laid
-on its sides in large, elliptical patches of pleasing pattern. This is
-the Clouded Leopard, so delicate in captivity that only one out of every
-four or five becomes acclimatized outside its native jungles. Our fine
-adult specimen, with very long canine teeth suggestive of those of the
-saber-toothed tiger, really belongs in the Lion House, but we dare not
-move it, for fear the change would in some manner prove fatal to it. It
-is an animal of vicious temper, and makes friends with no one. The half
-light of its cage is a welcome approach to the dense shadows in which it
-lives when at home.
-
-    [Illustration: OCELOT.]
-
-The Jungle Cat, (_F. bengalensis_), is a small and inconspicuous type,
-as befits an animal which lives by stealth in densely populated regions.
-The Ocelot, (_Felis pardalis_), of South and Central America, is a small
-spotted cat which very often is called a “young jaguar.” In size it is
-the third largest _Felis_ of the American continent; but for all that,
-it is so small that an adult specimen would not make more than one
-square meal for a hungry jaguar. It is found from southern Texas to
-southern Brazil.
-
-The little Margay Cat, (_F. tigrina_), is our smallest and also rarest
-spotted cat. It is no larger than a good-sized domestic cat, and its
-tawny ground-color is marked all over with round spots. The rarest
-American feline in our possession is the queer, otter-like Yaguarundi
-Cat, (_F. yaguarundi_), of a uniform gray-brown color, without spots. It
-is found in southern Texas and Mexico, and is so seldom seen in
-captivity that comparatively few persons north of the Rio Grande are
-aware of its existence. Our specimen came from Brownsville, Texas.
-
-    [Illustration: COMMON GENET.]
-
-The Bay Lynx, Red Lynx, or Wild Cat, (_Lynx rufus_), is the smallest of
-American Lynxes, and it is the one that inhabits the United States
-eastward of the great plains. Until further notice, this species will be
-found in the Small-Mammal House. It may have a few dark spots, or none
-at all. Its color varies so greatly that it is at times impossible to
-determine where this species leaves off, and the more heavily spotted
-subspecies of the southwest takes its place. The latter is known as the
-Spotted Lynx, (_L. r. maculatus_).
-
-The large and important group of Viverrines, or long-faced cat-like
-carnivores of the East Indies, (Family _Viverridae_), is well
-represented. It is the true Civets which furnish—some of them—the
-evil-smelling civet of commerce—an odor which we would gladly do
-without. The Common Civet-Cat, (_Viverra zibetha_), is the best known
-member of this Family, and it is easily recognized by its large size,
-heavily-spotted body and ring-streaked tail. It is common throughout the
-Malay Peninsula, and in many other portions of the Malay Archipelago.
-The larger Malayan Civet-Cat, (_V. malaccensis_), strongly resembles its
-understudy, but its black spots and blotches are larger and more
-intense, and in form it is much more robust.
-
-The large and handsome White-Whiskered Paradoxure, (_Paradoxurus
-leucomystax_), has been in the Park about six years, and to-day it
-coughs and snarls at the visitor just as it did in the beginning. It is
-a smooth-coated creature, colored like a puma, and comes from northern
-China. Other members of the Family _Viverridae_ contained in the
-collection are the Malayan Paradoxure, (_P. hermaphroditus_); the Black
-Paradoxure, (_P. niger_); the African Ichneumon, (_Herpestes
-ichneumon_), the strange black creature from the Malay Peninsula called
-the Binturong, or “Bear-Cat,” (_Arctictis binturong_), and the Suricate,
-or Slender-Tailed Meerkat, (_Suricata tetradactyla_), of South Africa.
-
-Into the Small-Mammal House have drifted and comfortably settled down
-several canine species which are not so well satisfied, elsewhere. The
-Black-Backed Jackal, (_Canis mesomelas_), of Africa, is one of the most
-interesting, and it is also the one that thrives best in captivity. It
-is very much like a dark phase of the Azara Dog, of South America, and
-it is the handsomest of all the Jackals. The Cape Hunting Dog, of
-eastern Africa, has for years been present in this building, and it will
-be kept as continuously as circumstances will permit.
-
-The New Mexico Desert Fox, (_Vulpes macrotis neomexicanus_), is a small
-understudy of the better known Swift or Kit Fox of the northern plains,
-but it has larger ears. Neither of these delicate little species seems
-to thrive in our large Fox Dens, which seem to be too large for them;
-but in this building they thrive and are quite content with life. The
-Swift Fox is the four-footed elf of the plains, and it is unfortunate
-that the poison laid for the fierce and cruel stock-killing wolves
-should prove its extermination—as it surely will, ere long.
-
-The Arctic Fox, (_Vulpes lagopus_).—This creature of the polar world is
-a striking example of climatic influence on a species, and also of the
-danger that lies in describing a species from a single specimen. In the
-far north, the Arctic Fox is snow-white all the year round. Farther
-south it is white in winter, but in summer is bluish-brown. In the
-southern part of its range, the Aleutian Archipelago for example, except
-for an occasional white individual, it is dark all the year round, and
-is known only as the Blue Fox. At first it may seem difficult to believe
-that these two widely-different extremes are only color-phases of the
-same species; but it is quite true. The dark-colored animal is not even
-accorded subspecific rank.
-
-On various islands along the Alaska coast, especially in the Aleutian
-Archipelago, about forty commercial companies are engaged in breeding
-Blue Foxes for their fur, some of them with satisfactory success. The
-foxes are fed daily, on cooked corn meal and dried fish. They come up to
-be fed, and when the time comes to handle and sort them previous to
-killing the annual allotment, they greatly facilitate matters by the
-readiness with which they enter box traps.
-
-The great decrease in the annual supply of good fur has caused many
-persons to hope that fox-breeding may be developed into a remunerative
-industry. Except in Alaska, no extensive experiments in that line have
-been made. It is quite desirable that fox-breeding in the United States
-should be taken up under state or national auspices, and worked out to a
-successful issue. There is good reason to hope and believe that it might
-be developed into an important industry.
-
-From Argentina, South America, have come two fine specimens of the Azara
-Dog, (_Canis azarae_), which, but for their half dog-like tails might
-pass anywhere as rather odd-looking gray foxes. But they are a visible
-reminder of the fact that the pampas of South America contain an
-extensive series of foxes and wild dogs, which thus far is practically
-unknown everywhere north of the Amazon.
-
-The Dingo, or Australian Wild Dog, (_Canis dingo_), is represented by
-two specimens which look like ordinary yellow dogs. By many persons it
-is believed that this animal was not indigenous to Australia, and was
-planted there by man, but the evidence in support of that supposition is
-by no means conclusive.
-
-The Coati-Mundi, (pronounced coy-ty mon-day), is for its size one of the
-best exhibition animals that can be found outside of the Primate House.
-It is closely related to our raccoon, but is far more showy and
-interesting. It has a very lively and industrious disposition, is a good
-climber, and from dawn until dark is almost constantly on the move.
-Although it is a carnivorous animal, and provided with powerful canine
-teeth, it is not naturally quarrelsome, but on the contrary is quite
-gregarious in its habits. The genus _Nasua_ inhabits Mexico, Central and
-South America. We have two species, the Red Coati-Mondi, (_Nasua rufa_),
-and the White-Nosed, (_N. narica_).
-
-The Raccoon Dog, of Japan, (_Nyctereutes procyonoides_), is to all
-outward appearances a raccoon, but its feet are digitigrade, not
-plantigrade, and it is a true dog.
-
-The American Badger, (_Taxidea americana_), is represented by a fine,
-large and very light-colored specimen that was presented by President
-Roosevelt. The European Badger, (_Meles taxus_), is shown near by.
-
-Our collection of Rodents contains the following important and
-representative species of squirrels:
-
-                              North American.
-
-  Gray Squirrel          _Sciurus_      _carolinensis_      New York.
-  Black Squirrel            “              “                Ohio.
-  Fox Squirrel              “           _ludovicianus_      Kansas.
-  Southern Fox Squirrel     “           _niger_             Louisiana.
-  Red Squirrel              “           _hudsonius_         New York.
-  Eastern Chipmunk       _Tamias_       _striatus_             “
-  Western Chipmunk          “           _speciosus_         California.
-  Parry’s Spermophile    _Citellus_     _parryi_            Alaska.
-  Thirteen-Lined         _Spermophilus_ _tridecem-lineatus_ Iowa.
-  Spermophile
-
-                              Foreign Species.
-
-  Malabar Hill Squirrel  _Sciurus_      _malabaricus_       S. India.
-  Indian Hill Squirrel      “           _bicolor_           N. India.
-  Prevost Squirrel          “           _prevosti_          Malayana.
-  Golden-Bellied            “           _aureogaster_       Mexico.
-  Squirrel
-  Columbia Fire-Backed      “           _variabilis_        S. America.
-  Squirrel
-
-No collection of Rodents is worthy of acceptance by the public without a
-fair representation of Porcupines. The most wonderful species is the
-African Porcupine, (_Hystrix cristata_), which when disturbed erects a
-threatening array of enormously-long, shining black-and-white quills
-that are a wonder to behold. The lofty white crest of this animal is one
-of its most conspicuous features.
-
-The Indian Crestless Hill Porcupine, (_H. longicauda_), usually present
-in our collection, is merely a quiet understudy of the former. Strange
-to say—and also provoking—our old friend of the North Woods, the Canada
-Porcupine, (_Erethizon dorsatus_), is much more capricious and difficult
-to keep for a long period than either of the fine foreign species
-already mentioned. It is only the men who know all about animals who can
-tell us why nothing seems to exactly satisfy them, and why they will not
-breed here, live ten years and be happy. Even the best cage life does
-not seem to be good enough for them; but we are still experimenting.
-
-In order that visitors to the Park may at all times be able to see a
-Beaver, (_Castor canadensis_), and not be thwarted in that desire by the
-very shy habits of the animals in the Beaver Pond, we have a specimen on
-exhibition in the Small-Mammal House. This individual came from the Rio
-Grande, as a small kit, and has been reared in its present quarters. It
-is kept constantly supplied with food--wood, chiefly of poplar and
-maple, and clean water in which to bathe.
-
-    [Illustration: AFRICAN PORCUPINE.]
-
-The Capybara, (_Hydrochaerus capybara_), is the largest of all gnawing
-animals, and the most remarkable rodent in our collection. In form and
-size it suggests a large, gray, coarse-haired pig. It is a water-loving
-animal, of the American tropics, and lives on the grassy banks of the
-delta of the Orinoco, and similar places farther south. It is one of the
-best divers of all land animals, and when attacked on land always
-plunges into the water and dives for about 100 feet before coming to the
-surface. It is strictly a vegetable feeder, and its flesh is very
-palatable food. It takes kindly to captivity, and in disposition it is
-very affectionate.
-
-The Agouti, (_Dasyprocta_), is to the jungles of South America as the
-cotton-tail rabbit is to the forests of the eastern United States; but
-structurally it is not closely related to the members of the Rabbit
-Family. It lives wholly on the ground, in dense cover, and is very
-difficult to shoot. As a rule, it is impossible for dogs to catch it
-because it runs so swiftly through the dense cover that they cannot keep
-it in sight. There are a number of species, varying in color from dark
-brown to golden yellow.
-
-    [Illustration: TAMANDUA.]
-
-The Toothless Mammals.—The Order _Edentata_ contains some of the most
-odd and remarkable mammals that ever find their way into a zoological
-park. They are the armadilloes, ant-eaters and sloths. Without
-exception, they are delicate feeders, and difficult to keep for long
-periods, and for this reason the number on exhibition constantly varies
-between half a score and none at all! As far as it is possible, the
-species named below will be kept on exhibition; but these rarities are
-difficult to obtain, and the supply must be regarded as intermittent.
-
-The Nine-Banded Armadillo, (_Tatu novemcinctum_), of southern Texas and
-Arizona, and southward, is the only edentate found in the United States.
-Its total length, from nose to tail-tip, is about 26 inches, and it is
-about as large as an opossum. Its strangest feature is the horny shell,
-with 9 jointed bands in the middle, which Nature has designed for the
-animal’s protection. It lives in burrows in the earth, and in a wild
-state it feeds on a mixed diet of worms, ants, snails, beetles,
-grasshoppers and other insects.
-
-The Six-Banded Armadillo, (_Dasypus sexcinctus_), of South America, has
-a much stronger and more bony shell than the preceding species, but very
-similar habits. The Three-Banded Armadillo, (_Tolypeutes tricinctus_),
-is the most remarkable of all—and also the most difficult to obtain. It
-is able to convert itself into a round ball covered at all points by
-bony armor, and remarkably well protected from the teeth of predatory
-animals.
-
-    [Illustration: GREAT ANT-EATER.]
-
-The Great Ant-Eater, (_Myrmecophaga jubata_).—This is a very remarkable
-animal, and usually is to be found alive in the Small-Mammal House. Its
-anatomical peculiarities are apparent at a glance. Its toothless jaws
-are enormously elongated, and taper to a rounded point, where the mouth
-opens as a narrow slit, scarcely large enough to admit the large end of
-a lead pencil. Its front claws are large and strong, for use in tearing
-open ant-hills and decayed logs; and the creature walks upon them as if
-club-footed. Its tail is long and thick, and bears a luxuriant brush, of
-coarse, wavy hair more than a foot long. The negroes of British Guiana
-gravely inform travellers that the Ant-Eater uses his bushy tail as a
-broom, with which he sweeps up ants in order to devour them wholesale.
-
-As may be inferred from the total absence of teeth, this strange
-creature lives chiefly upon crawling insects. In devouring the dreadful
-ants, which in a South American forest often make life a burden, it
-helps to preserve the balance of Nature. In captivity the food of this
-animal consists of milk, raw eggs and ground meat. In taking its food it
-thrusts out from four to eight inches of round, wormlike tongue, which
-contrary to many published statements, is not covered with sticky
-saliva.
-
-    [Illustration: SIX-BANDED ARMADILLO.]
-
-The Tamandua, (_Tamandua tetradactyla_), is a smaller ant-eater than the
-preceding species, of tree-climbing habits, with a proportionately
-shorter head, no long hair on its tail, and extremely large front claws.
-It is found in Venezuela, the Guianas, Brazil, and in fact that greater
-portion of the region of tropical forests on this continent south of
-Mexico. Its tail is prehensile, or grasping, and in climbing is used
-almost constantly.
-
-The Sloths are the slowest, the most helpless and defenseless of the
-edentates. They subsist chiefly upon leaves, they climb no more swiftly
-than a man, and they escape their enemies through the resemblance of
-their pelage to the rough bark of the tree-trunks among which they live.
-They have a few teeth, but none for defense, and their claws are of use
-only in climbing, except that they can pinch with them.
-
-Two species of Sloth are occasionally seen in the Zoological Park, but
-usually _in the Primate House_, where the high temperature is better
-suited to their needs.
-
-The Three-Toed Sloth, (_Bradypus tridactylus_), is the one with a brown
-“saddle-mark” of short hair in the middle of its back. The remainder of
-its pelage is coarse and long, and its greenish tint renders it a close
-imitation of algae-covered tree-bark. The Two-Toed Sloth, (_Choloepus
-hoffmani_), is much larger than the preceding, and lives longer in
-captivity. Four fine adult specimens occupy a large cage at the Primate
-House, where they seem to be fully acclimatized. In form and habit they
-are remarkable animals, and well worthy of close attention.
-
-    [Illustration: TWO-TOED SLOTH.]
-
-The Egg-Laying Mammals.—For several months there were exhibited here two
-Echidnas—of all small mammals ever seen alive in New York the most
-wonderful. The Echidna comes from Australia, the home of remarkable
-types of animals, and belongs to the lowest Order of Mammals,
-(_Monotremata_). Like its distant relative, the duck-billed platypus, it
-reproduces by _laying eggs_! Its back is covered with short but very
-thick spines, and its nose is a long, slender beak, absolutely unique.
-Other examples of this species will be exhibited whenever possible.
-
-
-                   THE PUMA AND LYNX HOUSE, No. 33A.
-
-Near the Small-Mammal House (No. 35) will be found a log cabin with its
-entire front opening into two wire-covered yards. The interior of the
-building is provided with sleeping-dens in which the occupants of the
-two enclosures can keep dry and warm. This installation is for lynxes,
-but half of it is occupied by pumas. Already it has fully proven the
-desirability of keeping lynxes and pumas constantly in the open air, and
-without artificial heat. To lynxes especially there is nothing more
-deadly than a well-heated room, indoors.
-
-The Puma, (_Felis concolor_), is described in the section relating to
-the Lion House, where other Pumas are exhibited (page 78).
-
-Of the Lynxes, we have two well-defined species, and one subspecies. The
-Canada Lynx, (_Lynx canadensis_), is well represented in the southern
-compartment of the Puma House, where a fine adult pair has become
-acclimatized. This is the _Loup Cervier_ of the French Canadians, and it
-is truly the Lynx of Canada and the subarctic North. It has _no spots on
-its body_, and its pelage is a cold pepper-and-salt gray color. Its feet
-are large and heavily furred, and it has a long, black hair-pencil on
-the tip of each ear. A large specimen stands 18 inches high, and weighs
-22 pounds. The food of the American Lynxes generally consists of hares
-and rabbits, ground birds of all kinds, and anything else that can be
-caught and killed, except porcupine. To man they are not “dangerous
-animals.”
-
-
-               THE BURROWING MAMMALS, AND OTHERS, No. 42.
-
-North America is wonderfully rich in species of gnawing animals, and the
-end is not yet. The investigations of our mammalogists are adding new
-species with a degree of rapidity and parallelism that is fairly
-bewildering.
-
-It is the duty of the Zoological Society to do its utmost to increase as
-much as possible the sum total of knowledge of our largest Order of
-Mammals. Manifestly, however, it is impracticable to do more than place
-before visitors a reasonable number of well-chosen types, which shall
-represent as many as possible of the twelve Families, and also the
-genera most worth knowing.
-
-The most serious obstacle in the way of anyone who attempts to exhibit
-collections of living rodents lies in the natural propensity of so many
-species to keep out of sight during the daytime. This is particularly
-true of the members of the Mouse, Pocket Gopher, and Pouched Rat
-Families, comprising about three hundred species in all. With very few
-exceptions, the whole matter of the exhibition of collections of living
-rodents is something new, and every step is an experiment. In the belief
-that even the most shy burrowing animals will appreciate abundant room,
-perfectly natural surroundings, plenty of food, and immunity from
-annoyance, and eventually fall into the habit of spending many of the
-daylight hours above ground, as do prairie-dogs, the Society has
-constructed a series of fifteen small yards, each 10×20 feet, bounded by
-walls going down to bedrock, and enclosed above by a box-like
-arrangement of very light wire-netting 5 feet high. The ground is
-chiefly undisturbed soil of a firm and gravelly nature, thoroughly
-drained, and all earth filling has been tightly rammed into place to
-prevent caving in the burrows. Above ground, each yard contains
-weathered rocks, stumps, and hollow logs in abundance.
-
-In these fifteen yards, each of which will hold specimens of at least
-two or three species, will be placed strongly marked types of those
-families whose representatives are most numerous in North America, and
-also the least known, only a few of which may be mentioned here.
-
-The Sewellel Family, (_Aplodontidae_), contains five or six species and
-is of unusual scientific interest. The Sewellel, Mountain Beaver, Farmer
-or “Showt’l” (_Aplodontia rufus_ and _major_), is an animal of the size
-and general appearance of a large, short-tailed muskrat. It inhabits a
-few localities in remote regions in the mountain-valleys of northern
-California, Oregon, Washington, and southern British Columbia. It feeds
-like a beaver, climbs bushes four feet high, burrows in _wet_ ground,
-and fights like a little fiend when brought to bay. Notwithstanding the
-size of this animal, it is very seldom seen, and is but little known.
-
-The Squirrel Family, (_Sciuridae_), is large (one hundred and forty-one
-species), very interesting, and entitled to much consideration. In the
-present enclosure will be shown in summer many species of interesting
-ground squirrels, chipmunks, and marmots. In winter all the squirrels,
-save one or two hardy native species, will be found in the Small-Mammal
-House, near by.
-
-The Rabbit Family, (_Leporidae_), is one of the most difficult to
-install and exhibit. Its members are large and showy, but for several
-reasons it is very difficult to keep them on exhibition in captivity. In
-time, however, all four of the great groups—Rabbit, Varying Hare, Jack
-Hare, and also the Pikas, forming the allied Family _Ochotonidae_—will
-be represented by specimens.
-
-Just what can be accomplished satisfactorily with the most interesting
-members of the Jumping Mouse, Pouched Rat, and Pocket Gopher Families,
-remains to be determined by trial. If they can be induced to show
-themselves to visitors, during daylight hours, they will be kept for
-exhibition; otherwise not. At present, some examples of these species
-can be seen in the Reptile House.
-
-In Winter.—In the temperate zone, when “winter comes to rule the varied
-year,” all the burrowing animals must retire to their burrows, live upon
-their buried stores of winter food, and hibernate until spring. The
-tropical species do not know how to hibernate, and therefore they must
-be taken indoors, or they perish.
-
-In order that our native species of rodents may be seen all winter, and
-that the tropical species may be kept alive, nearly all the animals that
-in summer live in the Burrowing Mammal Quarters are removed in autumn to
-the well-warmed Small-Mammal House. It also happens that in summer a few
-of the small carnivores, and all armadilloes, are kept in these
-Quarters.
-
-In addition to the rodents which it is practicable to exhibit in these
-enclosures, the summer season will find some of them occupied by certain
-especially interesting species which need the soil of Mother Earth as
-well as sunlight and air. Here will be found the Armadilloes, the
-Nasuas, the Raccoon Dogs, the Swift Foxes and a few others, which in
-winter belong in the Small-Mammal House.
-
-
-                    THE PRAIRIE-DOG VILLAGE, No. 41.
-
-The Western Prairie-“Dog,” or Prairie Marmot, (_Cynomys
-ludovicianus_).—Occupying a conspicuous hill-top near the Small-Deer
-House, and overlooking the Wild-Fowl Pond, is a circular enclosure, 80
-feet in diameter, surrounded by an iron fence with an overhang, with
-walls going down to bedrock. This contains about fifty fat and jolly
-little Prairie Marmots, one-half of which are the gift of a Montana
-ranchman, Mr. Howard Eaton. The soil of the enclosure has never been
-disturbed, and there is no danger that the little creatures ever will be
-smothered in their burrows, as frequently happens in earth that has once
-been dug up and filled in again.
-
-Owing to its optimistic and even joyous disposition, the Prairie-“Dog”
-has many friends, and “happy as a Prairie-'Dog’” would be a far better
-comparison than “happy as a king.” His cousin, the woodchuck, has the
-air of being perpetually “in the dumps,” but the Prairie-“Dog”—never.
-His so-called bark is really a laugh, and his absurd little tail was
-given to him solely as a means of visible expression of good nature. But
-he has his enemies and detractors. The coyote loves his plump and
-toothsome body; the “granger” hates him for the multitude of his holes,
-and puts spoonfuls of poisoned wheat into his burrow.
-
-
-                         THE BEAR DENS, No. 37.
-
-The bears of the world form a very interesting group; and when its
-representatives are properly installed—in large, open yards, with
-abundant sunlight, fresh air and room for exercise—they develop finely,
-live happily, and furnish endless entertainment. Under proper
-conditions, bears are cheerful animals, full of the playful spirit that
-robs captivity of its chief terror. To confine large bears singly, in
-small cages, or in wet-floored, high-walled dungeons, or in the
-unspeakable “pits” of mediaeval type, is a sin against Nature. It is to
-be noted, however, that small and timid bears, like _Ursus japonicus_,
-are better off in small cages than in the very large ones; and it is for
-this reason that eight small dens have been provided, opposite the
-original series.
-
-The Zoological Society has put forth considerable effort in constructing
-a series of nine large Bear Dens which provide ideal conditions for
-their inmates. Bears do not need _buildings_! Their habits call for
-large, open yards, properly situated, with snug and dry sleeping-dens
-attached, to which they can retire whenever they wish. To them, masonry
-walls are worse than useless, for they cut off sunlight and promote
-dampness; but rocks and trees upon which to climb are very beneficial.
-In warm weather, all bears are fond of bathing, and a bathing pool in
-each cage is very necessary.
-
-_It is cruelty to animals_ for visitors to throw peanuts, or food of any
-kind, into our bear dens; and it is _strictly forbidden_. All persons
-who do not wish to be reprimanded in public, or arrested, are advised to
-refrain from it. Teasing with food always irritates bears, sets them to
-fighting, spoils their dispositions and _renders them dangerous to the
-keepers who have to go in with them_! _All visitors who are law-abiding,
-and friendly to the Zoological Society, are requested to assist the
-keepers and policemen in preventing lawless persons from throwing food
-into the bear dens._ A stern reprimand often prevents serious trouble.
-
-    [Illustration: POLAR BEARS.
-    Showing a portion of their den and pool cut from the solid rock.]
-
-The bears of North America form four well-defined groups, as follows:
-
-
-  The Polar Bear.
-  The Grizzly Bear.
-  The Alaskan Brown Bears.
-  The Black Bears, and their allies.
-
-
-Up to this date (April 1, 1913), 24 species and subspecies have been
-described, and it is reasonably certain that much more work remains to
-be done on the members of this group of animals before the status of
-each valid and invalid species will be rendered thoroughly clear.
-
-The most noteworthy species are as follows:
-
-            THE MOST IMPORTANT SPECIES OF NORTH AMERICAN BEARS.
-
-                     _Ursus maritimus_, (Desm.), Polar Bear. Arctic
-                       regions generally.
-  The Brown Bears.   _Ursus middendorffi_, (Merriam), Kadiak Bear.
-                       Kadiak Is., Alaska.
-                     _Ursus dalli_, (Merr.), Yakutat Bear. Yakutat Bay,
-                       Alaska.
-                     _Ursus eulophus_, (Merr.), Admiralty Bear.
-                       Admiralty Is., Alaska.
-                     _Ursus gyas_, (Merr.), Peninsula Bear. Portage
-                       Bay, Alaska Peninsula.
-  The Grizzly Bears. _Ursus Horribilis_, (Ord.), Grizzly Bear:
-                       Silver-Tip. Wyoming and Utah to Alaska.
-                     _Ursas horribilis horriaeus_, (Baird), Mexican
-                       Grizzly. Southwestern New Mexico.
-                     _Ursus richardsoni_, (Swainson), Barren-Ground
-                       Grizzly. Great Slave Lake region, and
-                       Barren-Grounds.
-  The Black Bears.   _Ursus americanus_, (Pallas), Black Bear. Eastern
-                       North America.
-                     _Ursus luteolus_, (Griffith), Louisiana Bear.
-                       Louisiana and Texas.
-                     _Ursus floridanus_, (Merr.), Everglade Bear.
-                       Florida.
-                     _Ursus emmonsi_, (Dall), Glacier Bear. St. Elias
-                       Alps, Yakutat Bay.
-                     _Ursus kermodei_, (Hornaday), Inland White Bear.
-                       Northwestern British Columbia.
-
-The Polar Bear, (_Ursus maritimus_).—In nearly every collection of
-living bears the individuals of this species are the most showy and
-attractive. Their white coats quickly catch the eye of the visitor, and
-whether young or old, they are generally the most active and playful of
-all captive bears. In cold weather, when other bears lie in the sun, or,
-if permitted, curl up in the straw of their sleeping dens, the Polar
-Bear will disport himself in the freezing cold water of his swimming
-pool, and joyously play with a cake of ice until the sight of it makes
-one shiver.
-
-The Polar Bear Den is situated at the north end of Rocking-Stone Hill,
-about two hundred feet from the north end of the main series of Bear
-Dens. It is reached by descending the steps leading toward the Beaver
-Pond, and turning to the right. From the Rocking-Stone Restaurant, the
-Polar Bears are quickly reached by descending the hill toward the north.
-
-Although the Polar Bear inhabits practically the whole of the Arctic
-Ocean and its numerous islands, it is by no means the most northerly
-warm-blooded mammal. Nansen found fox tracks at 85° N., but the most
-northerly bear observed was on the 84th parallel. The favorite home of
-this animal is the edge of the great polar ice cap, where Neptune and
-the “Frost King” wage continuous warfare. He seldom ventures more than a
-day’s journey inland, on any shore. In winter, as the edge of the
-ice-pack moves southward, and in summer when it retreats northward, he
-follows it in order to keep in touch with the ringed seals and walrus
-that also go with it.
-
-    [Illustration: POLAR BEAR “SILVER KING.”]
-
-The power of the Polar Bear to resist ice-cold water—nay, even to enjoy
-it—may fairly be regarded as one of the wonders of Nature. On the coast
-of Alaska this strange creature will plunge into the Arctic Ocean and
-swim miles from shore, through tossing fields of broken ice, and
-wherever the mother leads, her cubs follow.
-
-In the Autumn of 1910, the sealing steamer “_Boethic_” arrived at New
-York bringing two adult Polar Bears that were captured in the summer of
-that year by Mr. Paul J. Rainey. Both animals were presented to the
-Zoological Society, and the largest one called “Silver King” occupies
-the cage that was specially built for the polar bears, and the female is
-exhibited in very comfortable quarters, built for her near that
-installation. Owing to their savage temper neither of these bears ever
-can be kept with other bears, nor can any keeper ever enter the cage of
-either. “Silver King” weighs 880 pounds and is probably the largest
-Polar Bear ever captured alive and unhurt. While the female is not as
-large as “Silver King,” she is in every way as perfect a specimen.
-
-The Yakutat Bear, (_Ursus dalli_).—In 1899, we received from Hudson
-Lake, Copper River District, Alaska, two young Alaskan Brown Bears which
-for some time we believed would prove to represent the species found on
-Kadiak Island. In this belief they were for a time labeled as Kadiak
-Bears, (_U. middendorffi_), and so entered provisionally in previous
-editions of the Guide Book. The maturity of the animals has proven that
-this supposition was erroneous. The extremely short and thick muzzle of
-the adult male proves conclusively that they are not identical with the
-long-skulled species of Kadiak. This interesting pair, absolutely
-identical in color with _middendorffi_, are now identified, pending
-further revisions of our _Urisdae_, as _Ursus dalli_.
-
-    [Illustration: SYRIAN BEAR.]
-
-This species, and the two following, well represent the group of big
-Alaskan Brown Bears, which are quite distinct from the grizzlies and
-blacks. They are characterized by their great size, high shoulders,
-massive heads, shaggy brown pelage, and large claws. They live chiefly
-upon salmon, which they catch from the small streams, but they also
-devour great quantities of _grass_.
-
-The Peninsula Bear, (_Ursus gyas_), of Moeller Bay, well down the
-Alaskan Peninsula, may at once be recognized by its light
-brownish-yellow color, and its great size for a bear born in 1904. Its
-claws are of enormous thickness.
-
-This animal is now beyond doubt one of the two largest bears in
-captivity, his only rival being in the Zoological Park at Washington.
-
-The Admiralty Bear, (_Ursus eulophus_), represents a large species
-originally discovered on Admiralty Island, southern Alaska. Its dark
-brown color is very much like that of the Yakutat and Kadiak bears.
-
-The Grizzly Bear, or “Silver-Tip Grizzly,” (_Ursus horribilis_).—The
-rapid disappearance of this species from the United States renders all
-living examples of it specially interesting.
-
-Of all bears, the Silver-Tip Grizzly is the most savage and dangerous.
-He is easily angered, and when wounded or harried not only becomes
-furiously vindictive, but he also possesses a degree of courage which
-renders him a dangerous antagonist. As a general thing, a Grizzly Bear,
-like a lion or tiger, will run as soon as he discovers the presence of
-his only enemy—man; but if he is wounded or cornered—or _thinks_ he is
-cornered—he assumes the aggressive, without an instant’s delay.
-Unfortunately, the largest Silver-Tip Grizzlies ever killed have been
-too far from scales to make it possible to weigh them.
-
-The most interesting specimen of the Rocky Mountain Silver-Tip now on
-exhibition is a dark-colored and very handsome specimen, named
-“Engineer,” obtained in Meeker, Colorado, by Professor Henry F. Osborn,
-and presented to the Society by the Engineers’ Club of New York City.
-The color of this individual is darker than the most common type of the
-Silver-Tip, which is sometimes almost as gray as a badger.
-
-A very beautiful male Silver-Tip, from Wyoming, is much lighter in color
-than the Colorado specimen. Its face and head are so light-colored it
-would be called by Rocky Mountain hunters a “Bald-Faced” Grizzly. A
-third specimen was obtained for the Society at White Horse, Yukon
-Territory, in 1905, and its development will be watched with much
-interest. Throughout the Rocky Mountain region the “Silver-Tip” and the
-“Grizzly” are identical; but the color of the species varies
-considerably.
-
-In a wild state Grizzly Bears live on berries and fruits of all kinds
-available, succulent roots, grubs, carrion if it comes handy, and live
-game if it can be killed. In the cattle-growing states bordering the
-Rocky Mountains, owing to their cattle-killing propensities, a bounty of
-from twelve to fifteen dollars per head is paid for their destruction.
-
-The Black Bear, (_Ursus americanus_).—Until quite recently all black
-bears in North America were referred to a single species, with the type
-of which most persons are familiar. Even during the last twenty years
-living representatives of the Black Bear group have been found in nearly
-every state and territory of the United States, and also in northern
-Mexico, Labrador, Province of Quebec, Alberta, Assiniboia, British
-Columbia, Alaska, and the Mackenzie River basin. Our collection contains
-Black Bears representing several widely separated localities.
-
-The Spectacled Bear, (_Ursus ornatus_).—After ten years of constant
-effort the Zoological Park finally acquired late in 1910, a fine male
-specimen of the very rare and little known Spectacled Bear of the Andes
-of Ecuador and Peru. This zoological prize was procured for us in Quito,
-by Mr. Edgar Beecher Bronson (Author of “In Closed Territory,”) and by
-him presented to the Society. “Frederico” is distinguished by a glossy
-jet-black coat, very small ears, long feet and a large imperfect circle
-of white around each eye, with white bands down the cheeks and throat.
-In size it matches a small American black bear. As soon as the new bear
-dens are finished, this animal will be removed from the Small-Mammal
-House to one of them. If this species was ever before exhibited in North
-America, we have never heard of it.
-
-The Andean Black Bear, (_Ursus ornatus thomasi_), from Southern
-Columbia, South America, is a subspecies of the spectacled bear, with no
-“spectacles” around its eyes, and no white markings save under its chin
-and throat. This specimen is smaller than the one from Quito.
-Practically nothing is known of the habits of these two species.
-
-The Brown Bear of Europe, (_Ursus arctos_), is represented by two
-specimens from Central Russia which bear a general resemblance to Rocky
-Mountain grizzlies. This is so striking that were they not labeled very
-few persons would suspect their European birth. They have the high
-shoulders and grizzly brown coat of the silver-tip, and in the Rocky
-Mountains would be considered good examples of _Ursus horribilis_.
-
-This pair has bred four times and reared some very fine cubs.
-
-The Syrian Bear, (_Ursus syriacus_), is well represented by a fine
-specimen from Trebizond, Asia Minor. This bear is of a pale yellow
-color, with very high shoulders, narrow head and smooth pelage. The
-Syrian bear represents “the bears of the Bible,” which appeared in
-punishment of the children who were disrespectful to the prophet Elisha.
-Bears of this species are often trained to dance, and perform various
-tricks at command, and usually lead very miserable lives at the hands of
-gypsies and other bear specialists of nomadic habits.
-
-    [Illustration: SPECTACLED BEAR.]
-
-The Hairy-Eared Bear, (_Ursus piscator_), a species very rarely seen in
-captivity, is represented by two fine specimens from the Altai
-Mountains, Central Asia. This animal is sometimes called, on account of
-its peculiar light brown color, the Isabella Bear. Its more correct name
-has been bestowed on account of its large and very hairy ears. It
-inhabits northeastern Asia, as far southwestward as the Altai Mountains.
-The fine pair exhibited were presented to the Society by Mr. Carl
-Hagenbeck.
-
-The Himalayan Black Bear, (_Ursus torquatus_), is the handsomest of the
-four living species of black bears, and can easily be identified
-anywhere by three distinct characters, neither of which is possessed by
-any other black bear. They are, a _pure white chin_, _long side-whiskers
-on the jaws and sides of the neck_ and _very large ears_. Up to this
-date the geographic range of this very interesting animal has been
-recorded as extending from eastern Persia through Beluchistan,
-Afghanistan, Assam, and South China to Formosa; but the three specimens
-exhibited were taken in northern Japan, where the existence of this
-species seems to be established beyond question.
-
-    [Illustration: EUROPEAN BROWN BEAR.
-    Two cubs are nursing.]
-
-The Japanese Black Bear, (_Ursus japonicus_), from northern Japan, is
-one of the smallest of living bears, being only slightly larger than the
-Malay sun bear. In general appearance it suggests a small edition of the
-American black bear. The first specimen exhibited at the Zoological Park
-was very good-natured, but all these received since are nervous and
-irritable, and also very timid.
-
-The Sloth Bear, (_Ursus labiatus_), often called the Long-Lipped Bear,
-can be recognized as far as it can be seen by its shaggy mop of
-enormously long, black hair, its white muzzle, and its very long, white
-claws. It is a creature of many peculiarities. It inhabits India
-generally in forest regions. This is Kipling’s “Baloo.”
-
-                   LIST OF BEARS IN THE ZOOLOGICAL PARK.
-                               April 1, 1913.
-
-    2  Polar Bears         _Ursus maritimus_     from   Ellesmere Land.
-    2  Yakutat Bears       _Ursus dalli_           “    Alaska.
-    1  Peninsula Bear      _Ursus gyas_            “    Alaska Peninsula.
-    1  Admiralty Bear      _Ursus eulophus_        “    Adm. Is., Alaska.
-    3  Kadiak Bears        _Ursus middendorffi_    “    Kadiak Island.
-    1  Kobuk Brown Bear    Undetermined            “    Kobuk River, AL
-    1  Grizzly Bear        _Ursus horribilis_      “    Colorado.
-    1     “   “               “   “                “    Yukon Terr.
-    1     “   “               “   “                “    Wyoming.
-    1  Spectacled Bear     _Ursus ornatus_         “    Equador.
-    1  Andean Black Bear   _Ursus ornatus          “    Columbia, S. A.
-                           thomasi_
-    1  Black Bear          _Ursus americanus_      “    Pennsylvania.
-    1     “   “               “   “                “    Virginia.
-    3     “   “               “   “                “    Alaska.
-    1     “   “               “   “                “    West Ontario.
-    1     “   “               “   “                “    Mexico.
-    1  Cinnamon Bear          “   “                “    Colorado.
-    1     “   “               “   “                “    Wyoming.
-    1  Syrian Bear         _Ursus syriacus_        “    Asiatic Turkey.
-    3  Brown Bears         _Ursus arctos_          “    Central Russia.
-    2  Hairy-Eared Bears   _Ursus piscator_        “    N. W. Mongolia.
-    1  Himalayan Black     _Ursus torquatus_       “    Japan.
-       Bear
-    1  Japanese Bear       _Ursus japonicus_       “    Japan.
-    1  Sloth Bear          _Ursus labiatus_        “    India.
-    2  Yezo Bears          _Ursus ferox_           “    Yezo, Japan.
-    1  Malay Sun Bear      _Ursus malayanus_       “    Borneo.
-   36  specimens, representing 18 species.
-
-The Malay Sun Bear, (_Ursus malayanus_), is the smallest bear in the
-world, also the ugliest and the most ill-tempered. When fully enraged,
-it sometimes barks like a dog. Its hair is very short and close, and its
-head and feet seem to be too large for its body. This species inhabits
-Borneo, Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula and Farther India. Two specimens
-will be found _in the Small-Mammal House_.
-
-
-                           THE RACCOON TREE.
-
-The Raccoon Tree.—A permanent installation for Raccoons has been
-established near the southern end of the Bear Dens, where its inmates
-will be near their plantigrade relatives. At the foot of the steps
-leading down from the Rocking Stone, a cedar-tree, forty feet in height,
-has been enclosed by an elliptical iron fence provided with a
-sheet-metal overhang which is not negotiable by any _Procyon_. Inside
-the fence is a dry yard, a pool of water for all purposes, and the trunk
-of the tree is surrounded by a rustic shelter house, divided into ten
-warm and dry compartments. Underneath the house is a clean and smooth
-wooden floor, on which the food is served.
-
-The smooth, horizontal limbs of a cedar-tree are grateful and comforting
-to a dozing Raccoon, and the tree is not so high that the animals can
-climb beyond the visual power of the visitor.
-
-
-                        THE BEAVER POND, No. 29.
-
-Hidden away in the deep valley between high hills of virgin forest lies
-the Beaver Pond. The spot is so secluded, so silent and primeval, that
-it seems like the heart of the Adirondack wilderness. Lying fairly in
-the lap of the granite hills is a three-acre oval of level swamp, which
-recently was full of woodland rubbish and choked by rank weeds. The
-seclusion of the spot, the splendid forest, the food-wood and the
-possibilities of the dam, all naturally suggested the beaver.
-
-In order that the building of a dam by the beavers would not raise the
-water level so high as to flood the roots of a number of fine forest
-trees and destroy them, two feet of soil was taken out of the swamp, and
-at the same time a broad outlet was excavated. A fence of small iron
-bars, with an overhang, was designed to encircle an area of about three
-acres. Within the enclosure thus made, stand several large forest
-trees—chiefly oak, sweet gum, and maple—which have been protected by
-guards of wire and corrugated iron. The small maples, however, have been
-given over to the beavers, to cut down and use as food-wood and also in
-their dam-building operations.
-
-The Beaver Colony in our pond is in good working order, and its display
-of work makes a highly satisfactory exhibit. The dam, about 40 feet long
-and 4 feet high, was built of poles and sticks which were cut, peeled,
-floated down and placed by the beavers, and pointed up with mud. There
-is a house 10 feet in diameter and 4 feet high, similarly constructed.
-Within the enclosure about twenty saplings and trees have been cut down
-by the beavers and used up for food and building materials.
-
-For this colony the Society is indebted to Mr. Hugh J. Chisholm, who
-procured for it two specimens from Canada and three from Maine.
-
-The American Beaver, (_Castor canadensis_), is a remarkable animal. In
-original thought it is equalled by few animals, and in industry by none.
-With the possible exception of the porcupine, it is the largest gnawing
-animal in North America, once was widely distributed, and its beautiful
-fur has been in demand ever since the days of the colonists.
-Unfortunately, the Beaver’s intelligence was directed chiefly to the
-building of dams, canals, and houses, and procuring an abundant supply
-of food-wood, rather than in providing itself with means of escape from
-its arch enemy—the man with a steel trap. Because of the constant demand
-for its fur, this animal has been so nearly exterminated throughout the
-United States that practically none remains save where they are rigidly
-protected. At present the largest colonies known are those in the
-Yellowstone Park, although in Canada and the Northwest many still
-remain.
-
-The most wonderful thing about the Beaver is the manner in which he
-builds dams, to make ponds deep enough for his timber-floating
-operations, and to afford him a submarine passage to his house. Give him
-a valley and a stream of water, and he will gladly make a pond out of
-whatever raw materials are at hand. He uses the four-foot sticks from
-which he has eaten the bark for food, and with these, and an abundance
-of mud, he will raise a good strong dam to a height of four feet, and a
-width on the ground of ten feet or more. The mud used is dug out of the
-bottom and sides of his pond, and carried, while swimming, between his
-paws, with his front feet holding it against his breast. The sticks used
-in the dam are thrust endwise into the mud on top of the dam, and the
-mud used is patted down with his fore feet. The tail is not used as a
-trowel, but in swimming it is the Beaver’s propeller.
-
-In captivity the Beaver is not wholly a satisfactory animal. Like some
-human craftsmen, he positively declines to work under observation, and
-performs nearly all his tasks at night. He thinks nothing of gnawing
-down a tree a foot in diameter, and cutting its limbs into pieces which
-he can handle while swimming. If he can secure enough food-wood of kinds
-of his liking, he eats little else. Besides building dams to create
-ponds in which he can take refuge when hard pressed, he constructs
-canals, and houses for winter use. He also digs burrows into high banks;
-but his entrances to his various homes always are under water.
-
-
-                THE ECONOMIC RODENT-REPTILE COLLECTION.
-
-As an answer to a frequent question—“Of what use are reptiles?”—a new
-collection has been installed in the Reptile House. It is supplied with
-descriptive labels, and serves several purposes. In the first place
-there is presented an elaborate series of the small gnawing animals, or
-rodents, a number of the species of which are highly injurious to the
-interests of agriculturists; secondly, the exhibition contains a large
-series of those species of snakes that prey upon the destructive
-rodents,—thus presenting for observation the serpents of marked economic
-value. Finally, the entire series stands as a clear demonstration of the
-perfect logic of Nature in which the production of all animal life is
-carefully balanced; for a part of the exhibition is composed of
-representative species of mammals that, in turn, prey upon the serpents,
-thus keeping even the destroyers of the smaller injurious creatures
-within bounds!
-
-    [Illustration: BRAZILIAN TREE PORCUPINE.]
-
-During the past two years the collection of rodents has been steadily
-growing in importance. The following is a list of the species on
-exhibition at the close of the year 1912:
-
-                     RODENTS IN THE ZOOLOGICAL PARK.
-                     HARES AND RABBITS (_Leporidae_)
-
-  Mexican Swamp Rabbit                 _Lepus palustris_.
-  Cotton-Tail Rabbit                   _Lepus palustris mallurus_.
-  Domestic Rabbits, various breeds     (Nursery stock.)
-
-                   SQUIRRELS AND MARMOTS (_Sciuridae_)
-
-  Thirteen-Lined Spermophile           _Spermophilus 13-lineatus_.
-  Desert Spermophile                   _Spermophilus leucurus_.
-  Richardson Spermophile               _Spermophilus richardsoni_.
-  Woodchuck                            _Arctomys monax_.
-  Prairie Dog                          _Cynomys ludovicianus_.
-  European Squirrel                    _Sciurus vulgaris_.
-  Mexican Squirrel                     _Sciurus aureogaster_.
-  Central American Squirrel            _Sciurus variabilis_.
-  Cuban Squirrel                       _Sciurus chrysurus_.
-  Variable Squirrel                    _Sciurus griseo-flavus_.
-  Gray Squirrel                        _Sciurus carolinensis_.
-  Black Squirrel                       _Sciurus carolinensis niger_.
-  Fox Squirrel                         _Sciurus ludovicianus_.
-  White-Headed Squirrel                _Sciurus macrouroides_.
-  Malabar Squirrel                     _Sciurus malabaricus_.
-  Chipmunk                             _Tamicis striatus_.
-  African Ground Squirrel              _Xerus capensis_.
-  Flying Squirrel                      _Sciuropterus volans_.
-
-                          BEAVERS (_Castoridae_)
-
-  American Beaver                      _Castor canadensis_.
-
-                      KANGAROO RATS (_Heteromyidae_)
-
-  Kangaroo Rat                         _Dipodomys merriami_.
-
-                       POCKET GOPHERS (_Geomyidae_)
-
-  Harsh-Coated Pocket Gopher           _Geomys hispidus_.
-
-                           DORMICE (_Gliridae_)
-
-  Squirrel-Tailed Dormouse             _Myoxus glis_.
-  Lesser Dormouse                      _Myoxus dryas_.
-  English Dormouse                     _Muscardinus avellanarius_.
-
-                        MICE AND RATS (_Muridae_)
-
-  Domestic Mouse—Unusual Color Phases  _Mus musculus_.
-  Japanese Waltzing Mouse              _Mus musculus_.
-  Black Rat                            _Mus rattus_.
-  Black-and-White Rat                  _Mus norwegicus_.
-  Gray-and-White Rat                   _Mus norwegicus_.
-  Porcupine Mouse                      _Acomys cahirinus_.
-  Egyptian Gerbille                    _Gerbillus pyramidum_.
-  Muskrat                              _Fiber zibethicus_.
-  Cotton Rat                           _Sigmodon hispidus_.
-
-                          JERBOAS (_Dipodidae_)
-
-  Greater Jerboa                       _Dipus aegyptius_.
-
-                  COYPU AND SPINY RATS (_Octodontidae_)
-
-  Coypu Rat                            _Myocastor coypu_.
-  Hutia: Cuban Tree Rat                _Capromys pilorides_.
-  Short-Tailed Hutia                   _Capromys browni_.
-
-                        PORCUPINES (_Hystricidae_)
-
-  Canada Porcupine                     _Erethizon dorsatus_.
-  Brazilian Porcupine                  _Sphingurus prehensilis_.
-  African Porcupine                    _Hystrix cristata_.
-
-               VISCACHAS AND CHINCHILLAS (_Chinchillidae_)
-
-  Viscacha                             _Lagostoma trichodactylus_.
-
-                        AGOUTIS (_Dasyproctidae_)
-
-  Golden Agouti                        _Dasyprocta agouti_.
-  Gray Agouti                          _Dasyprocta prymnolopha_.
-
-                           CAVIES (_Caviidae_)
-
-  Domestic Cavy                        _Cavia porcellus_.
-  Capybara                             _Hydrochaerus capybara_.
-  Patagonian Cavy                      _Dolichotis patagonica_.
-
-    [Illustration: MUTE AND TRUMPETER SWANS.]
-
-
-
-
-                           SECTION II.—BIRDS.
-
-
-                        THE GOOSE AVIARY, No. 3.
-
-There are no birds which take more kindly to captivity, or which better
-repay their keep and their keepers, than the ducks, geese, swans and
-pelicans. The only drawback to the maintenance of large collections of
-these birds in this latitude is the annual struggle with our arctic
-winter. On account of the fierce winter storms to which we must pay
-tribute, many species of swimming birds require to be taken out of their
-aviary, and housed in sheltered buildings, with moderate warmth. For
-this reason the pelicans, tree-ducks of all species, and all species
-from the tropics, must necessarily be absent in winter from their summer
-quarters.
-
-For the accommodation of a large, systematic collection of wild geese,
-an aviary two hundred and fifty feet long by one hundred and forty-three
-feet in width has been constructed in the north end of Bird Valley. To
-secure as much space as possible, the entire width of the open valley
-has been taken into the enclosure.
-
-The Goose Aviary consists of a pond containing three islands, two of
-which are subdivided by low fences of wire netting into twelve separate
-enclosures. The collection of geese has become so large and important
-the original Duck Aviary has been taken for it, and the Ducks will
-hereafter be found on the Wild-Fowl Pond and in the Flying Cage.
-
-The Geese.—The collection of wild geese, in the Goose Aviary, is
-unusually large, there being generally about twenty out of the
-thirty-five known species. Among these one of the best known is the
-Common Wild, or Canada Goose, (_Branta canadensis_). Once common
-throughout many parts of the United States, continual persecution by
-sportsmen and market hunters has so generally reduced its numbers that
-now it is of comparatively rare occurrence.
-
-This exceeding rarity made the arrival of nine superb wild specimens on
-November 8, 1900, on the Wild-Fowl Pond, a most interesting event. Seven
-of the birds, including a fine gander, through the artifice of a trap,
-were induced to remain with us, and have taken up a peaceful abode on
-the little lake, with others of their kind presented by Mr. A. B. Frost.
-
-The African Spur-Winged Goose, (_Plectropterus gambensis_), although of
-large size, is more properly a duck than a goose. A long sharp spur
-arises from the bend of each wing, which the birds use in fighting with
-each other for their mates.
-
-The Gray-Lag Goose, (_Anser anser_), is, perhaps, the most interesting
-of all geese, as being the wild species from which our domestic birds
-are descended. The white color and large size are the chief differences
-between the domestic and wild birds.
-
-The White-Fronted Goose, (_Anser albifrons_), is worthy of special
-notice because it is the handsomest of the ten species of North American
-geese. The breeding grounds are far to the north, and in Alaska the
-nests are mere hollows in the sand, lined with moss and down.
-
-The Bar-Headed Goose, (_Eulabia indica_), inhabits the mountains of
-Central Asia, nesting always over a mile above the sea. It is perhaps
-the handsomest of all geese.
-
-The Swans.—Usually at least six out of the seven known species of swans
-may be seen on exhibition here.
-
-The Mute Swan, (_Cygnus olor_), is the commonest swan in captivity, and
-is the one made famous in European history and legend. It may always be
-known from the other species by the black knob at the base of the bill.
-It breeds freely in captivity and the young birds are known as cygnets.
-
-The Trumpeter Swan, (_Cygnus buccinator_), being the largest bird in the
-aviary, and also snowy white, is therefore the most conspicuous. Several
-fine specimens are shown on the North Island, living contentedly with
-other species. Some of these specimens were captured in Idaho, when
-young enough to take kindly to captivity.
-
-The Black Swan, (_Chenopsis atrata_), of South Australia and Tasmania,
-is as glossy black, excepting its primaries, as other swans are white.
-It is a large and handsome bird, and much sought by all persons who form
-collections of water fowl.
-
-The Coscoroba Goose, (_Coscoroba coscoroba_), is a fair connecting link
-between the swans and the ducks, partaking about equally of the
-characters of each. In size and color it is very much like our snow
-goose, (_Chen hyperborea_), but it is peculiar in possessing very long
-legs of a bright pink color, by which it is quickly recognized. Its
-bill, also is pink, and the tips of its primaries are black. The
-Coscoroba Goose is a native of southern South America, and a few years
-ago specimens were so rare in captivity that a pair sold for $300.
-
-
-                        THE FLYING CAGE, No. 4.
-
-This mammoth bird-cage is one of the wonders of the Zoological Park. It
-represents an attempt to do for certain large and showy water birds,
-precisely what has been done for the hoofed animals, the beaver, otter,
-and other species—give them a section of Nature’s own domain. In this
-they can fly to and fro, build nests and rear their young in real
-freedom.
-
-Near the lower end of Bird Valley, as a sort of climax for the Goose
-Aviary when seen from the north, rises a lofty, web-like structure, in
-the form of a huge, gothic arch. It is 55 feet in height, 75 feet wide,
-and 152 feet long. The whole structure consists of a series of
-steel-pipe arches and purlins, the former eight feet apart, over which
-wire-netting has been tightly stretched.
-
-The wire-netting seems peculiarly open. It is of the kind known as
-chain-netting, which offers the least possible obstruction to the eye.
-This cage is so large that a very respectable block of houses, three
-stories high and of ample dimensions, could stand within it without
-touching the wire. It completely encloses three forest trees of very
-considerable size, two hickories and an oak; and it contains a pool of
-water a hundred feet long, and shrubbery in abundance.
-
-    [Illustration: CEREOPSIS GEESE.]
-
-The idea of a very large cage for herons and egrets, is not new, for
-there are in existence several other flying cages, somewhat smaller than
-this. The first was erected in the Rotterdam Zoological Garden by its
-Director, the late Dr. A. Von Bemmelin, whose experiment proved very
-successful. Others are at London and in Paris Jardin d’Acclimatation.
-
-The Flying Cage is the summer home of a mixed flock of such large and
-showy water birds as are most inclined to fly about within it, and
-afford students and the public an opportunity to study their movements
-and attitudes. Save for such allowances as must be made for accidents
-and epidemics, this enclosure will contain the following noteworthy
-species, along with others of less importance:
-
-The American Flamingo, (_Phoenicopterns ruber_), is, in appearance, a
-connecting link between the herons and ducks, resembling the former in
-the great length of its legs, and the latter in the duck-like bill and
-webbed feet. When the plumage of this species is perfect, it is of a
-beautiful scarlet color throughout, excepting the primaries, which are
-black. In captivity, the color fades somewhat. This bird is found in the
-Bahama Islands and Cuba, but in Florida, where once it was fairly
-numerous, it no longer exists. Fortunately, this remarkable bird takes
-kindly to captivity, and the Zoological Park is never without a
-good-sized flock. Their strange form, showy colors and droll attitudes
-render them unusually interesting to visitors.
-
-    [Illustration: WHITE-FACED GLOSSY IBIS.]
-
-    [Illustration: ROSEATE SPOONBILL.]
-
-With the birds of the above species are shown a few specimens of the
-European Flamingo, (_P. roseus_), which is almost white. The only parts
-which show the characteristic scarlet of this genus, are the wing
-coverts, which are pale red, or pink.
-
-The Scarlet Ibis, (_Guara rubra_), is for its size the most showy bird
-in existence, not even excepting the birds of paradise. Excepting the
-black primaries, every feather on the adult bird in perfect plumage is
-of a brilliant Chinese vermilion color, visible in nature for a long
-distance. The immature birds are mottled and patched with white. This
-species once came as far north as southern Florida, but now it is found
-only from Cuba southward. They frequent the mud banks at the various
-mouths of the Orinoco, and not long since were quite abundant on the
-coast of British Guiana.
-
-The White-Faced Glossy Ibis, (_Plegadis guarauna_), is not a rare bird
-in captivity, and it will doubtless be possible to maintain this species
-perpetually in the Flying Cage and Aquatic-Bird House.
-
-The Wood Ibis, (_Tantalus loculator_).—The Park obtains its supply of
-birds of this species from Florida, where they breed, in very greatly
-reduced numbers, on the headwaters of the St. Johns. This bird is a very
-satisfactory member of avian society. Although amply large to lord it
-over the other birds of the cage, he quarrels with none, but peacefully
-goes his way, feeling with the point of his beak along the sandy bottom
-of the pool for something edible, or standing in quiet meditation on the
-bank. Notwithstanding its common name, this bird is not an ibis, but a
-true stork. In its black and white plumage it is quite a handsome bird.
-Although not so fond of using its wings in captivity as are herons and
-egrets, the Wood Ibis is for many reasons a very welcome tenant.
-
-The White Stork, (_Ciconia ciconia_), is as large as our wood ibis,
-which it strongly resembles in form and habits. This bird is literally
-the household bird of Germany, and its place in the family has now
-become of more importance than its place in nature. Throughout Holland,
-Germany, and very nearly the whole of eastern and central Europe, the
-White Stork is so prized and protected by the people that it has
-attained a state of semi-domestication. Nesting places are prepared for
-it, usually near or even upon human habitations, and it enjoys an
-immunity from molestation quite like that of the adjutant in India.
-
-The Great Blue Heron, (_Ardea herodias_), is frequently called the “blue
-crane”; but the latter name is a misnomer. It properly belongs to our
-sandhill crane (_Grus canadensis_). Just why so large a number of people
-should be so persistent in this error is a psychological problem; but
-the fact remains that people will not say “heron.”
-
-This Great Blue Heron is the largest and most noteworthy bird of our
-northern marshes. Thanks to the fact that it bears no desirable
-“plumes,” and its flesh is not edible, it has been permitted to live.
-When not molested, it becomes quite trustful, and when wading along a
-shore, fishing for minnows, it affords for the field-glass or the camera
-a very interesting subject. In summer these birds are quite numerous in
-the marshes along the Shrewsbury River, between Sandy Hook and Long
-Branch, and they are an unfailing source of interest to excursionists.
-It is sincerely to be hoped that the evil eye of “Dame Fashion” will not
-fall upon this bird, and cause its extermination.
-
-The Great White Heron, (_Ardea americana_), is taller than the great
-blue heron, and it is the largest of all the white herons and egrets.
-Like the whooping crane, it is now a bird of such exceeding rarity that
-the procuring of a specimen may be counted a stroke of good fortune. In
-eight years the Zoological Park has secured only three specimens, all of
-which came from southern Florida.
-
-The Little Blue Heron, (_Florida caerulea_).—The immature birds of this
-species are snowy white, and so closely resemble snowy herons of the
-same age, that only one well acquainted with both can distinguish
-between them. They are, however, separately recognized by the fact that
-the snowy heron has black legs, and a black bill, whereas the legs and
-bill of the Little Blue Heron are pale yellow. This species is still
-common in some parts of its Florida home, and occasionally a specimen
-strays as far north as Staten Island.
-
-The Louisiana Heron, (_Hydranassa tricolor ruficollis_), once very
-numerous in Florida, is still found there, but in greatly reduced
-numbers. It ranges from Central America and the West Indies northward to
-the Gulf States, and occasionally to Long Island. The general coloring
-is dark blue, but a prominent distinguishing character is the chestnut
-brown on the sides of the neck.
-
-The Black-Crowned Night Heron, (_Nycticorax nycticorax naevius_), is one
-of the commonest herons about New York City and occasionally nests in
-the Park itself. It breeds in large colonies, and feeds chiefly at
-night. Its note is a hoarse _quok_, very much like the bark of a dog.
-
-The Snowy Heron, or Snowy Egret, (_Egretta candidissima_), when fully
-adult, is the most beautiful white bird in all the avian world. Its form
-is the embodiment of symmetry and grace, its plumage is immaculate, and
-the filmy “plumes” on its head and back are like spun glass. Its black
-legs and bill merely serve to intensify the whiteness of its feathers.
-The vanity of woman has been the curse of the Snowy Egret. Its plumes
-are finest during the breeding season, and it was then that the hunters
-sought them, slaughtering the old birds in the rookeries by thousands
-(when they were abundant), and leaving the nestlings to die of
-starvation. If all women could know the price in blood and suffering
-which is paid for the accursed “aigrettes” of fashion, surely but few
-could find any pleasure in wearing them. It is strange that civilized
-woman—the tender-hearted, the philanthropic, and the
-ever-compassionate—should prove to be the evil genius of the world’s
-most beautiful birds.
-
-In the United States the Snowy Egret now exists only by accident, and
-the “plume hunters” are pursuing this and the following species in
-Central and South America, to their most remote haunts, sometimes even
-at the risk of their lives. Fashion has decreed that the egrets must go.
-
-    [Illustration: BROWN AND WHITE PELICANS.]
-
-The American Egret, (_Herodias egretta_).—Much to the misfortune of this
-species, it possesses about fifty “aigrette” plumes which droop in
-graceful curves from the middle of its back far beyond the tail and wing
-tips. For these beautiful feathers this bird has been pursued by plume
-hunters almost to the point of total extermination in the United States.
-
-The White Pelican, (_Pelecanus erythrorhynchus_), is one of the largest
-birds of North America and by reason of its size, its pure white
-plumage, its enormously long amber-colored bill and gular pouch, it is
-one of the most showy birds in the aviary. As consumers of fish they
-stand pre-eminent among birds, and their only rivals in the Park are the
-sea-lions. The specimens exhibited were collected for the Society in
-southern Texas.
-
-The Brown Pelican, (_Pelecanus occidentalis_), when adult, is a handsome
-and showy bird, and one which not only is easily reconciled to life in a
-comfortable aviary, but positively enjoys it. The specimens in our
-collection were collected for the Society on Pelican Island, Florida,
-and their interesting home life at that place may be studied from the
-series of photographs on exhibition in the Aquatic Bird House. When
-their daily allowance of fish appears they crowd around their keeper,
-and with wide-open pouches earnestly solicit contributions.
-
-
-                     THE AQUATIC BIRD HOUSE, No. 5.
-
-This building is the result of an attempt to solve an old problem in a
-new way—the care of large migratory water birds in the most uneven
-winter climate on earth. In comparison with the care in winter of
-flamingoes, large herons, egrets, ibises, and the like, the housing of
-perching birds, birds of prey and the parrots, presents few
-difficulties. But the wealth of fine water birds in North America alone,
-and the interest attaching to them, seem to justify the labor and
-expense that have been involved in this building and its appointments.
-Practically all of the birds to be seen in this building in winter are
-mentioned elsewhere in this volume.
-
-THE OWL CAGES.—After the completion of the Eagle and Vulture Aviary, the
-ten large cages on the exterior of the Aquatic-Bird House, which have
-been occupied temporarily by the birds of prey, will be used for the owl
-collection.
-
-The Giant Eagle Owl, (_Bubo bubo_), is a true giant among the owls. It
-is found throughout continental Europe, keeping mostly to the deep
-forests, and feeding on grouse, rabbits, etc. It is unusually long-lived
-in captivity, and breeds freely.
-
-The Milky Eagle Owl, (_Bubo lacteus_), has the same general characters
-as its congener, but its feathers are of a beautiful, soft gray. It is
-very rare in collections.
-
-The Great Horned Owl, (_Bubo virginianus_).—These nocturnal birds of
-prey inhabit heavily wooded regions, feeding on mice, and poultry when
-it is obtainable. The bright yellow iris, the conspicuous feather horns,
-and the apparently pivoted neck are curious features of these birds.
-Their reputation for wisdom is founded only on their external
-appearance, for in reality they are rather dull birds.
-
-The Snowy Owl, (_Nyctea nyctea_), of the Arctic regions, migrating in
-winter to the northern United States, sometimes remains for several
-seasons in succession so far north that no specimens are obtainable.
-During 1899, 1900, and the first half of 1901, not one specimen could be
-procured, but in the late autumn of 1901 a southward migration began. On
-June 1, 1911, the Park exhibited six fine specimens, one of which was
-almost pure white. During the three hottest months of summer, these
-birds would suffer considerably, so during this period they are confined
-in a cool, dark cellar, thus keeping in perfect health and comfort
-throughout the year.
-
-    [Illustration: GREAT HORNED OWL.]
-
-    [Illustration: SPECTACLED OWL.]
-
-The Screech Owl, (_Otus asio_).—This little horned owl is our commonest
-species, and frequents the neighborhood of dwellings and orchards. Being
-nocturnal it is more common than is generally supposed, and its curious
-cry, which is not a screech, but a musical, quavering series of notes,
-is the cause most frequently leading to its discovery. Its two phases of
-plumage, red and gray, occur independently of sex, age or season. Its
-food consists of mice and insects.
-
-The Barred Owl, (_Syrnium varium_).—This owl is more diurnal than its
-nearest relatives, and often hunts its prey in bright moonshine. Its
-deep, penetrating call, “woo-o-o, whoo-o-o,” is one of the most weird
-and striking cries of the bird world. Another peculiarity, common to all
-owls, but more noticeable in this less nocturnal species, is the
-absolutely noiseless flight. The soft, downy feathers of the owl permit
-it to wing its way through the air with as little noise as a falling
-leaf.
-
-
-                 THE EAGLE AND VULTURE AVIARY, No. 11.
-
-    [Illustration: EARED VULTURE.]
-
-    [Illustration: LAMMERGEYER.]
-
-The Eagle and Vulture Aviary stands in an open glade, but well
-surrounded by forest trees, in Bird Valley, between the Aquatic Bird
-House and the new Zebra House. It is a commodious and pleasant
-installation, well adapted to exhibit the Society’s collection of
-rapacious birds. Its length over all is 210 feet. It has seven very
-large flight cages and six smaller ones. The largest cages are 24 feet
-wide, 33 feet deep and 31 feet high. In the rear of the great wire
-structure will stand a very comfortable brick building to serve as a
-winter shelter for the tropical birds of the collection; but it will not
-be open to the public.
-
-Now that our eagles and vultures are to be brought together, visitors
-will find that the collection is a large one, and contains many fine
-species.
-
-The Condor, (_Sarcorhamphus gryphus_), of the Andes, is the largest of
-the birds of prey, having a wing-spread of over nine feet. It feeds
-entirely on carrion, rarely attacking living animals. In the male, the
-head is adorned with a large fleshy comb, much like that of a barn-yard
-cock. The Society at present possesses several specimens of this great
-bird.
-
-The King Vulture, (_Gypagus papa_), is as its proud name implies, the
-one member of the Vulture Family which really is clad in royal robes,
-and color-decked to match. Its range extends from Mexico and Central
-America to Trinidad and Brazil. The visitor should not fail to see this
-gorgeously caparisoned body of white, cream-yellow and black, and head
-of orange, purple and crimson.
-
-Black Vulture, (_Catharista urubu_).—These ill-favored but very useful
-birds are quite abundant, and even semi-domesticated, in some of our
-southern cities. This is due to the protection accorded them, because of
-their valuable services as scavengers. They are said to devour every
-particle of exposed organic refuse, and in a warm climate these services
-are of more value than we in the north can realize.
-
-The Yellow-Headed Vulture, (_Cathartes urobitinga_), of northern South
-America, is a much handsomer bird than its two preceding relatives. It
-has much the same feeding habits, but is very rare and delicate in
-captivity.
-
-The California Condor, (_Gymnogyps californianus_).—This is one of the
-rarest, and to all Americans the most interesting, bird of prey in the
-Park. The species is confined to a very small area in the rugged
-mountains of southern and lower California, and beyond all doubt, the
-skin-collecting ornithologists will exterminate it within the next
-twenty years, or less.
-
-The Griffon Vulture, (_Gyps pulvus_), and the Kolbe Vulture, (_G.
-kolbi_), are Old World birds and although more closely related to the
-eagles than to the vultures of the New World, resemble the latter in
-general habits.
-
-Differing strongly from its congeners in general appearance, is the
-Eared Vulture, (_Otogyps auricularis_). This rare bird is a native of
-North Africa, where it feeds on such carrion as it is able to find. Its
-bare, wrinkled head and neck and great bill give it a decidedly gruesome
-appearance.
-
-The Red-Tailed Hawk, (_Buteo borealis_).—The “Hen Hawk,” or “Chicken
-Hawk,” is one of our commonest birds of prey. It hardly merits its
-common name, as its favorite food is mice and other small mammals. This
-is the hawk seen, in the fall of the year, going south in flocks,
-sometimes of one hundred or more.
-
-One of the most splendid members of the collection is the Harpy Eagle,
-(_Thrasaetus harpyia_), of South America. The remarkably large legs and
-claws indicate the great strength which enables the bird to prey upon
-sloths, monkeys, and other fairly large animals.
-
-    [Illustration: KING VULTURE.]
-
-    [Illustration: BLACK VULTURE.]
-
-The Lammergeyer or Bearded Vulture, (_Gypaetus barbatus_), is now
-probably extinct in Europe, but is still found in parts of Asia. It
-feeds largely on lambs.
-
-A nearly cosmopolitan bird is the Golden Eagle, (_Aquila chrysaetos_).
-It is equally at home in the highlands of Scotland and the mountains of
-North America, nesting on the highest cliffs.
-
-The Bateleur Eagle, of Africa, (_Helotarsus ecaudatus_), has narrowly
-missed the distinction of being the most beautiful of all birds of prey.
-Its plumage is charmingly colored but it is out of proportion. Its tail
-is so absurdly short that its wings quite conceal it, and make it appear
-as if altogether tailless.
-
-    [Illustration: HARPY EAGLE.]
-
-    [Illustration: GRIFFON VULTURE.]
-
-Bald Eagle, (_Haliaëtus leucocephalus_).—The appearance of the adult
-Bald Eagle, our National emblem, with its conspicuous white head and
-tail, is familiar to all; but the immature birds, as shown by several of
-the specimens, lack the white in their plumage. These birds are found
-usually near water, and their food is chiefly fish. These they sometimes
-catch for themselves, but if ospreys are found in the vicinity, they are
-watched by the eagles, and often robbed of their hard-earned prey.
-
-Perhaps the fiercest among all the hawks is the White Gyrfalcon, (_Falco
-islandus_). A native of the far north, it descends to a more equable
-clime only when forced to do so by scarcity of food. It is so swift of
-wing that it is able to capture a duck in full flight.
-
-Sea snakes form the rather unusual food of the White-Breasted Sea Eagle,
-(_Haliaëtus leucogaster_), of the East Indies, while the
-strikingly-colored Vulturine Sea Eagle, (_Gypohierax angolensis_), a
-native of Africa, feeds on fish, crabs, and the fruit of the oil palm.
-
-
-                   THE WILD TURKEY ENCLOSURE, No. 33.
-
-At the northern end of Squirrel Ridge, where the Alligator Walk
-intersects the Rodent Walk, an ideal quarter of an acre, of oak and
-hickory trees, underbrush, and bare rock, has been dedicated to the king
-of game birds.
-
-The Wild Turkey, (_Meleagris gallopavo silvestris_), is a bird of
-magnificent size and presence, and the splendid metallic luster of his
-plumage—a mixture of burnished bronze copper, lapis lazuli, and fire
-opal iridescence—backed up by a great bulk of savory flesh, all combine
-to make this the finest game bird on earth. It was once fairly abundant
-throughout the eastern United States, and still is found in
-Pennsylvania, southern Ohio, Virginia and other southern states as far
-west as Texas. Three other species of _Meleagris_ are now recognized—one
-in Florida, one in southern Texas and northeastern Mexico, and the
-fourth in Mexico, extending to western Texas and Arizona.
-
-
-                      THE LARGE BIRD-HOUSE, No. 7.
-
-On the northwest quarter of Baird Court stands the largest and the most
-generously equipped home for perching birds now in existence. This is
-not an unnecessary boast, but merely a brief statement of a fact which
-the visitor has a right to know. It was designed on our long-established
-principle that every captive wild creature is entitled to life, exercise
-and happiness. Our principle of very large cages, with many birds in
-each cage, is just the reverse of the views that have prevailed in the
-older zoological gardens, even down to the present day. To an important
-extent, the cage equipment of this building represents a new departure.
-There are many zoologists with experience longer than ours who believe
-that small birds thrive better and live longer when installed in small
-cages, with only one or two birds in each.
-
-    [Illustration: WILD TURKEY.]
-
-The Large Bird-House, specially designed for Passerine birds, was
-developed on the strength of experiments previously made in the
-Aquatic-Bird House, and in community cages outside. After three years’
-experience with the new building, and a careful tabulation of diseases
-and death rates within it, we are able to state that this installation
-is a complete and gratifying success.
-
-The Large Bird-House is an L-shaped building, with an all-glass house in
-its angle. The main hall extends east and west, and it is 60 feet long
-by 50 feet wide. This great room contains the foreign song-birds, many
-tropical doves and pigeons, and such tropical varieties and oddities as
-the great crowned pigeons, tinamous, toucans, giant king-fishers and
-hornbills. In the great central flying cage there is perhaps the most
-remarkable _omnium-gatherum_ of small tropical birds—swimmers, waders,
-upland game birds and perchers—ever brought together in one cage. The
-bottom of the L is the Parrots’ Hall, 65×30 feet. It contains the
-parrots, macaws, cockatoos, and a few other species.
-
-    [Illustration: SERIEMA.]
-
-    [Illustration: SECRETARY BIRD.]
-
-In the angle of the main building stands a structure almost wholly
-composed of metal and glass, which is known as the Glass Court. It was
-designed especially for North American song-birds. The visitor should
-not overlook the fact that there are cages filled with birds all along
-both the eastern and western sides of the Large Bird House.
-
-Nearly all the cages of both the exterior and interior of the Main and
-Parrots’ Halls, are accessible from the back by passage-ways; a
-convenience that greatly facilitates the work of the keepers in caring
-for their various charges.
-
-The capacity of this installation as a whole may be judged from the
-following memorandum of cages:
-
-         APPROXIMATE SIZES OF CAGES OF THE LARGE BIRD-HOUSE
-                             _INDOORS._
-
-  Main Hall      Central Flying Cage     15×36×20 feet high      1
-                 Side Cages              5×5×9                  35
-                 End Cages               5×12×9                  2
-  Parrot Hall    Side Cages              6×8×9                  21
-  Glass Court    West Cages              8×9×9                   6
-                 East & North Cages      5×6×8                  16
-
-                            _OUTDOORS._
-
-  Northeast Cages                        7×12×10                 2
-  East Cages                             6×8×10                 10
-  Southeast Circular Flight Cage         20×20×2                 1
-  South Cages                            6×8×10                  3
-  Large Western Cages                    15×15×15                3
-  Smaller Western Cages                  6×9×10                 14
-  Total number of cages                                        114
-
-Regarding the state of health and spirits of the birds in this building,
-the visitor must be left to judge for himself. It is only fair to state,
-however, that the death rate here and indeed amongst the birds of the
-Park generally, is _very low_.
-
-In view of the great number of avian species inhabiting the Large
-Bird-House, it is a practical impossibility to give more than a general
-outline of the groups and leading features of the collection.
-
-As the visitor enters at the south door, nearest the Lion House, he is
-greeted by a discordant chorus of ear-piercing shrieks and squawks,
-joyous but very raucous, and at times too persistent. Loudest are the
-voices of the gorgeously-plumaged Blue-and-Yellow Macaw, (_Ara
-ararauna_); the Red-and-Blue Macaw, (_Ara macao_), and the Great Green
-Macaw. Around their cages there is no such thing as stagnation or
-somnolence. The soft-hued Rosella Parakeets, the flock of mostly-green
-Cuban Parrots, the Leadbeater Cockatoos and the White Cockatoos all join
-in their voices, to the limit of their respective abilities, but against
-macaws which can be heard a mile, their best efforts seem tame. The
-members of the Order _Psittaciformes_ (as above) have been beautifully
-colored by Nature, and their harsh voices seem strangely out of harmony
-with their plumage.
-
-The indoor cages along the western side of the Large Bird-House (both
-halls included), contain an extensive series of tropical Pigeons and
-Doves, which are well worth some attention.
-
-The most startling exhibit in this group is the Bleeding Heart Pigeon
-(_Phlogoenas luzonica_), from the Philippines, whose creamy-white breast
-seems to have been recently stabbed with a stiletto. It is no wonder
-that now and then a sympathetic visitor seeks the curator, or a keeper,
-and reports that a bird has been injured, and is bleeding from a wound
-in its breast.
-
-    [Illustration: GREAT CROWNED PIGEON.]
-
-The Flying Cage in the center of the Main Hall contains a pool of
-running water, some small trees, an imitation rock, and the floor is
-covered with a comfortable layer of sand. Hopping or flying about, and
-perching on the trees, is a really remarkable medley of birds. There are
-the Wood Duck and Mandarin Duck, Black Skimmers, Common and Sooty Terns,
-several species of Teal, Curlews, Gallinules, Coots, Lapwings, Snipe,
-Ruffs, Quail, Francolins, Senegal, Turtle, Wonga-wonga and other Pigeons
-and Doves, Skylarks, Robins, Orioles, Cardinals, Woodpeckers, Java, Fox,
-Tree, and other Sparrows and Weavers.
-
-The south side of the Main Hall is devoted to miscellaneous rare birds
-from the tropics, regardless of the Orders to which they belong. The
-largest are the Great Crowned Pigeons,—Victoria and Common,—the oddest
-are the Concave-Casqued Hornbills and the Toucans (eight species). The
-Rufous Tinamou, of South America, is a species which, through lack of
-use for its wings, is rapidly losing the power of flight. The Giant
-Kingfisher is the “Laughing Jackass” of Australia, and its cry is
-strangely like the mirthless horse-laugh of a man who has few smiles and
-seldom uses one. The Himalayan Jay-Thrush is so confirmed a murderer of
-birds smaller than himself, it is necessary to quarter that species with
-other birds abundantly able to defend themselves against its attacks.
-
-    [Illustration: SULPHUR CRESTED COCKATOO.]
-
-    [Illustration: TOCO TOUCAN.]
-
-On the northern side of the Main Hall there will be found a very
-interesting group of Cuban birds, another of birds of the Bahamas, a
-fair-sized collection of Finches, Weavers, Canaries, Trogons, and other
-small species of foreign lands. Here also is the rare and
-beautifully-plumed Greater Bird of Paradise, (_Paradisea apoda_).
-
-The visitor is reminded that for all cages that contain more than one
-species, the picture labels quickly furnish a key for identification of
-each.
-
-In the Glass Court and around it, the Curator of Birds, Mr. C. William
-Beebe, has scored a gratifying success in the installation of the Order
-_Passeres_. The birds are arranged by Families, and _all of the
-twenty-one families of eastern North American perching birds are
-represented_. These Families are as follows: Flycatchers, Swallows,
-Wrens, Mockingbirds and Catbirds, Thrushes, Kinglets, Vireos, Waxwings,
-Shrikes, Chickadees, Nuthatches, Brown Creepers, Warblers, Pipits,
-Horned Larks, Sparrows, Honey Creepers, Tanagers, Blackbirds and
-Orioles, English Starling, Crows and Jays. It is only those who have
-attempted to form and install such a collection who can appreciate the
-effort which that collection has cost, or the difficulties involved in
-the maintenance of so large a number of insect-eating birds. The birds
-in this section of the Bird-House are especially interesting to the
-teachers of pupils of the public schools of this city.
-
-The large circular flying cage, at the outer corner of the Glass Court,
-is filled with Robins, Bluebirds, Thrushes and Woodpeckers which winter
-there very comfortably, because they are fed and watered, and sheltered
-from the worst storms.
-
-Along the western wall of the Large Bird-House, outside, fourteen large
-cages are filled with members of the Crow and Blackbird Families
-(_Corvidae_ and _Icteridae_), such as the Ravens, Crows, Jays, Magpies,
-Blackbirds, Meadowlarks, Cowbirds and Grackles, beside which appear our
-old friends the Yellow-Shafted Flicker and Red-Headed Woodpecker.
-
-The following is a systematic enumeration of the Orders of birds
-represented in the Zoological Park on April 1, 1913:
-
-                      LIST OF BIRDS, APRIL 1, 1913.
-                       ORDERS.                      Species. Specimens.
-
-  Rheiformes          Rheas                                2          2
-  Struthioniformes    Ostriches                            2          2
-  Casuariiformes      Emeus and Cassowaries                2          3
-  Tinamiformes        Tinamou                              5          5
-  Galliformes         Quail and Pheasants                 88        204
-  Turniciformes       Hemipodes                            1          2
-  Ptericlidiformes    Sand Grouse                          1          1
-  Columbiformes       Pigeons and Doves                   57        183
-  Ralliformes         Coots and Gallinules                15         35
-  Lariformes          Gulls and Terns                     17         54
-  Charadriiformes     Plovers and Sandpipers              18         48
-  Gruiformes          Cranes, Seriema                     13         30
-  Ardeiformes         Ibises, Storks and Herons           35         85
-  Palamedeiformes     Screamers                            3          4
-  Phoenicopteriformes Flamingoes                           2          5
-  Anseriformes        Swans, Geese and Ducks              72        712
-  Pelecaniformes      New World Vultures                   9         30
-  Cathartidiformes    Cormorants and Pelicans              8         27
-  Serpentariiformes   Secretary Birds                      1          2
-  Accipitriformes     Hawks and Eagles; Old World         28         48
-                      Vultures
-  Strigiformes        Owls                                20         47
-  Psittaciformes      Parrots, Macaws and Cockatoos       86        194
-  Coraciiformes       Kingfishers and Hornbills           12         15
-  Trogoniformes       Trogons                              1          1
-  Cuculiformes        Touracos and Cuckoos                10         18
-  Scansoriforme       Toucans and Barbets                  8         13
-  Piciformes          Woodpecker                           9         26
-  Passeriformes       Thrushes, Sparrows and all         378       1242
-                      perching birds
-  Totals                                                 903       3038
-
-
-                            WILD-FOWL POND,
-             _Heretofore Called the Aquatic Mammals’ Pond_.
-
-As the birds on this pond have been transferred from the Duck Aviary,
-the interest of this exhibit is of special character, and greatly
-enjoyed by hosts of visitors. This is the nursery of the ducks and
-geese, where, in the tangle of long grass, briars and underbrush along
-the east side of the pond, the nests are built in early spring, the eggs
-are laid and patiently incubated. Finally the broods of ducklings are
-led to the water, to feed to repletion, throughout the summer, on the
-worms, bugs and insects so dear to the appetite of these amusing little
-fellows.
-
-Cope Lake is the especial province of the nesting pairs of Canada geese,
-and sometimes as many as eight golden-colored goslings are hatched in
-one nest on the small island.
-
-The Mallard Duck, (_Anas boschas_), is one of our finest swimming birds,
-the joy of the sportsman who finds it in its haunts, the delight of the
-epicure who finds it on the bill of fare. Sluggish indeed must be the
-blood which does not beat faster at the sight of a flock of wild
-Mallards, free in Nature, and ready to leap into the air and away at the
-slightest alarm. After the pintail and the wood duck, this is one of the
-handsomest ducks of North America, and also one of the finest for the
-table. Its range covers practically the whole of the western continent
-down to Panama, and even extends to the Azores, north Africa, and
-northern India. The drakes are readily recognized by the splendid
-irridescent green of the head.
-
-The Green-Winged Teal, (_Nettion carolinensis_), and Blue-Winged Teal,
-(_Querquedula discors_), are very delicate birds, and therefore rather
-difficult to maintain in captivity. A flock of each will be found in the
-Flying Cage.
-
-The Pintail Duck, (_Dafila acuta_), is specially commended to the notice
-of visitors because of its great beauty, both in color and form. Its
-colors form an exquisite harmony of soft brown and gray tones which
-fairly rival the more gaudy color-pattern of the wood duck. The species
-is yet found occasionally along the Atlantic Coast, but like all other
-edible birds, its numbers are rapidly diminishing. A large flock of
-these birds will be found on the Wild-Fowl Pond.
-
-    [Illustration: DUCKS FEEDING: WILD FOWL POND.]
-
-The Gadwall, (_Chaulelasmas strepera_), is a handsome gray bird, well
-known to gunners along the Mississippi Valley, but rarely seen along the
-Atlantic coast. Its chief breeding grounds are in the great marshes of
-central Canada.
-
-The Baldpate, (_Mareca americana_), one of the finest of water-fowl, is
-now so scarce that it is difficult to obtain specimens for exhibition.
-These birds are poor divers, but gain a good livelihood by feeding on
-floating sea lettuce, disturbed from the bottom by the better equipped
-canvas-backs and redheads.
-
-The bill of the Shoveller, (_Spatula clypeata_), has become so
-specialized for mud-sifting that it has actually assumed the shape of a
-shovel, and is out of all proportion to the size of the bird’s body. The
-sides of the bill are equipped with bony plates, through which the mud
-is strained, the particles of food being caught and swallowed.
-
-The Canvas-Back (_Aythya vallisneria_), and the Red-Head, (_A.
-americana_), two prime favorites with the sportsman and epicure, are
-exhibited on the Wild Fowl Pond. Of the latter, a good-sized flock is
-shown. Canvas-Backs, however, are difficult to capture unhurt, and still
-more difficult to keep alive in captivity, and for these reasons the
-number exhibited always is very small.
-
-The Lesser Scaup, (_Marila affinis_), is one of the sea ducks, and, like
-its congeners, a very expert diver. It feeds chiefly on mollusks, which
-it finds in the mud, often at considerable depths under water.
-
-The Paradise Sheldrake, (_Casarca variegata_), of Australia, is a
-striking bird, occupying a position mid-way between the ducks and geese.
-It is interesting to note that the female is much more attractive than
-the male, the head and neck being pure white, in contrast with the more
-sombre body. This species is very quarrelsome in captivity.
-
-The Ruddy Sheldrake, (_Casarca casarca_), is a bird of wide
-distribution, being found from the Mediterranean countries to Japan, and
-also in northeast Africa. Both sexes are of a uniform light chestnut,
-the male being distinguished by a black ring around the neck. The nest
-is always well sheltered, often being placed in a hollow log.
-
-The Common or Tadorna Sheldrake, (_Tadorna tadorna_), is a remarkably
-colored bird, but unfortunately difficult to keep alive in this climate.
-It nests in holes in the ground, preferably in disused rabbit burrows.
-
-The Mandarin Duck, (_Aix galericulata_), is the Chinese counterpart of
-our beautiful Wood or Summer Duck, (_Aix sponsa_). Of all living ducks,
-the males of these two species are the most gorgeously colored and
-plumed, and they are also of elegant form. Although both species are
-much sought after, the number of available specimens continues to be
-limited to a comparatively small number.
-
-
-                THE PHEASANT AND PIGEON AVIARY, No. 40.
-        _Entire Collection is the Gift of Mr. Jacob H. Schiff._
-
-The Pheasant Aviary is a building like a corridor 240 feet long with a
-cross pavilion at each end. The main structure is divided into 22
-shelters connecting with a like number of wire enclosed outside runways,
-each of which is 8 feet wide, 24 feet long and 8 feet high. The two end
-pavilions furnish 32 smaller shelters and runways, making a total of 48
-compartments. The shelters are divided into two stories, the upper
-series being designed for pigeons, doves and perching birds of various
-kinds. Each bird in this aviary can at every moment of his life choose
-according to his needs from the following series of accommodations that
-are available to him: An open, sunlit yard, a storm shelter with an open
-front, or a closed room with one small door and a large window.
-
-    [Illustration: PHEASANT AVIARY AND WILD FOWL POND.]
-
-This beautiful and generous installation, 240 feet long, with 48
-runways, accommodates the true Pheasants of the world, the largest group
-of birds of the Pheasant Family (_Phasianidae_), which in turn is one of
-the grand divisions of the sportsman’s own Order _Gallinae_, or upland
-gamebirds. Of the whole Order _Gallinae_,—which includes the Grouse,
-Ptarmigan, Partridges, Pheasants, Turkeys, Guinea-Fowls, Jungle Fowl,
-Quails, Brush-Turkeys, Curassows and Guans—the group of the Pheasants
-can justly claim the distinction of possessing the most beautiful birds.
-Indeed, I think there is not to be found in the whole avian world a
-group of game birds all the members of which, taken species by species,
-are so gorgeously apparelled as these.
-
-In this brief notice of what is really one of the finest pheasant
-collections in the world, it is not possible to do more than direct the
-visitors’ attention to its chief items of interest. It must be stated
-well in advance, however, that these are birds of very shy and retiring
-habit, which owe their existence as species to the success with which
-they retreat from danger, and conceal themselves from man and beast.
-These birds must not be forced to spend all the daylight hours in their
-runways; for some of them could not long survive such exposure and
-excitement. To preserve their lives, and keep them in health, they must
-have the privilege of retiring into their shelters whenever they desire.
-But they roam in and out, and by the exercise of a little effort in
-returning to them, the interested visitor will find no great difficulty
-in seeing all the species.
-
-There are few species of pheasants whose members are sufficiently
-peace-loving that many individuals can be kept together without deadly
-combats. Of most species save the golden, silver and ring-neck, the
-cocks are so quarrelsome that even two can not be kept together; and
-this fact constitutes a handicap upon those whose duty it is to maintain
-the full strength of the exhibition. If a rare and quarrelsome male
-pheasant dies unexpectedly, it is not always possible to fill the
-vacancy on short notice.
-
-Out of the half-dozen species which claim first place in an enumeration
-based on beauty and luxuriance of plumage—the Amherst, Reeve, golden,
-silver, impeyan, Argus or Soemmerring—it is difficult to choose. Each
-has its share of strong points, and it seems as if there is no “finest
-of all.” Let us take them as they come to mind, for by reason of the
-changes so often necessary in the runways, it is inexpedient to attempt
-an end-to-end enumeration.
-
-    [Illustration: MANCHURIAN EARED PHEASANT.]
-
-The Golden Pheasant, (_Chrysolophus pictus_), is a universal favorite;
-and it well deserves its wide popularity. Although small, it is as
-beautiful as the most entrancing sunset ever seen. It is very alert and
-_chic_, it is so good tempered that we can have the rare pleasure of
-seeing a whole flock in one runway, and it is a good breeder. To crown
-all these fine qualities, it is so hardy, and so competent a “rustler”
-in seeking food that under fair conditions it is easily transplanted
-from its native home in western and southern China. It has been
-introduced and acclimatized with gratifying success in Oregon,
-Washington, southern British Columbia near the Pacific coast, and
-elsewhere. In the shooting season, the shops of the taxidermists of
-Vancouver and Portland are filled with these gorgeous creatures, which
-appreciative sportsmen have found “too beautiful to eat.” One might as
-well try to describe a sunset as to pen a mental picture of the
-wonderful combination of golden yellow, orange, lapis-lazuli blue and
-deep crimson that appear in the plumage of this gorgeous bird.
-
-The Amherst Pheasant, (_Chrysolophus amherstiae_), is the nearest
-relative to the golden species, and also a strong candidate for first
-honors on the score of beauty. As far as you can see the cock bird, you
-can recognize it by its marvellous cape of pure white feathers marked
-with semicircles of black and steel-blue, which reaches from its eyes
-far back upon the shoulders. It is also easily recognized by its
-enormously long tail, the middle feathers of which are conspicuously
-marked by a regular series of diagonal bars of black laid on a light
-ground color. This bird is of small size, and fortunately for the
-public, it breeds in confinement with sufficient readiness that a good
-supply for exhibition purposes is thereby maintained.
-
-    [Illustration: INDIAN PEACOCK.]
-
-The Silver Pheasant, (_Gennaeas nycthemerus_), of China, is Nature’s
-“running mate” for the golden pheasant, not only in the rocky hill
-forests of southern China, but in acclimatization, in captivity, and
-everywhere else. Wherever you see a golden pheasant, look for the Silver
-also, with its showy, snow-white tail, and white mantle of feathers
-which covers the whole upper two-thirds of the bird from its ears to its
-tail. Its dark-colored under surface serves well to accentuate the
-whiteness of its other parts. It is a larger bird than the golden and
-Amherst pheasants, but it is so good tempered that every summer two or
-three cock birds are kept in the great Flying Cage along with many small
-and defenseless birds which might easily be molested. In parks which are
-not visited by great numbers of people, both this species and the golden
-are easily domesticated, and permitted to roam at will.
-
-The Reeves Pheasant, (_Syrmaticus reevesi_), of northern China, is a
-most beautiful species, closely related to the Japanese, Elliott, Hume
-and Soemmerring pheasants,—all of them fine, showy birds. Like the
-Amherst, the Reeves Pheasant has a very long tail, which in fully adult
-or old male birds often attains a length of five feet. When you see in
-captivity a pheasant with an enormously long tail, it is safe to assume
-that it is either an Amherst or a Reeves.
-
-The Soemmerring Pheasant, (_Phasianus soemmerringii_), sometimes very
-aptly called the Copper Pheasant, is a native of Japan, and a bird of
-which any country might well be proud. In size, form and length of tail
-it matches the common ring-necked pheasant. Its head and neck plumage is
-of a warm copper-bronze tint, but its most beautiful colors are found in
-the elaborate cross-bar markings of its tail. The pattern of the latter
-reveals first a strong cross-bar of chocolate brown, above that a broad
-band of fawn-color, and this blends into a mottling of black on
-cream-color, edged across with black.
-
-The True Ring-Necked Pheasant, (_P. torquatus_), of China, brings to
-view a question that frequently is asked regarding the English Pheasant,
-(_P. colchicus_), which is the common species of southeastern Europe and
-Asia Minor, and of Great Britain and other continental areas by
-_introduction_. We are asked, “Has the English Pheasant a white ring
-around its neck, or not?”
-
-The answer is, _the true, pure-blooded_ English, or Common Pheasant,
-(_P. colchicus_), has _no ring_ around its neck; but so many persons
-have crossed the true Ring-Necked Pheasant, of China, with that species
-that in many flocks of the former species the majority of the
-individuals are of mixed breed, with necks perceptibly ringed, yet
-passing as English Pheasants. As a matter of fact, in the world to-day,
-pure-blooded English Pheasants are rare. Both the English and
-Ring-Necked species have been successfully introduced into several
-portions of the United States.
-
-While on this subject, we will here record the fact that the name
-Mongolian Pheasant, as often applied to the Ring-Neck, is a misleading
-error. The real Mongolian Pheasant, of Turkestan, (_P. mongolicus_), is
-a species of such extreme rarity that it is almost unknown, alive, in
-the United States. A fine pair of these birds is now on exhibition at
-the Pheasant Aviary.
-
-The Argus Pheasant, (_Argusianus argus_), is a bird with a great
-reputation for beauty, but as seen alive in zoological collections it
-does not always come up to expectations. Both its secondary
-feathers—which when fully developed are of enormous length—and its
-primaries, are extremely beautiful; but unfortunately those beauties are
-not visible until the bird is dead, and its plumage displayed in a
-manner very rarely adopted by the living, captive bird. But the eyes on
-the huge secondary feathers are wonderful, and each primary is a dream
-in ecru and brown tints, laid on in a most elaborate pattern. The Argus
-Pheasants are most shy and wide-awake birds, inhabiting the dense, hot
-and moist jungles of Borneo, Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula, and are
-almost impossible to shoot. They are snared by the Dyaks and Malays, and
-after the skin has been removed and carefully preserved for museum
-purposes, the flesh is as fine eating as the breast of a quail and quite
-as palatable. A few successful attempts have been made to breed this
-species in captivity.
-
-The Impeyan Pheasant, (_Lophophorus impeyanus_), is the neighbor of the
-Himalayan tahr, the burrhel, the ibex and the markhor, and the delight
-of every sportsman who dares the rocks of “the Roof of the World” in
-quest of Himalayan big game. Its beauty is due chiefly to its metallic
-colors, and the splendid iridescence of its plumage. Its home is in the
-world’s most gigantic mountains, and it is not uncommon for a bird that
-has flown out from a mountain-side and been shot on the wing to fall
-2,000 feet, and beyond human reach. No wonder this bird is popular with
-Anglo-Indian sportsmen.
-
-The Pheasant Aviary is a _double installation_, and as an aviary for
-Pigeons and Doves it is quite as perfect as it is for Pheasants.
-
-During the year 1910 and part of 1911, the pheasants of the Old World
-were studied in their haunts by Mr. C. William Beebe, Curator of Birds.
-By reason of a cash gift to the Zoological Society made by Col. Anthony
-R. Kuser, he was enabled to make the expedition. The results will be
-embodied in an elaborate monograph, which probably will be published in
-the near future.
-
-
-                       THE OSTRICH HOUSE, No. 43.
-   _This entire collection presented by the late Charles T. Barney._
-
-Originally it was our intention to devote this fine building solely to
-the great “running birds,”—Ostriches, Rheas, Emeus and Cassowaries; but
-the pressure for space has been so great that this intention never has
-been carried into effect, and we fear it never will be. There are so
-many cranes, seriemas, tropical vultures and other large birds which
-appeal for space in these very pleasant and healthful quarters, we have
-felt compelled to set our original plan half at naught. It seems
-probable that some of the feathered interlopers now in the Ostrich House
-will remain there, indefinitely—or at least until we erect a Crane
-Aviary.
-
-Architecturally, the Ostrich House is the counterpart of the
-Small-Mammal House, the two being identical in size and form, and
-connected by a handsome pavilion. Each building is 170 feet long, and 54
-feet wide. The Ostrich House contains 13 cages, each 10×12 feet, by 8
-feet in height. A flood of warm light pours through a glass roof into
-these cages, and makes them as light as the yards without. It is no
-wonder that birds thrive in this building. Movable partitions were
-provided, so that a few of the cages might be subdivided whenever
-necessary. This provision has proven of much practical value.
-
-Each interior cage connects with a spacious outside yard, in which the
-big birds spend the warm months. The yards are enclosed by wire fences,
-and to the eye of the visitor they are open from three directions.
-
-The members of the Subclass _Ratitae_,—once called the Cursores, or the
-“running birds,”—are the present-day giants of the avian world. We have
-reason to be glad that all these splendid birds did not disappear from
-the earth before ornithology took form as a science. Undoubtedly, they
-mark the end of the line of birds of their kind, for the far-reaching
-destructiveness of civilized man has already put a period to the natural
-evolution of animal life. To-day, the preservers of wild life are
-engaged in a hand-to-hand struggle with the annihilators, over the
-preservation of a remnant for those who come after us.
-
-The African Ostriches are now very prominently in the public eye, not
-because of their relationship to the Dinornis and Aepyornis of the past,
-but by reason of the value of their plumes in enhancing the
-attractiveness of woman. And surely, no plume-bearing bird ever enlisted
-in a better cause, or on a more satisfactory basis; for to-day the plume
-crop is being grown and plucked and marketed with almost as much
-certainty as the annual crop of wool. In the United States, the most
-important plume-producing ostrich farms are situated in southern
-California and Arizona, where the industry is quite successful. So
-valuable are the adult birds that it is possible to purchase specimens
-imported from Africa for less money than would be necessary to procure
-them in the United States.
-
-    [Illustration: NORTH AFRICAN OSTRICH: MALE.]
-
-A full-grown male African Ostrich stands 8 feet in height, and weighs
-about 300 pounds. Its value on arrival in New York, before
-acclimatization and moulting into perfect plumage, is from $200 to $250.
-The female lays about 90 eggs in a year, each of which is equal to about
-20 hen’s eggs. The time of incubation is about 40 days. In captivity
-only about 60 per cent of the eggs hatch, and of those not more than
-one-half live to attain full maturity. The plumage of immature birds and
-adult females is gray, but that of the adult male is black on the body,
-and white on the wings and tail.
-
-The South African Ostrich, (_Struthio australis_), differs from the
-species found in the north. The color of the naked skin of its neck and
-thighs, and the front scales on its metatarsus, is distinctly bluish,
-and dark. This is the species of the southern half of Africa, now so
-successfully farmed in Cape Colony for its feathers that the annual crop
-is said to yield about $5,000,000. And it is this species which is kept
-on the ostrich farms of California and Arizona.
-
-    [Illustration: RHEA.]
-
-    [Illustration: CASSOWARY.]
-
-The North African, or Sudan Ostrich, (_S. camelus_), is the species
-first and longest known. Its neck, thighs and front metatarsal scales
-are of a decided pink color. Originally the range of this species
-extended from north Africa well into southwestern Asia, embracing
-Arabia, Syria and Mesopotamia.
-
-Generally speaking, the African Ostriches originally covered all the
-open, sandy plains of Africa; but they never inhabited the regions of
-dense forests. To-day their total inhabited range is small, and rapidly
-becoming more so. It is highly probable that within the life period of
-many persons now living, wild Ostriches will totally disappear from the
-earth.
-
-The Common Rhea, or South American Ostrich, (_Rhea americana_),
-represents a group of ostriches much smaller than those of Africa, and
-found only on the open plans of Argentina and Patagonia, below the great
-equatorial forest belt. There are three species in the group. In general
-terms it may be stated that an adult Rhea is about two-thirds the size
-of an adult African ostrich. It is with great difficulty that these
-birds are reared to maturity in the United States.
-
-    [Illustration: EMEUS.]
-
-The Common Emeu, (_Dromacus novae-hollandiae_), of Australia, is the
-neighbor of the kangaroo and wallaby, and in form is as odd as are the
-majority of the birds and mammals of that continent of strange
-creatures. Its body suggests a pile of gray-brown hay elevated on
-stilts, to one end of which a hay-covered neck and head have been
-attached. The bird-lover should make much of this creature, for in its
-home country it has been almost exterminated. Fortunately, in climates
-reasonably well suited to it—but not in or near New York—it is possible
-to breed this bird in captivity. In size the Emeu is next to the African
-ostrich.
-
-The Ceram Cassowary, (_Casuarius casuarius_), of the Island of Ceram,
-Malay Archipelago, represents a group which contains a number of
-well-defined species which are scattered through the northern cape of
-Australia, New Guinea, the Aru Islands, Ceram, and other islands of
-Malayana east of Celebes. They are all distinguished by their glossy
-purple or black body plumage—which looks far more like coarse hair than
-like feathers—their huge legs, and their helmeted heads. The differences
-between species are based chiefly upon the bright orange red and purple
-colors of their upper necks and wattles.
-
-In size the Cassowaries are all of them smaller than the emeus. In
-captivity they are the best of all the large cursorial birds, and live
-longer than either ostriches, rheas or emeus. They are essentially birds
-of the thick forests rather than open plains, and can not bear the
-glaring light and heat of midsummer that is the delight of an ostrich.
-In captivity they are very apt to be quarrelsome toward each other.
-
-Miscellaneous Birds in the Ostrich House.—At present these are so
-numerous and so important it is necessary to mention a few of them, even
-though the labels may be supposed to speak for them. They fall into
-several groups, chiefly birds of prey and cranes.
-
-One of the most remarkable creatures in the entire collection is the
-Secretary Bird, (_Serpentarius serpentarius_). It is well known as a
-snake killer, its attacks being made with the feet alone, and never with
-the beak. Its long legs are remarkably powerful, and capable of dealing
-a crushing blow, always aimed at the head of the victim. Although it
-does not resemble the hawks and eagles in general appearance, it is in
-reality one of this group, and might well be described as a “hawk on
-stilts.” The snakes, frogs, small animals and birds which form its diet
-are generally swallowed entire. The long cockades of black feathers
-falling backwards at each side of the head are said to have suggested
-the name Secretary Bird, from a fancied resemblance to a quill stuck
-behind the ear of a clerk.
-
-The Brush Turkey, or Telegalla, (_Catheturus lathami_), is a bird of the
-dark tropical forests of New Guinea and Australia. For many years it has
-been regarded as a zoological wonder, because of the remarkable manner
-in which it nests and produces its young. Instead of building a small,
-hollow nest, and hatching its eggs by the heat of its own body, it
-pursues the plan of the crocodile! Choosing an open spot in the forest
-it builds a huge mound, and as the structure rises, it lays its eggs in
-the heart of it. Turning its tail to the mound-site, this absurd little
-bird—no larger than a barnyard hen—scratches about right and left,
-gathers a big footful of small dead sticks, grass and dirt, and fiercely
-flings it backward upon the pile. A Brush Turkey in good working order
-can fling a bunch of jungle debris fully ten feet. Usually the finished
-mound is about three feet high by ten feet in diameter on the ground,
-and contains two or three _cart-loads_ of sticks, leaves and grass. The
-eggs are deposited in a circle, well separated from each other, and each
-newly hatched bird must scratch out or die. Of course, the eggs are
-incubated by the heat of the sun and the fermentation of the mass. When
-hatched, the young chicks are able to fly.
-
-    [Illustration: LITTLE BROWN CRANE.]
-
-    [Illustration: DEMOISELLE CRANE.]
-
-
-                              THE CRANES.
-
-At present the Cranes of the Zoological Park are divided between the
-Ostrich House and the Aquatic Bird House, and their environs. In summer
-there are exhibits of these birds in the outdoor yards adjacent to each
-of those buildings. Recently, a number of species have been acclimatized
-in the Crane Paddock, and are to be seen there winter and summer.
-
-The Whooping Crane, (_Grus americana_), is the largest, the handsomest
-and the rarest crane species in America. Its great size and its
-pure-white plumage—except its primaries—render it conspicuous from afar,
-and its voice will carry half a mile. The arched secondary wing feathers
-of the adult give the bird a very jaunty appearance. This species is so
-rare that thus far we have been able in eight years to secure only three
-specimens. The Whooping Crane nests in summer in the Arctic regions, but
-in winter it ranges as far south as Mexico. Our specimens of this bird
-will in summer be found in the large paddock immediately north of the
-Aquatic Bird House, with the next species.
-
-The Sandhill Crane, (_Grus mexicana_), is smaller than the preceding
-species, more common, and is frequently seen in captivity. Its color is
-slaty-blue. It is found in the southeastern United States, but once was
-fairly common throughout the Mississippi valley. In captivity this bird
-often indulges in some very droll antics—at times actually dancing. The
-adult males are often quite pugnacious, and inclined to attack those who
-go near them, and all visitors are warned not to go within striking
-distance of them. Children especially should not be permitted to climb
-over the guard wires, and approach close up to the cranes’ fences.
-
-    [Illustration: ASIATIC WHITE CRANE.]
-
-    [Illustration: PARADISE CRANE.]
-
-The Sarus Crane, of the plains and sand-bars of northern India,
-(_Antigone antigone_), greatly resembles our sandhill crane, but is a
-much larger bird. This also is a quarrelsome species, and in captivity
-individuals are inclined to be cruel toward each other.
-
-The Asiatic White Crane, (_Sarcogeranus leucogeranus_), is like a modest
-understudy to our whooping crane, in all respects save the elevated
-tail-crest. It is a bird of wide distribution.
-
-The Paradise Crane, (_Tetrapteryx paradisea_), of the open plains of
-Africa outside the deserts, is a slaty-blue bird with a head so puffed
-out with side feathers that it looks almost reptilian. Its tail-feathers
-taper out to infinity, and gracefully droop quite to the ground. The
-little African Demoiselle Crane, (_Anthropoides virgo_), is so
-diminutive, so dainty in appearance and so gentle-spirited that its
-young-ladylikeness has been proclaimed in its name. Of all foreign
-species of cranes, it is the one easiest to procure, and the most
-satisfactory to keep in collections. It never quarrels, it is very
-sociable in its habits, and thrives in captivity.
-
-    [Illustration: WHOOPING CRANE.]
-
-    [Illustration: CROWNED CRANE.]
-
-The Crowned Crane, (_Balearica pavonina_), also of Africa, is, perhaps,
-the most beautiful of all living cranes. It is of medium size, royally
-colored, and strikingly set off with a conspicuous crown of stiff,
-quill-like feathers that stand as erect and regular as the aigret of an
-Indian prince.
-
-    [Illustration: ADJUTANT.]
-
-    [Illustration: JABIRU.]
-
-    [Illustration: MASTIGURE.]
-
-    [Illustration: HORNED RATTLESNAKE.]
-
-    [Illustration: HOG-NOSED SNAKE.]
-
-    [Illustration: GECKO.]
-
-    [Illustration: TREE FROG.]
-
-
-
-
-               SECTION III.—THE REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS.
-
-
-                       THE REPTILE HOUSE, No. 34.
-
-The Reptile House was the first large building erected in the Zoological
-Park. It represents an earnest effort to present carefully selected
-examples of the reptilian Orders, in a manner which may afford the
-visitor and the student a general view of the important groups of living
-reptiles.
-
-The length of the Reptile House, over all, is 146 feet, and its greatest
-width is 100 feet. It is constructed of buff mottled brick, combined
-with granite and Indiana limestone. In the ornamental cornice of terra
-cotta, reptilian forms modelled by Mr. A. Phimister Proctor, the
-well-known animal sculptor, constitute an important feature. The
-building is roofed with slate, heated by hot water, and cost, with its
-cages, about $50,000. It is beautifully situated on the edge of a forest
-of primeval oaks, very near the geographical center of the Park.
-
-The great center hall is unbroken by a single column, and at one end it
-opens across the Crocodile Pool and its sandbanks, through three huge
-arches, into the green, jungly mass of the conservatory. Of the tropical
-vegetation massed behind the pool—palmettoes, bayonet cacti, yuccas, and
-the like, and the tillandsias, Spanish moss, resurrection ferns, and
-butterfly orchids,—nearly the whole came from Florida, along with five
-alligators which were the first occupants of the pool.
-
-In effect, the central hall appears to be 115 feet in length, by 40 feet
-wide, exclusive of the cages. But, large as this building is, it would
-be an easy matter to fill all its available space with the reptiles of
-North America alone, choosing only the handsome and showy forms. As we
-contemplate the great number of species in our own reptilian fauna, the
-thought occurs, what can we do with the reptiles of the Old World?
-Manifestly, the only proper course is to choose from the reptiles of the
-world the forms which will make for our visitors and students the most
-instructive and attractive series of important types.
-
-
-                    SYNOPSIS OF THE CLASS REPTILIA.
-
-On April 1, 1913, all these examples are on exhibition in the Reptile
-House:
-
-  ORDERS.      CONSPICUOUS EXAMPLES.            LOCALITY.
-
-  LIVING REPTILES.
-  Turtles, or _Chelonia_.
-           Aligator Turtle                 Louisiana.
-           Snapping Turtle                 Zoological Park.
-           Box Turtle                      Zoological Park.
-           Giant Tortoise                  Galapagos Island.
-           Gopher Tortoise                 Florida.
-           Painted Turtle                  New York.
-           Green Turtle (marine)           New York.
-           Soft-shelled Turtle             Indiana.
-  Saurians, or _Crocodilia_.
-           Alligator                       Florida.
-           Florida Crocodile               Southern Florida.
-           Broad-nosed Crocodile           Africa.
-  Lizards, or _Lacertilia_.
-           Iguana (_I. tuberculata_)       West Indies.
-           Horned “Toad”                   Arizona.
-           Green Lizard (_L. viridis_)     Europe.
-           Monitor                         Ceylon.
-           “Glass Snake”                   Florida.
-           Gila Monster                    Arizona.
-           Chameleon                       Africa.
-  Serpents, or _Ophidia_.
-     Harmless.
-           Regal Python                    Malay Peninsula.
-           Anaconda                        British Guiana.
-           Black Snake (_B. constrictor_)  Zoological Garden.
-           Garter Snake                    Zoological Park.
-           Hog-Nosed Snake                 Zoological Park.
-     Venomous.
-           Coral Snake                     Florida.
-           Cobra de Capello                India.
-           Diamond-Backed Rattlesnake      Florida.
-           Water Moccasin                  Florida.
-
-
-                       THE TURTLES AND TORTOISES.
-
-The Order of Turtles, (_Chelonia_), is so large that it has been found
-necessary to devote to its representatives the whole central space of
-the main hall of the Reptile House, and also a specially designed
-Tortoise House of glass in the eastern end of the building. In the main
-hall are two features—one, a large square tank for large turtles; the
-other, a pool of running water between banks of earth, sand, and living
-plants. This tank is 35 feet in length, and by means of low, plate-glass
-partitions it is divided into ten cross sections, each of which can very
-comfortably provide for the wants of at least three species of turtles
-of medium size. With a wonderfully rich Chelonian fauna on the western
-continent to provide for, there is little room to spare for Old World
-forms, and the temptation to make this collection strictly Occidental,
-is almost too great to be resisted. For the sake of brevity and
-clearness, only six types have been chosen for special mention.
-
-    [Illustration: GIANT TORTOISE.]
-
-The following species taken together fairly represent the different
-forms of Chelonians, from the highest to the lowest:
-
-The Alligator Turtle, (_Macrochelys lacertina_), is the largest
-fresh-water chelonian in North America. In form and temper it resembles
-the common snapping turtle of the North, and its home is in the Gulf
-States. The largest of the two Louisiana specimens on exhibition weighs
-115 pounds.
-
-The Snapping Turtle, (_Chelydra serpentina_), which is the most
-courageous and pugnacious of all turtles, is rather poorly protected by
-its shell, and must therefore fight for its place in nature.
-
-The Painted Turtle, (_Chrysemys picta_), is a species of wide and common
-distribution, and fairly representative of the host of fresh water
-terrapins and turtles so common throughout the United States in ponds
-and streams of all sorts.
-
-The Box Tortoise, (_Cistudo carolina_), lives on land, and as a means of
-perfect protection has been enabled by nature completely to withdraw its
-head and legs within its shell, and by means of a hinge across the
-middle of the plastron, or lower shell, to close it tightly.
-
-The Tortoise and Lizard Yards.—At the eastern end of the Reptile House
-is a commodious glass-roofed hall, opening into a series of sandy yards.
-This installation is occupied by the collection of tortoises and the
-larger tropical lizards. These reptiles do better in captivity, and show
-to best advantage, if given outdoor sunlight and plenty of room for
-exercise.
-
-The Giant Tortoises are among the most interesting of living reptiles.
-There are fourteen distinct species, all belonging to the genus
-_Testudo_. These creatures appear to be survivors of the reptilian ages
-when reptiles attained colossal proportions. Fossil remains of the great
-tortoises show these creatures to have formerly inhabited the
-continents, but the survivors are restricted to isolated groups of small
-islands in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Six species inhabit the
-Galapagos Islands in the Pacific Ocean. Four are found in the Aldabra
-Islands in the Indian Ocean, and four inhabit the Mauritius-Rodriguez
-group of Islands. All the species are rapidly becoming extinct. Recent
-expeditions to the Galapagos Islands have reported that very few Giant
-Tortoises now survive in those islands.
-
-The Giant Tortoises are entirely herbivorous. The specimens exhibited
-consume great quantities of green food, which varies in kind according
-to the season’s supply. During the summer months they feed largely upon
-melons.
-
-Among the species exhibited is _Testudo vicina_, represented by our
-largest specimen, captured in the Galapagos Islands. It weighs slightly
-over two hundred and twenty-five pounds. Another example from the same
-islands represents _Testudo nigrita_, a smaller and flatter species.
-_Testudo elephantina_, the Elephant Tortoise, is represented by a large
-specimen from the Aldabra Islands, which is growing rapidly. The latter
-tortoise has a very high shell, and proportionately small head.
-
-The Gopher Tortoises, (_Testudo carolina_), are large, thick-shelled,
-clumsy creatures, which burrow in holes in the sandy southern regions
-where they live. Once they were common in southern Florida, but their
-edibility has resulted in a great decrease in their abundance.
-
-The South American Tortoise, (_Testudo tabulata_), is a good
-representative of the smaller tortoises from various parts of the world.
-It is common throughout tropical South America and attains a maximum
-length of shell of about 14 inches. The shell is elongated and blackish,
-each of the shields having a yellowish center. Like all of the
-tortoises, this is a herbivorous reptile.
-
-The Marine Turtles.—At the New York Aquarium, situated in Battery Park,
-and managed by the New York Zoological Society, will be found a fine
-collection of such large sea-turtles as the Loggerhead, Green Turtle and
-Hawksbill, which require salt water.
-
-The Soft-Shelled Turtle, (_Aspidonectes ferox_).—As to living relatives,
-this strange genus seems apropos of nothing. Like some of the marine
-turtles its shell is greatly reduced in weight, so that it can float
-more readily; instead of being solid bone, it terminates in a wide, thin
-edge of cartilage, which is so soft that when properly boiled it
-constitutes palatable food.
-
-
-                     THE CROCODILES AND ALLIGATORS.
-
-The Order of Crocodilians.—This important Order, the members of which
-are widely distributed throughout the tropics and sub-tropics of the
-world, contains nineteen species. At this point it is well to correct
-certain very general misapprehensions regarding crocodilians.
-
-Crocodiles are _not_ confined to the Old World; at least three species
-being found abundantly in tropical America.
-
-The “movement” of a crocodile’s jaw differs in no manner whatever from
-that of an alligator.
-
-Only a few species of crocodiles are dangerous to man.
-
-There is no authentic record of the loss of a human life through our
-common alligator.
-
-The Alligator genus embraces the American Alligator, (_A.
-mississippiensis_), of the southern United States and a small species
-found in China! The head of the Alligator is very flat and its sides are
-nearly parallel, while the head of a typical crocodile is nearly
-triangular.
-
-The American Alligator is well represented in the Pool in the Reptile
-House, by several lusty specimens, all of which eat voraciously, are
-growing rapidly, and undoubtedly enjoying life. The largest specimen, a
-burly monster over twelve feet in length, has grown nearly five feet in
-length since its arrival here in 1899.
-
-In summer, the Alligator Pool on the hill, southeast of the Reptile
-House, is well stocked with alligators of various sizes, and it is there
-that visitors can secure most realistic impressions of the appearance of
-this species in a state of nature, and in abundant numbers.
-
-    [Illustration: ALLIGATOR POOL.]
-
-Under favorable conditions,—warm water and air, good light, plenty of
-room, and abundant food,—the Alligator grows rapidly. A specimen hatched
-in our Reptile House in October, 1900, was in January, 1911, 8 feet 3
-inches long, and weighed 75 pounds.
-
-The Crocodile genus is widely represented throughout the world. Of the
-whole eleven species, the American continent contains four—the Florida
-Crocodile, (_Crocodilus acutus floridanus_), attaining a length of 14
-feet, which was discovered at the head of Biscayne Bay, in 1875, by W.
-T. Hornaday; the American Crocodile, (_C. acutus_); the Sharp-nosed
-Orinoco Crocodile (_Crocodilus intermedius_), found in South America;
-and the small _Crocodilus rhombifer_, which is found only in Cuba and
-the West Indies.
-
-Of the seven remaining species, Asia contains four, and Africa three. Of
-the Asiatic species, one frequents salt water.
-
-The Florida Crocodile is now represented by two specimens nearly 9 feet
-long, from Madina Creek, southern Florida, presented by Mr. Julian A.
-Dimock. It is to be recognized at a glance by its dark olive color and
-sharp-pointed head. This is the only species of crocodile found in the
-United States. Its maximum length is 14 feet 2 inches.
-
-    [Illustration: VENEZUELAN BOA.]
-
-The Broad-Nosed Crocodile, (_Osteolaemus tetraspis_), of Africa, is
-represented by two specimens. This species is characterized by the
-broad, bony-looking head. It is one of the smaller crocodilians
-attaining a maximum length of five feet.
-
-
-                              THE LIZARDS.
-
-The Tropical Lizards.—Several families of lizards are represented among
-the specimens occupying the Reptile House, the Tortoise room and outside
-runways. Among these are the Iguanas, Tegus and Monitors.
-
-Among the Iguanas are several large and interesting lizards. The largest
-of these is the Rhinoceros Iguana, (_Cyclura cornuta_), found in Hayti.
-Contrary to the general belief, but like all the Iguanas, it is partly
-carnivorous, though it feeds largely upon vegetables and fruit. This
-species receives its name from the presence of three well-defined horns
-upon the snout.
-
-The Mexican Iguana, (_Ctenosaura acanthura_), looks unique in the
-possession of rings of sharp spines about the tail. Most specimens are
-jet black when adult, but very young examples are pale green.
-
-The South American Iguana, (_Iguana tuberculata_), may be readily
-distinguished by the very pronounced fringe of erect spines which rise
-along the back-bone of male specimens, and also by the presence of a
-rounded tubercle or plate on each side of the head. This is a brightly
-colored Iguana, having bars of green, gray and black. It is strictly
-arboreal, and evinces stronger herbivorous habits than species of the
-allied genera. A large male specimen is seven feet long, but much of
-this length is taken up by the gradually tapering tail. In South
-America—on the Orinoco, at least—this species is considered edible, and
-the writer can testify that to a hungry man its flesh is excellent.
-
-The very popular Horned “Toad”, (_Phrynosoma_), of the southwestern
-states, of which there are eight or nine species, should be mentioned if
-for no other reason than to place it where it belongs—with the lizards,
-and not with the toads.
-
-The Tegus, (genus _Tupinambis_), are powerful lizards, growing to a
-length of four feet, and inhabiting tropical South America. They are
-fleet of foot, mainly carnivorous and very quarrelsome. It is impossible
-to keep any but the larger lizards in the yard with them. Tegus are fond
-of eggs, breaking the shell at one end and lapping up the contents by
-means of the very broad, forked tongue. They will also eat raw beef.
-
-The Australian Monitor, (_Varanus gouldii_), is a good representative of
-a genus of large and powerful lizards confined to the Old World, where
-they occur in India, Malaysia, Africa and Australia. Monitors grow to a
-length of eight feet. They are swift runners, entirely carnivorous, and
-usually dwell in thick jungles. They are able to swallow entire an
-animal as large as a half-grown rabbit. All are fond of eggs, swallowing
-them without breaking the shell, which is soon dissolved by the powerful
-gastric juices.
-
-Other Lizards.—Within the main halls of the Reptile House will be found
-various representatives of the smaller Lizards, a few of which may be
-mentioned.
-
-The beautiful, emerald-colored Green Lizard, (_Lacerta viridis_), of
-Europe, is not only a handsome species, but it is also one of the most
-satisfactory to keep in a vivarium—a good feeder and always posing.
-
-The famous Glass “Snake,” (_Ophiosauris ventralis_), is important
-because its resemblance to a snake is so perfect it is generally
-mistaken for one, although a true lizard. It is not, however, a
-“connecting link” between the lizards and the serpents.
-
-Our well-known Gila Monster, (pronounced _He_-la) (_Heloderma
-suspectum_), is a stupid, slow-moving creature from the southwestern
-deserts, thick-set and stumpy in body, and it has the appearance of
-being covered all over with dark-brown-black, and yellow beads, such as
-Indians use in their bead industry. Its bite is sufficiently venomous
-that it inflicts a painful wound, but it is not necessarily fatal.
-
-The Chameleon of the Old World, (_Chamaeleo vulgaris_), because of its
-color phases and its remarkable form, is truly a great “curiosity”; but
-it should not be confused with our so-called American Chameleon, which
-belongs to another Family, and is also less interesting.
-
-
-                             THE SERPENTS.
-
-The Order of Serpents, (_Ophidia_).—The large glazed cases along the
-northern side of the main hall of the Reptile House are devoted to the
-larger serpents, while the smaller species are provided for along the
-south wall, and in the adjoining room. One serious difficulty in the
-management of a collection of living serpents lies in the fact that
-often the most valuable specimens are so nervous and shy in their
-feeding habits it is impossible to cage several together.
-
-Out of the many species of serpents exhibited in the Reptile House, ten
-are chosen as fairly representing the principal groups.
-
-The Regal Python, (_Python reticulatus_), here represented by a fine
-specimen, 22 feet in length, weighing 170 pounds, is the best
-representative of the rock pythons of Asia and Africa. The island of
-Borneo is its center of distribution. None of the constrictors is
-venomous, but their crushing power is almost beyond belief.
-
-The Rock Python, (_Python sebae_), of Africa, is a light-colored species
-with a very small head, and is frequently seen in the hands and around
-the necks of snake-charmers.
-
-The Anaconda, (_Eunectes murinus_), is one of the largest constrictors
-of tropical America, and is noted for its aquatic habits. It is a
-handsome serpent, being of a rich green color, marked with large black
-spots.
-
-The Black Snake, (_Bascanium constrictor_), a common species in the
-eastern United States, is probably the highest type of the harmless
-snakes. It is a serpent of great vigor and activity in running,
-climbing, and swimming; it possesses great courage, and seeks prey of
-many kinds in all kinds of situations.
-
-    [Illustration: RHINOCEROS VIPER.]
-
-The Garter Snake, (_Eutaenia sirtalis_), is more frequently seen in the
-eastern United States than any other serpent. Although the warfare waged
-against it is perpetual, regardless of the fact that it is as harmless
-as a fly, its numbers do not sensibly diminish.
-
-The Hog-Nosed Snake, “Puff Adder,” or “Sand-Viper,” (_Heterodon
-platyrhinus_), represents a large and important Family, and, despite its
-dangerous appearance and terrifying names, it is quite harmless. It
-represents one of Nature’s methods for protecting harmless and inactive
-creatures, by making them resemble others which are dangerous.
-
-Venomous Reptiles.—Because of the number of species of rattlesnakes
-which have found lodgment in the United States, and the trouble they
-have caused in a few localities, we are specially interested in all
-serpents which are dangerous to man. The species named below represents
-the deadly genera which civilized man has most cause to fear.
-
-The Harlequin Snake, or Coral Snake, (_Elaps fulvius_), represents a
-genus which contains many species, though but few of them occur in
-America.
-
-The King Cobra, (_Naja bungaris_), from the Malay Peninsula, often
-called Snake-Eating Cobra, is the most dangerous of all serpents,
-because it is the largest and the most athletic of the venomous species,
-and for its bite there is no effective antidote. It feeds only on living
-snakes. The fine specimen exhibited is about ten feet in length.
-
-    [Illustration: COBRA-DE-CAPELLO.]
-
-The Cobra-de-Capello, (_Naja tripudians_), of which some fine specimens
-are shown, is the terror of India, where it kills between 18,000 and
-20,000 people annually! This is the most deadly of all serpents. For its
-bite, science has thus far been powerless to find an antidote, although
-Dr. Albert Calmette, of Lille, France, experimenting extensively in this
-direction, has secured partially successful results.
-
-The most vicious snake in North America, and one of the ugliest in
-appearance, is the Water Moccasin, (_Ancistrodon piscivorus_),—closely
-related to the beautiful Copperhead, (_A. contortrix_). It is more
-dreaded in the South than the rattler, because it strikes on the
-slightest provocation, and without the rattler’s timely warning. Its
-colors are dull, its scales rough, its body ill-shaped and clumsy, its
-temper is vicious, and for every reason it is a serpent to be disliked.
-
-The Diamond-Back Rattlesnake, (_Crotalus adamanteus_), is too handsome,
-too showy, and too large to be chosen as the best average type of the
-genus _Crotalus_; but he is king of his kind, and cannot be ignored.
-Three species shown side by side in our Reptile House afford striking
-examples of protective coloration. The Diamond-Back Rattler of Florida
-and the South is yellow, brown, and black, to match the checkers of
-sunbeam and shadow that fall upon the sands under the palmetto leaves.
-
-
-                    THE BATRACHIANS, OR AMPHIBIANS.
-
-Among the many wonders of Nature, none is more interesting than those
-forms which serve to connect the great groups of vertebrate animals, by
-bridging over what otherwise would seem like impassable chasms.
-
-Between the birds and the reptiles there is a fossil bird, called the
-Archæopteryx, with a long, vertebrated, lizard-like tail, which is
-covered with feathers, and the Hesperornis, a water bird with teeth, but
-no wings, which inhabited the shores of the great western lake which has
-already yielded to American paleontologists a great number of most
-remarkable fossil forms.
-
-Between the reptiles and the fishes, stretches a wonderful chain of
-living links by which those two Classes of vertebrates are so closely
-and unbrokenly united, and by such an array of forms, that they
-constitute an independent Class, the Batrachia, or Amphibia. In the
-transition from water to land, from fins and gills to legs and lungs,
-Nature has made some strange combinations. In some instances the fins,
-legs, lungs and gills have become so mixed that several notable misfits
-have resulted, and in some cases we see gills and legs going together,
-while in other lungs and fins are associated.
-
-The Reptile House contains about two dozen species of Amphibians, and it
-is reasonably certain that this number will be maintained and increased.
-They are to be found in small aquarium cases, ranged along the south
-side and eastern end of the Main Hall.
-
-The Bullfrog, (_Rana catesbiana_), is a fair representative of the
-Batrachians which stand nearest to the true land-going reptiles. During
-the early stages of its existence it is in turn, a fin-tailed tadpole
-with no legs, a short-tailed tadpole with a pair of front legs, a
-shorter-tailed tadpole with four legs, and finally a fully-developed,
-land-going frog with a voice like a small bull, and no tail whatever. Of
-the genus _Rana_, there are five species in the eastern United States,
-several of which inhabit the Zoological Park.
-
-The Wood Frog, (_Rana sylvatica_), is frequently seen in moist valleys
-in the Zoological Park, where its chocolate brown back so closely
-matches the color of the dead leaves and moist earth; it is difficult to
-find, save when it takes one of its flying leaps. The specimens shown
-were taken near the Beaver Pond.
-
-The Tree Frog, (_Hyla pickeringi_), is the commonest of the queer little
-tree-loving species which are so easy to hear, and so difficult to find.
-In spring their voices are the first to be heard in the swamps. The
-Zoological Park is full of _Hylas_, and their cheerful piping is heard
-at all seasons, especially in dry midsummer, when dark storm-clouds
-gather and promise rain.
-
-The Common Toad, (_Bufo lentiginosus_), is found in the Zoological Park,
-though not in such abundance as the two preceding species.
-
-Among the most remarkable creatures in the Reptile House are the
-specimens of Smooth-Clawed Frog, (_Xenopus laevis_), from Africa and The
-Surinam Toad, (_Pipa americana_). Both of these species are strictly
-aquatic and have broadly palmated hind feet. The Surinam Toad comes from
-Dutch Guiana. It is unique in its breeding habits. The male collects the
-eggs and places them on the female’s back where they are engulfed in
-large folds of the skin, which form cells in which the metamorphosis
-occurs.
-
-The Spotted Salamander, (_Salamandra maculosa_), because of its broad,
-bright yellow bands and blotches, laid on a rich, dark-brown body color,
-is one of the most showy of all Amphibians. It comes from Europe, and
-being much prized in collections, it frequently passes through the hands
-of dealers in reptiles. Its skin is very moist and clammy, which gives
-the creature the appearance of having been varnished. This is the
-creature which is supposed to be able to withstand fire—a belief which
-is purely imaginative.
-
-The Tiger Salamander or Axolotl, (_Amblystoma tigrinum_), is a widely
-different creature from the preceding. It is found throughout the
-greater portion of the North American continent, and as far south as
-Central Mexico. Thirteen other species of the genus _Amblystoma_ are
-found in North America and Mexico. In the matter of “harmonizing with
-environment,” the _Amblystoma_ is one of the most remarkable creatures
-in existence. In its larval stage (corresponding with the tadpole stage
-of a frog), this animal possesses external gills, red and sponge-like in
-appearance, and its tail has a fin-like edge above and below, like the
-tail of an eel.
-
-    [Illustration: METAMORPHOSIS OF THE LEOPARD FROG.]
-
-So long as this larval creature remains in water, its external gills
-remain and do duty, and the larval stage continues indefinitely. Remove
-it from water, or let its home pool dry up, and, presto! its gills dry
-up, its tail loses its fin-like edges, and the creature goes about on
-land, breathing air instead of water, with lungs instead of gills.
-
-The “Water-Dog” or “Hellbender,” (_Cryptobranchus allegheniensis_), is a
-salamander-like amphibian, from 18 to 22 inches long when adult, found
-more frequently in Pennsylvania than elsewhere. They are said to be very
-tenacious of life, and voracious in their food habits, feeding on worms,
-minnows and crayfish, and often taking the hook of the fisherman in
-quest of that most repulsive of all American fishes, the cat-fish.
-Between cat-fish and water-dog there would seem to be small choice. Mr.
-William Frear offers this testimony in regard to the tenacity of life of
-this creature:
-
-“One specimen, about 18 inches in length, which had lain on the ground
-exposed to a summer sun for 48 hours, was brought to the museum, and
-left lying a day longer before it was placed in alcohol. The day
-following, desiring to note a few points of structure, I removed it from
-the alcohol in which it had been completely submerged for at least 20
-hours, and had no sooner placed in on the table than it began to open
-its big mouth, vigorously sway its tail to and fro, and give other
-undoubted signs of vitality.”
-
-The Congo Snake, or Amphiuma, (_Amphiuma means_), is a creature which
-closely resembles a thick-tailed snake. A close examination, however,
-discloses a tiny pair of front legs; and far back, well toward the end
-of the tail, a small pair of hind legs appear. These are about as
-valuable to the animal as the tiger’s clavicle is to him. There are but
-two species belonging to this strange genus, both of which are found in
-the stagnant waters of our southeastern states. Still lower than the
-amphiuma, is The Mud Eel, (_Siren lacertina_), of the southeastern
-quarter of the United States, which possesses small external gills, and
-only one pair of legs, which are in front.
-
-The Menobranchus, or Mud Puppy, (_Necturus maculatus_), possesses
-external gills and four legs, and inhabits many of the rivers of Ohio,
-Pennsylvania, Indiana, the great lakes and also the lakes of northern
-New York. It is often taken in fisherman’s nets.
-
-
-
-
-                       SECTION IV.— THE INSECTS.
-
-
-                       THE INSECT COLLECTION.[1]
-
-A collection of insects was formed and placed on exhibition during the
-early summer of 1910. While this first exhibit was not elaborate, it
-excited such interest that it was decided to enlarge it, by taking
-advantage of the season which then was at its best for insect
-collecting.
-
-A series of long shelves has been built in the Pavilion between the
-Small-Mammal House and the Ostrich House, and thirty-five glass-fronted
-cages, together with a row of aquaria for aquatic specimens, were
-installed. A number of collecting trips were made into the country
-within a radius of twenty-five miles of the city, with such marked
-success, that by the middle of July the collection was pronounced by a
-number of visitors to equal in interest any exhibition of the kind
-heretofore attempted in this country, or in Europe. In view of the
-marked interest created by this display, the insect collection will
-hereafter be a permanent feature of the Park.
-
-    [Illustration: GIANT CENTIPEDE.]
-
-There are so many possibilities in exhibiting living insects that it is
-difficult to select groups to feature for the summer. Our efforts were
-first directed toward exhibiting a series of the different insects that
-sing, and also a series of species injurious to the interests of the
-agriculturists, together with a number of the insects that prey upon the
-noxious species. The collection of singing insects was a marked success
-and will hereafter be continued each summer.
-
-We are gathering from both the Old World and the New, a fine collection
-of the larger silk moths. The cocoons will be shown on panels, and
-inasmuch as a number of the moths will be emerging daily, this exhibit
-should be instructive. During the winter the insect collection is made
-up largely of tropical species; and in this series we include the large
-bird-killing spiders, scorpions and centipedes, even though these
-creatures are not to be classified as true insects.
-
-The collection of singing insects of the past summer was composed of the
-meadow locust, greater and lesser cone-headed locust, the Katy-did,
-broad-winged locust, field cricket, lesser field cricket, smooth-winged
-cricket and two species of the tree crickets. There were about five
-hundred specimens in the collection, and at times the noise made by them
-was so great that visitors had to shout to one another to make their own
-voices audible. The sounds coming from this collection varied according
-to the time of day. It was late in the afternoon, when the larger
-locusts commenced their singing (which continued throughout the night),
-and inasmuch as the strictly diurnal species were yet active, the insect
-chorus was quite vociferous.
-
-It is only with considerable difficulty that singing insects are
-collected. The best time to capture them is at night, when the collector
-stalks the loudest singers, and by approaching within definite
-investigating distance, can accurately locate the insects by bringing
-into use an electric flash-lamp. The glare of the light usually causes
-the insect to stop its calls, but it remains motionless upon a branch or
-leaf and may be grasped with a delicate pair of forceps, provided the
-movements of the collector’s arm are performed outside the rays of
-light. If the locust has become silent and cannot be detected when the
-light is thrown upon it, the collector simply switches off the light and
-remains quiet. In a few minutes the creature continues its song, when
-its exact location is again determined. In this way the night songsters
-of a big meadow are collected, one by one, and the collector leaves
-behind him a silent field that a few hours before resounded with the
-stridulations of the insect chorus.
-
-    [Illustration: TARANTULA.]
-
-    [Illustration: RED-WINGED LOCUST.]
-
-    [Illustration: HERCULES BEETLE.]
-
-Among the more interesting insects exhibited, in our series are to be
-found the walking-stick, the praying mantis, the huge red-winged locust
-of the South, the Egyptian scarab, the luminous beetle of Central and
-South America, and broods of silk worm. The life history of the mosquito
-will be permanently illustrated in a series of tanks, and adjoining
-these an exhibit of natural enemies of these pests.
-
-The insect collection is supplied with interesting descriptive labels.
-During the latter part of spring it is removed from the Reptile House,
-where, during the winter the number of its cages are much reduced, and
-replaced in the quarters occupied during the summer.
-
-
-
-
-                                 INDEX.
-
-
-                                   A
-  Access, means of, 16
-  Admission, 17
-  _Aix galericulata_, 155
-      _sponsa_, 155
-  Agouti, 111
-  Alpaca, 54, 56
-  _Amblystoma tigrinum_, 183
-  _Amphiuma means_, 185
-  Anaconda, 179
-  _Anas boschas_, 153
-  _Ancistrodon contortrix_, 181
-      _piscivorus_, 181
-  _Anser anser_, 134
-      _albifrons_, 134
-  Ant-eater, great, 113
-  Antelope, addax, 39
-      beatrix, 40
-      beisa, 40
-      duiker, 47
-      prong-horned, 51
-      sable, 39, 40, 43
-      sabre, 39
-      sasin, 46, 47
-  Antelopes, small African, 46
-  _Anthropopithecus calvus_, 81, 84
-  _Anthropoides virgo_, 168
-  _Antidorcas_, 48
-  _Antigone antigone_, 168
-  _Antilocapra americana_, 51
-  _Antilocapridae_, 51
-  _Antilope cervicapra_, 47
-  Antlers, development of, 59, 61
-  Aoudad, 34
-  Ape Barbary, 86
-      black, 86
-  _Aquila chrysaetos_, 145
-  _Arctictis binturong_, 108
-  _Ardea americana_, 138
-      _herodias_, 138
-  _Argusianus argus_, 161
-  Armadillo, nine-banded, 112
-      six-banded, 112, 114
-      three-banded, 112
-  Ass, Persian Wild, 66
-  Aurochs, 29
-  Aviary, eagle and vulture, 143
-      goose, 133
-      pheasant, 155
-  _Axis axis_, 67
-  Axis deer, 67
-  _Aythya americana_, 154
-      _vallisneria_, 154
-
-
-                                    B
-  Baboon, 85
-      golden, 86
-      hamadryas, 86
-      long-armed yellow, 86
-  Bactrachians, 182
-  Badger, American, 110
-      European, 110
-  _Balearica pavonina_, 169
-  _Bascanium constrictor_, 179
-  Bear, Admiralty, 124
-      Andean black, 125
-      black, 124
-      brown, 125, 127
-      hairy-eared, 126
-      Himalayan black, 126
-      Isabella, 126
-      Japanese black, 127
-      Peninsula, 123
-      Polar, 120, 121, 122
-      sloth, 127
-      spectacled, 125, 126
-      Syrian, 125
-      Yakutat, 122
-  Beaver, American, 110, 129
-  Big-horn, 32
-  Binturong, 108
-  Birds, list of, 152
-  Bison, American, 26, 27
-      European, 27
-      ranges, 26
-  Black buck, 47
-  _Blastoceros paludosus_, 44
-  Blessbok, 41
-  _Bos americanus_, 27
-      _primigenius_, 29
-  _Bradypus tridactylus_, 114
-  _Branta canadensis_, 134
-  Brocket, black-faced, 45
-  _Bubo bubo_, 141
-      _lacteus_, 142
-      _virginianus_, 142
-  _Bufo lentiginosus_, 183
-  Burrhel, 32, 34
-  _Buteo borealis_, 144
-
-
-                                    C
-  Cage, flying, 135, 136
-  Camel, bactrian, 53, 54
-  _Camelus dromedarius_, 55
-  Cameloids, 55
-  _Canis azarae_, 109
-      _dingo_, 109
-      _latrans_, 99
-      _mesomelas_, 108
-      _nubilis_, 98
-  Capybara, 111
-  Caribou, woodland, 62
-      Barren-Ground, 63
-  _Casarca casarca_, 155
-      _variegata_, 155
-  Cassowary, Ceram, 165
-  _Castor canadensis_, 110, 129
-  Cat, common civet, 107
-      jungle, 106
-      Malayan, 107
-      margay, 106
-      wild, 107
-      yaguarundi, 106
-  _Catharista urubu_, 144
-      _urobitinga_, 144
-  _Cebus hypoleucus_, 81
-  _Cephalophus grimmi_, 47
-  _Cercocebus collaris_, 81, 87
-  _Cervicapra arundinum_, 47
-  _Cervus canadensis_, 57
-      _canadensis asiaticus_, 70
-      _duvauceli_, 70
-      _elaphus_, 71
-      _eldi_, 69
-      _equinus_, 70
-      _maral_, 71
-      _moluccensis_, 45
-      _muntjac_, 45
-      _porcinus_, 45
-      _schomburgki_, 44
-      _unicolor_, 45, 70
-  Chameleon, 179
-  Chamois, 33, 35
-  Cheetah, 77
-  _Chelydra serpentina_, 173
-  _Chelonia_, 172
-  _Chen hyperborea_, 135
-  _Chenopsis atrata_, 135
-  Chimpanzee, 81, 84
-  _Choloepus hoffmani_, 114
-  _Chrysemys picta_, 173
-  _Chrysolophus amherstiae_, 158
-  _Chrysolophus pictus_, 158
-  _Chrysothrix sciurea_, 81, 88
-  _Ciconia ciconia_, 138
-  _Cistudo carolina_, 173
-  Coati-mundi, 109
-      red, 109
-      white-nosed, 109
-  Cobra-de-capello, 181
-      king, 180
-  _Cobus unctuosus_, 41
-  Collections, arrangement of, 11
-      census of, 11
-  _Connochaetes gnu_, 38
-      _albojubatus_, 39
-  Condor, California, 144
-      South American, 143
-  _Corvidae_, 152
-  _Coscoroba coscoroba_, 135
-  Coyote, 99, 100
-  Crane, Asiatic, white, 168
-      crowned, 169
-      demoiselle, 167, 168
-      little brown, 167
-      paradise, 168
-      sandhill, 138, 167
-      sarus, 168
-      whooping, 167, 169
-  Crocodile, American, 176
-      broad-nosed, 177
-      Florida, 176
-      sharp-nosed Orinoco, 176
-  _Crocodilus acutus_, 176
-      _acutus floridanus_, 176
-      _intermedius_, 176
-      _osteolaemus tetraspis_, 177
-  _Crotalus adamanteus_, 181
-  _Cryptobranchus allegheniensis_, 184
-  _Ctenosaura acanthura_, 177
-  _Cyclura cornuta_, 177
-  _Cynomys ludovicianus_, 118
-  _Cygnus buccinator_, 135
-      _olor_, 134
-
-
-                                    D
-  _Dama vulgaris_, 68
-  _Damaliscus albifrons_, 41
-  _Dasyprocta_, 111
-  _Dasypus sexcinctus_, 112
-  Deer, axis, 67, 68
-      barasingha, 70
-      Columbian black-tailed, 62
-      Eld, 69
-      European red, 71
-      fallow, 68
-      hog, 45
-      horse-tailed, 70
-      Japanese sika, 67
-      jumping, 60
-      maral, 71
-      marsh, 44
-      Molucca, 45
-      mule, 60
-      musk, 46
-      Osceola, white-tailed, 43
-      rib-faced, 45
-      Indian sambar, 70
-      Malay sambar, 70
-      Schomburgk, 44
-      Sinaloa white-tailed, 44
-      swamp, 70
-      white-tailed, 62
-  Dens, bear, 119
-      fox, 101
-      wolf, 98
-  Dingo, 109
-  Dog, Australian, 109
-      Azara, 109
-      raccoon, 109
-  Dromedary, 55
-  _Dromaeus novae-hollandiae_, 165
-  Duck, canvas back, 154
-      lesser scaup, 155
-      mallard, 153
-      mandarin, 155
-      pintail, 153
-      red-head, 154
-      shoveller, 154
-      wood, 155
-  Duiker, antelope, 47
-
-
-                                    E
-  Eagle, bald, 146
-      bateleur, 145
-      golden, 145
-      harpy, 144
-      vulturine sea, 146
-      white-breasted, 146
-  Egret, American, 140
-      snowy, 139
-  _Egretta candidissima_, 139
-  Eland, 38, 42
-  _Elaps fulvius_, 180
-  Elephant, Indian, 91, 92
-      Sudan African, 92, 93
-      West African, 93
-  _Elephas, capensis_, 92
-      _cyclotis_, 92, 93
-      _indicus_, 91
-      _knochenhaueri_, 92
-      _oxyotis_, 92
-  Elk, American, 57
-  Entrances, 17
-  _Equus burchelli chapmani_, 66
-      _burchelli granti_, 65
-      _grevyi_, 65
-      _onager_, 66
-      _persicus_, 66
-      _prjevalskii_, 64
-      _zebra_, 64
-  _Erethizon dorsatus_, 110
-  _Eulabia indica_, 134
-  _Eunectes murinus_, 179
-
-
-                                    F
-  _Falco islandus_, 146
-  Fallow Deer, 68
-  _Felis bengalensis_, 106
-      _concolor_, 78
-  _Felis nebulosa_, 105
-      _onca_, 76
-      _pardalis_, 106
-      _serval_, 105
-      _tigrina_, 106
-      _uncia_, 77
-      _yaguarundi_, 106
-  _Florida caerulea_, 139
-  Forests, 23
-  Four-horned antelope, 47
-  Flamingo, American, 136
-      European, 137
-  Fox, Arctic, 108
-      black, 101
-      blue, 108
-      cross, 101
-      gray, 102
-      kit, 101, 108
-      large-eared swift, 102
-      New Mexico, desert, 108
-      red, 101, 103
-      silver, 101
-      swift, 101, 102, 108
-  Frog, smooth-clawed, 183
-      tree, 183
-      wood, 183
-
-
-                                    G
-  _Gazella benneti_, 49
-      _dorcas_, 48
-  Gazelle, dorcas, 48
-      Indian, 49
-  _Gennaeas nycthemerus_, 159
-  Gibbon, 84
-  Gila monster, 179
-  _Giraffa camelopardalis_, 36, 37, 38
-      _capensis_, 37
-      _reticulata_, 37
-  Giraffe, five-horned, 37
-      Nubian, 36, 38
-      two-horned, 37
-  Gnu, brindled, 39
-      white-tailed, 38, 41
-  Goat, Persian wild, 33
-      Rocky Mountain, 33, 49, 50
-  Goose, African spur-winged, 134
-      bar-headed, 134
-      Canada, 134
-      coscoroba, 135
-      gray-lag, 134
-      snow, 135
-      white-fronted, 134
-  Grounds, physical aspect of, 21
-  _Grus americana_, 167
-      _mexicana_, 167
-  _Guara rubra_, 137
-  Guanaco, 56
-  _Gymnogyps californianus_, 144
-  _Gypaetus barbatus_, 145
-  _Gypagus papa_, 143
-  _Gypohierax angolensis_, 146
-  _Gyps pulvus_, 144
-
-
-                                    H
-  _Haliaëtus leucocephalus_, 146
-      _leucogaster_, 146
-  _Hapale jacchus_, 81, 88
-  Hawk, red-tailed, 144
-  Hellbender, 184
-  _Helotarsus ecaudatus_, 145
-  _Hemitragus jemlaicus_, 34
-  Heron, black-crowned, 139
-      great blue, 138
-      great white, 138
-      little blue, 139
-      Louisiana, 139
-      snowy, 139
-  _Herodias egretta_, 140
-  _Herpestes ichneumon_, 108
-  Hippopotamus, 96, 97
-  _Hippotragus niger_, 39, 40
-  Hog Deer, 45
-  Horned “toad,” 178
-  Horse, Prjevalsky, 64, 65
-  House, antelope, 35, 36
-      aquatic-bird, 141
-      camel, 53
-      elephant, 89
-      large bird, 146
-      lion, 71, 72
-      llama, 55
-      ostrich, 162
-      primate, 80
-      puma and lynx, 115
-      reptile, 171
-      small-deer, 42, 44
-      small-mammal, 104
-      zebra, 63
-  _Hydrochaerus capybara_, 111
-  _Hylobates leuciscus_, 81, 84
-  _Hystrix cristata_, 110
-      _longicauda_, 110
-
-
-                                    I
-  Ibis, scarlet, 137
-      white-faced, 137
-      wood, 137
-  Ichneumon, African, 108
-  _Icteridae_, 152
-  Iguana, Mexican, 177
-      rhinoceros, 177
-      South American, 177
-      _tuberculata_, 177
-  Income, sources of, 13
-  Insects, 185
-
-
-                                    J
-  Jackal, black-backed, 108
-  Jaguar, 76
-  Jungle cat, 106
-
-
-                                    L
-  _Lacerta viridis_, 178
-  _Lama glama_, 56
-      _guanacus_, 56
-      _pacos_, 56
-      _vicunia_, 56
-  Lammergeyer, 145
-  Llama, 56
-  Leopard, 76
-      black, 77
-      clouded, 105
-      hunting, 77
-      snow, 75, 77
-  _Lemur catta_, 81, 89
-      ring-tailed, 81, 89
-      ruffed, 89
-      slow, 81, 89
-      _varia_, 89
-  Leucoryx antelope, 39, 41
-  Lion, 73
-      Barbary, 74
-      mountain, 78
-  Lizards, 177
-  Location of Park, 15
-  _Lophophorus impeyanus_, 161
-  _Lutra canadensis_, 103
-  Lynx, bay, 107
-      Canada, 116
-      spotted, 107
-
-
-                                    M
-  _Macacus entellus_, 81, 86
-      _fuscatus_, 81, 86, 88
-      _nemestrinus_, 81, 86, 88
-      _rhesus_, 81, 86
-  Macaws, 149
-  _Macropus rufus_, 50
-  Mammals, 25
-      burrowing, 116
-      egg-laying, 115
-      toothless, 112
-  Mandrill, 85
-  Margay cat, 106
-  Markhor Suleiman, 31, 33
-  Marmoset, 81, 88
-  Marsh deer, 44
-  _Mazama tema_, 45
-  _Meleagris gallopavo silvestris_, 146
-  _Meles taxus_, 110
-  Molucca deer, 45
-  Monkey, black spider, 87
-      entellus, 86
-      gray spider, 87
-      green, 87
-      howling, 87
-      mona, 87
-      pig-tailed, 86, 88
-      rhesus, 86
-      squirrel, 88
-  _Moschus moschiferus_, 46
-  Mouflon, 32, 34
-  Mountain sheep, big-horn, 32
-  Mud eel, 185
-      puppy, 185
-  Muntjac deer, 45
-  Musk deer, 46
-  Musk-ox, 31
-  _Myopotamus coypu_, 104
-  _Myrmecophaga jubata_, 113
-
-
-                                    N
-  _Nasua rufa_, 109
-  _Naja bungaris_, 180
-      _tripudians_, 181
-  _Necturus maculatus_, 185
-  _Nettion carolinensis_, 153
-  Nilgai, 41
-  _Nyctea nyctea_, 142
-  _Nyctereutes procyonoides_, 109
-
-
-                                    O
-  Ocelot, 106
-  _Odocoileus columbianus_, 60, 62
-      _hemionus_, 60
-      _sinaloae_, 44
-      _virginianus_, 62
-      _virginianus osceola_, 43
-  Onager, 66
-  Ophidia, 179
-  _Ophiosauris ventralis_, 178
-  Orang-utan, 83, 84
-  _Oreamnos montanus_, 50
-  _Oryx_, _beatrix_, 40
-      _beisa_, 40
-      _leucoryx_, 39
-  Otter, American, 103
-  _Otus asio_, 142
-  Ounce, 77
-  _Ovibos wardi_, 31
-  _Ovis burrhel_, 34
-      _canadensis_, 32
-      _cycloceros_, 34
-      _musimon_, 34
-      _tragelaphus_, 34
-  Owl, barred, 142
-      giant eagle, 141
-      great horned, 141
-      milky, eagle, 141
-      screech, 142
-      snowy, 141
-
-
-                                    P
-  _Papio babuin_, 81, 85
-      _hamadryas_, 81, 86
-      _mormon_, 81, 85
-  Paradoxure, black, 108
-      Malayan, 108
-      white-whiskered, 107
-  _Paradoxurus hermaphroditus_, 108
-      _leucomystax_, 107
-      _niger_, 108
-  _Passeres_, 151
-  Pelicans, 140
-  _Pelicanus occidentalis_, 140
-      _erthrorhynchus_, 140
-  Peccary, collared, 50
-  _Phacochaerus aethiopicus_, 50
-  _Phasianus colchicus_, 160
-      _mongolicus_, 160
-      _soemmerringii_, 160
-      _torquatus_, 160
-  Pheasant, Amherst, 158
-      Argus, 161
-      copper, 160
-      English, 160
-      golden, 158
-      impeyan, 161
-      Mongolian, 160
-      Reeve, 160
-      ring-necked, 160
-      silver, 159
-      Soemmerring, 160
-  _Pheonicopterus ruber_, 136
-      _roseus_, 137
-  _Phrynosoma_, 178
-  Pigeon, bleeding-heart, 149
-      great crowned, 150
-  _Pipa americana_, 183
-  _Plegadis guarauna_, 137
-  Porcupine, African, 110, 111
-      Brazilian tree, 131
-      Canada, 110
-      Indian crestless, 110
-  _Portax tragocamelus_, 41
-  _Potamochaerus pencillatus_, 50
-  Prairie “dog” village, 118
-  Primates, 81
-  Puma, 78, 116
-  Python, regal, 179
-      rock, 179
-      _reticulatus_, 179
-      _sebae_, 179
-
-
-                                    Q
-  _Querquedula discors_, 153
-
-
-                                    R
-  Rabbit family, 117
-  _Rana catesbiana_, 182
-      _sylvatica_, 183
-  _Rangifer, caribou_, 62
-      _granti_, 63
-      _osborni_, 63
-      _stonei_, 63
-      _tarandus_, 63
-  Rat, coypu, 104
-  Rattlesnake, diamond-back, 181
-  Red river-hog, 50
-  Reedbuck, 47
-  Reindeer, Lapland, 63
-  Reptiles, 171
-      synopsis, 172
-      venomous, 180
-  Restaurant, Rocking Stone, 19
-  Rhea, 164
-  Rhinoceros, African two-horned, 94
-      Indian, 95
-      white, 96
-      square-mouthed, 96
-      _bicornis_, 94
-      _unicornis_, 95
-  Rodents, list of, 131
-  Rodent-Reptile collection, 130
-  Rocking Stone, 23
-  _Rupicapra tragus_, 35
-
-
-                                    S
-  Sable antelope, 40, 43
-  Salamander, spotted, 183
-      tiger, 183
-  Sapajou, 87
-  _Sarcogeranus leucogeranus_, 168
-  Sasin antelope, 47
-  Seal, harbor, 80
-  Sea-lion, California, 78
-  Secretary bird, 166
-  _Serpentarius serpentarius_, 166
-  Serval, 105
-  Sewellel family, 117
-  Sheep, arcal, 32, 34
-      arcal mountain, 34
-      Barbary wild, 34
-      blue mountain, 34
-  Sheldrake, paradise, 155
-      ruddy, 155
-      tadorna, 155
-  Siamang, 89
-  _Siren lacertina_, 185
-  Sloths, 114
-  Snake, black, 179
-      coral, 180
-      garter, 180
-      harlequin, 180
-      hog-nosed, 180
-  Springbuck, 48
-  Squirrels, 117
-  Statistics, 10
-  Stork, white, 138
-  _Struthio australis_, 163
-      _camelus_, 164
-  Suricate, 108
-  Swan, black, 135
-      mute, 134
-      trumpeter, 135
-  _Syrmaticus reevesi_, 160
-  _Syrnium varium_, 142
-
-
-                                    T
-  _Tadorna tadorna_, 155
-  _Tagassu angulatum_, 50
-  Tahr, Himalayan, 32
-  Tamandua, 112, 114
-  _Tantalus loculator_, 137
-  Tapirs, 97, 98
-  _Tapirus indicus_, 98
-      _terrestris_, 97
-  _Tatu novemcinctum_, 112
-  _Taurotragus oryx_, 38
-  _Taxidea americana_, 110
-  Tegu, 178
-  Telegalla, 166
-  _Testudo, carolina_, 174
-      _elephantina_, 174
-      _nigrita_, 174
-      _tabulata_, 174
-      _vicina_, 174
-  _Tetraceros quadricornis_, 47
-  _Tetrapteryx paradisea_, 168
-  _Thrasaetus harpyia_, 144
-  _Thylacinus cynocephalus_, 103
-  Tiger, 75
-  Toad, common, 183
-      surinam, 183
-  Tortoise, box, 173
-      giant, 173, 174
-      gopher, 174
-      South American, 174
-  Turkey, brush, 166
-      wild, 146
-  Turtle, alligator, 173
-      marine, 175
-      painted, 173
-      snapping, 173
-      soft-shell, 175
-
-
-                                    U
-  Ungulates, summary of, 25
-  _Urocyon virginianus_, 102
-  _Ursus, americanus_, 121, 124
-      _arctos_, 125
-      _dalli_, 120, 122
-      _emmonsi_, 121
-      _eulophus_, 120, 124
-      _floridanus_, 121
-      _gyas_, 120, 123
-      _horribilis_, 121, 124
-      _horribilis horriaeus_, 121
-      _japonicus_, 127
-      _kermodei_, 121
-      _labiatus_, 127
-      _luteolus_, 121
-      _maritimus_, 120, 121
-      _middendorffi_, 120
-      _ornatus_, 125
-      _ornatus_, thomasi, 125
-      _piscator_, 126
-      _richardsoni_, 121
-      _torquatus_, 126
-
-
-                                    V
-  _Varanus gouldii_, 178
-  Vervet, 87
-  Vicunia, 55, 56
-  _Viverra malaccensis_, 107
-      _zibetha_, 107
-  _Vulpes fulvus_, 101
-      _fulvus argentatus_, 101
-      _fulvus decussatus_, 101
-      _macrotis,_ 102
-      _macrotis neomexicanus_, 108
-      _lagopus_, 108
-      _velox_, 101
-  Vulture, bearded, 145
-      black, 144
-      eared, 144
-      griffon, 144
-      king, 143
-      yellow-headed, 144
-
-
-                                    W
-  Walrus, Atlantic, 79
-  Wapiti, Altai, 70
-      American, 57
-      tashkent, 70
-  Wart-hog, 50
-  Waterbuck, sing-sing, 41
-  Waterfall, 22
-  White-tailed deer, 43
-  Wichita Game Reserve, 28
-  Wild-fowl pond, 153
-  Wolf, gray, 99
-      prairie, 99, 100
-      Tasmanian, 103
-
-
-                                    X
-  _Xenopus laevis_, 184
-
-
-                                    Y
-  Yaguarundi cat, 106
-  _Zalophus californianus_, 78
-
-
-                                    Z
-  Zebra, Chapman, 66
-      Grant, 64, 65
-      Grevy, 65
-      mountain, 64
-
-
-
-
-                               Footnotes
-
-
-[1]This interesting collection was formed, installed and labeled by
-    Curator R. L. Ditmars, with the assistance of Mr. Charles Snyder and
-    other members of the Department of Reptiles.
-
-
-                  Membership in the Zoological Society
-
-Membership in the Zoological Society is open to all who are interested
-in the objects of the organization, and desire to contribute toward its
-support.
-
-The cost of Annual Membership is $10 per year, which entitles the holder
-to admission to the Zoological Park on all pay days, when he may see the
-collections to the best advantage. Members are entitled to all the
-Annual Reports, bi-monthly Bulletins, Zoologica, privileges of the
-Administration Building, all lectures and special exhibitions, and ten
-complimentary tickets to the Zoological Park for distribution.
-
-Any Annual Member may become a Life Member by the payment of $200. A
-subscriber of $1,000 becomes a Patron; $2,500, an Associate Founder;
-$5,000, a Founder; $10,000, a Founder in Perpetuity, and $25,000 a
-Benefactor.
-
-Applications for membership may be handed to the Chief Clerk, in the
-Zoological Park; Dr. C. H. Townsend, N. Y. Aquarium, Battery Park, New
-York City, or forwarded to the General Secretary, No. 11 Wall Street,
-New York City.
-
-
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-                   18, 19, each
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-   (Hornaday)
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-          × 14, from selected photographs of animals in the Zoological
-          Park. Can be purchased singly and forwarded by mail.
-           Furnished in three different styles; black and white, 25
-          cents each; duotone brown, 35 cents each; hand colored, 75
-          cents each.
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-          20c.; postage, 2c.
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-          printed from four color plates. Sold in sets of 20 stamps for
-          10 cents. Album containing 10 stamps, providing space for
-          entire series, 15 cents. Postage 2 cents. Album and complete
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-
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-
-                            H. R. MITCHELL,
-                         Manager of Privileges,
-   Zoological Park, 185th St. & Southern Boulevard.    New York City.
-
-                        Rocking-Stone Restaurant
-
-    [Illustration: EMU AND YOUNG BIRD HATCHED IN THE ZOOLOGICAL PARK]
-
-
-
-
-                          Transcriber’s Notes
-
-
-—Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook
-  is public-domain in the country of publication.
-
-—Corrected a few palpable typographical errors and invalid index
-  entries.
-
-—Swapped entries in the table of illustrations to match the actual
-  order.
-
-—In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by
-  _underscores_.
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-Zoological Park (September 1915), by William T. Hornaday
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-The Project Gutenberg EBook of Popular Official Guide to the New York
-Zoological Park (September 1915), by William T. Hornaday
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
-other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
-the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
-to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
-
-Title: Popular Official Guide to the New York Zoological Park (September 1915)
-       Thirteenth Edition
-
-Author: William T. Hornaday
-
-Release Date: September 24, 2016 [EBook #53141]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GUIDE TO NY ZOOLOGICAL PARK, 1915 ***
-
-
-
-
-Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, Dave Morgan and the Online
-Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
-
-
-
-
-
-
-    [Illustration: NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK]
-
-  Administration Bldg., 8                                         D 4
-  Alaskan House, 32                                               H 3
-  Alligator Pool, 36                                              H 4
-  Antelope House, 50                                              J 3
-  Bear Dens, 37                                                   H 5
-  Beaver Pond, 29                                                 G 5
-  Biological Laboratory, 28 A                                     G 4
-  Bird House, Aquatic, 5                                          D 2
-  Bird House, Large, 7                                            D 3
-  Bison, 51                                                       J 5
-  Boat House, 54                                                  M 6
-  Buffalo Herd, 52                                                J 6
-  Burrowing Animals, 42                                           I 3
-  Cage, Flying, 4                                                 C 3
-  Camel House, 39                                                 I 2
-  Deer House, Small, 49                                           I 2
-  Deer, American, 30                                              H 2
-  Deer, Asiatic, 1                                              C-D 2
-  Deer, Axis and Sika, 2                                          C 2
-  Deer, Fallow, 53                                                K 4
-  Deer, Red, 10                                                   D 2
-  Duck Aviary, 3                                                  C 3
-  Eagle and Vulture Aviary, 11                                    E 2
-  Elephant House, 20                                              F 3
-  Elk Range, 21                                                   G 2
-  Feed Barn, 27                                                   G 3
-  Flying Cage, 4                                                  C 3
-  Fountain, Rockefeller, 13                                       D 4
-  Fountains, Drinking,                                  D 2, H 2, M 7
-  Fox Dens, 23                                                    G 2
-  Lion House, 15                                                  E 3
-  Llama House, 38                                                 I 2
-  Lydig Arch, 47                                                  I 5
-  Mammal House, Small, 35                                         H 3
-  Mountain Sheep Hill, 44                                         I 4
-  Musk Oxen, 48                                                   I 2
-  Nursery, 18                                                     E 9
-  Ostrich House, 43                                               I 3
-  Otter Pools, 31                                                 H 2
-  Pavilion, Shelter, 26                                           G 3
-  Pheasant Aviary, 40                                             I 2
-  Polar Bear Den, 37                                              H 5
-  Prairie Dogs, 41                                                I 3
-  Primate House, 17                                               E 4
-  Puma and Lynx House, 33 A                                       H 3
-  Raccoon's Tree, 44 A                                            I 5
-  Reptile House, 34                                               H 4
-  Restaurant, 46                                                  I 5
-  Riding Animals, 6                                               D 3
-  Rocking Stone, 45                                               I 5
-  Sea Lion Pool, 12                                               D 3
-  Service Bldg., 28                                               H 4
-  Soda Fount's.                                        *D 2, G 3, H 4
-  Subway Station                                                  O 6
-  Toilets, W. M.,                        C 3, E 3, G 3, I 5, L 6, M 8
-  Tortoise Yards                                                  H 4
-  Totem Pole, 32                                                  H 3
-  Turkeys, Wild, 33                                               H 3
-  Wolf Dens, 22                                                   G 3
-  Yak House, 55                                                   K 4
-  Zebra Houses, 14                                                E 2
-
-    [Illustration: PENINSULA BEAR: IVAN]
-
-
-
-
-                         POPULAR OFFICIAL GUIDE
-                                 TO THE
-                        New York Zoological Park
-
-
-                     By WILLIAM T. HORNADAY, Sc.D.
-                      Director and General Curator
-
-                    ILLUSTRATED BY ELWIN R. SANBORN
-
-    [Illustration: New York Zoological Society]
-
-                            GORILLA EDITION
-
-                   WITH MAPS, PLANS AND ILLUSTRATIONS
-
-                  THIRTEENTH EDITION--SEPTEMBER, 1915
-
-
-                            PUBLISHED BY THE
-                      NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY
-                        11 WALL STREET, NEW YORK
-
-                Only Authorized Guide    Price 25 Cents
-                    COMPLETELY REVISED AND EXTENDED
-
-              1st  Edition,   October,    1899--       5000
-               2d      "      May,        1900--       5000
-               3d      "      December,   1900--       5000
-              4th      "      October,    1901--       3000
-              5th      "      June,       1902--      10000
-              6th      "         "        1903--      10000
-              7th      "         "        1904--      15000
-              8th      "         "        1906--       7000
-              9th      "         "        1907--      30000
-             10th      "      October,    1909--      30000
-             11th      "      June,       1911--      30000
-             12th      "         "        1913--      40000
-             13th      "      September,  1915--      20000
-
- Copyright, 1899, 1900, 1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1906, 1907, 1909, 1911,
-                             1913 and 1915.
-                      NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY
-
-
-
-
-                                PREFACE
-
-
-The publication of this revised and extended edition of the Guide to the
-Zoological Park is necessary in order to bring our most important
-collections down to date. With the completion of the Zebra House and
-Eagle Aviary, we are now able to offer a Guide Book to the Zoological
-Park as practically finished.
-
-The visitor is not to understand, however, that with the completion of
-the features named above nothing more will remain to be done. An
-institution of this kind never reaches a state of absolute completion,
-with no further possibilities of improvement. But the building of
-boundary walls, and the rebuilding of temporary entrances, are matters
-of small moment in comparison with the completion of a grand series of
-installations for animals, and buildings for public comfort.
-
-Few indeed are the persons who know, or who ever will know, the extent
-to which both the general design and the details of the Zoological Park
-have been originated, and hammered out of the raw materials. From the
-inception of the undertaking, the work of development has involved a
-continuous struggle to meet new conditions. Although precedents and
-models for things to be done were sought far and wide, in all save a
-very few instances, our needs were so peculiar, and so different from
-those of other zoological gardens and parks, we have found really very
-little that we could copy. The abundant-room idea on which the
-Zoological Park was founded, and our desire for the full utilization of
-the works of nature, have from the first taxed the creative faculties of
-the Society to the utmost.
-
-It has been gratifying to find in other zoological establishments a
-number of features which we could utilize here, thereby saving ourselves
-something in the eternal grind of invention and experiment, and we have
-gladly made prominent mention of such cases.
-
-While it is possible to complete the equipment of animal installations
-for a Zoological Park, and fill them with fine collections, the demand
-for more animals is continuous. Our wild creatures are not immortal;
-and, like human beings, they live out their allotted lives and pass
-away. The great majority do not perpetuate themselves in captivity, and
-the depleted ranks must be filled by new gifts and new purchases. Gifts
-of specimens, and funds for purchases, must constantly be forthcoming.
-
-In the acquisition of certain representative species of great variety
-but particular desirability, the Society has been much favored by its
-friends, both at home and abroad. Frequently it happens that the
-greatest zoological rarities are obtainable only through the good will
-and tireless industry of friends who travel into the most remote and
-inaccessible regions of the earth. It is to such sources that we owe our
-musk-ox herd, walrus, mountain goat herd, spectacled bear and many other
-species.
-
-The Executive Committee makes grateful acknowledgment of the loyal and
-generous support it has constantly received from the Board of Managers,
-the members of the Zoological Society, and from the Government of the
-City of New York. Thanks to a judicious union of these forces, the
-development of the Zoological Park has gone forward rapidly and
-satisfactorily. Although the actual period of construction has been
-remarkably short for so vast an undertaking, everything constructed is
-of the most permanent character. It is only just to note the fact that
-while the Zoological Park is an institution of national interest and
-importance, and free to all the world, with the exception of a few gifts
-of animals it has been created and is maintained wholly by the citizens
-of the City of New York. The State has contributed nothing.
-
-The Executive Committee.
-
-JUNE 1, 1913.
-
-
-
-
-                               CONTENTS.
-
-
-                                                                    Page
-  Statistics of the Zoological Park                                   10
-  Officers of the Society                                             11
-  Origin                                                              13
-  Means of Access                                                     16
-  Admission                                                           17
-  Physical Aspect of the Grounds                                      21
-
-
-                                 MAMMALS.
-  Bison Ranges                                                        26
-  Mountain Sheep Hill                                                 29
-  Antelope House                                                      35
-  Small-Deer House                                                    42
-  Miscellaneous Mammals                                               49
-  White Mountain Goat                                                 50
-  Prong-Horned Antelope                                               51
-  Camel House                                                         53
-  Llama House                                                         55
-  North American Deer                                                 57
-  Zebra House                                                         63
-  Asiatic and European Deer                                           66
-  Lion House                                                          71
-  Sea-Lions                                                           78
-  Primate House                                                       80
-  Elephant House                                                      89
-  Wolf Dens                                                           98
-  Fox Dens                                                           101
-  Otter Pools                                                        103
-  Small-Mammal House                                                 104
-  Puma and Lynx House                                                115
-  Burrowing Mammals                                                  116
-  Prairie-Dog Village                                                118
-  Bear Dens                                                          119
-  Raccoon Tree                                                       128
-  Beaver Pond                                                        128
-  Economic Rodent-Reptile Collection                                 130
-
-
-                                  BIRDS.
-  Goose Aviary                                                       133
-  Flying Cage                                                        135
-  Aquatic-Bird House                                                 141
-  Eagle and Vulture Aviary                                           143
-  Wild Turkey Enclosure                                              146
-  Large-Bird House                                                   146
-  Wild Fowl Pond                                                     153
-  Pheasant and Pigeon Aviary                                         155
-  Ostrich House                                                      162
-  Cranes                                                             167
-
-
-                                REPTILES.
-  Reptile House                                                      171
-  Turtles and Tortoises                                              172
-  Crocodiles and Alligators                                          175
-  Lizards                                                            177
-  Serpents                                                           179
-  Batrachians or Amphibians                                          182
-
-
-                                 INSECTS.
-  Insect Collection                                                  185
-  Index                                                              188
-
-
-                                  MAPS.
-  Map of Zoological Park                            Second page of cover
-  Sketch Map, New York                                                14
-  Sketch Map, Vicinity of Park                                        16
-
-
-
-
-                             ILLUSTRATIONS.
-
-
-  PAGE
-  Peninsula Bear: Ivan                                    _Frontispiece_
-  Baird Court and Concourse                                           12
-  The Boat House                                                      18
-  Boating on Bronx Lake                                               20
-  White-Tailed Deer                                                   24
-  American Bison                                                      26
-  European Bison                                                      27
-  White-Fronted Musk-Ox                                               30
-  Big-Horn Mountain Sheep                                             30
-  Mouflon                                                             32
-  Arcal Sheep                                                         32
-  Himalayan Tahr                                                      32
-  Burrhel                                                             32
-  Chamois                                                             33
-  Markhor                                                             33
-  Aoudad                                                              33
-  Persian Wild Goat                                                   33
-  Nilgai: Indian Antelope                                             36
-  Nubian Giraffes                                                     38
-  Beatrix Antelope                                                    40
-  Blessbok                                                            40
-  Leucoryx Antelope                                                   41
-  White-Tailed Gnu                                                    41
-  Eland                                                               42
-  Sable Antelope                                                      43
-  Redunca Antelope                                                    44
-  Sasin Antelope                                                      46
-  Great Gray Kangaroo                                                 48
-  Rocky Mountain Goat                                                 49
-  American Prong-Horned Antelope                                      52
-  Bactrian Camel                                                      53
-  Alpaca                                                              54
-  Vicunia                                                             55
-  American Elk                                                        58
-  European Red Deer                                                   58
-  Development of Antlers                                              61
-  Grant Zebra                                                         64
-  Prjevalsky Horses                                                   65
-  Axis Deer                                                           68
-  Burmese Deer                                                        69
-  Jaguar                                                              72
-  Cheetah                                                             73
-  Barbary Lion                                                        74
-  Snow Leopard                                                        75
-  Atlantic Walrus                                                     79
-  Chimpanzee, "Baldy"                                                 82
-  Orang-Utan                                                          84
-  Humboldt Woolly Monkey                                              85
-  Japanese Red-Faced Monkey                                           88
-  Pig-Tailed Macaque                                                  88
-  Slow Lemur                                                          89
-  Siamang                                                             89
-  Elephant House                                                      90
-  Indian Elephant                                                     92
-  African Elephants                                                   93
-  African Two-Horned Rhinoceros                                       94
-  Indian Rhinoceros                                                   95
-  Pygmy Hippopotami                                                   96
-  Timber Wolf                                                         99
-  Coyote: Prairie Wolf                                               100
-  Swift or Kit Fox                                                   102
-  Red Fox                                                            103
-  Ocelot                                                             106
-  Common Genet                                                       107
-  African Porcupine                                                  111
-  Tamandua                                                           112
-  Great Ant-Eater                                                    113
-  Six-Banded Armadillo                                               114
-  Two-Toed Sloth                                                     115
-  Polar Bear Den                                                     120
-  Polar Bear "Silver King"                                           122
-  Syrian Bear                                                        123
-  Spectacled Bear                                                    126
-  European Brown Bear                                                127
-  Brazilian Tree Porcupine                                           131
-  Mute and Trumpeter Swans                                           133
-  Cereopsis Geese                                                    136
-  White-Faced Glossy Ibis                                            137
-  Roseate Spoonbill                                                  137
-  Brown and White Pelicans                                           140
-  Great Horned Owl                                                   142
-  Spectacled Owl                                                     142
-  Eared Vulture                                                      143
-  Lammergeyer                                                        143
-  King Vulture                                                       145
-  Black Vulture                                                      145
-  Harpy Eagle                                                        145
-  Griffon Vulture                                                    145
-  Wild Turkey                                                        147
-  Seriema                                                            148
-  Secretary Bird                                                     148
-  Great Crowned Pigeon                                               150
-  Sulphur Crested Cockatoo                                           151
-  Toco Toucan                                                        151
-  Ducks Feeding                                                      154
-  Pheasant Aviary                                                    156
-  Manchurian Eared Pheasant                                          158
-  Indian Peacock                                                     159
-  North African Ostrich                                              163
-  Rhea                                                               164
-  Cassowary                                                          164
-  Emeus                                                              165
-  Little Brown Crane                                                 167
-  Demoiselle Crane                                                   167
-  Asiatic White Crane                                                168
-  Paradise Crane                                                     168
-  Whooping Crane                                                     169
-  Crowned Crane                                                      169
-  Adjutant                                                           169
-  Jabiru                                                             169
-  Mastigure                                                          170
-  Horned Rattlesnake                                                 170
-  Hog-Nosed Snake                                                    170
-  Gecko                                                              170
-  Tree Frog                                                          170
-  Giant Tortoise                                                     173
-  Alligator Pool                                                     176
-  Venezuelan Boa                                                     177
-  Rhinoceros Viper                                                   180
-  Cobra-De-Capello                                                   181
-  Metamorphosis of the Leopard Frog                                  184
-  Giant Centipede                                                    186
-  Tarantula                                                          187
-  Red-Winged Locust                                                  187
-  Hercules Beetle                                                    187
-
-
-
-
-                   STATISTICS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL PARK.
-
-
-                              January, 1915.
-
-  Final plan of the Zoological Park approved by Park Board, November
-  22, 1897.
-  Zoological Society assumed control of grounds, July 1, 1898.
-  First building begun, August 11, 1898.
-  Park formally opened to the public, November 9, 1899.
-  Administration and Service Buildings                                 2
-  Large Animal Buildings (all heated)                                 14
-  Small Animal Buildings (4 heated)                                   10
-  Large Groups of Outdoor Dens, Aviaries and Corrals                  13
-  Animal Storehouses, for winter use                                   3
-  Restaurants                                                          2
-  Public-Comfort Buildings                                             6
-  Entrances                                                            7
-  Area of Park Land and Water                                  264 acres
-  Area of Water                                                 30 acres
-  Walks and Roads                                             7.78 miles
-  Fences                                                     10.55 miles
-
-                     LIVE ANIMALS IN THE COLLECTIONS.
-                              January, 1915.
-
-             Mammals       204 species,        586 specimens.
-             Birds         811     "         2,753     "
-             Reptiles      164     "         1,014     "
-             Total       1,179               4,353
-
-  Attendance of visitors in 1914                              2,020,433
-  Total attendance of visitors from 1899 to Jan., 1915       19,325,590
-
-
-
-
-                      NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY
-
-
-                              _President_,
-                        HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN.
-
-              MADISON GRANT, _Secretary_, 11 Wall Street.
-              PERCY R. PYNE, _Treasurer_, 30 Pine Street.
-
-                          Executive Committee
-                       MADISON GRANT, _Chairman_.
-                             PERCY R. PYNE,
-                          WATSON B. DICKERMAN,
-                             SAMUEL THORNE,
-                         WM. PIERSON HAMILTON,
-                          WILLIAM WHITE NILES,
-                           FRANK K. STURGIS,
-                           LISPENARD STEWART,
-                 HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN, _ex-officio_.
-
-                             General Officers
-                     WILLIAM T. HORNADAY, _Director_
-  H. J. SHORTER                                    _Assistant Secretary_
-  R. L. CERERO                                  _Assistant to Treasurer_
-  DR. GEORGE S. HUNTINGTON                                   _Prosector_
-  C. GRANT LA FARGE                                          _Architect_
-  H. DeB. PARSONS                                  _Consulting Engineer_
-                     Officers of the Zoological Park.
-                        WILLIAM T. HORNADAY, Sc.D.
-                     _Director and General Curator._
-  H. R. MITCHELL                    _Chief Clerk and Disbursing Officer_
-  R. L. DITMARS                      _Curator of Reptiles, Asst. Curator
-                                                             of Mammals_
-  C. WILLIAM BEEBE                                    _Curator of Birds_
-  LEE S. CRANDALL                           _Assistant Curator of Birds_
-  W. REID BLAIR, D.V.S.                                   _Veterinarian_
-  H. W. MERKEL                          _Chief Forester and Constructor_
-  ELWIN R. SANBORN                             _Editor and Photographer_
-  GEORGE M. BEERBOWER                                   _Civil Engineer_
-  WILLIAM MITCHELL                                             _Cashier_
-
-    [Illustration: ITALIAN GARDEN, BAIRD COURT,
-    The structure on the right is the Large Bird-House, and in the
-    distance, the Lion House.]
-
-
-
-
-                             GENERAL STATUS
-                        OF THE ZOOLOGICAL PARK.
-
-
-Origin.--The New York Zoological Park originated with the New York
-Zoological Society, a scientific body incorporated in 1895, under a
-special charter granted by the Legislature of the State of New York. The
-declared objects of the Society are three in number--"A public
-Zoological Park; the preservation of our native animals; the promotion
-of zoology." The Society has enrolled among its various classes over
-2,000 members.
-
-Henry Fairfield Osborn is the President of the Society. The affairs of
-the Society are managed by a Board of Managers of thirty-six persons,
-which meets three times each year. The planning and general development
-of the Zoological Society is in the hands of an Executive Committee of
-eight members, as follows: Madison Grant, Chairman; Percy R. Pyne,
-Samuel Thorne, William White Niles, Watson B. Dickerman, Wm. Pierson
-Hamilton, Frank K. Sturgis, Lispenard Stewart and Henry Fairfield
-Osborn, _ex-officio_. Madison Grant, the Chairman of the Executive
-Committee, is also Secretary of the Society, and his office is at No. 11
-Wall Street. Dr. William T. Hornaday is the Director and General Curator
-of the Zoological Park, and his office is now located in the
-Administration Building on Baird Court. The address is 185th Street and
-Southern Boulevard. The Society assumed control of the grounds on July
-1, 1898, and began the first excavation, for the Bird House, on August
-11th. The Park Department began work, on the Wild-Fowl Pond, on August
-29, 1898.
-
-Sources of Income.--The funds devoted to the development of the
-Zoological Park have been derived from the following sources:
-
-1. From the Zoological Society, obtained by subscriptions from private
-citizens--funds for plans, for the erection of buildings, aviaries, dens
-and other accommodations for animals; and for the purchase of animals.
-
-2. From the City of New York--by vote of the Board of Estimate and
-Apportionment--funds for the construction of walks, roads, sewers and
-drainage, water supply, public comfort buildings, entrances, grading,
-excavating of large ponds and lakes, annual maintenance, and also for
-animal buildings.
-
-    [Illustration: SKETCH MAP SHOWING LOCATION OF ZOOLOGICAL PARK.]
-
-The Zoological Society has expended, of its own funds, for plans,
-construction and live animals, over $641,000. This sum has been derived
-from its special subscription fund, and from the annual dues and fees of
-its members.
-
-Privileges.--Because of the fact that the Zoological Society has
-undertaken to furnish all the animals for the Zoological Park, the City
-of New York has agreed that all the revenue-producing privileges of the
-Park shall be controlled by the Society. _All net profits_ derived from
-the restaurants, boats, refreshments, riding animals, the sale of
-photographs, books, etc., and all admission fees, are expended by the
-Society _in the purchase of animals for the Park_. It is well that
-visitors should know that _all net profits realized in the Park go
-directly toward the increase of the animal collections_.
-
-The Society maintains a supply of boats for hire, and riding animals of
-various kinds for the amusement of children.
-
-Location.--The Zoological Park is the geographical center of that
-portion of Greater New York now known as Bronx County. From east to west
-it is half-way between the Hudson River and Long Island Sound, and from
-north to south it is midway between the mouth of the Harlem River and
-Mount Vernon. From the City Hall to the Reptile House the distance is
-eleven miles. The distance by automobile from the Central Park Plaza to
-the Concourse Entrance is 9-1/2 miles. The Northwest Entrance is about
-half a mile from Fordham station on the Harlem Railway.
-
-The area of the Park is 264 acres, divided as follows:
-
-  Land area west of the Boston Road                        150  acres.
-  Land area east of the Boston Road                         80     "
-  Bronx Lake                                                25     "
-  Lake Agassiz                                           5-1/2     "
-  Aquatic Mammals' Pond, Cope Lake and Beaver Pond       3-1/2     "
-  Total area                                               264  acres.
-
-    [Illustration: SKETCH MAP OF THE ZOOLOGICAL PARK AND VICINITY.]
-
-
-                            MEANS OF ACCESS.
-
-Via the Subway, to the Boston Road Entrance.--The terminus of the
-eastern branch of the Subway, at "180th St., Zoological Park," lands
-visitors at the southeastern entrances to the Zoological Park, at West
-Farms. Visitors from points below 96th Street must be careful to board
-the "Bronx Park" trains, and not the "Broadway" trains.
-
-Routes for Automobiles or Carriages.--Via Central Park, Lenox Avenue,
-Macomb's Dam Bridge and Jerome Avenue or Grand Concourse to Pelham
-Avenue, thence eastward to the Concourse Entrance, where motor cars and
-carriages are admitted to the Park.
-
-Via the Third Avenue Elevated.--The Third Avenue Elevated Railway has
-been extended to Bedford Park, and visitors coming to the Zoological
-Park on it or on the Harlem Railroad should alight at Fordham Station,
-from which the northwest entrance is half a mile distant, due eastward,
-on Pelham Avenue, via the Union Railway surface cars.
-
-Surface Cars.--The Southern Boulevard and the Zoological Park Cars of
-the Union Railway now run to both the Crotona (Southwest) Entrance and
-the Fordham Entrance. The Crosstown cars of the same line intersect the
-Southern Boulevard three blocks south of the Crotona Entrance.
-
-
-                               ADMISSION.
-
-Free Admission.--On all holidays, and on Sunday, Tuesday, Wednesday,
-Friday and Saturday, the Zoological Park is open free to the public.
-
-Pay Admission.--On every Monday and Thursday, save when either of those
-days falls on a holiday, all members of the Zoological Society who
-surrender coupons from their membership tickets, and all other persons
-holding tickets from the Society, will be admitted free. All other
-persons seeking admission will be admitted on payment of twenty-five
-cents for each adult, and fifteen cents for each child under twelve
-years of age. Tickets are sold only at the entrance gates.
-
-Holidays on Pay Days.--Whenever a legal holiday falls on a Monday or
-Thursday, admission to the Park will be free on that day.
-
-Hours for Opening and Closing.--From May 1st to November 1st the gates
-will be opened at 9 A. M. daily, and closed half an hour before sunset.
-From November 1st to May 1st the gates will open at 10 A. M.
-
-Entrances, Walks, etc.--The portion of the Zoological Park situated west
-of the Boston Road has been enclosed. Access to this area is provided by
-six entrances, one situated at each corner--one on the Boston Road and
-one at the bridge on Pelham Avenue. The latter is a carriage entrance
-for visitors wishing to drive to the north end of Baird Court. From all
-these entrances broad walks lead into the Park and through it, reaching
-all the collections of animals now installed.
-
-Carriage Roads.--The only wagon road which enters the central portion of
-the Park now occupied by animals is the Service Road, which enters from
-the Southern Boulevard, at 185th Street, and runs eastward, to the
-Service Building, Reptile House, Bear Dens, and Rocking Stone
-Restaurant.
-
-_This road is for business purposes only_, and is not open for the
-vehicles of visitors. It is utterly impossible to admit carriages to the
-_center_ of the Park, save those of officers entering on business, and
-_visitors must not ask for exceptions to this very necessary rule_.
-
-Automobile and Carriage Entrance.--A fine public carriage road and
-concourse, leading from Pelham Avenue Bridge and to the upper end of
-Baird Court, was completed in 1908. This drive is open to carriages or
-motors, daily, and it affords easy access to the most important group of
-buildings. It is subject to the same regulations as all other entrances,
-except that carriages and automobiles are admitted.
-
-    [Illustration: THE BOAT HOUSE, BRONX LAKE.]
-
-The Boston Road, which runs through the Park from south to north, near
-the western bank of the Bronx Lake, is open at all hours. It has
-recently--and for the first time--been finely improved by the Park
-Department for the Borough of the Bronx, and a drive through it affords
-a fine view of the eastern side of the Buffalo Range, and the finest
-portion of the heavy forest of the Zoological Park.
-
-As a matter of course, the ranges of the buffalo, antelope, deer, moose,
-and elk, are in full view from the Kingsbridge Road and Southern
-Boulevard, and the Zoological Society has planned that the view from
-those avenues shall be left open sufficiently that the herds may be seen
-to good advantage.
-
-The Rocking Stone Restaurant, No. 46, has been designed to serve all the
-purposes that its name implies. It contains dining-rooms in which full
-meals may be obtained, lunch-rooms wherein choice food will be served at
-popular prices, and in the basement, toilet-rooms will be found.
-
-The Service Building, No. 28.--Near the Reptile House, and at the
-geographical center of the enclosed grounds, is situated a building
-which contains the Bureau of Administration of the Zoological Park. Here
-will be found the offices of the Chief Clerk, several other Park
-officers, and the workshops and storerooms.
-
-Children lost in the Park, and property lost or found, should be
-reported without delay at the Chief Clerk's office in this building. The
-telephone call of the Zoological Park is 953 Tremont.
-
-Wheeled Chairs.--By persons desiring them, wheeled chairs can always be
-obtained at the entrances, by applying to gatekeepers, or at the office
-of the Chief Clerk, in the Service Building. The cost is 25 cents per
-hour; with an attendant, 50 cents per hour.
-
-Arrangement of Collections.--Inasmuch as the physical features of the
-Zoological Park grounds were important factors in locating the various
-collections of animals, a perfect zoological arrangement was impossible.
-The existing plan represents the limit of acceptable possibilities in
-grouping related animals.
-
-    [Illustration: BOATING ON BRONX LAKE.]
-
-The entire southern and western sides of the Park are exclusively
-devoted to the Hoofed Animals, in addition to which other members of
-that Order will be found at the Elephant and Small-Mammal Houses. The
-Carnivorous Animals will be found at the Lion House, Wolf and Fox Dens,
-Small-Mammal House and Bear Dens. The Birds are in two groups; one in
-the lower end of Bird Valley, and the Large Bird-House on Baird Court;
-the other around the Wild-Fowl Pond, south of the Wolf Dens.
-
-The existence of six entrances to the Park renders it impossible to lay
-out an all-embracing "tour" for the visitor, and develop the Guide Book
-accordingly. The various collections will be handled in zoological
-groups, but the various groups cannot follow each other in zoological
-sequence. The table of contents and a comprehensive index will render
-each item of the subject matter quickly available.
-
-
-                    PHYSICAL ASPECT OF THE GROUNDS.
-
-The extreme length of the Park from north to south is 4,950 feet, or 330
-feet less than one mile; and its extreme width is 3,120 feet, or
-three-fifths of a mile. Roughly estimated, one-third of the land area is
-covered by heavy forest, one-third by open forest, and the remaining
-third consists of open meadows and glades. The highest point of land in
-the Park is the crest of Rocking Stone Hill, the elevation of which is
-94.8 feet above sea level.
-
-Topography.--Speaking broadly, the Zoological Park is composed of
-granite ridges running from north to south. In many places their crests
-have been denuded of earth by the great glacier which once pushed its
-edge as far south as New York City. In the valleys lying between these
-glacier-scraped ridges, great quantities of sandy, micaceous soil have
-been deposited; but in one spot--the Wild-Fowl Pond--what was once a
-green, glacial lake fifteen feet deep, presently became a vast
-rock-walled silo filled with vegetable matter and a trembling bog of
-peat. Everywhere in the Park glacial boulders of rough granite or
-smoothly rounded trap-rock, varying in size from a cobble-stone to the
-thirty-ton Rocking Stone, have been dropped just where the warm southern
-sun freed them from the ice. The Park contains thousands of them, many
-of which have been removed from walks and building sites only with great
-labor.
-
-In three of the four principal valleys of the Park, bogs have been
-converted into ponds, and in the largest and deepest of all lie Bronx
-Lake and Lake Agassiz. The bed-rock underlying or cropping out in the
-Park exhibits pink granite, gray granite, rotten gneiss, and quartz in
-bewildering variety. Occasionally in trench-digging a ledge is
-encountered which yields good building-stone for rough work, but usually
-our rock is so full of mica as to be worthless.
-
-The water-levels in the various portions of the Park are as follows:
-
-                                        Above Sea Level.
-
-  Surface of Bronx Lake                      20.40  feet
-  Surface of Lake Agassiz                    31.70    "
-  Surface of Cope Lake and Duck Ponds        47.00    "
-  Surface of Wild-Fowl Pond                  65.00    "
-  Surface of Beaver Pond                     44.00    "
-
-The floor levels of some of the important buildings are as follows:
-
-                                        Above Sea Level.
-
-  Of the Antelope House                         88  feet
-  Of the Reptile House                          78    "
-  Of the Lion House                             64    "
-  Of the Aquatic-Bird House                     57    "
-
-Soil.--The soil varies from rich black muck in the valleys, to light and
-very dry soil, full of mica and sand, on the ridges and meadows. Where
-not packed hard, the latter is very porous, and the heaviest rainfall is
-quickly absorbed, or carried away on the surface. As a result, the
-valleys are always moist and rich in grass, and the slopes and ridges
-are always dry and warm.
-
-Streams and Ponds.--The Zoological Park contains about 34 acres of still
-water, of which Bronx Lake comprises 25 acres, Lake Agassiz 5-1/2 acres,
-Cope Lake, the Wild-Fowl Pond, and Beaver Pond together, about 3-1/2
-acres. The two larger lakes are fed by the Bronx River, which drains a
-valley about 15 miles long. Even in the driest seasons the volume of
-water carried down by the Bronx River is sufficient to keep the lakes
-well filled. The areas of still water available for animal collections
-are very generous for an institution like this, and are highly prized.
-
-The Waterfall.--At the lower end of Lake Agassiz, and about 300 feet
-above the Boston Road Bridge, is a natural waterfall nearly 12 feet in
-height, where the Bronx River falls over a rugged ledge of pink granite.
-In times of high water the foaming flood that thunders over the rocks
-makes an imposing spectacle, and it constitutes a most unusual feature
-to be found in a city park. During the year 1901, an improvement was
-made which added very greatly to the beauty of this feature by extending
-the rock ledge about 200 feet farther, to the rocky side of Wilson Hill,
-thereby greatly increasing the water area of Lake Agassiz, and at the
-same time forming a beautiful island.
-
-Forests.--The crowning glory of the Zoological Park is the magnificent
-forest growth which covers, thickly or sparsely, about two-thirds of its
-land area. It consists chiefly of white, scarlet, black, red and pin
-oaks, tulip, sweet gum, hickory, beech, sassafras, maple, wild cherry,
-hornbeam, dogwood, tupelo, hemlock and cedar; but there are at least
-thirty other species of trees and shrubs. Thanks to the wise foresight
-and broad views of David and Philip Lydig, who for about eighty years
-were the sole owners of nearly the whole of the Zoological Park site,
-the virgin forest was not cut down for firewood or lumber, but was
-carefully preserved for posterity. As the legal custodian of this
-splendid domain of Nature, the Zoological Society is as rapidly as
-possible going over the entire forest, to arrest decay and death, and
-take all needed measures for the preservation of the trees. It is safe
-to say that nowhere else within fifty miles of New York can there be
-found any more beautiful forests than those in the central and eastern
-portions of the Park. Throughout the enclosed grounds, it is absolutely
-necessary that visitors should be restricted to the walks; for otherwise
-the feet of our millions of visitors would quickly destroy every ground
-plant.
-
-The Rocking Stone, No. 45, a colossal cube of pinkish granite, poised on
-one of its angles on a smooth pedestal of rock, is the Zoological Park's
-most interesting souvenir of the glacial epoch. Across the bare face of
-the rocky hill in which lies the Crocodile Pool, there are several
-glacial scratches pointing directly toward the famous boulder; and who
-will say it had no part in making one of them?
-
-The Rocking Stone stands on a smooth table of granite on the southern
-shoulder of the hill overlooking the Buffalo Range. Its extreme height
-is 7 feet 6 inches; breadth, 10 feet 1 inch; thickness, 8 feet 1 inch,
-and its weight, as roughly calculated, is 30 tons. A pressure of about
-50 lbs. exerted on the most northern angle of the stone causes its apex
-to swing north and south about two inches.
-
-    [Illustration: WHITE TAILED DEER.]
-
-
-
-
-                        SECTION I.--THE MAMMALS.
-
-
-                          The Hoofed Animals.
-
-The forming of a collection which shall fairly represent the hoofed
-animals of the world is necessarily a work of years. It is now (in 1915)
-fifteen years since the Zoological Society entered upon this task, and
-during that period the work of providing installations and living
-specimens has been pursued with unflagging industry. In no feature of
-our development has the Society been more liberal than in the purchase
-of specimens for this collection, and the gifts to it have been both
-numerous and valuable. In our 82 species and 330 specimens we feel that
-the Order _Ungulata_ is strongly represented. On April 1, 1913, the
-summary of groups stood as follows:
-
-                       Summary of the Ungulates.
-
-  Deer                              24  species      164   specimens
-  Giraffes                           1     "           2       "
-  Bovines: Bison, etc.               3     "          38       "
-  Musk Ox                            1     "           6       "
-  Wild Sheep, Goats, etc.            8     "          41       "
-  Antelopes                         22     "          41       "
-  Hippopotamus                       2     "           4       "
-  Wild Swine                         3     "           5       "
-  Camels and Cameloids               5     "          10       "
-  Rhinoceros                         2     "           2       "
-  Tapirs                             2     "           3       "
-  Wild Equines                       6     "           9       "
-  Elephants                          3     "           5       "
-  Total                             82     "         330       "
-
-The arrangement of this section of the Guide Book begins at the Buffalo
-Entrance with the Bisons, and follows the ranges, corrals and buildings
-for Hoofed Animals, along the southern and western sides of the Park, to
-the Axis Deer Range. The Elephant House is introduced as the visitor
-leaves Baird Court, going south.
-
-The large, open pastures are called "ranges," and the smaller fenced
-enclosures are known as "corrals." The fences are chiefly of hard steel
-wire, so strong and elastic that the animals cannot break through them.
-
-    [Illustration: AMERICAN BISON: BULL.]
-
-Warning.--Visitors must _never_ stand close beside a wire fence or gate,
-because its elasticity between posts might enable a charging animal to
-strike a person so standing and inflict a serious injury, even though
-the fence or gate is not in the least affected by the blow.
-
-
-                   THE BISON RANGES, Nos. 51 and 52.
-
-Stretching from the Boston Road to the large Antelope House (No. 50),
-and from the Rocking Stone to the southern boundary, lies an open
-expanse of rolling meadow land, with a total area of about twenty acres.
-It is almost surrounded by shade-trees. Its easterly edge is a low-lying
-strip of rich meadow, which lies under the shelter of the rocky,
-tree-covered ridge that forms the natural retaining wall of the higher
-plateau toward the west. This is the Bison Range. It is the first
-enclosure seen on the left as the visitor enters the Park from West
-Farms by way of the Boston Road.
-
-On the north side of the main range, near the Rocking Stone, are the
-four corrals, and the Bison House. The latter is a rustic hillside barn,
-eighty feet in length, with a semicircular front, affording shelter and
-feed storage for thirty-four buffaloes. The flat roof of the Buffalo
-House is open to the public from the main walk, and has been specially
-designed as a convenient lookout over the main range and corrals. There
-are other corrals, and a shelter shed, at the Buffalo Entrance.
-
-    [Illustration: EUROPEAN BISON: BULL.]
-
-The American Bison, or Buffalo, (_B. americanus_), is the largest and
-the best known of all North American hoofed animals. What was once the
-universal herd, which occupied the whole pasture region of the West, was
-cut in twain in 1867, by the building of the first trans-continental
-railway. The great "southern herd," of several millions of animals, was
-destroyed by skin hunters during the years 1871, 1872, 1873, and 1874,
-and the practical extinction of the northern herd was accomplished
-between 1880 and 1884.
-
-At present there are but two herds of wild bison in existence. The
-largest band, now containing by estimate about 300 individuals, inhabits
-a wide stretch of barren and inhospitable territory southwest of Great
-Slave Lake. About twenty head remain in the Yellowstone Park, more than
-nine-tenths of the original herd having been slaughtered by poachers
-since 1890. There are now about 2000 bison alive in captivity, chiefly
-in large private game preserves.
-
-Usually bison calves are born in May, June, and July. Full maturity is
-not reached until the end of the seventh year, when the horns of the
-male--at first a straight spike--have attained their full semi-circular
-curve. Like all thick-haired animals of the temperate zone, the American
-bison sheds its coat in spring, and does not regain full pelage until
-October or November.
-
-The bison breeds in confinement about as readily as domestic cattle. In
-appearance, it is the most imposing of all bovine animals, and with two
-exceptions it is also the largest. In captivity its disposition is mild,
-though inclined to stubbornness. Occasionally, however, an old bull
-becomes so vicious that it is necessary to seclude him from the herd,
-and treat him as a dangerous animal.
-
-With the exception of a very few individuals, our entire bison herd is
-the gift of the late William C. Whitney, and the increase therefrom. The
-total number of head on hand on April 1, 1913, was forty-two.
-
-In 1906, the New York Zoological Society presented to the United States
-Government a herd of fifteen bison to serve as a nucleus for an
-independent National herd. The Government very promptly fenced an area
-of twelve square miles of fine grazing grounds in the Wichita Forest and
-Game Reserve, for the proper reception of the herd. The plan was
-consummated during 1907. The effort has proven completely successful,
-and on April 1, 1913, the herd contained thirty-seven bison, all in fine
-condition.
-
-European Bison.--In a corral adjoining the Buffalo Entrance, on the
-Boston Road, are to be found two specimens of the rare and almost
-extinct European Bison, (_Bos bonasus_). This species is the nearest
-living relative of the American bison, and the two specimens (male and
-female), now exhibited, came quite unexpectedly into the possession of
-the Zoological Society in April, 1904. They were acquired from the small
-captive herd in the forest of the Prince of Pless, in Silesia,
-south-eastern Germany, and are the first living specimens of the species
-to be exhibited in America. They were presented to the Society by Mr.
-Norman James, of Baltimore, Mr. Charles Sheldon and Dr. Leonard J.
-Sanford.
-
-The distinguishing characters of this species are shorter and less
-abundant hair on the head, neck and shoulders than our bison, a tail
-densely covered with hair throughout its length, very long legs, and a
-short body.
-
-But for royal protection, this species would long ere this have become
-extinct. In the year 1857, about 1,898 head were living, but in 1892 the
-total had decreased to 491. It appears, however, that an increase can
-safely be announced. An estimate recently published (1906) places the
-total number of wild and semi-wild individuals at 1,400, while in the
-captive herds of the Czar and the Prince of Pless there are 46 more.
-About 700 of the survivors inhabit the forests of Bielowitza and
-Swisslotsch, Lithuania, west Russia, and are strictly protected by the
-Czar. Other bands still exist on the northern slope of the Caucasus
-Mountains around the sources of the Laba and Bjellaja, sometimes ranging
-up to an elevation of 8,000 feet. Wherever found, they live in scattered
-bands of from three to ten individuals. All the survivors of this
-species are so jealously guarded that very few of the zoological gardens
-of Europe have been able to procure specimens.
-
-This animal is very often miscalled the "aurochs," and from this error
-much confusion has arisen. The true aurochs, (_Bos primigenius_), was
-the wild progenitor of some of the existing breeds of domestic cattle,
-but it is now extinct.
-
-
-                      MOUNTAIN SHEEP HILL, No. 44.
-
-The wild sheep and goats of the world form an exceedingly interesting
-group of animals. In form they are odd and picturesque, and in temper
-and mentality they are everything that could be desired. All the year
-round, deer are either nervous or dangerous, and difficult to handle.
-Wild sheep, goats and ibex appreciate man's interest in them, and even
-when not fond of attention, they act sensibly when it is necessary to
-handle them.
-
-The Zoological Park collection of wild sheep and goats is one of the
-most interesting features of the Park. Mountain Sheep Hill is the first
-high ridge west of the Rocking Stone, and its northern end is very near
-the Bear Dens and Reptile House. It consists of a ridge of pink granite
-500 feet long and 25 feet high, its southern end fully exposed, but the
-northern end well shaded by oaks and cedars. For grazing animals that
-love to climb, and pose on the sky line, the slopes of bare rock, set in
-patches of hard, green turf, are almost ideal. In the eastern face of
-the ridge, rock excavations have been made, and five roomy caves have
-been constructed in such a manner that they are cool in summer, warm in
-winter, and dry at all times. On April 1, 1913, the six wire enclosures
-on Mountain Sheep Hill contained the following species:
-
-    [Illustration: WHITE-FRONTED MUSK-OX.]
-
-    [Illustration: BIG-HORN MOUNTAIN SHEEP RAM.]
-
-
-  Suleiman Markhor.
-  Arcal Mountain Sheep.
-  Mouflon.
-  Persian Wild Goat.
-  Himalayan Tahr.
-  Aoudad.
-
-
-Because of the curious (and unaccountable) fact that they do not thrive
-on Mountain Sheep Hill, the Rocky Mountain Goat and Chamois are
-exhibited elsewhere. The former will be found near the Pheasant Aviary,
-next to the Musk-ox.
-
-Visitors are requested to make note of the fact that _in winter_, the
-_Arcal Sheep, Mouflon, and other delicate sheep are exhibited in the
-Small-Deer House_.
-
-The White-Fronted Musk-Ox, (_Ovibos wardi_, Lydekker), is represented in
-the Park by a herd of six specimens. Five of these animals were born in
-May, 1910, in Ellesmere Land, and captured in that year by Paul J.
-Rainey and Harry C. Whitney, and presented by Mr. Rainey. The sixth
-individual, a vigorous and rather vicious female, was born on Melville
-Island, in May, 1909, and captured by Captain Joseph Bernier. Owing to
-the domineering temper of "Miss Melville," it is not possible to keep
-her with the animals a year younger than herself, because she resents
-their presence in her corral.
-
-The Musk-Ox is an animal of strange form, inhabiting a small portion of
-the Arctic regions of the western hemisphere, up to the very
-northernmost points of land east of the Mackenzie River. At Fort Conger
-(Latitude 81�, 40'), its flesh was a godsend to General Greely, and
-later on to Commander Peary, also. Structurally, this animal stands in a
-genus of its own (_Ovibos_), midway between the cattle and the sheep,
-but it is unqualifiedly a misnomer to call it a "musk-sheep."
-
-An adult male Musk-Ox stands 4 ft. 5 in. high at the shoulders and is 6
-ft. 7 in. in total length. Our first specimen was a female, two years
-old. She stood 3 ft. 2 in. high at the shoulders, and was 4 ft. 10 in.
-in total length. Her entire body was covered by a dense mass of fine
-light brown hair, of a woolly nature, overlaid by a thatch of very long,
-straight hair specially designed to shed rain.
-
-The Musk-Ox inhabits the Barren Grounds of northern Canada north of
-Latitude 64� from Great Bear Lake to Hudson Bay, Grant Land, and the
-northeast coast of Greenland from Franz Josef Fiord (Latitude 70�) to
-the most northerly point of land. About twenty living specimens have
-been taken when very young at Franz Josef Fiord, by Swedish and
-Norwegian whaling parties. The Peary Arctic Club, of New York, presented
-to the New York Zoological Society a young calf which was captured by
-Commander Peary at Fort Conger, in 1902, but it lived only a few months.
-
-    [Illustration: MOUFLON]
-
-    [Illustration: ARCAL SHEEP]
-
-    [Illustration: HIMALAYAN TAHR]
-
-    [Illustration: BURRHEL]
-
-The Big-Horn Mountain Sheep, (_Ovis canadensis_), is exhibited in the
-Zoological Park, whenever it may be obtained. The efforts that have been
-made in New York, Philadelphia, Washington and Chicago to acclimatize
-the Big-Horn of the Rocky Mountains have proven the extreme difficulty
-involved in keeping specimens of that species alive and in good
-condition anywhere in the Mississippi Valley, or on the Atlantic coast.
-The changes of atmosphere and temperature seem more violent than
-American mountain sheep are fitted by nature to endure, and thus far all
-specimens tried have died within a comparatively few months.
-
-    [Illustration: CHAMOIS]
-
-    [Illustration: MARKHOR]
-
-In his own country, the Rocky Mountain Big-Horn is a bold, hardy and
-robust animal. He is high-headed, keen-sighted, and a sure-footed
-mountaineer. He dwells in the wildest and most picturesque country that
-he can find between the "bad-lands" of western North Dakota and the line
-of perpetual snow on the Rockies. His massive circling horns render his
-head a much-coveted trophy, and his flesh is most excellent food. A
-full-grown ram (_Ovis canadensis_) stands 41 inches in height at the
-shoulders, and weighs 316 pounds.
-
-    [Illustration: AOUDAD]
-
-    [Illustration: PERSIAN WILD GOAT]
-
-This species ranges from the northern states of Mexico to northern
-British Columbia and it culminates (i. e., reaches its finest
-development) in southeastern British Columbia. In Northwest Alaska other
-related species occur. A female specimen from southeastern British
-Columbia was exhibited in the Zoological Park during 1905 and 1906, and
-in 1902, a male specimen of a closely related species (_Ovis nelsoni_)
-was also here.
-
-As opportunities offer to procure male specimens, that have been kept in
-their home region until they are at least a year and a half old, they
-will be purchased and exhibited.
-
-The Mouflon, (_Ovis musimon_), or Wild Sheep of Sardinia, is represented
-by a fine pair of specimens presented by Maurice Egerton, Esq., of
-London, and a young male born in the Park. The female of the adult pair
-was captured when a lamb in the mountains of Sardinia by Mr. Egerton.
-The ram of this species is handsomely colored, and this specimen is
-noted for his friendliness, and his fondness for admiration.
-
-The Arcal Mountain Sheep, (_Ovis cycloceros_), is one of the smallest
-mountain sheep of India of the "big-horn" type (with circling horns).
-The fully adult male, with its long undermane of coarse, shaggy hair and
-proud postures, is a very noteworthy creature. This species inhabits the
-mountains of northern India, Tibet, Afghanistan, Beluchistan and
-southern Persia.
-
-The Burrhel, or Blue Mountain Sheep, (_Ovis burrhel_), also of northern
-India, is of quite a different mould from the preceding species. Its
-countenance has almost a benign expression, and its curious out-pointing
-horns, of large size give it a most jaunty air. By some it is regarded
-as the most beautiful of all mountain sheep. In size, however, it is not
-imposing, for it is one of the smallest species. It is not so hardy as
-the preceding species, and there may be periods when there are no
-specimens on exhibition.
-
-The Aoudad, or Barbary Wild Sheep, (_Ovis tragelaphus_), comes from the
-hot, dry mountains of northern Africa, and it endures the cold, wet
-climate of New York in a manner sufficient to put to shame our American
-mountain sheep, goat and other western ruminants. The largest male
-Aoudad of our herd is a very fine specimen of its kind. He is as fond of
-admiration as any peacock, and often poses in striking attitudes on the
-highest point of his rocks. He was born here on March 19, 1902.
-
-The Himalayan Tahr, (_Hemitragus jemlaicus_), is really a wild goat, of
-very odd and picturesque aspect, native of the higher ranges of the
-Himalayas of northern India. Its horns are short and thick, and its body
-is covered with long, purplish-brown hair which is much blown about by
-the wind. It dwells amongst the most dangerous crags and precipices,
-just below timber-line, and in reality is a forest-loving animal. Its
-hair is the longest to be found on any member of the two subfamilies of
-goats and goat-like animals. The pair on exhibition have bred here, and
-the young have been successfully reared to maturity. The young Tahr is
-very small, but remarkably nimble-footed and capable.
-
-The Chamois, (_Rupicapra tragus_), has usually been represented in the
-hoofed-animal collection, but always out of its proper installation. Our
-individuals have not thriven on Mountain Sheep Hill, always becoming ill
-soon after being placed there. They thrive well, however, in a small
-wire pen with a sanded floor quite near the Puma and Lynx House (No.
-33A), and there we keep them.
-
-This animal is one of the rock antelopes, and is related to the American
-Mountain Goat. It is a bold mountaineer, and even to-day is pictorially
-represented as leaping "from crag to crag" across chasms apparently 200
-feet wide! Its home is in the mountains of southern Europe, especially
-the Pyrenees, the Swiss Alps and the Caucasus Mountains. But it is not
-so exclusively a crag-dweller, as most persons have been led to suppose,
-for in many localities it inhabits mountain forests. Like most other
-mountain ungulates, the Chamois dwell high in summer, and in winter they
-seek lower and more sheltered situations. They are exceedingly wary and
-agile, and sure-footed on dangerous ground.
-
-
-                      THE ANTELOPE HOUSE, NO. 50.
-
-The Antelope House occupies a commanding situation on a high,
-tree-covered knoll at the south end of the Zoological Park. The
-situation seems as if specially formed by Nature to be occupied by this
-building, and its outside enclosures. The drainage is quite perfect, and
-the yards are well-shaded.
-
-The building has been designed to meet the wants of giraffes and large
-African antelopes of all kinds, more especially those which require 60�
-of heat in winter.
-
-    [Illustration: NILGAI: INDIAN ANTELOPE.]
-
-The Antelope House is 142 feet long by 78 feet in extreme width. In
-architectural style it conforms with the other large animal buildings of
-the Park. Both for visitors and for its animals, it is roomy and well
-lighted, and in every way fitted to house and display a large and
-valuable collection of tropical hoofed animals. It contains 24 interior
-compartments, directly connected with 23 open-air yards for use in mild
-weather. This building was completed and occupied on October 17, 1903,
-and with all its surrounding improvements has cost about $80,000.
-
-As the visitor will observe from the following enumeration of species,
-our collection of large and rare African and Asiatic antelopes is very
-rich. Unfortunately, until the completion of the Zebra House releases
-the apartments now occupied by the equines, a number of species which
-belong in the Antelope House must temporarily be quartered elsewhere.
-
-The Nubian or Three-Horned Giraffes, (_Giraffa camelopardalis_), are at
-present the most important and interesting animals in the building. The
-pair came from German East Africa, are now (April, 1913) about twelve
-years old, and cost $5,500. The male stands 14 feet 4 inches in height,
-and the female 12 feet 6 inches. Both are good-tempered animals, and
-have been in good health ever since their arrival. Their food consists
-of clover hay, broken forage-biscuits, an assortment of raw vegetables
-carefully cut into small pieces, a small quantity of bran, and rock
-salt.
-
-A study of the Giraffes reveals most interesting conditions. According
-to the point of view, the total number of species and subspecies may be
-reckoned at any number from three to six, inclusive. According to the
-specimens in hand, the Southern, or Two-Horned Giraffe, (_Giraffa
-capensis_), seems clearly defined from the Northern, or Three-Horned
-Giraffe, (_G. camelopardalis_). Next, the Somali Giraffe, (_G.
-reticulata_), of the Lake Rudolph region and northern British East
-Africa, seems fairly separable. At first the Five-Horned Giraffe, of
-western Uganda, seemed quite distinct, but now British naturalists
-hesitate about according to it rank as a separate species, because of
-its intergradation with the Nubian form, (_camelopardalis_).
-
-Judging from all evidence now available, it seems that the Giraffes of
-to-day represent the midway stage of an effort to develop several
-species from the parent stock, the Three-Horned Giraffe, which is the
-species here represented. The existing forms, including all species and
-subspecies, intergrade and run together in a manner that is fairly
-bewildering; but if the Giraffes could remain uninfluenced by man for a
-sufficiently long period the probabilities are that the species now
-branching off would be clearly established.
-
-The oldest, the best-known and the most common Giraffe is the
-three-horned species, found from central Uganda southward. The
-five-horned variety meets the former in Uganda, and occurs from that
-region westward to the edge of the great equatorial forest, and on
-westward even to Lake Tchad, and the lower Niger Valley. Excepting in
-Uganda, Kahma's country, and a few other protected districts, the
-Giraffe is now rare, particularly throughout the regions that are
-accessible to hunters. Thousands of these wonderful creatures have been
-killed by hunters, both white and black, solely for the sake of seeing
-them dead, and leaving them as prey to the hy�nas and hunting-dogs. It
-seems to be beyond the power of most men who can shoot to see living
-wild animals, no matter how large or wonderful, without desiring to
-reduce them to carcasses, fit only for scavengers.
-
-    [Illustration: NUBIAN GIRAFFES.]
-
-The Eland, (_Taurotragus oryx_), is the largest and most imposing of all
-antelopes. As might be inferred from its great size, it is now so nearly
-extinct that it has almost disappeared from the lists of dealers in wild
-animals. The fine young pair now in the Antelope House was presented by
-the Duke of Bedford, from his famous animal collection at Woburn Park.
-The fully adult female is the gift of Mr. C. Ledyard Blair.
-
-Of Elands there are two well-marked species. That of eastern and
-southern Africa, here represented, was once numerous on many of the
-fertile plains of the great plateau now known as Rhodesia, and in fact
-throughout nearly the whole of the uplands of eastern Africa, from the
-Cape to the Sahara. Unfortunately, however, white hunters and modern
-firearms have reduced the countless thousands of the great herds to
-numbers so small that the capture and exportation of Elands have
-practically ceased.
-
-Although a number of Elands have been born in captivity, the number on
-public exhibition still remain very small. The only captive herd known
-to the writer is that of the Duke of Bedford, in Woburn Park, England,
-which is at once the admiration and envy of all collectors of living
-wild animals.
-
-The White-Tailed Gnu, (_Connochaetes gnu_), once was abundant in South
-Africa, south of the Vaal River. But it has shared the fate of all the
-other large mammals of that region, and only a few scattered bands still
-exist. Nearly all of the specimens now living in captivity were born in
-captivity, for both species of Gnu take kindly to life in parks and
-gardens.
-
-Every way considered, the Gnu is an animal of odd and remarkable form.
-It has a nose of strange shape, its horns are curiously formed, the hair
-on its head and neck exhibits various peculiarities, and its hips are
-oddly modeled. Its long, flowing tail is so horse-like that for many
-years this animal was pictured and popularly known as the "Horned
-Horse."
-
-The White-Bearded Gnu, (_Connochaetes albojubatus_), is noticeably
-larger than the white-tailed species, and in some respects it presents a
-finer appearance. Its bulk is considerably greater, and its color is
-more pleasing. This species bears a strong resemblance to the third
-species, which is known as the Brindled or Blue Gnu, (_Connochaetes
-taurinus_), from which the former is distinguished by its white mane and
-jaw-tufts, and generally paler color. At wide intervals the
-White-Bearded species inhabits southern East Africa, from about S. Lat.
-23�, to the Albert Nyanza and Lake Rudolph, but chiefly near the coast.
-In only one locality do we learn of its occurrence west of the 30th
-meridian. To-day it is most numerous in German East Africa and the
-southern portions of Uganda.
-
-The Addax Antelope, (_Addax naso-maculatus_), is a spiral-horned
-antelope which inhabits the southern edge of the Sahara Desert from
-Dongola quite across Africa to Senegal. Its extremely broad and
-spreading hoofs betoken a dweller upon sand, and are strongly suggestive
-of the snow-shoe hoofs of the caribou. It is said that this animal is
-not to be taken without making a journey into the desert, with camels.
-
-The Leucoryx Antelope, (_Oryx leucoryx_), is the only member of its
-genus which has curved horns. Because of the length and very slight
-curvature of the horns, this species has by some writers been spoken of
-as the Sabre Antelope, and by a mischievous perversion that name has
-been turned into "Sable" Antelope, which refers to a totally different
-creature, (_Hippotragus niger_). Anyone who places an order for the
-purchase of a real Sable Antelope, and receives a Leucoryx instead of
-_Hippotragus niger_, is profoundly disappointed.
-
-This species is a desert habitant, and its home is the desert region of
-North Africa from Dongola to the Senegal country. It is breeding
-regularly here, and the offspring mature successfully. The largest
-Leucoryx horns on record measure 39-5/8 inches.
-
-    [Illustration: BEATRIX ANTELOPE]
-
-    [Illustration: BLESSBOK]
-
-The Beisa Antelope, (_Oryx beisa_), is a good representative of the
-group of straight-horned antelopes found in the genus _Oryx_. Of all the
-long-horned species, the two Beisas and the Gemsbok of Africa, and the
-Beatrix of Arabia, are the only species possessed of horns that are
-practically straight from base to tip. The Gemsbok is the largest and
-most showy species, being painted like a harlequin, in a startling
-pattern of roan, black and white. The Beisa is a good second, however.
-The horns of all these antelopes grow to great length, and are excellent
-weapons for use in encounters with the smaller game-killing carnivores.
-The largest horns of record measure 40 inches.
-
-The Beisa inhabits eastern Central Africa, from Suakin on the Red Sea
-southward to the Equator.
-
-The Beatrix Antelope, (_Oryx beatrix_), of the Arabian Desert, is one of
-the rarest antelopes to be found in captivity, and at this date this
-interesting species is represented by a fine pair of specimens. The
-longest horns of record measure 26 inches. Very few sportsmen have seen
-this animal in its native haunts. Our pair has been breeding for three
-years, and has reared two young.
-
-The Sable Antelope, (_Hippotragus niger_), is by many persons regarded
-as the handsomest of all the numerous species of African antelopes. In
-appearance it is very proud and high-headed; it has imposing horns that
-sweep backward in a semicircular curve; its large eyes and alert air
-betoken keen intelligence, and its glossy black coat, marked with pure
-white, render it a most conspicuous animal. On its native veldt it has
-now become a very rare species, and seldom is taken by sportsmen. The
-fine male specimen in the Park was presented by Miss Jean Walker
-Simpson.
-
-    [Illustration: LEUCORYX ANTELOPE]
-
-    [Illustration: WHITE-TAILED GNU]
-
-The Sing-Sing Waterbuck, (_Cobus unctuosus_), is a creature of the
-lowlands, and frequents the dense tangles of tall reeds that border many
-of the rivers of West Africa, above the great equatorial forest. In
-captivity it sometimes is one of the most insanely nervous and
-irrational creatures imaginable, ever seeking self-inflicted injuries.
-
-The Blessbok, (_Damaliscus albifrons_), is a small but handsome
-purple-and-white antelope which is now very nearly extinct. Formerly a
-number of herds were preserved on fenced farms in the Transvaal and
-Orange Free State, but it is feared that none of them survived the Boer
-War. This species never lived north of the Limpopo, but south of that
-river it once was so numerous that a truthful traveler described a vast
-plain as being "purple with Blessbok."
-
-The Nilgai, (_Portax tragocamelus_), is the largest of the Indian
-antelopes, and while it has the stature and the high shoulders of a
-Baker roan antelope, its absurdly small horns give it, beside the large
-antelopes of Africa, a very commonplace and unfinished appearance. The
-males and females are as differently colored as if they belonged to
-different species. This animal inhabits the roughest portions of the
-central plains of Hindustan, from Mysore to the Himalayas. In northern
-India it is found along the rivers Jumna and Ganges, in rugged and
-barren tracts of ravines which in character and origin resemble our
-western "bad-lands."
-
-    [Illustration: ELAND]
-
-The small antelopes will be found in the Small-Deer House, the next
-building in order.
-
-
-                     THE SMALL-DEER HOUSE, No. 49.
-
-In captivity the small and delicate species of deer, antelopes and
-gazelles are better cared for in enclosures that are not too large. For
-such creatures, freedom in a large enclosure usually means early death
-from accident or exposure.
-
-The very important building called the Small-Deer House has been erected
-with special reference to the wants of the interesting little hoofed
-animals which are too small for the Antelope House and the large ranges.
-In winter it will shelter the small tropical mountain sheep and goats,
-which are unable to withstand the rigors of outdoor life on Mountain
-Sheep Hill, and the tropical swine may also be expected here.
-
-The Small-Deer House is situated in close proximity to the Antelope
-House, and westward thereof. Of the buildings of secondary rank, it is
-one of the most satisfactory, being roomy, well-lighted and capable of
-comfortably housing and displaying a large and varied collection. The
-structure is 158 feet in length by 46 feet in width. It contains thirty
-compartments, each of which, under stress of necessity, can be
-partitioned, and formed into two. The interior compartments are each 10
-feet wide by 10 feet deep. The building is surrounded by a series of 34
-corrals, connecting with the interior compartments, the average size of
-each being 75 feet long by 20 feet wide at the outer end. All the fences
-are of wire, and were specially designed in the Park for this
-installation.
-
-    [Illustration: SABLE ANTELOPE.]
-
-It is a practical impossibility to offer an enumeration of the living
-animals in this building which will permanently apply, and the best that
-can be attempted is an approximation. It is an inexorable law of Nature
-that the smallest animals shall have the shortest periods of life, and
-in a zoological park a small hoofed animal may be here to-day and gone
-to-morrow. In the following enumeration, mention will be made only of
-those species which are likely to remain longest on exhibition; and it
-may be observed that in this building there will be found various
-animals which are neither deer nor antelopes.
-
-
-                            The Small Deer.
-
-Osceola White-Tailed Deer, (_Odocoileus virginianus osceola_), is an
-interesting geographic race of the northern White-Tailed Deer which
-forms the parent stem of a group of six or seven subspecies. The robust
-and hardy northern type, often with large and strong antlers, gradually
-diminishes in size and in antlers, until in Mexico it becomes a small
-and delicate creature, with very small and light antlers bearing only
-two or three small tines. The next form has so widely diverged from the
-original type that it is necessary to accord it rank as a full species.
-
-    [Illustration: REDUNCA ANTELOPE.]
-
-The Sinaloa White-Tailed Deer, (_Odocoileus sinaloae_), is still smaller
-and weaker than the preceding. Our pair of specimens shown was obtained
-by Mr. and Mrs. C. William Beebe, in the State of Guadalajara, Mexico,
-and are highly interesting as a link near the lower terminus of the
-_Odocoileus_ chain. On a majority of the antlers of this species there
-are no branches whatever, but simply a weak main beam, curving over at
-the tip, and terminating in a rounded point.
-
-It should be noted here that the White-Tailed Deer group,
-(_Odocoileus_), is very well represented in South America by _O.
-weigmanni_ of the Guianas.
-
-The Marsh Deer, (_Blastoceros paludosus_), of eastern South America, is
-the largest South American deer. Our first specimen was obtained in
-1904. Its antlers are strongly built but short, and in architecture
-resemble the antlers of a Siamese species known as Schomburgk Deer,
-(_Cervus schomburgki_); but the latter has on each beam three double
-bifurcations, while the former has but two. The Marsh Deer has very
-large, wide-spreading hoofs, which it would seem have been developed by
-many generations of existence on soft ground. It inhabits the jungles
-along river banks, in Brazil. The head of this animal is of remarkable
-length.
-
-This important species is rather weak in captivity, and it is by no
-means certain that it can constantly be exhibited here. There is another
-South American species, (_Blastoceros campestris_), which is a
-zoological understudy, or miniature, of the large Marsh Deer.
-
-The Black-Faced Brocket, (_Mazama tema_), _whenever it can be obtained_,
-will represent a group of American deer which is as little known in the
-United States as if it inhabited the heart of Borneo. The Brockets are
-smaller than the Sinaloa white-tailed deer, and they are so nearly
-hornless that the antler is merely a small, straight, sharp-pointed
-spike of bone only three inches long. The adult animal is only 25 inches
-in shoulder height, which is about the size of the muntjac of India. Of
-the Brockets there are several species, mostly South American, but from
-skulls and horns received we now know that it is found as far north as
-the State of Puebla, Mexico. A correspondent in that locality is
-constantly endeavoring to secure specimens for us, and no doubt will
-shortly succeed. For the reason that we expect specimens in the near
-future, this species is included.
-
-The Hog Deer, (_Cervus porcinus_), which is very unlike a hog, and is
-libeled by its name, is a small species from India, which is provided
-with long and well-shaped antlers having a total of six points.
-Sometimes the adult males are spotted in summer, and sometimes they are
-not. This species stands next to the beautiful axis deer. It breeds well
-in captivity, but is a very nervous and even hysterical animal.
-
-The Molucca Deer, (_Cervus moluccensis_), is a thick-bodied,
-scantily-clad and coarse-haired understudy of the Malay sambar, (_Cervus
-unicolor_). Of all deer it is one of the least beautiful. Its hair
-resembles the bristles of a wild hog, and its color is a dull, raw-umber
-brown. It belongs to the sambar group of East Indian deer, and really
-marks, both geographically and in size, the farthest departure from the
-type species of the group.
-
-The Muntjac or Rib-Faced Deer, (_Cervus muntjac_), is one of the most
-interesting of all species of small deer. In one respect it is unique.
-Its tiny antlers, which are only 4-1/2 inches in length, are placed high
-up on stems of solid bone, which sometimes rise 3-3/4 inches clear of
-the cranium. These pedicles of bone are covered with skin, quite up to
-the burr of the antler. The front angles of these pedicles are continued
-down the face to the nasal bones, and form the two sharply defined
-facial ridges which have given this creature one of its popular names.
-
-    [Illustration: SASIN ANTELOPE.]
-
-In India the Muntjac inhabits the jungles of the tiger, the leopard,
-axis deer and sloth bear, and escapes from its numerous enemies by
-hiding behind logs, and scurrying through the thick underbush so swiftly
-that its pursuers can not keep it in view. Its flesh is most excellent
-food. From its peculiar, yapping cry, many times repeated, it is often
-called the Barking Deer. It breeds readily in captivity, and its bright
-fawn color attracts to it much attention.
-
-The Musk Deer, (_Moschus moschiferus_), of northern India, Tibet and
-Southern China is the creature which produces the well-known musk
-perfume of commerce. The product is secreted by the male in the
-"rutting" season. This species is one of the smallest of the true deer.
-Its most remarkable anatomical feature is a pair of very long and sharp
-canine teeth in the upper jaw, the points of which project far below the
-lower jaw. No horns are present in this animal. Being short-lived in
-captivity, and also difficult to obtain, it must be classed as an
-intermittent exhibit.
-
-
-                      The Small African Antelopes.
-
-In addition to the grand array of large antelopes inhabiting Africa, of
-which many fine examples will be found in the Antelope House, there is
-an extensive series of small species. Indeed, the richness of Africa in
-antelopes, great and small, is almost beyond belief. The species of Asia
-and Europe are so few, and so inconspicuous, that they seem like so many
-stray wanderers from the Dark Continent. The fertile, grassy plains of
-the great Central African plateau have cradled scores of species, some
-of which have wandered into the deserts, the forests and the fluviatile
-swamps, and there made their permanent homes.
-
-The Black-Buck, or Sasin Antelope, (_Antilope cervicapra_), of the
-central plains of Hindustan, is one of the handsomest of the smaller
-antelopes. The horns of the male are long, strongly ringed, twisted
-spirally, and rise from the head in the shape of a V, sometimes to a
-length of 28 inches. At first the young males are fawn-colored, like the
-females, but as they grow older they steadily grow darker, until finally
-the whole upper body and lower neck are suffused with a rich,
-brown-black color. On the plains between the rivers Ganges and Jumna,
-herds of Black-Buck live in densely populated agricultural regions, and
-one of the greatest difficulties attendant upon its pursuit lies in
-shooting an animal without also shooting the native.
-
-The Reedbuck, (_Cervicapra arundinum_), of South Africa, below Angola
-and Mozambique, is closely related to the larger and much more showy
-waterbucks, but is distinguished from them by the pronounced forward
-curve of its horns. In the western districts of Cape Colony, the number
-alive, in 1905, was estimated at 350 individuals.
-
-The Common Duiker Antelope, (_Cephalophus grimmi_), or for that matter,
-any species of Duiker--may be regarded as the representative of a large
-group of very small African antelopes, of wide distribution. There are
-about twenty species in all, and the great majority of them are very
-modestly colored, in coats of one or two colors only. The prevailing
-tints are grayish brown and tawny red. The horns of the various species
-of Duikers are all very much alike. With but one or two exceptions,
-their horns are straight spikes from 3 to 5 inches in length. In
-shoulder height the Duikers vary from 14 to 30 inches, but the majority
-are between 17 and 22 inches. Only three or four species are strikingly
-colored.
-
-The Four-Horned Antelope, (_Tetraceros quadricornis_) is a small
-creature which looks like a duiker, but is very far from belonging to
-that genus. It is an inhabitant of the brushy plains of India, and
-enjoys the unique distinction of possessing two pairs of horns. In
-addition to the 4-inch pair, normally placed, it has a much smaller
-pair, usually only 1 inch in height, which rises from the central area
-of the forehead. I believe it is the only species of antelope which
-possesses two pairs of horns.
-
-    [Illustration: GREAT GRAY KANGAROO.]
-
-The Springbuck, (_Antidorcas euchore_), is to South Africa as the
-"prong-horn" is to our great western plains. Once, both were abundant,
-and the first hoofed animal to greet the traveler who entered their
-respective domains. To-day, both species are so nearly extinct that the
-hunter must search long before finding even one. The Springbuck received
-its name in recognition of its remarkable habit of leaping high into the
-air when running--a habit which also is displayed by the black-buck of
-India.
-
-The Gazelles are found only in Asia and Africa, and the number of
-species is about 25. In general terms they may be described as dainty
-antelopes,--so slender and delicate in leg construction that it seems
-strange that such slender bones can support a tall animal without
-breaking.
-
-The Dorcas Gazelle, of Arabia, (_Gazella dorcas_), is the species which
-most frequently finds its way into captivity, and it will serve very
-well as a specimen species for the whole group. Despite its delicate and
-frail appearance, it is much more enduring in captivity than many
-animals which seem far more robust. A pair which entered the Park in
-1900 is still living. The male has a temper which quite belies the
-reputation of the "gentle gazelle." Although loyal and kind to his
-cage-mate, toward human beings generally he has manifested a very savage
-disposition, and in one of his fits of bad temper he broke off one of
-his own horns.
-
-    [Illustration: ROCKY MOUNTAIN GOAT.]
-
-The Indian Gazelle, (_Gazella benneti_),--frequently called in its home
-country Ravine "Deer,"--is a habitant of the sterile, water-washed
-ravines of northern and central India, which are the oriental
-counterpart of our western "badlands." This animal inhabits the same
-regions as the black-buck, but because of the religious scruples of the
-Hindoos against the taking of life, both species are secure from
-attack--until the arrival among them of the white sahibs. A full-grown
-Indian Gazelle is 26 inches in shoulder height. The females of this
-species possess horns, which are very slender, and vary in length from 4
-to 8-1/2 inches.
-
-
-                         Miscellaneous Mammals.
-
-The Small-Deer House will at all times contain various mammals which are
-there shown because it is a practical impossibility to provide a
-separate building for each group.
-
-The Wild Swine of the world are here represented by three noteworthy
-species:
-
-The Red River-Hog, (_Potamochaerus pencillatus_), of West Africa, is
-about the only handsome species of swine that Nature has produced. In
-form it is compact and well-turned, its long pencil-tipped ears are of
-pleasing pattern, and its hair is a rich auburn color, and the temper of
-our specimen is everything that could be desired. Beside it is shown
-"Clarence," the East African Wart-Hog, (_Phacochaerus aethiopicus_), who
-is equally interesting, but in a different way. This species is very
-weird in form. The Collared Peccary, (_Tagassu angulatum_), beside it is
-more like the wild swine of Europe and Japan, and is not nearly so
-dangerous as general reputation demands.
-
-The Kangaroos.--Seldom is there found in Nature a group of large-animal
-species whose members are so monotonously similar in general appearance
-as are the Kangaroos and Wallabies, of Australia. The great majority are
-either gray or gray-brown, and the only striking variation is found in
-the big Red Kangaroo, (_Macropus rufus_).
-
-
-                    THE WHITE MOUNTAIN GOAT, No. 48.
-
-Fortunate indeed is the zoological park or garden which can exhibit even
-one living specimen of the White Mountain Goat. It is a very difficult
-matter to take an animal from a rarified dry atmosphere, at an elevation
-of 8,000 feet, and induce it to live at sea level, in a dense and humid
-atmosphere, on food to which it is by nature wholly unaccustomed.
-
-We have been successful in establishing here, on a breeding basis this
-rare and difficult animal, (_Oreamnos montanus_). One kid was born in
-1908 and another in 1910, and both have thriven, the former now being so
-large as to look like an adult specimen.
-
-For some subtle reason which we can not explain, these animals--like the
-chamois and mouflon quartered in small pens near the Small-Mammal
-House--do not thrive in any of the large, rock-bound corrals of Mountain
-Sheep Hill. They are kept in a rock-paved corral near the Pheasant
-Aviary and the Crotona Entrance, and to their use has been devoted a
-rustic barn, which they shelter in or climb over, according to the
-weather. To see them walking nonchalantly over the steep roof, or
-perching upon its peak, is one of the drollest sights of the Park.
-
-The White Goat, sometimes mistakenly called "goat antelope," belongs to
-a small group known as the Rupicaprines or rock antelopes. It inhabits
-many different kinds of territory, but usually the rugged sides and
-summits of high mountains, at irregular intervals from southwestern
-Montana and northern Washington, northward to the head of Cook Inlet on
-the coast of Alaska. (See map of distribution, with label.) The valley
-of the upper Yukon contains practically no goats. They are most abundant
-in southeastern British Columbia, where in a very small area, in
-September, 1905, Mr. John M. Phillips and the writer actually counted
-239 individuals.
-
-Of the five animals now exhibited in the Park, three were captured a few
-days after their birth, in May, 1905, about seventy miles north of Fort
-Steele, British Columbia. They arrived here October 9, 1905, and up to
-this date they have thriven as well, and grown as rapidly, as they would
-have in a state of nature. Their food consists of the best clover hay
-obtainable, and crushed oats. When they shed their coats, in the spring,
-they are almost as white as snow, but with months of use, their pelage
-becomes soiled and slightly discolored.
-
-A fully adult male mountain goat stands from 39 to 41 inches in shoulder
-height, and weighs, _on scales_, from 258 to 300 pounds.
-
-
-                       THE PRONG-HORNED ANTELOPE.
-
-The Prong-Horned Antelope, (_Antilocapra americana_), is an animal in
-which Americans should now take special interest. Structurally, the
-Prong-Horn is so peculiar that it has been found necessary to create for
-it a special zoological family, called _Antilocapridae_, of which it is
-the sole member. This is due to the following facts: (1) This is the
-only living mammal possessing hollow horns (growing over a bony core)
-which sheds them annually; (2) it is the only animal possessing a hollow
-horn which bears a prong, or bifurcation; (3) it has no "dew claws," as
-other ruminant animals have; (4) the horn is placed directly above the
-eye; (5) the long hair of the body and neck is tubular; and (6) that on
-the rump is erectile. Beyond all possibility of doubt, it will be our
-next large species to become extinct, and if we may judge by the rate at
-which the bands have been disappearing during the last fifteen years,
-ten years more will, in all probability, witness the extermination of
-the last individuals now struggling to exist outside of rigidly
-protected areas. It was the intention of the Society to make liberal
-provision for the study of the species while it is yet possible to
-obtain living specimens, for fifty years hence our graceful and
-zoologically interesting Prong-Horn will be as extinct as the dodo.
-Unfortunately, however, it fares so badly on the Atlantic coast, there
-will, no doubt, be periods wherein this species will be temporarily
-absent from the Park.
-
-    [Illustration: AMERICAN PRONG HORNED ANTELOPE.]
-
-Forty years ago this animal inhabited practically the whole of the great
-pasture region which stretches eastward from the Rocky Mountains to the
-western borders of Iowa and Missouri. Northward its range extended far
-into Manitoba; southward it went far beyond the Rio Grande, and it also
-ranged southwestward through Colorado and Nevada to southern California.
-Its chosen home was the treeless plains, where the rich buffalo grass
-and bunch grass afforded abundant food, but it also frequented the
-beautiful mountain parks of Wyoming and Colorado. It even lived
-contentedly in the deserts of the southwest, where its voluntary
-presence, coupled with the absence of water, constituted a problem which
-has puzzled the brain of many a desert traveller.
-
-    [Illustration: BACTRIAN CAMEL.]
-
-To-day, all observers agree that in all regions wherein the antelope are
-not rigidly protected, they are going fast. Those in the Yellowstone
-Park are protected against man only to be devoured by the wolves which
-infest the Park.
-
-Unfortunately, the Prong-Horned Antelope is not a hardy animal. The kids
-are very difficult to rear; they are at all times easily hurt by
-accident, and even in a state of nature this species suffers more
-severely in winter than any other North American ruminant. Often the
-herds drift helplessly before the blizzards, with numerous deaths from
-freezing and starvation, and in spring the survivors come out thin and
-weak.
-
-
-                        THE CAMEL HOUSE, No. 39.
-
-Speaking in a collective sense, the Camel is much more than an ordinary
-animal unit in a zoological park. On the high plains of central and
-southwestern Asia, and throughout the arid regions of Africa, it is an
-institution. Without it, many portions of the Old World would be
-uninhabitable by man. Take either Dromedary or Bactrian Camel, and it is
-a sad-eyed, ungainly, slow-moving creature, full of plaints and
-objections; but remember that it goes so far back toward the foundations
-of man's dynasty, that beside it the oldest American history seems but a
-record of yesterday. It is only a species of the utmost tenacity which
-could for fifty centuries or more withstand constant use and abuse by
-man without being altered out of all resemblance to its original form.
-All races of mankind and all breeds of domestic animals save one, change
-and continue to change, indefinitely, but the Camels apparently go on
-the same, forever.
-
-    [Illustration: ALPACA.]
-
-The Bactrian Camel, (_Camelus bactrianus_), he of the long shaggy
-hair--_when not shedding_--and the two great humps, is the beast of
-heavy burden, the four-footed freight-car of the desert sands. He can
-carry 550 pounds of freight, for three or four days between drinks; but
-a swift pace is not for him. It is an animal of this remarkable species,
-from distant Turkestan, southwestern Asia, which daily in fine weather
-offers its services as a riding animal, at the stand near the Large
-Bird-House.
-
-It is unfortunate that the Bactrian Camel is in its finest pelage only
-in winter, when visitors to the Park are few, and camel-riding is out of
-the question. Promptly upon the approach of warm weather and a million
-visitors, it sheds its long, shaggy brown coat, and stands forth as if
-shorn by a shearer. Of this species, the Zoological Society possesses
-two fine specimens (the gift of Captain John S. Barnes), one of which
-will at all times be found regularly exhibited at the Camel House, close
-by the Crotona (southwest) Entrance.
-
-    [Illustration: VICUNIA.]
-
-The Dromedary, or Single-Humped Camel, (_Camelus dromedarius_), is a
-smaller animal than the preceding, of lighter build, and therefore
-capable of much more speed in travelling. This species never is clothed
-with long hair.
-
-Next to the Camel House and corrals is the installation for the nearest
-relatives of those species,--the Llamas, Guanacos and other cameloids of
-South America.
-
-
-                        THE LLAMA HOUSE, No. 38.
-
-_Collection of Cameloids was presented by Mr. Robert S. Brewster._
-
-The arid regions of South America are inhabited by four species of
-long-necked, long-haired, soft-footed animals, so closely related to the
-camels of the Old World that they are called _cameloids_. There are four
-species. The llama and alpaca are in a state of domestication, and are
-supposed to have been derived from the wild guanaco and vicunia. All of
-them might almost be described as small-sized, humpless camels; and
-their tempers and mental traits are as odd as their forms.
-
-The ordinary cameloid is a quiet and inoffensive creature; but the
-exception is a rogue of rogues. It will bite with the persistence of a
-bull-dog, and with its massive, chisel-like lower incisors inflicts ugly
-wounds. At times a llama or vicunia becomes actually insane, and seeks
-to destroy every living creature within its reach. Regardless of
-punishment, such creatures attack their keepers and their herd-mates,
-spit upon visitors, and rage up and down their corrals in most absurd
-fashion. Occasionally such individuals require to be completely
-isolated.
-
-The Llama, (_Lama glama_), is the largest and strongest member of the
-group. Its body is covered with a thick mass of long, wavy hair of fine
-texture, which may be either brown, white, white and brown, or almost
-black. The head and legs are short-haired like those of the guanaco.
-From time immemorial, this animal has been used as a beast of burden,
-and in the Andes has played an important part in the mineral industry by
-carrying silver ore and bullion from the mines.
-
-The Alpaca, (_Lama pacos_), is bred for its wool. It is smaller than the
-llama, but more abundantly haired on the legs, neck and head. Its fleece
-is long, and lies in stringy tufts. Usually its color is dark brown or
-black, but occasionally a white Alpaca is seen. A white specimen in the
-Zoological Park collection has blue eyes.
-
-The Guanaco, (_Lama guanacus_), is one of the most interesting and
-valuable wild animals now found in Patagonia. Unfortunately, it is so
-stupid and incapable that it is easily killed. The natives of Terra del
-Fuego, themselves almost the lowest and most ignorant of men, slaughter
-Guanacos for food by surrounding groups of them and clubbing them to
-death.
-
-In size the Guanaco is between the llama and vicunia, and its shoulder
-height is about 4 feet. Its hair is thick and woolly, of a pale reddish
-color, and there are naked patches on the legs. This species is found on
-the Andes, from Ecuador to Terra del Fuego, and appears to be most
-abundant in Patagonia.
-
-The Vicunia, (_Lama vicunia_), is the only member of the cameloid group
-which is not clothed with a mass of long hair. It is the smallest member
-of the group, comparatively short-haired, its color is a uniform light
-brown, its head is small, and there are no callosities on the hind legs.
-The Vicunia is found from southern Ecuador, through Peru to central
-Bolivia.
-
-
-                          NORTH AMERICAN DEER.
-             Elk, Mule Deer, White-Tail, Caribou and Moose.
-
-The American members of the Deer Family will be found in the ranges
-situated on the hill west of the Wild-Fowl Pond, stretching from the
-Llama House northward to the Service Road.
-
-After several years of experiments, we must admit that to all the
-American members of the Deer Family save the wapiti white-tailed and
-mule deer, the climate of New York City is decidedly inimical. This
-densely humid and extremely saline atmosphere is about as deadly to the
-black-tail, caribou and moose as it is to the Eskimo; and thus far we
-have found it an absolute impossibility to maintain satisfactory herds
-of those species in the ranges available for them. In great tracts of
-forests, some of them might become acclimatized; but, be that as it may,
-all experiments made thus far both here and in two of the great game
-preserves of New England, prove conclusively that black-tail deer, mule
-deer, caribou, moose, and also prong-horned antelope, are among the most
-difficult of all ruminants to acclimatize anywhere in the United States
-eastward of the great plains.
-
-Although the Zoological Society will continue its experiments with some
-of these preserve species, and will always strive to exhibit some of
-them, our original hopes regarding them have been abandoned. We are
-certain that the difficulty lies not in the food, but in climate
-conditions, that are beyond our control, and especially our very salty
-atmosphere.
-
-The American Elk, or Wapiti, (_Cervus canadensis._)--Of all the numerous
-members of the Deer Family, this animal is second in size to the moose
-only; and in the autumn, when its pelage is bright and luxuriant, its
-sides well rounded, its massive antlers clean and held conspicuously
-aloft, the elk may justly be called the king of the _Cervidae_. It is
-well that in the Yellowstone Park we have an unfailing supply of Elk,
-which bids fair to perpetuate this handsome species for another century.
-
-Our Elk Range might well stand for a mountain park, in which is set a
-natural lakelet of real value. In October, when the splendid groves of
-beech, oak, and maple along the eastern ridge put on all the glorious
-tints of autumn, and the big thicket of sumacs, ash, and haw on the
-northern hill fairly blaze with scarlet--then are the elk also at their
-best. There is no finer picture in animate nature than a herd of elk in
-October, with such a setting of greensward, tree-trunk, and foliage.
-
-    [Illustration: AMERICAN ELK.]
-
-    [Illustration: EUROPEAN RED DEER.]
-
-The maximum shoulder height of the Elk is 5 feet 4 inches, or
-thereabouts, and the heaviest weight noted thus far is 927 pounds.
-
-The calves are born from May to July, and are spotted during the first
-six months. During the first year the antlers are merely two straight
-spikes, called "dag antlers." As in all members of the Deer Family, the
-antlers are shed every year--which to many persons is almost beyond
-belief. Any person who visits a zoological garden in midsummer will see
-that the old antlers have dropped off bodily, just below the burr, and
-that new antlers, covered with hair, soft, full of blood, and with
-club-like "points," have sprung up like mushrooms in place of the old
-ones. In supplying the great drain on the system necessary to support
-this remarkable growth, the Elk grows thin, and the fear of hurting his
-tender young antlers makes him quite timid and inoffensive. He is no
-longer the tyrant of the herd, and a constant menace to his keepers.
-
-At this point it is not amiss to call attention to the differences
-between _horns_ and _antlers_.
-
-A _horn_ is a hollow sheath, growing over a bony core, and except in the
-case of the prong-horned antelope, is never shed. Horns are worn by both
-sexes of all bison, buffaloes, cattle, antelope, sheep, and goats.
-
-An _antler_ is of solid bone throughout, growing from the skull; it is
-shed every year close to the skull, and quickly renewed. Usually antlers
-have several branches. They are worn by nearly all male members of the
-Deer Family--moose, elk, caribou, deer, etc., and also by the female
-caribou. The prongs on an antler are no index of the wearer's age. Some
-of the finest and most massive elk antlers have only twelve or fourteen
-points. During August and September the hairy covering, or "velvet," of
-new antlers is rubbed off against trees and bushes. This period is
-quickly followed by the mating season, during which the neck of the bull
-becomes unusually large, and often the animal becomes dangerous.
-
-Although the Elk is essentially a timber-loving animal, it also wandered
-far into the plains bordering the Rocky Mountains on the east--until
-driven from them by man. The ideal home of this animal is the timbered
-foothills of our western mountains, up to 8,000 feet. Although once
-found from Virginia and New York to Oregon, and from northern Manitoba
-to the Gulf of Mexico, it is now numerous only in and adjacent to the
-Yellowstone Park, in central Colorado, where it is well protected, and
-in western Manitoba. The number of Elk in the National Park is variously
-estimated at from 10,000 head to a much larger number.
-
-In a wild state, the Elk feeds on grasses, weeds, and the leaves and
-twigs of various trees and shrubs. Of all American deer, it is the most
-easy to acclimate and breed in captivity. Large herds are now being
-maintained and bred in numerous private game preserves in New Hampshire,
-New York, Minnesota, Massachusetts, and elsewhere. About 200 head have
-been released in the Adirondacks.
-
-The Mule Deer, (_Odocoileus hemionus._)--This fine animal is universally
-known throughout the Rocky Mountain region, which constitutes its home,
-as the "Black-Tailed Deer." Because of its very large ears, _and the
-absence of a black tail_, it is known to naturalists as the Mule Deer.
-Inasmuch as its tail is not black, the above more common name properly
-applies to _Odocoileus columbianus_, the true black-tailed deer of the
-Pacific coast. In Manitoba this animal is called the "Jumping Deer,"
-because when running at a gallop, it makes a series of stiff-legged
-jumps, or "bucks," of great length.
-
-The weight of full-grown bucks ranges from 250 to 300 pounds, and
-specimens have been known to reach 325 pounds. The antlers of the Mule
-Deer are larger and handsomer than those of the white-tailed deer, and
-are much better poised on the head. Instead of dropping forward, they
-partake more of the set of an elk's antlers, and many a "tenderfoot"
-hunter has mistaken a heavily-antlered Mule Deer for an elk. The antlers
-of a Mule Deer are easily distinguished from those of the white-tailed
-species by the two Y-shaped prongs on each antler. It will be remembered
-that instead of these, the white-tailed deer antler bears three
-straight, perpendicular spikes.
-
-The Mule Deer makes its home in rugged ravines and bad lands so common
-along the creeks and rivers of the Rocky Mountain region, extending well
-eastward into the plains. Of late years it has been driven out of the
-most accessible of its former haunts, and forced to take shelter in the
-rugged fastnesses of the foothills and mountains. West of the Rocky
-Mountains it was formerly found along the whole Pacific slope, from Cape
-St. Lucas to British Columbia, although in northern California it is
-almost replaced by the Columbian Black-Tail, (_O. columbianus_).
-
-    DEVELOPMENT OF THE ANTLERS OF A MALE DEER.
-
-These pictures show the stages of growth of the antlers from the time
-the old ones are dropped, to the full development. Number 1 shows the
-bull with the one antler gone--picture made early in March. Number 6
-shows the full grown antlers, with the velvet hanging in strips. Number
-6 was made August 24 of the same year as Number 1. This remarkable
-antler development takes place every year in the life of all male deer.
-
-    [Illustration: 1.]
-
-    [Illustration: 2.]
-
-    [Illustration: 3.]
-
-    [Illustration: 4.]
-
-    [Illustration: 5.]
-
-    [Illustration: 6.]
-
-The White-Tailed Deer, (_Odocoileus virginianus_), is the species most
-widely known throughout the United States, partly by reason of the fact
-that it was the first species with which the early settlers of America
-became acquainted, partly because of its wide distribution, and also its
-persistence in holding its own. In various localities this animal is
-known under various names, such as "White-Tailed Deer," "Flag-Tailed
-Deer," and "Fan-Tailed Deer." Although not at all in need of it, quite
-recently it has received still another name--American Deer. The small
-deer of Florida, and also of New Mexico and the Southwest, have been
-described as separate forms; and if size is to be accepted as a factor
-in the differentiation of species, the diminutive proportions of the
-proposed southern species are quite sufficient to establish their
-separate identity.
-
-The White-Tailed deer of Virginia and the northern United States is a
-fine animal--large, strong-limbed, heavily-antlered, and hardy. Between
-it and the deer of Florida the difference is as great as that between a
-setter dog and a mastiff. Thanks to the fact that this species is a born
-skulker and lives only in thick brush and timber, it still holds its own
-throughout the forest regions of the South generally, Pennsylvania, the
-Adirondacks, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota, the Dakotas, Montana, and
-Colorado. In the West it is often found inhabiting brushy ravines and
-river bottoms.
-
-This species breeds readily in confinement, and when protected in any
-large tract of brush or timber, increases rapidly. During the months of
-September, October, and November, the bucks are dangerous and
-untrustworthy. The peculiar formation of the antlers--three strong,
-spear-like points thrust straight upward from the beam--makes them
-dangerous weapons; and when an ill-tempered buck lowers his chin and
-drives straight forward with eight sharp spears of solid bone, and
-nearly three hundred pounds of weight to back them, he may well be
-considered a dangerous animal. He is to be feared less than the elk only
-because he is smaller.
-
-The Woodland Caribou, (_Rangifer caribou_).--The first hoofed animal to
-arrive at the Zoological Park was a young female of this species, which
-was procured in Champlain County, Canada, and forwarded to the Society
-by one of our members, Mr. George S. Huntington. These animals, when
-present in the Park, will be kept in a small enclosure, because a large
-range containing an abundance of green grass is fatal to them.
-
-The wild range of the Woodland Caribou extends from Newfoundland, Nova
-Scotia, and Maine, with many wide gaps, to the head waters of the Yukon
-River, in southern Alaska. The following localities are worthy of
-special mention: northern Quebec and Ontario; James Bay; the northern
-end of Lake Winnipeg (occasionally); Lake of Woods, Minnesota; Oregon
-near Mount Hood; northern Idaho; northwestern Montana, and the mountains
-of British Columbia.
-
-Quite recently, three new species of caribou have been added to our
-fauna, one from the Alaskan Peninsula (_Rangifer granti_), one from the
-Kenai Peninsula (_Rangifer stonei_), and one from the Cassiar Mountains
-(_Rangifer osborni_).
-
-The Woodland Caribou attains nearly twice the bodily bulk of its more
-northern congener, the Barren-Ground caribou. In a state of nature it
-lives on browse, reindeer moss, tree moss, and lichens, and it loves
-ice-covered lakes and ponds as much as any boy. Its loose-jointed and
-wide spreading hoofs and enormously developed "dew-claws" have been
-specially designed by Nature to enable this animal to run freely, as if
-on snow-shoes, over snow or bogs, which to any small-hoofed deer would
-be quite impassable.
-
-The female Woodland Caribou is provided with small antlers, which, like
-those of the male, are shed and renewed annually.
-
-In the absence of caribou in the Park, visitors are advised to look for
-specimens of the Lapland Reindeer, (_Rangifer tarandus_), for we shall
-endeavor to keep this genus represented.
-
-
-                       THE ZEBRA HOUSES, No. 14.
-
-Although the main building of this installation has not yet been
-erected, the plan for the various buildings and corrals has been
-approved, and the main building was begun in 1911 and completed in 1912.
-The three buildings, and the extensive corrals connecting with them, as
-a whole, do justice to the important and picturesque Family _Equidae_,
-which includes all the zebras, wild asses and wild horses of the world.
-
-    [Illustration: GRANT ZEBRA.]
-
-The Prjevalsky Horses, (_Equus prjevalskii_).--Of all the wild equines
-which either now or hereafter may be seen in the Zoological Park, the
-strange little wild horses from western Mongolia are, and probably will
-remain, the most interesting, from a zoological point of view. Broadly
-speaking, they are the connecting link between the many-striped zebras,
-the little-striped quaggas and the wild asses on one side, and the
-domestic, unstriped horse on the other. These wild horses possess a
-narrow, dark dorsal stripe, which, in the winter pelage is scarcely
-visible, but in summer is plainly evident. A perfect specimen has an
-erect mane, no long forelock and no "chestnuts" on its legs. On the
-upper half of its tail the hair is short, and mule-like, but on the
-lower, or terminal half, it is long and horse-like. The winter coat of
-this animal is very long and shaggy.
-
-Mountain Zebra, (_Equus zebra_).--This species has been nearly
-exterminated by man, and is rarely seen in captivity. It inhabits the
-mountains of Cape Colony, and it is estimated that only 400 individuals
-remain, which now are carefully protected.
-
-    [Illustration: PRJEVALSKY HORSES.]
-
-Grevy Zebra, (_Equus grevyi_).--This picturesque species was discovered
-in Abyssinia, when Jules Grevy was president of France, and it was named
-in his honor. It is of large size, covered with very narrow stripes all
-over its body, head and limbs, and its huge ears are of remarkable form.
-This species is limited to southern Abyssinia and British East Africa
-southward to the Tana River.
-
-Grant Zebra, (_Equus burchelli granti_).--Of all the zebras now seen in
-captivity, the great majority belong to what very properly may be
-designated as the group of Burchell Zebras. This group contains, besides
-the type species, which has practically no stripes on its legs, four
-subspecies, whose legs are more or less striped, and which may or may
-not possess "shadow stripes" on the hind-quarters. A "shadow stripe" is
-a faint, dark stripe in the middle of a wide white or pale yellow stripe
-which lies between two broad black stripes.
-
-Grant Zebra is the most heavily striped of the subspecies composing the
-Burchell group. The visitor will observe that its horizontal leg-stripes
-are very pronounced, and so numerous that they are carried quite down to
-the hoofs. The ground-color of the animal is a cold white, and the thigh
-and body stripes are very wide and intense. This fine pair was captured
-in Masailand, East Africa, in 1902.
-
-Chapman Zebra, (_Equus burchelli chapmani_), also belongs to the
-Burchell group, and in its color pattern it approaches quite nearly to
-the type. The legs of the male bear a few stripes, those of the female
-almost none. There are visible on the hind-quarters of the female a few
-faint shadow-stripes.
-
-The Persian Wild Ass, (_Equus persicus_), is a very satisfactory
-representative of the wild asses generally. Its dorsal-stripe is very
-wide and sharply defined, but it bears no shoulder-stripe, and those
-that are faintly indicated on its legs are nothing more than oblong
-blotches of dark color. As its name implies, it inhabits Persia, and
-Syria, and a closely related form, the Onager, (_E. onager_), is found
-in Beluchistan and western India. A third species, the Kiang (_E.
-hemionus_), is found on the plains of Tibet.
-
-
-                THE ASIATIC AND EUROPEAN DEER, Nos. 1-3.
-
-In representatives of the deer, (Family _Cervidae_), Asia far surpasses
-all other countries. Her species number about 38,--fully double that of
-any other continental area,--and from the great Altai wapiti to the tiny
-musk deer, the variations in size and form are fairly bewildering. The
-entire hill that rises between the Fordham Entrance and Bird Valley,
-from Cope Lake to the Zebra Houses, is devoted to the series of houses,
-corrals and ranges that are occupied by the deer of Asia and Europe.
-
-It is quite certain that a number of desirable species of Asiatic deer
-can successfully be acclimatized in the parks and game preserves of
-America, and induced to breed. Almost without an exception they are
-strong and vigorous feeders, and they keep fat and sleek when our own
-black-tail, mule deer and white-tail mince like pampered epicures, grow
-thinner and thinner, and finally die of "malnutrition."
-
-Believing that the members of the group amply justify the effort, the
-Zoological Society has been at considerable pains to bring together a
-fine, representative collection of the Old World _Cervidae_ and properly
-install its members. Although the series proposed is not quite complete,
-it contains such rarities as the Altai Wapiti, Barasingha, Burmese
-Thameng, Malay and Indian Sambar, and several others. They are sheltered
-by four houses, the largest of which crowns the summit of the hill on
-the right of Osborn Walk as the visitor enters from Fordham. For the
-visitors' convenience we will make note of the various species about in
-the order of their appearance, and not in zoological sequence.
-
-The Axis Deer, (_Axis axis_), is the handsomest of all the tropical
-deer. Indeed, it may even be said to be the only species of the tropics
-possessing both form and pelage which are alike pleasing to the eye. In
-contrast with the many beautiful and splendidly colored antelopes of
-Africa, the deer of the tropics, all round the world, are poorly
-provided with those characters which make a handsome animal. With the
-sole exception of the Axis Deer, nearly all the other deer of the East
-Indies have thin, coarse, dull-colored hair, their antlers are small,
-and seldom have more than four points. This is equally true of the deer
-of Mexico, Central and South America. Even our own white-tailed deer, so
-lusty and fine in the North, becomes in Florida and Texas so dwarfed
-that it has now been called a subspecies.
-
-Considering the severe plainness of all the other deer in the tropics,
-it is a little strange that the coat of the Axis should be the most
-beautiful possessed by any deer. But it is quite true; and apart from
-the majesty of the elk, there is no more beautiful sight in cervine life
-than the picture offered by a herd of Axis Deer feeding in a sunlit
-glade surrounded by forest.
-
-This species adapts itself to out-door life in the temperate zone with
-surprising readiness, not even second in that respect to the eland. As a
-matter of course the Axis can not withstand the fierce blizzards of
-midwinter as do the elk and other northern deer; but a reasonable degree
-of care in providing it with a dry barn, and shelter from cold winds,
-enables it to live even as far north as northern Germany with perfect
-comfort. In winter our Axis Deer barn is moderately heated by a stove.
-
-The Japanese Sika Deer, (_Cervus sika typicus_), is a small
-representative of a large group of deer species inhabiting far-eastern
-Asia, and known as the Sika Deer group. A ridiculous number of forms
-have been described as species and subspecies, of which possibly
-one-third are entitled to stand. Some of those on the Asian mainland, as
-the Pekin Sika Deer, are much larger than the Japanese Sika, and also
-more strikingly colored. The latter species, shown in our northernmost
-corral, is about 33 inches in height, and of a dull and uninteresting
-smoky-brown color. Its antlers are quite large for a deer so small, and
-in the mating season males are sometimes dangerous. This species is very
-hardy, breeds persistently, requires no heat in winter, and very rarely
-sends a case to the hospital.
-
-    [Illustration: AXIS DEER.]
-
-The Fallow Deer, (_Dama vulgaris_), is the type of a distinct group of
-deer which are distinguished by the possession of antlers widely
-palmated throughout the upper half of the beam. In some old Fallow bucks
-the antlers are quite moose-like, and give this small deer an imposing
-appearance far out of proportion to its actual size. The weight of a
-large buck in prime condition generally is between 180 and 200 pounds,
-and its shoulder height is between 36 and 40 inches. The largest antlers
-recorded by Mr. J. G. Millais, in his beautiful work on "The British
-Deer," measured 29-1/2 inches in length, 28-1/2 inches spread, width of
-palmation 8 inches, and the number of points 14. The extinct Irish elk,
-with the most colossal antlers ever carried by a cervine animal, was a
-near relative of the two living species of Fallow Deer.
-
-Although a native of northern Africa and the north shore of the
-Mediterranean, the Fallow Deer was acclimatized in England and northern
-Europe so long ago that the exact date records of the event have
-disappeared, and the species is now at home in very many European
-forests and game preserves. The deer parks in England possess many fine
-herds, but they sometimes exhibit one unfortunate result of long
-breeding in a semi-domesticated state--departure from the original type.
-
-The typical Fallow Deer is in winter very dark brown, with light brown
-legs and under parts, and in summer light red with white spots--quite
-like the axis. From this standard, the variations run from pure white
-through the color of the wild type to jet black.
-
-The fine herd in the Zoological Park is the gift of Mr. William
-Rockefeller. Six of its original members came from the donor's herd at
-Greenwich, Connecticut, and six were purchased from one of the imperial
-parks of Russia, by consent of the Czar, and represent the most hardy
-stock obtainable.
-
-    [Illustration: BURMESE DEER.]
-
-The Burmese, or Eld Deer, (_Cervus eldi_), also known as the Brow-Antler
-Deer, is one of the rarest species to be seen in captivity. Living
-specimens are acquired only through special expeditions to northern
-Burma. Its most characteristic feature is the antlers of the male, which
-sends forward a very long and almost straight brow tine, while the main
-beam sweeps backward in the opposite direction, and describes a full
-semicircle. The antlers are both very heavy and long for the size of the
-animal. The specimens shown here, which are breeding satisfactorily, are
-the gift of Mr. William Rockefeller.
-
-The Barasingha Deer, (_Cervus duvauceli_), also called the Swamp Deer,
-is to India what the mule deer is to North America. To my mind, the
-antlers of the former always suggests the latter species, and in size
-the two species are much alike. In summer the coat of the Barasingha is
-of a beautiful golden-yellow color, conspicuous from afar, and the
-antlers of old males reach a length of from 35 to 41 inches, with three
-bifurcations on each beam. The antlers sometimes are shed and renewed
-twice in twelve months. With us this species breeds very regularly, and
-the offspring mature well.
-
-The Altai Wapiti, (_Cervus canadensis asiaticus_), is, in all
-probability, the parent stock of our American elk, but it happens to be
-a fact that our species was the first to be discovered by systematic
-zoologists, and described. To all visitors who are interested in deer,
-the Altai Wapiti--and also the Tashkent Wapiti--are a constant source of
-wonder, because of their well-nigh perfect similarity in all points to
-our own wapiti, or American elk. Our Asiatic wapiti are exhibited in
-ranges connecting with the western rooms of the Asiatic Deer House,
-where they have bred twice, and produced two fine fawns. In the rutting
-season the males are very cross and dangerous. They are hardy, and
-require no heat in winter.
-
-The Indian Sambar, (_Cervus unicolor_), always suggests a tropical
-understudy of the Altai wapiti, clad with thin, coarse, bristly hair,
-and with shorter and smaller antlers, and a bristly mane all over the
-neck. Each antler possesses three points, only. Of all the Old World
-_Cervidae_, this species most nearly approaches the size of the Altai
-and Tashkent wapiti. It inhabits the hill forests of India, and in
-Burma, Siam and farther south it is replaced by the next species.
-
-The Malay Sambar, (_Cervus equinus_), also called--most
-inappropriately--the "Horse-Tailed Deer," very strongly resembles the
-preceding species, except that the bristly mane of the former is
-generally absent. The antlers of this species are shorter, also, but
-very thick in proportion to their length. The Malay Sambar is confined
-to the Malay Peninsula and the countries immediately above, and Borneo
-and Sumatra.
-
-This species possesses many admirable qualities, and it might be
-introduced to advantage in our southern states. It is very even-tempered
-and sensible, easily handled, is a vigorous feeder, breeds persistently,
-and matures very rapidly; but in every New York winter, it requires some
-heat in its barn.
-
-The Maral Deer, (_Cervus maral_), is in appearance like an extra large
-red deer or a small elk. It is a midway member of the Wapiti group,
-which extends in a somewhat broken chain from Colorado, northward across
-Bering Strait to Asia, and thence across Asia and Europe to Scotland. We
-have owned a fine pair of Maral Deer, from the Caucasus district, but
-they have failed to breed as expected.
-
-The European Red Deer, (_Cervus elaphus_), is an understudy of the
-American elk, which it much resembles in form and in habits. Next to the
-elk it is the finest living deer, and for many generations has held its
-own against the dangers of in-breeding. In the parks and forest
-preserves of Great Britain and Europe, it exists abundantly, but only as
-private property, subject to the guns of the owner and his friends. This
-species has been successfully crossed with the American elk.
-
-Other Asiatic Deer will be found in the Small-Deer House, in the
-southern end of the Park.
-
-
-                        THE LION HOUSE, No. 15.
-
-As a spectacle of captive animal life, there is none more inspiring than
-a spacious, well-lighted and finely-appointed lion house, filled with a
-collection of the world's greatest and handsomest wild beasts. To build
-an ideal lion house, and to fill it with a first-class collection of
-large felines, are matters involving no little time and much money; but
-the sight,--for the millions of visitors,--of lions, tigers, jaguars,
-pumas, leopards, cheetahs, black leopards, snow leopards and clouded
-leopards, all under one roof, surely is worth what it costs.
-
-The Lion House of the Zoological Park was completed, excepting a few
-minor details, early in the year 1903, and was formally opened to the
-public in February. It is 244 feet long, 115 feet wide, including the
-outdoor cages, and its cost when completed reached $150,000. The
-materials of the building are the same kind as those used in the Reptile
-House and Primate House, but the animal sculptures, all by Mr. Eli
-Harvey, are more abundant and conspicuous than on any other structure
-erected heretofore. The building contains 13 indoor cages, and 9 outdoor
-cages, and between the two there is free communication. The sizes of the
-various cages are as follows:
-
-Interior cages: Largest, 14 feet wide, 22 feet deep; smallest, 13 feet
-wide, 14 feet high.
-
-Exterior cages: two end cages, 40x44 feet, 17 feet high; central cage,
-40 feet square, 14 feet high; smallest, 13 feet wide, 12 feet deep, 13
-feet high.
-
-    [Illustration: JAGUAR.]
-
-Excepting for the single fact of having interior and exterior cages, the
-Lion House of the Zoological Park is--like the Primate House--an
-entirely original development. Its most important new features are as
-follows:
-
-All cage service, the introducing and withdrawal of animals, is
-conducted from the rear, by means of a track underneath the sleeping
-dens, and an elevating platform car.
-
-The communication between indoor and outdoor cages is direct and
-continuous.
-
-Instead of upright iron bars, all the cage fronts are of hard-steel wire
-netting, in rectangular pattern, attached to wrought iron frames. This
-is considered by the Zoological Society a great improvement upon the
-heavy bar-work hitherto in universal use for cage fronts in lion houses.
-
-    [Illustration: CHEETAH.]
-
-The space above the sleeping dens has been developed as a sunlit
-balcony, whereon the animals will be very conspicuous, even to large
-crowds of visitors.
-
-Jungle-green tiling, impervious to moisture and dirt, is used as a
-back-ground for the animals.
-
-The Lion is an animal of perpetual interest, but like every other
-noteworthy wild animal, its haunts are constantly being claimed by
-civilization, and its members are rapidly decreasing. It is not a
-difficult matter to exterminate or drive out from a given territory any
-large and conspicuous quadruped, and at the present rate of settlement
-and industrial development in Africa, it may easily come to pass that by
-the end of the present century, the king of beasts will be without a
-home, outside of zoological collections.
-
-Like everything great, the Lion has his share of critics and detractors.
-A few writers have asserted that because he does not stalk through his
-native forests with head proudly erect, like a drum-major on parade, he
-is mean-spirited and cowardly. But the beast of noble countenance
-believes in the survival of the fittest, and both by inheritance and
-observation he knows that a lion who needlessly exposes himself in the
-field captures the smallest amount of game, and attracts the greatest
-number of steel-tipped bullets.
-
-    [Illustration: BARBARY LION.]
-
-Although Lions vary greatly in their color, and in the length of the
-mane, it is conceded by naturalists that only one species exists. In the
-same district and under precisely similar conditions are found
-short-maned and long-maned individuals, and all shades of color from
-tawny yellow to dark brown. The present geographic range of the species
-is from Southern Rhodesia to Persia and northwestern India, but in
-northern Egypt there is a large extent of territory which is lionless.
-
-By reason of his heavy mane and massive countenance, supported by the
-grandest roar that issues from throat of beast, the Lion appears to be a
-larger animal than he really is. It is yet an unsettled question whether
-it exceeds the tiger in length, height or weight, and it is certainly
-true that in point of size these two species are very evenly matched.
-
-In captivity, the Lion is reasonably contented, and under good
-conditions breeds readily, and lives a goodly number of years.
-
-The Siberian Tiger.--Strange to say, the tiger ranges far to the
-northward of its proper home in Hindustan, even to Corea, Manchuria and
-Russian Siberia. In those cold regions the tiger grows to its greatest
-size, and is clothed with a dense coat of long and shaggy hair. In
-collections, the great northern tigers are the most highly prized. The
-Zoological Park has recently acquired from East Siberia two fine young
-specimens, born early in 1909, and all the year round they inhabit the
-great northern outdoor cage attached to the Lion House. It is a strange
-sight to see tigers living outdoors in winter in New York.
-
-    [Illustration: SNOW LEOPARD.]
-
-The Tiger will be found upon the earth long after the lion has
-disappeared. He is a far better hider, a more skillful hunter, less
-given to taking foolish risks, and he does not advertise his presence
-and invite his enemies by the bombastic roaring in which the lion
-delights to indulge. The Tiger is an animal of serious mind, and he
-attends strictly to business. A lion will stalk out into the open, in
-broad day, but the Tiger sticks closely to cover until the friendly
-darkness renders it safe to roam abroad.
-
-Despite the density of the population of India, and the omnipresence of
-sahibs with rifles of large caliber, the Tiger still inhabits all India
-from Cape Comorin to the Himalayas, the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Burma,
-Siam, and certain portions of China up to the region of snows. Corean
-and Siberian Tigers are much sought after by zoological gardens, partly
-on account of their size, and also because they are so hardy they are
-able to live out doors all winter in the temperate zone. The Tiger is
-not found in Africa, nor in any country westward of India.
-
-The maximum length attained by this animal, head, body and tail, is 10
-feet 2 inches. A very large specimen killed by Dr. Hornaday measured 9
-feet 8-1/2 inches in length, stood 3 feet 7 inches high at the
-shoulders, and weighed, on the scales, 495 pounds. In India, Tigers are
-classed according to their habits, as "game-killers," "cattle-lifters,"
-or "man-eaters." Fortunately, in comparison with the total number of
-these animals, the latter are few and far between.
-
-Of yellow-coated felines, The Jaguar, (_Felis onca_), is next in size to
-the tiger. In South America, it is almost universally called "El Tigre"
-(pronounced Te'-gre), which is Spanish for tiger. Comparatively few
-Americans are aware that this superb animal belongs in the fauna of the
-United States, but such is the fact. The northern limit of its
-distribution is found in southern Texas, where it still exists in small
-numbers. In South America it extends to Patagonia.
-
-The Jaguar is a stocky, heavily-built animal, with a massive head and
-powerful forearm. It is a good climber, and many wonderful stories of
-its strength have been told and printed. Among leopards of all kinds it
-can always be identified by the great size of the black rosettes on its
-body, as well as by its heavy build.
-
-The splendid male specimen, named "Senor Lopez," in honor of a former
-President of Paraguay, was the first to arrive for the new Lion House.
-It was captured in August, 1901, in the wilds of central Paraguay,
-expressly for us, through the efforts of Mr. William Mill Butler, of
-Philadelphia, and by him presented to the Zoological Park. After a long
-journey in small river craft, in a flimsy wooden cage that several times
-came near collapsing, the animal reached Asuncion, was taken to
-Liverpool by Mr. Butler, and finally reached New York.
-
-The Leopard, (_Felis pardus_), is fourth in size from the lion, and is
-distinguished from the jaguar by smaller spots and less powerful form.
-It inhabits both Asia and Africa, from Japan to Cape Colony. While the
-species is regarded as the same throughout that vast extent of
-territory, it is undoubtedly true that the Leopards of Africa have
-smaller spots and more intense coloring than those of Asia. The maximum
-size for this species is a total length of 8 feet, which is attained
-only by a very large animal, with a long tail.
-
-Naturally, the Leopard preys upon smaller animals than those most sought
-by the lion and tiger. It prefers small antelopes, and young animals
-generally, goats and sheep. When pursued, it is very skilful in hiding,
-and will shelter in brushy cover until fairly beaten out.
-
-The Black Leopard is the most ill-tempered of all feline
-animals--perpetually snarling and growling, and seeking to do some one
-an injury. Naturalists regard it as of the same species as the common
-leopard, (_Felis pardus_), despite the fact that it is found only in
-southeastern Asia, and both in appearance and disposition is totally
-different from the typical _pardus_. With but few exceptions, the
-world's supply of Black Leopards comes from Singapore.
-
-The Cheetah, or Hunting Leopard, (_Cynaelurus jubatus_), is marked by
-its long legs, slender body, small head, small spots, and claws that are
-only partially retractile. Its structure suggests that of the dogs. It
-is distributed very irregularly through portions of Africa and southern
-Asia, and is by no means a common animal like the leopard and tiger.
-
-In central India, this animal is trained to hunt the sasin antelope, a
-form of sport indulged in chiefly by native rajahs. The Cheetah takes
-kindly to captivity, and permits handling to an extent quite unknown
-with other large felines. Its keepers place the animal upon an open
-cart, blindfold it, and then drive to within 200 yards of a herd of
-antelope. At the point of nearest possible approach, the hood is
-removed, and the animal is set free. Leaping to the ground, the Cheetah
-stalks the herd of antelope as closely as possible, then makes a sudden
-rush forward, and endeavors to seize a victim. If successful, the animal
-is pulled down and killed. If not, the Cheetah sullenly retires, and
-again places itself in the hands of its friends.
-
-The Snow Leopard, or Ounce, (_Felis uncia_), is the rarest, and also one
-of the most beautiful of all the large felines. It inhabits the high
-plateau of central Asia from the Himalayas to the Altai Mountains of
-Mongolia, above 9,000 feet. It is the neighbor of the Marco Polo sheep,
-the giant-horned argali, and the Siberian ibex. In its home country,
-this creature is sufficiently numerous that 2,000 tanned skins sometimes
-reach Shanghai in a single year, but owing to its great distance from
-railways and sea, not more than fifteen or twenty specimens have reached
-the zoological gardens of Europe and America. Some individuals are
-good-natured and playful, but others are morose.
-
-The Puma, or Mountain Lion, (_Felis concolor_), is the most widely-known
-feline in North America. At present it is at home in Florida, Montana,
-Wyoming, Colorado, Texas, and all the states westward thereof. Southward
-it inhabits Mexico and Central America, and ranges through South America
-quite down to southern Patagonia. It attains its maximum size (8 feet in
-length, weight 225 pounds) in Colorado, where it appears to be more
-numerous than in any other state. In Routt County it is hunted very
-successfully with dogs. When pursued, it is compelled to take refuge in
-a low tree, in which it can be photographed or shot without danger.
-
-Despite the numerous thrilling stories that have been written and
-published about the dangerous doings of this animal, it is by no means
-really dangerous to man. No Puma holding an option on a safe line of
-retreat ever stops to fight a man.
-
-The Puma was formed for agility rather than strength. It swims well, and
-it is the most agile climber of all the large felines. The head of this
-animal is particularly beautiful, and its temper in captivity is
-entirely satisfactory. The first specimen of this species to enter the
-Zoological Park came from Peru, as a gift from Mr. Joseph P. Grace, and
-during the years 1901 and 1902 it lived out doors, constantly, in the
-Puma House (No. 33A), where its health was excellent.
-
-
-                         THE SEA-LIONS, No. 12.
-
-Of all animals which find permanent homes in zoological gardens and
-parks, very few afford the public more constant entertainment than
-Sea-Lions. They are delightfully active, and in one way or
-another--diving, swimming, climbing or hopping about--are nearly always
-"showing off." No one within a quarter of a mile of their pool need
-inquire where they are, for their loud and cheerful "Hook! hook! hook,"
-is heard far and wide, and draws visitors like a magnet.
-
-The Sea-Lion Pool is situated about in the center of Baird Court.
-
-The California Sea-Lion, or "Barking Sea-Lion," (_Zalophus
-californianus_), is the species most easily caught alive, and the one
-usually seen in captivity. Its home is the coast of California, but it
-is said to enter the Sacramento River and travel upward for a
-considerable distance in pursuit of spawning salmon. Comparatively few
-Sea-Lions are now found on the mainland coast of California. On the
-United States Light-House reservations their slaughter is prohibited by
-the Light-House Board.
-
-The California Sea-Lion is very similar in size, and, leaving the old
-males out of consideration, it is almost the exact counterpart in form
-of that apple of perpetual international discord--the Alaskan "fur
-seal." The unfortunate fact that the latter animal has become known as a
-"seal," has caused much confusion in people's minds regarding the
-classification of pinnipeds (fin-footed animals) generally. For this
-reason, it is proper to observe at this point that:
-
-_Sea-Lions_ have flat, triangular, naked front flippers, without claws;
-they have long necks, and carry their heads high. There are nine
-species, of which the so-called "fur seal" is one.
-
-_Seals_ always have short and stubby front flippers, which are covered
-with hair, and provided with claws. In most species the hair is coarse
-and valueless. The seal has a very short neck and by reason of the
-weakness of its front flippers, it is not nearly so active nor so
-interesting as the sea-lion.
-
-    [Illustration: ATLANTIC WALRUS.]
-
-The Atlantic Walrus inhabits the arctic regions between America and
-Europe, and it is estimated that not more than ten specimens ever have
-been exhibited in captivity. Because of their unusual feeding habits,
-Walruses are very difficult to keep alive. Their standard food is clams;
-and frequently clams are very difficult to obtain. The Atlantic Walrus
-grows to great size, probably exceeding 4,000 pounds in weight. The
-specimen exhibited in the rocky pool near the Reptile House was
-presented by Mr. Paul J. Rainey, in 1911, and has thriven continuously
-ever since its arrival. It was captured in Kane Basin, north of Baffin's
-Bay.
-
-The Harbor Seal, (_Phoca vitulina_), is the species common along our
-Atlantic coast, and since it serves so well as a type of hair seals, or
-true seals, it will occasionally be shown in the Park. In comparison
-with the active and vivacious sea-lion, it is a tame and rather
-uninteresting creature; but neither has any commercial value, save for
-the purposes of exhibition when alive.
-
-
-                       THE PRIMATE HOUSE, No. 17.
-
-The Primates are the four-handed animals belonging to the zoological
-order called by that name, which includes man, the anthropoid apes both
-great and small, the baboons, monkeys and lemurs. The word "monkey" is
-by no means sufficiently comprehensive to embrace all these forms. Were
-it otherwise, this building would be called, officially, the Monkey
-House.
-
-The Primates include the creatures which stand nearest to man in the
-zoological scale, and in interest to all classes of humanity they stand
-above all others. There is no intelligent person, civilized or savage,
-to whom the humanlikeness of apes and monkeys does not appeal. On the
-other hand, some of the baboons are in feature and temper so thoroughly
-beast-like, their diabolism is almost as fascinating as the man-like
-character of the great apes. The variety of forms in the Order Primates,
-and the wide differences between the various groups, imperatively
-demand, for the proper representation of this Order, a large collection.
-
-The Primate House was erected in 1901, at a cost of $65,000, and opened
-to the public on December 22d, of that year. It is 162 feet in length,
-74 feet in width, contains 16 large interior cages, 22 small cages, and
-11 exterior cages, two of which are of great size. The points of special
-excellence in this building are as follows: An abundance of room for the
-animals, an abundance of sunlight, perfect ventilation, an extensive
-series of open-air cages, freedom of communication between outside and
-inside cages, floors and walls impervious to moisture and disease germs,
-and the absence of iron bars from all cages save three.
-
-During the months of mild weather, all the inmates of the large interior
-cages occupy, at will, corresponding cages in the outdoor series. It is
-also intended that certain hardy species of baboons, and the red-faced
-monkey of Japan, shall be provided with comfortable sleeping quarters
-and live outdoors, every winter. It is believed that they can do this,
-not only with comfort, but with great physical benefit.
-
-For general convenience, and the promotion of a universal understanding
-of the primates, we propose to set them forth in four groups, a
-subdivision strictly according to Nature, readily comprehended, and
-easily remembered They are as follows, with typical examples of each:
-
-                                I. Anthropoid Apes.
-
-  Chimpanzee                  _Anthropopithecus calvus_   of  Africa.
-  Orang-Utan                  _Simia satyrus_              "  Borneo.
-  Gray Gibbon                 _Hylobates leuciscus_        "     "
-
-                         II. Old World Monkeys and Baboons.
-
-  Mona Monkey                 _Cercopithecus mona_         "  Africa.
-  White-Collared Mangabey     _Cercocebus collaris_        "     "
-  Magot: Barbary "Ape"        _Macacus inuus_              "  N. Africa.
-  Japanese Red-Faced Monkey   _   "   fuscatus_            "  Japan.
-  Pig-Tailed Monkey           _   "   nemestrinus_         "  E. India.
-  Rhesus Monkey               _   "   rhesus_              "  India.
-  Entellus Monkey             _   "   entellus_            "     "
-  Black "Ape"                 _Cynopithecus niger_         "  Celebes.
-  Golden Baboon               _Papio babuin_               "  N. Africa.
-  Hamadryas                   _   "   hamadryas_           "  Arabia.
-  Mandrill                    _   "   mormon_              "  W. Africa.
-  Gelada                      _Theropithecus gelada_       "  Abyssinia.
-
-                              III. New World Monkeys.
-
-  White-Throated Sapajou      _Cebus hypoleucus_           "  S. America.
-  Red-Faced Spider Monkey     _Ateles paniscus_            "  "    "
-  White-Headed Saki           _Pithecia leucocephala_      "  "    "
-  Yarkee: Short-Tailed Monkey _Brachyurus calva_           "  "    "
-  Squirrel Monkey             _Chrysothrix sciurea_        "  "    "
-  Common Marmoset             _Hapale jacchus_             "  "    "
-  Douroucoli                  _Nyctipithecus trivirgatus_  "  "    "
-
-                             IV. Lemurs and Lemuroids.
-
-  Ring-Tailed Lemur           _Lemur catta_                "  Madagascar.
-  Indri                       _Indri brevicaudata_         "  India.
-  Galago                      _Galago galago_              "  Madagascar.
-  Slow Lemur                  _Nycticebus tardigradus_     "  Madagascar.
-  Aye-Aye                     _Cheiromys                   "  India.
-                              madagascariensis_
-
-    [Illustration: CHIMPANZEE BALDY.]
-
-Nearly all the above-named species are now living in the Primate House,
-besides which there are many others. So far as the available supply of
-captive primates will permit, these typical species will constantly be
-kept on exhibition, together with many others equally interesting. In
-this small volume it is possible to notice only the most important
-forms.
-
-The Gorilla, (_Gorilla savagei_), of equatorial West Africa, is the
-largest and ugliest of the great apes, walks erect, and in form of body
-and limbs, it most resembles man. Its brain, however, is less man-like
-than that of the chimpanzee and orang-utan. It is very rarely seen in
-captivity. The only specimen which up to 1911 had reached America alive
-lived but five days after its arrival. Despite the fact that these
-creatures seldom live in captivity longer than a few months, they are
-always being sought by zoological gardens. The agents of the New York
-Zoological Society are constantly on the watch for an opportunity to
-procure and send hither a good specimen of this wonderful creature; and
-whenever one arrives, all persons interested are advised to see it
-_immediately_,--before it dies of sullenness, lack of exercise, and
-indigestion.
-
-The Orang-Utan is intellectually superior to the gorilla, and is
-equalled only by the chimpanzee. Unfortunately, as a rule, none of the
-great apes are long-lived in captivity, and in zoological gardens they
-come and go. For this reason, it is seldom that an adult specimen, 4
-feet in height, and weighing 150 pounds, is seen in captivity. Among
-other apes, the Orang-Utan is readily recognized by its _brown skin, red
-hair and small ears_.
-
-In disposition this creature is naturally docile and affectionate. It is
-fond of the society of human beings, takes to training with wonderful
-readiness and success, and young specimens can easily be taught to wear
-clothes, sit at table, and eat with spoon and fork. In the summer of
-1911, the daily open-air exhibition of _nine_ apes dining at 4 o'clock
-on an elevated platform in the large outside cage at the Primate House,
-will long be remembered by the crowds of visitors who saw it. Such
-exhibitions are entirely germane to the educational purposes of a
-zoological garden or park, for they illustrate the mentality of animals
-and their wonderful likeness to man, far more forcibly than the best
-printed statements.
-
-The north hall of the Primate House is specially intended for the
-anthropoid apes, and it is not likely that any lengthy periods will
-elapse during which it contains neither orang-utans nor chimpanzees.
-
-    [Illustration: ORANG-UTAN.]
-
-The Chimpanzee, (_Anthropopithecus calvus_), of equatorial Africa from
-the west coast to the central lake region, is quite as common in
-captivity as the orang-utan. Both structurally and mentally this animal
-is very much like the orang-utan, and for keenness of intellect and
-susceptibility to training, it is second to none of the animals lower
-than man. A Chimpanzee is easily recognized by its _black hair and large
-ears_. There are two or three species.
-
-The Gibbon shows off to poor advantage in a cage, but in the tree-tops
-it is a wonderful creature. It is like a long-armed skeleton clothed
-with skin and hair, animated by the spirit of an Ariel. In its home in
-the jungles of Borneo and southeastern Asia, it dwells in hilly forests,
-and never descends to the earth. When attacked, it flees down-hill, if
-possible, and it seems actually to fly through the tree-tops. It boldly
-flings itself forward through space, grasps with its hands the first
-available branch, swings underneath, feet foremost, and after another
-flight presently catches with its feet, thus actually making revolutions
-as it goes. Its progress is so swift and so silent that successful
-pursuit is impossible to any enemy not provided with wings.
-
-This animal is naturally very timid, but does not hesitate to expose
-itself to mortal danger when its young are in distress. In captivity
-gibbons are shy and nervous, and take life very seriously.
-
-    [Illustration: HUMBOLDT WOOLLY MONKEY.]
-
-
-                           Old-World Monkeys.
-
-The Baboons have been specially designed by Nature for life upon the
-ground, surrounded by dangerous enemies. But for their big canine teeth,
-their fierce tempers and bull-dog courage, backed by a fine combination
-of strength and agility, the lions, leopards, hyenas and jackals of
-Africa would have exterminated them all, ages ago. They were not formed
-to become hand-organ beasts of burden, nor even companions to man, but
-rather to fight off their enemies, and bluff even the king of beasts
-when occasion requires. In captivity, their strength and ferocity always
-inspires respect, and sometimes genuine terror. At all times they
-require to be treated as dangerous animals.
-
-Of the various species of baboons on exhibition in the Primate House,
-the full-grown Mandrill is the most interesting, and wonderful. It seems
-like an animal not of this earth, and reminds the visitor of one of the
-great beasts of the visions of St. John the Divine. The home of this
-species is in West Africa, and it is found from Senegambia to the Congo.
-The long shaggy hair, lion-like appearance, the peculiar color markings
-of the face, and the indescribable grimaces, instantly fix the attention
-of every visitor.
-
-The Hamadryas Baboon, with long side whiskers and cape of long hair, is
-one of the handsomest animals of this group. Its explosive, ear-racking
-cry is almost as startling to visitors as a cannon-shot.
-
-The Golden Baboon has the liveliest disposition and the best temper
-possessed by any baboon. Young specimens are full of good-natured
-mischief, and are much given to hectoring their cage-mates. The
-Long-Armed Yellow Baboon is quite at home in the Primate House, and has
-bred here. It is a good species to keep in captivity.
-
-The Group of Old World Monkeys, in addition to the baboons, contains
-several species worthy of special remark. There are some which have
-tails so very short and insignificant that they seem to be tailless, and
-several of them are called "apes." _They are not true anthropoids_
-(manlike apes), however, and it is a confusing error to designate any of
-them as "apes." The species referred to are the following:
-
-  The Black "Ape," of Celebes, exceedingly like a true baboon.
-
-  The Magot, or Barbary "Ape," of North Africa and Gibraltar, which is a
-  true macaque.
-
-  The Japanese Red-Faced Monkey, another macaque, with a brilliant red
-  face, and long, thick coat of hair, which enables it to live out of
-  doors all winter, even in this Zoological Park.
-
-  The Pig-Tailed Monkey, several species of which are found in Burma and
-  other portions of southeastern Asia.
-
-All the above are on exhibition in the Primate House, and the outdoor
-cages.
-
-The Rhesus Monkey, of India, is one of the sacred species, and ages of
-immunity from molestation, or even wholesome discipline, have made this
-animal aggressive and domineering in temper.
-
-The Bonneted Macaque is the best-tempered monkey of all the monkey
-species found in the East Indies, and it is by far the best to keep as a
-pet.
-
-The Entellus Monkey, of India, is also a sacred species, and its natural
-seriousness of manner, and dignified bearing, quite befit the direct
-descendants of the original Hunuman, or monkey deity of the Hindoos, who
-helped to build Adam's Bridge.
-
-Of the many African monkeys, some of the most showy (such as the Guerzas
-and Colobos) are so difficult to procure they can not be set forth as
-permanent residents in the Primate House. The following species,
-however, may be classed with the reliables:
-
-The White-Collared Mangabey and Sooty Mangabey are both so lively, so
-good-natured, and so free from the fighting habit, they are prime
-favorites with everybody.
-
-The Mona Monkey is handsome and easily kept, and an excellent
-representative of the great African genus _Cercopithecus_.
-
-The Green Monkey and the Vervet are lively but quarrelsome, and at times
-become dangerous. The Patas, or Red Monkey, is very sedate, and makes a
-good cage-mate for the mona.
-
-The New World Monkeys, even at their best, never make a strong showing
-in a vivarium. The trouble is that many of the most interesting species
-are so delicate it is impossible to keep them alive in captivity. Fame
-awaits the man who can discover a bill of fare on which Howling Monkeys,
-Sakis and Yarkees can live in captivity to old age, and repay their cost
-and care. Their digestive organs are delicate, and are subject to
-derangement from causes so slight they can not be reckoned with.
-
-The Sapajous are the hardiest, the most intelligent and in some respects
-the most interesting of the New World monkeys. They all possess the
-prehensile (or grasping) tail, _which is not found on any Old World
-monkey_, and the use made of it is a constant source of wonder. Monkeys
-of this species are quite common in captivity, and their wrinkled brows
-and serious countenances give them an appearance of being burdened with
-cares,--which most captive monkeys certainly are! These are the
-unfortunate creatures which so often come to grief on hand-organs.
-
-The Black Spider Monkey and the Gray Spider Monkey represent a genus of
-animals quite as attenuated in form as the gibbons. Their slender
-bodies, exceedingly long and slender legs and tail,--the latter strongly
-prehensile, and better than a fifth arm and hand,--give them when in the
-tree-tops an appearance truly spider-like. They are agile climbers, but
-not rapid runners, and having no means of defense are very timid. Their
-stomachs are so simple they seem to lack some element or function that
-is necessary to the life of the animal in captivity. Notwithstanding the
-fact that "Jess," of Bath, New York, in defiance of all laws and
-precedents, _lived thirteen years in a cold climate_, the great majority
-of spider monkeys die before they reach full maturity, and nearly always
-of stomach troubles. Fortunately, however, there are exceptions to this
-rule.
-
-    [Illustration: JAPANESE RED-FACED MONKEY.]
-
-    [Illustration: PIG-TAILED MACAQUE.]
-
-The Squirrel Monkey, often called a "Marmoset," is a pretty little
-olive-yellow monkey, almost as delicate as the true Marmoset, and the
-Pinche. These diminutive creatures are so delicate they require the
-greatest care and tenderness, and thrive better in moderately small
-cages than in large ones. True marmosets are the smallest of American
-primates, being next in size to the Tarsier, of Borneo, smallest of all
-quadrumanes.
-
-The Lemurs and Lemuroids.--A lemur is a monkey-like animal belonging to
-the lowest group of primates, but in some respects is so little like a
-typical monkey that the relationship is not always apparent. There are
-about thirty species, and all save a very few are found on the Island of
-Madagascar. They are gentle-spirited, harmless and inoffensive animals,
-and not being persecuted by their human neighbors, as all American wild
-animals are, they are quite numerous.
-
-Nearly all the Lemurs have long tails, long and fine hair, large eyes
-and pointed muzzles. Many of them are strikingly colored in various
-shades of black, white and gray. All Lemurs are supposed to be of
-nocturnal habit, and in fact they really are; but the specimens in the
-large jungle cage of the Primate House are quite as lively and
-interesting in the daytime as most of the monkeys. So far from
-manifesting a disposition to retire to dark corners, they love to lie in
-the sunshine.
-
-    [Illustration: SLOW LEMUR.]
-
-    [Illustration: SIAMANG.]
-
-The Ruffed Lemur, or Black-and-White Lemur, (_Lemur varia_), is the
-handsomest member of this entire group. Its fur is very long, silky, and
-alternately pure white and jet black. The Ring-Tailed Lemur has a very
-long, pointed tail, ornamented with about 25 alternating rings of brown
-and gray, which it carries very gracefully. This species is of a more
-lively disposition than most others. The curious Indri has not up to
-this time come into the collection, but it is expected in the near
-future. When it arrives it can at once be recognized by the entire
-absence of a tail, except a mere stump, and by its large hands and feet.
-
-
-                        ELEPHANT HOUSE, No. 20.
-
-Of its buildings for animals, the Elephant House is the culminating
-feature of the Zoological Park, and it comes quite near to being the
-last of the series. In token of these facts, it is fittingly crowned
-with a dome. Through its position in the general plan it closes a wide
-gap, and effectively links together the northern and southern halves of
-the establishment.
-
-The erection of this great structure began in 1907, and the building was
-completed and its inmates housed in the fall of 1908. The yards
-surrounding the structure were finished in 1909.
-
-    [Illustration: ELEPHANT HOUSE.]
-
-Any building which can comfortably accommodate a representative
-collection of the largest of all living land animals, must
-unquestionably be large and substantial. There is no pleasure in seeing
-a ponderous elephant chained to the floor of a small room, unable even
-to walk to and fro, and never permitted to roam at will in the open air
-and sunlight. It is no wonder that dungeon-kept elephants go mad, and do
-mischief. If an elephant--or for that matter any animal--cannot be kept
-in _comfortable_ captivity, then let it not be kept at all.
-
-The Elephant House of the City of New York is a large and roomy
-structure, built to render good service for two centuries. Its extreme
-length over all is 170 feet, and its width is 84 feet. Its two sides are
-divided into 8 huge compartments, of which 4 are for elephants, 2 for
-rhinoceroses, and 2 for hippopotami. Each of these is 24x21-1/2 feet.
-
-The Hippopotami have within the building a tank 24x21 feet, and 8 feet
-in total depth; and another will be constructed in their corral.
-
-Each end of the building furnishes two cages of smaller dimensions, for
-tapirs, and young elephants. The whole area surrounding the building,
-excepting the axial walk, is devoted to open-air yards, so arranged that
-each cage in the interior connects directly with a corral which affords
-both sunshine and shade. Nature seems to have made this beautiful open
-grove--strangely free from trees in its center--especially for the
-purposes to which it now is devoted.
-
-It is by no means the intention of the Zoological Society, that, because
-an axial walk leads through the Elephant House, the building shall be
-used _as a thoroughfare_ for foot traffic between the northern and
-southern portions of the Park. Such use would surely defeat the main
-purpose of the structure. It is intended to be entered _only by persons
-who desire to see the animals, and all others must pass around it_, by
-one or the other of the two very direct promenades which will be
-provided. The employees of the Park are strictly forbidden to consider
-the walk through the building as a convenient highway, and visitors are
-requested to observe the obvious necessities of this case.
-
-The Indian Elephant, (_Elephas indicus_), is the universal elephant of
-captivity, the African species being shown only as a great rarity. For
-every elephant that comes from Africa, about thirty come from India, and
-of those about twenty-nine are prosy and unromantic females. In order to
-secure a male Indian Elephant, it must be specially ordered.
-
-    [Illustration: INDIAN ELEPHANT.]
-
-Our first Indian Elephant, a fine male named "Gunda," was caught wild in
-the interior of Assam, northeastern India, and he arrived at the
-Zoological Park in May, 1904, as the gift of Col. Oliver H. Payne. He
-was then about seven years old. He stood 6 feet 7 inches in shoulder
-height, weighed 3,740 pounds, and had all the points of a "high-caste"
-elephant. His tusks were then 16 inches long. He is very mischievous
-about breaking anything in his quarters that is breakable, and he
-manifests special dislike toward certain individuals who come near him.
-Like most Indian elephants, "Gunda" is very intelligent. In two days he
-was taught to receive pennies, lift the lid of his "bank," drop the coin
-within, and ring his bell.
-
-Since his arrival here, in May, 1904, he has grown in height at the rate
-of about 5 inches each year. On November 1, 1910, he stood 8 feet 9
-inches in shoulder height, his weight was 8100 pounds, and his tusks
-were 36 inches long.
-
-The Sudan African Elephant, (_Elephas oxyotis_, Matschie), is the
-largest of the four species of African elephants now recognized. The
-other species are the South African Elephant, (_E. capensis_), the
-German-East-African Elephant, (_E. knochenhaueri_), and the West African
-Elephant, (_E. cyclotis_).
-
-After some years of waiting, and many futile efforts, we have at last
-come into possession of a pair of young Sudan Elephants, representing,
-so we believe, the great species to which belonged Jumbo, and also the
-bearer of the enormous tusks presented to the Zoological Society by Mr.
-Charles T. Barney. Like all elephants newly arrived from Africa, they
-are young, and small; but if they have good health they will grow very
-rapidly, and about A. D. 1927 they should attain full stature,--11 feet
-at the shoulders for the male, or thereabouts.
-
-    [Illustration: AFRICAN ELEPHANTS.]
-
-The different species of elephants are most easily recognized by their
-ears. Compare the enormous "sail-area" of the ears of this species with
-the small, triangular ear of the Indian elephant, and the small, round
-ear of the next species.
-
-The West African Elephant, (_Elephas cyclotis_), of equatorial West
-Africa, especially the Congo country, is apparently a small species, not
-exceeding seven feet in height, even if that height is ever attained.
-Mr. Carl Hagenbeck reports that out of nearly 300 pairs of tusks of this
-species examined by him in the German ivory market, not one pair
-exceeded two feet in length, and many measured only 10 inches.
-
-On July 25, 1905, we received a male specimen representing this species,
-as a gift from Mr. Barney. It is strikingly marked by its small round
-ears, and the presence of 5 toes on each fore-foot and 4 on the hind
-foot, the number in the East African species being 4 and 3,
-respectively. At the time of its arrival, little "Congo" stood 43 inches
-in shoulder height, his weight was precisely 600 pounds, and his tusks
-were 4 inches long. On June 1, 1911, his shoulder height was 60 inches,
-and his weight was 1650 pounds, and his tusks were 23 inches long.
-
-    [Illustration: AFRICAN TWO-HORNED RHINOCEROS.]
-
-Regarding the life history and distribution of this odd species, much
-remains to be ascertained; and precise information is greatly desired.
-
-The African Two-Horned Rhinoceros, (_Rhinoceros bicornis_), is already
-represented by a female specimen which was acquired in 1906. "Victoria"
-was captured in July, 1905, in the northern point of German East Africa,
-within about sixty miles of the head of Speke Gulf, which is the
-southeastern arm of Lake Victoria Nyanza. The elevation is between 4,000
-and 5,000 feet. She was slung under a pole, and carried, six days'
-journey on men's shoulders, to the shore of the lake.
-
-From thence she was transported by steamer to Port Florence, at the head
-of the Uganda Railway, thence by rail 500 miles to Mombasa. Ever since
-her arrival in New York, "Victoria" has developed rapidly. Captivity
-does not seem to fret her in the least. She is very docile, is very
-friendly toward her keeper, and it is quite apparent that she enjoys
-herself.
-
-The African Two-Horned Rhinoceros once was very abundant throughout the
-whole of the fertile plains region of east and south Africa, but the
-onslaughts of hunters have exterminated it from probably nine-tenths of
-the territory that it once occupied. To-day, the Englishmen of Africa
-are earnestly endeavoring to regulate and abate the slaughter of African
-big game, and beyond doubt safe, good results in that line are being
-accomplished. It is to be hoped that the protection lines will now be
-drawn so tightly around the game that remains that it will be
-perpetuated for centuries to come.
-
-    [Illustration: INDIAN RHINOCEROS.]
-
-The Indian Rhinoceros, (_Rhinoceros unicornis_).--A full-grown Indian
-Rhinoceros is one of the most wonderful of all living animals. It seems
-like a prehistoric monster, belonging to the days of the dinosaurs,
-rather than a creature of to-day; and the killing of so grand a creature
-solely for the sake of "sport," and a stuffed head to hang upon a wall,
-is murder, no less. It is quite time that the most wonderful works of
-animated Nature should universally be recognized as safe from attack
-with the rifle and knife.
-
-So pronounced is the rarity of the great Indian Rhinoceros, it is a fact
-that for nearly fifteen years no living specimens came into the
-wild-animal market. At last, however, the persistence and industry of
-the renowned Carl Hagenbeck was rewarded by the capture, in 1906, of
-four young specimens, all of which reached Hamburg in May, 1907. One of
-the best specimens of the quartette was purchased for the New York
-Zoological Park, and is now living in the Park in the quarters prepared
-for him at the Elephant House.
-
-    [Illustration: PYGMY HIPPOPOTAMI.]
-
-The Indian One-Horned Rhinoceros is the largest of all living
-rhinoceroses. A full-grown male is about 5 feet, 6 inches in shoulder
-height, and 10 feet 6 inches long from end of nose to root of tail. The
-length of the horn is not great, rarely exceeding 12 inches. The skin is
-very thick, and lies upon the animal in great rigid slabs which are
-divided by articulating areas of thinner skin.
-
-The Hippopotamus, (_Hippopotamus amphibius_), is more frequently seen in
-captivity than any of the large rhinoceroses, or the African elephant.
-In the lakes and large rivers of central East Africa it still exists in
-fair numbers, and still is killed for "sport."
-
-Strange as it may seem, this very inert and usually lethargic monster
-can, under what it deems just provocation, become very angry, and even
-dangerous. Four years ago, in one of the rivers of Uganda, a
-hippopotamus not only overturned a boat, but killed one of its native
-occupants by biting him.
-
-The Hippopotamus breeds readily in captivity, even under poor
-conditions, and the supply for the zoological gardens of the world is
-chiefly maintained in that way. The fine male specimen exhibited in the
-Zoological Park was purchased from the Central Park Menagerie, for
-$3,000, and is a gift from Mr. Samuel Thorne. He was born on July 13,
-1904. His weight on November 1, 1909, at five years of age, was 3,114
-pounds; and he is growing rapidly.
-
-The Pygmy Hippopotamus (_Hippopotamus liberiensis_), is a great
-zoological novelty, and second in rarity only to the okapi. Thus far
-only five specimens ever have been exhibited. An adult Pygmy Hippo is
-only _one-fourteenth_ the size of an adult Nile Hippo. Our three
-specimens, a female and two males, are exhibited in the Elephant House.
-They arrived in 1912, and were captured in Liberia, West Africa. The
-cost price of the trio was $15,000. They have excellent appetites, never
-have been ill, and they seem to enjoy their new home. Their habits,
-capture, and their home surroundings have been fully described in the
-_Bulletin_ (No. 52) and the Annual Report for 1912 of the Zoological
-Society.
-
-The Pygmy Hippopotamus is far more widely distributed throughout Liberia
-than might be inferred from the surprising scarcity of specimens in
-museums, and the long absence of the species from zoological gardens. It
-is an inhabitant of swampy forests, and while it frequents rivers it is
-not confined to them, like the large hippo. It seeks shelter from
-molestation in large cavities in river banks, usually under the roots of
-overhanging trees. These specimens were caught by digging pits in their
-runways, with sides so steep that the captives could not climb out.
-After capture, each animal was placed in a huge basket crate, slung
-under a pole, and carried by natives over the rough forest trails to the
-nearest river transportation.
-
-The Tapirs.--Near the end of the Order of Hoofed Animals, (_Ungulata_),
-is found the Tapir Family, represented in both the old world and the
-new, by about five species. These very odd creatures inhabit the densest
-forests of the tropics, where vegetation grows rankly, and few other
-large hoofed animals can live. They are very fond of water, and swim
-well.
-
-The South American Tapir, (_Tapirus terrestris_), takes kindly to
-captivity, breeds in confinement, and always manages to look well-fed
-and as sleek as a seal. Its color is a rich mahogany brown, and its
-long, prehensile nose is strongly suggestive of the end of an elephant's
-trunk. The shoulder height of a full-grown animal is about 37 inches.
-This species inhabits Venezuela, the Guianas, Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay
-and some other regions of South America. Some of the Central American
-Tapirs inhabit mountain regions, but all are exceedingly wary, and
-difficult to find without dogs.
-
-The Malay Tapir, (_Tapirus indicus_), of the Malay Peninsula and
-Sumatra, may be recognized as far as it can be seen, by its colors. The
-front half of the animal, and its legs, are black or dark brown, and the
-rear half of the body is white. It is much larger than the preceding
-species.
-
-
-                         THE WOLF DENS, No. 22.
-
-At the northeastern corner of the Elk Range there is a huge, bare
-granite rock, two hundred feet long, shaped precisely like the hump of a
-bull buffalo. The high end of the hump is toward the north, and its
-crest is about fifteen feet above the ground on its eastern side. A
-fringe of small trees and bushes grows along its western side. On the
-east side, well sheltered by the rock itself from the cold west winds of
-winter, and also shaded by several fine trees which most opportunely
-grow close beside the ledge, the Wolf Dens and Fox Dens are situated.
-
-In regard to the iron work, these dens are merely an understudy of the
-Bear Dens. The dimensions of each den of the series are 16 by 48 feet,
-and the height of the bars to the top of the overhang is 9 feet 6
-inches. The sleeping dens are of simple construction, all save one being
-of wood, trimmed with bark-covered slabs. At present the Wolf Dens are
-divided into four compartments.
-
-The Gray Wolf, (_Canis nubilis_), is known by as many names as it has
-color phases. In the North, where it is white, it is called the "White
-Wolf," while in Florida it becomes the "Black Wolf." In British Columbia
-and around Great Slave Lake, both white and black wolves abound, as well
-as the standard gray, but on the Barren Grounds the white phase
-predominates. In Texas a "Red Wolf" is found, but apparently the red
-phase is of somewhat rare occurrence, and is never found in the North.
-
-In the West this animal has recently come into prominence in a way that
-is striking terror to the hearts of ranchmen and others who have stock
-to lose. While all kinds of desirable game animals are decreasing at an
-alarming rate, the Gray Wolf not only holds its own, but is multiplying
-rapidly. The destruction by it of calves, colts and sheep, has become so
-great that nearly every western State has placed on the head of this
-bold marauder a bounty varying from $2 to $10. In some States this law
-has been in force for several years, but with no sensible diminution in
-the number of wolves.
-
-    [Illustration: TIMBER WOLF.]
-
-The Gray Wolves which live in touch with civilization are by no means
-such bold and dangerous animals as they formerly were. In the early
-days, when wolves were numerous and fire-arms few and primitive, the
-Gray Wolf undoubtedly was a dangerous animal. But the breech-loading
-rifle has changed all this. Excepting for his stock-killing
-propensities, the Gray Wolf is now a skulking creature. In the United
-States this animal possesses the courage of a coyote, but in the Barren
-Grounds it is still fierce and dangerous. However much the wolf may
-skulk and flee when the way is open, when brought to bay he knows how to
-fight. One snap of his powerful jaws and shear-like teeth is enough to
-disable almost any dog, and send it howling to the rear. It is no wonder
-that western dogs of experience are shy of approaching a Gray Wolf
-within snapping distance.
-
-Excepting the localities from which it has been driven out by
-civilization, the Gray Wolf ranges over the whole North American
-continent from central Mexico to 83� 24' N.
-
-The Coyote, or Prairie Wolf, (_Canis latrans_), is a personal
-acquaintance of nearly every trans-continental traveler. To those who
-have camped on the "plains," he is quite like an old friend; and the
-high-pitched, staccato cry--half howl and half bark--with which he
-announces the dawn, is associated with memories of vast stretches of
-open country, magnificent distances, sage-brush and freedom. Because of
-his fondness of barking, Thomas Say, the naturalist who first described
-this species, christened it, _Canis latrans_, which means "barking
-wolf."
-
-    [Illustration: COYOTE: PRAIRIE WOLF.]
-
-This animal averages about one-third smaller than the gray wolf, and
-while the finest male specimens are, in the autumn, really handsome
-animals, at other times the majority are of very ordinary appearance. At
-no time, however, even in the dark, is a Coyote a courageous animal. So
-far as man is concerned, a band of a thousand coyotes would be as easily
-put to flight as one; but in hanging upon the ragged edges of
-civilization, and living by its wits, the Coyote is audacity itself. By
-inheritance, and also by personal experience, this animal knows to a rod
-how far it is safe to trust a man with a gun. If the hunter has left his
-gun behind him, the Coyote knows it at once, and boldly flaunts himself
-within stone's throw of his enemy.
-
-The Coyote varies in color quite markedly, exhibiting the gray, brown
-and black phases. Formerly it was supposed that one species comprehended
-all, but Dr. Merriam's series of specimens from all parts of the West
-and Southwest have led him to separate these animals into eleven
-species.
-
-
-                         THE FOX DENS, No. 23.
-
-Of the many species of foxes found in North America, three species stand
-forth as the types of prominent groups, and it is very desirable that
-all three should be well known.
-
-The Red Fox, (_Vulpes fulvus_), is the representative of the group which
-contains also the cross fox and black fox of the Northwest. In spite of
-dogs, traps, guns, spades and poison, this cunning creature persists in
-living in close touch with the poultry yards of civilized man. His
-perfect familiarity with old-fashioned dangers enables him to avoid them
-all, and no sooner does a new danger menace him than he promptly invents
-a way to escape it. The manner in which the Red Fox lives with
-civilization without being exterminated really is surprising, and speaks
-volumes for the astuteness of this animal.
-
-The geographical range of the Red Fox is very wide, From North Carolina
-and Tennessee it extends northward through the whole northeastern United
-States, gradually bearing westward to Montana, and northward almost to
-the Arctic Ocean. It is the commonest species in Alaska, where it is
-found practically everywhere.
-
-The typical Red Fox and its two subspecies, the Cross Fox, (_Vulpes
-fulvus decussatus_), and the Black Fox, (_V. f. argentatus_)--the latter
-many times miscalled the "Silver Fox"--vary in all possible gradations
-of color from bright red to pure black. Often it is difficult to decide
-where one type leaves off and another begins. The Cross Fox stands
-midway between the Red and Black, with some of the yellow color of the
-former on the sides of the neck and behind the foreleg, while the
-remainder of the general color is grizzled gray-brown laid across his
-shoulders in a more or less distinct cross. The Black Fox varies in
-color from very dark iron-gray to dark brown or black, with a slight
-wash of white-tipped hairs over the head, body and tail. The tip of the
-tail is always white, which is the only constant color mark about him.
-
-The Swift, or Kit Fox, (_Vulpes velox_), is the daintiest, smallest and
-liveliest of all American foxes. From his delicate little nose to the
-tip of his well-trimmed tail, he is every inch a thoroughbred. His
-countenance is bright and pert, and when several specimens are kept
-together they are very playful. One striking feature of this little
-animal is what may well be termed its trimness. When in fair condition,
-its coat of thick, silvery gray fur is as smooth and even as if recently
-trimmed by a barber.
-
-    [Illustration: SWIFT OR KIT FOX.]
-
-On the western plains, where it once had for companions the buffalo and
-prong-horn, the Swift is becoming rare. Its worst enemy is the deadly
-strychnine bottle of the ranchman. This species does not thrive in the
-Fox Dens, and it will be found in the Burrowing Animal's Quarters, where
-it seems pleased to consider itself at home.
-
-In the Small-Mammal House is shown a new species, closely allied to the
-above, from Phoenix, Arizona, recently described by Dr. C. H. Merriam as
-_Vulpes macrotis_, or the Large-Eared Swift.
-
-The Gray Fox, (_Urocyon virginianus_), is the fox of the South, even
-though it does range northward well into the territory of the red fox.
-This species is distinctly smaller and more lightly built than the red,
-its hair is not so luxuriant, it is more shy and retiring, and its
-colors change very little. When hotly pursued by dogs it often climbs
-trees that are quite perpendicular, to a height of twenty feet or more.
-In captivity Gray Foxes are forever trying to escape by climbing,
-instead of by burrowing, as would naturally be expected. In temper, they
-are treacherous to their keepers, and also to each other, and as "pets"
-are anything but desirable.
-
-    [Illustration: RED FOX.]
-
-The Tasmanian Wolf, or Thylacine, (_Thylacinus cynocephalus_), is a very
-strange-looking and interesting creature, about the size of a pointer
-dog. Its color is dark yellowish brown, and it has a series of broad
-black stripes, or bands, running across its hind quarters and loins. The
-wide gape of its mouth reminds one of an iguana or a monitor.
-
-This animal, fully named above, is the largest of the carnivorous
-marsupials of Australia, and the female possesses an abdominal pouch in
-which she carries her young, like a kangaroo. It is now found only in
-Tasmania, and it dwells amongst rocks, in rugged and mountainous
-regions. Because of its depredations upon the sheep herds, the Thylacine
-has been diligently hunted and destroyed, and now living specimens
-rarely are taken.
-
-In the zoological gardens of Europe and America, this species usually is
-kept in heated buildings, but it has been ascertained by experiment that
-this specimen thrives best in the open air. Living examples in captivity
-are now so very rare it is a difficult matter to keep one constantly on
-exhibition.
-
-
-                        THE OTTER POOLS, No. 31.
-
-The American Otter, (_Lutra canadensis_), is unfortunate in being the
-bearer of valuable fur; and in the northern regions, where the cold
-causes the development of fur that is available for the use of the
-furrier, this creature is so nearly extinct that trappers no longer
-pursue it. In the southern States, where its fur is short, rather coarse
-and "off color," the Otter still is found. In some portions of eastern
-Florida, and along the coast of South Carolina, it is frequently taken.
-In captivity, it often becomes quite tame, even affectionate, and always
-is interesting. Unless closely confined, however, it is prone to wander,
-and meet premature death.
-
-In captivity the Otter usually is active and restless, and very much in
-evidence. Owing to the strength of its jaws, its ability to climb under
-certain conditions and its restless activity, it is difficult to confine
-a full-grown Otter in anything else than a complete box of iron
-cage-work.
-
-Few persons save woodsmen and naturalists are aware of the fact that in
-a wild state the Otter is a very playful animal, and is as fond of
-sliding down hill, over a wet and muddy slide, with a water plunge at
-the bottom, as any young person is of "shooting the chutes." Like the
-small boy with the sled and a snowy hillside, the Otter sometimes
-indulges in its sliding pastime for an hour at a time, with a keen
-relish for the sport that is quite evident to all who have ever watched
-it.
-
-The Otter is a carnivorous animal, and in a wild state lives upon fish,
-frogs, crabs, young birds, small mammals, and, in fact, about any living
-thing which it can catch.
-
-The Coypu Rat, (_Myopotamus coypu_), of Central and South America, is
-interesting because of the fact that it is the largest of all rats or
-rat-like animals. In its habits it is as fond of water as the musk-rat.
-It is sufficiently clothed with fur to endure outdoor life in the Park,
-even in winter, and it has been acclimatized here in one of the other
-pools. It breeds persistently, and thrives in captivity, provided it is
-treated as it should be.
-
-
-                    THE SMALL-MAMMAL HOUSE, No. 35.
-
-The new Small-Mammal House, erected and occupied in 1905, is a very
-different structure from the temporary building which formerly occupied
-the site. The present building is a twin of the Ostrich House, and in it
-much effort has been expended in devising ways and means to keep its
-living inhabitants clean, odorless and in good health. Owing, however,
-to the musky odors secreted by many of the civet cats and members of the
-Marten Family, it is beyond human power to keep a large collection such
-as this building contains without a certain amount of wild-animal odor.
-
-Most difficult of all collections to settle satisfactorily in a modern
-zoological park or garden is the great _omnium gatherum_ of small
-species--and some large ones, also--which fall within the meaning of the
-term "small mammals." The number of mammalian miscellanea which can not
-have buildings all their own is really very great. In addition to that
-there are always with us a considerable number of young and tender
-animals which require small quarters, and close attention. The visitor
-will therefore always find in the Small-Mammal House a great array of
-viverrine animals, of tropical squirrels and other small rodents, of
-mustelines, the nasuas, the small marsupials, young leopards, the lynxes
-and their relatives, baby bears, and many other species.
-
-Attention is invited to the great variety of cages in and around this
-building, of which there are five different types. The total number is
-176. All those on the western side are adjustable as to their bottoms
-and sides, so that it is easy to throw several cages into one, and make
-cages either very long or very high. The idea of the collapsible cage,
-and also the general plan of it, has been copied from the model
-developed and in use in the Zoological Garden of Frankfort, Germany, by
-Director A. Seitz, to whom this acknowledgment is justly due. It will be
-noticed that every animal in this building enjoys the use of an outdoor
-cage, which connects directly with its interior quarters.
-
-Of such an odd mixture of animals as we are now to consider, anything
-like a perfect systematic zoological arrangement is a practical
-impossibility; but as far as it is possible, we will take up the animals
-by groups.
-
-On the whole, the most striking animals in the Small-Mammal House are
-the small cats and lynxes. Of the spotted cats, the Serval, (_Felis
-serval_), of Africa, is one of the rarest. Its long, slender legs, small
-head, slender body and round spots proclaim it a near relative of the
-cheetah.
-
-The Clouded Leopard, (_Felis nebulosa_).--The dense and humid jungles of
-Borneo contain a beautiful tree-climbing leopard whose markings are laid
-on its sides in large, elliptical patches of pleasing pattern. This is
-the Clouded Leopard, so delicate in captivity that only one out of every
-four or five becomes acclimatized outside its native jungles. Our fine
-adult specimen, with very long canine teeth suggestive of those of the
-saber-toothed tiger, really belongs in the Lion House, but we dare not
-move it, for fear the change would in some manner prove fatal to it. It
-is an animal of vicious temper, and makes friends with no one. The half
-light of its cage is a welcome approach to the dense shadows in which it
-lives when at home.
-
-    [Illustration: OCELOT.]
-
-The Jungle Cat, (_F. bengalensis_), is a small and inconspicuous type,
-as befits an animal which lives by stealth in densely populated regions.
-The Ocelot, (_Felis pardalis_), of South and Central America, is a small
-spotted cat which very often is called a "young jaguar." In size it is
-the third largest _Felis_ of the American continent; but for all that,
-it is so small that an adult specimen would not make more than one
-square meal for a hungry jaguar. It is found from southern Texas to
-southern Brazil.
-
-The little Margay Cat, (_F. tigrina_), is our smallest and also rarest
-spotted cat. It is no larger than a good-sized domestic cat, and its
-tawny ground-color is marked all over with round spots. The rarest
-American feline in our possession is the queer, otter-like Yaguarundi
-Cat, (_F. yaguarundi_), of a uniform gray-brown color, without spots. It
-is found in southern Texas and Mexico, and is so seldom seen in
-captivity that comparatively few persons north of the Rio Grande are
-aware of its existence. Our specimen came from Brownsville, Texas.
-
-    [Illustration: COMMON GENET.]
-
-The Bay Lynx, Red Lynx, or Wild Cat, (_Lynx rufus_), is the smallest of
-American Lynxes, and it is the one that inhabits the United States
-eastward of the great plains. Until further notice, this species will be
-found in the Small-Mammal House. It may have a few dark spots, or none
-at all. Its color varies so greatly that it is at times impossible to
-determine where this species leaves off, and the more heavily spotted
-subspecies of the southwest takes its place. The latter is known as the
-Spotted Lynx, (_L. r. maculatus_).
-
-The large and important group of Viverrines, or long-faced cat-like
-carnivores of the East Indies, (Family _Viverridae_), is well
-represented. It is the true Civets which furnish--some of them--the
-evil-smelling civet of commerce--an odor which we would gladly do
-without. The Common Civet-Cat, (_Viverra zibetha_), is the best known
-member of this Family, and it is easily recognized by its large size,
-heavily-spotted body and ring-streaked tail. It is common throughout the
-Malay Peninsula, and in many other portions of the Malay Archipelago.
-The larger Malayan Civet-Cat, (_V. malaccensis_), strongly resembles its
-understudy, but its black spots and blotches are larger and more
-intense, and in form it is much more robust.
-
-The large and handsome White-Whiskered Paradoxure, (_Paradoxurus
-leucomystax_), has been in the Park about six years, and to-day it
-coughs and snarls at the visitor just as it did in the beginning. It is
-a smooth-coated creature, colored like a puma, and comes from northern
-China. Other members of the Family _Viverridae_ contained in the
-collection are the Malayan Paradoxure, (_P. hermaphroditus_); the Black
-Paradoxure, (_P. niger_); the African Ichneumon, (_Herpestes
-ichneumon_), the strange black creature from the Malay Peninsula called
-the Binturong, or "Bear-Cat," (_Arctictis binturong_), and the Suricate,
-or Slender-Tailed Meerkat, (_Suricata tetradactyla_), of South Africa.
-
-Into the Small-Mammal House have drifted and comfortably settled down
-several canine species which are not so well satisfied, elsewhere. The
-Black-Backed Jackal, (_Canis mesomelas_), of Africa, is one of the most
-interesting, and it is also the one that thrives best in captivity. It
-is very much like a dark phase of the Azara Dog, of South America, and
-it is the handsomest of all the Jackals. The Cape Hunting Dog, of
-eastern Africa, has for years been present in this building, and it will
-be kept as continuously as circumstances will permit.
-
-The New Mexico Desert Fox, (_Vulpes macrotis neomexicanus_), is a small
-understudy of the better known Swift or Kit Fox of the northern plains,
-but it has larger ears. Neither of these delicate little species seems
-to thrive in our large Fox Dens, which seem to be too large for them;
-but in this building they thrive and are quite content with life. The
-Swift Fox is the four-footed elf of the plains, and it is unfortunate
-that the poison laid for the fierce and cruel stock-killing wolves
-should prove its extermination--as it surely will, ere long.
-
-The Arctic Fox, (_Vulpes lagopus_).--This creature of the polar world is
-a striking example of climatic influence on a species, and also of the
-danger that lies in describing a species from a single specimen. In the
-far north, the Arctic Fox is snow-white all the year round. Farther
-south it is white in winter, but in summer is bluish-brown. In the
-southern part of its range, the Aleutian Archipelago for example, except
-for an occasional white individual, it is dark all the year round, and
-is known only as the Blue Fox. At first it may seem difficult to believe
-that these two widely-different extremes are only color-phases of the
-same species; but it is quite true. The dark-colored animal is not even
-accorded subspecific rank.
-
-On various islands along the Alaska coast, especially in the Aleutian
-Archipelago, about forty commercial companies are engaged in breeding
-Blue Foxes for their fur, some of them with satisfactory success. The
-foxes are fed daily, on cooked corn meal and dried fish. They come up to
-be fed, and when the time comes to handle and sort them previous to
-killing the annual allotment, they greatly facilitate matters by the
-readiness with which they enter box traps.
-
-The great decrease in the annual supply of good fur has caused many
-persons to hope that fox-breeding may be developed into a remunerative
-industry. Except in Alaska, no extensive experiments in that line have
-been made. It is quite desirable that fox-breeding in the United States
-should be taken up under state or national auspices, and worked out to a
-successful issue. There is good reason to hope and believe that it might
-be developed into an important industry.
-
-From Argentina, South America, have come two fine specimens of the Azara
-Dog, (_Canis azarae_), which, but for their half dog-like tails might
-pass anywhere as rather odd-looking gray foxes. But they are a visible
-reminder of the fact that the pampas of South America contain an
-extensive series of foxes and wild dogs, which thus far is practically
-unknown everywhere north of the Amazon.
-
-The Dingo, or Australian Wild Dog, (_Canis dingo_), is represented by
-two specimens which look like ordinary yellow dogs. By many persons it
-is believed that this animal was not indigenous to Australia, and was
-planted there by man, but the evidence in support of that supposition is
-by no means conclusive.
-
-The Coati-Mundi, (pronounced coy-ty mon-day), is for its size one of the
-best exhibition animals that can be found outside of the Primate House.
-It is closely related to our raccoon, but is far more showy and
-interesting. It has a very lively and industrious disposition, is a good
-climber, and from dawn until dark is almost constantly on the move.
-Although it is a carnivorous animal, and provided with powerful canine
-teeth, it is not naturally quarrelsome, but on the contrary is quite
-gregarious in its habits. The genus _Nasua_ inhabits Mexico, Central and
-South America. We have two species, the Red Coati-Mondi, (_Nasua rufa_),
-and the White-Nosed, (_N. narica_).
-
-The Raccoon Dog, of Japan, (_Nyctereutes procyonoides_), is to all
-outward appearances a raccoon, but its feet are digitigrade, not
-plantigrade, and it is a true dog.
-
-The American Badger, (_Taxidea americana_), is represented by a fine,
-large and very light-colored specimen that was presented by President
-Roosevelt. The European Badger, (_Meles taxus_), is shown near by.
-
-Our collection of Rodents contains the following important and
-representative species of squirrels:
-
-                              North American.
-
-  Gray Squirrel          _Sciurus_      _carolinensis_      New York.
-  Black Squirrel            "              "                Ohio.
-  Fox Squirrel              "           _ludovicianus_      Kansas.
-  Southern Fox Squirrel     "           _niger_             Louisiana.
-  Red Squirrel              "           _hudsonius_         New York.
-  Eastern Chipmunk       _Tamias_       _striatus_             "
-  Western Chipmunk          "           _speciosus_         California.
-  Parry's Spermophile    _Citellus_     _parryi_            Alaska.
-  Thirteen-Lined         _Spermophilus_ _tridecem-lineatus_ Iowa.
-  Spermophile
-
-                              Foreign Species.
-
-  Malabar Hill Squirrel  _Sciurus_      _malabaricus_       S. India.
-  Indian Hill Squirrel      "           _bicolor_           N. India.
-  Prevost Squirrel          "           _prevosti_          Malayana.
-  Golden-Bellied            "           _aureogaster_       Mexico.
-  Squirrel
-  Columbia Fire-Backed      "           _variabilis_        S. America.
-  Squirrel
-
-No collection of Rodents is worthy of acceptance by the public without a
-fair representation of Porcupines. The most wonderful species is the
-African Porcupine, (_Hystrix cristata_), which when disturbed erects a
-threatening array of enormously-long, shining black-and-white quills
-that are a wonder to behold. The lofty white crest of this animal is one
-of its most conspicuous features.
-
-The Indian Crestless Hill Porcupine, (_H. longicauda_), usually present
-in our collection, is merely a quiet understudy of the former. Strange
-to say--and also provoking--our old friend of the North Woods, the
-Canada Porcupine, (_Erethizon dorsatus_), is much more capricious and
-difficult to keep for a long period than either of the fine foreign
-species already mentioned. It is only the men who know all about animals
-who can tell us why nothing seems to exactly satisfy them, and why they
-will not breed here, live ten years and be happy. Even the best cage
-life does not seem to be good enough for them; but we are still
-experimenting.
-
-In order that visitors to the Park may at all times be able to see a
-Beaver, (_Castor canadensis_), and not be thwarted in that desire by the
-very shy habits of the animals in the Beaver Pond, we have a specimen on
-exhibition in the Small-Mammal House. This individual came from the Rio
-Grande, as a small kit, and has been reared in its present quarters. It
-is kept constantly supplied with food--wood, chiefly of poplar and
-maple, and clean water in which to bathe.
-
-    [Illustration: AFRICAN PORCUPINE.]
-
-The Capybara, (_Hydrochaerus capybara_), is the largest of all gnawing
-animals, and the most remarkable rodent in our collection. In form and
-size it suggests a large, gray, coarse-haired pig. It is a water-loving
-animal, of the American tropics, and lives on the grassy banks of the
-delta of the Orinoco, and similar places farther south. It is one of the
-best divers of all land animals, and when attacked on land always
-plunges into the water and dives for about 100 feet before coming to the
-surface. It is strictly a vegetable feeder, and its flesh is very
-palatable food. It takes kindly to captivity, and in disposition it is
-very affectionate.
-
-The Agouti, (_Dasyprocta_), is to the jungles of South America as the
-cotton-tail rabbit is to the forests of the eastern United States; but
-structurally it is not closely related to the members of the Rabbit
-Family. It lives wholly on the ground, in dense cover, and is very
-difficult to shoot. As a rule, it is impossible for dogs to catch it
-because it runs so swiftly through the dense cover that they cannot keep
-it in sight. There are a number of species, varying in color from dark
-brown to golden yellow.
-
-    [Illustration: TAMANDUA.]
-
-The Toothless Mammals.--The Order _Edentata_ contains some of the most
-odd and remarkable mammals that ever find their way into a zoological
-park. They are the armadilloes, ant-eaters and sloths. Without
-exception, they are delicate feeders, and difficult to keep for long
-periods, and for this reason the number on exhibition constantly varies
-between half a score and none at all! As far as it is possible, the
-species named below will be kept on exhibition; but these rarities are
-difficult to obtain, and the supply must be regarded as intermittent.
-
-The Nine-Banded Armadillo, (_Tatu novemcinctum_), of southern Texas and
-Arizona, and southward, is the only edentate found in the United States.
-Its total length, from nose to tail-tip, is about 26 inches, and it is
-about as large as an opossum. Its strangest feature is the horny shell,
-with 9 jointed bands in the middle, which Nature has designed for the
-animal's protection. It lives in burrows in the earth, and in a wild
-state it feeds on a mixed diet of worms, ants, snails, beetles,
-grasshoppers and other insects.
-
-The Six-Banded Armadillo, (_Dasypus sexcinctus_), of South America, has
-a much stronger and more bony shell than the preceding species, but very
-similar habits. The Three-Banded Armadillo, (_Tolypeutes tricinctus_),
-is the most remarkable of all--and also the most difficult to obtain. It
-is able to convert itself into a round ball covered at all points by
-bony armor, and remarkably well protected from the teeth of predatory
-animals.
-
-    [Illustration: GREAT ANT-EATER.]
-
-The Great Ant-Eater, (_Myrmecophaga jubata_).--This is a very remarkable
-animal, and usually is to be found alive in the Small-Mammal House. Its
-anatomical peculiarities are apparent at a glance. Its toothless jaws
-are enormously elongated, and taper to a rounded point, where the mouth
-opens as a narrow slit, scarcely large enough to admit the large end of
-a lead pencil. Its front claws are large and strong, for use in tearing
-open ant-hills and decayed logs; and the creature walks upon them as if
-club-footed. Its tail is long and thick, and bears a luxuriant brush, of
-coarse, wavy hair more than a foot long. The negroes of British Guiana
-gravely inform travellers that the Ant-Eater uses his bushy tail as a
-broom, with which he sweeps up ants in order to devour them wholesale.
-
-As may be inferred from the total absence of teeth, this strange
-creature lives chiefly upon crawling insects. In devouring the dreadful
-ants, which in a South American forest often make life a burden, it
-helps to preserve the balance of Nature. In captivity the food of this
-animal consists of milk, raw eggs and ground meat. In taking its food it
-thrusts out from four to eight inches of round, wormlike tongue, which
-contrary to many published statements, is not covered with sticky
-saliva.
-
-    [Illustration: SIX-BANDED ARMADILLO.]
-
-The Tamandua, (_Tamandua tetradactyla_), is a smaller ant-eater than the
-preceding species, of tree-climbing habits, with a proportionately
-shorter head, no long hair on its tail, and extremely large front claws.
-It is found in Venezuela, the Guianas, Brazil, and in fact that greater
-portion of the region of tropical forests on this continent south of
-Mexico. Its tail is prehensile, or grasping, and in climbing is used
-almost constantly.
-
-The Sloths are the slowest, the most helpless and defenseless of the
-edentates. They subsist chiefly upon leaves, they climb no more swiftly
-than a man, and they escape their enemies through the resemblance of
-their pelage to the rough bark of the tree-trunks among which they live.
-They have a few teeth, but none for defense, and their claws are of use
-only in climbing, except that they can pinch with them.
-
-Two species of Sloth are occasionally seen in the Zoological Park, but
-usually _in the Primate House_, where the high temperature is better
-suited to their needs.
-
-The Three-Toed Sloth, (_Bradypus tridactylus_), is the one with a brown
-"saddle-mark" of short hair in the middle of its back. The remainder of
-its pelage is coarse and long, and its greenish tint renders it a close
-imitation of algae-covered tree-bark. The Two-Toed Sloth, (_Choloepus
-hoffmani_), is much larger than the preceding, and lives longer in
-captivity. Four fine adult specimens occupy a large cage at the Primate
-House, where they seem to be fully acclimatized. In form and habit they
-are remarkable animals, and well worthy of close attention.
-
-    [Illustration: TWO-TOED SLOTH.]
-
-The Egg-Laying Mammals.--For several months there were exhibited here
-two Echidnas--of all small mammals ever seen alive in New York the most
-wonderful. The Echidna comes from Australia, the home of remarkable
-types of animals, and belongs to the lowest Order of Mammals,
-(_Monotremata_). Like its distant relative, the duck-billed platypus, it
-reproduces by _laying eggs_! Its back is covered with short but very
-thick spines, and its nose is a long, slender beak, absolutely unique.
-Other examples of this species will be exhibited whenever possible.
-
-
-                   THE PUMA AND LYNX HOUSE, No. 33A.
-
-Near the Small-Mammal House (No. 35) will be found a log cabin with its
-entire front opening into two wire-covered yards. The interior of the
-building is provided with sleeping-dens in which the occupants of the
-two enclosures can keep dry and warm. This installation is for lynxes,
-but half of it is occupied by pumas. Already it has fully proven the
-desirability of keeping lynxes and pumas constantly in the open air, and
-without artificial heat. To lynxes especially there is nothing more
-deadly than a well-heated room, indoors.
-
-The Puma, (_Felis concolor_), is described in the section relating to
-the Lion House, where other Pumas are exhibited (page 78).
-
-Of the Lynxes, we have two well-defined species, and one subspecies. The
-Canada Lynx, (_Lynx canadensis_), is well represented in the southern
-compartment of the Puma House, where a fine adult pair has become
-acclimatized. This is the _Loup Cervier_ of the French Canadians, and it
-is truly the Lynx of Canada and the subarctic North. It has _no spots on
-its body_, and its pelage is a cold pepper-and-salt gray color. Its feet
-are large and heavily furred, and it has a long, black hair-pencil on
-the tip of each ear. A large specimen stands 18 inches high, and weighs
-22 pounds. The food of the American Lynxes generally consists of hares
-and rabbits, ground birds of all kinds, and anything else that can be
-caught and killed, except porcupine. To man they are not "dangerous
-animals."
-
-
-               THE BURROWING MAMMALS, AND OTHERS, No. 42.
-
-North America is wonderfully rich in species of gnawing animals, and the
-end is not yet. The investigations of our mammalogists are adding new
-species with a degree of rapidity and parallelism that is fairly
-bewildering.
-
-It is the duty of the Zoological Society to do its utmost to increase as
-much as possible the sum total of knowledge of our largest Order of
-Mammals. Manifestly, however, it is impracticable to do more than place
-before visitors a reasonable number of well-chosen types, which shall
-represent as many as possible of the twelve Families, and also the
-genera most worth knowing.
-
-The most serious obstacle in the way of anyone who attempts to exhibit
-collections of living rodents lies in the natural propensity of so many
-species to keep out of sight during the daytime. This is particularly
-true of the members of the Mouse, Pocket Gopher, and Pouched Rat
-Families, comprising about three hundred species in all. With very few
-exceptions, the whole matter of the exhibition of collections of living
-rodents is something new, and every step is an experiment. In the belief
-that even the most shy burrowing animals will appreciate abundant room,
-perfectly natural surroundings, plenty of food, and immunity from
-annoyance, and eventually fall into the habit of spending many of the
-daylight hours above ground, as do prairie-dogs, the Society has
-constructed a series of fifteen small yards, each 10x20 feet, bounded by
-walls going down to bedrock, and enclosed above by a box-like
-arrangement of very light wire-netting 5 feet high. The ground is
-chiefly undisturbed soil of a firm and gravelly nature, thoroughly
-drained, and all earth filling has been tightly rammed into place to
-prevent caving in the burrows. Above ground, each yard contains
-weathered rocks, stumps, and hollow logs in abundance.
-
-In these fifteen yards, each of which will hold specimens of at least
-two or three species, will be placed strongly marked types of those
-families whose representatives are most numerous in North America, and
-also the least known, only a few of which may be mentioned here.
-
-The Sewellel Family, (_Aplodontidae_), contains five or six species and
-is of unusual scientific interest. The Sewellel, Mountain Beaver, Farmer
-or "Showt'l" (_Aplodontia rufus_ and _major_), is an animal of the size
-and general appearance of a large, short-tailed muskrat. It inhabits a
-few localities in remote regions in the mountain-valleys of northern
-California, Oregon, Washington, and southern British Columbia. It feeds
-like a beaver, climbs bushes four feet high, burrows in _wet_ ground,
-and fights like a little fiend when brought to bay. Notwithstanding the
-size of this animal, it is very seldom seen, and is but little known.
-
-The Squirrel Family, (_Sciuridae_), is large (one hundred and forty-one
-species), very interesting, and entitled to much consideration. In the
-present enclosure will be shown in summer many species of interesting
-ground squirrels, chipmunks, and marmots. In winter all the squirrels,
-save one or two hardy native species, will be found in the Small-Mammal
-House, near by.
-
-The Rabbit Family, (_Leporidae_), is one of the most difficult to
-install and exhibit. Its members are large and showy, but for several
-reasons it is very difficult to keep them on exhibition in captivity. In
-time, however, all four of the great groups--Rabbit, Varying Hare, Jack
-Hare, and also the Pikas, forming the allied Family _Ochotonidae_--will
-be represented by specimens.
-
-Just what can be accomplished satisfactorily with the most interesting
-members of the Jumping Mouse, Pouched Rat, and Pocket Gopher Families,
-remains to be determined by trial. If they can be induced to show
-themselves to visitors, during daylight hours, they will be kept for
-exhibition; otherwise not. At present, some examples of these species
-can be seen in the Reptile House.
-
-In Winter.--In the temperate zone, when "winter comes to rule the varied
-year," all the burrowing animals must retire to their burrows, live upon
-their buried stores of winter food, and hibernate until spring. The
-tropical species do not know how to hibernate, and therefore they must
-be taken indoors, or they perish.
-
-In order that our native species of rodents may be seen all winter, and
-that the tropical species may be kept alive, nearly all the animals that
-in summer live in the Burrowing Mammal Quarters are removed in autumn to
-the well-warmed Small-Mammal House. It also happens that in summer a few
-of the small carnivores, and all armadilloes, are kept in these
-Quarters.
-
-In addition to the rodents which it is practicable to exhibit in these
-enclosures, the summer season will find some of them occupied by certain
-especially interesting species which need the soil of Mother Earth as
-well as sunlight and air. Here will be found the Armadilloes, the
-Nasuas, the Raccoon Dogs, the Swift Foxes and a few others, which in
-winter belong in the Small-Mammal House.
-
-
-                    THE PRAIRIE-DOG VILLAGE, No. 41.
-
-The Western Prairie-"Dog," or Prairie Marmot, (_Cynomys
-ludovicianus_).--Occupying a conspicuous hill-top near the Small-Deer
-House, and overlooking the Wild-Fowl Pond, is a circular enclosure, 80
-feet in diameter, surrounded by an iron fence with an overhang, with
-walls going down to bedrock. This contains about fifty fat and jolly
-little Prairie Marmots, one-half of which are the gift of a Montana
-ranchman, Mr. Howard Eaton. The soil of the enclosure has never been
-disturbed, and there is no danger that the little creatures ever will be
-smothered in their burrows, as frequently happens in earth that has once
-been dug up and filled in again.
-
-Owing to its optimistic and even joyous disposition, the Prairie-"Dog"
-has many friends, and "happy as a Prairie-'Dog'" would be a far better
-comparison than "happy as a king." His cousin, the woodchuck, has the
-air of being perpetually "in the dumps," but the Prairie-"Dog"--never.
-His so-called bark is really a laugh, and his absurd little tail was
-given to him solely as a means of visible expression of good nature. But
-he has his enemies and detractors. The coyote loves his plump and
-toothsome body; the "granger" hates him for the multitude of his holes,
-and puts spoonfuls of poisoned wheat into his burrow.
-
-
-                         THE BEAR DENS, No. 37.
-
-The bears of the world form a very interesting group; and when its
-representatives are properly installed--in large, open yards, with
-abundant sunlight, fresh air and room for exercise--they develop finely,
-live happily, and furnish endless entertainment. Under proper
-conditions, bears are cheerful animals, full of the playful spirit that
-robs captivity of its chief terror. To confine large bears singly, in
-small cages, or in wet-floored, high-walled dungeons, or in the
-unspeakable "pits" of mediaeval type, is a sin against Nature. It is to
-be noted, however, that small and timid bears, like _Ursus japonicus_,
-are better off in small cages than in the very large ones; and it is for
-this reason that eight small dens have been provided, opposite the
-original series.
-
-The Zoological Society has put forth considerable effort in constructing
-a series of nine large Bear Dens which provide ideal conditions for
-their inmates. Bears do not need _buildings_! Their habits call for
-large, open yards, properly situated, with snug and dry sleeping-dens
-attached, to which they can retire whenever they wish. To them, masonry
-walls are worse than useless, for they cut off sunlight and promote
-dampness; but rocks and trees upon which to climb are very beneficial.
-In warm weather, all bears are fond of bathing, and a bathing pool in
-each cage is very necessary.
-
-_It is cruelty to animals_ for visitors to throw peanuts, or food of any
-kind, into our bear dens; and it is _strictly forbidden_. All persons
-who do not wish to be reprimanded in public, or arrested, are advised to
-refrain from it. Teasing with food always irritates bears, sets them to
-fighting, spoils their dispositions and _renders them dangerous to the
-keepers who have to go in with them_! _All visitors who are law-abiding,
-and friendly to the Zoological Society, are requested to assist the
-keepers and policemen in preventing lawless persons from throwing food
-into the bear dens._ A stern reprimand often prevents serious trouble.
-
-    [Illustration: POLAR BEARS.
-    Showing a portion of their den and pool cut from the solid rock.]
-
-The bears of North America form four well-defined groups, as follows:
-
-
-  The Polar Bear.
-  The Grizzly Bear.
-  The Alaskan Brown Bears.
-  The Black Bears, and their allies.
-
-
-Up to this date (April 1, 1913), 24 species and subspecies have been
-described, and it is reasonably certain that much more work remains to
-be done on the members of this group of animals before the status of
-each valid and invalid species will be rendered thoroughly clear.
-
-The most noteworthy species are as follows:
-
-            THE MOST IMPORTANT SPECIES OF NORTH AMERICAN BEARS.
-
-                     _Ursus maritimus_, (Desm.), Polar Bear. Arctic
-                       regions generally.
-  The Brown Bears.   _Ursus middendorffi_, (Merriam), Kadiak Bear.
-                       Kadiak Is., Alaska.
-                     _Ursus dalli_, (Merr.), Yakutat Bear. Yakutat Bay,
-                       Alaska.
-                     _Ursus eulophus_, (Merr.), Admiralty Bear.
-                       Admiralty Is., Alaska.
-                     _Ursus gyas_, (Merr.), Peninsula Bear. Portage
-                       Bay, Alaska Peninsula.
-  The Grizzly Bears. _Ursus Horribilis_, (Ord.), Grizzly Bear:
-                       Silver-Tip. Wyoming and Utah to Alaska.
-                     _Ursas horribilis horriaeus_, (Baird), Mexican
-                       Grizzly. Southwestern New Mexico.
-                     _Ursus richardsoni_, (Swainson), Barren-Ground
-                       Grizzly. Great Slave Lake region, and
-                       Barren-Grounds.
-  The Black Bears.   _Ursus americanus_, (Pallas), Black Bear. Eastern
-                       North America.
-                     _Ursus luteolus_, (Griffith), Louisiana Bear.
-                       Louisiana and Texas.
-                     _Ursus floridanus_, (Merr.), Everglade Bear.
-                       Florida.
-                     _Ursus emmonsi_, (Dall), Glacier Bear. St. Elias
-                       Alps, Yakutat Bay.
-                     _Ursus kermodei_, (Hornaday), Inland White Bear.
-                       Northwestern British Columbia.
-
-The Polar Bear, (_Ursus maritimus_).--In nearly every collection of
-living bears the individuals of this species are the most showy and
-attractive. Their white coats quickly catch the eye of the visitor, and
-whether young or old, they are generally the most active and playful of
-all captive bears. In cold weather, when other bears lie in the sun, or,
-if permitted, curl up in the straw of their sleeping dens, the Polar
-Bear will disport himself in the freezing cold water of his swimming
-pool, and joyously play with a cake of ice until the sight of it makes
-one shiver.
-
-The Polar Bear Den is situated at the north end of Rocking-Stone Hill,
-about two hundred feet from the north end of the main series of Bear
-Dens. It is reached by descending the steps leading toward the Beaver
-Pond, and turning to the right. From the Rocking-Stone Restaurant, the
-Polar Bears are quickly reached by descending the hill toward the north.
-
-Although the Polar Bear inhabits practically the whole of the Arctic
-Ocean and its numerous islands, it is by no means the most northerly
-warm-blooded mammal. Nansen found fox tracks at 85� N., but the most
-northerly bear observed was on the 84th parallel. The favorite home of
-this animal is the edge of the great polar ice cap, where Neptune and
-the "Frost King" wage continuous warfare. He seldom ventures more than a
-day's journey inland, on any shore. In winter, as the edge of the
-ice-pack moves southward, and in summer when it retreats northward, he
-follows it in order to keep in touch with the ringed seals and walrus
-that also go with it.
-
-    [Illustration: POLAR BEAR "SILVER KING."]
-
-The power of the Polar Bear to resist ice-cold water--nay, even to enjoy
-it--may fairly be regarded as one of the wonders of Nature. On the coast
-of Alaska this strange creature will plunge into the Arctic Ocean and
-swim miles from shore, through tossing fields of broken ice, and
-wherever the mother leads, her cubs follow.
-
-In the Autumn of 1910, the sealing steamer "_Boethic_" arrived at New
-York bringing two adult Polar Bears that were captured in the summer of
-that year by Mr. Paul J. Rainey. Both animals were presented to the
-Zoological Society, and the largest one called "Silver King" occupies
-the cage that was specially built for the polar bears, and the female is
-exhibited in very comfortable quarters, built for her near that
-installation. Owing to their savage temper neither of these bears ever
-can be kept with other bears, nor can any keeper ever enter the cage of
-either. "Silver King" weighs 880 pounds and is probably the largest
-Polar Bear ever captured alive and unhurt. While the female is not as
-large as "Silver King," she is in every way as perfect a specimen.
-
-The Yakutat Bear, (_Ursus dalli_).--In 1899, we received from Hudson
-Lake, Copper River District, Alaska, two young Alaskan Brown Bears which
-for some time we believed would prove to represent the species found on
-Kadiak Island. In this belief they were for a time labeled as Kadiak
-Bears, (_U. middendorffi_), and so entered provisionally in previous
-editions of the Guide Book. The maturity of the animals has proven that
-this supposition was erroneous. The extremely short and thick muzzle of
-the adult male proves conclusively that they are not identical with the
-long-skulled species of Kadiak. This interesting pair, absolutely
-identical in color with _middendorffi_, are now identified, pending
-further revisions of our _Urisdae_, as _Ursus dalli_.
-
-    [Illustration: SYRIAN BEAR.]
-
-This species, and the two following, well represent the group of big
-Alaskan Brown Bears, which are quite distinct from the grizzlies and
-blacks. They are characterized by their great size, high shoulders,
-massive heads, shaggy brown pelage, and large claws. They live chiefly
-upon salmon, which they catch from the small streams, but they also
-devour great quantities of _grass_.
-
-The Peninsula Bear, (_Ursus gyas_), of Moeller Bay, well down the
-Alaskan Peninsula, may at once be recognized by its light
-brownish-yellow color, and its great size for a bear born in 1904. Its
-claws are of enormous thickness.
-
-This animal is now beyond doubt one of the two largest bears in
-captivity, his only rival being in the Zoological Park at Washington.
-
-The Admiralty Bear, (_Ursus eulophus_), represents a large species
-originally discovered on Admiralty Island, southern Alaska. Its dark
-brown color is very much like that of the Yakutat and Kadiak bears.
-
-The Grizzly Bear, or "Silver-Tip Grizzly," (_Ursus horribilis_).--The
-rapid disappearance of this species from the United States renders all
-living examples of it specially interesting.
-
-Of all bears, the Silver-Tip Grizzly is the most savage and dangerous.
-He is easily angered, and when wounded or harried not only becomes
-furiously vindictive, but he also possesses a degree of courage which
-renders him a dangerous antagonist. As a general thing, a Grizzly Bear,
-like a lion or tiger, will run as soon as he discovers the presence of
-his only enemy--man; but if he is wounded or cornered--or _thinks_ he is
-cornered--he assumes the aggressive, without an instant's delay.
-Unfortunately, the largest Silver-Tip Grizzlies ever killed have been
-too far from scales to make it possible to weigh them.
-
-The most interesting specimen of the Rocky Mountain Silver-Tip now on
-exhibition is a dark-colored and very handsome specimen, named
-"Engineer," obtained in Meeker, Colorado, by Professor Henry F. Osborn,
-and presented to the Society by the Engineers' Club of New York City.
-The color of this individual is darker than the most common type of the
-Silver-Tip, which is sometimes almost as gray as a badger.
-
-A very beautiful male Silver-Tip, from Wyoming, is much lighter in color
-than the Colorado specimen. Its face and head are so light-colored it
-would be called by Rocky Mountain hunters a "Bald-Faced" Grizzly. A
-third specimen was obtained for the Society at White Horse, Yukon
-Territory, in 1905, and its development will be watched with much
-interest. Throughout the Rocky Mountain region the "Silver-Tip" and the
-"Grizzly" are identical; but the color of the species varies
-considerably.
-
-In a wild state Grizzly Bears live on berries and fruits of all kinds
-available, succulent roots, grubs, carrion if it comes handy, and live
-game if it can be killed. In the cattle-growing states bordering the
-Rocky Mountains, owing to their cattle-killing propensities, a bounty of
-from twelve to fifteen dollars per head is paid for their destruction.
-
-The Black Bear, (_Ursus americanus_).--Until quite recently all black
-bears in North America were referred to a single species, with the type
-of which most persons are familiar. Even during the last twenty years
-living representatives of the Black Bear group have been found in nearly
-every state and territory of the United States, and also in northern
-Mexico, Labrador, Province of Quebec, Alberta, Assiniboia, British
-Columbia, Alaska, and the Mackenzie River basin. Our collection contains
-Black Bears representing several widely separated localities.
-
-The Spectacled Bear, (_Ursus ornatus_).--After ten years of constant
-effort the Zoological Park finally acquired late in 1910, a fine male
-specimen of the very rare and little known Spectacled Bear of the Andes
-of Ecuador and Peru. This zoological prize was procured for us in Quito,
-by Mr. Edgar Beecher Bronson (Author of "In Closed Territory,") and by
-him presented to the Society. "Frederico" is distinguished by a glossy
-jet-black coat, very small ears, long feet and a large imperfect circle
-of white around each eye, with white bands down the cheeks and throat.
-In size it matches a small American black bear. As soon as the new bear
-dens are finished, this animal will be removed from the Small-Mammal
-House to one of them. If this species was ever before exhibited in North
-America, we have never heard of it.
-
-The Andean Black Bear, (_Ursus ornatus thomasi_), from Southern
-Columbia, South America, is a subspecies of the spectacled bear, with no
-"spectacles" around its eyes, and no white markings save under its chin
-and throat. This specimen is smaller than the one from Quito.
-Practically nothing is known of the habits of these two species.
-
-The Brown Bear of Europe, (_Ursus arctos_), is represented by two
-specimens from Central Russia which bear a general resemblance to Rocky
-Mountain grizzlies. This is so striking that were they not labeled very
-few persons would suspect their European birth. They have the high
-shoulders and grizzly brown coat of the silver-tip, and in the Rocky
-Mountains would be considered good examples of _Ursus horribilis_.
-
-This pair has bred four times and reared some very fine cubs.
-
-The Syrian Bear, (_Ursus syriacus_), is well represented by a fine
-specimen from Trebizond, Asia Minor. This bear is of a pale yellow
-color, with very high shoulders, narrow head and smooth pelage. The
-Syrian bear represents "the bears of the Bible," which appeared in
-punishment of the children who were disrespectful to the prophet Elisha.
-Bears of this species are often trained to dance, and perform various
-tricks at command, and usually lead very miserable lives at the hands of
-gypsies and other bear specialists of nomadic habits.
-
-    [Illustration: SPECTACLED BEAR.]
-
-The Hairy-Eared Bear, (_Ursus piscator_), a species very rarely seen in
-captivity, is represented by two fine specimens from the Altai
-Mountains, Central Asia. This animal is sometimes called, on account of
-its peculiar light brown color, the Isabella Bear. Its more correct name
-has been bestowed on account of its large and very hairy ears. It
-inhabits northeastern Asia, as far southwestward as the Altai Mountains.
-The fine pair exhibited were presented to the Society by Mr. Carl
-Hagenbeck.
-
-The Himalayan Black Bear, (_Ursus torquatus_), is the handsomest of the
-four living species of black bears, and can easily be identified
-anywhere by three distinct characters, neither of which is possessed by
-any other black bear. They are, a _pure white chin_, _long side-whiskers
-on the jaws and sides of the neck_ and _very large ears_. Up to this
-date the geographic range of this very interesting animal has been
-recorded as extending from eastern Persia through Beluchistan,
-Afghanistan, Assam, and South China to Formosa; but the three specimens
-exhibited were taken in northern Japan, where the existence of this
-species seems to be established beyond question.
-
-    [Illustration: EUROPEAN BROWN BEAR.
-    Two cubs are nursing.]
-
-The Japanese Black Bear, (_Ursus japonicus_), from northern Japan, is
-one of the smallest of living bears, being only slightly larger than the
-Malay sun bear. In general appearance it suggests a small edition of the
-American black bear. The first specimen exhibited at the Zoological Park
-was very good-natured, but all these received since are nervous and
-irritable, and also very timid.
-
-The Sloth Bear, (_Ursus labiatus_), often called the Long-Lipped Bear,
-can be recognized as far as it can be seen by its shaggy mop of
-enormously long, black hair, its white muzzle, and its very long, white
-claws. It is a creature of many peculiarities. It inhabits India
-generally in forest regions. This is Kipling's "Baloo."
-
-                   LIST OF BEARS IN THE ZOOLOGICAL PARK.
-                               April 1, 1913.
-
-    2  Polar Bears         _Ursus maritimus_     from   Ellesmere Land.
-    2  Yakutat Bears       _Ursus dalli_           "    Alaska.
-    1  Peninsula Bear      _Ursus gyas_            "    Alaska Peninsula.
-    1  Admiralty Bear      _Ursus eulophus_        "    Adm. Is., Alaska.
-    3  Kadiak Bears        _Ursus middendorffi_    "    Kadiak Island.
-    1  Kobuk Brown Bear    Undetermined            "    Kobuk River, AL
-    1  Grizzly Bear        _Ursus horribilis_      "    Colorado.
-    1     "   "               "   "                "    Yukon Terr.
-    1     "   "               "   "                "    Wyoming.
-    1  Spectacled Bear     _Ursus ornatus_         "    Equador.
-    1  Andean Black Bear   _Ursus ornatus          "    Columbia, S. A.
-                           thomasi_
-    1  Black Bear          _Ursus americanus_      "    Pennsylvania.
-    1     "   "               "   "                "    Virginia.
-    3     "   "               "   "                "    Alaska.
-    1     "   "               "   "                "    West Ontario.
-    1     "   "               "   "                "    Mexico.
-    1  Cinnamon Bear          "   "                "    Colorado.
-    1     "   "               "   "                "    Wyoming.
-    1  Syrian Bear         _Ursus syriacus_        "    Asiatic Turkey.
-    3  Brown Bears         _Ursus arctos_          "    Central Russia.
-    2  Hairy-Eared Bears   _Ursus piscator_        "    N. W. Mongolia.
-    1  Himalayan Black     _Ursus torquatus_       "    Japan.
-       Bear
-    1  Japanese Bear       _Ursus japonicus_       "    Japan.
-    1  Sloth Bear          _Ursus labiatus_        "    India.
-    2  Yezo Bears          _Ursus ferox_           "    Yezo, Japan.
-    1  Malay Sun Bear      _Ursus malayanus_       "    Borneo.
-   36  specimens, representing 18 species.
-
-The Malay Sun Bear, (_Ursus malayanus_), is the smallest bear in the
-world, also the ugliest and the most ill-tempered. When fully enraged,
-it sometimes barks like a dog. Its hair is very short and close, and its
-head and feet seem to be too large for its body. This species inhabits
-Borneo, Sumatra, the Malay Peninsula and Farther India. Two specimens
-will be found _in the Small-Mammal House_.
-
-
-                           THE RACCOON TREE.
-
-The Raccoon Tree.--A permanent installation for Raccoons has been
-established near the southern end of the Bear Dens, where its inmates
-will be near their plantigrade relatives. At the foot of the steps
-leading down from the Rocking Stone, a cedar-tree, forty feet in height,
-has been enclosed by an elliptical iron fence provided with a
-sheet-metal overhang which is not negotiable by any _Procyon_. Inside
-the fence is a dry yard, a pool of water for all purposes, and the trunk
-of the tree is surrounded by a rustic shelter house, divided into ten
-warm and dry compartments. Underneath the house is a clean and smooth
-wooden floor, on which the food is served.
-
-The smooth, horizontal limbs of a cedar-tree are grateful and comforting
-to a dozing Raccoon, and the tree is not so high that the animals can
-climb beyond the visual power of the visitor.
-
-
-                        THE BEAVER POND, No. 29.
-
-Hidden away in the deep valley between high hills of virgin forest lies
-the Beaver Pond. The spot is so secluded, so silent and primeval, that
-it seems like the heart of the Adirondack wilderness. Lying fairly in
-the lap of the granite hills is a three-acre oval of level swamp, which
-recently was full of woodland rubbish and choked by rank weeds. The
-seclusion of the spot, the splendid forest, the food-wood and the
-possibilities of the dam, all naturally suggested the beaver.
-
-In order that the building of a dam by the beavers would not raise the
-water level so high as to flood the roots of a number of fine forest
-trees and destroy them, two feet of soil was taken out of the swamp, and
-at the same time a broad outlet was excavated. A fence of small iron
-bars, with an overhang, was designed to encircle an area of about three
-acres. Within the enclosure thus made, stand several large forest
-trees--chiefly oak, sweet gum, and maple--which have been protected by
-guards of wire and corrugated iron. The small maples, however, have been
-given over to the beavers, to cut down and use as food-wood and also in
-their dam-building operations.
-
-The Beaver Colony in our pond is in good working order, and its display
-of work makes a highly satisfactory exhibit. The dam, about 40 feet long
-and 4 feet high, was built of poles and sticks which were cut, peeled,
-floated down and placed by the beavers, and pointed up with mud. There
-is a house 10 feet in diameter and 4 feet high, similarly constructed.
-Within the enclosure about twenty saplings and trees have been cut down
-by the beavers and used up for food and building materials.
-
-For this colony the Society is indebted to Mr. Hugh J. Chisholm, who
-procured for it two specimens from Canada and three from Maine.
-
-The American Beaver, (_Castor canadensis_), is a remarkable animal. In
-original thought it is equalled by few animals, and in industry by none.
-With the possible exception of the porcupine, it is the largest gnawing
-animal in North America, once was widely distributed, and its beautiful
-fur has been in demand ever since the days of the colonists.
-Unfortunately, the Beaver's intelligence was directed chiefly to the
-building of dams, canals, and houses, and procuring an abundant supply
-of food-wood, rather than in providing itself with means of escape from
-its arch enemy--the man with a steel trap. Because of the constant
-demand for its fur, this animal has been so nearly exterminated
-throughout the United States that practically none remains save where
-they are rigidly protected. At present the largest colonies known are
-those in the Yellowstone Park, although in Canada and the Northwest many
-still remain.
-
-The most wonderful thing about the Beaver is the manner in which he
-builds dams, to make ponds deep enough for his timber-floating
-operations, and to afford him a submarine passage to his house. Give him
-a valley and a stream of water, and he will gladly make a pond out of
-whatever raw materials are at hand. He uses the four-foot sticks from
-which he has eaten the bark for food, and with these, and an abundance
-of mud, he will raise a good strong dam to a height of four feet, and a
-width on the ground of ten feet or more. The mud used is dug out of the
-bottom and sides of his pond, and carried, while swimming, between his
-paws, with his front feet holding it against his breast. The sticks used
-in the dam are thrust endwise into the mud on top of the dam, and the
-mud used is patted down with his fore feet. The tail is not used as a
-trowel, but in swimming it is the Beaver's propeller.
-
-In captivity the Beaver is not wholly a satisfactory animal. Like some
-human craftsmen, he positively declines to work under observation, and
-performs nearly all his tasks at night. He thinks nothing of gnawing
-down a tree a foot in diameter, and cutting its limbs into pieces which
-he can handle while swimming. If he can secure enough food-wood of kinds
-of his liking, he eats little else. Besides building dams to create
-ponds in which he can take refuge when hard pressed, he constructs
-canals, and houses for winter use. He also digs burrows into high banks;
-but his entrances to his various homes always are under water.
-
-
-                THE ECONOMIC RODENT-REPTILE COLLECTION.
-
-As an answer to a frequent question--"Of what use are reptiles?"--a new
-collection has been installed in the Reptile House. It is supplied with
-descriptive labels, and serves several purposes. In the first place
-there is presented an elaborate series of the small gnawing animals, or
-rodents, a number of the species of which are highly injurious to the
-interests of agriculturists; secondly, the exhibition contains a large
-series of those species of snakes that prey upon the destructive
-rodents,--thus presenting for observation the serpents of marked
-economic value. Finally, the entire series stands as a clear
-demonstration of the perfect logic of Nature in which the production of
-all animal life is carefully balanced; for a part of the exhibition is
-composed of representative species of mammals that, in turn, prey upon
-the serpents, thus keeping even the destroyers of the smaller injurious
-creatures within bounds!
-
-    [Illustration: BRAZILIAN TREE PORCUPINE.]
-
-During the past two years the collection of rodents has been steadily
-growing in importance. The following is a list of the species on
-exhibition at the close of the year 1912:
-
-                     RODENTS IN THE ZOOLOGICAL PARK.
-                     HARES AND RABBITS (_Leporidae_)
-
-  Mexican Swamp Rabbit                 _Lepus palustris_.
-  Cotton-Tail Rabbit                   _Lepus palustris mallurus_.
-  Domestic Rabbits, various breeds     (Nursery stock.)
-
-                   SQUIRRELS AND MARMOTS (_Sciuridae_)
-
-  Thirteen-Lined Spermophile           _Spermophilus 13-lineatus_.
-  Desert Spermophile                   _Spermophilus leucurus_.
-  Richardson Spermophile               _Spermophilus richardsoni_.
-  Woodchuck                            _Arctomys monax_.
-  Prairie Dog                          _Cynomys ludovicianus_.
-  European Squirrel                    _Sciurus vulgaris_.
-  Mexican Squirrel                     _Sciurus aureogaster_.
-  Central American Squirrel            _Sciurus variabilis_.
-  Cuban Squirrel                       _Sciurus chrysurus_.
-  Variable Squirrel                    _Sciurus griseo-flavus_.
-  Gray Squirrel                        _Sciurus carolinensis_.
-  Black Squirrel                       _Sciurus carolinensis niger_.
-  Fox Squirrel                         _Sciurus ludovicianus_.
-  White-Headed Squirrel                _Sciurus macrouroides_.
-  Malabar Squirrel                     _Sciurus malabaricus_.
-  Chipmunk                             _Tamicis striatus_.
-  African Ground Squirrel              _Xerus capensis_.
-  Flying Squirrel                      _Sciuropterus volans_.
-
-                          BEAVERS (_Castoridae_)
-
-  American Beaver                      _Castor canadensis_.
-
-                      KANGAROO RATS (_Heteromyidae_)
-
-  Kangaroo Rat                         _Dipodomys merriami_.
-
-                       POCKET GOPHERS (_Geomyidae_)
-
-  Harsh-Coated Pocket Gopher           _Geomys hispidus_.
-
-                           DORMICE (_Gliridae_)
-
-  Squirrel-Tailed Dormouse             _Myoxus glis_.
-  Lesser Dormouse                      _Myoxus dryas_.
-  English Dormouse                     _Muscardinus avellanarius_.
-
-                        MICE AND RATS (_Muridae_)
-
-  Domestic Mouse--Unusual Color        _Mus musculus_.
-  Phases
-  Japanese Waltzing Mouse              _Mus musculus_.
-  Black Rat                            _Mus rattus_.
-  Black-and-White Rat                  _Mus norwegicus_.
-  Gray-and-White Rat                   _Mus norwegicus_.
-  Porcupine Mouse                      _Acomys cahirinus_.
-  Egyptian Gerbille                    _Gerbillus pyramidum_.
-  Muskrat                              _Fiber zibethicus_.
-  Cotton Rat                           _Sigmodon hispidus_.
-
-                          JERBOAS (_Dipodidae_)
-
-  Greater Jerboa                       _Dipus aegyptius_.
-
-                  COYPU AND SPINY RATS (_Octodontidae_)
-
-  Coypu Rat                            _Myocastor coypu_.
-  Hutia: Cuban Tree Rat                _Capromys pilorides_.
-  Short-Tailed Hutia                   _Capromys browni_.
-
-                        PORCUPINES (_Hystricidae_)
-
-  Canada Porcupine                     _Erethizon dorsatus_.
-  Brazilian Porcupine                  _Sphingurus prehensilis_.
-  African Porcupine                    _Hystrix cristata_.
-
-               VISCACHAS AND CHINCHILLAS (_Chinchillidae_)
-
-  Viscacha                             _Lagostoma trichodactylus_.
-
-                        AGOUTIS (_Dasyproctidae_)
-
-  Golden Agouti                        _Dasyprocta agouti_.
-  Gray Agouti                          _Dasyprocta prymnolopha_.
-
-                           CAVIES (_Caviidae_)
-
-  Domestic Cavy                        _Cavia porcellus_.
-  Capybara                             _Hydrochaerus capybara_.
-  Patagonian Cavy                      _Dolichotis patagonica_.
-
-    [Illustration: MUTE AND TRUMPETER SWANS.]
-
-
-
-
-                          SECTION II.--BIRDS.
-
-
-                        THE GOOSE AVIARY, No. 3.
-
-There are no birds which take more kindly to captivity, or which better
-repay their keep and their keepers, than the ducks, geese, swans and
-pelicans. The only drawback to the maintenance of large collections of
-these birds in this latitude is the annual struggle with our arctic
-winter. On account of the fierce winter storms to which we must pay
-tribute, many species of swimming birds require to be taken out of their
-aviary, and housed in sheltered buildings, with moderate warmth. For
-this reason the pelicans, tree-ducks of all species, and all species
-from the tropics, must necessarily be absent in winter from their summer
-quarters.
-
-For the accommodation of a large, systematic collection of wild geese,
-an aviary two hundred and fifty feet long by one hundred and forty-three
-feet in width has been constructed in the north end of Bird Valley. To
-secure as much space as possible, the entire width of the open valley
-has been taken into the enclosure.
-
-The Goose Aviary consists of a pond containing three islands, two of
-which are subdivided by low fences of wire netting into twelve separate
-enclosures. The collection of geese has become so large and important
-the original Duck Aviary has been taken for it, and the Ducks will
-hereafter be found on the Wild-Fowl Pond and in the Flying Cage.
-
-The Geese.--The collection of wild geese, in the Goose Aviary, is
-unusually large, there being generally about twenty out of the
-thirty-five known species. Among these one of the best known is the
-Common Wild, or Canada Goose, (_Branta canadensis_). Once common
-throughout many parts of the United States, continual persecution by
-sportsmen and market hunters has so generally reduced its numbers that
-now it is of comparatively rare occurrence.
-
-This exceeding rarity made the arrival of nine superb wild specimens on
-November 8, 1900, on the Wild-Fowl Pond, a most interesting event. Seven
-of the birds, including a fine gander, through the artifice of a trap,
-were induced to remain with us, and have taken up a peaceful abode on
-the little lake, with others of their kind presented by Mr. A. B. Frost.
-
-The African Spur-Winged Goose, (_Plectropterus gambensis_), although of
-large size, is more properly a duck than a goose. A long sharp spur
-arises from the bend of each wing, which the birds use in fighting with
-each other for their mates.
-
-The Gray-Lag Goose, (_Anser anser_), is, perhaps, the most interesting
-of all geese, as being the wild species from which our domestic birds
-are descended. The white color and large size are the chief differences
-between the domestic and wild birds.
-
-The White-Fronted Goose, (_Anser albifrons_), is worthy of special
-notice because it is the handsomest of the ten species of North American
-geese. The breeding grounds are far to the north, and in Alaska the
-nests are mere hollows in the sand, lined with moss and down.
-
-The Bar-Headed Goose, (_Eulabia indica_), inhabits the mountains of
-Central Asia, nesting always over a mile above the sea. It is perhaps
-the handsomest of all geese.
-
-The Swans.--Usually at least six out of the seven known species of swans
-may be seen on exhibition here.
-
-The Mute Swan, (_Cygnus olor_), is the commonest swan in captivity, and
-is the one made famous in European history and legend. It may always be
-known from the other species by the black knob at the base of the bill.
-It breeds freely in captivity and the young birds are known as cygnets.
-
-The Trumpeter Swan, (_Cygnus buccinator_), being the largest bird in the
-aviary, and also snowy white, is therefore the most conspicuous. Several
-fine specimens are shown on the North Island, living contentedly with
-other species. Some of these specimens were captured in Idaho, when
-young enough to take kindly to captivity.
-
-The Black Swan, (_Chenopsis atrata_), of South Australia and Tasmania,
-is as glossy black, excepting its primaries, as other swans are white.
-It is a large and handsome bird, and much sought by all persons who form
-collections of water fowl.
-
-The Coscoroba Goose, (_Coscoroba coscoroba_), is a fair connecting link
-between the swans and the ducks, partaking about equally of the
-characters of each. In size and color it is very much like our snow
-goose, (_Chen hyperborea_), but it is peculiar in possessing very long
-legs of a bright pink color, by which it is quickly recognized. Its
-bill, also is pink, and the tips of its primaries are black. The
-Coscoroba Goose is a native of southern South America, and a few years
-ago specimens were so rare in captivity that a pair sold for $300.
-
-
-                        THE FLYING CAGE, No. 4.
-
-This mammoth bird-cage is one of the wonders of the Zoological Park. It
-represents an attempt to do for certain large and showy water birds,
-precisely what has been done for the hoofed animals, the beaver, otter,
-and other species--give them a section of Nature's own domain. In this
-they can fly to and fro, build nests and rear their young in real
-freedom.
-
-Near the lower end of Bird Valley, as a sort of climax for the Goose
-Aviary when seen from the north, rises a lofty, web-like structure, in
-the form of a huge, gothic arch. It is 55 feet in height, 75 feet wide,
-and 152 feet long. The whole structure consists of a series of
-steel-pipe arches and purlins, the former eight feet apart, over which
-wire-netting has been tightly stretched.
-
-The wire-netting seems peculiarly open. It is of the kind known as
-chain-netting, which offers the least possible obstruction to the eye.
-This cage is so large that a very respectable block of houses, three
-stories high and of ample dimensions, could stand within it without
-touching the wire. It completely encloses three forest trees of very
-considerable size, two hickories and an oak; and it contains a pool of
-water a hundred feet long, and shrubbery in abundance.
-
-    [Illustration: CEREOPSIS GEESE.]
-
-The idea of a very large cage for herons and egrets, is not new, for
-there are in existence several other flying cages, somewhat smaller than
-this. The first was erected in the Rotterdam Zoological Garden by its
-Director, the late Dr. A. Von Bemmelin, whose experiment proved very
-successful. Others are at London and in Paris Jardin d'Acclimatation.
-
-The Flying Cage is the summer home of a mixed flock of such large and
-showy water birds as are most inclined to fly about within it, and
-afford students and the public an opportunity to study their movements
-and attitudes. Save for such allowances as must be made for accidents
-and epidemics, this enclosure will contain the following noteworthy
-species, along with others of less importance:
-
-The American Flamingo, (_Phoenicopterns ruber_), is, in appearance, a
-connecting link between the herons and ducks, resembling the former in
-the great length of its legs, and the latter in the duck-like bill and
-webbed feet. When the plumage of this species is perfect, it is of a
-beautiful scarlet color throughout, excepting the primaries, which are
-black. In captivity, the color fades somewhat. This bird is found in the
-Bahama Islands and Cuba, but in Florida, where once it was fairly
-numerous, it no longer exists. Fortunately, this remarkable bird takes
-kindly to captivity, and the Zoological Park is never without a
-good-sized flock. Their strange form, showy colors and droll attitudes
-render them unusually interesting to visitors.
-
-    [Illustration: WHITE-FACED GLOSSY IBIS.]
-
-    [Illustration: ROSEATE SPOONBILL.]
-
-With the birds of the above species are shown a few specimens of the
-European Flamingo, (_P. roseus_), which is almost white. The only parts
-which show the characteristic scarlet of this genus, are the wing
-coverts, which are pale red, or pink.
-
-The Scarlet Ibis, (_Guara rubra_), is for its size the most showy bird
-in existence, not even excepting the birds of paradise. Excepting the
-black primaries, every feather on the adult bird in perfect plumage is
-of a brilliant Chinese vermilion color, visible in nature for a long
-distance. The immature birds are mottled and patched with white. This
-species once came as far north as southern Florida, but now it is found
-only from Cuba southward. They frequent the mud banks at the various
-mouths of the Orinoco, and not long since were quite abundant on the
-coast of British Guiana.
-
-The White-Faced Glossy Ibis, (_Plegadis guarauna_), is not a rare bird
-in captivity, and it will doubtless be possible to maintain this species
-perpetually in the Flying Cage and Aquatic-Bird House.
-
-The Wood Ibis, (_Tantalus loculator_).--The Park obtains its supply of
-birds of this species from Florida, where they breed, in very greatly
-reduced numbers, on the headwaters of the St. Johns. This bird is a very
-satisfactory member of avian society. Although amply large to lord it
-over the other birds of the cage, he quarrels with none, but peacefully
-goes his way, feeling with the point of his beak along the sandy bottom
-of the pool for something edible, or standing in quiet meditation on the
-bank. Notwithstanding its common name, this bird is not an ibis, but a
-true stork. In its black and white plumage it is quite a handsome bird.
-Although not so fond of using its wings in captivity as are herons and
-egrets, the Wood Ibis is for many reasons a very welcome tenant.
-
-The White Stork, (_Ciconia ciconia_), is as large as our wood ibis,
-which it strongly resembles in form and habits. This bird is literally
-the household bird of Germany, and its place in the family has now
-become of more importance than its place in nature. Throughout Holland,
-Germany, and very nearly the whole of eastern and central Europe, the
-White Stork is so prized and protected by the people that it has
-attained a state of semi-domestication. Nesting places are prepared for
-it, usually near or even upon human habitations, and it enjoys an
-immunity from molestation quite like that of the adjutant in India.
-
-The Great Blue Heron, (_Ardea herodias_), is frequently called the "blue
-crane"; but the latter name is a misnomer. It properly belongs to our
-sandhill crane (_Grus canadensis_). Just why so large a number of people
-should be so persistent in this error is a psychological problem; but
-the fact remains that people will not say "heron."
-
-This Great Blue Heron is the largest and most noteworthy bird of our
-northern marshes. Thanks to the fact that it bears no desirable
-"plumes," and its flesh is not edible, it has been permitted to live.
-When not molested, it becomes quite trustful, and when wading along a
-shore, fishing for minnows, it affords for the field-glass or the camera
-a very interesting subject. In summer these birds are quite numerous in
-the marshes along the Shrewsbury River, between Sandy Hook and Long
-Branch, and they are an unfailing source of interest to excursionists.
-It is sincerely to be hoped that the evil eye of "Dame Fashion" will not
-fall upon this bird, and cause its extermination.
-
-The Great White Heron, (_Ardea americana_), is taller than the great
-blue heron, and it is the largest of all the white herons and egrets.
-Like the whooping crane, it is now a bird of such exceeding rarity that
-the procuring of a specimen may be counted a stroke of good fortune. In
-eight years the Zoological Park has secured only three specimens, all of
-which came from southern Florida.
-
-The Little Blue Heron, (_Florida caerulea_).--The immature birds of this
-species are snowy white, and so closely resemble snowy herons of the
-same age, that only one well acquainted with both can distinguish
-between them. They are, however, separately recognized by the fact that
-the snowy heron has black legs, and a black bill, whereas the legs and
-bill of the Little Blue Heron are pale yellow. This species is still
-common in some parts of its Florida home, and occasionally a specimen
-strays as far north as Staten Island.
-
-The Louisiana Heron, (_Hydranassa tricolor ruficollis_), once very
-numerous in Florida, is still found there, but in greatly reduced
-numbers. It ranges from Central America and the West Indies northward to
-the Gulf States, and occasionally to Long Island. The general coloring
-is dark blue, but a prominent distinguishing character is the chestnut
-brown on the sides of the neck.
-
-The Black-Crowned Night Heron, (_Nycticorax nycticorax naevius_), is one
-of the commonest herons about New York City and occasionally nests in
-the Park itself. It breeds in large colonies, and feeds chiefly at
-night. Its note is a hoarse _quok_, very much like the bark of a dog.
-
-The Snowy Heron, or Snowy Egret, (_Egretta candidissima_), when fully
-adult, is the most beautiful white bird in all the avian world. Its form
-is the embodiment of symmetry and grace, its plumage is immaculate, and
-the filmy "plumes" on its head and back are like spun glass. Its black
-legs and bill merely serve to intensify the whiteness of its feathers.
-The vanity of woman has been the curse of the Snowy Egret. Its plumes
-are finest during the breeding season, and it was then that the hunters
-sought them, slaughtering the old birds in the rookeries by thousands
-(when they were abundant), and leaving the nestlings to die of
-starvation. If all women could know the price in blood and suffering
-which is paid for the accursed "aigrettes" of fashion, surely but few
-could find any pleasure in wearing them. It is strange that civilized
-woman--the tender-hearted, the philanthropic, and the
-ever-compassionate--should prove to be the evil genius of the world's
-most beautiful birds.
-
-In the United States the Snowy Egret now exists only by accident, and
-the "plume hunters" are pursuing this and the following species in
-Central and South America, to their most remote haunts, sometimes even
-at the risk of their lives. Fashion has decreed that the egrets must go.
-
-    [Illustration: BROWN AND WHITE PELICANS.]
-
-The American Egret, (_Herodias egretta_).--Much to the misfortune of
-this species, it possesses about fifty "aigrette" plumes which droop in
-graceful curves from the middle of its back far beyond the tail and wing
-tips. For these beautiful feathers this bird has been pursued by plume
-hunters almost to the point of total extermination in the United States.
-
-The White Pelican, (_Pelecanus erythrorhynchus_), is one of the largest
-birds of North America and by reason of its size, its pure white
-plumage, its enormously long amber-colored bill and gular pouch, it is
-one of the most showy birds in the aviary. As consumers of fish they
-stand pre-eminent among birds, and their only rivals in the Park are the
-sea-lions. The specimens exhibited were collected for the Society in
-southern Texas.
-
-The Brown Pelican, (_Pelecanus occidentalis_), when adult, is a handsome
-and showy bird, and one which not only is easily reconciled to life in a
-comfortable aviary, but positively enjoys it. The specimens in our
-collection were collected for the Society on Pelican Island, Florida,
-and their interesting home life at that place may be studied from the
-series of photographs on exhibition in the Aquatic Bird House. When
-their daily allowance of fish appears they crowd around their keeper,
-and with wide-open pouches earnestly solicit contributions.
-
-
-                     THE AQUATIC BIRD HOUSE, No. 5.
-
-This building is the result of an attempt to solve an old problem in a
-new way--the care of large migratory water birds in the most uneven
-winter climate on earth. In comparison with the care in winter of
-flamingoes, large herons, egrets, ibises, and the like, the housing of
-perching birds, birds of prey and the parrots, presents few
-difficulties. But the wealth of fine water birds in North America alone,
-and the interest attaching to them, seem to justify the labor and
-expense that have been involved in this building and its appointments.
-Practically all of the birds to be seen in this building in winter are
-mentioned elsewhere in this volume.
-
-THE OWL CAGES.--After the completion of the Eagle and Vulture Aviary,
-the ten large cages on the exterior of the Aquatic-Bird House, which
-have been occupied temporarily by the birds of prey, will be used for
-the owl collection.
-
-The Giant Eagle Owl, (_Bubo bubo_), is a true giant among the owls. It
-is found throughout continental Europe, keeping mostly to the deep
-forests, and feeding on grouse, rabbits, etc. It is unusually long-lived
-in captivity, and breeds freely.
-
-The Milky Eagle Owl, (_Bubo lacteus_), has the same general characters
-as its congener, but its feathers are of a beautiful, soft gray. It is
-very rare in collections.
-
-The Great Horned Owl, (_Bubo virginianus_).--These nocturnal birds of
-prey inhabit heavily wooded regions, feeding on mice, and poultry when
-it is obtainable. The bright yellow iris, the conspicuous feather horns,
-and the apparently pivoted neck are curious features of these birds.
-Their reputation for wisdom is founded only on their external
-appearance, for in reality they are rather dull birds.
-
-The Snowy Owl, (_Nyctea nyctea_), of the Arctic regions, migrating in
-winter to the northern United States, sometimes remains for several
-seasons in succession so far north that no specimens are obtainable.
-During 1899, 1900, and the first half of 1901, not one specimen could be
-procured, but in the late autumn of 1901 a southward migration began. On
-June 1, 1911, the Park exhibited six fine specimens, one of which was
-almost pure white. During the three hottest months of summer, these
-birds would suffer considerably, so during this period they are confined
-in a cool, dark cellar, thus keeping in perfect health and comfort
-throughout the year.
-
-    [Illustration: GREAT HORNED OWL.]
-
-    [Illustration: SPECTACLED OWL.]
-
-The Screech Owl, (_Otus asio_).--This little horned owl is our commonest
-species, and frequents the neighborhood of dwellings and orchards. Being
-nocturnal it is more common than is generally supposed, and its curious
-cry, which is not a screech, but a musical, quavering series of notes,
-is the cause most frequently leading to its discovery. Its two phases of
-plumage, red and gray, occur independently of sex, age or season. Its
-food consists of mice and insects.
-
-The Barred Owl, (_Syrnium varium_).--This owl is more diurnal than its
-nearest relatives, and often hunts its prey in bright moonshine. Its
-deep, penetrating call, "woo-o-o, whoo-o-o," is one of the most weird
-and striking cries of the bird world. Another peculiarity, common to all
-owls, but more noticeable in this less nocturnal species, is the
-absolutely noiseless flight. The soft, downy feathers of the owl permit
-it to wing its way through the air with as little noise as a falling
-leaf.
-
-
-                 THE EAGLE AND VULTURE AVIARY, No. 11.
-
-    [Illustration: EARED VULTURE.]
-
-    [Illustration: LAMMERGEYER.]
-
-The Eagle and Vulture Aviary stands in an open glade, but well
-surrounded by forest trees, in Bird Valley, between the Aquatic Bird
-House and the new Zebra House. It is a commodious and pleasant
-installation, well adapted to exhibit the Society's collection of
-rapacious birds. Its length over all is 210 feet. It has seven very
-large flight cages and six smaller ones. The largest cages are 24 feet
-wide, 33 feet deep and 31 feet high. In the rear of the great wire
-structure will stand a very comfortable brick building to serve as a
-winter shelter for the tropical birds of the collection; but it will not
-be open to the public.
-
-Now that our eagles and vultures are to be brought together, visitors
-will find that the collection is a large one, and contains many fine
-species.
-
-The Condor, (_Sarcorhamphus gryphus_), of the Andes, is the largest of
-the birds of prey, having a wing-spread of over nine feet. It feeds
-entirely on carrion, rarely attacking living animals. In the male, the
-head is adorned with a large fleshy comb, much like that of a barn-yard
-cock. The Society at present possesses several specimens of this great
-bird.
-
-The King Vulture, (_Gypagus papa_), is as its proud name implies, the
-one member of the Vulture Family which really is clad in royal robes,
-and color-decked to match. Its range extends from Mexico and Central
-America to Trinidad and Brazil. The visitor should not fail to see this
-gorgeously caparisoned body of white, cream-yellow and black, and head
-of orange, purple and crimson.
-
-Black Vulture, (_Catharista urubu_).--These ill-favored but very useful
-birds are quite abundant, and even semi-domesticated, in some of our
-southern cities. This is due to the protection accorded them, because of
-their valuable services as scavengers. They are said to devour every
-particle of exposed organic refuse, and in a warm climate these services
-are of more value than we in the north can realize.
-
-The Yellow-Headed Vulture, (_Cathartes urobitinga_), of northern South
-America, is a much handsomer bird than its two preceding relatives. It
-has much the same feeding habits, but is very rare and delicate in
-captivity.
-
-The California Condor, (_Gymnogyps californianus_).--This is one of the
-rarest, and to all Americans the most interesting, bird of prey in the
-Park. The species is confined to a very small area in the rugged
-mountains of southern and lower California, and beyond all doubt, the
-skin-collecting ornithologists will exterminate it within the next
-twenty years, or less.
-
-The Griffon Vulture, (_Gyps pulvus_), and the Kolbe Vulture, (_G.
-kolbi_), are Old World birds and although more closely related to the
-eagles than to the vultures of the New World, resemble the latter in
-general habits.
-
-Differing strongly from its congeners in general appearance, is the
-Eared Vulture, (_Otogyps auricularis_). This rare bird is a native of
-North Africa, where it feeds on such carrion as it is able to find. Its
-bare, wrinkled head and neck and great bill give it a decidedly gruesome
-appearance.
-
-The Red-Tailed Hawk, (_Buteo borealis_).--The "Hen Hawk," or "Chicken
-Hawk," is one of our commonest birds of prey. It hardly merits its
-common name, as its favorite food is mice and other small mammals. This
-is the hawk seen, in the fall of the year, going south in flocks,
-sometimes of one hundred or more.
-
-One of the most splendid members of the collection is the Harpy Eagle,
-(_Thrasaetus harpyia_), of South America. The remarkably large legs and
-claws indicate the great strength which enables the bird to prey upon
-sloths, monkeys, and other fairly large animals.
-
-    [Illustration: KING VULTURE.]
-
-    [Illustration: BLACK VULTURE.]
-
-The Lammergeyer or Bearded Vulture, (_Gypaetus barbatus_), is now
-probably extinct in Europe, but is still found in parts of Asia. It
-feeds largely on lambs.
-
-A nearly cosmopolitan bird is the Golden Eagle, (_Aquila chrysaetos_).
-It is equally at home in the highlands of Scotland and the mountains of
-North America, nesting on the highest cliffs.
-
-The Bateleur Eagle, of Africa, (_Helotarsus ecaudatus_), has narrowly
-missed the distinction of being the most beautiful of all birds of prey.
-Its plumage is charmingly colored but it is out of proportion. Its tail
-is so absurdly short that its wings quite conceal it, and make it appear
-as if altogether tailless.
-
-    [Illustration: HARPY EAGLE.]
-
-    [Illustration: GRIFFON VULTURE.]
-
-Bald Eagle, (_Halia�tus leucocephalus_).--The appearance of the adult
-Bald Eagle, our National emblem, with its conspicuous white head and
-tail, is familiar to all; but the immature birds, as shown by several of
-the specimens, lack the white in their plumage. These birds are found
-usually near water, and their food is chiefly fish. These they sometimes
-catch for themselves, but if ospreys are found in the vicinity, they are
-watched by the eagles, and often robbed of their hard-earned prey.
-
-Perhaps the fiercest among all the hawks is the White Gyrfalcon, (_Falco
-islandus_). A native of the far north, it descends to a more equable
-clime only when forced to do so by scarcity of food. It is so swift of
-wing that it is able to capture a duck in full flight.
-
-Sea snakes form the rather unusual food of the White-Breasted Sea Eagle,
-(_Halia�tus leucogaster_), of the East Indies, while the
-strikingly-colored Vulturine Sea Eagle, (_Gypohierax angolensis_), a
-native of Africa, feeds on fish, crabs, and the fruit of the oil palm.
-
-
-                   THE WILD TURKEY ENCLOSURE, No. 33.
-
-At the northern end of Squirrel Ridge, where the Alligator Walk
-intersects the Rodent Walk, an ideal quarter of an acre, of oak and
-hickory trees, underbrush, and bare rock, has been dedicated to the king
-of game birds.
-
-The Wild Turkey, (_Meleagris gallopavo silvestris_), is a bird of
-magnificent size and presence, and the splendid metallic luster of his
-plumage--a mixture of burnished bronze copper, lapis lazuli, and fire
-opal iridescence--backed up by a great bulk of savory flesh, all combine
-to make this the finest game bird on earth. It was once fairly abundant
-throughout the eastern United States, and still is found in
-Pennsylvania, southern Ohio, Virginia and other southern states as far
-west as Texas. Three other species of _Meleagris_ are now
-recognized--one in Florida, one in southern Texas and northeastern
-Mexico, and the fourth in Mexico, extending to western Texas and
-Arizona.
-
-
-                      THE LARGE BIRD-HOUSE, No. 7.
-
-On the northwest quarter of Baird Court stands the largest and the most
-generously equipped home for perching birds now in existence. This is
-not an unnecessary boast, but merely a brief statement of a fact which
-the visitor has a right to know. It was designed on our long-established
-principle that every captive wild creature is entitled to life, exercise
-and happiness. Our principle of very large cages, with many birds in
-each cage, is just the reverse of the views that have prevailed in the
-older zoological gardens, even down to the present day. To an important
-extent, the cage equipment of this building represents a new departure.
-There are many zoologists with experience longer than ours who believe
-that small birds thrive better and live longer when installed in small
-cages, with only one or two birds in each.
-
-    [Illustration: WILD TURKEY.]
-
-The Large Bird-House, specially designed for Passerine birds, was
-developed on the strength of experiments previously made in the
-Aquatic-Bird House, and in community cages outside. After three years'
-experience with the new building, and a careful tabulation of diseases
-and death rates within it, we are able to state that this installation
-is a complete and gratifying success.
-
-The Large Bird-House is an L-shaped building, with an all-glass house in
-its angle. The main hall extends east and west, and it is 60 feet long
-by 50 feet wide. This great room contains the foreign song-birds, many
-tropical doves and pigeons, and such tropical varieties and oddities as
-the great crowned pigeons, tinamous, toucans, giant king-fishers and
-hornbills. In the great central flying cage there is perhaps the most
-remarkable _omnium-gatherum_ of small tropical birds--swimmers, waders,
-upland game birds and perchers--ever brought together in one cage. The
-bottom of the L is the Parrots' Hall, 65x30 feet. It contains the
-parrots, macaws, cockatoos, and a few other species.
-
-    [Illustration: SERIEMA.]
-
-    [Illustration: SECRETARY BIRD.]
-
-In the angle of the main building stands a structure almost wholly
-composed of metal and glass, which is known as the Glass Court. It was
-designed especially for North American song-birds. The visitor should
-not overlook the fact that there are cages filled with birds all along
-both the eastern and western sides of the Large Bird House.
-
-Nearly all the cages of both the exterior and interior of the Main and
-Parrots' Halls, are accessible from the back by passage-ways; a
-convenience that greatly facilitates the work of the keepers in caring
-for their various charges.
-
-The capacity of this installation as a whole may be judged from the
-following memorandum of cages:
-
-         APPROXIMATE SIZES OF CAGES OF THE LARGE BIRD-HOUSE
-                             _INDOORS._
-
-  Main Hall      Central Flying Cage     15x36x20 feet high      1
-                 Side Cages              5x5x9                  35
-                 End Cages               5x12x9                  2
-  Parrot Hall    Side Cages              6x8x9                  21
-  Glass Court    West Cages              8x9x9                   6
-                 East & North Cages      5x6x8                  16
-
-                            _OUTDOORS._
-
-  Northeast Cages                        7x12x10                 2
-  East Cages                             6x8x10                 10
-  Southeast Circular Flight Cage         20x20x2                 1
-  South Cages                            6x8x10                  3
-  Large Western Cages                    15x15x15                3
-  Smaller Western Cages                  6x9x10                 14
-  Total number of cages                                        114
-
-Regarding the state of health and spirits of the birds in this building,
-the visitor must be left to judge for himself. It is only fair to state,
-however, that the death rate here and indeed amongst the birds of the
-Park generally, is _very low_.
-
-In view of the great number of avian species inhabiting the Large
-Bird-House, it is a practical impossibility to give more than a general
-outline of the groups and leading features of the collection.
-
-As the visitor enters at the south door, nearest the Lion House, he is
-greeted by a discordant chorus of ear-piercing shrieks and squawks,
-joyous but very raucous, and at times too persistent. Loudest are the
-voices of the gorgeously-plumaged Blue-and-Yellow Macaw, (_Ara
-ararauna_); the Red-and-Blue Macaw, (_Ara macao_), and the Great Green
-Macaw. Around their cages there is no such thing as stagnation or
-somnolence. The soft-hued Rosella Parakeets, the flock of mostly-green
-Cuban Parrots, the Leadbeater Cockatoos and the White Cockatoos all join
-in their voices, to the limit of their respective abilities, but against
-macaws which can be heard a mile, their best efforts seem tame. The
-members of the Order _Psittaciformes_ (as above) have been beautifully
-colored by Nature, and their harsh voices seem strangely out of harmony
-with their plumage.
-
-The indoor cages along the western side of the Large Bird-House (both
-halls included), contain an extensive series of tropical Pigeons and
-Doves, which are well worth some attention.
-
-The most startling exhibit in this group is the Bleeding Heart Pigeon
-(_Phlogoenas luzonica_), from the Philippines, whose creamy-white breast
-seems to have been recently stabbed with a stiletto. It is no wonder
-that now and then a sympathetic visitor seeks the curator, or a keeper,
-and reports that a bird has been injured, and is bleeding from a wound
-in its breast.
-
-    [Illustration: GREAT CROWNED PIGEON.]
-
-The Flying Cage in the center of the Main Hall contains a pool of
-running water, some small trees, an imitation rock, and the floor is
-covered with a comfortable layer of sand. Hopping or flying about, and
-perching on the trees, is a really remarkable medley of birds. There are
-the Wood Duck and Mandarin Duck, Black Skimmers, Common and Sooty Terns,
-several species of Teal, Curlews, Gallinules, Coots, Lapwings, Snipe,
-Ruffs, Quail, Francolins, Senegal, Turtle, Wonga-wonga and other Pigeons
-and Doves, Skylarks, Robins, Orioles, Cardinals, Woodpeckers, Java, Fox,
-Tree, and other Sparrows and Weavers.
-
-The south side of the Main Hall is devoted to miscellaneous rare birds
-from the tropics, regardless of the Orders to which they belong. The
-largest are the Great Crowned Pigeons,--Victoria and Common,--the oddest
-are the Concave-Casqued Hornbills and the Toucans (eight species). The
-Rufous Tinamou, of South America, is a species which, through lack of
-use for its wings, is rapidly losing the power of flight. The Giant
-Kingfisher is the "Laughing Jackass" of Australia, and its cry is
-strangely like the mirthless horse-laugh of a man who has few smiles and
-seldom uses one. The Himalayan Jay-Thrush is so confirmed a murderer of
-birds smaller than himself, it is necessary to quarter that species with
-other birds abundantly able to defend themselves against its attacks.
-
-    [Illustration: SULPHUR CRESTED COCKATOO.]
-
-    [Illustration: TOCO TOUCAN.]
-
-On the northern side of the Main Hall there will be found a very
-interesting group of Cuban birds, another of birds of the Bahamas, a
-fair-sized collection of Finches, Weavers, Canaries, Trogons, and other
-small species of foreign lands. Here also is the rare and
-beautifully-plumed Greater Bird of Paradise, (_Paradisea apoda_).
-
-The visitor is reminded that for all cages that contain more than one
-species, the picture labels quickly furnish a key for identification of
-each.
-
-In the Glass Court and around it, the Curator of Birds, Mr. C. William
-Beebe, has scored a gratifying success in the installation of the Order
-_Passeres_. The birds are arranged by Families, and _all of the
-twenty-one families of eastern North American perching birds are
-represented_. These Families are as follows: Flycatchers, Swallows,
-Wrens, Mockingbirds and Catbirds, Thrushes, Kinglets, Vireos, Waxwings,
-Shrikes, Chickadees, Nuthatches, Brown Creepers, Warblers, Pipits,
-Horned Larks, Sparrows, Honey Creepers, Tanagers, Blackbirds and
-Orioles, English Starling, Crows and Jays. It is only those who have
-attempted to form and install such a collection who can appreciate the
-effort which that collection has cost, or the difficulties involved in
-the maintenance of so large a number of insect-eating birds. The birds
-in this section of the Bird-House are especially interesting to the
-teachers of pupils of the public schools of this city.
-
-The large circular flying cage, at the outer corner of the Glass Court,
-is filled with Robins, Bluebirds, Thrushes and Woodpeckers which winter
-there very comfortably, because they are fed and watered, and sheltered
-from the worst storms.
-
-Along the western wall of the Large Bird-House, outside, fourteen large
-cages are filled with members of the Crow and Blackbird Families
-(_Corvidae_ and _Icteridae_), such as the Ravens, Crows, Jays, Magpies,
-Blackbirds, Meadowlarks, Cowbirds and Grackles, beside which appear our
-old friends the Yellow-Shafted Flicker and Red-Headed Woodpecker.
-
-The following is a systematic enumeration of the Orders of birds
-represented in the Zoological Park on April 1, 1913:
-
-                      LIST OF BIRDS, APRIL 1, 1913.
-                       ORDERS.                      Species. Specimens.
-
-  Rheiformes          Rheas                                2          2
-  Struthioniformes    Ostriches                            2          2
-  Casuariiformes      Emeus and Cassowaries                2          3
-  Tinamiformes        Tinamou                              5          5
-  Galliformes         Quail and Pheasants                 88        204
-  Turniciformes       Hemipodes                            1          2
-  Ptericlidiformes    Sand Grouse                          1          1
-  Columbiformes       Pigeons and Doves                   57        183
-  Ralliformes         Coots and Gallinules                15         35
-  Lariformes          Gulls and Terns                     17         54
-  Charadriiformes     Plovers and Sandpipers              18         48
-  Gruiformes          Cranes, Seriema                     13         30
-  Ardeiformes         Ibises, Storks and Herons           35         85
-  Palamedeiformes     Screamers                            3          4
-  Phoenicopteriformes Flamingoes                           2          5
-  Anseriformes        Swans, Geese and Ducks              72        712
-  Pelecaniformes      New World Vultures                   9         30
-  Cathartidiformes    Cormorants and Pelicans              8         27
-  Serpentariiformes   Secretary Birds                      1          2
-  Accipitriformes     Hawks and Eagles; Old World         28         48
-                      Vultures
-  Strigiformes        Owls                                20         47
-  Psittaciformes      Parrots, Macaws and Cockatoos       86        194
-  Coraciiformes       Kingfishers and Hornbills           12         15
-  Trogoniformes       Trogons                              1          1
-  Cuculiformes        Touracos and Cuckoos                10         18
-  Scansoriforme       Toucans and Barbets                  8         13
-  Piciformes          Woodpecker                           9         26
-  Passeriformes       Thrushes, Sparrows and all         378       1242
-                      perching birds
-  Totals                                                 903       3038
-
-
-                            WILD-FOWL POND,
-             _Heretofore Called the Aquatic Mammals' Pond_.
-
-As the birds on this pond have been transferred from the Duck Aviary,
-the interest of this exhibit is of special character, and greatly
-enjoyed by hosts of visitors. This is the nursery of the ducks and
-geese, where, in the tangle of long grass, briars and underbrush along
-the east side of the pond, the nests are built in early spring, the eggs
-are laid and patiently incubated. Finally the broods of ducklings are
-led to the water, to feed to repletion, throughout the summer, on the
-worms, bugs and insects so dear to the appetite of these amusing little
-fellows.
-
-Cope Lake is the especial province of the nesting pairs of Canada geese,
-and sometimes as many as eight golden-colored goslings are hatched in
-one nest on the small island.
-
-The Mallard Duck, (_Anas boschas_), is one of our finest swimming birds,
-the joy of the sportsman who finds it in its haunts, the delight of the
-epicure who finds it on the bill of fare. Sluggish indeed must be the
-blood which does not beat faster at the sight of a flock of wild
-Mallards, free in Nature, and ready to leap into the air and away at the
-slightest alarm. After the pintail and the wood duck, this is one of the
-handsomest ducks of North America, and also one of the finest for the
-table. Its range covers practically the whole of the western continent
-down to Panama, and even extends to the Azores, north Africa, and
-northern India. The drakes are readily recognized by the splendid
-irridescent green of the head.
-
-The Green-Winged Teal, (_Nettion carolinensis_), and Blue-Winged Teal,
-(_Querquedula discors_), are very delicate birds, and therefore rather
-difficult to maintain in captivity. A flock of each will be found in the
-Flying Cage.
-
-The Pintail Duck, (_Dafila acuta_), is specially commended to the notice
-of visitors because of its great beauty, both in color and form. Its
-colors form an exquisite harmony of soft brown and gray tones which
-fairly rival the more gaudy color-pattern of the wood duck. The species
-is yet found occasionally along the Atlantic Coast, but like all other
-edible birds, its numbers are rapidly diminishing. A large flock of
-these birds will be found on the Wild-Fowl Pond.
-
-    [Illustration: DUCKS FEEDING: WILD FOWL POND.]
-
-The Gadwall, (_Chaulelasmas strepera_), is a handsome gray bird, well
-known to gunners along the Mississippi Valley, but rarely seen along the
-Atlantic coast. Its chief breeding grounds are in the great marshes of
-central Canada.
-
-The Baldpate, (_Mareca americana_), one of the finest of water-fowl, is
-now so scarce that it is difficult to obtain specimens for exhibition.
-These birds are poor divers, but gain a good livelihood by feeding on
-floating sea lettuce, disturbed from the bottom by the better equipped
-canvas-backs and redheads.
-
-The bill of the Shoveller, (_Spatula clypeata_), has become so
-specialized for mud-sifting that it has actually assumed the shape of a
-shovel, and is out of all proportion to the size of the bird's body. The
-sides of the bill are equipped with bony plates, through which the mud
-is strained, the particles of food being caught and swallowed.
-
-The Canvas-Back (_Aythya vallisneria_), and the Red-Head, (_A.
-americana_), two prime favorites with the sportsman and epicure, are
-exhibited on the Wild Fowl Pond. Of the latter, a good-sized flock is
-shown. Canvas-Backs, however, are difficult to capture unhurt, and still
-more difficult to keep alive in captivity, and for these reasons the
-number exhibited always is very small.
-
-The Lesser Scaup, (_Marila affinis_), is one of the sea ducks, and, like
-its congeners, a very expert diver. It feeds chiefly on mollusks, which
-it finds in the mud, often at considerable depths under water.
-
-The Paradise Sheldrake, (_Casarca variegata_), of Australia, is a
-striking bird, occupying a position mid-way between the ducks and geese.
-It is interesting to note that the female is much more attractive than
-the male, the head and neck being pure white, in contrast with the more
-sombre body. This species is very quarrelsome in captivity.
-
-The Ruddy Sheldrake, (_Casarca casarca_), is a bird of wide
-distribution, being found from the Mediterranean countries to Japan, and
-also in northeast Africa. Both sexes are of a uniform light chestnut,
-the male being distinguished by a black ring around the neck. The nest
-is always well sheltered, often being placed in a hollow log.
-
-The Common or Tadorna Sheldrake, (_Tadorna tadorna_), is a remarkably
-colored bird, but unfortunately difficult to keep alive in this climate.
-It nests in holes in the ground, preferably in disused rabbit burrows.
-
-The Mandarin Duck, (_Aix galericulata_), is the Chinese counterpart of
-our beautiful Wood or Summer Duck, (_Aix sponsa_). Of all living ducks,
-the males of these two species are the most gorgeously colored and
-plumed, and they are also of elegant form. Although both species are
-much sought after, the number of available specimens continues to be
-limited to a comparatively small number.
-
-
-                THE PHEASANT AND PIGEON AVIARY, No. 40.
-        _Entire Collection is the Gift of Mr. Jacob H. Schiff._
-
-The Pheasant Aviary is a building like a corridor 240 feet long with a
-cross pavilion at each end. The main structure is divided into 22
-shelters connecting with a like number of wire enclosed outside runways,
-each of which is 8 feet wide, 24 feet long and 8 feet high. The two end
-pavilions furnish 32 smaller shelters and runways, making a total of 48
-compartments. The shelters are divided into two stories, the upper
-series being designed for pigeons, doves and perching birds of various
-kinds. Each bird in this aviary can at every moment of his life choose
-according to his needs from the following series of accommodations that
-are available to him: An open, sunlit yard, a storm shelter with an open
-front, or a closed room with one small door and a large window.
-
-    [Illustration: PHEASANT AVIARY AND WILD FOWL POND.]
-
-This beautiful and generous installation, 240 feet long, with 48
-runways, accommodates the true Pheasants of the world, the largest group
-of birds of the Pheasant Family (_Phasianidae_), which in turn is one of
-the grand divisions of the sportsman's own Order _Gallinae_, or upland
-gamebirds. Of the whole Order _Gallinae_,--which includes the Grouse,
-Ptarmigan, Partridges, Pheasants, Turkeys, Guinea-Fowls, Jungle Fowl,
-Quails, Brush-Turkeys, Curassows and Guans--the group of the Pheasants
-can justly claim the distinction of possessing the most beautiful birds.
-Indeed, I think there is not to be found in the whole avian world a
-group of game birds all the members of which, taken species by species,
-are so gorgeously apparelled as these.
-
-In this brief notice of what is really one of the finest pheasant
-collections in the world, it is not possible to do more than direct the
-visitors' attention to its chief items of interest. It must be stated
-well in advance, however, that these are birds of very shy and retiring
-habit, which owe their existence as species to the success with which
-they retreat from danger, and conceal themselves from man and beast.
-These birds must not be forced to spend all the daylight hours in their
-runways; for some of them could not long survive such exposure and
-excitement. To preserve their lives, and keep them in health, they must
-have the privilege of retiring into their shelters whenever they desire.
-But they roam in and out, and by the exercise of a little effort in
-returning to them, the interested visitor will find no great difficulty
-in seeing all the species.
-
-There are few species of pheasants whose members are sufficiently
-peace-loving that many individuals can be kept together without deadly
-combats. Of most species save the golden, silver and ring-neck, the
-cocks are so quarrelsome that even two can not be kept together; and
-this fact constitutes a handicap upon those whose duty it is to maintain
-the full strength of the exhibition. If a rare and quarrelsome male
-pheasant dies unexpectedly, it is not always possible to fill the
-vacancy on short notice.
-
-Out of the half-dozen species which claim first place in an enumeration
-based on beauty and luxuriance of plumage--the Amherst, Reeve, golden,
-silver, impeyan, Argus or Soemmerring--it is difficult to choose. Each
-has its share of strong points, and it seems as if there is no "finest
-of all." Let us take them as they come to mind, for by reason of the
-changes so often necessary in the runways, it is inexpedient to attempt
-an end-to-end enumeration.
-
-    [Illustration: MANCHURIAN EARED PHEASANT.]
-
-The Golden Pheasant, (_Chrysolophus pictus_), is a universal favorite;
-and it well deserves its wide popularity. Although small, it is as
-beautiful as the most entrancing sunset ever seen. It is very alert and
-_chic_, it is so good tempered that we can have the rare pleasure of
-seeing a whole flock in one runway, and it is a good breeder. To crown
-all these fine qualities, it is so hardy, and so competent a "rustler"
-in seeking food that under fair conditions it is easily transplanted
-from its native home in western and southern China. It has been
-introduced and acclimatized with gratifying success in Oregon,
-Washington, southern British Columbia near the Pacific coast, and
-elsewhere. In the shooting season, the shops of the taxidermists of
-Vancouver and Portland are filled with these gorgeous creatures, which
-appreciative sportsmen have found "too beautiful to eat." One might as
-well try to describe a sunset as to pen a mental picture of the
-wonderful combination of golden yellow, orange, lapis-lazuli blue and
-deep crimson that appear in the plumage of this gorgeous bird.
-
-The Amherst Pheasant, (_Chrysolophus amherstiae_), is the nearest
-relative to the golden species, and also a strong candidate for first
-honors on the score of beauty. As far as you can see the cock bird, you
-can recognize it by its marvellous cape of pure white feathers marked
-with semicircles of black and steel-blue, which reaches from its eyes
-far back upon the shoulders. It is also easily recognized by its
-enormously long tail, the middle feathers of which are conspicuously
-marked by a regular series of diagonal bars of black laid on a light
-ground color. This bird is of small size, and fortunately for the
-public, it breeds in confinement with sufficient readiness that a good
-supply for exhibition purposes is thereby maintained.
-
-    [Illustration: INDIAN PEACOCK.]
-
-The Silver Pheasant, (_Gennaeas nycthemerus_), of China, is Nature's
-"running mate" for the golden pheasant, not only in the rocky hill
-forests of southern China, but in acclimatization, in captivity, and
-everywhere else. Wherever you see a golden pheasant, look for the Silver
-also, with its showy, snow-white tail, and white mantle of feathers
-which covers the whole upper two-thirds of the bird from its ears to its
-tail. Its dark-colored under surface serves well to accentuate the
-whiteness of its other parts. It is a larger bird than the golden and
-Amherst pheasants, but it is so good tempered that every summer two or
-three cock birds are kept in the great Flying Cage along with many small
-and defenseless birds which might easily be molested. In parks which are
-not visited by great numbers of people, both this species and the golden
-are easily domesticated, and permitted to roam at will.
-
-The Reeves Pheasant, (_Syrmaticus reevesi_), of northern China, is a
-most beautiful species, closely related to the Japanese, Elliott, Hume
-and Soemmerring pheasants,--all of them fine, showy birds. Like the
-Amherst, the Reeves Pheasant has a very long tail, which in fully adult
-or old male birds often attains a length of five feet. When you see in
-captivity a pheasant with an enormously long tail, it is safe to assume
-that it is either an Amherst or a Reeves.
-
-The Soemmerring Pheasant, (_Phasianus soemmerringii_), sometimes very
-aptly called the Copper Pheasant, is a native of Japan, and a bird of
-which any country might well be proud. In size, form and length of tail
-it matches the common ring-necked pheasant. Its head and neck plumage is
-of a warm copper-bronze tint, but its most beautiful colors are found in
-the elaborate cross-bar markings of its tail. The pattern of the latter
-reveals first a strong cross-bar of chocolate brown, above that a broad
-band of fawn-color, and this blends into a mottling of black on
-cream-color, edged across with black.
-
-The True Ring-Necked Pheasant, (_P. torquatus_), of China, brings to
-view a question that frequently is asked regarding the English Pheasant,
-(_P. colchicus_), which is the common species of southeastern Europe and
-Asia Minor, and of Great Britain and other continental areas by
-_introduction_. We are asked, "Has the English Pheasant a white ring
-around its neck, or not?"
-
-The answer is, _the true, pure-blooded_ English, or Common Pheasant,
-(_P. colchicus_), has _no ring_ around its neck; but so many persons
-have crossed the true Ring-Necked Pheasant, of China, with that species
-that in many flocks of the former species the majority of the
-individuals are of mixed breed, with necks perceptibly ringed, yet
-passing as English Pheasants. As a matter of fact, in the world to-day,
-pure-blooded English Pheasants are rare. Both the English and
-Ring-Necked species have been successfully introduced into several
-portions of the United States.
-
-While on this subject, we will here record the fact that the name
-Mongolian Pheasant, as often applied to the Ring-Neck, is a misleading
-error. The real Mongolian Pheasant, of Turkestan, (_P. mongolicus_), is
-a species of such extreme rarity that it is almost unknown, alive, in
-the United States. A fine pair of these birds is now on exhibition at
-the Pheasant Aviary.
-
-The Argus Pheasant, (_Argusianus argus_), is a bird with a great
-reputation for beauty, but as seen alive in zoological collections it
-does not always come up to expectations. Both its secondary
-feathers--which when fully developed are of enormous length--and its
-primaries, are extremely beautiful; but unfortunately those beauties are
-not visible until the bird is dead, and its plumage displayed in a
-manner very rarely adopted by the living, captive bird. But the eyes on
-the huge secondary feathers are wonderful, and each primary is a dream
-in ecru and brown tints, laid on in a most elaborate pattern. The Argus
-Pheasants are most shy and wide-awake birds, inhabiting the dense, hot
-and moist jungles of Borneo, Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula, and are
-almost impossible to shoot. They are snared by the Dyaks and Malays, and
-after the skin has been removed and carefully preserved for museum
-purposes, the flesh is as fine eating as the breast of a quail and quite
-as palatable. A few successful attempts have been made to breed this
-species in captivity.
-
-The Impeyan Pheasant, (_Lophophorus impeyanus_), is the neighbor of the
-Himalayan tahr, the burrhel, the ibex and the markhor, and the delight
-of every sportsman who dares the rocks of "the Roof of the World" in
-quest of Himalayan big game. Its beauty is due chiefly to its metallic
-colors, and the splendid iridescence of its plumage. Its home is in the
-world's most gigantic mountains, and it is not uncommon for a bird that
-has flown out from a mountain-side and been shot on the wing to fall
-2,000 feet, and beyond human reach. No wonder this bird is popular with
-Anglo-Indian sportsmen.
-
-The Pheasant Aviary is a _double installation_, and as an aviary for
-Pigeons and Doves it is quite as perfect as it is for Pheasants.
-
-During the year 1910 and part of 1911, the pheasants of the Old World
-were studied in their haunts by Mr. C. William Beebe, Curator of Birds.
-By reason of a cash gift to the Zoological Society made by Col. Anthony
-R. Kuser, he was enabled to make the expedition. The results will be
-embodied in an elaborate monograph, which probably will be published in
-the near future.
-
-
-                       THE OSTRICH HOUSE, No. 43.
-   _This entire collection presented by the late Charles T. Barney._
-
-Originally it was our intention to devote this fine building solely to
-the great "running birds,"--Ostriches, Rheas, Emeus and Cassowaries; but
-the pressure for space has been so great that this intention never has
-been carried into effect, and we fear it never will be. There are so
-many cranes, seriemas, tropical vultures and other large birds which
-appeal for space in these very pleasant and healthful quarters, we have
-felt compelled to set our original plan half at naught. It seems
-probable that some of the feathered interlopers now in the Ostrich House
-will remain there, indefinitely--or at least until we erect a Crane
-Aviary.
-
-Architecturally, the Ostrich House is the counterpart of the
-Small-Mammal House, the two being identical in size and form, and
-connected by a handsome pavilion. Each building is 170 feet long, and 54
-feet wide. The Ostrich House contains 13 cages, each 10x12 feet, by 8
-feet in height. A flood of warm light pours through a glass roof into
-these cages, and makes them as light as the yards without. It is no
-wonder that birds thrive in this building. Movable partitions were
-provided, so that a few of the cages might be subdivided whenever
-necessary. This provision has proven of much practical value.
-
-Each interior cage connects with a spacious outside yard, in which the
-big birds spend the warm months. The yards are enclosed by wire fences,
-and to the eye of the visitor they are open from three directions.
-
-The members of the Subclass _Ratitae_,--once called the Cursores, or the
-"running birds,"--are the present-day giants of the avian world. We have
-reason to be glad that all these splendid birds did not disappear from
-the earth before ornithology took form as a science. Undoubtedly, they
-mark the end of the line of birds of their kind, for the far-reaching
-destructiveness of civilized man has already put a period to the natural
-evolution of animal life. To-day, the preservers of wild life are
-engaged in a hand-to-hand struggle with the annihilators, over the
-preservation of a remnant for those who come after us.
-
-The African Ostriches are now very prominently in the public eye, not
-because of their relationship to the Dinornis and Aepyornis of the past,
-but by reason of the value of their plumes in enhancing the
-attractiveness of woman. And surely, no plume-bearing bird ever enlisted
-in a better cause, or on a more satisfactory basis; for to-day the plume
-crop is being grown and plucked and marketed with almost as much
-certainty as the annual crop of wool. In the United States, the most
-important plume-producing ostrich farms are situated in southern
-California and Arizona, where the industry is quite successful. So
-valuable are the adult birds that it is possible to purchase specimens
-imported from Africa for less money than would be necessary to procure
-them in the United States.
-
-    [Illustration: NORTH AFRICAN OSTRICH: MALE.]
-
-A full-grown male African Ostrich stands 8 feet in height, and weighs
-about 300 pounds. Its value on arrival in New York, before
-acclimatization and moulting into perfect plumage, is from $200 to $250.
-The female lays about 90 eggs in a year, each of which is equal to about
-20 hen's eggs. The time of incubation is about 40 days. In captivity
-only about 60 per cent of the eggs hatch, and of those not more than
-one-half live to attain full maturity. The plumage of immature birds and
-adult females is gray, but that of the adult male is black on the body,
-and white on the wings and tail.
-
-The South African Ostrich, (_Struthio australis_), differs from the
-species found in the north. The color of the naked skin of its neck and
-thighs, and the front scales on its metatarsus, is distinctly bluish,
-and dark. This is the species of the southern half of Africa, now so
-successfully farmed in Cape Colony for its feathers that the annual crop
-is said to yield about $5,000,000. And it is this species which is kept
-on the ostrich farms of California and Arizona.
-
-    [Illustration: RHEA.]
-
-    [Illustration: CASSOWARY.]
-
-The North African, or Sudan Ostrich, (_S. camelus_), is the species
-first and longest known. Its neck, thighs and front metatarsal scales
-are of a decided pink color. Originally the range of this species
-extended from north Africa well into southwestern Asia, embracing
-Arabia, Syria and Mesopotamia.
-
-Generally speaking, the African Ostriches originally covered all the
-open, sandy plains of Africa; but they never inhabited the regions of
-dense forests. To-day their total inhabited range is small, and rapidly
-becoming more so. It is highly probable that within the life period of
-many persons now living, wild Ostriches will totally disappear from the
-earth.
-
-The Common Rhea, or South American Ostrich, (_Rhea americana_),
-represents a group of ostriches much smaller than those of Africa, and
-found only on the open plans of Argentina and Patagonia, below the great
-equatorial forest belt. There are three species in the group. In general
-terms it may be stated that an adult Rhea is about two-thirds the size
-of an adult African ostrich. It is with great difficulty that these
-birds are reared to maturity in the United States.
-
-    [Illustration: EMEUS.]
-
-The Common Emeu, (_Dromacus novae-hollandiae_), of Australia, is the
-neighbor of the kangaroo and wallaby, and in form is as odd as are the
-majority of the birds and mammals of that continent of strange
-creatures. Its body suggests a pile of gray-brown hay elevated on
-stilts, to one end of which a hay-covered neck and head have been
-attached. The bird-lover should make much of this creature, for in its
-home country it has been almost exterminated. Fortunately, in climates
-reasonably well suited to it--but not in or near New York--it is
-possible to breed this bird in captivity. In size the Emeu is next to
-the African ostrich.
-
-The Ceram Cassowary, (_Casuarius casuarius_), of the Island of Ceram,
-Malay Archipelago, represents a group which contains a number of
-well-defined species which are scattered through the northern cape of
-Australia, New Guinea, the Aru Islands, Ceram, and other islands of
-Malayana east of Celebes. They are all distinguished by their glossy
-purple or black body plumage--which looks far more like coarse hair than
-like feathers--their huge legs, and their helmeted heads. The
-differences between species are based chiefly upon the bright orange red
-and purple colors of their upper necks and wattles.
-
-In size the Cassowaries are all of them smaller than the emeus. In
-captivity they are the best of all the large cursorial birds, and live
-longer than either ostriches, rheas or emeus. They are essentially birds
-of the thick forests rather than open plains, and can not bear the
-glaring light and heat of midsummer that is the delight of an ostrich.
-In captivity they are very apt to be quarrelsome toward each other.
-
-Miscellaneous Birds in the Ostrich House.--At present these are so
-numerous and so important it is necessary to mention a few of them, even
-though the labels may be supposed to speak for them. They fall into
-several groups, chiefly birds of prey and cranes.
-
-One of the most remarkable creatures in the entire collection is the
-Secretary Bird, (_Serpentarius serpentarius_). It is well known as a
-snake killer, its attacks being made with the feet alone, and never with
-the beak. Its long legs are remarkably powerful, and capable of dealing
-a crushing blow, always aimed at the head of the victim. Although it
-does not resemble the hawks and eagles in general appearance, it is in
-reality one of this group, and might well be described as a "hawk on
-stilts." The snakes, frogs, small animals and birds which form its diet
-are generally swallowed entire. The long cockades of black feathers
-falling backwards at each side of the head are said to have suggested
-the name Secretary Bird, from a fancied resemblance to a quill stuck
-behind the ear of a clerk.
-
-The Brush Turkey, or Telegalla, (_Catheturus lathami_), is a bird of the
-dark tropical forests of New Guinea and Australia. For many years it has
-been regarded as a zoological wonder, because of the remarkable manner
-in which it nests and produces its young. Instead of building a small,
-hollow nest, and hatching its eggs by the heat of its own body, it
-pursues the plan of the crocodile! Choosing an open spot in the forest
-it builds a huge mound, and as the structure rises, it lays its eggs in
-the heart of it. Turning its tail to the mound-site, this absurd little
-bird--no larger than a barnyard hen--scratches about right and left,
-gathers a big footful of small dead sticks, grass and dirt, and fiercely
-flings it backward upon the pile. A Brush Turkey in good working order
-can fling a bunch of jungle debris fully ten feet. Usually the finished
-mound is about three feet high by ten feet in diameter on the ground,
-and contains two or three _cart-loads_ of sticks, leaves and grass. The
-eggs are deposited in a circle, well separated from each other, and each
-newly hatched bird must scratch out or die. Of course, the eggs are
-incubated by the heat of the sun and the fermentation of the mass. When
-hatched, the young chicks are able to fly.
-
-    [Illustration: LITTLE BROWN CRANE.]
-
-    [Illustration: DEMOISELLE CRANE.]
-
-
-                              THE CRANES.
-
-At present the Cranes of the Zoological Park are divided between the
-Ostrich House and the Aquatic Bird House, and their environs. In summer
-there are exhibits of these birds in the outdoor yards adjacent to each
-of those buildings. Recently, a number of species have been acclimatized
-in the Crane Paddock, and are to be seen there winter and summer.
-
-The Whooping Crane, (_Grus americana_), is the largest, the handsomest
-and the rarest crane species in America. Its great size and its
-pure-white plumage--except its primaries--render it conspicuous from
-afar, and its voice will carry half a mile. The arched secondary wing
-feathers of the adult give the bird a very jaunty appearance. This
-species is so rare that thus far we have been able in eight years to
-secure only three specimens. The Whooping Crane nests in summer in the
-Arctic regions, but in winter it ranges as far south as Mexico. Our
-specimens of this bird will in summer be found in the large paddock
-immediately north of the Aquatic Bird House, with the next species.
-
-The Sandhill Crane, (_Grus mexicana_), is smaller than the preceding
-species, more common, and is frequently seen in captivity. Its color is
-slaty-blue. It is found in the southeastern United States, but once was
-fairly common throughout the Mississippi valley. In captivity this bird
-often indulges in some very droll antics--at times actually dancing. The
-adult males are often quite pugnacious, and inclined to attack those who
-go near them, and all visitors are warned not to go within striking
-distance of them. Children especially should not be permitted to climb
-over the guard wires, and approach close up to the cranes' fences.
-
-    [Illustration: ASIATIC WHITE CRANE.]
-
-    [Illustration: PARADISE CRANE.]
-
-The Sarus Crane, of the plains and sand-bars of northern India,
-(_Antigone antigone_), greatly resembles our sandhill crane, but is a
-much larger bird. This also is a quarrelsome species, and in captivity
-individuals are inclined to be cruel toward each other.
-
-The Asiatic White Crane, (_Sarcogeranus leucogeranus_), is like a modest
-understudy to our whooping crane, in all respects save the elevated
-tail-crest. It is a bird of wide distribution.
-
-The Paradise Crane, (_Tetrapteryx paradisea_), of the open plains of
-Africa outside the deserts, is a slaty-blue bird with a head so puffed
-out with side feathers that it looks almost reptilian. Its tail-feathers
-taper out to infinity, and gracefully droop quite to the ground. The
-little African Demoiselle Crane, (_Anthropoides virgo_), is so
-diminutive, so dainty in appearance and so gentle-spirited that its
-young-ladylikeness has been proclaimed in its name. Of all foreign
-species of cranes, it is the one easiest to procure, and the most
-satisfactory to keep in collections. It never quarrels, it is very
-sociable in its habits, and thrives in captivity.
-
-    [Illustration: WHOOPING CRANE.]
-
-    [Illustration: CROWNED CRANE.]
-
-The Crowned Crane, (_Balearica pavonina_), also of Africa, is, perhaps,
-the most beautiful of all living cranes. It is of medium size, royally
-colored, and strikingly set off with a conspicuous crown of stiff,
-quill-like feathers that stand as erect and regular as the aigret of an
-Indian prince.
-
-    [Illustration: ADJUTANT.]
-
-    [Illustration: JABIRU.]
-
-    [Illustration: MASTIGURE.]
-
-    [Illustration: HORNED RATTLESNAKE.]
-
-    [Illustration: HOG-NOSED SNAKE.]
-
-    [Illustration: GECKO.]
-
-    [Illustration: TREE FROG.]
-
-
-
-
-               SECTION III.--THE REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS.
-
-
-                       THE REPTILE HOUSE, No. 34.
-
-The Reptile House was the first large building erected in the Zoological
-Park. It represents an earnest effort to present carefully selected
-examples of the reptilian Orders, in a manner which may afford the
-visitor and the student a general view of the important groups of living
-reptiles.
-
-The length of the Reptile House, over all, is 146 feet, and its greatest
-width is 100 feet. It is constructed of buff mottled brick, combined
-with granite and Indiana limestone. In the ornamental cornice of terra
-cotta, reptilian forms modelled by Mr. A. Phimister Proctor, the
-well-known animal sculptor, constitute an important feature. The
-building is roofed with slate, heated by hot water, and cost, with its
-cages, about $50,000. It is beautifully situated on the edge of a forest
-of primeval oaks, very near the geographical center of the Park.
-
-The great center hall is unbroken by a single column, and at one end it
-opens across the Crocodile Pool and its sandbanks, through three huge
-arches, into the green, jungly mass of the conservatory. Of the tropical
-vegetation massed behind the pool--palmettoes, bayonet cacti, yuccas,
-and the like, and the tillandsias, Spanish moss, resurrection ferns, and
-butterfly orchids,--nearly the whole came from Florida, along with five
-alligators which were the first occupants of the pool.
-
-In effect, the central hall appears to be 115 feet in length, by 40 feet
-wide, exclusive of the cages. But, large as this building is, it would
-be an easy matter to fill all its available space with the reptiles of
-North America alone, choosing only the handsome and showy forms. As we
-contemplate the great number of species in our own reptilian fauna, the
-thought occurs, what can we do with the reptiles of the Old World?
-Manifestly, the only proper course is to choose from the reptiles of the
-world the forms which will make for our visitors and students the most
-instructive and attractive series of important types.
-
-
-                    SYNOPSIS OF THE CLASS REPTILIA.
-
-On April 1, 1913, all these examples are on exhibition in the Reptile
-House:
-
-  ORDERS.      CONSPICUOUS EXAMPLES.            LOCALITY.
-
-  LIVING REPTILES.
-  Turtles, or _Chelonia_.
-           Aligator Turtle                 Louisiana.
-           Snapping Turtle                 Zoological Park.
-           Box Turtle                      Zoological Park.
-           Giant Tortoise                  Galapagos Island.
-           Gopher Tortoise                 Florida.
-           Painted Turtle                  New York.
-           Green Turtle (marine)           New York.
-           Soft-shelled Turtle             Indiana.
-  Saurians, or _Crocodilia_.
-           Alligator                       Florida.
-           Florida Crocodile               Southern Florida.
-           Broad-nosed Crocodile           Africa.
-  Lizards, or _Lacertilia_.
-           Iguana (_I. tuberculata_)       West Indies.
-           Horned "Toad"                   Arizona.
-           Green Lizard (_L. viridis_)     Europe.
-           Monitor                         Ceylon.
-           "Glass Snake"                   Florida.
-           Gila Monster                    Arizona.
-           Chameleon                       Africa.
-  Serpents, or _Ophidia_.
-     Harmless.
-           Regal Python                    Malay Peninsula.
-           Anaconda                        British Guiana.
-           Black Snake (_B. constrictor_)  Zoological Garden.
-           Garter Snake                    Zoological Park.
-           Hog-Nosed Snake                 Zoological Park.
-     Venomous.
-           Coral Snake                     Florida.
-           Cobra de Capello                India.
-           Diamond-Backed Rattlesnake      Florida.
-           Water Moccasin                  Florida.
-
-
-                       THE TURTLES AND TORTOISES.
-
-The Order of Turtles, (_Chelonia_), is so large that it has been found
-necessary to devote to its representatives the whole central space of
-the main hall of the Reptile House, and also a specially designed
-Tortoise House of glass in the eastern end of the building. In the main
-hall are two features--one, a large square tank for large turtles; the
-other, a pool of running water between banks of earth, sand, and living
-plants. This tank is 35 feet in length, and by means of low, plate-glass
-partitions it is divided into ten cross sections, each of which can very
-comfortably provide for the wants of at least three species of turtles
-of medium size. With a wonderfully rich Chelonian fauna on the western
-continent to provide for, there is little room to spare for Old World
-forms, and the temptation to make this collection strictly Occidental,
-is almost too great to be resisted. For the sake of brevity and
-clearness, only six types have been chosen for special mention.
-
-    [Illustration: GIANT TORTOISE.]
-
-The following species taken together fairly represent the different
-forms of Chelonians, from the highest to the lowest:
-
-The Alligator Turtle, (_Macrochelys lacertina_), is the largest
-fresh-water chelonian in North America. In form and temper it resembles
-the common snapping turtle of the North, and its home is in the Gulf
-States. The largest of the two Louisiana specimens on exhibition weighs
-115 pounds.
-
-The Snapping Turtle, (_Chelydra serpentina_), which is the most
-courageous and pugnacious of all turtles, is rather poorly protected by
-its shell, and must therefore fight for its place in nature.
-
-The Painted Turtle, (_Chrysemys picta_), is a species of wide and common
-distribution, and fairly representative of the host of fresh water
-terrapins and turtles so common throughout the United States in ponds
-and streams of all sorts.
-
-The Box Tortoise, (_Cistudo carolina_), lives on land, and as a means of
-perfect protection has been enabled by nature completely to withdraw its
-head and legs within its shell, and by means of a hinge across the
-middle of the plastron, or lower shell, to close it tightly.
-
-The Tortoise and Lizard Yards.--At the eastern end of the Reptile House
-is a commodious glass-roofed hall, opening into a series of sandy yards.
-This installation is occupied by the collection of tortoises and the
-larger tropical lizards. These reptiles do better in captivity, and show
-to best advantage, if given outdoor sunlight and plenty of room for
-exercise.
-
-The Giant Tortoises are among the most interesting of living reptiles.
-There are fourteen distinct species, all belonging to the genus
-_Testudo_. These creatures appear to be survivors of the reptilian ages
-when reptiles attained colossal proportions. Fossil remains of the great
-tortoises show these creatures to have formerly inhabited the
-continents, but the survivors are restricted to isolated groups of small
-islands in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Six species inhabit the
-Galapagos Islands in the Pacific Ocean. Four are found in the Aldabra
-Islands in the Indian Ocean, and four inhabit the Mauritius-Rodriguez
-group of Islands. All the species are rapidly becoming extinct. Recent
-expeditions to the Galapagos Islands have reported that very few Giant
-Tortoises now survive in those islands.
-
-The Giant Tortoises are entirely herbivorous. The specimens exhibited
-consume great quantities of green food, which varies in kind according
-to the season's supply. During the summer months they feed largely upon
-melons.
-
-Among the species exhibited is _Testudo vicina_, represented by our
-largest specimen, captured in the Galapagos Islands. It weighs slightly
-over two hundred and twenty-five pounds. Another example from the same
-islands represents _Testudo nigrita_, a smaller and flatter species.
-_Testudo elephantina_, the Elephant Tortoise, is represented by a large
-specimen from the Aldabra Islands, which is growing rapidly. The latter
-tortoise has a very high shell, and proportionately small head.
-
-The Gopher Tortoises, (_Testudo carolina_), are large, thick-shelled,
-clumsy creatures, which burrow in holes in the sandy southern regions
-where they live. Once they were common in southern Florida, but their
-edibility has resulted in a great decrease in their abundance.
-
-The South American Tortoise, (_Testudo tabulata_), is a good
-representative of the smaller tortoises from various parts of the world.
-It is common throughout tropical South America and attains a maximum
-length of shell of about 14 inches. The shell is elongated and blackish,
-each of the shields having a yellowish center. Like all of the
-tortoises, this is a herbivorous reptile.
-
-The Marine Turtles.--At the New York Aquarium, situated in Battery Park,
-and managed by the New York Zoological Society, will be found a fine
-collection of such large sea-turtles as the Loggerhead, Green Turtle and
-Hawksbill, which require salt water.
-
-The Soft-Shelled Turtle, (_Aspidonectes ferox_).--As to living
-relatives, this strange genus seems apropos of nothing. Like some of the
-marine turtles its shell is greatly reduced in weight, so that it can
-float more readily; instead of being solid bone, it terminates in a
-wide, thin edge of cartilage, which is so soft that when properly boiled
-it constitutes palatable food.
-
-
-                     THE CROCODILES AND ALLIGATORS.
-
-The Order of Crocodilians.--This important Order, the members of which
-are widely distributed throughout the tropics and sub-tropics of the
-world, contains nineteen species. At this point it is well to correct
-certain very general misapprehensions regarding crocodilians.
-
-Crocodiles are _not_ confined to the Old World; at least three species
-being found abundantly in tropical America.
-
-The "movement" of a crocodile's jaw differs in no manner whatever from
-that of an alligator.
-
-Only a few species of crocodiles are dangerous to man.
-
-There is no authentic record of the loss of a human life through our
-common alligator.
-
-The Alligator genus embraces the American Alligator, (_A.
-mississippiensis_), of the southern United States and a small species
-found in China! The head of the Alligator is very flat and its sides are
-nearly parallel, while the head of a typical crocodile is nearly
-triangular.
-
-The American Alligator is well represented in the Pool in the Reptile
-House, by several lusty specimens, all of which eat voraciously, are
-growing rapidly, and undoubtedly enjoying life. The largest specimen, a
-burly monster over twelve feet in length, has grown nearly five feet in
-length since its arrival here in 1899.
-
-In summer, the Alligator Pool on the hill, southeast of the Reptile
-House, is well stocked with alligators of various sizes, and it is there
-that visitors can secure most realistic impressions of the appearance of
-this species in a state of nature, and in abundant numbers.
-
-    [Illustration: ALLIGATOR POOL.]
-
-Under favorable conditions,--warm water and air, good light, plenty of
-room, and abundant food,--the Alligator grows rapidly. A specimen
-hatched in our Reptile House in October, 1900, was in January, 1911, 8
-feet 3 inches long, and weighed 75 pounds.
-
-The Crocodile genus is widely represented throughout the world. Of the
-whole eleven species, the American continent contains four--the Florida
-Crocodile, (_Crocodilus acutus floridanus_), attaining a length of 14
-feet, which was discovered at the head of Biscayne Bay, in 1875, by W.
-T. Hornaday; the American Crocodile, (_C. acutus_); the Sharp-nosed
-Orinoco Crocodile (_Crocodilus intermedius_), found in South America;
-and the small _Crocodilus rhombifer_, which is found only in Cuba and
-the West Indies.
-
-Of the seven remaining species, Asia contains four, and Africa three. Of
-the Asiatic species, one frequents salt water.
-
-The Florida Crocodile is now represented by two specimens nearly 9 feet
-long, from Madina Creek, southern Florida, presented by Mr. Julian A.
-Dimock. It is to be recognized at a glance by its dark olive color and
-sharp-pointed head. This is the only species of crocodile found in the
-United States. Its maximum length is 14 feet 2 inches.
-
-    [Illustration: VENEZUELAN BOA.]
-
-The Broad-Nosed Crocodile, (_Osteolaemus tetraspis_), of Africa, is
-represented by two specimens. This species is characterized by the
-broad, bony-looking head. It is one of the smaller crocodilians
-attaining a maximum length of five feet.
-
-
-                              THE LIZARDS.
-
-The Tropical Lizards.--Several families of lizards are represented among
-the specimens occupying the Reptile House, the Tortoise room and outside
-runways. Among these are the Iguanas, Tegus and Monitors.
-
-Among the Iguanas are several large and interesting lizards. The largest
-of these is the Rhinoceros Iguana, (_Cyclura cornuta_), found in Hayti.
-Contrary to the general belief, but like all the Iguanas, it is partly
-carnivorous, though it feeds largely upon vegetables and fruit. This
-species receives its name from the presence of three well-defined horns
-upon the snout.
-
-The Mexican Iguana, (_Ctenosaura acanthura_), looks unique in the
-possession of rings of sharp spines about the tail. Most specimens are
-jet black when adult, but very young examples are pale green.
-
-The South American Iguana, (_Iguana tuberculata_), may be readily
-distinguished by the very pronounced fringe of erect spines which rise
-along the back-bone of male specimens, and also by the presence of a
-rounded tubercle or plate on each side of the head. This is a brightly
-colored Iguana, having bars of green, gray and black. It is strictly
-arboreal, and evinces stronger herbivorous habits than species of the
-allied genera. A large male specimen is seven feet long, but much of
-this length is taken up by the gradually tapering tail. In South
-America--on the Orinoco, at least--this species is considered edible,
-and the writer can testify that to a hungry man its flesh is excellent.
-
-The very popular Horned "Toad", (_Phrynosoma_), of the southwestern
-states, of which there are eight or nine species, should be mentioned if
-for no other reason than to place it where it belongs--with the lizards,
-and not with the toads.
-
-The Tegus, (genus _Tupinambis_), are powerful lizards, growing to a
-length of four feet, and inhabiting tropical South America. They are
-fleet of foot, mainly carnivorous and very quarrelsome. It is impossible
-to keep any but the larger lizards in the yard with them. Tegus are fond
-of eggs, breaking the shell at one end and lapping up the contents by
-means of the very broad, forked tongue. They will also eat raw beef.
-
-The Australian Monitor, (_Varanus gouldii_), is a good representative of
-a genus of large and powerful lizards confined to the Old World, where
-they occur in India, Malaysia, Africa and Australia. Monitors grow to a
-length of eight feet. They are swift runners, entirely carnivorous, and
-usually dwell in thick jungles. They are able to swallow entire an
-animal as large as a half-grown rabbit. All are fond of eggs, swallowing
-them without breaking the shell, which is soon dissolved by the powerful
-gastric juices.
-
-Other Lizards.--Within the main halls of the Reptile House will be found
-various representatives of the smaller Lizards, a few of which may be
-mentioned.
-
-The beautiful, emerald-colored Green Lizard, (_Lacerta viridis_), of
-Europe, is not only a handsome species, but it is also one of the most
-satisfactory to keep in a vivarium--a good feeder and always posing.
-
-The famous Glass "Snake," (_Ophiosauris ventralis_), is important
-because its resemblance to a snake is so perfect it is generally
-mistaken for one, although a true lizard. It is not, however, a
-"connecting link" between the lizards and the serpents.
-
-Our well-known Gila Monster, (pronounced _He_-la) (_Heloderma
-suspectum_), is a stupid, slow-moving creature from the southwestern
-deserts, thick-set and stumpy in body, and it has the appearance of
-being covered all over with dark-brown-black, and yellow beads, such as
-Indians use in their bead industry. Its bite is sufficiently venomous
-that it inflicts a painful wound, but it is not necessarily fatal.
-
-The Chameleon of the Old World, (_Chamaeleo vulgaris_), because of its
-color phases and its remarkable form, is truly a great "curiosity"; but
-it should not be confused with our so-called American Chameleon, which
-belongs to another Family, and is also less interesting.
-
-
-                             THE SERPENTS.
-
-The Order of Serpents, (_Ophidia_).--The large glazed cases along the
-northern side of the main hall of the Reptile House are devoted to the
-larger serpents, while the smaller species are provided for along the
-south wall, and in the adjoining room. One serious difficulty in the
-management of a collection of living serpents lies in the fact that
-often the most valuable specimens are so nervous and shy in their
-feeding habits it is impossible to cage several together.
-
-Out of the many species of serpents exhibited in the Reptile House, ten
-are chosen as fairly representing the principal groups.
-
-The Regal Python, (_Python reticulatus_), here represented by a fine
-specimen, 22 feet in length, weighing 170 pounds, is the best
-representative of the rock pythons of Asia and Africa. The island of
-Borneo is its center of distribution. None of the constrictors is
-venomous, but their crushing power is almost beyond belief.
-
-The Rock Python, (_Python sebae_), of Africa, is a light-colored species
-with a very small head, and is frequently seen in the hands and around
-the necks of snake-charmers.
-
-The Anaconda, (_Eunectes murinus_), is one of the largest constrictors
-of tropical America, and is noted for its aquatic habits. It is a
-handsome serpent, being of a rich green color, marked with large black
-spots.
-
-The Black Snake, (_Bascanium constrictor_), a common species in the
-eastern United States, is probably the highest type of the harmless
-snakes. It is a serpent of great vigor and activity in running,
-climbing, and swimming; it possesses great courage, and seeks prey of
-many kinds in all kinds of situations.
-
-    [Illustration: RHINOCEROS VIPER.]
-
-The Garter Snake, (_Eutaenia sirtalis_), is more frequently seen in the
-eastern United States than any other serpent. Although the warfare waged
-against it is perpetual, regardless of the fact that it is as harmless
-as a fly, its numbers do not sensibly diminish.
-
-The Hog-Nosed Snake, "Puff Adder," or "Sand-Viper," (_Heterodon
-platyrhinus_), represents a large and important Family, and, despite its
-dangerous appearance and terrifying names, it is quite harmless. It
-represents one of Nature's methods for protecting harmless and inactive
-creatures, by making them resemble others which are dangerous.
-
-Venomous Reptiles.--Because of the number of species of rattlesnakes
-which have found lodgment in the United States, and the trouble they
-have caused in a few localities, we are specially interested in all
-serpents which are dangerous to man. The species named below represents
-the deadly genera which civilized man has most cause to fear.
-
-The Harlequin Snake, or Coral Snake, (_Elaps fulvius_), represents a
-genus which contains many species, though but few of them occur in
-America.
-
-The King Cobra, (_Naja bungaris_), from the Malay Peninsula, often
-called Snake-Eating Cobra, is the most dangerous of all serpents,
-because it is the largest and the most athletic of the venomous species,
-and for its bite there is no effective antidote. It feeds only on living
-snakes. The fine specimen exhibited is about ten feet in length.
-
-    [Illustration: COBRA-DE-CAPELLO.]
-
-The Cobra-de-Capello, (_Naja tripudians_), of which some fine specimens
-are shown, is the terror of India, where it kills between 18,000 and
-20,000 people annually! This is the most deadly of all serpents. For its
-bite, science has thus far been powerless to find an antidote, although
-Dr. Albert Calmette, of Lille, France, experimenting extensively in this
-direction, has secured partially successful results.
-
-The most vicious snake in North America, and one of the ugliest in
-appearance, is the Water Moccasin, (_Ancistrodon piscivorus_),--closely
-related to the beautiful Copperhead, (_A. contortrix_). It is more
-dreaded in the South than the rattler, because it strikes on the
-slightest provocation, and without the rattler's timely warning. Its
-colors are dull, its scales rough, its body ill-shaped and clumsy, its
-temper is vicious, and for every reason it is a serpent to be disliked.
-
-The Diamond-Back Rattlesnake, (_Crotalus adamanteus_), is too handsome,
-too showy, and too large to be chosen as the best average type of the
-genus _Crotalus_; but he is king of his kind, and cannot be ignored.
-Three species shown side by side in our Reptile House afford striking
-examples of protective coloration. The Diamond-Back Rattler of Florida
-and the South is yellow, brown, and black, to match the checkers of
-sunbeam and shadow that fall upon the sands under the palmetto leaves.
-
-
-                    THE BATRACHIANS, OR AMPHIBIANS.
-
-Among the many wonders of Nature, none is more interesting than those
-forms which serve to connect the great groups of vertebrate animals, by
-bridging over what otherwise would seem like impassable chasms.
-
-Between the birds and the reptiles there is a fossil bird, called the
-Arch�opteryx, with a long, vertebrated, lizard-like tail, which is
-covered with feathers, and the Hesperornis, a water bird with teeth, but
-no wings, which inhabited the shores of the great western lake which has
-already yielded to American paleontologists a great number of most
-remarkable fossil forms.
-
-Between the reptiles and the fishes, stretches a wonderful chain of
-living links by which those two Classes of vertebrates are so closely
-and unbrokenly united, and by such an array of forms, that they
-constitute an independent Class, the Batrachia, or Amphibia. In the
-transition from water to land, from fins and gills to legs and lungs,
-Nature has made some strange combinations. In some instances the fins,
-legs, lungs and gills have become so mixed that several notable misfits
-have resulted, and in some cases we see gills and legs going together,
-while in other lungs and fins are associated.
-
-The Reptile House contains about two dozen species of Amphibians, and it
-is reasonably certain that this number will be maintained and increased.
-They are to be found in small aquarium cases, ranged along the south
-side and eastern end of the Main Hall.
-
-The Bullfrog, (_Rana catesbiana_), is a fair representative of the
-Batrachians which stand nearest to the true land-going reptiles. During
-the early stages of its existence it is in turn, a fin-tailed tadpole
-with no legs, a short-tailed tadpole with a pair of front legs, a
-shorter-tailed tadpole with four legs, and finally a fully-developed,
-land-going frog with a voice like a small bull, and no tail whatever. Of
-the genus _Rana_, there are five species in the eastern United States,
-several of which inhabit the Zoological Park.
-
-The Wood Frog, (_Rana sylvatica_), is frequently seen in moist valleys
-in the Zoological Park, where its chocolate brown back so closely
-matches the color of the dead leaves and moist earth; it is difficult to
-find, save when it takes one of its flying leaps. The specimens shown
-were taken near the Beaver Pond.
-
-The Tree Frog, (_Hyla pickeringi_), is the commonest of the queer little
-tree-loving species which are so easy to hear, and so difficult to find.
-In spring their voices are the first to be heard in the swamps. The
-Zoological Park is full of _Hylas_, and their cheerful piping is heard
-at all seasons, especially in dry midsummer, when dark storm-clouds
-gather and promise rain.
-
-The Common Toad, (_Bufo lentiginosus_), is found in the Zoological Park,
-though not in such abundance as the two preceding species.
-
-Among the most remarkable creatures in the Reptile House are the
-specimens of Smooth-Clawed Frog, (_Xenopus laevis_), from Africa and The
-Surinam Toad, (_Pipa americana_). Both of these species are strictly
-aquatic and have broadly palmated hind feet. The Surinam Toad comes from
-Dutch Guiana. It is unique in its breeding habits. The male collects the
-eggs and places them on the female's back where they are engulfed in
-large folds of the skin, which form cells in which the metamorphosis
-occurs.
-
-The Spotted Salamander, (_Salamandra maculosa_), because of its broad,
-bright yellow bands and blotches, laid on a rich, dark-brown body color,
-is one of the most showy of all Amphibians. It comes from Europe, and
-being much prized in collections, it frequently passes through the hands
-of dealers in reptiles. Its skin is very moist and clammy, which gives
-the creature the appearance of having been varnished. This is the
-creature which is supposed to be able to withstand fire--a belief which
-is purely imaginative.
-
-The Tiger Salamander or Axolotl, (_Amblystoma tigrinum_), is a widely
-different creature from the preceding. It is found throughout the
-greater portion of the North American continent, and as far south as
-Central Mexico. Thirteen other species of the genus _Amblystoma_ are
-found in North America and Mexico. In the matter of "harmonizing with
-environment," the _Amblystoma_ is one of the most remarkable creatures
-in existence. In its larval stage (corresponding with the tadpole stage
-of a frog), this animal possesses external gills, red and sponge-like in
-appearance, and its tail has a fin-like edge above and below, like the
-tail of an eel.
-
-    [Illustration: METAMORPHOSIS OF THE LEOPARD FROG.]
-
-So long as this larval creature remains in water, its external gills
-remain and do duty, and the larval stage continues indefinitely. Remove
-it from water, or let its home pool dry up, and, presto! its gills dry
-up, its tail loses its fin-like edges, and the creature goes about on
-land, breathing air instead of water, with lungs instead of gills.
-
-The "Water-Dog" or "Hellbender," (_Cryptobranchus allegheniensis_), is a
-salamander-like amphibian, from 18 to 22 inches long when adult, found
-more frequently in Pennsylvania than elsewhere. They are said to be very
-tenacious of life, and voracious in their food habits, feeding on worms,
-minnows and crayfish, and often taking the hook of the fisherman in
-quest of that most repulsive of all American fishes, the cat-fish.
-Between cat-fish and water-dog there would seem to be small choice. Mr.
-William Frear offers this testimony in regard to the tenacity of life of
-this creature:
-
-"One specimen, about 18 inches in length, which had lain on the ground
-exposed to a summer sun for 48 hours, was brought to the museum, and
-left lying a day longer before it was placed in alcohol. The day
-following, desiring to note a few points of structure, I removed it from
-the alcohol in which it had been completely submerged for at least 20
-hours, and had no sooner placed in on the table than it began to open
-its big mouth, vigorously sway its tail to and fro, and give other
-undoubted signs of vitality."
-
-The Congo Snake, or Amphiuma, (_Amphiuma means_), is a creature which
-closely resembles a thick-tailed snake. A close examination, however,
-discloses a tiny pair of front legs; and far back, well toward the end
-of the tail, a small pair of hind legs appear. These are about as
-valuable to the animal as the tiger's clavicle is to him. There are but
-two species belonging to this strange genus, both of which are found in
-the stagnant waters of our southeastern states. Still lower than the
-amphiuma, is The Mud Eel, (_Siren lacertina_), of the southeastern
-quarter of the United States, which possesses small external gills, and
-only one pair of legs, which are in front.
-
-The Menobranchus, or Mud Puppy, (_Necturus maculatus_), possesses
-external gills and four legs, and inhabits many of the rivers of Ohio,
-Pennsylvania, Indiana, the great lakes and also the lakes of northern
-New York. It is often taken in fisherman's nets.
-
-
-
-
-                       SECTION IV.-- THE INSECTS.
-
-
-                       THE INSECT COLLECTION.[1]
-
-A collection of insects was formed and placed on exhibition during the
-early summer of 1910. While this first exhibit was not elaborate, it
-excited such interest that it was decided to enlarge it, by taking
-advantage of the season which then was at its best for insect
-collecting.
-
-A series of long shelves has been built in the Pavilion between the
-Small-Mammal House and the Ostrich House, and thirty-five glass-fronted
-cages, together with a row of aquaria for aquatic specimens, were
-installed. A number of collecting trips were made into the country
-within a radius of twenty-five miles of the city, with such marked
-success, that by the middle of July the collection was pronounced by a
-number of visitors to equal in interest any exhibition of the kind
-heretofore attempted in this country, or in Europe. In view of the
-marked interest created by this display, the insect collection will
-hereafter be a permanent feature of the Park.
-
-    [Illustration: GIANT CENTIPEDE.]
-
-There are so many possibilities in exhibiting living insects that it is
-difficult to select groups to feature for the summer. Our efforts were
-first directed toward exhibiting a series of the different insects that
-sing, and also a series of species injurious to the interests of the
-agriculturists, together with a number of the insects that prey upon the
-noxious species. The collection of singing insects was a marked success
-and will hereafter be continued each summer.
-
-We are gathering from both the Old World and the New, a fine collection
-of the larger silk moths. The cocoons will be shown on panels, and
-inasmuch as a number of the moths will be emerging daily, this exhibit
-should be instructive. During the winter the insect collection is made
-up largely of tropical species; and in this series we include the large
-bird-killing spiders, scorpions and centipedes, even though these
-creatures are not to be classified as true insects.
-
-The collection of singing insects of the past summer was composed of the
-meadow locust, greater and lesser cone-headed locust, the Katy-did,
-broad-winged locust, field cricket, lesser field cricket, smooth-winged
-cricket and two species of the tree crickets. There were about five
-hundred specimens in the collection, and at times the noise made by them
-was so great that visitors had to shout to one another to make their own
-voices audible. The sounds coming from this collection varied according
-to the time of day. It was late in the afternoon, when the larger
-locusts commenced their singing (which continued throughout the night),
-and inasmuch as the strictly diurnal species were yet active, the insect
-chorus was quite vociferous.
-
-It is only with considerable difficulty that singing insects are
-collected. The best time to capture them is at night, when the collector
-stalks the loudest singers, and by approaching within definite
-investigating distance, can accurately locate the insects by bringing
-into use an electric flash-lamp. The glare of the light usually causes
-the insect to stop its calls, but it remains motionless upon a branch or
-leaf and may be grasped with a delicate pair of forceps, provided the
-movements of the collector's arm are performed outside the rays of
-light. If the locust has become silent and cannot be detected when the
-light is thrown upon it, the collector simply switches off the light and
-remains quiet. In a few minutes the creature continues its song, when
-its exact location is again determined. In this way the night songsters
-of a big meadow are collected, one by one, and the collector leaves
-behind him a silent field that a few hours before resounded with the
-stridulations of the insect chorus.
-
-    [Illustration: TARANTULA.]
-
-    [Illustration: RED-WINGED LOCUST.]
-
-    [Illustration: HERCULES BEETLE.]
-
-Among the more interesting insects exhibited, in our series are to be
-found the walking-stick, the praying mantis, the huge red-winged locust
-of the South, the Egyptian scarab, the luminous beetle of Central and
-South America, and broods of silk worm. The life history of the mosquito
-will be permanently illustrated in a series of tanks, and adjoining
-these an exhibit of natural enemies of these pests.
-
-The insect collection is supplied with interesting descriptive labels.
-During the latter part of spring it is removed from the Reptile House,
-where, during the winter the number of its cages are much reduced, and
-replaced in the quarters occupied during the summer.
-
-
-
-
-                                 INDEX.
-
-
-                                   A
-  Access, means of, 16
-  Admission, 17
-  _Aix galericulata_, 155
-      _sponsa_, 155
-  Agouti, 111
-  Alpaca, 54, 56
-  _Amblystoma tigrinum_, 183
-  _Amphiuma means_, 185
-  Anaconda, 179
-  _Anas boschas_, 153
-  _Ancistrodon contortrix_, 181
-      _piscivorus_, 181
-  _Anser anser_, 134
-      _albifrons_, 134
-  Ant-eater, great, 113
-  Antelope, addax, 39
-      beatrix, 40
-      beisa, 40
-      duiker, 47
-      prong-horned, 51
-      sable, 39, 40, 43
-      sabre, 39
-      sasin, 46, 47
-  Antelopes, small African, 46
-  _Anthropopithecus calvus_, 81, 84
-  _Anthropoides virgo_, 168
-  _Antidorcas_, 48
-  _Antigone antigone_, 168
-  _Antilocapra americana_, 51
-  _Antilocapridae_, 51
-  _Antilope cervicapra_, 47
-  Antlers, development of, 59, 61
-  Aoudad, 34
-  Ape Barbary, 86
-      black, 86
-  _Aquila chrysaetos_, 145
-  _Arctictis binturong_, 108
-  _Ardea americana_, 138
-      _herodias_, 138
-  _Argusianus argus_, 161
-  Armadillo, nine-banded, 112
-      six-banded, 112, 114
-      three-banded, 112
-  Ass, Persian Wild, 66
-  Aurochs, 29
-  Aviary, eagle and vulture, 143
-      goose, 133
-      pheasant, 155
-  _Axis axis_, 67
-  Axis deer, 67
-  _Aythya americana_, 154
-      _vallisneria_, 154
-
-
-                                    B
-  Baboon, 85
-      golden, 86
-      hamadryas, 86
-      long-armed yellow, 86
-  Bactrachians, 182
-  Badger, American, 110
-      European, 110
-  _Balearica pavonina_, 169
-  _Bascanium constrictor_, 179
-  Bear, Admiralty, 124
-      Andean black, 125
-      black, 124
-      brown, 125, 127
-      hairy-eared, 126
-      Himalayan black, 126
-      Isabella, 126
-      Japanese black, 127
-      Peninsula, 123
-      Polar, 120, 121, 122
-      sloth, 127
-      spectacled, 125, 126
-      Syrian, 125
-      Yakutat, 122
-  Beaver, American, 110, 129
-  Big-horn, 32
-  Binturong, 108
-  Birds, list of, 152
-  Bison, American, 26, 27
-      European, 27
-      ranges, 26
-  Black buck, 47
-  _Blastoceros paludosus_, 44
-  Blessbok, 41
-  _Bos americanus_, 27
-      _primigenius_, 29
-  _Bradypus tridactylus_, 114
-  _Branta canadensis_, 134
-  Brocket, black-faced, 45
-  _Bubo bubo_, 141
-      _lacteus_, 142
-      _virginianus_, 142
-  _Bufo lentiginosus_, 183
-  Burrhel, 32, 34
-  _Buteo borealis_, 144
-
-
-                                    C
-  Cage, flying, 135, 136
-  Camel, bactrian, 53, 54
-  _Camelus dromedarius_, 55
-  Cameloids, 55
-  _Canis azarae_, 109
-      _dingo_, 109
-      _latrans_, 99
-      _mesomelas_, 108
-      _nubilis_, 98
-  Capybara, 111
-  Caribou, woodland, 62
-      Barren-Ground, 63
-  _Casarca casarca_, 155
-      _variegata_, 155
-  Cassowary, Ceram, 165
-  _Castor canadensis_, 110, 129
-  Cat, common civet, 107
-      jungle, 106
-      Malayan, 107
-      margay, 106
-      wild, 107
-      yaguarundi, 106
-  _Catharista urubu_, 144
-      _urobitinga_, 144
-  _Cebus hypoleucus_, 81
-  _Cephalophus grimmi_, 47
-  _Cercocebus collaris_, 81, 87
-  _Cervicapra arundinum_, 47
-  _Cervus canadensis_, 57
-      _canadensis asiaticus_, 70
-      _duvauceli_, 70
-      _elaphus_, 71
-      _eldi_, 69
-      _equinus_, 70
-      _maral_, 71
-      _moluccensis_, 45
-      _muntjac_, 45
-      _porcinus_, 45
-      _schomburgki_, 44
-      _unicolor_, 45, 70
-  Chameleon, 179
-  Chamois, 33, 35
-  Cheetah, 77
-  _Chelydra serpentina_, 173
-  _Chelonia_, 172
-  _Chen hyperborea_, 135
-  _Chenopsis atrata_, 135
-  Chimpanzee, 81, 84
-  _Choloepus hoffmani_, 114
-  _Chrysemys picta_, 173
-  _Chrysolophus amherstiae_, 158
-  _Chrysolophus pictus_, 158
-  _Chrysothrix sciurea_, 81, 88
-  _Ciconia ciconia_, 138
-  _Cistudo carolina_, 173
-  Coati-mundi, 109
-      red, 109
-      white-nosed, 109
-  Cobra-de-capello, 181
-      king, 180
-  _Cobus unctuosus_, 41
-  Collections, arrangement of, 11
-      census of, 11
-  _Connochaetes gnu_, 38
-      _albojubatus_, 39
-  Condor, California, 144
-      South American, 143
-  _Corvidae_, 152
-  _Coscoroba coscoroba_, 135
-  Coyote, 99, 100
-  Crane, Asiatic, white, 168
-      crowned, 169
-      demoiselle, 167, 168
-      little brown, 167
-      paradise, 168
-      sandhill, 138, 167
-      sarus, 168
-      whooping, 167, 169
-  Crocodile, American, 176
-      broad-nosed, 177
-      Florida, 176
-      sharp-nosed Orinoco, 176
-  _Crocodilus acutus_, 176
-      _acutus floridanus_, 176
-      _intermedius_, 176
-      _osteolaemus tetraspis_, 177
-  _Crotalus adamanteus_, 181
-  _Cryptobranchus allegheniensis_, 184
-  _Ctenosaura acanthura_, 177
-  _Cyclura cornuta_, 177
-  _Cynomys ludovicianus_, 118
-  _Cygnus buccinator_, 135
-      _olor_, 134
-
-
-                                    D
-  _Dama vulgaris_, 68
-  _Damaliscus albifrons_, 41
-  _Dasyprocta_, 111
-  _Dasypus sexcinctus_, 112
-  Deer, axis, 67, 68
-      barasingha, 70
-      Columbian black-tailed, 62
-      Eld, 69
-      European red, 71
-      fallow, 68
-      hog, 45
-      horse-tailed, 70
-      Japanese sika, 67
-      jumping, 60
-      maral, 71
-      marsh, 44
-      Molucca, 45
-      mule, 60
-      musk, 46
-      Osceola, white-tailed, 43
-      rib-faced, 45
-      Indian sambar, 70
-      Malay sambar, 70
-      Schomburgk, 44
-      Sinaloa white-tailed, 44
-      swamp, 70
-      white-tailed, 62
-  Dens, bear, 119
-      fox, 101
-      wolf, 98
-  Dingo, 109
-  Dog, Australian, 109
-      Azara, 109
-      raccoon, 109
-  Dromedary, 55
-  _Dromaeus novae-hollandiae_, 165
-  Duck, canvas back, 154
-      lesser scaup, 155
-      mallard, 153
-      mandarin, 155
-      pintail, 153
-      red-head, 154
-      shoveller, 154
-      wood, 155
-  Duiker, antelope, 47
-
-
-                                    E
-  Eagle, bald, 146
-      bateleur, 145
-      golden, 145
-      harpy, 144
-      vulturine sea, 146
-      white-breasted, 146
-  Egret, American, 140
-      snowy, 139
-  _Egretta candidissima_, 139
-  Eland, 38, 42
-  _Elaps fulvius_, 180
-  Elephant, Indian, 91, 92
-      Sudan African, 92, 93
-      West African, 93
-  _Elephas, capensis_, 92
-      _cyclotis_, 92, 93
-      _indicus_, 91
-      _knochenhaueri_, 92
-      _oxyotis_, 92
-  Elk, American, 57
-  Entrances, 17
-  _Equus burchelli chapmani_, 66
-      _burchelli granti_, 65
-      _grevyi_, 65
-      _onager_, 66
-      _persicus_, 66
-      _prjevalskii_, 64
-      _zebra_, 64
-  _Erethizon dorsatus_, 110
-  _Eulabia indica_, 134
-  _Eunectes murinus_, 179
-
-
-                                    F
-  _Falco islandus_, 146
-  Fallow Deer, 68
-  _Felis bengalensis_, 106
-      _concolor_, 78
-  _Felis nebulosa_, 105
-      _onca_, 76
-      _pardalis_, 106
-      _serval_, 105
-      _tigrina_, 106
-      _uncia_, 77
-      _yaguarundi_, 106
-  _Florida caerulea_, 139
-  Forests, 23
-  Four-horned antelope, 47
-  Flamingo, American, 136
-      European, 137
-  Fox, Arctic, 108
-      black, 101
-      blue, 108
-      cross, 101
-      gray, 102
-      kit, 101, 108
-      large-eared swift, 102
-      New Mexico, desert, 108
-      red, 101, 103
-      silver, 101
-      swift, 101, 102, 108
-  Frog, smooth-clawed, 183
-      tree, 183
-      wood, 183
-
-
-                                    G
-  _Gazella benneti_, 49
-      _dorcas_, 48
-  Gazelle, dorcas, 48
-      Indian, 49
-  _Gennaeas nycthemerus_, 159
-  Gibbon, 84
-  Gila monster, 179
-  _Giraffa camelopardalis_, 36, 37, 38
-      _capensis_, 37
-      _reticulata_, 37
-  Giraffe, five-horned, 37
-      Nubian, 36, 38
-      two-horned, 37
-  Gnu, brindled, 39
-      white-tailed, 38, 41
-  Goat, Persian wild, 33
-      Rocky Mountain, 33, 49, 50
-  Goose, African spur-winged, 134
-      bar-headed, 134
-      Canada, 134
-      coscoroba, 135
-      gray-lag, 134
-      snow, 135
-      white-fronted, 134
-  Grounds, physical aspect of, 21
-  _Grus americana_, 167
-      _mexicana_, 167
-  _Guara rubra_, 137
-  Guanaco, 56
-  _Gymnogyps californianus_, 144
-  _Gypaetus barbatus_, 145
-  _Gypagus papa_, 143
-  _Gypohierax angolensis_, 146
-  _Gyps pulvus_, 144
-
-
-                                    H
-  _Halia�tus leucocephalus_, 146
-      _leucogaster_, 146
-  _Hapale jacchus_, 81, 88
-  Hawk, red-tailed, 144
-  Hellbender, 184
-  _Helotarsus ecaudatus_, 145
-  _Hemitragus jemlaicus_, 34
-  Heron, black-crowned, 139
-      great blue, 138
-      great white, 138
-      little blue, 139
-      Louisiana, 139
-      snowy, 139
-  _Herodias egretta_, 140
-  _Herpestes ichneumon_, 108
-  Hippopotamus, 96, 97
-  _Hippotragus niger_, 39, 40
-  Hog Deer, 45
-  Horned "toad," 178
-  Horse, Prjevalsky, 64, 65
-  House, antelope, 35, 36
-      aquatic-bird, 141
-      camel, 53
-      elephant, 89
-      large bird, 146
-      lion, 71, 72
-      llama, 55
-      ostrich, 162
-      primate, 80
-      puma and lynx, 115
-      reptile, 171
-      small-deer, 42, 44
-      small-mammal, 104
-      zebra, 63
-  _Hydrochaerus capybara_, 111
-  _Hylobates leuciscus_, 81, 84
-  _Hystrix cristata_, 110
-      _longicauda_, 110
-
-
-                                    I
-  Ibis, scarlet, 137
-      white-faced, 137
-      wood, 137
-  Ichneumon, African, 108
-  _Icteridae_, 152
-  Iguana, Mexican, 177
-      rhinoceros, 177
-      South American, 177
-      _tuberculata_, 177
-  Income, sources of, 13
-  Insects, 185
-
-
-                                    J
-  Jackal, black-backed, 108
-  Jaguar, 76
-  Jungle cat, 106
-
-
-                                    L
-  _Lacerta viridis_, 178
-  _Lama glama_, 56
-      _guanacus_, 56
-      _pacos_, 56
-      _vicunia_, 56
-  Lammergeyer, 145
-  Llama, 56
-  Leopard, 76
-      black, 77
-      clouded, 105
-      hunting, 77
-      snow, 75, 77
-  _Lemur catta_, 81, 89
-      ring-tailed, 81, 89
-      ruffed, 89
-      slow, 81, 89
-      _varia_, 89
-  Leucoryx antelope, 39, 41
-  Lion, 73
-      Barbary, 74
-      mountain, 78
-  Lizards, 177
-  Location of Park, 15
-  _Lophophorus impeyanus_, 161
-  _Lutra canadensis_, 103
-  Lynx, bay, 107
-      Canada, 116
-      spotted, 107
-
-
-                                    M
-  _Macacus entellus_, 81, 86
-      _fuscatus_, 81, 86, 88
-      _nemestrinus_, 81, 86, 88
-      _rhesus_, 81, 86
-  Macaws, 149
-  _Macropus rufus_, 50
-  Mammals, 25
-      burrowing, 116
-      egg-laying, 115
-      toothless, 112
-  Mandrill, 85
-  Margay cat, 106
-  Markhor Suleiman, 31, 33
-  Marmoset, 81, 88
-  Marsh deer, 44
-  _Mazama tema_, 45
-  _Meleagris gallopavo silvestris_, 146
-  _Meles taxus_, 110
-  Molucca deer, 45
-  Monkey, black spider, 87
-      entellus, 86
-      gray spider, 87
-      green, 87
-      howling, 87
-      mona, 87
-      pig-tailed, 86, 88
-      rhesus, 86
-      squirrel, 88
-  _Moschus moschiferus_, 46
-  Mouflon, 32, 34
-  Mountain sheep, big-horn, 32
-  Mud eel, 185
-      puppy, 185
-  Muntjac deer, 45
-  Musk deer, 46
-  Musk-ox, 31
-  _Myopotamus coypu_, 104
-  _Myrmecophaga jubata_, 113
-
-
-                                    N
-  _Nasua rufa_, 109
-  _Naja bungaris_, 180
-      _tripudians_, 181
-  _Necturus maculatus_, 185
-  _Nettion carolinensis_, 153
-  Nilgai, 41
-  _Nyctea nyctea_, 142
-  _Nyctereutes procyonoides_, 109
-
-
-                                    O
-  Ocelot, 106
-  _Odocoileus columbianus_, 60, 62
-      _hemionus_, 60
-      _sinaloae_, 44
-      _virginianus_, 62
-      _virginianus osceola_, 43
-  Onager, 66
-  Ophidia, 179
-  _Ophiosauris ventralis_, 178
-  Orang-utan, 83, 84
-  _Oreamnos montanus_, 50
-  _Oryx_, _beatrix_, 40
-      _beisa_, 40
-      _leucoryx_, 39
-  Otter, American, 103
-  _Otus asio_, 142
-  Ounce, 77
-  _Ovibos wardi_, 31
-  _Ovis burrhel_, 34
-      _canadensis_, 32
-      _cycloceros_, 34
-      _musimon_, 34
-      _tragelaphus_, 34
-  Owl, barred, 142
-      giant eagle, 141
-      great horned, 141
-      milky, eagle, 141
-      screech, 142
-      snowy, 141
-
-
-                                    P
-  _Papio babuin_, 81, 85
-      _hamadryas_, 81, 86
-      _mormon_, 81, 85
-  Paradoxure, black, 108
-      Malayan, 108
-      white-whiskered, 107
-  _Paradoxurus hermaphroditus_, 108
-      _leucomystax_, 107
-      _niger_, 108
-  _Passeres_, 151
-  Pelicans, 140
-  _Pelicanus occidentalis_, 140
-      _erthrorhynchus_, 140
-  Peccary, collared, 50
-  _Phacochaerus aethiopicus_, 50
-  _Phasianus colchicus_, 160
-      _mongolicus_, 160
-      _soemmerringii_, 160
-      _torquatus_, 160
-  Pheasant, Amherst, 158
-      Argus, 161
-      copper, 160
-      English, 160
-      golden, 158
-      impeyan, 161
-      Mongolian, 160
-      Reeve, 160
-      ring-necked, 160
-      silver, 159
-      Soemmerring, 160
-  _Pheonicopterus ruber_, 136
-      _roseus_, 137
-  _Phrynosoma_, 178
-  Pigeon, bleeding-heart, 149
-      great crowned, 150
-  _Pipa americana_, 183
-  _Plegadis guarauna_, 137
-  Porcupine, African, 110, 111
-      Brazilian tree, 131
-      Canada, 110
-      Indian crestless, 110
-  _Portax tragocamelus_, 41
-  _Potamochaerus pencillatus_, 50
-  Prairie "dog" village, 118
-  Primates, 81
-  Puma, 78, 116
-  Python, regal, 179
-      rock, 179
-      _reticulatus_, 179
-      _sebae_, 179
-
-
-                                    Q
-  _Querquedula discors_, 153
-
-
-                                    R
-  Rabbit family, 117
-  _Rana catesbiana_, 182
-      _sylvatica_, 183
-  _Rangifer, caribou_, 62
-      _granti_, 63
-      _osborni_, 63
-      _stonei_, 63
-      _tarandus_, 63
-  Rat, coypu, 104
-  Rattlesnake, diamond-back, 181
-  Red river-hog, 50
-  Reedbuck, 47
-  Reindeer, Lapland, 63
-  Reptiles, 171
-      synopsis, 172
-      venomous, 180
-  Restaurant, Rocking Stone, 19
-  Rhea, 164
-  Rhinoceros, African two-horned, 94
-      Indian, 95
-      white, 96
-      square-mouthed, 96
-      _bicornis_, 94
-      _unicornis_, 95
-  Rodents, list of, 131
-  Rodent-Reptile collection, 130
-  Rocking Stone, 23
-  _Rupicapra tragus_, 35
-
-
-                                    S
-  Sable antelope, 40, 43
-  Salamander, spotted, 183
-      tiger, 183
-  Sapajou, 87
-  _Sarcogeranus leucogeranus_, 168
-  Sasin antelope, 47
-  Seal, harbor, 80
-  Sea-lion, California, 78
-  Secretary bird, 166
-  _Serpentarius serpentarius_, 166
-  Serval, 105
-  Sewellel family, 117
-  Sheep, arcal, 32, 34
-      arcal mountain, 34
-      Barbary wild, 34
-      blue mountain, 34
-  Sheldrake, paradise, 155
-      ruddy, 155
-      tadorna, 155
-  Siamang, 89
-  _Siren lacertina_, 185
-  Sloths, 114
-  Snake, black, 179
-      coral, 180
-      garter, 180
-      harlequin, 180
-      hog-nosed, 180
-  Springbuck, 48
-  Squirrels, 117
-  Statistics, 10
-  Stork, white, 138
-  _Struthio australis_, 163
-      _camelus_, 164
-  Suricate, 108
-  Swan, black, 135
-      mute, 134
-      trumpeter, 135
-  _Syrmaticus reevesi_, 160
-  _Syrnium varium_, 142
-
-
-                                    T
-  _Tadorna tadorna_, 155
-  _Tagassu angulatum_, 50
-  Tahr, Himalayan, 32
-  Tamandua, 112, 114
-  _Tantalus loculator_, 137
-  Tapirs, 97, 98
-  _Tapirus indicus_, 98
-      _terrestris_, 97
-  _Tatu novemcinctum_, 112
-  _Taurotragus oryx_, 38
-  _Taxidea americana_, 110
-  Tegu, 178
-  Telegalla, 166
-  _Testudo, carolina_, 174
-      _elephantina_, 174
-      _nigrita_, 174
-      _tabulata_, 174
-      _vicina_, 174
-  _Tetraceros quadricornis_, 47
-  _Tetrapteryx paradisea_, 168
-  _Thrasaetus harpyia_, 144
-  _Thylacinus cynocephalus_, 103
-  Tiger, 75
-  Toad, common, 183
-      surinam, 183
-  Tortoise, box, 173
-      giant, 173, 174
-      gopher, 174
-      South American, 174
-  Turkey, brush, 166
-      wild, 146
-  Turtle, alligator, 173
-      marine, 175
-      painted, 173
-      snapping, 173
-      soft-shell, 175
-
-
-                                    U
-  Ungulates, summary of, 25
-  _Urocyon virginianus_, 102
-  _Ursus, americanus_, 121, 124
-      _arctos_, 125
-      _dalli_, 120, 122
-      _emmonsi_, 121
-      _eulophus_, 120, 124
-      _floridanus_, 121
-      _gyas_, 120, 123
-      _horribilis_, 121, 124
-      _horribilis horriaeus_, 121
-      _japonicus_, 127
-      _kermodei_, 121
-      _labiatus_, 127
-      _luteolus_, 121
-      _maritimus_, 120, 121
-      _middendorffi_, 120
-      _ornatus_, 125
-      _ornatus_, thomasi, 125
-      _piscator_, 126
-      _richardsoni_, 121
-      _torquatus_, 126
-
-
-                                    V
-  _Varanus gouldii_, 178
-  Vervet, 87
-  Vicunia, 55, 56
-  _Viverra malaccensis_, 107
-      _zibetha_, 107
-  _Vulpes fulvus_, 101
-      _fulvus argentatus_, 101
-      _fulvus decussatus_, 101
-      _macrotis,_ 102
-      _macrotis neomexicanus_, 108
-      _lagopus_, 108
-      _velox_, 101
-  Vulture, bearded, 145
-      black, 144
-      eared, 144
-      griffon, 144
-      king, 143
-      yellow-headed, 144
-
-
-                                    W
-  Walrus, Atlantic, 79
-  Wapiti, Altai, 70
-      American, 57
-      tashkent, 70
-  Wart-hog, 50
-  Waterbuck, sing-sing, 41
-  Waterfall, 22
-  White-tailed deer, 43
-  Wichita Game Reserve, 28
-  Wild-fowl pond, 153
-  Wolf, gray, 99
-      prairie, 99, 100
-      Tasmanian, 103
-
-
-                                    X
-  _Xenopus laevis_, 184
-
-
-                                    Y
-  Yaguarundi cat, 106
-  _Zalophus californianus_, 78
-
-
-                                    Z
-  Zebra, Chapman, 66
-      Grant, 64, 65
-      Grevy, 65
-      mountain, 64
-
-
-
-
-                               Footnotes
-
-
-[1]This interesting collection was formed, installed and labeled by
-    Curator R. L. Ditmars, with the assistance of Mr. Charles Snyder and
-    other members of the Department of Reptiles.
-
-
-                  Membership in the Zoological Society
-
-Membership in the Zoological Society is open to all who are interested
-in the objects of the organization, and desire to contribute toward its
-support.
-
-The cost of Annual Membership is $10 per year, which entitles the holder
-to admission to the Zoological Park on all pay days, when he may see the
-collections to the best advantage. Members are entitled to all the
-Annual Reports, bi-monthly Bulletins, Zoologica, privileges of the
-Administration Building, all lectures and special exhibitions, and ten
-complimentary tickets to the Zoological Park for distribution.
-
-Any Annual Member may become a Life Member by the payment of $200. A
-subscriber of $1,000 becomes a Patron; $2,500, an Associate Founder;
-$5,000, a Founder; $10,000, a Founder in Perpetuity, and $25,000 a
-Benefactor.
-
-Applications for membership may be handed to the Chief Clerk, in the
-Zoological Park; Dr. C. H. Townsend, N. Y. Aquarium, Battery Park, New
-York City, or forwarded to the General Secretary, No. 11 Wall Street,
-New York City.
-
-
-                              PUBLICATIONS
-
-Reports and Publications of the Zoological Society are for sale at
-prices affixed below:
-
- Annual Report No. 1                             Paper $ .40
-   "      "     "  2                               "     .75 Cloth $1.00
-   "      "     "  3 and 4, each                   "     .40   "     .60
-   "      "     "  5    " 6    "                   "     .75   "    1.00
-   "      "     "  7    " 8    "                   "    1.00   "    1.25
-   "      "     "  9    " 10    "                  "    1.25   "    1.50
-   "      "     "  11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17,     "    1.00   "    1.25
-                   18, 19, each
-
- Our Vanishing Wild Life (Hornaday) postpaid                   "    1.65
- Destruction of Our Birds and Mammals (Hornaday)   "     .15
- Notes on Mountain Sheep of North America          "     .40
-   (Hornaday)
- The Caribou (Grant)                               "     .40   "     .60
- The Origin and Relationship of the Large                      "    1.00
-   Mammals of North America (Grant)
- The Rocky Mountain Goat (Grant)                               "    1.00
- Zoologica Vol. 1, Nos 1-11 inclusive, set         "    2.30
- Sea-Shore Life (Mayer)                                        "    1.20
- The National Collection of Heads and Horns        "    1.00
-   (Hornaday) Large Quarto. Parts 1 and 2, each
-
-
-  Bulletin Nos. 1 and 6    Out of Print
-  Bulletins--Bi-monthly    20c., each; Yearly by Mail   $1.00
-  Bulletin Nos. 5 to 23 inclusive (15 cents each). Set, cloth bound
-            5.00
-  Popular and Official Guide to the New York Zoological Park (Hornaday)
-            .25
-  _Souvenir Books_: Series No. 2, 36 pages, 5-1/2 x 7-1/2 inches, 33
-          full page illustrations in colors. Price, 25c.; postage 3c.
-  Series No. 3, 48 pages, 7 x 9 inches, 73 illustrations from four color
-          plates. Price, 50c.; postage 3c.
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-          of 24 cards, assorted subjects, for 25 cents; postage 2 cents
-          per set.
-  _Photogravures_: Series of 12 subjects in sepia. Animals and views in
-          the Zoological Park. Splendid pictures for framing. Sold in
-          sets of 2 subjects. Price, 25 cents per set; sent postpaid.
-  Enlargements of Animal Pictures: A series of 12 enlargements, size 11
-          x 14, from selected photographs of animals in the Zoological
-          Park. Can be purchased singly and forwarded by mail.
-           Furnished in three different styles; black and white, 25
-          cents each; duotone brown, 35 cents each; hand colored, 75
-          cents each.
-  _Souvenir Map Fan_: A novel fan and map of the Zoological Park. An
-          ingenious arrangement makes it possible to instantly locate
-          any building or installation. Price, 10c.; postage 2c.
-  _Panorama_ of the Zoological Park in colors. Reproduced from an
-          original drawing in perspective. Sold in folder form, or flat,
-          suitable for framing. This wonderful drawing gives a vivid
-          recollection of the World's greatest Zoological Park   Price,
-          20c.; postage, 2c.
-  _Photo-Letter_: Two series of different photographs, reproduced in
-          photogravure and four colors. Price, 10c. each postpaid.
-  _Animal Art Stamps_: A series of 130 subjects, each stamp 2-1/8 x 3,
-          printed from four color plates. Sold in sets of 20 stamps for
-          10 cents. Album containing 10 stamps, providing space for
-          entire series, 15 cents. Postage 2 cents. Album and complete
-          series of 6 sets, 75 cents.  Postage 3 cents.
-
-
-                  Address all inquiries and orders to
-
-                            H. R. MITCHELL,
-                         Manager of Privileges,
-   Zoological Park, 185th St. & Southern Boulevard.    New York City.
-
-                        Rocking-Stone Restaurant
-
-    [Illustration: EMU AND YOUNG BIRD HATCHED IN THE ZOOLOGICAL PARK]
-
-
-
-
-                          Transcriber's Notes
-
-
---Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook
-  is public-domain in the country of publication.
-
---Corrected a few palpable typographical errors and invalid index
-  entries.
-
---Swapped entries in the table of illustrations to match the actual
-  order.
-
---In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by
-  _underscores_.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Popular Official Guide to the New York
-Zoological Park (September 1915), by William T. Hornaday
-
-*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GUIDE TO NY ZOOLOGICAL PARK, 1915 ***
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-
-The Project Gutenberg EBook of Popular Official Guide to the New York
-Zoological Park (September 1915), by William T. Hornaday
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
-other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
-the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
-to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
-
-Title: Popular Official Guide to the New York Zoological Park (September 1915)
-       Thirteenth Edition
-
-Author: William T. Hornaday
-
-Release Date: September 24, 2016 [EBook #53141]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: UTF-8
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK GUIDE TO NY ZOOLOGICAL PARK, 1915 ***
-
-
-
-
-Produced by Stephen Hutcheson, Dave Morgan and the Online
-Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
-
-
-
-
-
-
-</pre>
-
-<div id="cover" class="img">
-<img id="coverpage" src="images/cover.jpg" alt="Popular Official Guide to The New York Zoological Park" width="500" height="752" />
-</div>
-<div class="img" id="c52">
-<img src="images/map_lr.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="833" />
-<p class="pcap">NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL PARK<br /><a class="ab1" href="images/map_hr.jpg">High-resolution Map</a></p>
-</div>
-<table class="center" summary="">
-<tr><td class="l">Administration Bldg., 8 </td><td class="r">D 4</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Alaskan House, 32 </td><td class="r">H 3</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Alligator Pool, 36 </td><td class="r">H 4</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Antelope House, 50 </td><td class="r">J 3</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Bear Dens, 37 </td><td class="r">H 5</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Beaver Pond, 29 </td><td class="r">G 5</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Biological Laboratory, 28 A </td><td class="r">G 4</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Bird House, Aquatic, 5 </td><td class="r">D 2</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Bird House, Large, 7 </td><td class="r">D 3</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Bison, 51 </td><td class="r">J 5</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Boat House, 54 </td><td class="r">M 6</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Buffalo Herd, 52 </td><td class="r">J 6</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Burrowing Animals, 42 </td><td class="r">I 3</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Cage, Flying, 4 </td><td class="r">C 3</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Camel House, 39 </td><td class="r">I 2</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Deer House, Small, 49 </td><td class="r">I 2</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Deer, American, 30 </td><td class="r">H 2</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Deer, Asiatic, 1 </td><td class="r">C-D 2</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Deer, Axis and Sika, 2 </td><td class="r">C 2</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Deer, Fallow, 53 </td><td class="r">K 4</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Deer, Red, 10 </td><td class="r">D 2</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Duck Aviary, 3 </td><td class="r">C 3</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Eagle and Vulture Aviary, 11 </td><td class="r">E 2</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Elephant House, 20 </td><td class="r">F 3</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Elk Range, 21 </td><td class="r">G 2</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Feed Barn, 27 </td><td class="r">G 3</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Flying Cage, 4 </td><td class="r">C 3</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Fountain, Rockefeller, 13 </td><td class="r">D 4</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Fountains, Drinking, </td><td class="r">D 2, H 2, M 7</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Fox Dens, 23 </td><td class="r">G 2</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Lion House, 15 </td><td class="r">E 3</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Llama House, 38 </td><td class="r">I 2</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Lydig Arch, 47 </td><td class="r">I 5</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Mammal House, Small, 35 </td><td class="r">H 3</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Mountain Sheep Hill, 44 </td><td class="r">I 4</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Musk Oxen, 48 </td><td class="r">I 2</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Nursery, 18 </td><td class="r">E 9</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Ostrich House, 43 </td><td class="r">I 3</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Otter Pools, 31 </td><td class="r">H 2</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Pavilion, Shelter, 26 </td><td class="r">G 3</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Pheasant Aviary, 40 </td><td class="r">I 2</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Polar Bear Den, 37 </td><td class="r">H 5</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Prairie Dogs, 41 </td><td class="r">I 3</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Primate House, 17 </td><td class="r">E 4</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Puma and Lynx House, 33 A </td><td class="r">H 3</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Raccoon&rsquo;s Tree, 44 A </td><td class="r">I 5</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Reptile House, 34 </td><td class="r">H 4</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Restaurant, 46 </td><td class="r">I 5</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Riding Animals, 6 </td><td class="r">D 3</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Rocking Stone, 45 </td><td class="r">I 5</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Sea Lion Pool, 12 </td><td class="r">D 3</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Service Bldg., 28 </td><td class="r">H 4</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Soda Fount&rsquo;s. </td><td class="r">*D 2, G 3, H 4</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Subway Station </td><td class="r">O 6</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Toilets, W. M., </td><td class="r">C 3, E 3, G 3, I 5, L 6, M 8</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Tortoise Yards </td><td class="r">H 4</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Totem Pole, 32 </td><td class="r">H 3</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Turkeys, Wild, 33 </td><td class="r">H 3</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Wolf Dens, 22 </td><td class="r">G 3</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Yak House, 55 </td><td class="r">K 4</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Zebra Houses, 14 </td><td class="r">E 2</td></tr>
-</table>
-<div class="img" id="fig1">
-<img src="images/pmg000.jpg" alt="" width="545" height="799" />
-<p class="pcap">PENINSULA BEAR: IVAN</p>
-</div>
-<div class="box">
-<h1><span class="small">POPULAR OFFICIAL GUIDE</span>
-<br /><span class="smallest">TO THE</span>
-<br />New York Zoological Park</h1>
-<p class="tbcenter">By WILLIAM T. HORNADAY, Sc.D.
-<br />Director and General Curator</p>
-<p class="center"><span class="smaller">ILLUSTRATED BY ELWIN R. SANBORN</span></p>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pmg001.jpg" alt="New York Zoological Society" width="400" height="399" />
-</div>
-<p class="center">GORILLA EDITION</p>
-<p class="center">WITH MAPS, PLANS AND ILLUSTRATIONS</p>
-<p class="center smaller">THIRTEENTH EDITION&mdash;SEPTEMBER, 1915</p>
-<p class="tbcenter"><span class="smaller">PUBLISHED BY THE</span>
-<br />NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY
-<br /><span class="smaller">11 WALL STREET, NEW YORK</span></p>
-<p class="center"><span class="smaller"><span class="sc">Only Authorized Guide</span> <span class="hst">Price 25 Cents</span>
-<br />COMPLETELY REVISED AND EXTENDED</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_4">4</div>
-<table class="center" summary="">
-<tr><td class="r">1st </td><td class="c">Edition, </td><td class="l">October, </td><td class="l">1899&mdash; </td><td class="r">5000</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="r">2d </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="l">May, </td><td class="l">1900&mdash; </td><td class="r">5000</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="r">3d </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="l">December, </td><td class="l">1900&mdash; </td><td class="r">5000</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="r">4th </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="l">October, </td><td class="l">1901&mdash; </td><td class="r">3000</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="r">5th </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="l">June, </td><td class="l">1902&mdash; </td><td class="r">10000</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="r">6th </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="l"><span class="hst">&ldquo;</span> </td><td class="l">1903&mdash; </td><td class="r">10000</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="r">7th </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="l"><span class="hst">&ldquo;</span> </td><td class="l">1904&mdash; </td><td class="r">15000</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="r">8th </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="l"><span class="hst">&ldquo;</span> </td><td class="l">1906&mdash; </td><td class="r">7000</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="r">9th </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="l"><span class="hst">&ldquo;</span> </td><td class="l">1907&mdash; </td><td class="r">30000</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="r">10th </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="l">October, </td><td class="l">1909&mdash; </td><td class="r">30000</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="r">11th </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="l">June, </td><td class="l">1911&mdash; </td><td class="r">30000</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="r">12th </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="l"><span class="hst">&ldquo;</span> </td><td class="l">1913&mdash; </td><td class="r">40000</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="r">13th </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="l">September, </td><td class="l">1915&mdash; </td><td class="r">20000</td></tr>
-</table>
-<p class="center">Copyright, 1899, 1900, 1901, 1902, 1903, 1904, 1906, 1907, 1909, 1911, 1913 and 1915.
-<br />NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_5">5</div>
-<h2>PREFACE</h2>
-<p>The publication of this revised and extended edition of
-the Guide to the Zoological Park is necessary in order to
-bring our most important collections down to date. With
-the completion of the Zebra House and Eagle Aviary, we
-are now able to offer a Guide Book to the Zoological Park
-as practically finished.</p>
-<p>The visitor is not to understand, however, that with the
-completion of the features named above nothing more will
-remain to be done. An institution of this kind never
-reaches a state of absolute completion, with no further
-possibilities of improvement. But the building of boundary
-walls, and the rebuilding of temporary entrances, are matters
-of small moment in comparison with the completion of
-a grand series of installations for animals, and buildings
-for public comfort.</p>
-<p>Few indeed are the persons who know, or who ever will
-know, the extent to which both the general design and the
-details of the Zoological Park have been originated, and
-hammered out of the raw materials. From the inception
-of the undertaking, the work of development has involved
-a continuous struggle to meet new conditions. Although
-precedents and models for things to be done were sought
-far and wide, in all save a very few instances, our needs
-were so peculiar, and so different from those of other
-zoological gardens and parks, we have found really very
-little that we could copy. The abundant-room idea on
-which the Zoological Park was founded, and our desire for
-the full utilization of the works of nature, have from the
-first taxed the creative faculties of the Society to the utmost.</p>
-<p>It has been gratifying to find in other zoological establishments
-a number of features which we could utilize here,
-thereby saving ourselves something in the eternal grind of
-invention and experiment, and we have gladly made prominent
-mention of such cases.</p>
-<p>While it is possible to complete the equipment of animal
-installations for a Zoological Park, and fill them with fine
-collections, the demand for more animals is continuous.
-Our wild creatures are not immortal; and, like human beings,
-they live out their allotted lives and pass away. The
-great majority do not perpetuate themselves in captivity,
-<span class="pb" id="Page_6">6</span>
-and the depleted ranks must be filled by new gifts and
-new purchases. Gifts of specimens, and funds for purchases,
-must constantly be forthcoming.</p>
-<p>In the acquisition of certain representative species of
-great variety but particular desirability, the Society has
-been much favored by its friends, both at home and abroad.
-Frequently it happens that the greatest zoological rarities
-are obtainable only through the good will and tireless industry
-of friends who travel into the most remote and inaccessible
-regions of the earth. It is to such sources that we
-owe our musk-ox herd, walrus, mountain goat herd, spectacled
-bear and many other species.</p>
-<p>The Executive Committee makes grateful acknowledgment
-of the loyal and generous support it has constantly
-received from the Board of Managers, the members of
-the Zoological Society, and from the Government of the
-City of New York. Thanks to a judicious union of these
-forces, the development of the Zoological Park has gone
-forward rapidly and satisfactorily. Although the actual
-period of construction has been remarkably short for so vast
-an undertaking, everything constructed is of the most permanent
-character. It is only just to note the fact that
-while the Zoological Park is an institution of national interest
-and importance, and free to all the world, with the
-exception of a few gifts of animals it has been created and
-is maintained wholly by the citizens of the City of New
-York. The State has contributed nothing.</p>
-<p><span class="lr"><span class="sc">The Executive Committee.</span></span></p>
-<p>JUNE 1, 1913.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_7">7</div>
-<h2 class="center">CONTENTS.</h2>
-<dl class="toc">
-<dt class="small">Page</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c1">Statistics of the Zoological Park</a> 10</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c2">Officers of the Society</a> 11</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c3">Origin</a> 13</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c4">Means of Access</a> 16</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c5">Admission</a> 17</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c6">Physical Aspect of the Grounds</a> 21</dt>
-<dt class="center">MAMMALS.</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c7">Bison Ranges</a> 26</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c8">Mountain Sheep Hill</a> 29</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c9">Antelope House</a> 35</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c10">Small-Deer House</a> 42</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c11">Miscellaneous Mammals</a> 49</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c12">White Mountain Goat</a> 50</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c13">Prong-Horned Antelope</a> 51</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c14">Camel House</a> 53</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c15">Llama House</a> 55</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c16">North American Deer</a> 57</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c17">Zebra House</a> 63</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c18">Asiatic and European Deer</a> 66</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c19">Lion House</a> 71</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c20">Sea-Lions</a> 78</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c21">Primate House</a> 80</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c22">Elephant House</a> 89</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c23">Wolf Dens</a> 98</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c24">Fox Dens</a> 101</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c25">Otter Pools</a> 103</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c26">Small-Mammal House</a> 104</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c27">Puma and Lynx House</a> 115</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c28">Burrowing Mammals</a> 116</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c29">Prairie-Dog Village</a> 118</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c30">Bear Dens</a> 119</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c31">Raccoon Tree</a> 128</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c32">Beaver Pond</a> 128</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c33">Economic Rodent-Reptile Collection</a> 130</dt>
-<dt class="center">BIRDS.</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c34">Goose Aviary</a> 133</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c35">Flying Cage</a> 135</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c36">Aquatic-Bird House</a> 141</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c37">Eagle and Vulture Aviary</a> 143</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c38">Wild Turkey Enclosure</a> 146</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c39">Large-Bird House</a> 146</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c40">Wild Fowl Pond</a> 153</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c41">Pheasant and Pigeon Aviary</a> 155</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c42">Ostrich House</a> 162</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c43">Cranes</a> 167</dt>
-<dt class="center">REPTILES.</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c44">Reptile House</a> 171</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c45">Turtles and Tortoises</a> 172</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c46">Crocodiles and Alligators</a> 175</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c47">Lizards</a> 177</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c48">Serpents</a> 179</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c49">Batrachians or Amphibians</a> 182</dt>
-<dt class="center">INSECTS.</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c50">Insect Collection</a> 185</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c51">Index</a> 188</dt>
-<dt class="center">MAPS.</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c52">Map of Zoological Park</a> Second page of cover</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c53">Sketch Map, New York</a> 14</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c54">Sketch Map, Vicinity of Park</a> 16</dt>
-</dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_8">8</div>
-<h2>ILLUSTRATIONS.</h2>
-<dl class="toc">
-<dt>PAGE</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig1">Peninsula Bear: Ivan</a> <i>Frontispiece</i></dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig2">Baird Court and Concourse</a> 12</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig3">The Boat House</a> 18</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig4">Boating on Bronx Lake</a> 20</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig5">White-Tailed Deer</a> 24</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig6">American Bison</a> 26</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig7">European Bison</a> 27</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig8">White-Fronted Musk-Ox</a> 30</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig9">Big-Horn Mountain Sheep</a> 30</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig10">Mouflon</a> 32</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig11">Arcal Sheep</a> 32</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig12">Himalayan Tahr</a> 32</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig13">Burrhel</a> 32</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig14">Chamois</a> 33</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig15">Markhor</a> 33</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig16">Aoudad</a> 33</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig17">Persian Wild Goat</a> 33</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig18">Nilgai: Indian Antelope</a> 36</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig19">Nubian Giraffes</a> 38</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig20">Beatrix Antelope</a> 40</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig21">Blessbok</a> 40</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig22">Leucoryx Antelope</a> 41</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig23">White-Tailed Gnu</a> 41</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig24">Eland</a> 42</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig25">Sable Antelope</a> 43</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig26">Redunca Antelope</a> 44</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig27">Sasin Antelope</a> 46</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig28">Great Gray Kangaroo</a> 48</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig29">Rocky Mountain Goat</a> 49</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig30">American Prong-Horned Antelope</a> 52</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig31">Bactrian Camel</a> 53</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig32">Alpaca</a> 54</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig33">Vicunia</a> 55</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig34">American Elk</a> 58</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig35">European Red Deer</a> 58</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig36">Development of Antlers</a> 61</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig37">Grant Zebra</a> 64</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig38">Prjevalsky Horses</a> 65</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig39">Axis Deer</a> 68</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig40">Burmese Deer</a> 69</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig41">Jaguar</a> 72</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig42">Cheetah</a> 73</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig43">Barbary Lion</a> 74</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig44">Snow Leopard</a> 75</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig45">Atlantic Walrus</a> 79</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig46">Chimpanzee, &ldquo;Baldy&rdquo;</a> 82</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig47">Orang-Utan</a> 84</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig48">Humboldt Woolly Monkey</a> 85</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig49">Japanese Red-Faced Monkey</a> 88</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig50">Pig-Tailed Macaque</a> 88</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig51">Slow Lemur</a> 89</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig52">Siamang</a> 89</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig53">Elephant House</a> 90</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig54">Indian Elephant</a> 92</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig55">African Elephants</a> 93</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig56">African Two-Horned Rhinoceros</a> 94</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig57">Indian Rhinoceros</a> 95</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig58">Pygmy Hippopotami</a> 96</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig59">Timber Wolf</a> 99</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig60">Coyote: Prairie Wolf</a> 100</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig61">Swift or Kit Fox</a> 102</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig62">Red Fox</a> 103</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig63">Ocelot</a> 106</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig64">Common Genet</a> 107</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig65">African Porcupine</a> 111</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig66">Tamandua</a> 112</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig67">Great Ant-Eater</a> 113</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig68">Six-Banded Armadillo</a> 114</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig69">Two-Toed Sloth</a> 115</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig70">Polar Bear Den</a> 120</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig71">Polar Bear &ldquo;Silver King&rdquo;</a> 122</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig72">Syrian Bear</a> 123</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig73">Spectacled Bear</a> 126</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig74">European Brown Bear</a> 127</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig75">Brazilian Tree Porcupine</a> 131</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig76">Mute and Trumpeter Swans</a> 133</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig77">Cereopsis Geese</a> 136</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig78">White-Faced Glossy Ibis</a> 137</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig79">Roseate Spoonbill</a> 137</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig80">Brown and White Pelicans</a> 140</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig81">Great Horned Owl</a> 142</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig82">Spectacled Owl</a> 142</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig83">Eared Vulture</a> 143</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig84">Lammergeyer</a> 143</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig85">King Vulture</a> 145</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig86">Black Vulture</a> 145</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig87">Harpy Eagle</a> 145</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig88">Griffon Vulture</a> 145</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig89">Wild Turkey</a> 147</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig90">Seriema</a> 148</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig91">Secretary Bird</a> 148</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig92">Great Crowned Pigeon</a> 150</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig93">Sulphur Crested Cockatoo</a> 151</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig94">Toco Toucan</a> 151</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig95">Ducks Feeding</a> 154</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig96">Pheasant Aviary</a> 156</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig97">Manchurian Eared Pheasant</a> 158</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig98">Indian Peacock</a> 159</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig99">North African Ostrich</a> 163</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig100">Rhea</a> 164</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig101">Cassowary</a> 164</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig102">Emeus</a> 165</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig103">Little Brown Crane</a> 167</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig104">Demoiselle Crane</a> 167</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig105">Asiatic White Crane</a> 168</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig106">Paradise Crane</a> 168</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig107">Whooping Crane</a> 169</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig108">Crowned Crane</a> 169</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig109">Adjutant</a> 169</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig110">Jabiru</a> 169</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig111">Mastigure</a> 170</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig112">Horned Rattlesnake</a> 170</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig113">Hog-Nosed Snake</a> 170</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig114">Gecko</a> 170</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig115">Tree Frog</a> 170</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig116">Giant Tortoise</a> 173</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig117">Alligator Pool</a> 176</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig118">Venezuelan Boa</a> 177</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig119">Rhinoceros Viper</a> 180</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig120">Cobra-De-Capello</a> 181</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig121">Metamorphosis of the Leopard Frog</a> 184</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig122">Giant Centipede</a> 186</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig123">Tarantula</a> 187</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig124">Red-Winged Locust</a> 187</dt>
-<dt><a href="#fig125">Hercules Beetle</a> 187</dt>
-</dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_10">10</div>
-<h2 id="c1">STATISTICS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL PARK.</h2>
-<table class="center" summary="">
-<tr class="th"><th colspan="2">January, 1915.</th></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="2" class="l">Final plan of the Zoological Park approved by Park Board, November 22, 1897.</td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="2" class="l">Zoological Society assumed control of grounds, July 1, 1898.</td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="2" class="l">First building begun, August 11, 1898.</td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="2" class="l">Park formally opened to the public, November 9, 1899.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Administration and Service Buildings </td><td class="r">2</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Large Animal Buildings (all heated) </td><td class="r">14</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Small Animal Buildings (4 heated) </td><td class="r">10</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Large Groups of Outdoor Dens, Aviaries and Corrals </td><td class="r">13</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Animal Storehouses, for winter use </td><td class="r">3</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Restaurants </td><td class="r">2</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Public-Comfort Buildings </td><td class="r">6</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Entrances </td><td class="r">7</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Area of Park Land and Water </td><td class="r">264 acres</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Area of Water </td><td class="r">30 acres</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Walks and Roads </td><td class="r">7.78 miles</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Fences </td><td class="r">10.55 miles</td></tr>
-</table>
-<table class="center" summary="">
-<tr class="th"><th colspan="5">LIVE ANIMALS IN THE COLLECTIONS.</th></tr>
-<tr class="th"><th colspan="5">January, 1915.</th></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Mammals </td><td class="r">204 </td><td class="c">species, </td><td class="r">586 </td><td class="c">specimens.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Birds </td><td class="r">811 </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="r">2,753 </td><td class="c">&ldquo;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Reptiles </td><td class="r u">164 </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="r u">1,014 </td><td class="c">&ldquo;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Total </td><td class="r">1,179 </td><td class="c"> </td><td class="r">4,353</td></tr>
-</table>
-<table class="center" summary="">
-<tr><td class="l">Attendance of visitors in 1914 </td><td class="r">2,020,433</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Total attendance of visitors from 1899 to Jan., 1915 </td><td class="r">19,325,590</td></tr>
-</table>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_11">11</div>
-<h2 id="c2">NEW YORK ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY</h2>
-<p class="center"><i>President</i>,
-<br />HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN.</p>
-<p class="center">MADISON GRANT, <i>Secretary</i>, 11 Wall Street.
-<br />PERCY R. PYNE, <i>Treasurer</i>, 30 Pine Street.</p>
-<p class="center"><span class="sc">Executive Committee</span>
-<br />MADISON GRANT, <i>Chairman</i>.
-<br />PERCY R. PYNE,
-<br />WATSON B. DICKERMAN,
-<br />SAMUEL THORNE,
-<br />WM. PIERSON HAMILTON,
-<br />WILLIAM WHITE NILES,
-<br />FRANK K. STURGIS,
-<br />LISPENARD STEWART,
-<br />HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN, <i>ex-officio</i>.</p>
-<table class="center" summary="">
-<tr><td colspan="2" class="c"><span class="sc">General Officers</span></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="2" class="c">WILLIAM T. HORNADAY, <i>Director</i></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">H. J. SHORTER </td><td class="r"><i>Assistant Secretary</i></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">R. L. CERERO </td><td class="r"><i>Assistant to Treasurer</i></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">DR. GEORGE S. HUNTINGTON </td><td class="r"><i>Prosector</i></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">C. GRANT LA FARGE </td><td class="r"><i>Architect</i></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">H. <span class="sc">DeB.</span> PARSONS </td><td class="r"><i>Consulting Engineer</i></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="r"></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="2" class="c"><span class="sc">Officers of the Zoological Park.</span></td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="2" class="c">WILLIAM T. HORNADAY, Sc.D.</td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="2" class="c"><i>Director and General Curator.</i></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">H. R. MITCHELL </td><td class="r"><i>Chief Clerk and Disbursing Officer</i></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">R. L. DITMARS </td><td class="r"><i>Curator of Reptiles, Asst. Curator of Mammals</i></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">C. WILLIAM BEEBE </td><td class="r"><i>Curator of Birds</i></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">LEE S. CRANDALL </td><td class="r"><i>Assistant Curator of Birds</i></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">W. REID BLAIR, D.V.S. </td><td class="r"><i>Veterinarian</i></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">H. W. MERKEL </td><td class="r"><i>Chief Forester and Constructor</i></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">ELWIN R. SANBORN </td><td class="r"><i>Editor and Photographer</i></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">GEORGE M. BEERBOWER </td><td class="r"><i>Civil Engineer</i></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">WILLIAM MITCHELL </td><td class="r"><i>Cashier</i></td></tr>
-</table>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_12">12</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig2">
-<img src="images/pmg002.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="452" />
-<p class="pcap">ITALIAN GARDEN, BAIRD COURT,
-<br />The structure on the right is the Large Bird-House, and in the distance, the Lion House.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_13">13</div>
-<h2 id="c3">GENERAL STATUS
-<br />OF THE ZOOLOGICAL PARK.</h2>
-<p><b>Origin.</b>&mdash;The New York Zoological Park originated with
-the New York Zoological Society, a scientific body incorporated
-in 1895, under a special charter granted by the
-Legislature of the State of New York. The declared objects
-of the Society are three in number&mdash;&ldquo;A public Zoological
-Park; the preservation of our native animals; the promotion
-of zoology.&rdquo; The Society has enrolled among its various
-classes over 2,000 members.</p>
-<p>Henry Fairfield Osborn is the President of the Society.
-The affairs of the Society are managed by a Board of Managers
-of thirty-six persons, which meets three times each
-year. The planning and general development of the Zoological
-Society is in the hands of an Executive Committee
-of eight members, as follows: Madison Grant, Chairman;
-Percy R. Pyne, Samuel Thorne, William White Niles, Watson
-B. Dickerman, Wm. Pierson Hamilton, Frank K. Sturgis,
-Lispenard Stewart and Henry Fairfield Osborn, <i>ex-officio</i>.
-Madison Grant, the Chairman of the Executive Committee,
-is also Secretary of the Society, and his office is at No. 11
-Wall Street. Dr. William T. Hornaday is the Director and
-General Curator of the Zoological Park, and his office is now
-located in the Administration Building on Baird Court. The
-address is 185th Street and Southern Boulevard. The Society
-assumed control of the grounds on July 1, 1898, and
-began the first excavation, for the Bird House, on August
-11th. The Park Department began work, on the Wild-Fowl
-Pond, on August 29, 1898.</p>
-<p><b>Sources of Income.</b>&mdash;The funds devoted to the development
-of the Zoological Park have been derived from the
-following sources:</p>
-<p>1. From the Zoological Society, obtained by subscriptions
-from private citizens&mdash;funds for plans, for the erection of
-buildings, aviaries, dens and other accommodations for
-animals; and for the purchase of animals.</p>
-<p>2. From the City of New York&mdash;by vote of the Board of
-Estimate and Apportionment&mdash;funds for the construction of
-walks, roads, sewers and drainage, water supply, public comfort
-buildings, entrances, grading, excavating of large ponds
-and lakes, annual maintenance, and also for animal buildings.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_14">14</div>
-<div class="img" id="c53">
-<img src="images/pmg003.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="425" />
-<p class="pcap">SKETCH MAP SHOWING LOCATION OF ZOOLOGICAL PARK.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_15">15</div>
-<p>The Zoological Society has expended, of its own funds,
-for plans, construction and live animals, over $641,000. This
-sum has been derived from its special subscription fund, and
-from the annual dues and fees of its members.</p>
-<p><b>Privileges.</b>&mdash;Because of the fact that the Zoological Society
-has undertaken to furnish all the animals for the Zoological
-Park, the City of New York has agreed that all the
-revenue-producing privileges of the Park shall be controlled
-by the Society. <i>All net profits</i> derived from the restaurants,
-boats, refreshments, riding animals, the sale of photographs,
-books, etc., and all admission fees, are expended by the
-Society <i>in the purchase of animals for the Park</i>. It is well
-that visitors should know that <i>all net profits realized in
-the Park go directly toward the increase of the animal collections</i>.</p>
-<p>The Society maintains a supply of boats for hire, and
-riding animals of various kinds for the amusement of children.</p>
-<p><b>Location.</b>&mdash;The Zoological Park is the geographical center
-of that portion of Greater New York now known as
-Bronx County. From east to west it is half-way between
-the Hudson River and Long Island Sound, and from north
-to south it is midway between the mouth of the Harlem
-River and Mount Vernon. From the City Hall to the Reptile
-House the distance is eleven miles. The distance by automobile
-from the Central Park Plaza to the Concourse Entrance
-is 9&frac12; miles. The Northwest Entrance is about half a
-mile from Fordham station on the Harlem Railway.</p>
-<p>The area of the Park is 264 acres, divided as follows:</p>
-<table class="center" summary="">
-<tr><td class="l">Land area west of the Boston Road </td><td class="r">150 </td><td class="c">acres.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Land area east of the Boston Road </td><td class="r">80 </td><td class="c">&ldquo;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Bronx Lake </td><td class="r">25 </td><td class="c">&ldquo;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Lake Agassiz </td><td class="r">5&frac12; </td><td class="c">&ldquo;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Aquatic Mammals&rsquo; Pond, Cope Lake and Beaver Pond </td><td class="r u">3&frac12; </td><td class="c">&ldquo;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Total area </td><td class="r">264 </td><td class="c">acres.</td></tr>
-</table>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_16">16</div>
-<div class="img" id="c54">
-<img src="images/pmg004.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="504" />
-<p class="pcap">SKETCH MAP OF THE ZOOLOGICAL PARK AND VICINITY.</p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c4">MEANS OF ACCESS.</h3>
-<p><b>Via the Subway, to the Boston Road Entrance.</b>&mdash;The terminus
-of the eastern branch of the Subway, at &ldquo;180th St.,
-Zoological Park,&rdquo; lands visitors at the southeastern entrances
-to the Zoological Park, at West Farms. Visitors
-from points below 96th Street must be careful to board the
-&ldquo;Bronx Park&rdquo; trains, and not the &ldquo;Broadway&rdquo; trains.</p>
-<p><b>Routes for Automobiles or Carriages.</b>&mdash;Via Central Park,
-Lenox Avenue, Macomb&rsquo;s Dam Bridge and Jerome Avenue
-or Grand Concourse to Pelham Avenue, thence eastward to
-the Concourse Entrance, where motor cars and carriages are
-admitted to the Park.</p>
-<p><b>Via the Third Avenue Elevated.</b>&mdash;The Third Avenue Elevated
-Railway has been extended to Bedford Park, and
-visitors coming to the Zoological Park on it or on the Harlem
-Railroad should alight at Fordham Station, from which
-the northwest entrance is half a mile distant, due eastward,
-on Pelham Avenue, via the Union Railway surface cars.</p>
-<p><b>Surface Cars.</b>&mdash;The Southern Boulevard and the Zoological
-Park Cars of the Union Railway now run to both
-the Crotona (Southwest) Entrance and the Fordham Entrance.
-The Crosstown cars of the same line intersect the
-Southern Boulevard three blocks south of the Crotona
-Entrance.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_17">17</div>
-<h3 id="c5">ADMISSION.</h3>
-<p><b>Free Admission.</b>&mdash;On all holidays, and on Sunday, Tuesday,
-Wednesday, Friday and Saturday, the Zoological Park
-is open free to the public.</p>
-<p><b>Pay Admission.</b>&mdash;On every Monday and Thursday, save
-when either of those days falls on a holiday, all members of
-the Zoological Society who surrender coupons from their
-membership tickets, and all other persons holding tickets
-from the Society, will be admitted free. All other persons
-seeking admission will be admitted on payment of twenty-five
-cents for each adult, and fifteen cents for each child
-under twelve years of age. Tickets are sold only at the
-entrance gates.</p>
-<p><b>Holidays on Pay Days.</b>&mdash;Whenever a legal holiday falls
-on a Monday or Thursday, admission to the Park will be
-free on that day.</p>
-<p><b>Hours for Opening and Closing.</b>&mdash;From May 1st to November
-1st the gates will be opened at 9 A. M. daily, and
-closed half an hour before sunset. From November 1st to
-May 1st the gates will open at 10 A. M.</p>
-<p><b>Entrances, Walks, etc.</b>&mdash;The portion of the Zoological
-Park situated west of the Boston Road has been enclosed.
-Access to this area is provided by six entrances, one situated
-at each corner&mdash;one on the Boston Road and one at the
-bridge on Pelham Avenue. The latter is a carriage entrance
-for visitors wishing to drive to the north end of Baird
-Court. From all these entrances broad walks lead into the
-Park and through it, reaching all the collections of animals
-now installed.</p>
-<p><b>Carriage Roads.</b>&mdash;The only wagon road which enters the
-central portion of the Park now occupied by animals is the
-Service Road, which enters from the Southern Boulevard,
-at 185th Street, and runs eastward, to the Service Building,
-Reptile House, Bear Dens, and Rocking Stone Restaurant.</p>
-<p><i>This road is for business purposes only</i>, and is not open for
-the vehicles of visitors. It is utterly impossible to admit
-carriages to the <i>center</i> of the Park, save those of officers
-entering on business, and <i>visitors must not ask for exceptions
-to this very necessary rule</i>.</p>
-<p><b>Automobile and Carriage Entrance.</b>&mdash;A fine public carriage
-road and concourse, leading from Pelham Avenue
-Bridge and to the upper end of Baird Court, was completed
-in 1908. This drive is open to carriages or motors, daily,
-and it affords easy access to the most important group of
-buildings. It is subject to the same regulations as all other
-entrances, except that carriages and automobiles are admitted.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_18">18</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig3">
-<img src="images/pmg005.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="436" />
-<p class="pcap">THE BOAT HOUSE, BRONX LAKE.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_19">19</div>
-<p>The Boston Road, which runs through the Park from
-south to north, near the western bank of the Bronx Lake, is
-open at all hours. It has recently&mdash;and for the first time&mdash;been
-finely improved by the Park Department for the Borough
-of the Bronx, and a drive through it affords a fine
-view of the eastern side of the Buffalo Range, and the finest
-portion of the heavy forest of the Zoological Park.</p>
-<p>As a matter of course, the ranges of the buffalo, antelope,
-deer, moose, and elk, are in full view from the Kingsbridge
-Road and Southern Boulevard, and the Zoological Society
-has planned that the view from those avenues shall be left
-open sufficiently that the herds may be seen to good advantage.</p>
-<p><b>The Rocking Stone Restaurant, No. 46</b>, has been designed
-to serve all the purposes that its name implies. It contains
-dining-rooms in which full meals may be obtained, lunch-rooms
-wherein choice food will be served at popular prices,
-and in the basement, toilet-rooms will be found.</p>
-<p><b>The Service Building, No. 28.</b>&mdash;Near the Reptile House,
-and at the geographical center of the enclosed grounds, is
-situated a building which contains the Bureau of Administration
-of the Zoological Park. Here will be found the offices
-of the Chief Clerk, several other Park officers, and the workshops
-and storerooms.</p>
-<p>Children lost in the Park, and property lost or found,
-should be reported without delay at the Chief Clerk&rsquo;s office
-in this building. The telephone call of the Zoological Park
-is 953 Tremont.</p>
-<p><b>Wheeled Chairs.</b>&mdash;By persons desiring them, wheeled
-chairs can always be obtained at the entrances, by applying
-to gatekeepers, or at the office of the Chief Clerk, in the
-Service Building. The cost is 25 cents per hour; with an
-attendant, 50 cents per hour.</p>
-<p><b>Arrangement of Collections.</b>&mdash;Inasmuch as the physical
-features of the Zoological Park grounds were important factors
-in locating the various collections of animals, a perfect
-zoological arrangement was impossible. The existing plan
-represents the limit of acceptable possibilities in grouping
-related animals.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_20">20</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig4">
-<img src="images/pmg006.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="450" />
-<p class="pcap">BOATING ON BRONX LAKE.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_21">21</div>
-<p>The entire southern and western sides of the Park are
-exclusively devoted to the Hoofed Animals, in addition to
-which other members of that Order will be found at the
-Elephant and Small-Mammal Houses. The Carnivorous
-Animals will be found at the Lion House, Wolf and Fox
-Dens, Small-Mammal House and Bear Dens. The Birds are
-in two groups; one in the lower end of Bird Valley, and the
-Large Bird-House on Baird Court; the other around the
-Wild-Fowl Pond, south of the Wolf Dens.</p>
-<p>The existence of six entrances to the Park renders it impossible
-to lay out an all-embracing &ldquo;tour&rdquo; for the visitor,
-and develop the Guide Book accordingly. The various collections
-will be handled in zoological groups, but the various
-groups cannot follow each other in zoological sequence. The
-table of contents and a comprehensive index will render
-each item of the subject matter quickly available.</p>
-<h3 id="c6">PHYSICAL ASPECT OF THE GROUNDS.</h3>
-<p>The extreme length of the Park from north to south is
-4,950 feet, or 330 feet less than one mile; and its extreme
-width is 3,120 feet, or three-fifths of a mile. Roughly estimated,
-one-third of the land area is covered by heavy
-forest, one-third by open forest, and the remaining third consists
-of open meadows and glades. The highest point of
-land in the Park is the crest of Rocking Stone Hill, the
-elevation of which is 94.8 feet above sea level.</p>
-<p><b>Topography.</b>&mdash;Speaking broadly, the Zoological Park is
-composed of granite ridges running from north to south.
-In many places their crests have been denuded of earth by
-the great glacier which once pushed its edge as far south as
-New York City. In the valleys lying between these glacier-scraped
-ridges, great quantities of sandy, micaceous soil
-have been deposited; but in one spot&mdash;the Wild-Fowl Pond&mdash;what
-was once a green, glacial lake fifteen feet deep, presently
-became a vast rock-walled silo filled with vegetable
-matter and a trembling bog of peat. Everywhere in the Park
-glacial boulders of rough granite or smoothly rounded trap-rock,
-varying in size from a cobble-stone to the thirty-ton
-Rocking Stone, have been dropped just where the warm
-southern sun freed them from the ice. The Park contains
-thousands of them, many of which have been removed from
-walks and building sites only with great labor.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_22">22</div>
-<p>In three of the four principal valleys of the Park, bogs
-have been converted into ponds, and in the largest and deepest
-of all lie Bronx Lake and Lake Agassiz. The bed-rock
-underlying or cropping out in the Park exhibits pink granite,
-gray granite, rotten gneiss, and quartz in bewildering
-variety. Occasionally in trench-digging a ledge is encountered
-which yields good building-stone for rough work, but
-usually our rock is so full of mica as to be worthless.</p>
-<p>The water-levels in the various portions of the Park are
-as follows:</p>
-<table class="center" summary="">
-<tr class="th"><th> </th><th colspan="2">Above Sea Level.</th></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Surface of Bronx Lake </td><td class="r">20.40 </td><td class="c">feet</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Surface of Lake Agassiz </td><td class="r">31.70 </td><td class="c">&ldquo;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Surface of Cope Lake and Duck Ponds </td><td class="r">47.00 </td><td class="c">&ldquo;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Surface of Wild-Fowl Pond </td><td class="r">65.00 </td><td class="c">&ldquo;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Surface of Beaver Pond </td><td class="r">44.00 </td><td class="c">&ldquo;</td></tr>
-</table>
-<p>The floor levels of some of the important buildings are as
-follows:</p>
-<table class="center" summary="">
-<tr class="th"><th> </th><th colspan="2">Above Sea Level.</th></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Of the Antelope House </td><td class="r">88 </td><td class="c">feet</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Of the Reptile House </td><td class="r">78 </td><td class="c">&ldquo;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Of the Lion House </td><td class="r">64 </td><td class="c">&ldquo;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Of the Aquatic-Bird House </td><td class="r">57 </td><td class="c">&ldquo;</td></tr>
-</table>
-<p><b>Soil.</b>&mdash;The soil varies from rich black muck in the valleys,
-to light and very dry soil, full of mica and sand, on the
-ridges and meadows. Where not packed hard, the latter is
-very porous, and the heaviest rainfall is quickly absorbed,
-or carried away on the surface. As a result, the valleys are
-always moist and rich in grass, and the slopes and ridges
-are always dry and warm.</p>
-<p><b>Streams and Ponds.</b>&mdash;The Zoological Park contains about
-34 acres of still water, of which Bronx Lake comprises 25
-acres, Lake Agassiz 5&frac12; acres, Cope Lake, the Wild-Fowl
-Pond, and Beaver Pond together, about 3&frac12; acres. The
-two larger lakes are fed by the Bronx River, which drains
-a valley about 15 miles long. Even in the driest seasons the
-volume of water carried down by the Bronx River is sufficient
-to keep the lakes well filled. The areas of still water
-available for animal collections are very generous for an
-institution like this, and are highly prized.</p>
-<p><b>The Waterfall.</b>&mdash;At the lower end of Lake Agassiz, and
-about 300 feet above the Boston Road Bridge, is a natural
-waterfall nearly 12 feet in height, where the Bronx River
-falls over a rugged ledge of pink granite. In times of high
-<span class="pb" id="Page_23">23</span>
-water the foaming flood that thunders over the rocks makes
-an imposing spectacle, and it constitutes a most unusual
-feature to be found in a city park. During the year 1901,
-an improvement was made which added very greatly to the
-beauty of this feature by extending the rock ledge about
-200 feet farther, to the rocky side of Wilson Hill, thereby
-greatly increasing the water area of Lake Agassiz, and at the
-same time forming a beautiful island.</p>
-<p><b>Forests.</b>&mdash;The crowning glory of the Zoological Park is
-the magnificent forest growth which covers, thickly or
-sparsely, about two-thirds of its land area. It consists chiefly
-of white, scarlet, black, red and pin oaks, tulip, sweet gum,
-hickory, beech, sassafras, maple, wild cherry, hornbeam, dogwood,
-tupelo, hemlock and cedar; but there are at least
-thirty other species of trees and shrubs. Thanks to the
-wise foresight and broad views of David and Philip Lydig,
-who for about eighty years were the sole owners of nearly
-the whole of the Zoological Park site, the virgin forest was
-not cut down for firewood or lumber, but was carefully preserved
-for posterity. As the legal custodian of this splendid
-domain of Nature, the Zoological Society is as rapidly as
-possible going over the entire forest, to arrest decay and
-death, and take all needed measures for the preservation of
-the trees. It is safe to say that nowhere else within fifty
-miles of New York can there be found any more beautiful
-forests than those in the central and eastern portions of the
-Park. Throughout the enclosed grounds, it is absolutely
-necessary that visitors should be restricted to the walks; for
-otherwise the feet of our millions of visitors would quickly
-destroy every ground plant.</p>
-<p><b>The Rocking Stone, No. 45</b>, a colossal cube of pinkish
-granite, poised on one of its angles on a smooth pedestal of
-rock, is the Zoological Park&rsquo;s most interesting souvenir of
-the glacial epoch. Across the bare face of the rocky hill
-in which lies the Crocodile Pool, there are several glacial
-scratches pointing directly toward the famous boulder; and
-who will say it had no part in making one of them?</p>
-<p>The Rocking Stone stands on a smooth table of granite on
-the southern shoulder of the hill overlooking the Buffalo
-Range. Its extreme height is 7 feet 6 inches; breadth, 10
-feet 1 inch; thickness, 8 feet 1 inch, and its weight, as roughly
-calculated, is 30 tons. A pressure of about 50 lbs. exerted on
-the most northern angle of the stone causes its apex to swing
-north and south about two inches.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_24">24</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig5">
-<img src="images/pmg007.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="460" />
-<p class="pcap">WHITE TAILED DEER.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_25">25</div>
-<h2>SECTION I.&mdash;THE MAMMALS.</h2>
-<h4><span class="sc">The Hoofed Animals.</span></h4>
-<p>The forming of a collection which shall fairly represent
-the hoofed animals of the world is necessarily a work of
-years. It is now (in 1915) fifteen years since the Zoological
-Society entered upon this task, and during that period the
-work of providing installations and living specimens has
-been pursued with unflagging industry. In no feature of
-our development has the Society been more liberal than in
-the purchase of specimens for this collection, and the gifts
-to it have been both numerous and valuable. In our 82
-species and 330 specimens we feel that the Order <i>Ungulata</i>
-is strongly represented. On April 1, 1913, the summary of
-groups stood as follows:</p>
-<table class="center" summary="">
-<tr class="th"><th colspan="5"><span class="sc">Summary of the Ungulates.</span></th></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Deer </td><td class="r">24 </td><td class="c">species </td><td class="r">164 </td><td class="c">specimens</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Giraffes </td><td class="r">1 </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="r">2 </td><td class="c">&ldquo;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Bovines: Bison, etc. </td><td class="r">3 </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="r">38 </td><td class="c">&ldquo;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Musk Ox </td><td class="r">1 </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="r">6 </td><td class="c">&ldquo;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Wild Sheep, Goats, etc. </td><td class="r">8 </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="r">41 </td><td class="c">&ldquo;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Antelopes </td><td class="r">22 </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="r">41 </td><td class="c">&ldquo;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Hippopotamus </td><td class="r">2 </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="r">4 </td><td class="c">&ldquo;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Wild Swine </td><td class="r">3 </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="r">5 </td><td class="c">&ldquo;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Camels and Cameloids </td><td class="r">5 </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="r">10 </td><td class="c">&ldquo;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Rhinoceros </td><td class="r">2 </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="r">2 </td><td class="c">&ldquo;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Tapirs </td><td class="r">2 </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="r">3 </td><td class="c">&ldquo;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Wild Equines </td><td class="r">6 </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="r">9 </td><td class="c">&ldquo;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Elephants </td><td class="r u">3 </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="r u">5 </td><td class="c">&ldquo;</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Total </td><td class="r">82 </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="r">330 </td><td class="c">&ldquo;</td></tr>
-</table>
-<p>The arrangement of this section of the Guide Book begins
-at the Buffalo Entrance with the Bisons, and follows the
-ranges, corrals and buildings for Hoofed Animals, along
-the southern and western sides of the Park, to the Axis Deer
-Range. The Elephant House is introduced as the visitor
-leaves Baird Court, going south.</p>
-<p>The large, open pastures are called &ldquo;ranges,&rdquo; and the
-smaller fenced enclosures are known as &ldquo;corrals.&rdquo; The
-fences are chiefly of hard steel wire, so strong and elastic
-that the animals cannot break through them.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_26">26</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig6">
-<img src="images/pmg008.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="523" />
-<p class="pcap">AMERICAN BISON: BULL.</p>
-</div>
-<p><b>Warning.</b>&mdash;Visitors must <i>never</i> stand close beside a wire
-fence or gate, because its elasticity between posts might
-enable a charging animal to strike a person so standing and
-inflict a serious injury, even though the fence or gate is not
-in the least affected by the blow.</p>
-<h3 id="c7">THE BISON RANGES, Nos. 51 and 52.</h3>
-<p>Stretching from the Boston Road to the large Antelope
-House (No. 50), and from the Rocking Stone to the southern
-boundary, lies an open expanse of rolling meadow land, with
-a total area of about twenty acres. It is almost surrounded
-by shade-trees. Its easterly edge is a low-lying strip of rich
-meadow, which lies under the shelter of the rocky, tree-covered
-ridge that forms the natural retaining wall of the
-higher plateau toward the west. This is the Bison Range.
-It is the first enclosure seen on the left as the visitor enters
-the Park from West Farms by way of the Boston Road.</p>
-<p>On the north side of the main range, near the Rocking
-Stone, are the four corrals, and the Bison House. The
-latter is a rustic hillside barn, eighty feet in length, with a
-semicircular front, affording shelter and feed storage for
-thirty-four buffaloes. The flat roof of the Buffalo House is
-open to the public from the main walk, and has been specially
-designed as a convenient lookout over the main range
-<span class="pb" id="Page_27">27</span>
-and corrals. There are other corrals, and a shelter shed,
-at the Buffalo Entrance.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig7">
-<img src="images/pmg009.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="525" />
-<p class="pcap">EUROPEAN BISON: BULL.</p>
-</div>
-<p><b>The American Bison, or Buffalo</b>, (<i>B. americanus</i>), is the
-largest and the best known of all North American hoofed
-animals. What was once the universal herd, which occupied
-the whole pasture region of the West, was cut in twain
-in 1867, by the building of the first trans-continental railway.
-The great &ldquo;southern herd,&rdquo; of several millions of
-animals, was destroyed by skin hunters during the years
-1871, 1872, 1873, and 1874, and the practical extinction of
-the northern herd was accomplished between 1880 and
-1884.</p>
-<p>At present there are but two herds of wild bison in
-existence. The largest band, now containing by estimate
-about 300 individuals, inhabits a wide stretch of barren
-and inhospitable territory southwest of Great Slave Lake.
-About twenty head remain in the Yellowstone Park, more
-than nine-tenths of the original herd having been slaughtered
-by poachers since 1890. There are now about 2000
-bison alive in captivity, chiefly in large private game preserves.</p>
-<p>Usually bison calves are born in May, June, and July.
-Full maturity is not reached until the end of the seventh
-year, when the horns of the male&mdash;at first a straight spike&mdash;have
-attained their full semi-circular curve. Like all thick-haired
-animals of the temperate zone, the American bison
-<span class="pb" id="Page_28">28</span>
-sheds its coat in spring, and does not regain full pelage
-until October or November.</p>
-<p>The bison breeds in confinement about as readily as
-domestic cattle. In appearance, it is the most imposing of
-all bovine animals, and with two exceptions it is also the
-largest. In captivity its disposition is mild, though inclined
-to stubbornness. Occasionally, however, an old bull becomes
-so vicious that it is necessary to seclude him from
-the herd, and treat him as a dangerous animal.</p>
-<p>With the exception of a very few individuals, our entire
-bison herd is the gift of the late William C. Whitney,
-and the increase therefrom. The total number of head on
-hand on April 1, 1913, was forty-two.</p>
-<p>In 1906, the New York Zoological Society presented to the
-United States Government a herd of fifteen bison to
-serve as a nucleus for an independent National herd. The
-Government very promptly fenced an area of twelve square
-miles of fine grazing grounds in the Wichita Forest and
-Game Reserve, for the proper reception of the herd. The
-plan was consummated during 1907. The effort has proven
-completely successful, and on April 1, 1913, the herd contained
-thirty-seven bison, all in fine condition.</p>
-<p><b>European Bison.</b>&mdash;In a corral adjoining the Buffalo Entrance,
-on the Boston Road, are to be found two specimens
-of the rare and almost extinct European Bison, (<i>Bos bonasus</i>).
-This species is the nearest living relative of the
-American bison, and the two specimens (male and female),
-now exhibited, came quite unexpectedly into the possession
-of the Zoological Society in April, 1904. They were acquired
-from the small captive herd in the forest of the
-Prince of Pless, in Silesia, south-eastern Germany, and are
-the first living specimens of the species to be exhibited in
-America. They were presented to the Society by Mr. Norman
-James, of Baltimore, Mr. Charles Sheldon and Dr.
-Leonard J. Sanford.</p>
-<p>The distinguishing characters of this species are shorter
-and less abundant hair on the head, neck and shoulders
-than our bison, a tail densely covered with hair throughout
-its length, very long legs, and a short body.</p>
-<p>But for royal protection, this species would long ere this
-have become extinct. In the year 1857, about 1,898 head
-were living, but in 1892 the total had decreased to 491. It
-<span class="pb" id="Page_29">29</span>
-appears, however, that an increase can safely be announced.
-An estimate recently published (1906) places the total
-number of wild and semi-wild individuals at 1,400, while
-in the captive herds of the Czar and the Prince of Pless
-there are 46 more. About 700 of the survivors inhabit the
-forests of Bielowitza and Swisslotsch, Lithuania, west Russia,
-and are strictly protected by the Czar. Other bands
-still exist on the northern slope of the Caucasus Mountains
-around the sources of the Laba and Bjellaja, sometimes
-ranging up to an elevation of 8,000 feet. Wherever found,
-they live in scattered bands of from three to ten individuals.
-All the survivors of this species are so jealously
-guarded that very few of the zoological gardens of Europe
-have been able to procure specimens.</p>
-<p>This animal is very often miscalled the &ldquo;aurochs,&rdquo; and
-from this error much confusion has arisen. The true aurochs,
-(<i>Bos primigenius</i>), was the wild progenitor of some
-of the existing breeds of domestic cattle, but it is now
-extinct.</p>
-<h3 id="c8">MOUNTAIN SHEEP HILL, No. 44.</h3>
-<p>The wild sheep and goats of the world form an exceedingly
-interesting group of animals. In form they are odd
-and picturesque, and in temper and mentality they are
-everything that could be desired. All the year round, deer
-are either nervous or dangerous, and difficult to handle.
-Wild sheep, goats and ibex appreciate man&rsquo;s interest in
-them, and even when not fond of attention, they act sensibly
-when it is necessary to handle them.</p>
-<p>The Zoological Park collection of wild sheep and goats is
-one of the most interesting features of the Park. Mountain
-Sheep Hill is the first high ridge west of the Rocking Stone,
-and its northern end is very near the Bear Dens and Reptile
-House. It consists of a ridge of pink granite 500 feet long
-and 25 feet high, its southern end fully exposed, but the
-northern end well shaded by oaks and cedars. For grazing
-animals that love to climb, and pose on the sky line, the
-slopes of bare rock, set in patches of hard, green turf, are
-almost ideal. In the eastern face of the ridge, rock excavations
-have been made, and five roomy caves have been constructed
-in such a manner that they are cool in summer,
-warm in winter, and dry at all times. On April 1, 1913,
-the six wire enclosures on Mountain Sheep Hill contained
-the following species:</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_30">30</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig8">
-<img src="images/pmg010.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="461" />
-<p class="pcap">WHITE-FRONTED MUSK-OX.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig9">
-<img src="images/pmg011.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="447" />
-<p class="pcap">BIG-HORN MOUNTAIN SHEEP RAM.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_31">31</div>
-<dl class="undent"><dt>Suleiman Markhor.</dt>
-<dt>Arcal Mountain Sheep.</dt>
-<dt>Mouflon.</dt>
-<dt>Persian Wild Goat.</dt>
-<dt>Himalayan Tahr.</dt>
-<dt>Aoudad.</dt></dl>
-<p>Because of the curious (and unaccountable) fact that they
-do not thrive on Mountain Sheep Hill, the Rocky Mountain
-Goat and Chamois are exhibited elsewhere. The former will
-be found near the Pheasant Aviary, next to the Musk-ox.</p>
-<p>Visitors are requested to make note of the fact that <i>in
-winter</i>, the <i>Arcal Sheep, Mouflon, and other delicate sheep
-are exhibited in the Small-Deer House</i>.</p>
-<p><b>The White-Fronted Musk-Ox</b>, (<i>Ovibos wardi</i>, Lydekker),
-is represented in the Park by a herd of six specimens. Five
-of these animals were born in May, 1910, in Ellesmere Land,
-and captured in that year by Paul J. Rainey and Harry C.
-Whitney, and presented by Mr. Rainey. The sixth individual,
-a vigorous and rather vicious female, was born on Melville
-Island, in May, 1909, and captured by Captain Joseph
-Bernier. Owing to the domineering temper of &ldquo;Miss Melville,&rdquo;
-it is not possible to keep her with the animals a year
-younger than herself, because she resents their presence in
-her corral.</p>
-<p>The Musk-Ox is an animal of strange form, inhabiting
-a small portion of the Arctic regions of the western hemisphere,
-up to the very northernmost points of land east of the
-Mackenzie River. At Fort Conger (Latitude 81&deg;, 40&prime;),
-its flesh was a godsend to General Greely, and later on to
-Commander Peary, also. Structurally, this animal stands
-in a genus of its own (<i>Ovibos</i>), midway between the cattle
-and the sheep, but it is unqualifiedly a misnomer to call it
-a &ldquo;musk-sheep.&rdquo;</p>
-<p>An adult male Musk-Ox stands 4 ft. 5 in. high at the
-shoulders and is 6 ft. 7 in. in total length. Our first specimen
-was a female, two years old. She stood 3 ft. 2 in. high at
-the shoulders, and was 4 ft. 10 in. in total length. Her
-entire body was covered by a dense mass of fine light brown
-hair, of a woolly nature, overlaid by a thatch of very long,
-straight hair specially designed to shed rain.</p>
-<p>The Musk-Ox inhabits the Barren Grounds of northern
-Canada north of Latitude 64&deg; from Great Bear Lake to
-Hudson Bay, Grant Land, and the northeast coast of Greenland
-from Franz Josef Fiord (Latitude 70&deg;) to the most
-<span class="pb" id="Page_32">32</span>
-northerly point of land. About twenty living specimens
-have been taken when very young at Franz Josef Fiord,
-by Swedish and Norwegian whaling parties. The Peary
-Arctic Club, of New York, presented to the New York
-Zoological Society a young calf which was captured by
-Commander Peary at Fort Conger, in 1902, but it lived
-only a few months.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig10">
-<img src="images/pmg012.jpg" alt="" width="504" height="500" />
-<p class="pcap">MOUFLON</p>
-</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig11">
-<img src="images/pmg013.jpg" alt="" width="508" height="500" />
-<p class="pcap">ARCAL SHEEP</p>
-</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig12">
-<img src="images/pmg014.jpg" alt="" width="503" height="500" />
-<p class="pcap">HIMALAYAN TAHR</p>
-</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig13">
-<img src="images/pmg015.jpg" alt="" width="502" height="500" />
-<p class="pcap">BURRHEL</p>
-</div>
-<p><b>The Big-Horn Mountain Sheep</b>, (<i>Ovis canadensis</i>), is
-exhibited in the Zoological Park, whenever it may be obtained.
-The efforts that have been made in New York,
-Philadelphia, Washington and Chicago to acclimatize the
-Big-Horn of the Rocky Mountains have proven the extreme
-difficulty involved in keeping specimens of that
-species alive and in good condition anywhere in the Mississippi
-Valley, or on the Atlantic coast. The changes of atmosphere
-<span class="pb" id="Page_33">33</span>
-and temperature seem more violent than American
-mountain sheep are fitted by nature to endure, and
-thus far all specimens tried have died within a comparatively
-few months.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig14">
-<img src="images/pmg016.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="496" />
-<p class="pcap">CHAMOIS</p>
-</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig15">
-<img src="images/pmg017.jpg" alt="" width="490" height="488" />
-<p class="pcap">MARKHOR</p>
-</div>
-<p>In his own country, the Rocky Mountain Big-Horn is a
-bold, hardy and robust animal. He is high-headed, keen-sighted,
-and a sure-footed mountaineer. He dwells in the
-wildest and most picturesque country that he can find between
-the &ldquo;bad-lands&rdquo; of western North Dakota and the
-line of perpetual snow on the Rockies. His massive circling
-horns render his head a much-coveted trophy, and his
-flesh is most excellent food. A full-grown ram (<i>Ovis canadensis</i>)
-stands 41 inches in height at the shoulders, and
-weighs 316 pounds.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig16">
-<img src="images/pmg018.jpg" alt="" width="499" height="488" />
-<p class="pcap">AOUDAD</p>
-</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig17">
-<img src="images/pmg019.jpg" alt="" width="505" height="495" />
-<p class="pcap">PERSIAN WILD GOAT</p>
-</div>
-<p>This species ranges from the northern states of Mexico
-to northern British Columbia and it culminates (i. e.,
-<span class="pb" id="Page_34">34</span>
-reaches its finest development) in southeastern British Columbia.
-In Northwest Alaska other related species occur.
-A female specimen from southeastern British Columbia was
-exhibited in the Zoological Park during 1905 and 1906, and
-in 1902, a male specimen of a closely related species (<i>Ovis
-nelsoni</i>) was also here.</p>
-<p>As opportunities offer to procure male specimens, that
-have been kept in their home region until they are at least
-a year and a half old, they will be purchased and exhibited.</p>
-<p><b>The Mouflon</b>, (<i>Ovis musimon</i>), or <b>Wild Sheep</b> of Sardinia,
-is represented by a fine pair of specimens presented
-by Maurice Egerton, Esq., of London, and a young male
-born in the Park. The female of the adult pair was captured
-when a lamb in the mountains of Sardinia by Mr.
-Egerton. The ram of this species is handsomely colored,
-and this specimen is noted for his friendliness, and his fondness
-for admiration.</p>
-<p><b>The Arcal Mountain Sheep</b>, (<i>Ovis cycloceros</i>), is one of
-the smallest mountain sheep of India of the &ldquo;big-horn&rdquo;
-type (with circling horns). The fully adult male, with its
-long undermane of coarse, shaggy hair and proud postures,
-is a very noteworthy creature. This species inhabits the
-mountains of northern India, Tibet, Afghanistan, Beluchistan
-and southern Persia.</p>
-<p><b>The Burrhel</b>, or <b>Blue Mountain Sheep</b>, (<i>Ovis burrhel</i>),
-also of northern India, is of quite a different mould from
-the preceding species. Its countenance has almost a benign
-expression, and its curious out-pointing horns, of large size
-give it a most jaunty air. By some it is regarded as the
-most beautiful of all mountain sheep. In size, however, it
-is not imposing, for it is one of the smallest species. It is
-not so hardy as the preceding species, and there may be
-periods when there are no specimens on exhibition.</p>
-<p><b>The Aoudad</b>, or <b>Barbary Wild Sheep</b>, (<i>Ovis tragelaphus</i>),
-comes from the hot, dry mountains of northern Africa, and
-it endures the cold, wet climate of New York in a manner
-sufficient to put to shame our American mountain sheep,
-goat and other western ruminants. The largest male Aoudad
-of our herd is a very fine specimen of its kind. He is
-as fond of admiration as any peacock, and often poses in
-striking attitudes on the highest point of his rocks. He
-was born here on March 19, 1902.</p>
-<p><b>The Himalayan Tahr</b>, (<i>Hemitragus jemlaicus</i>), is really
-a wild goat, of very odd and picturesque aspect, native of
-<span class="pb" id="Page_35">35</span>
-the higher ranges of the Himalayas of northern India. Its
-horns are short and thick, and its body is covered with
-long, purplish-brown hair which is much blown about by
-the wind. It dwells amongst the most dangerous crags and
-precipices, just below timber-line, and in reality is a forest-loving
-animal. Its hair is the longest to be found on any
-member of the two subfamilies of goats and goat-like animals.
-The pair on exhibition have bred here, and the
-young have been successfully reared to maturity. The
-young Tahr is very small, but remarkably nimble-footed
-and capable.</p>
-<p><b>The Chamois</b>, (<i>Rupicapra tragus</i>), has usually been represented
-in the hoofed-animal collection, but always out of its
-proper installation. Our individuals have not thriven on
-Mountain Sheep Hill, always becoming ill soon after being
-placed there. They thrive well, however, in a small wire
-pen with a sanded floor quite near the Puma and Lynx House
-(No. 33A), and there we keep them.</p>
-<p>This animal is one of the rock antelopes, and is related
-to the American Mountain Goat. It is a bold mountaineer,
-and even to-day is pictorially represented as leaping
-&ldquo;from crag to crag&rdquo; across chasms apparently 200 feet
-wide! Its home is in the mountains of southern Europe,
-especially the Pyrenees, the Swiss Alps and the Caucasus
-Mountains. But it is not so exclusively a crag-dweller, as
-most persons have been led to suppose, for in many localities
-it inhabits mountain forests. Like most other mountain
-ungulates, the Chamois dwell high in summer, and in
-winter they seek lower and more sheltered situations. They
-are exceedingly wary and agile, and sure-footed on dangerous
-ground.</p>
-<h3 id="c9">THE ANTELOPE HOUSE, NO. 50.</h3>
-<p>The Antelope House occupies a commanding situation on
-a high, tree-covered knoll at the south end of the Zoological
-Park. The situation seems as if specially formed by Nature
-to be occupied by this building, and its outside enclosures.
-The drainage is quite perfect, and the yards are
-well-shaded.</p>
-<p>The building has been designed to meet the wants of
-giraffes and large African antelopes of all kinds, more
-especially those which require 60&deg; of heat in winter.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_36">36</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig18">
-<img src="images/pmg020.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="403" />
-<p class="pcap">NILGAI: INDIAN ANTELOPE.</p>
-</div>
-<p>The Antelope House is 142 feet long by 78 feet in extreme
-width. In architectural style it conforms with the
-other large animal buildings of the Park. Both for visitors
-and for its animals, it is roomy and well lighted, and in
-every way fitted to house and display a large and valuable
-collection of tropical hoofed animals. It contains 24 interior
-compartments, directly connected with 23 open-air
-yards for use in mild weather. This building was completed
-and occupied on October 17, 1903, and with all its
-surrounding improvements has cost about $80,000.</p>
-<p>As the visitor will observe from the following enumeration
-of species, our collection of large and rare African and
-Asiatic antelopes is very rich. Unfortunately, until the
-completion of the Zebra House releases the apartments now
-occupied by the equines, a number of species which belong
-in the Antelope House must temporarily be quartered elsewhere.</p>
-<p><b>The Nubian</b> or <b>Three-Horned Giraffes</b>, (<i>Giraffa camelopardalis</i>),
-are at present the most important and interesting
-animals in the building. The pair came from German East
-Africa, are now (April, 1913) about twelve years old, and
-cost $5,500. The male stands 14 feet 4 inches in height,
-and the female 12 feet 6 inches. Both are good-tempered
-<span class="pb" id="Page_37">37</span>
-animals, and have been in good health ever since their
-arrival. Their food consists of clover hay, broken forage-biscuits,
-an assortment of raw vegetables carefully cut into
-small pieces, a small quantity of bran, and rock salt.</p>
-<p>A study of the Giraffes reveals most interesting conditions.
-According to the point of view, the total number
-of species and subspecies may be reckoned at any number
-from three to six, inclusive. According to the specimens in
-hand, the Southern, or Two-Horned Giraffe, (<i>Giraffa capensis</i>),
-seems clearly defined from the Northern, or Three-Horned
-Giraffe, (<i>G. camelopardalis</i>). Next, the Somali Giraffe,
-(<i>G. reticulata</i>), of the Lake Rudolph region and northern
-British East Africa, seems fairly separable. At first
-the Five-Horned Giraffe, of western Uganda, seemed quite
-distinct, but now British naturalists hesitate about according
-to it rank as a separate species, because of its intergradation
-with the Nubian form, (<i>camelopardalis</i>).</p>
-<p>Judging from all evidence now available, it seems that
-the Giraffes of to-day represent the midway stage of an
-effort to develop several species from the parent stock,
-the Three-Horned Giraffe, which is the species here represented.
-The existing forms, including all species and subspecies,
-intergrade and run together in a manner that is
-fairly bewildering; but if the Giraffes could remain uninfluenced
-by man for a sufficiently long period the probabilities
-are that the species now branching off would be
-clearly established.</p>
-<p>The oldest, the best-known and the most common Giraffe
-is the three-horned species, found from central Uganda
-southward. The five-horned variety meets the former in
-Uganda, and occurs from that region westward to the edge
-of the great equatorial forest, and on westward even to
-Lake Tchad, and the lower Niger Valley. Excepting in
-Uganda, Kahma&rsquo;s country, and a few other protected districts,
-the Giraffe is now rare, particularly throughout the
-regions that are accessible to hunters. Thousands of these
-wonderful creatures have been killed by hunters, both
-white and black, solely for the sake of seeing them dead,
-and leaving them as prey to the hy&aelig;nas and hunting-dogs.
-It seems to be beyond the power of most men who can
-shoot to see living wild animals, no matter how large or
-wonderful, without desiring to reduce them to carcasses,
-fit only for scavengers.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_38">38</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig19">
-<img src="images/pmg021.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="394" />
-<p class="pcap">NUBIAN GIRAFFES.</p>
-</div>
-<p><b>The Eland</b>, (<i>Taurotragus oryx</i>), is the largest and most
-imposing of all antelopes. As might be inferred from its
-great size, it is now so nearly extinct that it has almost disappeared
-from the lists of dealers in wild animals. The
-fine young pair now in the Antelope House was presented by
-the Duke of Bedford, from his famous animal collection at
-Woburn Park. The fully adult female is the gift of Mr. C.
-Ledyard Blair.</p>
-<p>Of Elands there are two well-marked species. That of
-eastern and southern Africa, here represented, was once
-numerous on many of the fertile plains of the great plateau
-now known as Rhodesia, and in fact throughout nearly the
-whole of the uplands of eastern Africa, from the Cape to
-the Sahara. Unfortunately, however, white hunters and
-modern firearms have reduced the countless thousands of
-the great herds to numbers so small that the capture and
-exportation of Elands have practically ceased.</p>
-<p>Although a number of Elands have been born in captivity,
-the number on public exhibition still remain very
-small. The only captive herd known to the writer is that
-of the Duke of Bedford, in Woburn Park, England, which
-is at once the admiration and envy of all collectors of living
-wild animals.</p>
-<p><b>The White-Tailed Gnu</b>, (<i>Connochaetes gnu</i>), once was
-abundant in South Africa, south of the Vaal River. But it
-has shared the fate of all the other large mammals of that
-<span class="pb" id="Page_39">39</span>
-region, and only a few scattered bands still exist. Nearly
-all of the specimens now living in captivity were born in
-captivity, for both species of Gnu take kindly to life in
-parks and gardens.</p>
-<p>Every way considered, the Gnu is an animal of odd and
-remarkable form. It has a nose of strange shape, its
-horns are curiously formed, the hair on its head and neck
-exhibits various peculiarities, and its hips are oddly modeled.
-Its long, flowing tail is so horse-like that for many
-years this animal was pictured and popularly known as the
-&ldquo;Horned Horse.&rdquo;</p>
-<p><b>The White-Bearded Gnu</b>, (<i>Connochaetes albojubatus</i>), is
-noticeably larger than the white-tailed species, and in some
-respects it presents a finer appearance. Its bulk is considerably
-greater, and its color is more pleasing. This species
-bears a strong resemblance to the third species, which
-is known as the <b>Brindled</b> or <b>Blue Gnu</b>, (<i>Connochaetes taurinus</i>),
-from which the former is distinguished by its white
-mane and jaw-tufts, and generally paler color. At wide
-intervals the White-Bearded species inhabits southern East
-Africa, from about S. Lat. 23&deg;, to the Albert Nyanza and
-Lake Rudolph, but chiefly near the coast. In only one
-locality do we learn of its occurrence west of the 30th meridian.
-To-day it is most numerous in German East Africa
-and the southern portions of Uganda.</p>
-<p><b>The Addax Antelope</b>, (<i>Addax naso-maculatus</i>), is a spiral-horned
-antelope which inhabits the southern edge of the
-Sahara Desert from Dongola quite across Africa to Senegal.
-Its extremely broad and spreading hoofs betoken a dweller
-upon sand, and are strongly suggestive of the snow-shoe
-hoofs of the caribou. It is said that this animal is not to
-be taken without making a journey into the desert, with
-camels.</p>
-<p><b>The Leucoryx Antelope</b>, (<i>Oryx leucoryx</i>), is the only
-member of its genus which has curved horns. Because of the
-length and very slight curvature of the horns, this species
-has by some writers been spoken of as the <b>Sabre Antelope</b>,
-and by a mischievous perversion that name has been turned
-into &ldquo;Sable&rdquo; Antelope, which refers to a totally different
-creature, (<i>Hippotragus niger</i>). Anyone who places an order
-for the purchase of a real Sable Antelope, and receives a
-Leucoryx instead of <i>Hippotragus niger</i>, is profoundly disappointed.</p>
-<p>This species is a desert habitant, and its home is the desert
-region of North Africa from Dongola to the Senegal country.
-<span class="pb" id="Page_40">40</span>
-It is breeding regularly here, and the offspring mature
-successfully. The largest Leucoryx horns on record measure
-39&#8541; inches.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig20">
-<img src="images/pmg022.jpg" alt="" width="510" height="500" />
-<p class="pcap">BEATRIX ANTELOPE</p>
-</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig21">
-<img src="images/pmg023.jpg" alt="" width="505" height="500" />
-<p class="pcap">BLESSBOK</p>
-</div>
-<p><b>The Beisa Antelope</b>, (<i>Oryx beisa</i>), is a good representative
-of the group of straight-horned antelopes found in the genus
-<i>Oryx</i>. Of all the long-horned species, the two Beisas and
-the Gemsbok of Africa, and the Beatrix of Arabia, are the
-only species possessed of horns that are practically straight
-from base to tip. The Gemsbok is the largest and most
-showy species, being painted like a harlequin, in a startling
-pattern of roan, black and white. The Beisa is a good
-second, however. The horns of all these antelopes grow
-to great length, and are excellent weapons for use in
-encounters with the smaller game-killing carnivores. The
-largest horns of record measure 40 inches.</p>
-<p>The Beisa inhabits eastern Central Africa, from Suakin
-on the Red Sea southward to the Equator.</p>
-<p><b>The Beatrix Antelope</b>, (<i>Oryx beatrix</i>), of the Arabian
-Desert, is one of the rarest antelopes to be found in captivity,
-and at this date this interesting species is represented
-by a fine pair of specimens. The longest horns of record
-measure 26 inches. Very few sportsmen have seen this
-animal in its native haunts. Our pair has been breeding
-for three years, and has reared two young.</p>
-<p><b>The Sable Antelope</b>, (<i>Hippotragus niger</i>), is by many
-persons regarded as the handsomest of all the numerous
-species of African antelopes. In appearance it is very proud
-and high-headed; it has imposing horns that sweep backward
-in a semicircular curve; its large eyes and alert air betoken
-keen intelligence, and its glossy black coat, marked with pure
-<span class="pb" id="Page_41">41</span>
-white, render it a most conspicuous animal. On its native
-veldt it has now become a very rare species, and seldom is
-taken by sportsmen. The fine male specimen in the Park was
-presented by Miss Jean Walker Simpson.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig22">
-<img src="images/pmg024.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="500" />
-<p class="pcap">LEUCORYX ANTELOPE</p>
-</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig23">
-<img src="images/pmg025.jpg" alt="" width="503" height="500" />
-<p class="pcap">WHITE-TAILED GNU</p>
-</div>
-<p><b>The Sing-Sing Waterbuck</b>, (<i>Cobus unctuosus</i>), is a creature
-of the lowlands, and frequents the dense tangles of tall
-reeds that border many of the rivers of West Africa, above
-the great equatorial forest. In captivity it sometimes is
-one of the most insanely nervous and irrational creatures
-imaginable, ever seeking self-inflicted injuries.</p>
-<p><b>The Blessbok</b>, (<i>Damaliscus albifrons</i>), is a small but handsome
-purple-and-white antelope which is now very nearly
-extinct. Formerly a number of herds were preserved on
-fenced farms in the Transvaal and Orange Free State, but
-it is feared that none of them survived the Boer War. This
-species never lived north of the Limpopo, but south of that
-river it once was so numerous that a truthful traveler
-described a vast plain as being &ldquo;purple with Blessbok.&rdquo;</p>
-<p><b>The Nilgai</b>, (<i>Portax tragocamelus</i>), is the largest of the
-Indian antelopes, and while it has the stature and the high
-shoulders of a Baker roan antelope, its absurdly small
-horns give it, beside the large antelopes of Africa, a very
-commonplace and unfinished appearance. The males and
-females are as differently colored as if they belonged to
-different species. This animal inhabits the roughest
-portions of the central plains of Hindustan, from Mysore to
-the Himalayas. In northern India it is found along the
-rivers Jumna and Ganges, in rugged and barren tracts of
-ravines which in character and origin resemble our western
-&ldquo;bad-lands.&rdquo;</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_42">42</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig24">
-<img src="images/pmg026.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="395" />
-<p class="pcap">ELAND</p>
-</div>
-<p>The small antelopes will be found in the Small-Deer
-House, the next building in order.</p>
-<h3 id="c10">THE SMALL-DEER HOUSE, No. 49.</h3>
-<p>In captivity the small and delicate species of deer, antelopes
-and gazelles are better cared for in enclosures that
-are not too large. For such creatures, freedom in a large
-enclosure usually means early death from accident or exposure.</p>
-<p>The very important building called the Small-Deer House
-has been erected with special reference to the wants of the
-interesting little hoofed animals which are too small for the
-Antelope House and the large ranges. In winter it will
-shelter the small tropical mountain sheep and goats, which
-are unable to withstand the rigors of outdoor life on Mountain
-Sheep Hill, and the tropical swine may also be expected
-here.</p>
-<p>The Small-Deer House is situated in close proximity to
-the Antelope House, and westward thereof. Of the buildings
-of secondary rank, it is one of the most satisfactory,
-being roomy, well-lighted and capable of comfortably housing
-and displaying a large and varied collection. The structure
-is 158 feet in length by 46 feet in width. It contains
-thirty compartments, each of which, under stress of necessity,
-<span class="pb" id="Page_43">43</span>
-can be partitioned, and formed into two. The interior
-compartments are each 10 feet wide by 10 feet deep.
-The building is surrounded by a series of 34 corrals, connecting
-with the interior compartments, the average size of
-each being 75 feet long by 20 feet wide at the outer end.
-All the fences are of wire, and were specially designed in
-the Park for this installation.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig25">
-<img src="images/pmg027.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="396" />
-<p class="pcap">SABLE ANTELOPE.</p>
-</div>
-<p>It is a practical impossibility to offer an enumeration of
-the living animals in this building which will permanently
-apply, and the best that can be attempted is an approximation.
-It is an inexorable law of Nature that the smallest
-animals shall have the shortest periods of life, and in a
-zoological park a small hoofed animal may be here to-day
-and gone to-morrow. In the following enumeration, mention
-will be made only of those species which are likely to
-remain longest on exhibition; and it may be observed that
-in this building there will be found various animals which
-are neither deer nor antelopes.</p>
-<h4><span class="sc">The Small Deer.</span></h4>
-<p><b>Osceola White-Tailed Deer</b>, (<i>Odocoileus virginianus osceola</i>),
-is an interesting geographic race of the northern
-White-Tailed Deer which forms the parent stem of a group
-of six or seven subspecies. The robust and hardy northern
-type, often with large and strong antlers, gradually diminishes
-<span class="pb" id="Page_44">44</span>
-in size and in antlers, until in Mexico it becomes a
-small and delicate creature, with very small and light antlers
-bearing only two or three small tines. The next form has so
-widely diverged from the original type that it is necessary
-to accord it rank as a full species.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig26">
-<img src="images/pmg028.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="400" />
-<p class="pcap">REDUNCA ANTELOPE.</p>
-</div>
-<p><b>The Sinaloa White-Tailed Deer</b>, (<i>Odocoileus sinaloae</i>), is
-still smaller and weaker than the preceding. Our pair of
-specimens shown was obtained by Mr. and Mrs. C. William
-Beebe, in the State of Guadalajara, Mexico, and are highly
-interesting as a link near the lower terminus of the <i>Odocoileus</i>
-chain. On a majority of the antlers of this species
-there are no branches whatever, but simply a weak main
-beam, curving over at the tip, and terminating in a rounded
-point.</p>
-<p>It should be noted here that the White-Tailed Deer group,
-(<i>Odocoileus</i>), is very well represented in South America by
-<i>O. weigmanni</i> of the Guianas.</p>
-<p><b>The Marsh Deer</b>, (<i>Blastoceros paludosus</i>), of eastern
-South America, is the largest South American deer. Our
-first specimen was obtained in 1904. Its antlers are strongly
-built but short, and in architecture resemble the antlers
-of a Siamese species known as Schomburgk Deer, (<i>Cervus
-schomburgki</i>); but the latter has on each beam three double
-bifurcations, while the former has but two. The Marsh
-Deer has very large, wide-spreading hoofs, which it would
-<span class="pb" id="Page_45">45</span>
-seem have been developed by many generations of existence
-on soft ground. It inhabits the jungles along river banks,
-in Brazil. The head of this animal is of remarkable length.</p>
-<p>This important species is rather weak in captivity, and it
-is by no means certain that it can constantly be exhibited
-here. There is another South American species, (<i>Blastoceros
-campestris</i>), which is a zoological understudy, or miniature,
-of the large Marsh Deer.</p>
-<p><b>The Black-Faced Brocket</b>, (<i>Mazama tema</i>), <i>whenever it
-can be obtained</i>, will represent a group of American deer
-which is as little known in the United States as if it inhabited
-the heart of Borneo. The Brockets are smaller
-than the Sinaloa white-tailed deer, and they are so nearly
-hornless that the antler is merely a small, straight, sharp-pointed
-spike of bone only three inches long. The adult
-animal is only 25 inches in shoulder height, which is about
-the size of the muntjac of India. Of the Brockets there are
-several species, mostly South American, but from skulls and
-horns received we now know that it is found as far north
-as the State of Puebla, Mexico. A correspondent in that
-locality is constantly endeavoring to secure specimens for
-us, and no doubt will shortly succeed. For the reason that
-we expect specimens in the near future, this species is included.</p>
-<p><b>The Hog Deer</b>, (<i>Cervus porcinus</i>), which is very unlike a
-hog, and is libeled by its name, is a small species from India,
-which is provided with long and well-shaped antlers having
-a total of six points. Sometimes the adult males are spotted
-in summer, and sometimes they are not. This species
-stands next to the beautiful axis deer. It breeds well in
-captivity, but is a very nervous and even hysterical animal.</p>
-<p><b>The Molucca Deer</b>, (<i>Cervus moluccensis</i>), is a thick-bodied,
-scantily-clad and coarse-haired understudy of the
-Malay sambar, (<i>Cervus unicolor</i>). Of all deer it is one of
-the least beautiful. Its hair resembles the bristles of a wild
-hog, and its color is a dull, raw-umber brown. It belongs
-to the sambar group of East Indian deer, and really marks,
-both geographically and in size, the farthest departure
-from the type species of the group.</p>
-<p><b>The Muntjac or Rib-Faced Deer</b>, (<i>Cervus muntjac</i>), is one
-of the most interesting of all species of small deer. In one
-respect it is unique. Its tiny antlers, which are only 4&frac12;
-inches in length, are placed high up on stems of solid bone,
-which sometimes rise 3&frac34; inches clear of the cranium.
-<span class="pb" id="Page_46">46</span>
-These pedicles of bone are covered with skin, quite up to
-the burr of the antler. The front angles of these pedicles are
-continued down the face to the nasal bones, and form the
-two sharply defined facial ridges which have given this
-creature one of its popular names.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig27">
-<img src="images/pmg029.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="394" />
-<p class="pcap">SASIN ANTELOPE.</p>
-</div>
-<p>In India the Muntjac inhabits the jungles of the tiger,
-the leopard, axis deer and sloth bear, and escapes from its
-numerous enemies by hiding behind logs, and scurrying
-through the thick underbush so swiftly that its pursuers can
-not keep it in view. Its flesh is most excellent food. From
-its peculiar, yapping cry, many times repeated, it is often
-called the Barking Deer. It breeds readily in captivity, and
-its bright fawn color attracts to it much attention.</p>
-<p><b>The Musk Deer</b>, (<i>Moschus moschiferus</i>), of northern India,
-Tibet and Southern China is the creature which produces
-the well-known musk perfume of commerce. The
-product is secreted by the male in the &ldquo;rutting&rdquo; season.
-This species is one of the smallest of the true deer. Its
-most remarkable anatomical feature is a pair of very long
-and sharp canine teeth in the upper jaw, the points of which
-project far below the lower jaw. No horns are present in
-this animal. Being short-lived in captivity, and also difficult
-to obtain, it must be classed as an intermittent exhibit.</p>
-<h4><span class="sc">The Small African Antelopes.</span></h4>
-<p>In addition to the grand array of large antelopes inhabiting
-<span class="pb" id="Page_47">47</span>
-Africa, of which many fine examples will be found in
-the Antelope House, there is an extensive series of small
-species. Indeed, the richness of Africa in antelopes, great
-and small, is almost beyond belief. The species of Asia and
-Europe are so few, and so inconspicuous, that they seem like
-so many stray wanderers from the Dark Continent. The
-fertile, grassy plains of the great Central African plateau
-have cradled scores of species, some of which have wandered
-into the deserts, the forests and the fluviatile swamps, and
-there made their permanent homes.</p>
-<p><b>The Black-Buck</b>, or <b>Sasin Antelope</b>, (<i>Antilope cervicapra</i>),
-of the central plains of Hindustan, is one of the handsomest
-of the smaller antelopes. The horns of the male are long,
-strongly ringed, twisted spirally, and rise from the head in
-the shape of a V, sometimes to a length of 28 inches. At
-first the young males are fawn-colored, like the females, but
-as they grow older they steadily grow darker, until finally
-the whole upper body and lower neck are suffused with a
-rich, brown-black color. On the plains between the rivers
-Ganges and Jumna, herds of Black-Buck live in densely populated
-agricultural regions, and one of the greatest difficulties
-attendant upon its pursuit lies in shooting an animal
-without also shooting the native.</p>
-<p><b>The Reedbuck</b>, (<i>Cervicapra arundinum</i>), of South Africa,
-below Angola and Mozambique, is closely related to the
-larger and much more showy waterbucks, but is distinguished
-from them by the pronounced forward curve of its
-horns. In the western districts of Cape Colony, the number
-alive, in 1905, was estimated at 350 individuals.</p>
-<p><b>The Common Duiker Antelope</b>, (<i>Cephalophus grimmi</i>), or
-for that matter, any species of Duiker&mdash;may be regarded
-as the representative of a large group of very small African
-antelopes, of wide distribution. There are about twenty
-species in all, and the great majority of them are very
-modestly colored, in coats of one or two colors only. The
-prevailing tints are grayish brown and tawny red. The
-horns of the various species of Duikers are all very much
-alike. With but one or two exceptions, their horns are
-straight spikes from 3 to 5 inches in length. In shoulder
-height the Duikers vary from 14 to 30 inches, but the majority
-are between 17 and 22 inches. Only three or four species
-are strikingly colored.</p>
-<p><b>The Four-Horned Antelope</b>, (<i>Tetraceros quadricornis</i>) is
-a small creature which looks like a duiker, but is very far
-<span class="pb" id="Page_48">48</span>
-from belonging to that genus. It is an inhabitant of the
-brushy plains of India, and enjoys the unique distinction of
-possessing two pairs of horns. In addition to the 4-inch
-pair, normally placed, it has a much smaller pair, usually
-only 1 inch in height, which rises from the central area of
-the forehead. I believe it is the only species of antelope
-which possesses two pairs of horns.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig28">
-<img src="images/pmg030.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="403" />
-<p class="pcap">GREAT GRAY KANGAROO.</p>
-</div>
-<p><b>The Springbuck</b>, (<i>Antidorcas euchore</i>), is to South Africa
-as the &ldquo;prong-horn&rdquo; is to our great western plains. Once,
-both were abundant, and the first hoofed animal to greet the
-traveler who entered their respective domains. To-day,
-both species are so nearly extinct that the hunter must
-search long before finding even one. The Springbuck received
-its name in recognition of its remarkable habit of
-leaping high into the air when running&mdash;a habit which also
-is displayed by the black-buck of India.</p>
-<p><b>The Gazelles</b> are found only in Asia and Africa, and the
-number of species is about 25. In general terms they may
-be described as dainty antelopes,&mdash;so slender and delicate in
-leg construction that it seems strange that such slender
-bones can support a tall animal without breaking.</p>
-<p><b>The Dorcas Gazelle</b>, of Arabia, (<i>Gazella dorcas</i>), is the
-species which most frequently finds its way into captivity,
-and it will serve very well as a specimen species for the
-whole group. Despite its delicate and frail appearance, it
-<span class="pb" id="Page_49">49</span>
-is much more enduring in captivity than many animals
-which seem far more robust. A pair which entered the Park
-in 1900 is still living. The male has a temper which quite
-belies the reputation of the &ldquo;gentle gazelle.&rdquo; Although
-loyal and kind to his cage-mate, toward human beings generally
-he has manifested a very savage disposition, and in
-one of his fits of bad temper he broke off one of his own
-horns.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig29">
-<img src="images/pmg031.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="403" />
-<p class="pcap">ROCKY MOUNTAIN GOAT.</p>
-</div>
-<p><b>The Indian Gazelle</b>, (<i>Gazella benneti</i>),&mdash;frequently called
-in its home country Ravine &ldquo;Deer,&rdquo;&mdash;is a habitant of the
-sterile, water-washed ravines of northern and central India,
-which are the oriental counterpart of our western &ldquo;badlands.&rdquo;
-This animal inhabits the same regions as the black-buck,
-but because of the religious scruples of the Hindoos
-against the taking of life, both species are secure from attack&mdash;until
-the arrival among them of the white sahibs. A
-full-grown Indian Gazelle is 26 inches in shoulder height.
-The females of this species possess horns, which are very
-slender, and vary in length from 4 to 8&frac12; inches.</p>
-<h3 id="c11"><span class="sc">Miscellaneous Mammals.</span></h3>
-<p>The Small-Deer House will at all times contain various
-mammals which are there shown because it is a practical
-impossibility to provide a separate building for each group.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_50">50</div>
-<p><b>The Wild Swine</b> of the world are here represented by three
-noteworthy species:</p>
-<p><b>The Red River-Hog</b>, (<i>Potamochaerus pencillatus</i>), of West
-Africa, is about the only handsome species of swine that
-Nature has produced. In form it is compact and well-turned,
-its long pencil-tipped ears are of pleasing pattern, and its
-hair is a rich auburn color, and the temper of our specimen
-is everything that could be desired. Beside it is shown
-&ldquo;Clarence,&rdquo; the <b>East African Wart-Hog</b>, (<i>Phacochaerus
-aethiopicus</i>), who is equally interesting, but in a different
-way. This species is very weird in form. <b>The Collared
-Peccary</b>, (<i>Tagassu angulatum</i>), beside it is more like the wild
-swine of Europe and Japan, and is not nearly so dangerous
-as general reputation demands.</p>
-<p><b>The Kangaroos.</b>&mdash;Seldom is there found in Nature a group
-of large-animal species whose members are so monotonously
-similar in general appearance as are the Kangaroos and
-Wallabies, of Australia. The great majority are either gray
-or gray-brown, and the only striking variation is found in
-the big <b>Red Kangaroo</b>, (<i>Macropus rufus</i>).</p>
-<h3 id="c12">THE WHITE MOUNTAIN GOAT, No. 48.</h3>
-<p>Fortunate indeed is the zoological park or garden which
-can exhibit even one living specimen of the White Mountain
-Goat. It is a very difficult matter to take an animal
-from a rarified dry atmosphere, at an elevation of 8,000
-feet, and induce it to live at sea level, in a dense and humid
-atmosphere, on food to which it is by nature wholly unaccustomed.</p>
-<p>We have been successful in establishing here, on a breeding
-basis this rare and difficult animal, (<i>Oreamnos montanus</i>).
-One kid was born in 1908 and another in 1910, and
-both have thriven, the former now being so large as to look
-like an adult specimen.</p>
-<p>For some subtle reason which we can not explain, these
-animals&mdash;like the chamois and mouflon quartered in small
-pens near the Small-Mammal House&mdash;do not thrive in any
-of the large, rock-bound corrals of Mountain Sheep Hill.
-They are kept in a rock-paved corral near the Pheasant
-Aviary and the Crotona Entrance, and to their use has been
-devoted a rustic barn, which they shelter in or climb over,
-according to the weather. To see them walking nonchalantly
-<span class="pb" id="Page_51">51</span>
-over the steep roof, or perching upon its peak, is one of
-the drollest sights of the Park.</p>
-<p>The White Goat, sometimes mistakenly called &ldquo;goat antelope,&rdquo;
-belongs to a small group known as the Rupicaprines
-or rock antelopes. It inhabits many different kinds of territory,
-but usually the rugged sides and summits of high
-mountains, at irregular intervals from southwestern Montana
-and northern Washington, northward to the head of
-Cook Inlet on the coast of Alaska. (See map of distribution,
-with label.) The valley of the upper Yukon contains practically
-no goats. They are most abundant in southeastern
-British Columbia, where in a very small area, in September,
-1905, Mr. John M. Phillips and the writer actually counted
-239 individuals.</p>
-<p>Of the five animals now exhibited in the Park, three were
-captured a few days after their birth, in May, 1905, about
-seventy miles north of Fort Steele, British Columbia. They
-arrived here October 9, 1905, and up to this date they have
-thriven as well, and grown as rapidly, as they would have
-in a state of nature. Their food consists of the best clover
-hay obtainable, and crushed oats. When they shed their
-coats, in the spring, they are almost as white as snow, but
-with months of use, their pelage becomes soiled and slightly
-discolored.</p>
-<p>A fully adult male mountain goat stands from 39 to 41
-inches in shoulder height, and weighs, <i>on scales</i>, from 258 to
-300 pounds.</p>
-<h3 id="c13">THE PRONG-HORNED ANTELOPE.</h3>
-<p><b>The Prong-Horned Antelope</b>, (<i>Antilocapra americana</i>), is
-an animal in which Americans should now take special interest.
-Structurally, the Prong-Horn is so peculiar that it has
-been found necessary to create for it a special zoological
-family, called <i>Antilocapridae</i>, of which it is the sole member.
-This is due to the following facts: (1) This is
-the only living mammal possessing hollow horns (growing
-over a bony core) which sheds them annually; (2) it
-is the only animal possessing a hollow horn which bears a
-prong, or bifurcation; (3) it has no &ldquo;dew claws,&rdquo; as
-other ruminant animals have; (4) the horn is placed
-directly above the eye; (5) the long hair of the body
-and neck is tubular; and (6) that on the rump is erectile.
-Beyond all possibility of doubt, it will be our next large
-<span class="pb" id="Page_52">52</span>
-species to become extinct, and if we may judge by the
-rate at which the bands have been disappearing during the
-last fifteen years, ten years more will, in all probability, witness
-the extermination of the last individuals now struggling
-to exist outside of rigidly protected areas. It was the intention
-of the Society to make liberal provision for the study of
-the species while it is yet possible to obtain living specimens,
-for fifty years hence our graceful and zoologically interesting
-Prong-Horn will be as extinct as the dodo. Unfortunately,
-however, it fares so badly on the Atlantic coast,
-there will, no doubt, be periods wherein this species will be
-temporarily absent from the Park.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig30">
-<img src="images/pmg032.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="383" />
-<p class="pcap">AMERICAN PRONG HORNED ANTELOPE.</p>
-</div>
-<p>Forty years ago this animal inhabited practically the
-whole of the great pasture region which stretches eastward
-from the Rocky Mountains to the western borders of Iowa
-and Missouri. Northward its range extended far into Manitoba;
-southward it went far beyond the Rio Grande, and it
-also ranged southwestward through Colorado and Nevada
-to southern California. Its chosen home was the treeless
-plains, where the rich buffalo grass and bunch grass
-afforded abundant food, but it also frequented the beautiful
-mountain parks of Wyoming and Colorado. It even
-lived contentedly in the deserts of the southwest, where its
-voluntary presence, coupled with the absence of water, constituted
-a problem which has puzzled the brain of many
-a desert traveller.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_53">53</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig31">
-<img src="images/pmg033.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="377" />
-<p class="pcap">BACTRIAN CAMEL.</p>
-</div>
-<p>To-day, all observers agree that in all regions wherein the
-antelope are not rigidly protected, they are going fast.
-Those in the Yellowstone Park are protected against man
-only to be devoured by the wolves which infest the Park.</p>
-<p>Unfortunately, the Prong-Horned Antelope is not a hardy
-animal. The kids are very difficult to rear; they are at all
-times easily hurt by accident, and even in a state of nature
-this species suffers more severely in winter than any other
-North American ruminant. Often the herds drift helplessly
-before the blizzards, with numerous deaths from freezing
-and starvation, and in spring the survivors come out thin
-and weak.</p>
-<h3 id="c14">THE CAMEL HOUSE, No. 39.</h3>
-<p>Speaking in a collective sense, the Camel is much more
-than an ordinary animal unit in a zoological park. On the
-high plains of central and southwestern Asia, and throughout
-the arid regions of Africa, it is an institution. Without
-it, many portions of the Old World would be uninhabitable
-by man. Take either Dromedary or Bactrian Camel, and it
-is a sad-eyed, ungainly, slow-moving creature, full of plaints
-and objections; but remember that it goes so far back toward
-the foundations of man&rsquo;s dynasty, that beside it the
-oldest American history seems but a record of yesterday.
-<span class="pb" id="Page_54">54</span>
-It is only a species of the utmost tenacity which could for
-fifty centuries or more withstand constant use and abuse
-by man without being altered out of all resemblance to its
-original form. All races of mankind and all breeds of
-domestic animals save one, change and continue to change,
-indefinitely, but the Camels apparently go on the same,
-forever.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig32">
-<img src="images/pmg034.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="389" />
-<p class="pcap">ALPACA.</p>
-</div>
-<p><b>The Bactrian Camel</b>, (<i>Camelus bactrianus</i>), he of the long
-shaggy hair&mdash;<i>when not shedding</i>&mdash;and the two great humps,
-is the beast of heavy burden, the four-footed freight-car of
-the desert sands. He can carry 550 pounds of freight, for
-three or four days between drinks; but a swift pace is not
-for him. It is an animal of this remarkable species, from
-distant Turkestan, southwestern Asia, which daily in fine
-weather offers its services as a riding animal, at the stand
-near the Large Bird-House.</p>
-<p>It is unfortunate that the Bactrian Camel is in its finest
-pelage only in winter, when visitors to the Park are few,
-and camel-riding is out of the question. Promptly upon the
-approach of warm weather and a million visitors, it sheds
-its long, shaggy brown coat, and stands forth as if shorn by
-a shearer. Of this species, the Zoological Society possesses
-two fine specimens (the gift of Captain John S. Barnes), one
-of which will at all times be found regularly exhibited at
-the Camel House, close by the Crotona (southwest) Entrance.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_55">55</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig33">
-<img src="images/pmg035.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="399" />
-<p class="pcap">VICUNIA.</p>
-</div>
-<p><b>The Dromedary, or Single-Humped Camel</b>, (<i>Camelus dromedarius</i>),
-is a smaller animal than the preceding, of lighter
-build, and therefore capable of much more speed in travelling.
-This species never is clothed with long hair.</p>
-<p>Next to the Camel House and corrals is the installation
-for the nearest relatives of those species,&mdash;the Llamas, Guanacos
-and other cameloids of South America.</p>
-<h3 id="c15">THE LLAMA HOUSE, No. 38.</h3>
-<p><i>Collection of Cameloids was presented by Mr. Robert S.
-Brewster.</i></p>
-<p>The arid regions of South America are inhabited by four
-species of long-necked, long-haired, soft-footed animals, so
-closely related to the camels of the Old World that they are
-called <i>cameloids</i>. There are four species. The llama and
-alpaca are in a state of domestication, and are supposed to
-have been derived from the wild guanaco and vicunia. All
-of them might almost be described as small-sized, humpless
-camels; and their tempers and mental traits are as odd
-as their forms.</p>
-<p>The ordinary cameloid is a quiet and inoffensive creature;
-but the exception is a rogue of rogues. It will bite with the
-persistence of a bull-dog, and with its massive, chisel-like
-<span class="pb" id="Page_56">56</span>
-lower incisors inflicts ugly wounds. At times a llama or
-vicunia becomes actually insane, and seeks to destroy every
-living creature within its reach. Regardless of punishment,
-such creatures attack their keepers and their herd-mates,
-spit upon visitors, and rage up and down their corrals in
-most absurd fashion. Occasionally such individuals require
-to be completely isolated.</p>
-<p><b>The Llama</b>, (<i>Lama glama</i>), is the largest and strongest
-member of the group. Its body is covered with a thick
-mass of long, wavy hair of fine texture, which may be either
-brown, white, white and brown, or almost black. The head
-and legs are short-haired like those of the guanaco. From
-time immemorial, this animal has been used as a beast of
-burden, and in the Andes has played an important part in
-the mineral industry by carrying silver ore and bullion from
-the mines.</p>
-<p><b>The Alpaca</b>, (<i>Lama pacos</i>), is bred for its wool. It is
-smaller than the llama, but more abundantly haired on the
-legs, neck and head. Its fleece is long, and lies in stringy
-tufts. Usually its color is dark brown or black, but occasionally
-a white Alpaca is seen. A white specimen in the
-Zoological Park collection has blue eyes.</p>
-<p><b>The Guanaco</b>, (<i>Lama guanacus</i>), is one of the most interesting
-and valuable wild animals now found in Patagonia.
-Unfortunately, it is so stupid and incapable that it is easily
-killed. The natives of Terra del Fuego, themselves almost
-the lowest and most ignorant of men, slaughter Guanacos
-for food by surrounding groups of them and clubbing them
-to death.</p>
-<p>In size the Guanaco is between the llama and vicunia,
-and its shoulder height is about 4 feet. Its hair is thick and
-woolly, of a pale reddish color, and there are naked patches
-on the legs. This species is found on the Andes, from Ecuador
-to Terra del Fuego, and appears to be most abundant in
-Patagonia.</p>
-<p><b>The Vicunia</b>, (<i>Lama vicunia</i>), is the only member of the
-cameloid group which is not clothed with a mass of long
-hair. It is the smallest member of the group, comparatively
-short-haired, its color is a uniform light brown, its head is
-small, and there are no callosities on the hind legs. The
-Vicunia is found from southern Ecuador, through Peru to
-central Bolivia.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_57">57</div>
-<h3 id="c16">NORTH AMERICAN DEER.
-<br />Elk, Mule Deer, White-Tail, Caribou and Moose.</h3>
-<p>The American members of the Deer Family will be found
-in the ranges situated on the hill west of the Wild-Fowl
-Pond, stretching from the Llama House northward to the
-Service Road.</p>
-<p>After several years of experiments, we must admit that to
-all the American members of the Deer Family save the wapiti
-white-tailed and mule deer, the climate of New York City is
-decidedly inimical. This densely humid and extremely saline
-atmosphere is about as deadly to the black-tail, caribou
-and moose as it is to the Eskimo; and thus far we have
-found it an absolute impossibility to maintain satisfactory
-herds of those species in the ranges available for them. In
-great tracts of forests, some of them might become acclimatized;
-but, be that as it may, all experiments made thus far
-both here and in two of the great game preserves of New
-England, prove conclusively that black-tail deer, mule deer,
-caribou, moose, and also prong-horned antelope, are among
-the most difficult of all ruminants to acclimatize anywhere
-in the United States eastward of the great plains.</p>
-<p>Although the Zoological Society will continue its experiments
-with some of these preserve species, and will always
-strive to exhibit some of them, our original hopes regarding
-them have been abandoned. We are certain that the difficulty
-lies not in the food, but in climate conditions, that are
-beyond our control, and especially our very salty atmosphere.</p>
-<p><b>The American Elk, or Wapiti</b>, (<i>Cervus canadensis.</i>)&mdash;Of
-all the numerous members of the Deer Family, this animal is
-second in size to the moose only; and in the autumn, when
-its pelage is bright and luxuriant, its sides well rounded, its
-massive antlers clean and held conspicuously aloft, the elk
-may justly be called the king of the <i>Cervidae</i>. It is well
-that in the Yellowstone Park we have an unfailing supply
-of Elk, which bids fair to perpetuate this handsome species
-for another century.</p>
-<p>Our Elk Range might well stand for a mountain park, in
-which is set a natural lakelet of real value. In October,
-when the splendid groves of beech, oak, and maple along
-the eastern ridge put on all the glorious tints of autumn,
-and the big thicket of sumacs, ash, and haw on the northern
-hill fairly blaze with scarlet&mdash;then are the elk also at their
-best. There is no finer picture in animate nature than a
-herd of elk in October, with such a setting of greensward,
-tree-trunk, and foliage.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_58">58</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig34">
-<img src="images/pmg036.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="437" />
-<p class="pcap">AMERICAN ELK.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig35">
-<img src="images/pmg037.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="469" />
-<p class="pcap">EUROPEAN RED DEER.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_59">59</div>
-<p>The maximum shoulder height of the Elk is 5 feet 4
-inches, or thereabouts, and the heaviest weight noted thus
-far is 927 pounds.</p>
-<p>The calves are born from May to July, and are spotted
-during the first six months. During the first year the antlers
-are merely two straight spikes, called &ldquo;dag antlers.&rdquo;
-As in all members of the Deer Family, the antlers are shed
-every year&mdash;which to many persons is almost beyond belief.
-Any person who visits a zoological garden in midsummer
-will see that the old antlers have dropped off bodily,
-just below the burr, and that new antlers, covered with hair,
-soft, full of blood, and with club-like &ldquo;points,&rdquo; have sprung
-up like mushrooms in place of the old ones. In supplying
-the great drain on the system necessary to support this remarkable
-growth, the Elk grows thin, and the fear of hurting
-his tender young antlers makes him quite timid and inoffensive.
-He is no longer the tyrant of the herd, and a constant
-menace to his keepers.</p>
-<p>At this point it is not amiss to call attention to the differences
-between <i>horns</i> and <i>antlers</i>.</p>
-<p>A <i>horn</i> is a hollow sheath, growing over a bony core, and
-except in the case of the prong-horned antelope, is never
-shed. Horns are worn by both sexes of all bison, buffaloes,
-cattle, antelope, sheep, and goats.</p>
-<p>An <i>antler</i> is of solid bone throughout, growing from the
-skull; it is shed every year close to the skull, and quickly
-renewed. Usually antlers have several branches. They are
-worn by nearly all male members of the Deer Family&mdash;moose,
-elk, caribou, deer, etc., and also by the female caribou. The
-prongs on an antler are no index of the wearer&rsquo;s age. Some
-of the finest and most massive elk antlers have only twelve
-or fourteen points. During August and September the hairy
-covering, or &ldquo;velvet,&rdquo; of new antlers is rubbed off against
-trees and bushes. This period is quickly followed by the
-mating season, during which the neck of the bull becomes
-unusually large, and often the animal becomes dangerous.</p>
-<p>Although the Elk is essentially a timber-loving animal, it
-also wandered far into the plains bordering the Rocky
-Mountains on the east&mdash;until driven from them by man.
-The ideal home of this animal is the timbered foothills of
-our western mountains, up to 8,000 feet. Although once
-<span class="pb" id="Page_60">60</span>
-found from Virginia and New York to Oregon, and from
-northern Manitoba to the Gulf of Mexico, it is now numerous
-only in and adjacent to the Yellowstone Park, in central
-Colorado, where it is well protected, and in western
-Manitoba. The number of Elk in the National Park is
-variously estimated at from 10,000 head to a much larger
-number.</p>
-<p>In a wild state, the Elk feeds on grasses, weeds, and the
-leaves and twigs of various trees and shrubs. Of all American
-deer, it is the most easy to acclimate and breed in
-captivity. Large herds are now being maintained and
-bred in numerous private game preserves in New Hampshire,
-New York, Minnesota, Massachusetts, and elsewhere.
-About 200 head have been released in the Adirondacks.</p>
-<p><b>The Mule Deer</b>, (<i>Odocoileus hemionus.</i>)&mdash;This fine animal
-is universally known throughout the Rocky Mountain region,
-which constitutes its home, as the &ldquo;Black-Tailed Deer.&rdquo;
-Because of its very large ears, <i>and the absence of a black
-tail</i>, it is known to naturalists as the Mule Deer. Inasmuch
-as its tail is not black, the above more common name properly
-applies to <i>Odocoileus columbianus</i>, the true black-tailed
-deer of the Pacific coast. In Manitoba this animal is called
-the &ldquo;Jumping Deer,&rdquo; because when running at a gallop, it
-makes a series of stiff-legged jumps, or &ldquo;bucks,&rdquo; of great
-length.</p>
-<p>The weight of full-grown bucks ranges from 250 to 300
-pounds, and specimens have been known to reach 325
-pounds. The antlers of the Mule Deer are larger and handsomer
-than those of the white-tailed deer, and are much
-better poised on the head. Instead of dropping forward,
-they partake more of the set of an elk&rsquo;s antlers, and many
-a &ldquo;tenderfoot&rdquo; hunter has mistaken a heavily-antlered
-Mule Deer for an elk. The antlers of a Mule Deer are
-easily distinguished from those of the white-tailed species
-by the two Y-shaped prongs on each antler. It will be remembered
-that instead of these, the white-tailed deer antler
-bears three straight, perpendicular spikes.</p>
-<p>The Mule Deer makes its home in rugged ravines and
-bad lands so common along the creeks and rivers of the
-Rocky Mountain region, extending well eastward into the
-plains. Of late years it has been driven out of the most
-accessible of its former haunts, and forced to take shelter
-in the rugged fastnesses of the foothills and mountains.
-West of the Rocky Mountains it was formerly found along
-the whole Pacific slope, from Cape St. Lucas to British
-Columbia, although in northern California it is almost replaced
-by the <b>Columbian Black-Tail</b>, (<i>O. columbianus</i>).</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_61">61</div>
-<p class="pcap">DEVELOPMENT OF THE ANTLERS OF A MALE DEER.</p>
-<p class="pcapc">These pictures show the stages of growth of the antlers from the
-time the old ones are dropped, to the full development. Number 1 shows
-the bull with the one antler gone&mdash;picture made early in March. Number
-6 shows the full grown antlers, with the velvet hanging in strips.
-Number 6 was made August 24 of the same year as Number 1. This
-remarkable antler development takes place every year in the life of
-all male deer.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig36">
-<img src="images/pmg038.jpg" alt="" width="506" height="516" />
-<p class="pcap">1.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pmg039.jpg" alt="" width="502" height="516" />
-<p class="pcap">2.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pmg040.jpg" alt="" width="505" height="498" />
-<p class="pcap">3.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pmg041.jpg" alt="" width="504" height="498" />
-<p class="pcap">4.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pmg042.jpg" alt="" width="489" height="515" />
-<p class="pcap">5.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pmg043.jpg" alt="" width="496" height="520" />
-<p class="pcap">6.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_62">62</div>
-<p><b>The White-Tailed Deer</b>, (<i>Odocoileus virginianus</i>), is the
-species most widely known throughout the United States,
-partly by reason of the fact that it was the first species
-with which the early settlers of America became acquainted,
-partly because of its wide distribution, and also its persistence
-in holding its own. In various localities this animal
-is known under various names, such as &ldquo;White-Tailed Deer,&rdquo;
-&ldquo;Flag-Tailed Deer,&rdquo; and &ldquo;Fan-Tailed Deer.&rdquo; Although not
-at all in need of it, quite recently it has received still another
-name&mdash;American Deer. The small deer of Florida,
-and also of New Mexico and the Southwest, have been
-described as separate forms; and if size is to be accepted
-as a factor in the differentiation of species, the diminutive
-proportions of the proposed southern species are quite sufficient
-to establish their separate identity.</p>
-<p>The White-Tailed deer of Virginia and the northern United
-States is a fine animal&mdash;large, strong-limbed, heavily-antlered,
-and hardy. Between it and the deer of Florida the
-difference is as great as that between a setter dog and a mastiff.
-Thanks to the fact that this species is a born skulker
-and lives only in thick brush and timber, it still holds its
-own throughout the forest regions of the South generally,
-Pennsylvania, the Adirondacks, Maine, Michigan, Minnesota,
-the Dakotas, Montana, and Colorado. In the West
-it is often found inhabiting brushy ravines and river bottoms.</p>
-<p>This species breeds readily in confinement, and when protected
-in any large tract of brush or timber, increases
-rapidly. During the months of September, October, and
-November, the bucks are dangerous and untrustworthy.
-The peculiar formation of the antlers&mdash;three strong, spear-like
-points thrust straight upward from the beam&mdash;makes
-them dangerous weapons; and when an ill-tempered buck
-lowers his chin and drives straight forward with eight
-sharp spears of solid bone, and nearly three hundred pounds
-of weight to back them, he may well be considered a dangerous
-animal. He is to be feared less than the elk only
-because he is smaller.</p>
-<p><b>The Woodland Caribou</b>, (<i>Rangifer caribou</i>).&mdash;The first
-hoofed animal to arrive at the Zoological Park was a young
-<span class="pb" id="Page_63">63</span>
-female of this species, which was procured in Champlain
-County, Canada, and forwarded to the Society by one of
-our members, Mr. George S. Huntington. These animals,
-when present in the Park, will be kept in a small enclosure,
-because a large range containing an abundance of
-green grass is fatal to them.</p>
-<p>The wild range of the Woodland Caribou extends from
-Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, and Maine, with many wide
-gaps, to the head waters of the Yukon River, in southern
-Alaska. The following localities are worthy of special mention:
-northern Quebec and Ontario; James Bay; the northern
-end of Lake Winnipeg (occasionally); Lake of Woods,
-Minnesota; Oregon near Mount Hood; northern Idaho;
-northwestern Montana, and the mountains of British Columbia.</p>
-<p>Quite recently, three new species of caribou have been
-added to our fauna, one from the Alaskan Peninsula (<i>Rangifer
-granti</i>), one from the Kenai Peninsula (<i>Rangifer stonei</i>),
-and one from the Cassiar Mountains (<i>Rangifer osborni</i>).</p>
-<p>The Woodland Caribou attains nearly twice the bodily
-bulk of its more northern congener, the Barren-Ground
-caribou. In a state of nature it lives on browse, reindeer
-moss, tree moss, and lichens, and it loves ice-covered lakes
-and ponds as much as any boy. Its loose-jointed and wide
-spreading hoofs and enormously developed &ldquo;dew-claws&rdquo;
-have been specially designed by Nature to enable this animal
-to run freely, as if on snow-shoes, over snow or bogs,
-which to any small-hoofed deer would be quite impassable.</p>
-<p>The female Woodland Caribou is provided with small antlers,
-which, like those of the male, are shed and renewed
-annually.</p>
-<p>In the absence of caribou in the Park, visitors are advised
-to look for specimens of the <b>Lapland Reindeer</b>, (<i>Rangifer
-tarandus</i>), for we shall endeavor to keep this genus represented.</p>
-<h3 id="c17">THE ZEBRA HOUSES, No. 14.</h3>
-<p>Although the main building of this installation has not
-yet been erected, the plan for the various buildings and
-corrals has been approved, and the main building was
-begun in 1911 and completed in 1912. The three buildings,
-and the extensive corrals connecting with them, as a
-<span class="pb" id="Page_64">64</span>
-whole, do justice to the important and picturesque Family
-<i>Equidae</i>, which includes all the zebras, wild asses and wild
-horses of the world.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig37">
-<img src="images/pmg044.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="385" />
-<p class="pcap">GRANT ZEBRA.</p>
-</div>
-<p><b>The Prjevalsky Horses</b>, (<i>Equus prjevalskii</i>).&mdash;Of all the
-wild equines which either now or hereafter may be seen in
-the Zoological Park, the strange little wild horses from
-western Mongolia are, and probably will remain, the most
-interesting, from a zoological point of view. Broadly speaking,
-they are the connecting link between the many-striped
-zebras, the little-striped quaggas and the wild asses on one
-side, and the domestic, unstriped horse on the other. These
-wild horses possess a narrow, dark dorsal stripe, which, in
-the winter pelage is scarcely visible, but in summer is plainly
-evident. A perfect specimen has an erect mane, no long
-forelock and no &ldquo;chestnuts&rdquo; on its legs. On the upper
-half of its tail the hair is short, and mule-like, but on the
-lower, or terminal half, it is long and horse-like. The winter
-coat of this animal is very long and shaggy.</p>
-<p><b>Mountain Zebra</b>, (<i>Equus zebra</i>).&mdash;This species has been
-nearly exterminated by man, and is rarely seen in captivity.
-It inhabits the mountains of Cape Colony, and it is estimated
-that only 400 individuals remain, which now are carefully
-protected.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_65">65</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig38">
-<img src="images/pmg045.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="384" />
-<p class="pcap">PRJEVALSKY HORSES.</p>
-</div>
-<p><b>Grevy Zebra</b>, (<i>Equus grevyi</i>).&mdash;This picturesque species
-was discovered in Abyssinia, when Jules Grevy was president
-of France, and it was named in his honor. It is of
-large size, covered with very narrow stripes all over its body,
-head and limbs, and its huge ears are of remarkable form.
-This species is limited to southern Abyssinia and British
-East Africa southward to the Tana River.</p>
-<p><b>Grant Zebra</b>, (<i>Equus burchelli granti</i>).&mdash;Of all the zebras
-now seen in captivity, the great majority belong to what
-very properly may be designated as the group of Burchell
-Zebras. This group contains, besides the type species, which
-has practically no stripes on its legs, four subspecies, whose
-legs are more or less striped, and which may or may not
-possess &ldquo;shadow stripes&rdquo; on the hind-quarters. A &ldquo;shadow
-stripe&rdquo; is a faint, dark stripe in the middle of a wide white
-or pale yellow stripe which lies between two broad black
-stripes.</p>
-<p>Grant Zebra is the most heavily striped of the subspecies
-composing the Burchell group. The visitor will observe
-that its horizontal leg-stripes are very pronounced, and so
-numerous that they are carried quite down to the hoofs.
-The ground-color of the animal is a cold white, and the
-thigh and body stripes are very wide and intense. This
-fine pair was captured in Masailand, East Africa, in 1902.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_66">66</div>
-<p><b>Chapman Zebra</b>, (<i>Equus burchelli chapmani</i>), also belongs
-to the Burchell group, and in its color pattern it approaches
-quite nearly to the type. The legs of the male bear a few
-stripes, those of the female almost none. There are visible on
-the hind-quarters of the female a few faint shadow-stripes.</p>
-<p><b>The Persian Wild Ass</b>, (<i>Equus persicus</i>), is a very satisfactory
-representative of the wild asses generally. Its dorsal-stripe
-is very wide and sharply defined, but it bears no
-shoulder-stripe, and those that are faintly indicated on its
-legs are nothing more than oblong blotches of dark color.
-As its name implies, it inhabits Persia, and Syria, and a
-closely related form, the <b>Onager</b>, (<i>E. onager</i>), is found in
-Beluchistan and western India. A third species, the <b>Kiang</b>
-(<i>E. hemionus</i>), is found on the plains of Tibet.</p>
-<h3 id="c18">THE ASIATIC AND EUROPEAN DEER, Nos. 1-3.</h3>
-<p>In representatives of the deer, (Family <i>Cervidae</i>), Asia
-far surpasses all other countries. Her species number about
-38,&mdash;fully double that of any other continental area,&mdash;and
-from the great Altai wapiti to the tiny musk deer, the variations
-in size and form are fairly bewildering. The entire
-hill that rises between the Fordham Entrance and Bird
-Valley, from Cope Lake to the Zebra Houses, is devoted
-to the series of houses, corrals and ranges that are occupied
-by the deer of Asia and Europe.</p>
-<p>It is quite certain that a number of desirable species of
-Asiatic deer can successfully be acclimatized in the parks
-and game preserves of America, and induced to breed. Almost
-without an exception they are strong and vigorous
-feeders, and they keep fat and sleek when our own black-tail,
-mule deer and white-tail mince like pampered epicures,
-grow thinner and thinner, and finally die of &ldquo;malnutrition.&rdquo;</p>
-<p>Believing that the members of the group amply justify
-the effort, the Zoological Society has been at considerable
-pains to bring together a fine, representative collection of
-the Old World <i>Cervidae</i> and properly install its members.
-Although the series proposed is not quite complete, it contains
-such rarities as the Altai Wapiti, Barasingha, Burmese
-Thameng, Malay and Indian Sambar, and several others.
-<span class="pb" id="Page_67">67</span>
-They are sheltered by four houses, the largest of which
-crowns the summit of the hill on the right of Osborn
-Walk as the visitor enters from Fordham. For the visitors&rsquo;
-convenience we will make note of the various species about
-in the order of their appearance, and not in zoological sequence.</p>
-<p><b>The Axis Deer</b>, (<i>Axis axis</i>), is the handsomest of all the
-tropical deer. Indeed, it may even be said to be the only
-species of the tropics possessing both form and pelage which
-are alike pleasing to the eye. In contrast with the many
-beautiful and splendidly colored antelopes of Africa, the
-deer of the tropics, all round the world, are poorly provided
-with those characters which make a handsome animal.
-With the sole exception of the Axis Deer, nearly all the
-other deer of the East Indies have thin, coarse, dull-colored
-hair, their antlers are small, and seldom have more than four
-points. This is equally true of the deer of Mexico, Central
-and South America. Even our own white-tailed deer, so
-lusty and fine in the North, becomes in Florida and Texas so
-dwarfed that it has now been called a subspecies.</p>
-<p>Considering the severe plainness of all the other deer in
-the tropics, it is a little strange that the coat of the Axis
-should be the most beautiful possessed by any deer. But it
-is quite true; and apart from the majesty of the elk, there
-is no more beautiful sight in cervine life than the picture
-offered by a herd of Axis Deer feeding in a sunlit glade
-surrounded by forest.</p>
-<p>This species adapts itself to out-door life in the temperate
-zone with surprising readiness, not even second in that
-respect to the eland. As a matter of course the Axis can not
-withstand the fierce blizzards of midwinter as do the elk
-and other northern deer; but a reasonable degree of care
-in providing it with a dry barn, and shelter from cold winds,
-enables it to live even as far north as northern Germany
-with perfect comfort. In winter our Axis Deer barn is moderately
-heated by a stove.</p>
-<p><b>The Japanese Sika Deer</b>, (<i>Cervus sika typicus</i>), is a small
-representative of a large group of deer species inhabiting
-far-eastern Asia, and known as the Sika Deer group. A
-ridiculous number of forms have been described as species
-and subspecies, of which possibly one-third are entitled to
-stand. Some of those on the Asian mainland, as the Pekin
-Sika Deer, are much larger than the Japanese Sika, and
-<span class="pb" id="Page_68">68</span>
-also more strikingly colored. The latter species, shown in
-our northernmost corral, is about 33 inches in height, and of
-a dull and uninteresting smoky-brown color. Its antlers
-are quite large for a deer so small, and in the mating season
-males are sometimes dangerous. This species is very hardy,
-breeds persistently, requires no heat in winter, and very
-rarely sends a case to the hospital.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig39">
-<img src="images/pmg046.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="389" />
-<p class="pcap">AXIS DEER.</p>
-</div>
-<p><b>The Fallow Deer</b>, (<i>Dama vulgaris</i>), is the type of a distinct
-group of deer which are distinguished by the possession
-of antlers widely palmated throughout the upper half
-of the beam. In some old Fallow bucks the antlers are
-quite moose-like, and give this small deer an imposing appearance
-far out of proportion to its actual size. The
-weight of a large buck in prime condition generally is between
-180 and 200 pounds, and its shoulder height is
-between 36 and 40 inches. The largest antlers recorded
-by Mr. J. G. Millais, in his beautiful work on &ldquo;The British
-Deer,&rdquo; measured 29&frac12; inches in length, 28&frac12; inches spread,
-width of palmation 8 inches, and the number of points 14.
-The extinct Irish elk, with the most colossal antlers ever
-carried by a cervine animal, was a near relative of the
-two living species of Fallow Deer.</p>
-<p>Although a native of northern Africa and the north shore
-of the Mediterranean, the Fallow Deer was acclimatized in
-<span class="pb" id="Page_69">69</span>
-England and northern Europe so long ago that the exact
-date records of the event have disappeared, and the species
-is now at home in very many European forests and game
-preserves. The deer parks in England possess many fine
-herds, but they sometimes exhibit one unfortunate result of
-long breeding in a semi-domesticated state&mdash;departure from
-the original type.</p>
-<p>The typical Fallow Deer is in winter very dark brown,
-with light brown legs and under parts, and in summer light
-red with white spots&mdash;quite like the axis. From this standard,
-the variations run from pure white through the color
-of the wild type to jet black.</p>
-<p>The fine herd in the Zoological Park is the gift of Mr.
-William Rockefeller. Six of its original members came
-from the donor&rsquo;s herd at Greenwich, Connecticut, and six
-were purchased from one of the imperial parks of Russia,
-by consent of the Czar, and represent the most hardy stock
-obtainable.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig40">
-<img src="images/pmg047.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="372" />
-<p class="pcap">BURMESE DEER.</p>
-</div>
-<p><b>The Burmese, or Eld Deer</b>, (<i>Cervus eldi</i>), also known as
-the <b>Brow-Antler Deer</b>, is one of the rarest species to be seen
-in captivity. Living specimens are acquired only through
-special expeditions to northern Burma. Its most characteristic
-feature is the antlers of the male, which sends
-forward a very long and almost straight brow tine, while
-<span class="pb" id="Page_70">70</span>
-the main beam sweeps backward in the opposite direction,
-and describes a full semicircle. The antlers are both very
-heavy and long for the size of the animal. The specimens
-shown here, which are breeding satisfactorily, are the gift of
-Mr. William Rockefeller.</p>
-<p><b>The Barasingha Deer</b>, (<i>Cervus duvauceli</i>), also called the
-<b>Swamp Deer</b>, is to India what the mule deer is to North
-America. To my mind, the antlers of the former always
-suggests the latter species, and in size the two species are
-much alike. In summer the coat of the Barasingha is of a
-beautiful golden-yellow color, conspicuous from afar, and
-the antlers of old males reach a length of from 35 to 41
-inches, with three bifurcations on each beam. The antlers
-sometimes are shed and renewed twice in twelve months.
-With us this species breeds very regularly, and the offspring
-mature well.</p>
-<p><b>The Altai Wapiti</b>, (<i>Cervus canadensis asiaticus</i>), is, in all
-probability, the parent stock of our American elk, but it
-happens to be a fact that our species was the first to be
-discovered by systematic zoologists, and described. To all
-visitors who are interested in deer, the Altai Wapiti&mdash;and
-also the <b>Tashkent Wapiti</b>&mdash;are a constant source of wonder,
-because of their well-nigh perfect similarity in all points
-to our own wapiti, or American elk. Our Asiatic wapiti
-are exhibited in ranges connecting with the western rooms
-of the Asiatic Deer House, where they have bred twice, and
-produced two fine fawns. In the rutting season the males
-are very cross and dangerous. They are hardy, and require
-no heat in winter.</p>
-<p><b>The Indian Sambar</b>, (<i>Cervus unicolor</i>), always suggests a
-tropical understudy of the Altai wapiti, clad with thin,
-coarse, bristly hair, and with shorter and smaller antlers,
-and a bristly mane all over the neck. Each antler possesses
-three points, only. Of all the Old World <i>Cervidae</i>, this
-species most nearly approaches the size of the Altai and
-Tashkent wapiti. It inhabits the hill forests of India, and
-in Burma, Siam and farther south it is replaced by the next
-species.</p>
-<p><b>The Malay Sambar</b>, (<i>Cervus equinus</i>), also called&mdash;most
-inappropriately&mdash;the &ldquo;<b>Horse-Tailed Deer</b>,&rdquo; very strongly
-resembles the preceding species, except that the bristly
-mane of the former is generally absent. The antlers of
-this species are shorter, also, but very thick in proportion
-to their length. The Malay Sambar is confined to the Malay
-<span class="pb" id="Page_71">71</span>
-Peninsula and the countries immediately above, and Borneo
-and Sumatra.</p>
-<p>This species possesses many admirable qualities, and it
-might be introduced to advantage in our southern states.
-It is very even-tempered and sensible, easily handled, is
-a vigorous feeder, breeds persistently, and matures very
-rapidly; but in every New York winter, it requires some
-heat in its barn.</p>
-<p><b>The Maral Deer</b>, (<i>Cervus maral</i>), is in appearance like an
-extra large red deer or a small elk. It is a midway member
-of the Wapiti group, which extends in a somewhat
-broken chain from Colorado, northward across Bering Strait
-to Asia, and thence across Asia and Europe to Scotland.
-We have owned a fine pair of Maral Deer, from the Caucasus
-district, but they have failed to breed as expected.</p>
-<p><b>The European Red Deer</b>, (<i>Cervus elaphus</i>), is an understudy
-of the American elk, which it much resembles in
-form and in habits. Next to the elk it is the finest living
-deer, and for many generations has held its own against
-the dangers of in-breeding. In the parks and forest preserves
-of Great Britain and Europe, it exists abundantly,
-but only as private property, subject to the guns of the
-owner and his friends. This species has been successfully
-crossed with the American elk.</p>
-<p>Other Asiatic Deer will be found in the Small-Deer House,
-in the southern end of the Park.</p>
-<h3 id="c19">THE LION HOUSE, No. 15.</h3>
-<p>As a spectacle of captive animal life, there is none more
-inspiring than a spacious, well-lighted and finely-appointed
-lion house, filled with a collection of the world&rsquo;s greatest
-and handsomest wild beasts. To build an ideal lion house,
-and to fill it with a first-class collection of large felines, are
-matters involving no little time and much money; but the
-sight,&mdash;for the millions of visitors,&mdash;of lions, tigers, jaguars,
-pumas, leopards, cheetahs, black leopards, snow leopards
-and clouded leopards, all under one roof, surely is worth
-what it costs.</p>
-<p>The Lion House of the Zoological Park was completed,
-excepting a few minor details, early in the year 1903, and
-was formally opened to the public in February. It is 244
-feet long, 115 feet wide, including the outdoor cages, and its
-cost when completed reached $150,000. The materials of
-the building are the same kind as those used in the Reptile
-<span class="pb" id="Page_72">72</span>
-House and Primate House, but the animal sculptures,
-all by Mr. Eli Harvey, are more abundant and conspicuous
-than on any other structure erected heretofore. The building
-contains 13 indoor cages, and 9 outdoor cages, and between
-the two there is free communication. The sizes of
-the various cages are as follows:</p>
-<p>Interior cages: Largest, 14 feet wide, 22 feet deep; smallest,
-13 feet wide, 14 feet high.</p>
-<p>Exterior cages: two end cages, 40&times;44 feet, 17 feet high;
-central cage, 40 feet square, 14 feet high; smallest, 13 feet
-wide, 12 feet deep, 13 feet high.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig41">
-<img src="images/pmg048.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="460" />
-<p class="pcap">JAGUAR.</p>
-</div>
-<p>Excepting for the single fact of having interior and exterior
-cages, the Lion House of the Zoological Park is&mdash;like
-the Primate House&mdash;an entirely original development. Its
-most important new features are as follows:</p>
-<p>All cage service, the introducing and withdrawal of animals,
-is conducted from the rear, by means of a track underneath
-the sleeping dens, and an elevating platform car.</p>
-<p>The communication between indoor and outdoor cages is
-direct and continuous.</p>
-<p>Instead of upright iron bars, all the cage fronts are of
-hard-steel wire netting, in rectangular pattern, attached to
-<span class="pb" id="Page_73">73</span>
-wrought iron frames. This is considered by the Zoological
-Society a great improvement upon the heavy bar-work
-hitherto in universal use for cage fronts in lion houses.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig42">
-<img src="images/pmg049.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="470" />
-<p class="pcap">CHEETAH.</p>
-</div>
-<p>The space above the sleeping dens has been developed
-as a sunlit balcony, whereon the animals will be very conspicuous,
-even to large crowds of visitors.</p>
-<p>Jungle-green tiling, impervious to moisture and dirt, is
-used as a back-ground for the animals.</p>
-<p><b>The Lion</b> is an animal of perpetual interest, but like
-every other noteworthy wild animal, its haunts are constantly
-being claimed by civilization, and its members are
-rapidly decreasing. It is not a difficult matter to exterminate
-or drive out from a given territory any large and
-conspicuous quadruped, and at the present rate of settlement
-and industrial development in Africa, it may easily
-come to pass that by the end of the present century, the
-king of beasts will be without a home, outside of zoological
-collections.</p>
-<p>Like everything great, the Lion has his share of critics
-and detractors. A few writers have asserted that because he
-does not stalk through his native forests with head proudly
-erect, like a drum-major on parade, he is mean-spirited and
-cowardly. But the beast of noble countenance believes in
-<span class="pb" id="Page_74">74</span>
-the survival of the fittest, and both by inheritance and
-observation he knows that a lion who needlessly exposes
-himself in the field captures the smallest amount of game,
-and attracts the greatest number of steel-tipped bullets.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig43">
-<img src="images/pmg050.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="391" />
-<p class="pcap">BARBARY LION.</p>
-</div>
-<p>Although Lions vary greatly in their color, and in the
-length of the mane, it is conceded by naturalists that only
-one species exists. In the same district and under precisely
-similar conditions are found short-maned and long-maned
-individuals, and all shades of color from tawny yellow to
-dark brown. The present geographic range of the species
-is from Southern Rhodesia to Persia and northwestern
-India, but in northern Egypt there is a large extent of
-territory which is lionless.</p>
-<p>By reason of his heavy mane and massive countenance,
-supported by the grandest roar that issues from throat of
-beast, the Lion appears to be a larger animal than he really
-is. It is yet an unsettled question whether it exceeds the
-tiger in length, height or weight, and it is certainly true
-that in point of size these two species are very evenly
-matched.</p>
-<p>In captivity, the Lion is reasonably contented, and under
-good conditions breeds readily, and lives a goodly number
-of years.</p>
-<p><b>The Siberian Tiger.</b>&mdash;Strange to say, the tiger ranges
-far to the northward of its proper home in Hindustan, even
-to Corea, Manchuria and Russian Siberia. In those cold
-<span class="pb" id="Page_75">75</span>
-regions the tiger grows to its greatest size, and is clothed
-with a dense coat of long and shaggy hair. In collections,
-the great northern tigers are the most highly prized. The
-Zoological Park has recently acquired from East Siberia
-two fine young specimens, born early in 1909, and all the
-year round they inhabit the great northern outdoor cage
-attached to the Lion House. It is a strange sight to see
-tigers living outdoors in winter in New York.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig44">
-<img src="images/pmg051.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="388" />
-<p class="pcap">SNOW LEOPARD.</p>
-</div>
-<p><b>The Tiger</b> will be found upon the earth long after the
-lion has disappeared. He is a far better hider, a more skillful
-hunter, less given to taking foolish risks, and he does not
-advertise his presence and invite his enemies by the bombastic
-roaring in which the lion delights to indulge. The
-Tiger is an animal of serious mind, and he attends strictly
-to business. A lion will stalk out into the open, in broad
-day, but the Tiger sticks closely to cover until the friendly
-darkness renders it safe to roam abroad.</p>
-<p>Despite the density of the population of India, and the
-omnipresence of sahibs with rifles of large caliber, the Tiger
-still inhabits all India from Cape Comorin to the Himalayas,
-the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Burma, Siam, and certain
-portions of China up to the region of snows. Corean and
-Siberian Tigers are much sought after by zoological gardens,
-partly on account of their size, and also because they
-are so hardy they are able to live out doors all winter in
-<span class="pb" id="Page_76">76</span>
-the temperate zone. The Tiger is not found in Africa, nor
-in any country westward of India.</p>
-<p>The maximum length attained by this animal, head, body
-and tail, is 10 feet 2 inches. A very large specimen
-killed by Dr. Hornaday measured 9 feet 8&frac12; inches in length,
-stood 3 feet 7 inches high at the shoulders, and weighed, on
-the scales, 495 pounds. In India, Tigers are classed according
-to their habits, as &ldquo;game-killers,&rdquo; &ldquo;cattle-lifters,&rdquo; or
-&ldquo;man-eaters.&rdquo; Fortunately, in comparison with the total
-number of these animals, the latter are few and far between.</p>
-<p>Of yellow-coated felines, <b>The Jaguar</b>, (<i>Felis onca</i>), is
-next in size to the tiger. In South America, it is almost
-universally called &ldquo;El Tigre&rdquo; (pronounced Te&rsquo;-gre), which
-is Spanish for tiger. Comparatively few Americans are
-aware that this superb animal belongs in the fauna of the
-United States, but such is the fact. The northern limit of
-its distribution is found in southern Texas, where it still
-exists in small numbers. In South America it extends to
-Patagonia.</p>
-<p>The Jaguar is a stocky, heavily-built animal, with a massive
-head and powerful forearm. It is a good climber, and
-many wonderful stories of its strength have been told and
-printed. Among leopards of all kinds it can always be
-identified by the great size of the black rosettes on its body,
-as well as by its heavy build.</p>
-<p>The splendid male specimen, named &ldquo;Senor Lopez,&rdquo; in
-honor of a former President of Paraguay, was the first to
-arrive for the new Lion House. It was captured in August,
-1901, in the wilds of central Paraguay, expressly for us,
-through the efforts of Mr. William Mill Butler, of Philadelphia,
-and by him presented to the Zoological Park. After
-a long journey in small river craft, in a flimsy wooden cage
-that several times came near collapsing, the animal reached
-Asuncion, was taken to Liverpool by Mr. Butler, and finally
-reached New York.</p>
-<p><b>The Leopard</b>, (<i>Felis pardus</i>), is fourth in size from the
-lion, and is distinguished from the jaguar by smaller spots
-and less powerful form. It inhabits both Asia and Africa,
-from Japan to Cape Colony. While the species is regarded
-as the same throughout that vast extent of territory, it is
-undoubtedly true that the Leopards of Africa have smaller
-spots and more intense coloring than those of Asia. The
-maximum size for this species is a total length of 8 feet,
-which is attained only by a very large animal, with a long
-tail.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_77">77</div>
-<p>Naturally, the Leopard preys upon smaller animals
-than those most sought by the lion and tiger. It prefers
-small antelopes, and young animals generally, goats and
-sheep. When pursued, it is very skilful in hiding, and will
-shelter in brushy cover until fairly beaten out.</p>
-<p><b>The Black Leopard</b> is the most ill-tempered of all feline
-animals&mdash;perpetually snarling and growling, and seeking to
-do some one an injury. Naturalists regard it as of the
-same species as the common leopard, (<i>Felis pardus</i>), despite
-the fact that it is found only in southeastern Asia, and
-both in appearance and disposition is totally different
-from the typical <i>pardus</i>. With but few exceptions, the
-world&rsquo;s supply of Black Leopards comes from Singapore.</p>
-<p><b>The Cheetah</b>, or <b>Hunting Leopard</b>, (<i>Cynaelurus jubatus</i>),
-is marked by its long legs, slender body, small head, small
-spots, and claws that are only partially retractile. Its
-structure suggests that of the dogs. It is distributed very
-irregularly through portions of Africa and southern Asia,
-and is by no means a common animal like the leopard and
-tiger.</p>
-<p>In central India, this animal is trained to hunt the sasin
-antelope, a form of sport indulged in chiefly by native rajahs.
-The Cheetah takes kindly to captivity, and permits
-handling to an extent quite unknown with other large
-felines. Its keepers place the animal upon an open cart,
-blindfold it, and then drive to within 200 yards of a herd of
-antelope. At the point of nearest possible approach, the
-hood is removed, and the animal is set free. Leaping to the
-ground, the Cheetah stalks the herd of antelope as closely as
-possible, then makes a sudden rush forward, and endeavors
-to seize a victim. If successful, the animal is pulled down
-and killed. If not, the Cheetah sullenly retires, and again
-places itself in the hands of its friends.</p>
-<p><b>The Snow Leopard</b>, or <b>Ounce</b>, (<i>Felis uncia</i>), is the rarest,
-and also one of the most beautiful of all the large felines.
-It inhabits the high plateau of central Asia from the Himalayas
-to the Altai Mountains of Mongolia, above 9,000 feet.
-It is the neighbor of the Marco Polo sheep, the giant-horned
-argali, and the Siberian ibex. In its home country,
-this creature is sufficiently numerous that 2,000 tanned skins
-sometimes reach Shanghai in a single year, but owing to its
-great distance from railways and sea, not more than fifteen
-or twenty specimens have reached the zoological gardens of
-Europe and America. Some individuals are good-natured
-and playful, but others are morose.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_78">78</div>
-<p><b>The Puma</b>, or <b>Mountain Lion</b>, (<i>Felis concolor</i>), is the
-most widely-known feline in North America. At present
-it is at home in Florida, Montana, Wyoming, Colorado,
-Texas, and all the states westward thereof. Southward it
-inhabits Mexico and Central America, and ranges through
-South America quite down to southern Patagonia. It attains
-its maximum size (8 feet in length, weight 225 pounds)
-in Colorado, where it appears to be more numerous than in
-any other state. In Routt County it is hunted very successfully
-with dogs. When pursued, it is compelled to take
-refuge in a low tree, in which it can be photographed or shot
-without danger.</p>
-<p>Despite the numerous thrilling stories that have been
-written and published about the dangerous doings of this
-animal, it is by no means really dangerous to man. No
-Puma holding an option on a safe line of retreat ever stops
-to fight a man.</p>
-<p>The Puma was formed for agility rather than strength.
-It swims well, and it is the most agile climber of all the
-large felines. The head of this animal is particularly beautiful,
-and its temper in captivity is entirely satisfactory.
-The first specimen of this species to enter the Zoological
-Park came from Peru, as a gift from Mr. Joseph P. Grace,
-and during the years 1901 and 1902 it lived out doors, constantly,
-in the Puma House (No. 33A), where its health was
-excellent.</p>
-<h3 id="c20">THE SEA-LIONS, No. 12.</h3>
-<p>Of all animals which find permanent homes in zoological
-gardens and parks, very few afford the public more constant
-entertainment than Sea-Lions. They are delightfully
-active, and in one way or another&mdash;diving, swimming, climbing
-or hopping about&mdash;are nearly always &ldquo;showing off.&rdquo;
-No one within a quarter of a mile of their pool need inquire
-where they are, for their loud and cheerful &ldquo;Hook! hook!
-hook,&rdquo; is heard far and wide, and draws visitors like a
-magnet.</p>
-<p>The Sea-Lion Pool is situated about in the center of Baird
-Court.</p>
-<p><b>The California Sea-Lion</b>, or <b>&ldquo;Barking Sea-Lion,&rdquo;</b> (<i>Zalophus
-californianus</i>), is the species most easily caught alive,
-and the one usually seen in captivity. Its home is the coast
-of California, but it is said to enter the Sacramento River
-and travel upward for a considerable distance in pursuit of
-<span class="pb" id="Page_79">79</span>
-spawning salmon. Comparatively few Sea-Lions are now
-found on the mainland coast of California. On the United
-States Light-House reservations their slaughter is prohibited
-by the Light-House Board.</p>
-<p>The California Sea-Lion is very similar in size, and, leaving
-the old males out of consideration, it is almost the exact
-counterpart in form of that apple of perpetual international
-discord&mdash;the Alaskan &ldquo;fur seal.&rdquo; The unfortunate fact that
-the latter animal has become known as a &ldquo;seal,&rdquo; has caused
-much confusion in people&rsquo;s minds regarding the classification
-of pinnipeds (fin-footed animals) generally. For this
-reason, it is proper to observe at this point that:</p>
-<p><i>Sea-Lions</i> have flat, triangular, naked front flippers,
-without claws; they have long necks, and carry their heads
-high. There are nine species, of which the so-called &ldquo;fur
-seal&rdquo; is one.</p>
-<p><i>Seals</i> always have short and stubby front flippers,
-which are covered with hair, and provided with claws. In
-most species the hair is coarse and valueless. The seal has
-a very short neck and by reason of the weakness of its
-front flippers, it is not nearly so active nor so interesting
-as the sea-lion.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig45">
-<img src="images/pmg052.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="392" />
-<p class="pcap">ATLANTIC WALRUS.</p>
-</div>
-<p><b>The Atlantic Walrus</b> inhabits the arctic regions between
-America and Europe, and it is estimated that not more than
-ten specimens ever have been exhibited in captivity. Because
-of their unusual feeding habits, Walruses are very
-<span class="pb" id="Page_80">80</span>
-difficult to keep alive. Their standard food is clams; and
-frequently clams are very difficult to obtain. The Atlantic
-Walrus grows to great size, probably exceeding 4,000
-pounds in weight. The specimen exhibited in the rocky
-pool near the Reptile House was presented by Mr. Paul
-J. Rainey, in 1911, and has thriven continuously ever since
-its arrival. It was captured in Kane Basin, north of Baffin&rsquo;s
-Bay.</p>
-<p><b>The Harbor Seal</b>, (<i>Phoca vitulina</i>), is the species common
-along our Atlantic coast, and since it serves so well as a
-type of hair seals, or true seals, it will occasionally be
-shown in the Park. In comparison with the active and
-vivacious sea-lion, it is a tame and rather uninteresting
-creature; but neither has any commercial value, save for the
-purposes of exhibition when alive.</p>
-<h3 id="c21">THE PRIMATE HOUSE, No. 17.</h3>
-<p>The Primates are the four-handed animals belonging to
-the zoological order called by that name, which includes
-man, the anthropoid apes both great and small, the baboons,
-monkeys and lemurs. The word &ldquo;monkey&rdquo; is by no means
-sufficiently comprehensive to embrace all these forms.
-Were it otherwise, this building would be called, officially,
-the Monkey House.</p>
-<p>The Primates include the creatures which stand nearest to
-man in the zoological scale, and in interest to all classes of
-humanity they stand above all others. There is no intelligent
-person, civilized or savage, to whom the humanlikeness
-of apes and monkeys does not appeal. On the other hand,
-some of the baboons are in feature and temper so thoroughly
-beast-like, their diabolism is almost as fascinating as the
-man-like character of the great apes. The variety of forms
-in the Order Primates, and the wide differences between the
-various groups, imperatively demand, for the proper representation
-of this Order, a large collection.</p>
-<p>The Primate House was erected in 1901, at a cost of
-$65,000, and opened to the public on December 22d, of that
-year. It is 162 feet in length, 74 feet in width, contains
-16 large interior cages, 22 small cages, and 11 exterior cages,
-two of which are of great size. The points of special excellence
-in this building are as follows: An abundance of
-room for the animals, an abundance of sunlight, perfect
-ventilation, an extensive series of open-air cages, freedom
-<span class="pb" id="Page_81">81</span>
-of communication between outside and inside cages, floors
-and walls impervious to moisture and disease germs, and the
-absence of iron bars from all cages save three.</p>
-<p>During the months of mild weather, all the inmates of the
-large interior cages occupy, at will, corresponding cages
-in the outdoor series. It is also intended that certain hardy
-species of baboons, and the red-faced monkey of Japan,
-shall be provided with comfortable sleeping quarters and
-live outdoors, every winter. It is believed that they can
-do this, not only with comfort, but with great physical
-benefit.</p>
-<p>For general convenience, and the promotion of a universal
-understanding of the primates, we propose to set
-them forth in four groups, a subdivision strictly according
-to Nature, readily comprehended, and easily remembered
-They are as follows, with typical examples of each:</p>
-<table class="center" summary="">
-<tr class="th"><th colspan="4"><span class="sc">I. Anthropoid Apes.</span></th></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Chimpanzee </td><td class="l"><i>Anthropopithecus calvus</i> </td><td class="c">of </td><td class="l">Africa.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Orang-Utan </td><td class="l"><i>Simia satyrus</i> </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="l">Borneo.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Gray Gibbon </td><td class="l"><i>Hylobates leuciscus</i> </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="l"><span class="hst">&ldquo;</span></td></tr>
-<tr class="th"><th colspan="4"><span class="sc">II. Old World Monkeys and Baboons.</span></th></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Mona Monkey </td><td class="l"><i>Cercopithecus mona</i> </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="l">Africa.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">White-Collared Mangabey </td><td class="l"><i>Cercocebus collaris</i> </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="l"><span class="hst">&ldquo;</span></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Magot: Barbary &ldquo;Ape&rdquo; </td><td class="l"><i>Macacus inuus</i> </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="l">N. Africa.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Japanese Red-Faced Monkey </td><td class="l"><i><span class="hst">&ldquo;</span><span class="hst">fuscatus</span></i> </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="l">Japan.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Pig-Tailed Monkey </td><td class="l"><i><span class="hst">&ldquo;</span><span class="hst">nemestrinus</span></i> </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="l">E. India.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Rhesus Monkey </td><td class="l"><i><span class="hst">&ldquo;</span><span class="hst">rhesus</span></i> </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="l">India.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Entellus Monkey </td><td class="l"><i><span class="hst">&ldquo;</span><span class="hst">entellus</span></i> </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="l"><span class="hst">&ldquo;</span></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Black &ldquo;Ape&rdquo; </td><td class="l"><i>Cynopithecus niger</i> </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="l">Celebes.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Golden Baboon </td><td class="l"><i>Papio babuin</i> </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="l">N. Africa.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Hamadryas </td><td class="l"><i><span class="hst">&ldquo;</span><span class="hst">hamadryas</span></i> </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="l">Arabia.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Mandrill </td><td class="l"><i><span class="hst">&ldquo;</span><span class="hst">mormon</span></i> </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="l">W. Africa.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Gelada </td><td class="l"><i>Theropithecus gelada</i> </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="l">Abyssinia.</td></tr>
-<tr class="th"><th colspan="4"><span class="sc">III. New World Monkeys.</span></th></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">White-Throated Sapajou </td><td class="l"><i>Cebus hypoleucus</i> </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="l">S. America.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Red-Faced Spider Monkey </td><td class="l"><i>Ateles paniscus</i> </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="l">&ldquo; <span class="hst">&ldquo;</span></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">White-Headed Saki </td><td class="l"><i>Pithecia leucocephala</i> </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="l">&ldquo; <span class="hst">&ldquo;</span></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Yarkee: Short-Tailed Monkey </td><td class="l"><i>Brachyurus calva</i> </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="l">&ldquo; <span class="hst">&ldquo;</span></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Squirrel Monkey </td><td class="l"><i>Chrysothrix sciurea</i> </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="l">&ldquo; <span class="hst">&ldquo;</span></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Common Marmoset </td><td class="l"><i>Hapale jacchus</i> </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="l">&ldquo; <span class="hst">&ldquo;</span></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Douroucoli </td><td class="l"><i>Nyctipithecus trivirgatus</i> </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="l">&ldquo; <span class="hst">&ldquo;</span></td></tr>
-<tr class="th"><th colspan="4"><span class="sc">IV. Lemurs and Lemuroids.</span></th></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Ring-Tailed Lemur </td><td class="l"><i>Lemur catta</i> </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="l">Madagascar.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Indri </td><td class="l"><i>Indri brevicaudata</i> </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="l">India.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Galago </td><td class="l"><i>Galago galago</i> </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="l">Madagascar.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Slow Lemur </td><td class="l"><i>Nycticebus tardigradus</i> </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="l">Madagascar.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Aye-Aye </td><td class="l"><i>Cheiromys madagascariensis</i> </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="l">India.</td></tr>
-</table>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_82">82</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig46">
-<img src="images/pmg053.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="834" />
-<p class="pcap">CHIMPANZEE BALDY.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_83">83</div>
-<p>Nearly all the above-named species are now living in the
-Primate House, besides which there are many others. So
-far as the available supply of captive primates will permit,
-these typical species will constantly be kept on exhibition,
-together with many others equally interesting. In this
-small volume it is possible to notice only the most important
-forms.</p>
-<p><b>The Gorilla</b>, (<i>Gorilla savagei</i>), of equatorial West Africa,
-is the largest and ugliest of the great apes, walks erect, and
-in form of body and limbs, it most resembles man. Its
-brain, however, is less man-like than that of the chimpanzee
-and orang-utan. It is very rarely seen in captivity. The
-only specimen which up to 1911 had reached America alive
-lived but five days after its arrival. Despite the fact that
-these creatures seldom live in captivity longer than a few
-months, they are always being sought by zoological gardens.
-The agents of the New York Zoological Society are constantly
-on the watch for an opportunity to procure and send
-hither a good specimen of this wonderful creature; and
-whenever one arrives, all persons interested are advised to
-see it <i>immediately</i>,&mdash;before it dies of sullenness, lack of
-exercise, and indigestion.</p>
-<p><b>The Orang-Utan</b> is intellectually superior to the gorilla,
-and is equalled only by the chimpanzee. Unfortunately, as
-a rule, none of the great apes are long-lived in captivity,
-and in zoological gardens they come and go. For this reason,
-it is seldom that an adult specimen, 4 feet in height,
-and weighing 150 pounds, is seen in captivity. Among
-other apes, the Orang-Utan is readily recognized by its
-<i>brown skin, red hair and small ears</i>.</p>
-<p>In disposition this creature is naturally docile and affectionate.
-It is fond of the society of human beings, takes
-to training with wonderful readiness and success, and young
-specimens can easily be taught to wear clothes, sit at table,
-and eat with spoon and fork. In the summer of 1911, the
-daily open-air exhibition of <i>nine</i> apes dining at 4 o&rsquo;clock
-on an elevated platform in the large outside cage at the
-Primate House, will long be remembered by the crowds of
-visitors who saw it. Such exhibitions are entirely germane
-to the educational purposes of a zoological garden or park,
-for they illustrate the mentality of animals and their wonderful
-likeness to man, far more forcibly than the best
-printed statements.</p>
-<p>The north hall of the Primate House is specially intended
-for the anthropoid apes, and it is not likely that any
-<span class="pb" id="Page_84">84</span>
-lengthy periods will elapse during which it contains neither
-orang-utans nor chimpanzees.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig47">
-<img src="images/pmg054.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="389" />
-<p class="pcap">ORANG-UTAN.</p>
-</div>
-<p><b>The Chimpanzee</b>, (<i>Anthropopithecus calvus</i>), of equatorial
-Africa from the west coast to the central lake region, is
-quite as common in captivity as the orang-utan. Both
-structurally and mentally this animal is very much like the
-orang-utan, and for keenness of intellect and susceptibility
-to training, it is second to none of the animals lower than
-man. A Chimpanzee is easily recognized by its <i>black hair
-and large ears</i>. There are two or three species.</p>
-<p><b>The Gibbon</b> shows off to poor advantage in a cage, but in
-the tree-tops it is a wonderful creature. It is like a long-armed
-skeleton clothed with skin and hair, animated by the
-spirit of an Ariel. In its home in the jungles of Borneo and
-southeastern Asia, it dwells in hilly forests, and never
-descends to the earth. When attacked, it flees down-hill, if
-possible, and it seems actually to fly through the tree-tops.
-It boldly flings itself forward through space, grasps with its
-hands the first available branch, swings underneath, feet
-foremost, and after another flight presently catches with
-its feet, thus actually making revolutions as it goes. Its
-progress is so swift and so silent that successful pursuit is
-impossible to any enemy not provided with wings.</p>
-<p>This animal is naturally very timid, but does not hesitate
-to expose itself to mortal danger when its young are in
-<span class="pb" id="Page_85">85</span>
-distress. In captivity gibbons are shy and nervous, and
-take life very seriously.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig48">
-<img src="images/pmg055.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="385" />
-<p class="pcap">HUMBOLDT WOOLLY MONKEY.</p>
-</div>
-<h4><span class="sc">Old-World Monkeys.</span></h4>
-<p><b>The Baboons</b> have been specially designed by Nature for
-life upon the ground, surrounded by dangerous enemies.
-But for their big canine teeth, their fierce tempers and bull-dog
-courage, backed by a fine combination of strength
-and agility, the lions, leopards, hyenas and jackals of
-Africa would have exterminated them all, ages ago. They
-were not formed to become hand-organ beasts of burden,
-nor even companions to man, but rather to fight off their
-enemies, and bluff even the king of beasts when occasion
-requires. In captivity, their strength and ferocity always
-inspires respect, and sometimes genuine terror. At all
-times they require to be treated as dangerous animals.</p>
-<p>Of the various species of baboons on exhibition in the
-Primate House, the full-grown <b>Mandrill</b> is the most interesting,
-and wonderful. It seems like an animal not of this
-earth, and reminds the visitor of one of the great beasts of
-the visions of St. John the Divine. The home of this species
-is in West Africa, and it is found from Senegambia to the
-Congo. The long shaggy hair, lion-like appearance, the
-peculiar color markings of the face, and the indescribable
-grimaces, instantly fix the attention of every visitor.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_86">86</div>
-<p><b>The Hamadryas Baboon</b>, with long side whiskers and
-cape of long hair, is one of the handsomest animals of this
-group. Its explosive, ear-racking cry is almost as startling
-to visitors as a cannon-shot.</p>
-<p><b>The Golden Baboon</b> has the liveliest disposition and the
-best temper possessed by any baboon. Young specimens
-are full of good-natured mischief, and are much given to
-hectoring their cage-mates. The <b>Long-Armed Yellow Baboon</b>
-is quite at home in the Primate House, and has bred
-here. It is a good species to keep in captivity.</p>
-<p><b>The Group of Old World Monkeys</b>, in addition to the
-baboons, contains several species worthy of special remark.
-There are some which have tails so very short and insignificant
-that they seem to be tailless, and several of them
-are called &ldquo;apes.&rdquo; <i>They are not true anthropoids</i> (manlike
-apes), however, and it is a confusing error to designate
-any of them as &ldquo;apes.&rdquo; The species referred to are the
-following:</p>
-<blockquote>
-<p><b>The Black &ldquo;Ape,&rdquo;</b> of Celebes, exceedingly like a true
-baboon.</p>
-<p><b>The Magot, or Barbary &ldquo;Ape,&rdquo;</b> of North Africa and Gibraltar,
-which is a true macaque.</p>
-<p><b>The Japanese Red-Faced Monkey</b>, another macaque, with
-a brilliant red face, and long, thick coat of hair, which
-enables it to live out of doors all winter, even in this
-Zoological Park.</p>
-<p><b>The Pig-Tailed Monkey</b>, several species of which are
-found in Burma and other portions of southeastern
-Asia.</p>
-</blockquote>
-<p>All the above are on exhibition in the Primate House,
-and the outdoor cages.</p>
-<p><b>The Rhesus Monkey</b>, of India, is one of the sacred species,
-and ages of immunity from molestation, or even wholesome
-discipline, have made this animal aggressive and domineering
-in temper.</p>
-<p><b>The Bonneted Macaque</b> is the best-tempered monkey of all
-the monkey species found in the East Indies, and it is by
-far the best to keep as a pet.</p>
-<p><b>The Entellus Monkey</b>, of India, is also a sacred species,
-and its natural seriousness of manner, and dignified bearing,
-quite befit the direct descendants of the original Hunuman,
-or monkey deity of the Hindoos, who helped to build Adam&rsquo;s
-Bridge.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_87">87</div>
-<p>Of the many African monkeys, some of the most showy
-(such as the Guerzas and Colobos) are so difficult to procure
-they can not be set forth as permanent residents in the
-Primate House. The following species, however, may be
-classed with the reliables:</p>
-<p><b>The White-Collared Mangabey</b> and <b>Sooty Mangabey</b> are
-both so lively, so good-natured, and so free from the fighting
-habit, they are prime favorites with everybody.</p>
-<p><b>The Mona Monkey</b> is handsome and easily kept, and an
-excellent representative of the great African genus <i>Cercopithecus</i>.</p>
-<p><b>The Green Monkey</b> and the <b>Vervet</b> are lively but quarrelsome,
-and at times become dangerous. The <b>Patas</b>, or <b>Red
-Monkey</b>, is very sedate, and makes a good cage-mate for the
-mona.</p>
-<p><b>The New World Monkeys</b>, even at their best, never make
-a strong showing in a vivarium. The trouble is that many
-of the most interesting species are so delicate it is impossible
-to keep them alive in captivity. Fame awaits the man who
-can discover a bill of fare on which <b>Howling Monkeys</b>, <b>Sakis</b>
-and <b>Yarkees</b> can live in captivity to old age, and repay their
-cost and care. Their digestive organs are delicate, and are
-subject to derangement from causes so slight they can not
-be reckoned with.</p>
-<p><b>The Sapajous</b> are the hardiest, the most intelligent and
-in some respects the most interesting of the New World
-monkeys. They all possess the prehensile (or grasping)
-tail, <i>which is not found on any Old World monkey</i>, and the
-use made of it is a constant source of wonder. Monkeys of
-this species are quite common in captivity, and their
-wrinkled brows and serious countenances give them an appearance
-of being burdened with cares,&mdash;which most captive
-monkeys certainly are! These are the unfortunate
-creatures which so often come to grief on hand-organs.</p>
-<p><b>The Black Spider Monkey</b> and the <b>Gray Spider Monkey</b>
-represent a genus of animals quite as attenuated in form
-as the gibbons. Their slender bodies, exceedingly long and
-slender legs and tail,&mdash;the latter strongly prehensile, and
-better than a fifth arm and hand,&mdash;give them when in the
-tree-tops an appearance truly spider-like. They are agile
-climbers, but not rapid runners, and having no means of
-defense are very timid. Their stomachs are so simple they
-seem to lack some element or function that is necessary to
-<span class="pb" id="Page_88">88</span>
-the life of the animal in captivity. Notwithstanding the
-fact that &ldquo;Jess,&rdquo; of Bath, New York, in defiance of all laws
-and precedents, <i>lived thirteen years in a cold climate</i>, the
-great majority of spider monkeys die before they reach full
-maturity, and nearly always of stomach troubles. Fortunately,
-however, there are exceptions to this rule.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig49">
-<img src="images/pmg056.jpg" alt="" width="460" height="500" />
-<p class="pcap">JAPANESE RED-FACED MONKEY.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig50">
-<img src="images/pmg057.jpg" alt="" width="472" height="500" />
-<p class="pcap">PIG-TAILED MACAQUE.</p>
-</div>
-<p><b>The Squirrel Monkey</b>, often called a &ldquo;Marmoset,&rdquo; is a
-pretty little olive-yellow monkey, almost as delicate as the
-true <b>Marmoset</b>, and the <b>Pinche</b>. These diminutive creatures
-are so delicate they require the greatest care and tenderness,
-and thrive better in moderately small cages than
-in large ones. True marmosets are the smallest of American
-primates, being next in size to the Tarsier, of Borneo, smallest
-of all quadrumanes.</p>
-<p><b>The Lemurs and Lemuroids.</b>&mdash;A lemur is a monkey-like
-animal belonging to the lowest group of primates, but in
-some respects is so little like a typical monkey that the relationship
-is not always apparent. There are about thirty
-species, and all save a very few are found on the Island of
-Madagascar. They are gentle-spirited, harmless and inoffensive
-animals, and not being persecuted by their human
-neighbors, as all American wild animals are, they are quite
-numerous.</p>
-<p>Nearly all the Lemurs have long tails, long and fine
-hair, large eyes and pointed muzzles. Many of them are
-strikingly colored in various shades of black, white and
-gray. All Lemurs are supposed to be of nocturnal habit, and
-in fact they really are; but the specimens in the large jungle
-cage of the Primate House are quite as lively and interesting
-<span class="pb" id="Page_89">89</span>
-in the daytime as most of the monkeys. So far from
-manifesting a disposition to retire to dark corners, they
-love to lie in the sunshine.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig51">
-<img src="images/pmg058.jpg" alt="" width="462" height="500" />
-<p class="pcap">SLOW LEMUR.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig52">
-<img src="images/pmg059.jpg" alt="" width="453" height="497" />
-<p class="pcap">SIAMANG.</p>
-</div>
-<p><b>The Ruffed Lemur, or Black-and-White Lemur</b>, (<i>Lemur
-varia</i>), is the handsomest member of this entire group.
-Its fur is very long, silky, and alternately pure white and
-jet black. <b>The Ring-Tailed Lemur</b> has a very long, pointed
-tail, ornamented with about 25 alternating rings of brown
-and gray, which it carries very gracefully. This species
-is of a more lively disposition than most others. The curious
-<b>Indri</b> has not up to this time come into the collection,
-but it is expected in the near future. When it arrives it
-can at once be recognized by the entire absence of a tail,
-except a mere stump, and by its large hands and feet.</p>
-<h3 id="c22">ELEPHANT HOUSE, No. 20.</h3>
-<p>Of its buildings for animals, the Elephant House is the
-culminating feature of the Zoological Park, and it comes
-quite near to being the last of the series. In token of these
-facts, it is fittingly crowned with a dome. Through its position
-in the general plan it closes a wide gap, and effectively
-links together the northern and southern halves of the
-establishment.</p>
-<p>The erection of this great structure began in 1907, and the
-building was completed and its inmates housed in the fall
-of 1908. The yards surrounding the structure were finished
-in 1909.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_90">90</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig53">
-<img src="images/pmg060.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="435" />
-<p class="pcap">ELEPHANT HOUSE.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_91">91</div>
-<p>Any building which can comfortably accommodate a representative
-collection of the largest of all living land
-animals, must unquestionably be large and substantial. There
-is no pleasure in seeing a ponderous elephant chained to
-the floor of a small room, unable even to walk to and fro,
-and never permitted to roam at will in the open air and sunlight.
-It is no wonder that dungeon-kept elephants go mad,
-and do mischief. If an elephant&mdash;or for that matter any
-animal&mdash;cannot be kept in <i>comfortable</i> captivity, then let it
-not be kept at all.</p>
-<p>The Elephant House of the City of New York is a large
-and roomy structure, built to render good service for two
-centuries. Its extreme length over all is 170 feet, and its
-width is 84 feet. Its two sides are divided into 8 huge
-compartments, of which 4 are for elephants, 2 for rhinoceroses,
-and 2 for hippopotami. Each of these is 24&times;21&frac12;
-feet.</p>
-<p>The Hippopotami have within the building a tank 24&times;21
-feet, and 8 feet in total depth; and another will be constructed
-in their corral.</p>
-<p>Each end of the building furnishes two cages of smaller
-dimensions, for tapirs, and young elephants. The whole
-area surrounding the building, excepting the axial walk, is
-devoted to open-air yards, so arranged that each cage in the
-interior connects directly with a corral which affords both
-sunshine and shade. Nature seems to have made this beautiful
-open grove&mdash;strangely free from trees in its center&mdash;especially
-for the purposes to which it now is devoted.</p>
-<p>It is by no means the intention of the Zoological Society,
-that, because an axial walk leads through the Elephant
-House, the building shall be used <i>as a thoroughfare</i> for foot
-traffic between the northern and southern portions of the
-Park. Such use would surely defeat the main purpose of
-the structure. It is intended to be entered <i>only by persons
-who desire to see the animals, and all others must pass around
-it</i>, by one or the other of the two very direct promenades
-which will be provided. The employees of the Park are
-strictly forbidden to consider the walk through the building
-as a convenient highway, and visitors are requested to
-observe the obvious necessities of this case.</p>
-<p><b>The Indian Elephant</b>, (<i>Elephas indicus</i>), is the universal
-elephant of captivity, the African species being shown only
-as a great rarity. For every elephant that comes from
-Africa, about thirty come from India, and of those about
-twenty-nine are prosy and unromantic females. In order
-to secure a male Indian Elephant, it must be specially
-ordered.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_92">92</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig54">
-<img src="images/pmg061.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="401" />
-<p class="pcap">INDIAN ELEPHANT.</p>
-</div>
-<p>Our first Indian Elephant, a fine male named &ldquo;Gunda,&rdquo;
-was caught wild in the interior of Assam, northeastern India,
-and he arrived at the Zoological Park in May, 1904,
-as the gift of Col. Oliver H. Payne. He was then about
-seven years old. He stood 6 feet 7 inches in shoulder
-height, weighed 3,740 pounds, and had all the points of a
-&ldquo;high-caste&rdquo; elephant. His tusks were then 16 inches long.
-He is very mischievous about breaking anything in his
-quarters that is breakable, and he manifests special dislike
-toward certain individuals who come near him. Like most
-Indian elephants, &ldquo;Gunda&rdquo; is very intelligent. In two
-days he was taught to receive pennies, lift the lid of his
-&ldquo;bank,&rdquo; drop the coin within, and ring his bell.</p>
-<p>Since his arrival here, in May, 1904, he has grown in
-height at the rate of about 5 inches each year. On November
-1, 1910, he stood 8 feet 9 inches in shoulder height, his
-weight was 8100 pounds, and his tusks were 36 inches long.</p>
-<p><b>The Sudan African Elephant</b>, (<i>Elephas oxyotis</i>, Matschie),
-is the largest of the four species of African elephants now
-recognized. The other species are the South African Elephant,
-(<i>E. capensis</i>), the German-East-African Elephant,
-(<i>E. knochenhaueri</i>), and the West African Elephant, (<i>E.
-cyclotis</i>).</p>
-<p>After some years of waiting, and many futile efforts, we
-have at last come into possession of a pair of young Sudan
-Elephants, representing, so we believe, the great species to
-<span class="pb" id="Page_93">93</span>
-which belonged Jumbo, and also the bearer of the enormous
-tusks presented to the Zoological Society by Mr. Charles T.
-Barney. Like all elephants newly arrived from Africa,
-they are young, and small; but if they have good health
-they will grow very rapidly, and about A. D. 1927 they
-should attain full stature,&mdash;11 feet at the shoulders for the
-male, or thereabouts.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig55">
-<img src="images/pmg062.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="392" />
-<p class="pcap">AFRICAN ELEPHANTS.</p>
-</div>
-<p>The different species of elephants are most easily recognized
-by their ears. Compare the enormous &ldquo;sail-area&rdquo; of
-the ears of this species with the small, triangular ear of the
-Indian elephant, and the small, round ear of the next species.</p>
-<p><b>The West African Elephant</b>, (<i>Elephas cyclotis</i>), of equatorial
-West Africa, especially the Congo country, is apparently
-a small species, not exceeding seven feet in height, even
-if that height is ever attained. Mr. Carl Hagenbeck reports
-that out of nearly 300 pairs of tusks of this species
-examined by him in the German ivory market, not one pair
-exceeded two feet in length, and many measured only 10
-inches.</p>
-<p>On July 25, 1905, we received a male specimen representing
-this species, as a gift from Mr. Barney. It is strikingly
-marked by its small round ears, and the presence of 5 toes
-on each fore-foot and 4 on the hind foot, the number in the
-East African species being 4 and 3, respectively. At the
-time of its arrival, little &ldquo;Congo&rdquo; stood 43 inches in shoulder
-height, his weight was precisely 600 pounds, and his tusks
-<span class="pb" id="Page_94">94</span>
-were 4 inches long. On June 1, 1911, his shoulder height
-was 60 inches, and his weight was 1650 pounds, and his
-tusks were 23 inches long.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig56">
-<img src="images/pmg063.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="395" />
-<p class="pcap">AFRICAN TWO-HORNED RHINOCEROS.</p>
-</div>
-<p>Regarding the life history and distribution of this odd
-species, much remains to be ascertained; and precise information
-is greatly desired.</p>
-<p><b>The African Two-Horned Rhinoceros</b>, (<i>Rhinoceros bicornis</i>),
-is already represented by a female specimen which was
-acquired in 1906. &ldquo;Victoria&rdquo; was captured in July, 1905,
-in the northern point of German East Africa, within about
-sixty miles of the head of Speke Gulf, which is the southeastern
-arm of Lake Victoria Nyanza. The elevation is between
-4,000 and 5,000 feet. She was slung under a pole, and
-carried, six days&rsquo; journey on men&rsquo;s shoulders, to the shore
-of the lake.</p>
-<p>From thence she was transported by steamer to Port
-Florence, at the head of the Uganda Railway, thence by
-rail 500 miles to Mombasa. Ever since her arrival in New
-York, &ldquo;Victoria&rdquo; has developed rapidly. Captivity does
-not seem to fret her in the least. She is very docile, is very
-friendly toward her keeper, and it is quite apparent that
-she enjoys herself.</p>
-<p>The African Two-Horned Rhinoceros once was very abundant
-throughout the whole of the fertile plains region of
-east and south Africa, but the onslaughts of hunters have
-exterminated it from probably nine-tenths of the territory
-<span class="pb" id="Page_95">95</span>
-that it once occupied. To-day, the Englishmen of Africa are
-earnestly endeavoring to regulate and abate the slaughter
-of African big game, and beyond doubt safe, good results
-in that line are being accomplished. It is to be hoped that
-the protection lines will now be drawn so tightly around
-the game that remains that it will be perpetuated for centuries
-to come.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig57">
-<img src="images/pmg064.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="395" />
-<p class="pcap">INDIAN RHINOCEROS.</p>
-</div>
-<p><b>The Indian Rhinoceros</b>, (<i>Rhinoceros unicornis</i>).&mdash;A full-grown
-Indian Rhinoceros is one of the most wonderful of all
-living animals. It seems like a prehistoric monster, belonging
-to the days of the dinosaurs, rather than a creature of
-to-day; and the killing of so grand a creature solely for the
-sake of &ldquo;sport,&rdquo; and a stuffed head to hang upon a wall, is
-murder, no less. It is quite time that the most wonderful
-works of animated Nature should universally be recognized
-as safe from attack with the rifle and knife.</p>
-<p>So pronounced is the rarity of the great Indian Rhinoceros,
-it is a fact that for nearly fifteen years no living specimens
-came into the wild-animal market. At last, however, the persistence
-and industry of the renowned Carl Hagenbeck was
-rewarded by the capture, in 1906, of four young specimens,
-all of which reached Hamburg in May, 1907. One of the
-best specimens of the quartette was purchased for the New
-York Zoological Park, and is now living in the Park in the
-quarters prepared for him at the Elephant House.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_96">96</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig58">
-<img src="images/pmg065.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="407" />
-<p class="pcap">PYGMY HIPPOPOTAMI.</p>
-</div>
-<p>The Indian One-Horned Rhinoceros is the largest of all living
-rhinoceroses. A full-grown male is about 5 feet, 6 inches
-in shoulder height, and 10 feet 6 inches long from end of
-nose to root of tail. The length of the horn is not great,
-rarely exceeding 12 inches. The skin is very thick, and lies
-upon the animal in great rigid slabs which are divided by
-articulating areas of thinner skin.</p>
-<p><b>The Hippopotamus</b>, (<i>Hippopotamus amphibius</i>), is more
-frequently seen in captivity than any of the large rhinoceroses,
-or the African elephant. In the lakes and large rivers
-of central East Africa it still exists in fair numbers, and
-still is killed for &ldquo;sport.&rdquo;</p>
-<p>Strange as it may seem, this very inert and usually lethargic
-monster can, under what it deems just provocation,
-become very angry, and even dangerous. Four years ago,
-in one of the rivers of Uganda, a hippopotamus not only
-overturned a boat, but killed one of its native occupants by
-biting him.</p>
-<p>The Hippopotamus breeds readily in captivity, even under
-poor conditions, and the supply for the zoological gardens
-of the world is chiefly maintained in that way. The fine
-male specimen exhibited in the Zoological Park was purchased
-from the Central Park Menagerie, for $3,000, and is
-a gift from Mr. Samuel Thorne. He was born on July 13,
-1904. His weight on November 1, 1909, at five years of age,
-was 3,114 pounds; and he is growing rapidly.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_97">97</div>
-<p><b>The Pygmy Hippopotamus</b> (<i>Hippopotamus liberiensis</i>), is
-a great zoological novelty, and second in rarity only to the
-okapi. Thus far only five specimens ever have been exhibited.
-An adult Pygmy Hippo is only <i>one-fourteenth</i>
-the size of an adult Nile Hippo. Our three specimens, a
-female and two males, are exhibited in the Elephant House.
-They arrived in 1912, and were captured in Liberia, West
-Africa. The cost price of the trio was $15,000. They have
-excellent appetites, never have been ill, and they seem to
-enjoy their new home. Their habits, capture, and their
-home surroundings have been fully described in the <i>Bulletin</i>
-(No. 52) and the Annual Report for 1912 of the Zoological
-Society.</p>
-<p>The Pygmy Hippopotamus is far more widely distributed
-throughout Liberia than might be inferred from the surprising
-scarcity of specimens in museums, and the long absence
-of the species from zoological gardens. It is an inhabitant
-of swampy forests, and while it frequents rivers
-it is not confined to them, like the large hippo. It seeks
-shelter from molestation in large cavities in river banks,
-usually under the roots of overhanging trees. These specimens
-were caught by digging pits in their runways, with
-sides so steep that the captives could not climb out. After
-capture, each animal was placed in a huge basket crate,
-slung under a pole, and carried by natives over the rough
-forest trails to the nearest river transportation.</p>
-<p><b>The Tapirs.</b>&mdash;Near the end of the Order of Hoofed Animals,
-(<i>Ungulata</i>), is found the Tapir Family, represented
-in both the old world and the new, by about five species.
-These very odd creatures inhabit the densest forests of the
-tropics, where vegetation grows rankly, and few other large
-hoofed animals can live. They are very fond of water, and
-swim well.</p>
-<p><b>The South American Tapir</b>, (<i>Tapirus terrestris</i>), takes
-kindly to captivity, breeds in confinement, and always manages
-to look well-fed and as sleek as a seal. Its color is a
-rich mahogany brown, and its long, prehensile nose is
-strongly suggestive of the end of an elephant&rsquo;s trunk. The
-shoulder height of a full-grown animal is about 37 inches.
-This species inhabits Venezuela, the Guianas, Brazil, Paraguay,
-Uruguay and some other regions of South America.
-Some of the Central American Tapirs inhabit mountain regions,
-but all are exceedingly wary, and difficult to find
-without dogs.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_98">98</div>
-<p><b>The Malay Tapir</b>, (<i>Tapirus indicus</i>), of the Malay Peninsula
-and Sumatra, may be recognized as far as it can be seen,
-by its colors. The front half of the animal, and its legs,
-are black or dark brown, and the rear half of the body is
-white. It is much larger than the preceding species.</p>
-<h3 id="c23">THE WOLF DENS, No. 22.</h3>
-<p>At the northeastern corner of the Elk Range there is a
-huge, bare granite rock, two hundred feet long, shaped precisely
-like the hump of a bull buffalo. The high end of the
-hump is toward the north, and its crest is about fifteen feet
-above the ground on its eastern side. A fringe of small
-trees and bushes grows along its western side. On the east
-side, well sheltered by the rock itself from the cold west
-winds of winter, and also shaded by several fine trees which
-most opportunely grow close beside the ledge, the Wolf
-Dens and Fox Dens are situated.</p>
-<p>In regard to the iron work, these dens are merely an
-understudy of the Bear Dens. The dimensions of each den
-of the series are 16 by 48 feet, and the height of the bars to
-the top of the overhang is 9 feet 6 inches. The sleeping
-dens are of simple construction, all save one being of wood,
-trimmed with bark-covered slabs. At present the Wolf
-Dens are divided into four compartments.</p>
-<p><b>The Gray Wolf</b>, (<i>Canis nubilis</i>), is known by as many
-names as it has color phases. In the North, where it is
-white, it is called the &ldquo;White Wolf,&rdquo; while in Florida it
-becomes the &ldquo;Black Wolf.&rdquo; In British Columbia and
-around Great Slave Lake, both white and black wolves
-abound, as well as the standard gray, but on the Barren
-Grounds the white phase predominates. In Texas a &ldquo;Red
-Wolf&rdquo; is found, but apparently the red phase is of somewhat
-rare occurrence, and is never found in the North.</p>
-<p>In the West this animal has recently come into prominence
-in a way that is striking terror to the hearts of
-ranchmen and others who have stock to lose. While all
-kinds of desirable game animals are decreasing at an alarming
-rate, the Gray Wolf not only holds its own, but is
-multiplying rapidly. The destruction by it of calves, colts
-and sheep, has become so great that nearly every western
-State has placed on the head of this bold marauder a
-bounty varying from $2 to $10. In some States this law
-<span class="pb" id="Page_99">99</span>
-has been in force for several years, but with no sensible
-diminution in the number of wolves.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig59">
-<img src="images/pmg066.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="388" />
-<p class="pcap">TIMBER WOLF.</p>
-</div>
-<p>The Gray Wolves which live in touch with civilization
-are by no means such bold and dangerous animals as they
-formerly were. In the early days, when wolves were
-numerous and fire-arms few and primitive, the Gray Wolf
-undoubtedly was a dangerous animal. But the breech-loading
-rifle has changed all this. Excepting for his stock-killing
-propensities, the Gray Wolf is now a skulking creature.
-In the United States this animal possesses the courage
-of a coyote, but in the Barren Grounds it is still fierce
-and dangerous. However much the wolf may skulk and
-flee when the way is open, when brought to bay he knows
-how to fight. One snap of his powerful jaws and shear-like
-teeth is enough to disable almost any dog, and send it
-howling to the rear. It is no wonder that western dogs
-of experience are shy of approaching a Gray Wolf within
-snapping distance.</p>
-<p>Excepting the localities from which it has been driven
-out by civilization, the Gray Wolf ranges over the whole
-North American continent from central Mexico to 83&deg; 24&prime; N.</p>
-<p><b>The Coyote, or Prairie Wolf</b>, (<i>Canis latrans</i>), is a personal
-acquaintance of nearly every trans-continental traveler.
-To those who have camped on the &ldquo;plains,&rdquo; he is quite like
-<span class="pb" id="Page_100">100</span>
-an old friend; and the high-pitched, staccato cry&mdash;half
-howl and half bark&mdash;with which he announces the dawn,
-is associated with memories of vast stretches of open country,
-magnificent distances, sage-brush and freedom. Because
-of his fondness of barking, Thomas Say, the naturalist
-who first described this species, christened it, <i>Canis
-latrans</i>, which means &ldquo;barking wolf.&rdquo;</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig60">
-<img src="images/pmg067.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="388" />
-<p class="pcap">COYOTE: PRAIRIE WOLF.</p>
-</div>
-<p>This animal averages about one-third smaller than the
-gray wolf, and while the finest male specimens are, in the
-autumn, really handsome animals, at other times the majority
-are of very ordinary appearance. At no time, however,
-even in the dark, is a Coyote a courageous animal. So far
-as man is concerned, a band of a thousand coyotes would
-be as easily put to flight as one; but in hanging upon the
-ragged edges of civilization, and living by its wits, the
-Coyote is audacity itself. By inheritance, and also by personal
-experience, this animal knows to a rod how far it
-is safe to trust a man with a gun. If the hunter has left
-his gun behind him, the Coyote knows it at once, and
-boldly flaunts himself within stone&rsquo;s throw of his enemy.</p>
-<p>The Coyote varies in color quite markedly, exhibiting the
-gray, brown and black phases. Formerly it was supposed
-that one species comprehended all, but Dr. Merriam&rsquo;s series
-of specimens from all parts of the West and Southwest
-have led him to separate these animals into eleven species.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_101">101</div>
-<h3 id="c24">THE FOX DENS, No. 23.</h3>
-<p>Of the many species of foxes found in North America,
-three species stand forth as the types of prominent groups,
-and it is very desirable that all three should be well known.</p>
-<p><b>The Red Fox</b>, (<i>Vulpes fulvus</i>), is the representative of the
-group which contains also the cross fox and black fox of
-the Northwest. In spite of dogs, traps, guns, spades and
-poison, this cunning creature persists in living in close
-touch with the poultry yards of civilized man. His perfect
-familiarity with old-fashioned dangers enables him to
-avoid them all, and no sooner does a new danger menace
-him than he promptly invents a way to escape it. The
-manner in which the Red Fox lives with civilization without
-being exterminated really is surprising, and speaks
-volumes for the astuteness of this animal.</p>
-<p>The geographical range of the Red Fox is very wide,
-From North Carolina and Tennessee it extends northward
-through the whole northeastern United States, gradually
-bearing westward to Montana, and northward almost to
-the Arctic Ocean. It is the commonest species in Alaska,
-where it is found practically everywhere.</p>
-<p>The typical Red Fox and its two subspecies, the <b>Cross Fox</b>,
-(<i>Vulpes fulvus decussatus</i>), and the <b>Black Fox</b>, (<i>V. f. argentatus</i>)&mdash;the
-latter many times miscalled the &ldquo;<b>Silver Fox</b>&rdquo;&mdash;vary
-in all possible gradations of color from bright red to
-pure black. Often it is difficult to decide where one type
-leaves off and another begins. The Cross Fox stands midway
-between the Red and Black, with some of the yellow
-color of the former on the sides of the neck and behind
-the foreleg, while the remainder of the general color is
-grizzled gray-brown laid across his shoulders in a more or
-less distinct cross. The Black Fox varies in color from
-very dark iron-gray to dark brown or black, with a slight
-wash of white-tipped hairs over the head, body and tail.
-The tip of the tail is always white, which is the only constant
-color mark about him.</p>
-<p><b>The Swift, or Kit Fox</b>, (<i>Vulpes velox</i>), is the daintiest,
-smallest and liveliest of all American foxes. From his
-delicate little nose to the tip of his well-trimmed tail, he
-is every inch a thoroughbred. His countenance is bright
-and pert, and when several specimens are kept together
-they are very playful. One striking feature of this little
-animal is what may well be termed its trimness. When in
-<span class="pb" id="Page_102">102</span>
-fair condition, its coat of thick, silvery gray fur is as smooth
-and even as if recently trimmed by a barber.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig61">
-<img src="images/pmg068.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="390" />
-<p class="pcap">SWIFT OR KIT FOX.</p>
-</div>
-<p>On the western plains, where it once had for companions
-the buffalo and prong-horn, the Swift is becoming rare. Its
-worst enemy is the deadly strychnine bottle of the ranchman.
-This species does not thrive in the Fox Dens, and it
-will be found in the Burrowing Animal&rsquo;s Quarters, where it
-seems pleased to consider itself at home.</p>
-<p>In the Small-Mammal House is shown a new species,
-closely allied to the above, from Phoenix, Arizona, recently
-described by Dr. C. H. Merriam as <i>Vulpes macrotis</i>, or the
-<b>Large-Eared Swift</b>.</p>
-<p><b>The Gray Fox</b>, (<i>Urocyon virginianus</i>), is the fox of the
-South, even though it does range northward well into the
-territory of the red fox. This species is distinctly smaller
-and more lightly built than the red, its hair is not so luxuriant,
-it is more shy and retiring, and its colors change very
-little. When hotly pursued by dogs it often climbs trees
-that are quite perpendicular, to a height of twenty feet or
-more. In captivity Gray Foxes are forever trying to escape
-by climbing, instead of by burrowing, as would naturally
-be expected. In temper, they are treacherous to their
-keepers, and also to each other, and as &ldquo;pets&rdquo; are anything
-but desirable.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_103">103</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig62">
-<img src="images/pmg069.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="386" />
-<p class="pcap">RED FOX.</p>
-</div>
-<p><b>The Tasmanian Wolf, or Thylacine</b>, (<i>Thylacinus cynocephalus</i>),
-is a very strange-looking and interesting creature,
-about the size of a pointer dog. Its color is dark yellowish
-brown, and it has a series of broad black stripes, or bands,
-running across its hind quarters and loins. The wide gape
-of its mouth reminds one of an iguana or a monitor.</p>
-<p>This animal, fully named above, is the largest of the carnivorous
-marsupials of Australia, and the female possesses
-an abdominal pouch in which she carries her young, like
-a kangaroo. It is now found only in Tasmania, and it dwells
-amongst rocks, in rugged and mountainous regions. Because
-of its depredations upon the sheep herds, the Thylacine
-has been diligently hunted and destroyed, and now
-living specimens rarely are taken.</p>
-<p>In the zoological gardens of Europe and America, this
-species usually is kept in heated buildings, but it has been
-ascertained by experiment that this specimen thrives best
-in the open air. Living examples in captivity are now so
-very rare it is a difficult matter to keep one constantly on
-exhibition.</p>
-<h3 id="c25">THE OTTER POOLS, No. 31.</h3>
-<p><b>The American Otter</b>, (<i>Lutra canadensis</i>), is unfortunate
-in being the bearer of valuable fur; and in the northern
-regions, where the cold causes the development of fur that
-<span class="pb" id="Page_104">104</span>
-is available for the use of the furrier, this creature is so
-nearly extinct that trappers no longer pursue it. In the
-southern States, where its fur is short, rather coarse and
-&ldquo;off color,&rdquo; the Otter still is found. In some portions of
-eastern Florida, and along the coast of South Carolina, it
-is frequently taken. In captivity, it often becomes quite
-tame, even affectionate, and always is interesting. Unless
-closely confined, however, it is prone to wander, and meet
-premature death.</p>
-<p>In captivity the Otter usually is active and restless, and
-very much in evidence. Owing to the strength of its jaws,
-its ability to climb under certain conditions and its restless
-activity, it is difficult to confine a full-grown Otter in anything
-else than a complete box of iron cage-work.</p>
-<p>Few persons save woodsmen and naturalists are aware of
-the fact that in a wild state the Otter is a very playful animal,
-and is as fond of sliding down hill, over a wet and
-muddy slide, with a water plunge at the bottom, as any
-young person is of &ldquo;shooting the chutes.&rdquo; Like the small
-boy with the sled and a snowy hillside, the Otter sometimes
-indulges in its sliding pastime for an hour at a time, with
-a keen relish for the sport that is quite evident to all who
-have ever watched it.</p>
-<p>The Otter is a carnivorous animal, and in a wild state
-lives upon fish, frogs, crabs, young birds, small mammals,
-and, in fact, about any living thing which it can catch.</p>
-<p><b>The Coypu Rat</b>, (<i>Myopotamus coypu</i>), of Central and
-South America, is interesting because of the fact that it is
-the largest of all rats or rat-like animals. In its habits it
-is as fond of water as the musk-rat. It is sufficiently clothed
-with fur to endure outdoor life in the Park, even in winter,
-and it has been acclimatized here in one of the other pools.
-It breeds persistently, and thrives in captivity, provided it
-is treated as it should be.</p>
-<h3 id="c26">THE SMALL-MAMMAL HOUSE, No. 35.</h3>
-<p>The new Small-Mammal House, erected and occupied in
-1905, is a very different structure from the temporary building
-which formerly occupied the site. The present building
-is a twin of the Ostrich House, and in it much effort has
-been expended in devising ways and means to keep its living
-inhabitants clean, odorless and in good health. Owing,
-however, to the musky odors secreted by many of the civet
-<span class="pb" id="Page_105">105</span>
-cats and members of the Marten Family, it is beyond human
-power to keep a large collection such as this building contains
-without a certain amount of wild-animal odor.</p>
-<p>Most difficult of all collections to settle satisfactorily in a
-modern zoological park or garden is the great <i>omnium
-gatherum</i> of small species&mdash;and some large ones, also&mdash;which
-fall within the meaning of the term &ldquo;small mammals.&rdquo;
-The number of mammalian miscellanea which can not have
-buildings all their own is really very great. In addition to
-that there are always with us a considerable number of
-young and tender animals which require small quarters, and
-close attention. The visitor will therefore always find in
-the Small-Mammal House a great array of viverrine animals,
-of tropical squirrels and other small rodents, of mustelines,
-the nasuas, the small marsupials, young leopards, the
-lynxes and their relatives, baby bears, and many other
-species.</p>
-<p>Attention is invited to the great variety of cages in and
-around this building, of which there are five different types.
-The total number is 176. All those on the western side are
-adjustable as to their bottoms and sides, so that it is easy
-to throw several cages into one, and make cages either
-very long or very high. The idea of the collapsible cage,
-and also the general plan of it, has been copied from the
-model developed and in use in the Zoological Garden of
-Frankfort, Germany, by Director A. Seitz, to whom this
-acknowledgment is justly due. It will be noticed that
-every animal in this building enjoys the use of an outdoor
-cage, which connects directly with its interior quarters.</p>
-<p>Of such an odd mixture of animals as we are now to consider,
-anything like a perfect systematic zoological arrangement
-is a practical impossibility; but as far as it is possible,
-we will take up the animals by groups.</p>
-<p>On the whole, the most striking animals in the Small-Mammal
-House are the small cats and lynxes. Of the
-spotted cats, the <b>Serval</b>, (<i>Felis serval</i>), of Africa, is one of
-the rarest. Its long, slender legs, small head, slender body
-and round spots proclaim it a near relative of the cheetah.</p>
-<p><b>The Clouded Leopard</b>, (<i>Felis nebulosa</i>).&mdash;The dense and
-humid jungles of Borneo contain a beautiful tree-climbing
-leopard whose markings are laid on its sides in large, elliptical
-patches of pleasing pattern. This is the Clouded
-Leopard, so delicate in captivity that only one out of every
-four or five becomes acclimatized outside its native jungles.
-<span class="pb" id="Page_106">106</span>
-Our fine adult specimen, with very long canine teeth suggestive
-of those of the saber-toothed tiger, really belongs
-in the Lion House, but we dare not move it, for fear the
-change would in some manner prove fatal to it. It is an
-animal of vicious temper, and makes friends with no one.
-The half light of its cage is a welcome approach to the
-dense shadows in which it lives when at home.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig63">
-<img src="images/pmg070.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="382" />
-<p class="pcap">OCELOT.</p>
-</div>
-<p><b>The Jungle Cat</b>, (<i>F. bengalensis</i>), is a small and inconspicuous
-type, as befits an animal which lives by stealth in
-densely populated regions. The <b>Ocelot</b>, (<i>Felis pardalis</i>), of
-South and Central America, is a small spotted cat which
-very often is called a &ldquo;young jaguar.&rdquo; In size it is the
-third largest <i>Felis</i> of the American continent; but for all
-that, it is so small that an adult specimen would not make
-more than one square meal for a hungry jaguar. It is
-found from southern Texas to southern Brazil.</p>
-<p>The little <b>Margay Cat</b>, (<i>F. tigrina</i>), is our smallest and
-also rarest spotted cat. It is no larger than a good-sized
-domestic cat, and its tawny ground-color is marked all over
-with round spots. The rarest American feline in our possession
-is the queer, otter-like <b>Yaguarundi Cat</b>, (<i>F. yaguarundi</i>),
-of a uniform gray-brown color, without spots. It
-is found in southern Texas and Mexico, and is so seldom
-seen in captivity that comparatively few persons north of
-the Rio Grande are aware of its existence. Our specimen
-came from Brownsville, Texas.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_107">107</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig64">
-<img src="images/pmg071.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="385" />
-<p class="pcap">COMMON GENET.</p>
-</div>
-<p><b>The Bay Lynx, Red Lynx, or Wild Cat</b>, (<i>Lynx rufus</i>), is
-the smallest of American Lynxes, and it is the one that inhabits
-the United States eastward of the great plains. Until
-further notice, this species will be found in the Small-Mammal
-House. It may have a few dark spots, or none at all.
-Its color varies so greatly that it is at times impossible to
-determine where this species leaves off, and the more heavily
-spotted subspecies of the southwest takes its place. The
-latter is known as the <b>Spotted Lynx</b>, (<i>L. r. maculatus</i>).</p>
-<p>The large and important group of Viverrines, or long-faced
-cat-like carnivores of the East Indies, (Family <i>Viverridae</i>),
-is well represented. It is the true Civets which furnish&mdash;some
-of them&mdash;the evil-smelling civet of commerce&mdash;an
-odor which we would gladly do without. The <b>Common
-Civet-Cat</b>, (<i>Viverra zibetha</i>), is the best known member of
-this Family, and it is easily recognized by its large size,
-heavily-spotted body and ring-streaked tail. It is common
-throughout the Malay Peninsula, and in many other portions
-of the Malay Archipelago. The larger <b>Malayan Civet-Cat</b>,
-(<i>V. malaccensis</i>), strongly resembles its understudy, but its
-black spots and blotches are larger and more intense, and in
-form it is much more robust.</p>
-<p>The large and handsome <b>White-Whiskered Paradoxure</b>,
-(<i>Paradoxurus leucomystax</i>), has been in the Park about six
-years, and to-day it coughs and snarls at the visitor just as
-it did in the beginning. It is a smooth-coated creature,
-<span class="pb" id="Page_108">108</span>
-colored like a puma, and comes from northern China. Other
-members of the Family <i>Viverridae</i> contained in the collection
-are the <b>Malayan Paradoxure</b>, (<i>P. hermaphroditus</i>); the <b>Black
-Paradoxure</b>, (<i>P. niger</i>); the <b>African Ichneumon</b>, (<i>Herpestes
-ichneumon</i>), the strange black creature from the Malay Peninsula
-called the <b>Binturong, or &ldquo;Bear-Cat,&rdquo;</b> (<i>Arctictis binturong</i>),
-and the <b>Suricate, or Slender-Tailed Meerkat</b>, (<i>Suricata
-tetradactyla</i>), of South Africa.</p>
-<p>Into the Small-Mammal House have drifted and comfortably
-settled down several canine species which are not so
-well satisfied, elsewhere. <b>The Black-Backed Jackal</b>, (<i>Canis
-mesomelas</i>), of Africa, is one of the most interesting, and it
-is also the one that thrives best in captivity. It is very
-much like a dark phase of the Azara Dog, of South America,
-and it is the handsomest of all the Jackals. <b>The Cape Hunting
-Dog</b>, of eastern Africa, has for years been present in
-this building, and it will be kept as continuously as circumstances
-will permit.</p>
-<p><b>The New Mexico Desert Fox</b>, (<i>Vulpes macrotis neomexicanus</i>), is
-a small understudy of the better known <b>Swift</b> or
-<b>Kit Fox</b> of the northern plains, but it has larger ears.
-Neither of these delicate little species seems to thrive in our
-large Fox Dens, which seem to be too large for them; but
-in this building they thrive and are quite content with life.
-The Swift Fox is the four-footed elf of the plains, and it
-is unfortunate that the poison laid for the fierce and cruel
-stock-killing wolves should prove its extermination&mdash;as it
-surely will, ere long.</p>
-<p><b>The Arctic Fox</b>, (<i>Vulpes lagopus</i>).&mdash;This creature of the
-polar world is a striking example of climatic influence on
-a species, and also of the danger that lies in describing a
-species from a single specimen. In the far north, the
-Arctic Fox is snow-white all the year round. Farther south
-it is white in winter, but in summer is bluish-brown. In the
-southern part of its range, the Aleutian Archipelago for
-example, except for an occasional white individual, it is
-dark all the year round, and is known only as the <b>Blue
-Fox</b>. At first it may seem difficult to believe that these two
-widely-different extremes are only color-phases of the same
-species; but it is quite true. The dark-colored animal is
-not even accorded subspecific rank.</p>
-<p>On various islands along the Alaska coast, especially in
-the Aleutian Archipelago, about forty commercial companies
-are engaged in breeding Blue Foxes for their fur, some of
-<span class="pb" id="Page_109">109</span>
-them with satisfactory success. The foxes are fed daily,
-on cooked corn meal and dried fish. They come up to be
-fed, and when the time comes to handle and sort them
-previous to killing the annual allotment, they greatly facilitate
-matters by the readiness with which they enter box
-traps.</p>
-<p>The great decrease in the annual supply of good fur
-has caused many persons to hope that fox-breeding may
-be developed into a remunerative industry. Except in
-Alaska, no extensive experiments in that line have been
-made. It is quite desirable that fox-breeding in the United
-States should be taken up under state or national auspices,
-and worked out to a successful issue. There is good reason
-to hope and believe that it might be developed into an important
-industry.</p>
-<p>From Argentina, South America, have come two fine
-specimens of the <b>Azara Dog</b>, (<i>Canis azarae</i>), which, but for
-their half dog-like tails might pass anywhere as rather odd-looking
-gray foxes. But they are a visible reminder of the
-fact that the pampas of South America contain an extensive
-series of foxes and wild dogs, which thus far is practically
-unknown everywhere north of the Amazon.</p>
-<p><b>The Dingo, or Australian Wild Dog</b>, (<i>Canis dingo</i>), is
-represented by two specimens which look like ordinary
-yellow dogs. By many persons it is believed that this animal
-was not indigenous to Australia, and was planted there
-by man, but the evidence in support of that supposition is
-by no means conclusive.</p>
-<p><b>The Coati-Mundi</b>, (pronounced coy-ty mon-day), is for
-its size one of the best exhibition animals that can be found
-outside of the Primate House. It is closely related to our
-raccoon, but is far more showy and interesting. It has a
-very lively and industrious disposition, is a good climber,
-and from dawn until dark is almost constantly on the move.
-Although it is a carnivorous animal, and provided with
-powerful canine teeth, it is not naturally quarrelsome, but
-on the contrary is quite gregarious in its habits. The genus
-<i>Nasua</i> inhabits Mexico, Central and South America. We
-have two species, the <b>Red Coati-Mondi</b>, (<i>Nasua rufa</i>), and
-the <b>White-Nosed</b>, (<i>N. narica</i>).</p>
-<p><b>The Raccoon Dog</b>, of Japan, (<i>Nyctereutes procyonoides</i>),
-is to all outward appearances a raccoon, but its feet are
-digitigrade, not plantigrade, and it is a true dog.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_110">110</div>
-<p><b>The American Badger</b>, (<i>Taxidea americana</i>), is represented
-by a fine, large and very light-colored specimen that
-was presented by President Roosevelt. The <b>European
-Badger</b>, (<i>Meles taxus</i>), is shown near by.</p>
-<p>Our collection of Rodents contains the following important
-and representative species of squirrels:</p>
-<table class="center" summary="">
-<tr class="th"><th colspan="4"><span class="sc">North American.</span></th></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Gray Squirrel </td><td class="l"><i>Sciurus</i> </td><td class="l"><i>carolinensis</i> </td><td class="l">New York.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Black Squirrel </td><td class="l"><span class="hst">&ldquo;</span> </td><td class="l"><span class="hst">&ldquo;</span> </td><td class="l">Ohio.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Fox Squirrel </td><td class="l"><span class="hst">&ldquo;</span> </td><td class="l"><i>ludovicianus</i> </td><td class="l">Kansas.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Southern Fox Squirrel </td><td class="l"><span class="hst">&ldquo;</span> </td><td class="l"><i>niger</i> </td><td class="l">Louisiana.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Red Squirrel </td><td class="l"><span class="hst">&ldquo;</span> </td><td class="l"><i>hudsonius</i> </td><td class="l">New York.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Eastern Chipmunk </td><td class="l"><i>Tamias</i> </td><td class="l"><i>striatus</i> </td><td class="l"><span class="hst">&ldquo;</span></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Western Chipmunk </td><td class="l"><span class="hst">&ldquo;</span> </td><td class="l"><i>speciosus</i> </td><td class="l">California.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Parry&rsquo;s Spermophile </td><td class="l"><i>Citellus</i> </td><td class="l"><i>parryi</i> </td><td class="l">Alaska.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Thirteen-Lined Spermophile </td><td class="l"><i>Spermophilus</i> </td><td class="l"><i>tridecem-lineatus</i> </td><td class="l">Iowa.</td></tr>
-<tr class="th"><th colspan="4"><span class="sc">Foreign Species.</span></th></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Malabar Hill Squirrel </td><td class="l"><i>Sciurus</i> </td><td class="l"><i>malabaricus</i> </td><td class="l">S. India.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Indian Hill Squirrel </td><td class="l"><span class="hst">&ldquo;</span> </td><td class="l"><i>bicolor</i> </td><td class="l">N. India.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Prevost Squirrel </td><td class="l"><span class="hst">&ldquo;</span> </td><td class="l"><i>prevosti</i> </td><td class="l">Malayana.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Golden-Bellied Squirrel </td><td class="l"><span class="hst">&ldquo;</span> </td><td class="l"><i>aureogaster</i> </td><td class="l">Mexico.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Columbia Fire-Backed Squirrel </td><td class="l"><span class="hst">&ldquo;</span> </td><td class="l"><i>variabilis</i> </td><td class="l">S. America.</td></tr>
-</table>
-<p>No collection of Rodents is worthy of acceptance by the
-public without a fair representation of Porcupines. The
-most wonderful species is the <b>African Porcupine</b>, (<i>Hystrix
-cristata</i>), which when disturbed erects a threatening array
-of enormously-long, shining black-and-white quills that are
-a wonder to behold. The lofty white crest of this animal
-is one of its most conspicuous features.</p>
-<p><b>The Indian Crestless Hill Porcupine</b>, (<i>H. longicauda</i>),
-usually present in our collection, is merely a quiet understudy
-of the former. Strange to say&mdash;and also provoking&mdash;our
-old friend of the North Woods, the <b>Canada Porcupine</b>,
-(<i>Erethizon dorsatus</i>), is much more capricious and
-difficult to keep for a long period than either of the fine
-foreign species already mentioned. It is only the men who
-know all about animals who can tell us why nothing seems
-to exactly satisfy them, and why they will not breed here,
-live ten years and be happy. Even the best cage life does
-not seem to be good enough for them; but we are still
-experimenting.</p>
-<p>In order that visitors to the Park may at all times be
-able to see a <b>Beaver</b>, (<i>Castor canadensis</i>), and not be
-thwarted in that desire by the very shy habits of the animals
-<span class="pb" id="Page_111">111</span>
-in the Beaver Pond, we have a specimen on exhibition
-in the Small-Mammal House. This individual came from
-the Rio Grande, as a small kit, and has been reared in its
-present quarters. It is kept constantly supplied with food--wood,
-chiefly of poplar and maple, and clean water in which
-to bathe.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig65">
-<img src="images/pmg072.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="392" />
-<p class="pcap">AFRICAN PORCUPINE.</p>
-</div>
-<p><b>The Capybara</b>, (<i>Hydrochaerus capybara</i>), is the largest of
-all gnawing animals, and the most remarkable rodent in
-our collection. In form and size it suggests a large, gray,
-coarse-haired pig. It is a water-loving animal, of the American
-tropics, and lives on the grassy banks of the delta of
-the Orinoco, and similar places farther south. It is one of
-the best divers of all land animals, and when attacked on
-land always plunges into the water and dives for about
-100 feet before coming to the surface. It is strictly a vegetable
-feeder, and its flesh is very palatable food. It takes
-kindly to captivity, and in disposition it is very affectionate.</p>
-<p><b>The Agouti</b>, (<i>Dasyprocta</i>), is to the jungles of South
-America as the cotton-tail rabbit is to the forests of the
-eastern United States; but structurally it is not closely
-related to the members of the Rabbit Family. It lives
-wholly on the ground, in dense cover, and is very difficult
-to shoot. As a rule, it is impossible for dogs to catch it
-because it runs so swiftly through the dense cover that
-they cannot keep it in sight. There are a number of species,
-varying in color from dark brown to golden yellow.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_112">112</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig66">
-<img src="images/pmg073.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="399" />
-<p class="pcap">TAMANDUA.</p>
-</div>
-<p><b>The Toothless Mammals.</b>&mdash;The Order <i>Edentata</i> contains
-some of the most odd and remarkable mammals that ever
-find their way into a zoological park. They are the armadilloes,
-ant-eaters and sloths. Without exception, they are
-delicate feeders, and difficult to keep for long periods, and
-for this reason the number on exhibition constantly varies
-between half a score and none at all! As far as it is possible,
-the species named below will be kept on exhibition;
-but these rarities are difficult to obtain, and the supply
-must be regarded as intermittent.</p>
-<p><b>The Nine-Banded Armadillo</b>, (<i>Tatu novemcinctum</i>), of
-southern Texas and Arizona, and southward, is the only
-edentate found in the United States. Its total length, from
-nose to tail-tip, is about 26 inches, and it is about as large
-as an opossum. Its strangest feature is the horny shell,
-with 9 jointed bands in the middle, which Nature has designed
-for the animal&rsquo;s protection. It lives in burrows in
-the earth, and in a wild state it feeds on a mixed diet of
-worms, ants, snails, beetles, grasshoppers and other insects.</p>
-<p><b>The Six-Banded Armadillo</b>, (<i>Dasypus sexcinctus</i>), of South
-America, has a much stronger and more bony shell than the
-preceding species, but very similar habits. <b>The Three-Banded
-Armadillo</b>, (<i>Tolypeutes tricinctus</i>), is the most remarkable
-of all&mdash;and also the most difficult to obtain. It
-is able to convert itself into a round ball covered at all
-<span class="pb" id="Page_113">113</span>
-points by bony armor, and remarkably well protected from
-the teeth of predatory animals.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig67">
-<img src="images/pmg074.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="396" />
-<p class="pcap">GREAT ANT-EATER.</p>
-</div>
-<p><b>The Great Ant-Eater</b>, (<i>Myrmecophaga jubata</i>).&mdash;This is a
-very remarkable animal, and usually is to be found alive in
-the Small-Mammal House. Its anatomical peculiarities are
-apparent at a glance. Its toothless jaws are enormously
-elongated, and taper to a rounded point, where the mouth
-opens as a narrow slit, scarcely large enough to admit the
-large end of a lead pencil. Its front claws are large and
-strong, for use in tearing open ant-hills and decayed logs;
-and the creature walks upon them as if club-footed. Its
-tail is long and thick, and bears a luxuriant brush, of coarse,
-wavy hair more than a foot long. The negroes of British
-Guiana gravely inform travellers that the Ant-Eater uses
-his bushy tail as a broom, with which he sweeps up ants in
-order to devour them wholesale.</p>
-<p>As may be inferred from the total absence of teeth, this
-strange creature lives chiefly upon crawling insects. In devouring
-the dreadful ants, which in a South American forest
-often make life a burden, it helps to preserve the balance
-of Nature. In captivity the food of this animal consists of
-milk, raw eggs and ground meat. In taking its food it
-thrusts out from four to eight inches of round, wormlike
-tongue, which contrary to many published statements, is
-not covered with sticky saliva.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_114">114</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig68">
-<img src="images/pmg075.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="394" />
-<p class="pcap">SIX-BANDED ARMADILLO.</p>
-</div>
-<p><b>The Tamandua</b>, (<i>Tamandua tetradactyla</i>), is a smaller
-ant-eater than the preceding species, of tree-climbing habits,
-with a proportionately shorter head, no long hair on its
-tail, and extremely large front claws. It is found in Venezuela,
-the Guianas, Brazil, and in fact that greater portion
-of the region of tropical forests on this continent south of
-Mexico. Its tail is prehensile, or grasping, and in climbing
-is used almost constantly.</p>
-<p><b>The Sloths</b> are the slowest, the most helpless and defenseless
-of the edentates. They subsist chiefly upon leaves,
-they climb no more swiftly than a man, and they escape
-their enemies through the resemblance of their pelage to the
-rough bark of the tree-trunks among which they live. They
-have a few teeth, but none for defense, and their claws
-are of use only in climbing, except that they can pinch
-with them.</p>
-<p>Two species of Sloth are occasionally seen in the Zoological
-Park, but usually <i>in the Primate House</i>, where the
-high temperature is better suited to their needs.</p>
-<p><b>The Three-Toed Sloth</b>, (<i>Bradypus tridactylus</i>), is the one
-with a brown &ldquo;saddle-mark&rdquo; of short hair in the middle of
-its back. The remainder of its pelage is coarse and long,
-and its greenish tint renders it a close imitation of algae-covered
-tree-bark. <b>The Two-Toed Sloth</b>, (<i>Choloepus hoffmani</i>),
-is much larger than the preceding, and lives longer
-in captivity. Four fine adult specimens occupy a large cage
-<span class="pb" id="Page_115">115</span>
-at the Primate House, where they seem to be fully acclimatized.
-In form and habit they are remarkable animals, and
-well worthy of close attention.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig69">
-<img src="images/pmg076.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="394" />
-<p class="pcap">TWO-TOED SLOTH.</p>
-</div>
-<p><b>The Egg-Laying Mammals.</b>&mdash;For several months there
-were exhibited here two <b>Echidnas</b>&mdash;of all small mammals
-ever seen alive in New York the most wonderful. The Echidna
-comes from Australia, the home of remarkable types of
-animals, and belongs to the lowest Order of Mammals,
-(<i>Monotremata</i>). Like its distant relative, the duck-billed
-platypus, it reproduces by <i>laying eggs</i>! Its back
-is covered with short but very thick spines, and its nose is
-a long, slender beak, absolutely unique. Other examples
-of this species will be exhibited whenever possible.</p>
-<h3 id="c27">THE PUMA AND LYNX HOUSE, No. 33A.</h3>
-<p>Near the Small-Mammal House (No. 35) will be found
-a log cabin with its entire front opening into two wire-covered
-yards. The interior of the building is provided
-with sleeping-dens in which the occupants of the two enclosures
-can keep dry and warm. This installation is for
-lynxes, but half of it is occupied by pumas. Already it has
-fully proven the desirability of keeping lynxes and pumas
-constantly in the open air, and without artificial heat. To
-lynxes especially there is nothing more deadly than a well-heated
-room, indoors.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_116">116</div>
-<p><b>The Puma</b>, (<i>Felis concolor</i>), is described in the section
-relating to the Lion House, where other Pumas are exhibited
-(<a href="#Page_78">page 78</a>).</p>
-<p>Of the Lynxes, we have two well-defined species, and
-one subspecies. The <b>Canada Lynx</b>, (<i>Lynx canadensis</i>), is
-well represented in the southern compartment of the Puma
-House, where a fine adult pair has become acclimatized.
-This is the <i>Loup Cervier</i> of the French Canadians, and it is
-truly the Lynx of Canada and the subarctic North. It has
-<i>no spots on its body</i>, and its pelage is a cold pepper-and-salt
-gray color. Its feet are large and heavily furred, and
-it has a long, black hair-pencil on the tip of each ear. A
-large specimen stands 18 inches high, and weighs 22 pounds.
-The food of the American Lynxes generally consists of hares
-and rabbits, ground birds of all kinds, and anything else
-that can be caught and killed, except porcupine. To man
-they are not &ldquo;dangerous animals.&rdquo;</p>
-<h3 id="c28">THE BURROWING MAMMALS, AND OTHERS, No. 42.</h3>
-<p>North America is wonderfully rich in species of gnawing
-animals, and the end is not yet. The investigations of our
-mammalogists are adding new species with a degree of
-rapidity and parallelism that is fairly bewildering.</p>
-<p>It is the duty of the Zoological Society to do its utmost
-to increase as much as possible the sum total of knowledge
-of our largest Order of Mammals. Manifestly, however, it
-is impracticable to do more than place before visitors a reasonable
-number of well-chosen types, which shall represent
-as many as possible of the twelve Families, and also the
-genera most worth knowing.</p>
-<p>The most serious obstacle in the way of anyone who attempts
-to exhibit collections of living rodents lies in the
-natural propensity of so many species to keep out of sight
-during the daytime. This is particularly true of the members
-of the Mouse, Pocket Gopher, and Pouched Rat Families,
-comprising about three hundred species in all. With
-very few exceptions, the whole matter of the exhibition
-of collections of living rodents is something new, and every
-step is an experiment. In the belief that even the most shy
-burrowing animals will appreciate abundant room, perfectly
-natural surroundings, plenty of food, and immunity from
-annoyance, and eventually fall into the habit of spending
-many of the daylight hours above ground, as do prairie-dogs,
-<span class="pb" id="Page_117">117</span>
-the Society has constructed a series of fifteen small
-yards, each 10&times;20 feet, bounded by walls going down to
-bedrock, and enclosed above by a box-like arrangement of
-very light wire-netting 5 feet high. The ground is chiefly
-undisturbed soil of a firm and gravelly nature, thoroughly
-drained, and all earth filling has been tightly rammed into
-place to prevent caving in the burrows. Above ground,
-each yard contains weathered rocks, stumps, and hollow
-logs in abundance.</p>
-<p>In these fifteen yards, each of which will hold specimens
-of at least two or three species, will be placed strongly
-marked types of those families whose representatives are
-most numerous in North America, and also the least known,
-only a few of which may be mentioned here.</p>
-<p><b>The Sewellel Family</b>, (<i>Aplodontidae</i>), contains five or six
-species and is of unusual scientific interest. The Sewellel,
-Mountain Beaver, Farmer or &ldquo;Showt&rsquo;l&rdquo; (<i>Aplodontia rufus</i>
-and <i>major</i>), is an animal of the size and general appearance
-of a large, short-tailed muskrat. It inhabits a few localities
-in remote regions in the mountain-valleys of northern California,
-Oregon, Washington, and southern British Columbia.
-It feeds like a beaver, climbs bushes four feet high, burrows
-in <i>wet</i> ground, and fights like a little fiend when brought to
-bay. Notwithstanding the size of this animal, it is very
-seldom seen, and is but little known.</p>
-<p><b>The Squirrel Family</b>, (<i>Sciuridae</i>), is large (one hundred
-and forty-one species), very interesting, and entitled to
-much consideration. In the present enclosure will be shown
-in summer many species of interesting ground squirrels,
-chipmunks, and marmots. In winter all the squirrels, save
-one or two hardy native species, will be found in the Small-Mammal
-House, near by.</p>
-<p><b>The Rabbit Family</b>, (<i>Leporidae</i>), is one of the most difficult
-to install and exhibit. Its members are large and
-showy, but for several reasons it is very difficult to keep
-them on exhibition in captivity. In time, however, all four
-of the great groups&mdash;<b>Rabbit</b>, <b>Varying Hare</b>, <b>Jack Hare</b>, and
-also the <b>Pikas</b>, forming the allied Family <i>Ochotonidae</i>&mdash;will
-be represented by specimens.</p>
-<p>Just what can be accomplished satisfactorily with the
-most interesting members of the <b>Jumping Mouse</b>, <b>Pouched
-Rat</b>, and <b>Pocket Gopher</b> Families, remains to be determined
-by trial. If they can be induced to show themselves to
-<span class="pb" id="Page_118">118</span>
-visitors, during daylight hours, they will be kept for exhibition;
-otherwise not. At present, some examples of these
-species can be seen in the Reptile House.</p>
-<p><b>In Winter.</b>&mdash;In the temperate zone, when &ldquo;winter comes
-to rule the varied year,&rdquo; all the burrowing animals must
-retire to their burrows, live upon their buried stores of
-winter food, and hibernate until spring. The tropical
-species do not know how to hibernate, and therefore they
-must be taken indoors, or they perish.</p>
-<p>In order that our native species of rodents may be seen
-all winter, and that the tropical species may be kept alive,
-nearly all the animals that in summer live in the Burrowing
-Mammal Quarters are removed in autumn to the well-warmed
-Small-Mammal House. It also happens that in
-summer a few of the small carnivores, and all armadilloes,
-are kept in these Quarters.</p>
-<p>In addition to the rodents which it is practicable to exhibit
-in these enclosures, the summer season will find some
-of them occupied by certain especially interesting species
-which need the soil of Mother Earth as well as sunlight
-and air. Here will be found the <b>Armadilloes</b>, the <b>Nasuas</b>,
-the <b>Raccoon Dogs</b>, the <b>Swift Foxes</b> and a few others, which
-in winter belong in the Small-Mammal House.</p>
-<h3 id="c29">THE PRAIRIE-DOG VILLAGE, No. 41.</h3>
-<p><b>The Western Prairie-&ldquo;Dog,&rdquo;</b> or <b>Prairie Marmot</b>, (<i>Cynomys
-ludovicianus</i>).&mdash;Occupying a conspicuous hill-top near
-the Small-Deer House, and overlooking the Wild-Fowl
-Pond, is a circular enclosure, 80 feet in diameter, surrounded
-by an iron fence with an overhang, with walls
-going down to bedrock. This contains about fifty fat and
-jolly little Prairie Marmots, one-half of which are the gift
-of a Montana ranchman, Mr. Howard Eaton. The soil of
-the enclosure has never been disturbed, and there is no
-danger that the little creatures ever will be smothered in
-their burrows, as frequently happens in earth that has once
-been dug up and filled in again.</p>
-<p>Owing to its optimistic and even joyous disposition, the
-Prairie-&ldquo;Dog&rdquo; has many friends, and &ldquo;happy as a Prairie-'Dog&rsquo;&rdquo;
-would be a far better comparison than &ldquo;happy as a
-king.&rdquo; His cousin, the woodchuck, has the air of being
-perpetually &ldquo;in the dumps,&rdquo; but the Prairie-&ldquo;Dog&rdquo;&mdash;never.
-His so-called bark is really a laugh, and his absurd little tail
-<span class="pb" id="Page_119">119</span>
-was given to him solely as a means of visible expression of
-good nature. But he has his enemies and detractors. The
-coyote loves his plump and toothsome body; the &ldquo;granger&rdquo;
-hates him for the multitude of his holes, and puts spoonfuls
-of poisoned wheat into his burrow.</p>
-<h3 id="c30">THE BEAR DENS, No. 37.</h3>
-<p>The bears of the world form a very interesting group;
-and when its representatives are properly installed&mdash;in
-large, open yards, with abundant sunlight, fresh air and
-room for exercise&mdash;they develop finely, live happily, and
-furnish endless entertainment. Under proper conditions,
-bears are cheerful animals, full of the playful spirit that
-robs captivity of its chief terror. To confine large bears
-singly, in small cages, or in wet-floored, high-walled dungeons,
-or in the unspeakable &ldquo;pits&rdquo; of mediaeval type, is a
-sin against Nature. It is to be noted, however, that small
-and timid bears, like <i>Ursus japonicus</i>, are better off in small
-cages than in the very large ones; and it is for this reason
-that eight small dens have been provided, opposite the original
-series.</p>
-<p>The Zoological Society has put forth considerable effort
-in constructing a series of nine large Bear Dens which provide
-ideal conditions for their inmates. Bears do not need
-<i>buildings</i>! Their habits call for large, open yards, properly
-situated, with snug and dry sleeping-dens attached, to
-which they can retire whenever they wish. To them,
-masonry walls are worse than useless, for they cut off sunlight
-and promote dampness; but rocks and trees upon
-which to climb are very beneficial. In warm weather, all
-bears are fond of bathing, and a bathing pool in each cage
-is very necessary.</p>
-<p><i>It is cruelty to animals</i> for visitors to throw peanuts, or
-food of any kind, into our bear dens; and it is <i>strictly forbidden</i>.
-All persons who do not wish to be reprimanded in
-public, or arrested, are advised to refrain from it. Teasing
-with food always irritates bears, sets them to fighting, spoils
-their dispositions and <i>renders them dangerous to the keepers
-who have to go in with them</i>! <i>All visitors who are law-abiding,
-and friendly to the Zoological Society, are requested
-to assist the keepers and policemen in preventing lawless persons
-from throwing food into the bear dens.</i> A stern reprimand
-often prevents serious trouble.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_120">120</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig70">
-<img src="images/pmg077.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="394" />
-<p class="pcap">POLAR BEARS.
-<br />Showing a portion of their den and pool cut from the solid rock.</p>
-</div>
-<p>The bears of North America form four well-defined groups,
-as follows:</p>
-<dl class="undent"><dt>The Polar Bear.</dt>
-<dt>The Grizzly Bear.</dt>
-<dt>The Alaskan Brown Bears.</dt>
-<dt>The Black Bears, and their allies.</dt></dl>
-<p>Up to this date (April 1, 1913), 24 species and subspecies
-have been described, and it is reasonably certain that much
-more work remains to be done on the members of this group
-of animals before the status of each valid and invalid species
-will be rendered thoroughly clear.</p>
-<p>The most noteworthy species are as follows:</p>
-<table class="center" summary="">
-<tr class="th"><th colspan="3">THE MOST IMPORTANT SPECIES OF NORTH AMERICAN BEARS.</th></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l"><i>Ursus maritimus</i>, (Desm.), Polar Bear. Arctic regions generally.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">The Brown Bears. </td><td class="l"><i>Ursus middendorffi</i>, (Merriam), Kadiak Bear. Kadiak Is., Alaska.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l"><i>Ursus dalli</i>, (Merr.), Yakutat Bear. Yakutat Bay, Alaska.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l"><i>Ursus eulophus</i>, (Merr.), Admiralty Bear. Admiralty Is., Alaska.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l"><i>Ursus gyas</i>, (Merr.), Peninsula Bear. Portage Bay, Alaska Peninsula.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">The Grizzly Bears. </td><td class="l"><i>Ursus Horribilis</i>, (Ord.), Grizzly Bear: Silver-Tip. Wyoming and Utah to Alaska.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l"><i>Ursas horribilis horriaeus</i>, (Baird), Mexican Grizzly. Southwestern New Mexico.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l"><i>Ursus richardsoni</i>, (Swainson), Barren-Ground Grizzly. Great Slave Lake region, and Barren-Grounds.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">The Black Bears. </td><td class="l"><i>Ursus americanus</i>, (Pallas), Black Bear. Eastern North America.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l"><i>Ursus luteolus</i>, (Griffith), Louisiana Bear. Louisiana and Texas.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l"><i>Ursus floridanus</i>, (Merr.), Everglade Bear. Florida.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l"><i>Ursus emmonsi</i>, (Dall), Glacier Bear. St. Elias Alps, Yakutat Bay.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l"><i>Ursus kermodei</i>, (Hornaday), Inland White Bear. Northwestern British Columbia.</td></tr>
-</table>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_121">121</div>
-<p><b>The Polar Bear</b>, (<i>Ursus maritimus</i>).&mdash;In nearly every collection
-of living bears the individuals of this species are the
-most showy and attractive. Their white coats quickly catch
-the eye of the visitor, and whether young or old, they are
-generally the most active and playful of all captive bears.
-In cold weather, when other bears lie in the sun, or, if permitted,
-curl up in the straw of their sleeping dens, the
-Polar Bear will disport himself in the freezing cold water
-of his swimming pool, and joyously play with a cake of ice
-until the sight of it makes one shiver.</p>
-<p>The Polar Bear Den is situated at the north end of Rocking-Stone
-Hill, about two hundred feet from the north end
-of the main series of Bear Dens. It is reached by descending
-the steps leading toward the Beaver Pond, and turning to
-the right. From the Rocking-Stone Restaurant, the Polar
-Bears are quickly reached by descending the hill toward the
-north.</p>
-<p>Although the Polar Bear inhabits practically the whole of
-the Arctic Ocean and its numerous islands, it is by no means
-the most northerly warm-blooded mammal. Nansen found
-fox tracks at 85&deg; N., but the most northerly bear observed
-was on the 84th parallel. The favorite home of this animal
-is the edge of the great polar ice cap, where Neptune
-and the &ldquo;Frost King&rdquo; wage continuous warfare. He seldom
-ventures more than a day&rsquo;s journey inland, on any shore.
-<span class="pb" id="Page_122">122</span>
-In winter, as the edge of the ice-pack moves southward, and
-in summer when it retreats northward, he follows it in
-order to keep in touch with the ringed seals and walrus
-that also go with it.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig71">
-<img src="images/pmg078.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="403" />
-<p class="pcap">POLAR BEAR &ldquo;SILVER KING.&rdquo;</p>
-</div>
-<p>The power of the Polar Bear to resist ice-cold water&mdash;nay,
-even to enjoy it&mdash;may fairly be regarded as one of
-the wonders of Nature. On the coast of Alaska this strange
-creature will plunge into the Arctic Ocean and swim miles
-from shore, through tossing fields of broken ice, and wherever
-the mother leads, her cubs follow.</p>
-<p>In the Autumn of 1910, the sealing steamer &ldquo;<i>Boethic</i>&rdquo; arrived
-at New York bringing two adult Polar Bears that were
-captured in the summer of that year by Mr. Paul J. Rainey.
-Both animals were presented to the Zoological Society, and
-the largest one called &ldquo;Silver King&rdquo; occupies the cage
-that was specially built for the polar bears, and the female
-is exhibited in very comfortable quarters, built for her near
-that installation. Owing to their savage temper neither
-of these bears ever can be kept with other bears, nor can
-any keeper ever enter the cage of either. &ldquo;Silver King&rdquo;
-weighs 880 pounds and is probably the largest Polar Bear
-ever captured alive and unhurt. While the female is not as
-large as &ldquo;Silver King,&rdquo; she is in every way as perfect a
-specimen.</p>
-<p><b>The Yakutat Bear</b>, (<i>Ursus dalli</i>).&mdash;In 1899, we received
-from Hudson Lake, Copper River District, Alaska, two
-<span class="pb" id="Page_123">123</span>
-young Alaskan Brown Bears which for some time we believed
-would prove to represent the species found on Kadiak
-Island. In this belief they were for a time labeled as Kadiak
-Bears, (<i>U. middendorffi</i>), and so entered provisionally
-in previous editions of the Guide Book. The maturity of
-the animals has proven that this supposition was erroneous.
-The extremely short and thick muzzle of the adult male
-proves conclusively that they are not identical with the
-long-skulled species of Kadiak. This interesting pair, absolutely
-identical in color with <i>middendorffi</i>, are now identified,
-pending further revisions of our <i>Urisdae</i>, as <i>Ursus
-dalli</i>.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig72">
-<img src="images/pmg079.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="396" />
-<p class="pcap">SYRIAN BEAR.</p>
-</div>
-<p>This species, and the two following, well represent the
-group of big Alaskan Brown Bears, which are quite distinct
-from the grizzlies and blacks. They are characterized by
-their great size, high shoulders, massive heads, shaggy brown
-pelage, and large claws. They live chiefly upon salmon,
-which they catch from the small streams, but they also
-devour great quantities of <i>grass</i>.</p>
-<p><b>The Peninsula Bear</b>, (<i>Ursus gyas</i>), of Moeller Bay, well
-down the Alaskan Peninsula, may at once be recognized
-by its light brownish-yellow color, and its great size for a
-bear born in 1904. Its claws are of enormous thickness.</p>
-<p>This animal is now beyond doubt one of the two largest
-bears in captivity, his only rival being in the Zoological Park
-at Washington.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_124">124</div>
-<p><b>The Admiralty Bear</b>, (<i>Ursus eulophus</i>), represents a large
-species originally discovered on Admiralty Island, southern
-Alaska. Its dark brown color is very much like that of the
-Yakutat and Kadiak bears.</p>
-<p><b>The Grizzly Bear</b>, or &ldquo;<b>Silver-Tip Grizzly</b>,&rdquo;
-(<i>Ursus horribilis</i>).&mdash;The
-rapid disappearance of this species from the
-United States renders all living examples of it specially
-interesting.</p>
-<p>Of all bears, the Silver-Tip Grizzly is the most savage and
-dangerous. He is easily angered, and when wounded or
-harried not only becomes furiously vindictive, but he also
-possesses a degree of courage which renders him a dangerous
-antagonist. As a general thing, a Grizzly Bear, like a
-lion or tiger, will run as soon as he discovers the presence of
-his only enemy&mdash;man; but if he is wounded or cornered&mdash;or
-<i>thinks</i> he is cornered&mdash;he assumes the aggressive, without
-an instant&rsquo;s delay. Unfortunately, the largest Silver-Tip
-Grizzlies ever killed have been too far from scales to make
-it possible to weigh them.</p>
-<p>The most interesting specimen of the Rocky Mountain
-Silver-Tip now on exhibition is a dark-colored and very
-handsome specimen, named &ldquo;Engineer,&rdquo; obtained in
-Meeker, Colorado, by Professor Henry F. Osborn, and presented
-to the Society by the Engineers&rsquo; Club of New York
-City. The color of this individual is darker than the most
-common type of the Silver-Tip, which is sometimes almost
-as gray as a badger.</p>
-<p>A very beautiful male Silver-Tip, from Wyoming, is much
-lighter in color than the Colorado specimen. Its face and
-head are so light-colored it would be called by Rocky
-Mountain hunters a &ldquo;Bald-Faced&rdquo; Grizzly. A third specimen
-was obtained for the Society at White Horse, Yukon
-Territory, in 1905, and its development will be watched with
-much interest. Throughout the Rocky Mountain region
-the &ldquo;Silver-Tip&rdquo; and the &ldquo;Grizzly&rdquo; are identical; but the
-color of the species varies considerably.</p>
-<p>In a wild state Grizzly Bears live on berries and fruits of
-all kinds available, succulent roots, grubs, carrion if it comes
-handy, and live game if it can be killed. In the cattle-growing
-states bordering the Rocky Mountains, owing to
-their cattle-killing propensities, a bounty of from twelve to
-fifteen dollars per head is paid for their destruction.</p>
-<p><b>The Black Bear</b>, (<i>Ursus americanus</i>).&mdash;Until quite recently
-all black bears in North America were referred to a
-<span class="pb" id="Page_125">125</span>
-single species, with the type of which most persons are
-familiar. Even during the last twenty years living representatives
-of the Black Bear group have been found in nearly
-every state and territory of the United States, and also
-in northern Mexico, Labrador, Province of Quebec, Alberta,
-Assiniboia, British Columbia, Alaska, and the Mackenzie
-River basin. Our collection contains Black Bears representing
-several widely separated localities.</p>
-<p><b>The Spectacled Bear</b>, (<i>Ursus ornatus</i>).&mdash;After ten years of
-constant effort the Zoological Park finally acquired late in
-1910, a fine male specimen of the very rare and little known
-Spectacled Bear of the Andes of Ecuador and Peru.
-This zoological prize was procured for us in Quito, by Mr.
-Edgar Beecher Bronson (Author of &ldquo;In Closed Territory,&rdquo;)
-and by him presented to the Society. &ldquo;Frederico&rdquo; is distinguished
-by a glossy jet-black coat, very small ears, long
-feet and a large imperfect circle of white around each eye,
-with white bands down the cheeks and throat. In size it
-matches a small American black bear. As soon as the new
-bear dens are finished, this animal will be removed from the
-Small-Mammal House to one of them. If this species was
-ever before exhibited in North America, we have never
-heard of it.</p>
-<p><b>The Andean Black Bear</b>, (<i>Ursus ornatus thomasi</i>), from
-Southern Columbia, South America, is a subspecies of the
-spectacled bear, with no &ldquo;spectacles&rdquo; around its eyes, and no
-white markings save under its chin and throat. This specimen
-is smaller than the one from Quito. Practically nothing
-is known of the habits of these two species.</p>
-<p><b>The Brown Bear</b> of Europe, (<i>Ursus arctos</i>), is represented
-by two specimens from Central Russia which bear a general
-resemblance to Rocky Mountain grizzlies. This is so striking
-that were they not labeled very few persons would suspect
-their European birth. They have the high shoulders and
-grizzly brown coat of the silver-tip, and in the Rocky
-Mountains would be considered good examples of <i>Ursus
-horribilis</i>.</p>
-<p>This pair has bred four times and reared some very fine
-cubs.</p>
-<p><b>The Syrian Bear</b>, (<i>Ursus syriacus</i>), is well represented by
-a fine specimen from Trebizond, Asia Minor. This bear is
-of a pale yellow color, with very high shoulders, narrow
-head and smooth pelage. The Syrian bear represents &ldquo;the
-bears of the Bible,&rdquo; which appeared in punishment of the
-<span class="pb" id="Page_126">126</span>
-children who were disrespectful to the prophet Elisha.
-Bears of this species are often trained to dance, and perform
-various tricks at command, and usually lead very
-miserable lives at the hands of gypsies and other bear
-specialists of nomadic habits.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig73">
-<img src="images/pmg080.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="399" />
-<p class="pcap">SPECTACLED BEAR.</p>
-</div>
-<p><b>The Hairy-Eared Bear</b>, (<i>Ursus piscator</i>), a species very
-rarely seen in captivity, is represented by two fine specimens
-from the Altai Mountains, Central Asia. This animal
-is sometimes called, on account of its peculiar light brown
-color, the <b>Isabella Bear</b>. Its more correct name has been
-bestowed on account of its large and very hairy ears. It
-inhabits northeastern Asia, as far southwestward as the
-Altai Mountains. The fine pair exhibited were presented
-to the Society by Mr. Carl Hagenbeck.</p>
-<p><b>The Himalayan Black Bear</b>, (<i>Ursus torquatus</i>), is the
-handsomest of the four living species of black bears, and
-can easily be identified anywhere by three distinct characters,
-neither of which is possessed by any other black bear.
-They are, a <i>pure white chin</i>, <i>long side-whiskers on the jaws
-and sides of the neck</i> and <i>very large ears</i>. Up to this date
-the geographic range of this very interesting animal has
-been recorded as extending from eastern Persia through
-Beluchistan, Afghanistan, Assam, and South China to Formosa;
-but the three specimens exhibited were taken in
-northern Japan, where the existence of this species seems to
-be established beyond question.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_127">127</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig74">
-<img src="images/pmg081.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="390" />
-<p class="pcap">EUROPEAN BROWN BEAR.
-<br />Two cubs are nursing.</p>
-</div>
-<p><b>The Japanese Black Bear</b>, (<i>Ursus japonicus</i>), from northern
-Japan, is one of the smallest of living bears, being only
-slightly larger than the Malay sun bear. In general appearance
-it suggests a small edition of the American black
-bear. The first specimen exhibited at the Zoological Park
-was very good-natured, but all these received since are
-nervous and irritable, and also very timid.</p>
-<p><b>The Sloth Bear</b>, (<i>Ursus labiatus</i>), often called the <b>Long-Lipped
-Bear</b>, can be recognized as far as it can be seen by its
-shaggy mop of enormously long, black hair, its white muzzle,
-and its very long, white claws. It is a creature of many
-peculiarities. It inhabits India generally in forest regions.
-This is Kipling&rsquo;s &ldquo;Baloo.&rdquo;</p>
-<table class="center" summary="">
-<tr class="th"><th colspan="5">LIST OF BEARS IN THE ZOOLOGICAL PARK.</th></tr>
-<tr class="th"><th colspan="5">April 1, 1913.</th></tr>
-<tr><td class="r">2 </td><td class="l">Polar Bears </td><td class="l"><i>Ursus maritimus</i> </td><td class="c">from </td><td class="l">Ellesmere Land.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="r">2 </td><td class="l">Yakutat Bears </td><td class="l"><i>Ursus dalli</i> </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="l">Alaska.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="r">1 </td><td class="l">Peninsula Bear </td><td class="l"><i>Ursus gyas</i> </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="l">Alaska Peninsula.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="r">1 </td><td class="l">Admiralty Bear </td><td class="l"><i>Ursus eulophus</i> </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="l">Adm. Is., Alaska.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="r">3 </td><td class="l">Kadiak Bears </td><td class="l"><i>Ursus middendorffi</i> </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="l">Kadiak Island.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="r">1 </td><td class="l">Kobuk Brown Bear </td><td class="l">Undetermined </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="l">Kobuk River, AL</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="r">1 </td><td class="l">Grizzly Bear </td><td class="l"><i>Ursus horribilis</i> </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="l">Colorado.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="r">1 </td><td class="l"><span class="hst">&ldquo;</span><span class="hst">&ldquo;</span> </td><td class="l"><span class="hst">&ldquo;</span><span class="hst">&ldquo;</span> </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="l">Yukon Terr.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="r">1 </td><td class="l"><span class="hst">&ldquo;</span><span class="hst">&ldquo;</span> </td><td class="l"><span class="hst">&ldquo;</span><span class="hst">&ldquo;</span> </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="l">Wyoming.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="r">1 </td><td class="l">Spectacled Bear </td><td class="l"><i>Ursus ornatus</i> </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="l">Equador.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="r">1 </td><td class="l">Andean Black Bear </td><td class="l"><i>Ursus ornatus thomasi</i> </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="l">Columbia, S. A.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="r">1 </td><td class="l">Black Bear </td><td class="l"><i>Ursus americanus</i> </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="l">Pennsylvania.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="r">1 </td><td class="l"><span class="hst">&ldquo;</span><span class="hst">&ldquo;</span> </td><td class="l"><span class="hst">&ldquo;</span><span class="hst">&ldquo;</span> </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="l">Virginia.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="r">3 </td><td class="l"><span class="hst">&ldquo;</span><span class="hst">&ldquo;</span> </td><td class="l"><span class="hst">&ldquo;</span><span class="hst">&ldquo;</span> </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="l">Alaska.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="r">1 </td><td class="l"><span class="hst">&ldquo;</span><span class="hst">&ldquo;</span> </td><td class="l"><span class="hst">&ldquo;</span><span class="hst">&ldquo;</span> </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="l">West Ontario.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="r">1 </td><td class="l"><span class="hst">&ldquo;</span><span class="hst">&ldquo;</span> </td><td class="l"><span class="hst">&ldquo;</span><span class="hst">&ldquo;</span> </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="l">Mexico.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="r">1 </td><td class="l">Cinnamon Bear </td><td class="l"><span class="hst">&ldquo;</span><span class="hst">&ldquo;</span> </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="l">Colorado.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="r">1 </td><td class="l"><span class="hst">&ldquo;</span><span class="hst">&ldquo;</span> </td><td class="l"><span class="hst">&ldquo;</span><span class="hst">&ldquo;</span> </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="l">Wyoming.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="r">1 </td><td class="l">Syrian Bear </td><td class="l"><i>Ursus syriacus</i> </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="l">Asiatic Turkey.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="r">3 </td><td class="l">Brown Bears </td><td class="l"><i>Ursus arctos</i> </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="l">Central Russia.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="r">2 </td><td class="l">Hairy-Eared Bears </td><td class="l"><i>Ursus piscator</i> </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="l">N. W. Mongolia.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="r">1 </td><td class="l">Himalayan Black Bear </td><td class="l"><i>Ursus torquatus</i> </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="l">Japan.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="r">1 </td><td class="l">Japanese Bear </td><td class="l"><i>Ursus japonicus</i> </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="l">Japan.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="r">1 </td><td class="l">Sloth Bear </td><td class="l"><i>Ursus labiatus</i> </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="l">India.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="r">2 </td><td class="l">Yezo Bears </td><td class="l"><i>Ursus ferox</i> </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="l">Yezo, Japan.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="r u">1 </td><td class="l">Malay Sun Bear </td><td class="l"><i>Ursus malayanus</i> </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="l">Borneo.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="r">36 </td><td colspan="2" class="l">specimens, representing 18 species.</td></tr>
-</table>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_128">128</div>
-<p><b>The Malay Sun Bear</b>, (<i>Ursus malayanus</i>), is the smallest
-bear in the world, also the ugliest and the most ill-tempered.
-When fully enraged, it sometimes barks like a dog. Its hair
-is very short and close, and its head and feet seem to be too
-large for its body. This species inhabits Borneo, Sumatra,
-the Malay Peninsula and Farther India. Two specimens will
-be found <i>in the Small-Mammal House</i>.</p>
-<h3 id="c31">THE RACCOON TREE.</h3>
-<p><b>The Raccoon Tree.</b>&mdash;A permanent installation for Raccoons
-has been established near the southern end of the
-Bear Dens, where its inmates will be near their plantigrade
-relatives. At the foot of the steps leading down from the
-Rocking Stone, a cedar-tree, forty feet in height, has been
-enclosed by an elliptical iron fence provided with a sheet-metal
-overhang which is not negotiable by any <i>Procyon</i>.
-Inside the fence is a dry yard, a pool of water for all
-purposes, and the trunk of the tree is surrounded by a
-rustic shelter house, divided into ten warm and dry compartments.
-Underneath the house is a clean and smooth
-wooden floor, on which the food is served.</p>
-<p>The smooth, horizontal limbs of a cedar-tree are grateful
-and comforting to a dozing Raccoon, and the tree is not so
-high that the animals can climb beyond the visual power of
-the visitor.</p>
-<h3 id="c32">THE BEAVER POND, No. 29.</h3>
-<p>Hidden away in the deep valley between high hills of
-virgin forest lies the Beaver Pond. The spot is so secluded,
-<span class="pb" id="Page_129">129</span>
-so silent and primeval, that it seems like the heart of the
-Adirondack wilderness. Lying fairly in the lap of the
-granite hills is a three-acre oval of level swamp, which
-recently was full of woodland rubbish and choked by rank
-weeds. The seclusion of the spot, the splendid forest, the
-food-wood and the possibilities of the dam, all naturally
-suggested the beaver.</p>
-<p>In order that the building of a dam by the beavers would
-not raise the water level so high as to flood the roots of a
-number of fine forest trees and destroy them, two feet of
-soil was taken out of the swamp, and at the same time a
-broad outlet was excavated. A fence of small iron bars,
-with an overhang, was designed to encircle an area of about
-three acres. Within the enclosure thus made, stand several
-large forest trees&mdash;chiefly oak, sweet gum, and maple&mdash;which
-have been protected by guards of wire and corrugated
-iron. The small maples, however, have been given
-over to the beavers, to cut down and use as food-wood and
-also in their dam-building operations.</p>
-<p><b>The Beaver Colony</b> in our pond is in good working order,
-and its display of work makes a highly satisfactory exhibit.
-The dam, about 40 feet long and 4 feet high, was built of
-poles and sticks which were cut, peeled, floated down and
-placed by the beavers, and pointed up with mud. There is
-a house 10 feet in diameter and 4 feet high, similarly constructed.
-Within the enclosure about twenty saplings and
-trees have been cut down by the beavers and used up for
-food and building materials.</p>
-<p>For this colony the Society is indebted to Mr. Hugh J.
-Chisholm, who procured for it two specimens from Canada
-and three from Maine.</p>
-<p><b>The American Beaver</b>, (<i>Castor canadensis</i>), is a remarkable
-animal. In original thought it is equalled by few animals,
-and in industry by none. With the possible exception
-of the porcupine, it is the largest gnawing animal in North
-America, once was widely distributed, and its beautiful fur
-has been in demand ever since the days of the colonists.
-Unfortunately, the Beaver&rsquo;s intelligence was directed chiefly
-to the building of dams, canals, and houses, and procuring
-an abundant supply of food-wood, rather than in providing
-itself with means of escape from its arch enemy&mdash;the man
-with a steel trap. Because of the constant demand for its
-fur, this animal has been so nearly exterminated throughout
-the United States that practically none remains save where
-<span class="pb" id="Page_130">130</span>
-they are rigidly protected. At present the largest colonies
-known are those in the Yellowstone Park, although in Canada
-and the Northwest many still remain.</p>
-<p>The most wonderful thing about the Beaver is the manner
-in which he builds dams, to make ponds deep enough for
-his timber-floating operations, and to afford him a submarine
-passage to his house. Give him a valley and a
-stream of water, and he will gladly make a pond out of
-whatever raw materials are at hand. He uses the four-foot
-sticks from which he has eaten the bark for food, and with
-these, and an abundance of mud, he will raise a good strong
-dam to a height of four feet, and a width on the ground of
-ten feet or more. The mud used is dug out of the bottom
-and sides of his pond, and carried, while swimming, between
-his paws, with his front feet holding it against his
-breast. The sticks used in the dam are thrust endwise into
-the mud on top of the dam, and the mud used is patted
-down with his fore feet. The tail is not used as a trowel,
-but in swimming it is the Beaver&rsquo;s propeller.</p>
-<p>In captivity the Beaver is not wholly a satisfactory animal.
-Like some human craftsmen, he positively declines to work
-under observation, and performs nearly all his tasks at
-night. He thinks nothing of gnawing down a tree a foot
-in diameter, and cutting its limbs into pieces which he can
-handle while swimming. If he can secure enough food-wood
-of kinds of his liking, he eats little else. Besides
-building dams to create ponds in which he can take refuge
-when hard pressed, he constructs canals, and houses for
-winter use. He also digs burrows into high banks; but his
-entrances to his various homes always are under water.</p>
-<h3 id="c33">THE ECONOMIC RODENT-REPTILE COLLECTION.</h3>
-<p>As an answer to a frequent question&mdash;&ldquo;Of what use are
-reptiles?&rdquo;&mdash;a new collection has been installed in the
-Reptile House. It is supplied with descriptive labels, and
-serves several purposes. In the first place there is presented
-an elaborate series of the small gnawing animals, or rodents,
-a number of the species of which are highly injurious to the
-interests of agriculturists; secondly, the exhibition contains
-a large series of those species of snakes that prey upon the
-destructive rodents,&mdash;thus presenting for observation the
-serpents of marked economic value. Finally, the entire
-series stands as a clear demonstration of the perfect logic of
-<span class="pb" id="Page_131">131</span>
-Nature in which the production of all animal life is carefully
-balanced; for a part of the exhibition is composed of
-representative species of mammals that, in turn, prey upon
-the serpents, thus keeping even the destroyers of the smaller
-injurious creatures within bounds!</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig75">
-<img src="images/pmg082.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="436" />
-<p class="pcap">BRAZILIAN TREE PORCUPINE.</p>
-</div>
-<p>During the past two years the collection of rodents has
-been steadily growing in importance. The following is a
-list of the species on exhibition at the close of the year 1912:</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_132">132</div>
-<table class="center" summary="">
-<tr class="th"><th colspan="2">RODENTS IN THE ZOOLOGICAL PARK.</th></tr>
-<tr class="th"><th colspan="2"><span class="small">HARES AND RABBITS</span> (<i>Leporidae</i>)</th></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Mexican Swamp Rabbit </td><td class="l"><i>Lepus palustris</i>.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Cotton-Tail Rabbit </td><td class="l"><i>Lepus palustris mallurus</i>.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Domestic Rabbits, various breeds </td><td class="l">(Nursery stock.)</td></tr>
-<tr class="th"><th colspan="2"><span class="small">SQUIRRELS AND MARMOTS</span> (<i>Sciuridae</i>)</th></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Thirteen-Lined Spermophile </td><td class="l"><i>Spermophilus 13-lineatus</i>.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Desert Spermophile </td><td class="l"><i>Spermophilus leucurus</i>.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Richardson Spermophile </td><td class="l"><i>Spermophilus richardsoni</i>.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Woodchuck </td><td class="l"><i>Arctomys monax</i>.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Prairie Dog </td><td class="l"><i>Cynomys ludovicianus</i>.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">European Squirrel </td><td class="l"><i>Sciurus vulgaris</i>.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Mexican Squirrel </td><td class="l"><i>Sciurus aureogaster</i>.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Central American Squirrel </td><td class="l"><i>Sciurus variabilis</i>.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Cuban Squirrel </td><td class="l"><i>Sciurus chrysurus</i>.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Variable Squirrel </td><td class="l"><i>Sciurus griseo-flavus</i>.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Gray Squirrel </td><td class="l"><i>Sciurus carolinensis</i>.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Black Squirrel </td><td class="l"><i>Sciurus carolinensis niger</i>.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Fox Squirrel </td><td class="l"><i>Sciurus ludovicianus</i>.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">White-Headed Squirrel </td><td class="l"><i>Sciurus macrouroides</i>.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Malabar Squirrel </td><td class="l"><i>Sciurus malabaricus</i>.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Chipmunk </td><td class="l"><i>Tamicis striatus</i>.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">African Ground Squirrel </td><td class="l"><i>Xerus capensis</i>.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Flying Squirrel </td><td class="l"><i>Sciuropterus volans</i>.</td></tr>
-<tr class="th"><th colspan="2"><span class="small">BEAVERS</span> (<i>Castoridae</i>)</th></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">American Beaver </td><td class="l"><i>Castor canadensis</i>.</td></tr>
-<tr class="th"><th colspan="2"><span class="small">KANGAROO RATS</span> (<i>Heteromyidae</i>)</th></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Kangaroo Rat </td><td class="l"><i>Dipodomys merriami</i>.</td></tr>
-<tr class="th"><th colspan="2"><span class="small">POCKET GOPHERS</span> (<i>Geomyidae</i>)</th></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Harsh-Coated Pocket Gopher </td><td class="l"><i>Geomys hispidus</i>.</td></tr>
-<tr class="th"><th colspan="2"><span class="small">DORMICE</span> (<i>Gliridae</i>)</th></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Squirrel-Tailed Dormouse </td><td class="l"><i>Myoxus glis</i>.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Lesser Dormouse </td><td class="l"><i>Myoxus dryas</i>.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">English Dormouse </td><td class="l"><i>Muscardinus avellanarius</i>.</td></tr>
-<tr class="th"><th colspan="2"><span class="small">MICE AND RATS</span> (<i>Muridae</i>)</th></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Domestic Mouse&mdash;Unusual Color Phases </td><td class="l"><i>Mus musculus</i>.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Japanese Waltzing Mouse </td><td class="l"><i>Mus musculus</i>.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Black Rat </td><td class="l"><i>Mus rattus</i>.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Black-and-White Rat </td><td class="l"><i>Mus norwegicus</i>.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Gray-and-White Rat </td><td class="l"><i>Mus norwegicus</i>.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Porcupine Mouse </td><td class="l"><i>Acomys cahirinus</i>.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Egyptian Gerbille </td><td class="l"><i>Gerbillus pyramidum</i>.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Muskrat </td><td class="l"><i>Fiber zibethicus</i>.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Cotton Rat </td><td class="l"><i>Sigmodon hispidus</i>.</td></tr>
-<tr class="th"><th colspan="2"><span class="small">JERBOAS</span> (<i>Dipodidae</i>)</th></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Greater Jerboa </td><td class="l"><i>Dipus aegyptius</i>.</td></tr>
-<tr class="th"><th colspan="2"><span class="small">COYPU AND SPINY RATS</span> (<i>Octodontidae</i>)</th></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Coypu Rat </td><td class="l"><i>Myocastor coypu</i>.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Hutia: Cuban Tree Rat </td><td class="l"><i>Capromys pilorides</i>.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Short-Tailed Hutia </td><td class="l"><i>Capromys browni</i>.</td></tr>
-<tr class="th"><th colspan="2"><span class="small">PORCUPINES</span> (<i>Hystricidae</i>)</th></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Canada Porcupine </td><td class="l"><i>Erethizon dorsatus</i>.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Brazilian Porcupine </td><td class="l"><i>Sphingurus prehensilis</i>.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">African Porcupine </td><td class="l"><i>Hystrix cristata</i>.</td></tr>
-<tr class="th"><th colspan="2"><span class="small">VISCACHAS AND CHINCHILLAS</span> (<i>Chinchillidae</i>)</th></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Viscacha </td><td class="l"><i>Lagostoma trichodactylus</i>.</td></tr>
-<tr class="th"><th colspan="2"><span class="small">AGOUTIS</span> (<i>Dasyproctidae</i>)</th></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Golden Agouti </td><td class="l"><i>Dasyprocta agouti</i>.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Gray Agouti </td><td class="l"><i>Dasyprocta prymnolopha</i>.</td></tr>
-<tr class="th"><th colspan="2"><span class="small">CAVIES</span> (<i>Caviidae</i>)</th></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Domestic Cavy </td><td class="l"><i>Cavia porcellus</i>.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Capybara </td><td class="l"><i>Hydrochaerus capybara</i>.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Patagonian Cavy </td><td class="l"><i>Dolichotis patagonica</i>.</td></tr>
-</table>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_133">133</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig76">
-<img src="images/pmg083.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="394" />
-<p class="pcap">MUTE AND TRUMPETER SWANS.</p>
-</div>
-<h2>SECTION II.&mdash;BIRDS.</h2>
-<h3 id="c34">THE GOOSE AVIARY, No. 3.</h3>
-<p>There are no birds which take more kindly to captivity,
-or which better repay their keep and their keepers, than the
-ducks, geese, swans and pelicans. The only drawback to
-the maintenance of large collections of these birds in this
-latitude is the annual struggle with our arctic winter. On
-account of the fierce winter storms to which we must pay
-tribute, many species of swimming birds require to be taken
-out of their aviary, and housed in sheltered buildings, with
-moderate warmth. For this reason the pelicans, tree-ducks
-of all species, and all species from the tropics, must necessarily
-be absent in winter from their summer quarters.</p>
-<p>For the accommodation of a large, systematic collection of
-wild geese, an aviary two hundred and fifty feet long by
-one hundred and forty-three feet in width has been constructed
-in the north end of Bird Valley. To secure as much
-space as possible, the entire width of the open valley has
-been taken into the enclosure.</p>
-<p>The Goose Aviary consists of a pond containing three
-islands, two of which are subdivided by low fences of wire
-netting into twelve separate enclosures. The collection of
-geese has become so large and important the original Duck
-<span class="pb" id="Page_134">134</span>
-Aviary has been taken for it, and the Ducks will hereafter
-be found on the Wild-Fowl Pond and in the Flying Cage.</p>
-<p><b>The Geese.</b>&mdash;The collection of wild geese, in the Goose
-Aviary, is unusually large, there being generally about
-twenty out of the thirty-five known species. Among these
-one of the best known is the <b>Common Wild</b>, or <b>Canada
-Goose</b>, (<i>Branta canadensis</i>). Once common throughout
-many parts of the United States, continual persecution by
-sportsmen and market hunters has so generally reduced its
-numbers that now it is of comparatively rare occurrence.</p>
-<p>This exceeding rarity made the arrival of nine superb wild
-specimens on November 8, 1900, on the Wild-Fowl Pond, a
-most interesting event. Seven of the birds, including a fine
-gander, through the artifice of a trap, were induced to remain
-with us, and have taken up a peaceful abode on the
-little lake, with others of their kind presented by Mr. A. B.
-Frost.</p>
-<p><b>The African Spur-Winged Goose</b>, (<i>Plectropterus gambensis</i>),
-although of large size, is more properly a duck than a
-goose. A long sharp spur arises from the bend of each
-wing, which the birds use in fighting with each other for
-their mates.</p>
-<p><b>The Gray-Lag Goose</b>, (<i>Anser anser</i>), is, perhaps, the
-most interesting of all geese, as being the wild species from
-which our domestic birds are descended. The white color
-and large size are the chief differences between the domestic
-and wild birds.</p>
-<p><b>The White-Fronted Goose</b>, (<i>Anser albifrons</i>), is worthy of
-special notice because it is the handsomest of the ten species
-of North American geese. The breeding grounds are far
-to the north, and in Alaska the nests are mere hollows in
-the sand, lined with moss and down.</p>
-<p><b>The Bar-Headed Goose</b>, (<i>Eulabia indica</i>), inhabits the
-mountains of Central Asia, nesting always over a mile above
-the sea. It is perhaps the handsomest of all geese.</p>
-<p><b>The Swans.</b>&mdash;Usually at least six out of the seven known
-species of swans may be seen on exhibition here.</p>
-<p><b>The Mute Swan</b>, (<i>Cygnus olor</i>), is the commonest swan in
-captivity, and is the one made famous in European history
-and legend. It may always be known from the other species
-by the black knob at the base of the bill. It breeds
-freely in captivity and the young birds are known as
-cygnets.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_135">135</div>
-<p><b>The Trumpeter Swan</b>, (<i>Cygnus buccinator</i>), being the largest
-bird in the aviary, and also snowy white, is therefore
-the most conspicuous. Several fine specimens are shown on
-the North Island, living contentedly with other species.
-Some of these specimens were captured in Idaho, when
-young enough to take kindly to captivity.</p>
-<p><b>The Black Swan</b>, (<i>Chenopsis atrata</i>), of South Australia
-and Tasmania, is as glossy black, excepting its primaries,
-as other swans are white. It is a large and handsome bird,
-and much sought by all persons who form collections of
-water fowl.</p>
-<p><b>The Coscoroba Goose</b>, (<i>Coscoroba coscoroba</i>), is a fair connecting
-link between the swans and the ducks, partaking
-about equally of the characters of each. In size and color
-it is very much like our snow goose, (<i>Chen hyperborea</i>), but
-it is peculiar in possessing very long legs of a bright pink
-color, by which it is quickly recognized. Its bill, also is
-pink, and the tips of its primaries are black. The Coscoroba
-Goose is a native of southern South America, and a few years
-ago specimens were so rare in captivity that a pair sold
-for $300.</p>
-<h3 id="c35">THE FLYING CAGE, No. 4.</h3>
-<p>This mammoth bird-cage is one of the wonders of the
-Zoological Park. It represents an attempt to do for certain
-large and showy water birds, precisely what has been done
-for the hoofed animals, the beaver, otter, and other species&mdash;give
-them a section of Nature&rsquo;s own domain. In this
-they can fly to and fro, build nests and rear their young in
-real freedom.</p>
-<p>Near the lower end of Bird Valley, as a sort of climax
-for the Goose Aviary when seen from the north, rises a lofty,
-web-like structure, in the form of a huge, gothic arch. It is
-55 feet in height, 75 feet wide, and 152 feet long. The
-whole structure consists of a series of steel-pipe arches and
-purlins, the former eight feet apart, over which wire-netting
-has been tightly stretched.</p>
-<p>The wire-netting seems peculiarly open. It is of the kind
-known as chain-netting, which offers the least possible
-obstruction to the eye. This cage is so large that a very
-respectable block of houses, three stories high and of ample
-dimensions, could stand within it without touching the wire.
-It completely encloses three forest trees of very considerable
-<span class="pb" id="Page_136">136</span>
-size, two hickories and an oak; and it contains a pool
-of water a hundred feet long, and shrubbery in abundance.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig77">
-<img src="images/pmg084.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="410" />
-<p class="pcap">CEREOPSIS GEESE.</p>
-</div>
-<p>The idea of a very large cage for herons and egrets, is not
-new, for there are in existence several other flying cages,
-somewhat smaller than this. The first was erected in the
-Rotterdam Zoological Garden by its Director, the late Dr.
-A. Von Bemmelin, whose experiment proved very successful.
-Others are at London and in Paris Jardin d&rsquo;Acclimatation.</p>
-<p>The Flying Cage is the summer home of a mixed flock of
-such large and showy water birds as are most inclined to
-fly about within it, and afford students and the public an
-opportunity to study their movements and attitudes. Save
-for such allowances as must be made for accidents and
-epidemics, this enclosure will contain the following noteworthy
-species, along with others of less importance:</p>
-<p><b>The American Flamingo</b>, (<i>Phoenicopterns ruber</i>), is, in
-appearance, a connecting link between the herons and
-ducks, resembling the former in the great length of its legs,
-and the latter in the duck-like bill and webbed feet. When
-the plumage of this species is perfect, it is of a beautiful
-scarlet color throughout, excepting the primaries, which
-are black. In captivity, the color fades somewhat. This
-bird is found in the Bahama Islands and Cuba, but in Florida,
-where once it was fairly numerous, it no longer exists.
-<span class="pb" id="Page_137">137</span>
-Fortunately, this remarkable bird takes kindly to captivity,
-and the Zoological Park is never without a good-sized flock.
-Their strange form, showy colors and droll attitudes render
-them unusually interesting to visitors.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig78">
-<img src="images/pmg085.jpg" alt="" width="470" height="500" />
-<p class="pcap">WHITE-FACED GLOSSY IBIS.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig79">
-<img src="images/pmg085a.jpg" alt="" width="455" height="500" />
-<p class="pcap">ROSEATE SPOONBILL.</p>
-</div>
-<p>With the birds of the above species are shown a few specimens
-of the <b>European Flamingo</b>, (<i>P. roseus</i>), which is almost
-white. The only parts which show the characteristic
-scarlet of this genus, are the wing coverts, which are pale
-red, or pink.</p>
-<p><b>The Scarlet Ibis</b>, (<i>Guara rubra</i>), is for its size the most
-showy bird in existence, not even excepting the birds of
-paradise. Excepting the black primaries, every feather on
-the adult bird in perfect plumage is of a brilliant Chinese
-vermilion color, visible in nature for a long distance. The
-immature birds are mottled and patched with white. This
-species once came as far north as southern Florida, but now
-it is found only from Cuba southward. They frequent the
-mud banks at the various mouths of the Orinoco, and not
-long since were quite abundant on the coast of British
-Guiana.</p>
-<p><b>The White-Faced Glossy Ibis</b>, (<i>Plegadis guarauna</i>), is not
-a rare bird in captivity, and it will doubtless be possible to
-maintain this species perpetually in the Flying Cage and
-Aquatic-Bird House.</p>
-<p><b>The Wood Ibis</b>, (<i>Tantalus loculator</i>).&mdash;The Park obtains
-its supply of birds of this species from Florida, where they
-breed, in very greatly reduced numbers, on the headwaters
-of the St. Johns. This bird is a very satisfactory member of
-avian society. Although amply large to lord it over the
-<span class="pb" id="Page_138">138</span>
-other birds of the cage, he quarrels with none, but peacefully
-goes his way, feeling with the point of his beak along
-the sandy bottom of the pool for something edible, or standing
-in quiet meditation on the bank. Notwithstanding its
-common name, this bird is not an ibis, but a true stork. In
-its black and white plumage it is quite a handsome bird.
-Although not so fond of using its wings in captivity as are
-herons and egrets, the Wood Ibis is for many reasons a very
-welcome tenant.</p>
-<p><b>The White Stork</b>, (<i>Ciconia ciconia</i>), is as large as our
-wood ibis, which it strongly resembles in form and habits.
-This bird is literally the household bird of Germany, and its
-place in the family has now become of more importance
-than its place in nature. Throughout Holland, Germany,
-and very nearly the whole of eastern and central Europe,
-the White Stork is so prized and protected by the people
-that it has attained a state of semi-domestication. Nesting
-places are prepared for it, usually near or even upon human
-habitations, and it enjoys an immunity from molestation
-quite like that of the adjutant in India.</p>
-<p><b>The Great Blue Heron</b>, (<i>Ardea herodias</i>), is frequently
-called the &ldquo;blue crane&rdquo;; but the latter name is a misnomer.
-It properly belongs to our sandhill crane (<i>Grus canadensis</i>).
-Just why so large a number of people should be so persistent
-in this error is a psychological problem; but the fact
-remains that people will not say &ldquo;heron.&rdquo;</p>
-<p>This Great Blue Heron is the largest and most noteworthy
-bird of our northern marshes. Thanks to the fact that it
-bears no desirable &ldquo;plumes,&rdquo; and its flesh is not edible, it
-has been permitted to live. When not molested, it becomes
-quite trustful, and when wading along a shore, fishing for
-minnows, it affords for the field-glass or the camera a very
-interesting subject. In summer these birds are quite numerous
-in the marshes along the Shrewsbury River, between
-Sandy Hook and Long Branch, and they are an unfailing
-source of interest to excursionists. It is sincerely to be
-hoped that the evil eye of &ldquo;Dame Fashion&rdquo; will not fall
-upon this bird, and cause its extermination.</p>
-<p><b>The Great White Heron</b>, (<i>Ardea americana</i>), is taller than
-the great blue heron, and it is the largest of all the white
-herons and egrets. Like the whooping crane, it is now a
-bird of such exceeding rarity that the procuring of a specimen
-may be counted a stroke of good fortune. In eight
-<span class="pb" id="Page_139">139</span>
-years the Zoological Park has secured only three specimens,
-all of which came from southern Florida.</p>
-<p><b>The Little Blue Heron</b>, (<i>Florida caerulea</i>).&mdash;The immature
-birds of this species are snowy white, and so closely
-resemble snowy herons of the same age, that only one well
-acquainted with both can distinguish between them. They
-are, however, separately recognized by the fact that the
-snowy heron has black legs, and a black bill, whereas the
-legs and bill of the Little Blue Heron are pale yellow. This
-species is still common in some parts of its Florida home,
-and occasionally a specimen strays as far north as Staten
-Island.</p>
-<p><b>The Louisiana Heron</b>, (<i>Hydranassa tricolor ruficollis</i>), once
-very numerous in Florida, is still found there, but in greatly
-reduced numbers. It ranges from Central America and the
-West Indies northward to the Gulf States, and occasionally
-to Long Island. The general coloring is dark blue, but a
-prominent distinguishing character is the chestnut brown
-on the sides of the neck.</p>
-<p><b>The Black-Crowned Night Heron</b>, (<i>Nycticorax nycticorax
-naevius</i>), is one of the commonest herons about New York
-City and occasionally nests in the Park itself. It breeds in
-large colonies, and feeds chiefly at night. Its note is a
-hoarse <i>quok</i>, very much like the bark of a dog.</p>
-<p><b>The Snowy Heron</b>, or <b>Snowy Egret</b>, (<i>Egretta candidissima</i>),
-when fully adult, is the most beautiful white bird in
-all the avian world. Its form is the embodiment of symmetry
-and grace, its plumage is immaculate, and the filmy
-&ldquo;plumes&rdquo; on its head and back are like spun glass. Its
-black legs and bill merely serve to intensify the whiteness
-of its feathers. The vanity of woman has been the curse of
-the Snowy Egret. Its plumes are finest during the breeding
-season, and it was then that the hunters sought them,
-slaughtering the old birds in the rookeries by thousands
-(when they were abundant), and leaving the nestlings to
-die of starvation. If all women could know the price in
-blood and suffering which is paid for the accursed &ldquo;aigrettes&rdquo;
-of fashion, surely but few could find any pleasure
-in wearing them. It is strange that civilized woman&mdash;the
-tender-hearted, the philanthropic, and the ever-compassionate&mdash;should
-prove to be the evil genius of the world&rsquo;s most
-beautiful birds.</p>
-<p>In the United States the Snowy Egret now exists only by
-accident, and the &ldquo;plume hunters&rdquo; are pursuing this and
-<span class="pb" id="Page_140">140</span>
-the following species in Central and South America, to their
-most remote haunts, sometimes even at the risk of their
-lives. Fashion has decreed that the egrets must go.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig80">
-<img src="images/pmg086.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="377" />
-<p class="pcap">BROWN AND WHITE PELICANS.</p>
-</div>
-<p><b>The American Egret</b>, (<i>Herodias egretta</i>).&mdash;Much to the
-misfortune of this species, it possesses about fifty &ldquo;aigrette&rdquo;
-plumes which droop in graceful curves from the middle of
-its back far beyond the tail and wing tips. For these beautiful
-feathers this bird has been pursued by plume hunters
-almost to the point of total extermination in the United
-States.</p>
-<p><b>The White Pelican</b>, (<i>Pelecanus erythrorhynchus</i>), is one of
-the largest birds of North America and by reason of its
-size, its pure white plumage, its enormously long amber-colored
-bill and gular pouch, it is one of the most showy
-birds in the aviary. As consumers of fish they stand pre-eminent
-among birds, and their only rivals in the Park are
-the sea-lions. The specimens exhibited were collected for the
-Society in southern Texas.</p>
-<p><b>The Brown Pelican</b>, (<i>Pelecanus occidentalis</i>), when adult,
-is a handsome and showy bird, and one which not only is
-easily reconciled to life in a comfortable aviary, but positively
-enjoys it. The specimens in our collection were collected
-for the Society on Pelican Island, Florida, and their
-interesting home life at that place may be studied from the
-series of photographs on exhibition in the Aquatic Bird
-House. When their daily allowance of fish appears they
-<span class="pb" id="Page_141">141</span>
-crowd around their keeper, and with wide-open pouches
-earnestly solicit contributions.</p>
-<h3 id="c36">THE AQUATIC BIRD HOUSE, No. 5.</h3>
-<p>This building is the result of an attempt to solve an old
-problem in a new way&mdash;the care of large migratory water
-birds in the most uneven winter climate on earth. In comparison
-with the care in winter of flamingoes, large herons,
-egrets, ibises, and the like, the housing of perching birds,
-birds of prey and the parrots, presents few difficulties. But
-the wealth of fine water birds in North America alone, and
-the interest attaching to them, seem to justify the labor
-and expense that have been involved in this building and
-its appointments. Practically all of the birds to be seen in
-this building in winter are mentioned elsewhere in this
-volume.</p>
-<p><b>THE OWL CAGES.</b>&mdash;After the completion of the Eagle
-and Vulture Aviary, the ten large cages on the exterior of
-the Aquatic-Bird House, which have been occupied temporarily
-by the birds of prey, will be used for the owl collection.</p>
-<p><b>The Giant Eagle Owl</b>, (<i>Bubo bubo</i>), is a true giant among
-the owls. It is found throughout continental Europe, keeping
-mostly to the deep forests, and feeding on grouse, rabbits,
-etc. It is unusually long-lived in captivity, and breeds
-freely.</p>
-<p><b>The Milky Eagle Owl</b>, (<i>Bubo lacteus</i>), has the same general
-characters as its congener, but its feathers are of a
-beautiful, soft gray. It is very rare in collections.</p>
-<p><b>The Great Horned Owl</b>, (<i>Bubo virginianus</i>).&mdash;These nocturnal
-birds of prey inhabit heavily wooded regions, feeding
-on mice, and poultry when it is obtainable. The bright
-yellow iris, the conspicuous feather horns, and the apparently
-pivoted neck are curious features of these birds.
-Their reputation for wisdom is founded only on their external
-appearance, for in reality they are rather dull birds.</p>
-<p><b>The Snowy Owl</b>, (<i>Nyctea nyctea</i>), of the Arctic regions,
-migrating in winter to the northern United States, sometimes
-remains for several seasons in succession so far north
-that no specimens are obtainable. During 1899, 1900, and
-the first half of 1901, not one specimen could be procured,
-but in the late autumn of 1901 a southward migration began.
-<span class="pb" id="Page_142">142</span>
-On June 1, 1911, the Park exhibited six fine specimens,
-one of which was almost pure white. During the
-three hottest months of summer, these birds would suffer
-considerably, so during this period they are confined in a
-cool, dark cellar, thus keeping in perfect health and comfort
-throughout the year.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig81">
-<img src="images/pmg088.jpg" alt="" width="415" height="600" />
-<p class="pcap">GREAT HORNED OWL.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig82">
-<img src="images/pmg089.jpg" alt="" width="421" height="600" />
-<p class="pcap">SPECTACLED OWL.</p>
-</div>
-<p><b>The Screech Owl</b>, (<i>Otus asio</i>).&mdash;This little horned owl is
-our commonest species, and frequents the neighborhood of
-dwellings and orchards. Being nocturnal it is more common
-than is generally supposed, and its curious cry, which
-is not a screech, but a musical, quavering series of notes, is
-the cause most frequently leading to its discovery. Its two
-phases of plumage, red and gray, occur independently of
-sex, age or season. Its food consists of mice and insects.</p>
-<p><b>The Barred Owl</b>, (<i>Syrnium varium</i>).&mdash;This owl is more
-diurnal than its nearest relatives, and often hunts its prey
-in bright moonshine. Its deep, penetrating call, &ldquo;woo-o-o,
-whoo-o-o,&rdquo; is one of the most weird and striking cries of the
-bird world. Another peculiarity, common to all owls, but
-more noticeable in this less nocturnal species, is the absolutely
-noiseless flight. The soft, downy feathers of the owl
-permit it to wing its way through the air with as little noise
-as a falling leaf.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_143">143</div>
-<h3 id="c37">THE EAGLE AND VULTURE AVIARY, No. 11.</h3>
-<div class="img" id="fig83">
-<img src="images/pmg090.jpg" alt="" width="380" height="500" />
-<p class="pcap">EARED VULTURE.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig84">
-<img src="images/pmg091.jpg" alt="" width="371" height="500" />
-<p class="pcap">LAMMERGEYER.</p>
-</div>
-<p>The Eagle and Vulture Aviary stands in an open glade,
-but well surrounded by forest trees, in Bird Valley, between
-the Aquatic Bird House and the new Zebra House.
-It is a commodious and pleasant installation, well adapted
-to exhibit the Society&rsquo;s collection of rapacious birds. Its
-length over all is 210 feet. It has seven very large flight
-cages and six smaller ones. The largest cages are 24 feet
-wide, 33 feet deep and 31 feet high. In the rear of the
-great wire structure will stand a very comfortable brick
-building to serve as a winter shelter for the tropical birds
-of the collection; but it will not be open to the public.</p>
-<p>Now that our eagles and vultures are to be brought together,
-visitors will find that the collection is a large one,
-and contains many fine species.</p>
-<p><b>The Condor</b>, (<i>Sarcorhamphus gryphus</i>), of the Andes, is the
-largest of the birds of prey, having a wing-spread of over
-nine feet. It feeds entirely on carrion, rarely attacking living
-animals. In the male, the head is adorned with a large
-fleshy comb, much like that of a barn-yard cock. The Society
-at present possesses several specimens of this great
-bird.</p>
-<p><b>The King Vulture</b>, (<i>Gypagus papa</i>), is as its proud name
-implies, the one member of the Vulture Family which really
-<span class="pb" id="Page_144">144</span>
-is clad in royal robes, and color-decked to match. Its range
-extends from Mexico and Central America to Trinidad and
-Brazil. The visitor should not fail to see this gorgeously
-caparisoned body of white, cream-yellow and black, and
-head of orange, purple and crimson.</p>
-<p><b>Black Vulture</b>, (<i>Catharista urubu</i>).&mdash;These ill-favored but
-very useful birds are quite abundant, and even semi-domesticated,
-in some of our southern cities. This is due to the
-protection accorded them, because of their valuable services
-as scavengers. They are said to devour every particle of
-exposed organic refuse, and in a warm climate these services
-are of more value than we in the north can realize.</p>
-<p><b>The Yellow-Headed Vulture</b>, (<i>Cathartes urobitinga</i>), of
-northern South America, is a much handsomer bird than
-its two preceding relatives. It has much the same feeding
-habits, but is very rare and delicate in captivity.</p>
-<p><b>The California Condor</b>, (<i>Gymnogyps californianus</i>).&mdash;This
-is one of the rarest, and to all Americans the most interesting,
-bird of prey in the Park. The species is confined to a
-very small area in the rugged mountains of southern and
-lower California, and beyond all doubt, the skin-collecting
-ornithologists will exterminate it within the next twenty
-years, or less.</p>
-<p><b>The Griffon Vulture</b>, (<i>Gyps pulvus</i>), and the Kolbe Vulture,
-(<i>G. kolbi</i>), are Old World birds and although more
-closely related to the eagles than to the vultures of the New
-World, resemble the latter in general habits.</p>
-<p>Differing strongly from its congeners in general appearance,
-is the <b>Eared Vulture</b>, (<i>Otogyps auricularis</i>). This rare
-bird is a native of North Africa, where it feeds on such carrion
-as it is able to find. Its bare, wrinkled head and neck
-and great bill give it a decidedly gruesome appearance.</p>
-<p><b>The Red-Tailed Hawk</b>, (<i>Buteo borealis</i>).&mdash;The &ldquo;Hen
-Hawk,&rdquo; or &ldquo;Chicken Hawk,&rdquo; is one of our commonest birds
-of prey. It hardly merits its common name, as its favorite
-food is mice and other small mammals. This is the hawk
-seen, in the fall of the year, going south in flocks, sometimes
-of one hundred or more.</p>
-<p>One of the most splendid members of the collection is the
-<b>Harpy Eagle</b>, (<i>Thrasaetus harpyia</i>), of South America. The
-remarkably large legs and claws indicate the great strength
-which enables the bird to prey upon sloths, monkeys, and
-other fairly large animals.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_145">145</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig85">
-<img src="images/pmg092.jpg" alt="" width="506" height="500" />
-<p class="pcap">KING VULTURE.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig86">
-<img src="images/pmg093.jpg" alt="" width="485" height="490" />
-<p class="pcap">BLACK VULTURE.</p>
-</div>
-<p><b>The Lammergeyer</b> or <b>Bearded Vulture</b>, (<i>Gypaetus barbatus</i>),
-is now probably extinct in Europe, but is still found in
-parts of Asia. It feeds largely on lambs.</p>
-<p>A nearly cosmopolitan bird is the <b>Golden Eagle</b>, (<i>Aquila
-chrysaetos</i>). It is equally at home in the highlands of Scotland
-and the mountains of North America, nesting on the
-highest cliffs.</p>
-<p><b>The Bateleur Eagle</b>, of Africa, (<i>Helotarsus ecaudatus</i>), has
-narrowly missed the distinction of being the most beautiful
-of all birds of prey. Its plumage is charmingly colored
-but it is out of proportion. Its tail is so absurdly short
-that its wings quite conceal it, and make it appear as if
-altogether tailless.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig87">
-<img src="images/pmg094.jpg" alt="" width="387" height="500" />
-<p class="pcap">HARPY EAGLE.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig88">
-<img src="images/pmg095.jpg" alt="" width="381" height="480" />
-<p class="pcap">GRIFFON VULTURE.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_146">146</div>
-<p><b>Bald Eagle</b>, (<i>Halia&euml;tus leucocephalus</i>).&mdash;The appearance
-of the adult Bald Eagle, our National emblem, with its conspicuous
-white head and tail, is familiar to all; but the immature
-birds, as shown by several of the specimens, lack the
-white in their plumage. These birds are found usually near
-water, and their food is chiefly fish. These they sometimes
-catch for themselves, but if ospreys are found in the vicinity,
-they are watched by the eagles, and often robbed of their
-hard-earned prey.</p>
-<p>Perhaps the fiercest among all the hawks is the <b>White
-Gyrfalcon</b>, (<i>Falco islandus</i>). A native of the far north, it
-descends to a more equable clime only when forced to do
-so by scarcity of food. It is so swift of wing that it is able
-to capture a duck in full flight.</p>
-<p>Sea snakes form the rather unusual food of the <b>White-Breasted
-Sea Eagle</b>, (<i>Halia&euml;tus leucogaster</i>), of the East
-Indies, while the strikingly-colored <b>Vulturine Sea Eagle</b>,
-(<i>Gypohierax angolensis</i>), a native of Africa, feeds on fish,
-crabs, and the fruit of the oil palm.</p>
-<h3 id="c38">THE WILD TURKEY ENCLOSURE, No. 33.</h3>
-<p>At the northern end of Squirrel Ridge, where the Alligator
-Walk intersects the Rodent Walk, an ideal quarter of
-an acre, of oak and hickory trees, underbrush, and bare rock,
-has been dedicated to the king of game birds.</p>
-<p><b>The Wild Turkey</b>, (<i>Meleagris gallopavo silvestris</i>), is a
-bird of magnificent size and presence, and the splendid metallic
-luster of his plumage&mdash;a mixture of burnished bronze
-copper, lapis lazuli, and fire opal iridescence&mdash;backed up
-by a great bulk of savory flesh, all combine to make this the
-finest game bird on earth. It was once fairly abundant
-throughout the eastern United States, and still is found in
-Pennsylvania, southern Ohio, Virginia and other southern
-states as far west as Texas. Three other species of <i>Meleagris</i>
-are now recognized&mdash;one in Florida, one in southern
-Texas and northeastern Mexico, and the fourth in Mexico,
-extending to western Texas and Arizona.</p>
-<h3 id="c39">THE LARGE BIRD-HOUSE, No. 7.</h3>
-<p>On the northwest quarter of Baird Court stands the largest
-and the most generously equipped home for perching
-birds now in existence. This is not an unnecessary boast,
-<span class="pb" id="Page_147">147</span>
-but merely a brief statement of a fact which the visitor has
-a right to know. It was designed on our long-established
-principle that every captive wild creature is entitled to
-life, exercise and happiness. Our principle of very large
-cages, with many birds in each cage, is just the reverse of
-the views that have prevailed in the older zoological gardens,
-even down to the present day. To an important extent, the
-cage equipment of this building represents a new departure.
-There are many zoologists with experience longer than ours
-who believe that small birds thrive better and live longer
-when installed in small cages, with only one or two birds in
-each.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig89">
-<img src="images/pmg096.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="406" />
-<p class="pcap">WILD TURKEY.</p>
-</div>
-<p>The Large Bird-House, specially designed for Passerine
-birds, was developed on the strength of experiments previously
-made in the Aquatic-Bird House, and in community
-cages outside. After three years&rsquo; experience with the
-new building, and a careful tabulation of diseases and death
-rates within it, we are able to state that this installation
-is a complete and gratifying success.</p>
-<p>The Large Bird-House is an L-shaped building, with an
-all-glass house in its angle. The main hall extends east and
-west, and it is 60 feet long by 50 feet wide. This great
-room contains the foreign song-birds, many tropical doves
-and pigeons, and such tropical varieties and oddities as the
-<span class="pb" id="Page_148">148</span>
-great crowned pigeons, tinamous, toucans, giant king-fishers
-and hornbills. In the great central flying cage there is perhaps
-the most remarkable <i>omnium-gatherum</i> of small tropical
-birds&mdash;swimmers, waders, upland game birds and perchers&mdash;ever
-brought together in one cage. The bottom of
-the L is the Parrots&rsquo; Hall, 65&times;30 feet. It contains the parrots,
-macaws, cockatoos, and a few other species.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig90">
-<img src="images/pmg097.jpg" alt="" width="397" height="500" />
-<p class="pcap">SERIEMA.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig91">
-<img src="images/pmg098.jpg" alt="" width="410" height="500" />
-<p class="pcap">SECRETARY BIRD.</p>
-</div>
-<p>In the angle of the main building stands a structure almost
-wholly composed of metal and glass, which is known as
-the Glass Court. It was designed especially for North American
-song-birds. The visitor should not overlook the fact
-that there are cages filled with birds all along both the eastern
-and western sides of the Large Bird House.</p>
-<p>Nearly all the cages of both the exterior and interior of
-the Main and Parrots&rsquo; Halls, are accessible from the back
-by passage-ways; a convenience that greatly facilitates the
-work of the keepers in caring for their various charges.</p>
-<p>The capacity of this installation as a whole may be judged
-from the following memorandum of cages:</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_149">149</div>
-<table class="center" summary="">
-<tr class="th"><th colspan="4">APPROXIMATE SIZES OF CAGES OF THE LARGE BIRD-HOUSE</th></tr>
-<tr class="th"><th colspan="4"><i>INDOORS.</i></th></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Main Hall </td><td class="l">Central Flying Cage </td><td class="l">15&times;36&times;20 feet high </td><td class="r">1</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Side Cages </td><td class="l">5&times;5&times;9 </td><td class="r">35</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">End Cages </td><td class="l">5&times;12&times;9 </td><td class="r">2</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Parrot Hall </td><td class="l">Side Cages </td><td class="l">6&times;8&times;9 </td><td class="r">21</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Glass Court </td><td class="l">West Cages </td><td class="l">8&times;9&times;9 </td><td class="r">6</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">East &amp; North Cages </td><td class="l">5&times;6&times;8 </td><td class="r">16</td></tr>
-<tr class="th"><th colspan="4"><i>OUTDOORS.</i></th></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="2" class="l">Northeast Cages </td><td class="l">7&times;12&times;10 </td><td class="r">2</td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="2" class="l">East Cages </td><td class="l">6&times;8&times;10 </td><td class="r">10</td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="2" class="l">Southeast Circular Flight Cage </td><td class="l">20&times;20&times;2 </td><td class="r">1</td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="2" class="l">South Cages </td><td class="l">6&times;8&times;10 </td><td class="r">3</td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="2" class="l">Large Western Cages </td><td class="l">15&times;15&times;15 </td><td class="r">3</td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="2" class="l">Smaller Western Cages </td><td class="l">6&times;9&times;10 </td><td class="r u">14</td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3" class="l">Total number of cages </td><td class="r">114</td></tr>
-</table>
-<p>Regarding the state of health and spirits of the birds in
-this building, the visitor must be left to judge for himself.
-It is only fair to state, however, that the death rate here
-and indeed amongst the birds of the Park generally, is
-<i>very low</i>.</p>
-<p>In view of the great number of avian species inhabiting
-the Large Bird-House, it is a practical impossibility to give
-more than a general outline of the groups and leading features
-of the collection.</p>
-<p>As the visitor enters at the south door, nearest the Lion
-House, he is greeted by a discordant chorus of ear-piercing
-shrieks and squawks, joyous but very raucous, and at times
-too persistent. Loudest are the voices of the gorgeously-plumaged
-Blue-and-Yellow Macaw, (<i>Ara ararauna</i>); the Red-and-Blue
-Macaw, (<i>Ara macao</i>), and the Great Green Macaw.
-Around their cages there is no such thing as stagnation or
-somnolence. The soft-hued Rosella Parakeets, the flock of
-mostly-green Cuban Parrots, the Leadbeater Cockatoos and
-the White Cockatoos all join in their voices, to the limit of
-their respective abilities, but against macaws which can be
-heard a mile, their best efforts seem tame. The members of
-the Order <i>Psittaciformes</i> (as above) have been beautifully
-colored by Nature, and their harsh voices seem strangely
-out of harmony with their plumage.</p>
-<p>The indoor cages along the western side of the Large
-Bird-House (both halls included), contain an extensive
-series of tropical Pigeons and Doves, which are well worth
-some attention.</p>
-<p>The most startling exhibit in this group is the Bleeding
-Heart Pigeon (<i>Phlogoenas luzonica</i>), from the Philippines,
-whose creamy-white breast seems to have been recently
-stabbed with a stiletto. It is no wonder that now and
-then a sympathetic visitor seeks the curator, or a keeper,
-<span class="pb" id="Page_150">150</span>
-and reports that a bird has been injured, and is bleeding
-from a wound in its breast.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig92">
-<img src="images/pmg099.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="398" />
-<p class="pcap">GREAT CROWNED PIGEON.</p>
-</div>
-<p>The Flying Cage in the center of the Main Hall contains
-a pool of running water, some small trees, an imitation rock,
-and the floor is covered with a comfortable layer of sand.
-Hopping or flying about, and perching on the trees, is a
-really remarkable medley of birds. There are the Wood Duck
-and Mandarin Duck, Black Skimmers, Common and Sooty
-Terns, several species of Teal, Curlews, Gallinules, Coots,
-Lapwings, Snipe, Ruffs, Quail, Francolins, Senegal, Turtle,
-Wonga-wonga and other Pigeons and Doves, Skylarks,
-Robins, Orioles, Cardinals, Woodpeckers, Java, Fox, Tree,
-and other Sparrows and Weavers.</p>
-<p>The south side of the Main Hall is devoted to miscellaneous
-rare birds from the tropics, regardless of the Orders to
-which they belong. The largest are the Great Crowned
-Pigeons,&mdash;Victoria and Common,&mdash;the oddest are the Concave-Casqued
-Hornbills and the Toucans (eight species).
-The Rufous Tinamou, of South America, is a species which,
-through lack of use for its wings, is rapidly losing the
-power of flight. The Giant Kingfisher is the &ldquo;Laughing
-Jackass&rdquo; of Australia, and its cry is strangely like the
-mirthless horse-laugh of a man who has few smiles and
-seldom uses one. The Himalayan Jay-Thrush is so confirmed
-a murderer of birds smaller than himself, it is necessary
-<span class="pb" id="Page_151">151</span>
-to quarter that species with other birds abundantly
-able to defend themselves against its attacks.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig93">
-<img src="images/pmg100.jpg" alt="" width="444" height="600" />
-<p class="pcap">SULPHUR CRESTED COCKATOO.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig94">
-<img src="images/pmg101.jpg" alt="" width="446" height="600" />
-<p class="pcap">TOCO TOUCAN.</p>
-</div>
-<p>On the northern side of the Main Hall there will be found
-a very interesting group of Cuban birds, another of birds of
-the Bahamas, a fair-sized collection of Finches, Weavers,
-Canaries, Trogons, and other small species of foreign lands.
-Here also is the rare and beautifully-plumed Greater Bird
-of Paradise, (<i>Paradisea apoda</i>).</p>
-<p>The visitor is reminded that for all cages that contain
-more than one species, the picture labels quickly furnish a
-key for identification of each.</p>
-<p>In the Glass Court and around it, the Curator of Birds,
-Mr. C. William Beebe, has scored a gratifying success in
-the installation of the Order <i>Passeres</i>. The birds are arranged
-by Families, and <i>all of the twenty-one families of
-eastern North American perching birds are represented</i>.
-These Families are as follows: Flycatchers, Swallows, Wrens,
-Mockingbirds and Catbirds, Thrushes, Kinglets, Vireos,
-Waxwings, Shrikes, Chickadees, Nuthatches, Brown
-Creepers, Warblers, Pipits, Horned Larks, Sparrows, Honey
-Creepers, Tanagers, Blackbirds and Orioles, English Starling,
-Crows and Jays. It is only those who have attempted to
-form and install such a collection who can appreciate the
-effort which that collection has cost, or the difficulties involved
-in the maintenance of so large a number of insect-eating
-<span class="pb" id="Page_152">152</span>
-birds. The birds in this section of the Bird-House
-are especially interesting to the teachers of pupils of the
-public schools of this city.</p>
-<p>The large circular flying cage, at the outer corner of the
-Glass Court, is filled with Robins, Bluebirds, Thrushes and
-Woodpeckers which winter there very comfortably, because
-they are fed and watered, and sheltered from the
-worst storms.</p>
-<p>Along the western wall of the Large Bird-House, outside,
-fourteen large cages are filled with members of the Crow
-and Blackbird Families (<i>Corvidae</i> and <i>Icteridae</i>), such as
-the Ravens, Crows, Jays, Magpies, Blackbirds, Meadowlarks,
-Cowbirds and Grackles, beside which appear our old
-friends the Yellow-Shafted Flicker and Red-Headed Woodpecker.</p>
-<p>The following is a systematic enumeration of the Orders
-of birds represented in the Zoological Park on April 1, 1913:</p>
-<table class="center" summary="">
-<tr class="th"><th colspan="4">LIST OF BIRDS, APRIL 1, 1913.</th></tr>
-<tr class="th"><th colspan="2">ORDERS. </th><th>Species. </th><th>Specimens.</th></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Rheiformes </td><td class="l">Rheas </td><td class="r">2 </td><td class="r">2</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Struthioniformes </td><td class="l">Ostriches </td><td class="r">2 </td><td class="r">2</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Casuariiformes </td><td class="l">Emeus and Cassowaries </td><td class="r">2 </td><td class="r">3</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Tinamiformes </td><td class="l">Tinamou </td><td class="r">5 </td><td class="r">5</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Galliformes </td><td class="l">Quail and Pheasants </td><td class="r">88 </td><td class="r">204</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Turniciformes </td><td class="l">Hemipodes </td><td class="r">1 </td><td class="r">2</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Ptericlidiformes </td><td class="l">Sand Grouse </td><td class="r">1 </td><td class="r">1</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Columbiformes </td><td class="l">Pigeons and Doves </td><td class="r">57 </td><td class="r">183</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Ralliformes </td><td class="l">Coots and Gallinules </td><td class="r">15 </td><td class="r">35</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Lariformes </td><td class="l">Gulls and Terns </td><td class="r">17 </td><td class="r">54</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Charadriiformes </td><td class="l">Plovers and Sandpipers </td><td class="r">18 </td><td class="r">48</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Gruiformes </td><td class="l">Cranes, Seriema </td><td class="r">13 </td><td class="r">30</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Ardeiformes </td><td class="l">Ibises, Storks and Herons </td><td class="r">35 </td><td class="r">85</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Palamedeiformes </td><td class="l">Screamers </td><td class="r">3 </td><td class="r">4</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Phoenicopteriformes </td><td class="l">Flamingoes </td><td class="r">2 </td><td class="r">5</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Anseriformes </td><td class="l">Swans, Geese and Ducks </td><td class="r">72 </td><td class="r">712</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Pelecaniformes </td><td class="l">New World Vultures </td><td class="r">9 </td><td class="r">30</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Cathartidiformes </td><td class="l">Cormorants and Pelicans </td><td class="r">8 </td><td class="r">27</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Serpentariiformes </td><td class="l">Secretary Birds </td><td class="r">1 </td><td class="r">2</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Accipitriformes </td><td class="l">Hawks and Eagles; Old World Vultures </td><td class="r">28 </td><td class="r">48</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Strigiformes </td><td class="l">Owls </td><td class="r">20 </td><td class="r">47</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Psittaciformes </td><td class="l">Parrots, Macaws and Cockatoos </td><td class="r">86 </td><td class="r">194</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Coraciiformes </td><td class="l">Kingfishers and Hornbills </td><td class="r">12 </td><td class="r">15</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Trogoniformes </td><td class="l">Trogons </td><td class="r">1 </td><td class="r">1</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Cuculiformes </td><td class="l">Touracos and Cuckoos </td><td class="r">10 </td><td class="r">18</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Scansoriforme </td><td class="l">Toucans and Barbets </td><td class="r">8 </td><td class="r">13</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Piciformes </td><td class="l">Woodpecker </td><td class="r">9 </td><td class="r">26</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Passeriformes </td><td class="l">Thrushes, Sparrows and all perching birds </td><td class="r u">378 </td><td class="r u">1242</td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="2" class="l">Totals </td><td class="r">903 </td><td class="r">3038</td></tr>
-</table>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_153">153</div>
-<h3 id="c40">WILD-FOWL POND,
-<br /><i>Heretofore Called the Aquatic Mammals&rsquo; Pond</i>.</h3>
-<p>As the birds on this pond have been transferred from the
-Duck Aviary, the interest of this exhibit is of special character,
-and greatly enjoyed by hosts of visitors. This is
-the nursery of the ducks and geese, where, in the tangle of
-long grass, briars and underbrush along the east side of the
-pond, the nests are built in early spring, the eggs are laid
-and patiently incubated. Finally the broods of ducklings
-are led to the water, to feed to repletion, throughout the
-summer, on the worms, bugs and insects so dear to the appetite
-of these amusing little fellows.</p>
-<p>Cope Lake is the especial province of the nesting pairs of
-Canada geese, and sometimes as many as eight golden-colored
-goslings are hatched in one nest on the small island.</p>
-<p><b>The Mallard Duck</b>, (<i>Anas boschas</i>), is one of our finest
-swimming birds, the joy of the sportsman who finds it in
-its haunts, the delight of the epicure who finds it on the bill
-of fare. Sluggish indeed must be the blood which does not
-beat faster at the sight of a flock of wild Mallards, free in
-Nature, and ready to leap into the air and away at the
-slightest alarm. After the pintail and the wood duck, this
-is one of the handsomest ducks of North America, and also
-one of the finest for the table. Its range covers practically
-the whole of the western continent down to Panama, and
-even extends to the Azores, north Africa, and northern India.
-The drakes are readily recognized by the splendid irridescent
-green of the head.</p>
-<p><b>The Green-Winged Teal</b>, (<i>Nettion carolinensis</i>), and <b>Blue-Winged
-Teal</b>, (<i>Querquedula discors</i>), are very delicate birds,
-and therefore rather difficult to maintain in captivity. A
-flock of each will be found in the Flying Cage.</p>
-<p><b>The Pintail Duck</b>, (<i>Dafila acuta</i>), is specially commended
-to the notice of visitors because of its great beauty, both
-in color and form. Its colors form an exquisite harmony of
-<span class="pb" id="Page_154">154</span>
-soft brown and gray tones which fairly rival the more
-gaudy color-pattern of the wood duck. The species is yet
-found occasionally along the Atlantic Coast, but like all
-other edible birds, its numbers are rapidly diminishing.
-A large flock of these birds will be found on the Wild-Fowl
-Pond.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig95">
-<img src="images/pmg102.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="382" />
-<p class="pcap">DUCKS FEEDING: WILD FOWL POND.</p>
-</div>
-<p><b>The Gadwall</b>, (<i>Chaulelasmas strepera</i>), is a handsome gray
-bird, well known to gunners along the Mississippi Valley,
-but rarely seen along the Atlantic coast. Its chief breeding
-grounds are in the great marshes of central Canada.</p>
-<p><b>The Baldpate</b>, (<i>Mareca americana</i>), one of the finest of
-water-fowl, is now so scarce that it is difficult to obtain specimens
-for exhibition. These birds are poor divers, but gain a
-good livelihood by feeding on floating sea lettuce, disturbed
-from the bottom by the better equipped canvas-backs and
-redheads.</p>
-<p>The bill of the <b>Shoveller</b>, (<i>Spatula clypeata</i>), has become so
-specialized for mud-sifting that it has actually assumed the
-shape of a shovel, and is out of all proportion to the size of
-the bird&rsquo;s body. The sides of the bill are equipped with
-bony plates, through which the mud is strained, the particles
-of food being caught and swallowed.</p>
-<p><b>The Canvas-Back</b> (<i>Aythya vallisneria</i>), and the <b>Red-Head</b>,
-(<i>A. americana</i>), two prime favorites with the sportsman and
-epicure, are exhibited on the Wild Fowl Pond. Of the latter,
-<span class="pb" id="Page_155">155</span>
-a good-sized flock is shown. Canvas-Backs, however, are
-difficult to capture unhurt, and still more difficult to keep
-alive in captivity, and for these reasons the number exhibited
-always is very small.</p>
-<p><b>The Lesser Scaup</b>, (<i>Marila affinis</i>), is one of the sea ducks,
-and, like its congeners, a very expert diver. It feeds chiefly
-on mollusks, which it finds in the mud, often at considerable
-depths under water.</p>
-<p><b>The Paradise Sheldrake</b>, (<i>Casarca variegata</i>), of Australia,
-is a striking bird, occupying a position mid-way between
-the ducks and geese. It is interesting to note that the female
-is much more attractive than the male, the head and
-neck being pure white, in contrast with the more sombre
-body. This species is very quarrelsome in captivity.</p>
-<p><b>The Ruddy Sheldrake</b>, (<i>Casarca casarca</i>), is a bird of wide
-distribution, being found from the Mediterranean countries
-to Japan, and also in northeast Africa. Both sexes are of
-a uniform light chestnut, the male being distinguished by
-a black ring around the neck. The nest is always well
-sheltered, often being placed in a hollow log.</p>
-<p><b>The Common</b> or <b>Tadorna Sheldrake</b>, (<i>Tadorna tadorna</i>), is
-a remarkably colored bird, but unfortunately difficult to
-keep alive in this climate. It nests in holes in the ground,
-preferably in disused rabbit burrows.</p>
-<p><b>The Mandarin Duck</b>, (<i>Aix galericulata</i>), is the Chinese
-counterpart of our beautiful <b>Wood</b> or <b>Summer Duck</b>, (<i>Aix
-sponsa</i>). Of all living ducks, the males of these two species
-are the most gorgeously colored and plumed, and they are
-also of elegant form. Although both species are much
-sought after, the number of available specimens continues
-to be limited to a comparatively small number.</p>
-<h3 id="c41">THE PHEASANT AND PIGEON AVIARY, No. 40.
-<br /><i>Entire Collection is the Gift of Mr. Jacob H. Schiff.</i></h3>
-<p>The Pheasant Aviary is a building like a corridor 240 feet
-long with a cross pavilion at each end. The main structure
-is divided into 22 shelters connecting with a like number of
-wire enclosed outside runways, each of which is 8 feet wide,
-24 feet long and 8 feet high. The two end pavilions furnish
-32 smaller shelters and runways, making a total of 48 compartments.
-The shelters are divided into two stories, the
-upper series being designed for pigeons, doves and perching
-birds of various kinds. Each bird in this aviary can at
-every moment of his life choose according to his needs from
-the following series of accommodations that are available
-to him: An open, sunlit yard, a storm shelter with an open
-front, or a closed room with one small door and a large
-window.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_156">156</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig96">
-<img src="images/pmg103.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="436" />
-<p class="pcap">PHEASANT AVIARY AND WILD FOWL POND.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_157">157</div>
-<p>This beautiful and generous installation, 240 feet long,
-with 48 runways, accommodates the true Pheasants of the
-world, the largest group of birds of the Pheasant Family
-(<i>Phasianidae</i>), which in turn is one of the grand divisions
-of the sportsman&rsquo;s own Order <i>Gallinae</i>, or upland gamebirds.
-Of the whole Order <i>Gallinae</i>,&mdash;which includes the
-Grouse, Ptarmigan, Partridges, Pheasants, Turkeys, Guinea-Fowls,
-Jungle Fowl, Quails, Brush-Turkeys, Curassows and
-Guans&mdash;the group of the Pheasants can justly claim the distinction
-of possessing the most beautiful birds. Indeed, I
-think there is not to be found in the whole avian world a
-group of game birds all the members of which, taken species
-by species, are so gorgeously apparelled as these.</p>
-<p>In this brief notice of what is really one of the finest
-pheasant collections in the world, it is not possible to do
-more than direct the visitors&rsquo; attention to its chief items of
-interest. It must be stated well in advance, however, that
-these are birds of very shy and retiring habit, which owe
-their existence as species to the success with which they
-retreat from danger, and conceal themselves from man and
-beast. These birds must not be forced to spend all the daylight
-hours in their runways; for some of them could not
-long survive such exposure and excitement. To preserve
-their lives, and keep them in health, they must have the
-privilege of retiring into their shelters whenever they desire.
-But they roam in and out, and by the exercise of a
-little effort in returning to them, the interested visitor will
-find no great difficulty in seeing all the species.</p>
-<p>There are few species of pheasants whose members are
-sufficiently peace-loving that many individuals can be kept
-together without deadly combats. Of most species save the
-golden, silver and ring-neck, the cocks are so quarrelsome
-that even two can not be kept together; and this fact constitutes
-a handicap upon those whose duty it is to maintain
-the full strength of the exhibition. If a rare and quarrelsome
-male pheasant dies unexpectedly, it is not always possible
-to fill the vacancy on short notice.</p>
-<p>Out of the half-dozen species which claim first place in
-an enumeration based on beauty and luxuriance of plumage&mdash;the
-<span class="pb" id="Page_158">158</span>
-Amherst, Reeve, golden, silver, impeyan, Argus
-or Soemmerring&mdash;it is difficult to choose. Each has its share
-of strong points, and it seems as if there is no &ldquo;finest of
-all.&rdquo; Let us take them as they come to mind, for by reason
-of the changes so often necessary in the runways, it is inexpedient
-to attempt an end-to-end enumeration.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig97">
-<img src="images/pmg104.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="395" />
-<p class="pcap">MANCHURIAN EARED PHEASANT.</p>
-</div>
-<p><b>The Golden Pheasant</b>, (<i>Chrysolophus pictus</i>), is a universal
-favorite; and it well deserves its wide popularity.
-Although small, it is as beautiful as the most entrancing
-sunset ever seen. It is very alert and <i>chic</i>, it is so good
-tempered that we can have the rare pleasure of seeing a
-whole flock in one runway, and it is a good breeder. To
-crown all these fine qualities, it is so hardy, and so competent
-a &ldquo;rustler&rdquo; in seeking food that under fair conditions
-it is easily transplanted from its native home in
-western and southern China. It has been introduced and
-acclimatized with gratifying success in Oregon, Washington,
-southern British Columbia near the Pacific coast, and elsewhere.
-In the shooting season, the shops of the taxidermists
-of Vancouver and Portland are filled with these gorgeous
-creatures, which appreciative sportsmen have found
-&ldquo;too beautiful to eat.&rdquo; One might as well try to describe
-a sunset as to pen a mental picture of the wonderful combination
-of golden yellow, orange, lapis-lazuli blue and deep
-crimson that appear in the plumage of this gorgeous bird.</p>
-<p><b>The Amherst Pheasant</b>, (<i>Chrysolophus amherstiae</i>), is the
-<span class="pb" id="Page_159">159</span>
-nearest relative to the golden species, and also a strong candidate
-for first honors on the score of beauty. As far as
-you can see the cock bird, you can recognize it by its marvellous
-cape of pure white feathers marked with semicircles
-of black and steel-blue, which reaches from its eyes far back
-upon the shoulders. It is also easily recognized by its enormously
-long tail, the middle feathers of which are conspicuously
-marked by a regular series of diagonal bars of black
-laid on a light ground color. This bird is of small size, and
-fortunately for the public, it breeds in confinement with sufficient
-readiness that a good supply for exhibition purposes is
-thereby maintained.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig98">
-<img src="images/pmg105.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="383" />
-<p class="pcap">INDIAN PEACOCK.</p>
-</div>
-<p><b>The Silver Pheasant</b>, (<i>Gennaeas nycthemerus</i>), of China,
-is Nature&rsquo;s &ldquo;running mate&rdquo; for the golden pheasant, not
-only in the rocky hill forests of southern China, but in
-acclimatization, in captivity, and everywhere else. Wherever
-you see a golden pheasant, look for the Silver also, with
-its showy, snow-white tail, and white mantle of feathers
-which covers the whole upper two-thirds of the bird from
-its ears to its tail. Its dark-colored under surface serves well
-to accentuate the whiteness of its other parts. It is a larger
-bird than the golden and Amherst pheasants, but it is so
-good tempered that every summer two or three cock birds
-are kept in the great Flying Cage along with many small
-and defenseless birds which might easily be molested. In
-parks which are not visited by great numbers of people,
-<span class="pb" id="Page_160">160</span>
-both this species and the golden are easily domesticated, and
-permitted to roam at will.</p>
-<p><b>The Reeves Pheasant</b>, (<i>Syrmaticus reevesi</i>), of northern
-China, is a most beautiful species, closely related to the
-Japanese, Elliott, Hume and Soemmerring pheasants,&mdash;all of
-them fine, showy birds. Like the Amherst, the Reeves
-Pheasant has a very long tail, which in fully adult or old
-male birds often attains a length of five feet. When you
-see in captivity a pheasant with an enormously long tail,
-it is safe to assume that it is either an Amherst or a Reeves.</p>
-<p><b>The Soemmerring Pheasant</b>, (<i>Phasianus soemmerringii</i>),
-sometimes very aptly called the <b>Copper Pheasant</b>, is a native
-of Japan, and a bird of which any country might well be
-proud. In size, form and length of tail it matches the common
-ring-necked pheasant. Its head and neck plumage is
-of a warm copper-bronze tint, but its most beautiful colors
-are found in the elaborate cross-bar markings of its tail.
-The pattern of the latter reveals first a strong cross-bar of
-chocolate brown, above that a broad band of fawn-color,
-and this blends into a mottling of black on cream-color,
-edged across with black.</p>
-<p><b>The True Ring-Necked Pheasant</b>, (<i>P. torquatus</i>), of China,
-brings to view a question that frequently is asked regarding
-the <b>English Pheasant</b>, (<i>P. colchicus</i>), which is the common
-species of southeastern Europe and Asia Minor, and of
-Great Britain and other continental areas by <i>introduction</i>.
-We are asked, &ldquo;Has the English Pheasant a white ring
-around its neck, or not?&rdquo;</p>
-<p>The answer is, <i>the true, pure-blooded</i> English, or Common
-Pheasant, (<i>P. colchicus</i>), has <i>no ring</i> around its neck; but so
-many persons have crossed the true Ring-Necked Pheasant,
-of China, with that species that in many flocks of the former
-species the majority of the individuals are of mixed breed,
-with necks perceptibly ringed, yet passing as English Pheasants.
-As a matter of fact, in the world to-day, pure-blooded
-English Pheasants are rare. Both the English and Ring-Necked
-species have been successfully introduced into several
-portions of the United States.</p>
-<p>While on this subject, we will here record the fact that
-the name Mongolian Pheasant, as often applied to the Ring-Neck,
-is a misleading error. The real <b>Mongolian Pheasant</b>,
-of Turkestan, (<i>P. mongolicus</i>), is a species of such extreme
-rarity that it is almost unknown, alive, in the United States.
-A fine pair of these birds is now on exhibition at the Pheasant
-Aviary.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_161">161</div>
-<p><b>The Argus Pheasant</b>, (<i>Argusianus argus</i>), is a bird with a
-great reputation for beauty, but as seen alive in zoological
-collections it does not always come up to expectations. Both
-its secondary feathers&mdash;which when fully developed are of
-enormous length&mdash;and its primaries, are extremely beautiful;
-but unfortunately those beauties are not visible until
-the bird is dead, and its plumage displayed in a manner
-very rarely adopted by the living, captive bird. But the
-eyes on the huge secondary feathers are wonderful, and each
-primary is a dream in ecru and brown tints, laid on in a
-most elaborate pattern. The Argus Pheasants are most shy
-and wide-awake birds, inhabiting the dense, hot and moist
-jungles of Borneo, Sumatra and the Malay Peninsula, and
-are almost impossible to shoot. They are snared by the
-Dyaks and Malays, and after the skin has been removed and
-carefully preserved for museum purposes, the flesh is as fine
-eating as the breast of a quail and quite as palatable. A
-few successful attempts have been made to breed this
-species in captivity.</p>
-<p><b>The Impeyan Pheasant</b>, (<i>Lophophorus impeyanus</i>), is the
-neighbor of the Himalayan tahr, the burrhel, the ibex and
-the markhor, and the delight of every sportsman who dares
-the rocks of &ldquo;the Roof of the World&rdquo; in quest of Himalayan
-big game. Its beauty is due chiefly to its metallic colors,
-and the splendid iridescence of its plumage. Its home is
-in the world&rsquo;s most gigantic mountains, and it is not uncommon
-for a bird that has flown out from a mountain-side
-and been shot on the wing to fall 2,000 feet, and beyond
-human reach. No wonder this bird is popular with Anglo-Indian
-sportsmen.</p>
-<p>The Pheasant Aviary is a <i>double installation</i>, and as an
-aviary for Pigeons and Doves it is quite as perfect as it is
-for Pheasants.</p>
-<p>During the year 1910 and part of 1911, the pheasants
-of the Old World were studied in their haunts by Mr. C.
-William Beebe, Curator of Birds. By reason of a cash gift
-to the Zoological Society made by Col. Anthony R. Kuser,
-he was enabled to make the expedition. The results will be
-embodied in an elaborate monograph, which probably will
-be published in the near future.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_162">162</div>
-<h3 id="c42">THE OSTRICH HOUSE, No. 43.
-<br /><i>This entire collection presented by the late Charles T. Barney.</i></h3>
-<p>Originally it was our intention to devote this fine building
-solely to the great &ldquo;running birds,&rdquo;&mdash;Ostriches, Rheas,
-Emeus and Cassowaries; but the pressure for space has been
-so great that this intention never has been carried into
-effect, and we fear it never will be. There are so many
-cranes, seriemas, tropical vultures and other large birds
-which appeal for space in these very pleasant and healthful
-quarters, we have felt compelled to set our original plan
-half at naught. It seems probable that some of the feathered
-interlopers now in the Ostrich House will remain there,
-indefinitely&mdash;or at least until we erect a Crane Aviary.</p>
-<p>Architecturally, the Ostrich House is the counterpart of
-the Small-Mammal House, the two being identical in size
-and form, and connected by a handsome pavilion. Each
-building is 170 feet long, and 54 feet wide. The Ostrich
-House contains 13 cages, each 10&times;12 feet, by 8 feet in height.
-A flood of warm light pours through a glass roof into these
-cages, and makes them as light as the yards without. It is
-no wonder that birds thrive in this building. Movable partitions
-were provided, so that a few of the cages might be
-subdivided whenever necessary. This provision has proven
-of much practical value.</p>
-<p>Each interior cage connects with a spacious outside yard,
-in which the big birds spend the warm months. The yards
-are enclosed by wire fences, and to the eye of the visitor
-they are open from three directions.</p>
-<p>The members of the Subclass <i>Ratitae</i>,&mdash;once called the
-Cursores, or the &ldquo;running birds,&rdquo;&mdash;are the present-day
-giants of the avian world. We have reason to be glad that
-all these splendid birds did not disappear from the earth
-before ornithology took form as a science. Undoubtedly,
-they mark the end of the line of birds of their kind, for the
-far-reaching destructiveness of civilized man has already
-put a period to the natural evolution of animal life. To-day,
-the preservers of wild life are engaged in a hand-to-hand
-struggle with the annihilators, over the preservation of a
-remnant for those who come after us.</p>
-<p><b>The African Ostriches</b> are now very prominently in the
-public eye, not because of their relationship to the Dinornis
-and Aepyornis of the past, but by reason of the value of
-<span class="pb" id="Page_163">163</span>
-their plumes in enhancing the attractiveness of woman.
-And surely, no plume-bearing bird ever enlisted in a better
-cause, or on a more satisfactory basis; for to-day the plume
-crop is being grown and plucked and marketed with almost
-as much certainty as the annual crop of wool. In the
-United States, the most important plume-producing ostrich
-farms are situated in southern California and Arizona,
-where the industry is quite successful. So valuable are the
-adult birds that it is possible to purchase specimens imported
-from Africa for less money than would be necessary
-to procure them in the United States.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig99">
-<img src="images/pmg106.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="390" />
-<p class="pcap">NORTH AFRICAN OSTRICH: MALE.</p>
-</div>
-<p>A full-grown male African Ostrich stands 8 feet in height,
-and weighs about 300 pounds. Its value on arrival in New
-York, before acclimatization and moulting into perfect plumage,
-is from $200 to $250. The female lays about 90 eggs
-in a year, each of which is equal to about 20 hen&rsquo;s eggs.
-The time of incubation is about 40 days. In captivity only
-about 60 per cent of the eggs hatch, and of those not more
-than one-half live to attain full maturity. The plumage of
-immature birds and adult females is gray, but that of the
-adult male is black on the body, and white on the wings and
-tail.</p>
-<p><b>The South African Ostrich</b>, (<i>Struthio australis</i>), differs
-from the species found in the north. The color of the
-naked skin of its neck and thighs, and the front scales on
-<span class="pb" id="Page_164">164</span>
-its metatarsus, is distinctly bluish, and dark. This is the
-species of the southern half of Africa, now so successfully
-farmed in Cape Colony for its feathers that the annual
-crop is said to yield about $5,000,000. And it is this species
-which is kept on the ostrich farms of California and
-Arizona.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig100">
-<img src="images/pmg107.jpg" alt="" width="490" height="500" />
-<p class="pcap">RHEA.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig101">
-<img src="images/pmg108.jpg" alt="" width="489" height="500" />
-<p class="pcap">CASSOWARY.</p>
-</div>
-<p><b>The North African, or Sudan Ostrich</b>, (<i>S. camelus</i>), is the
-species first and longest known. Its neck, thighs and front
-metatarsal scales are of a decided pink color. Originally
-the range of this species extended from north Africa well
-into southwestern Asia, embracing Arabia, Syria and Mesopotamia.</p>
-<p>Generally speaking, the African Ostriches originally covered
-all the open, sandy plains of Africa; but they never
-inhabited the regions of dense forests. To-day their total
-inhabited range is small, and rapidly becoming more so. It
-is highly probable that within the life period of many persons
-now living, wild Ostriches will totally disappear from
-the earth.</p>
-<p><b>The Common Rhea, or South American Ostrich</b>, (<i>Rhea
-americana</i>), represents a group of ostriches much smaller
-than those of Africa, and found only on the open plans of
-Argentina and Patagonia, below the great equatorial forest
-belt. There are three species in the group. In general
-terms it may be stated that an adult Rhea is about two-thirds
-the size of an adult African ostrich. It is with great
-difficulty that these birds are reared to maturity in the
-United States.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_165">165</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig102">
-<img src="images/pmg109.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="401" />
-<p class="pcap">EMEUS.</p>
-</div>
-<p><b>The Common Emeu</b>, (<i>Dromacus novae-hollandiae</i>), of Australia,
-is the neighbor of the kangaroo and wallaby, and in
-form is as odd as are the majority of the birds and mammals
-of that continent of strange creatures. Its body suggests a
-pile of gray-brown hay elevated on stilts, to one end of
-which a hay-covered neck and head have been attached. The
-bird-lover should make much of this creature, for in its
-home country it has been almost exterminated. Fortunately,
-in climates reasonably well suited to it&mdash;but not in
-or near New York&mdash;it is possible to breed this bird in captivity.
-In size the Emeu is next to the African ostrich.</p>
-<p><b>The Ceram Cassowary</b>, (<i>Casuarius casuarius</i>), of the
-Island of Ceram, Malay Archipelago, represents a group
-which contains a number of well-defined species which are
-scattered through the northern cape of Australia, New
-Guinea, the Aru Islands, Ceram, and other islands of Malayana
-east of Celebes. They are all distinguished by their
-glossy purple or black body plumage&mdash;which looks far more
-like coarse hair than like feathers&mdash;their huge legs, and
-their helmeted heads. The differences between species are
-based chiefly upon the bright orange red and purple colors
-of their upper necks and wattles.</p>
-<p>In size the Cassowaries are all of them smaller than the
-emeus. In captivity they are the best of all the large cursorial
-<span class="pb" id="Page_166">166</span>
-birds, and live longer than either ostriches, rheas or
-emeus. They are essentially birds of the thick forests rather
-than open plains, and can not bear the glaring light and heat
-of midsummer that is the delight of an ostrich. In captivity
-they are very apt to be quarrelsome toward each other.</p>
-<p><b>Miscellaneous Birds in the Ostrich House.</b>&mdash;At present
-these are so numerous and so important it is necessary to
-mention a few of them, even though the labels may be supposed
-to speak for them. They fall into several groups, chiefly
-birds of prey and cranes.</p>
-<p>One of the most remarkable creatures in the entire collection
-is the <b>Secretary Bird</b>, (<i>Serpentarius serpentarius</i>). It is
-well known as a snake killer, its attacks being made with
-the feet alone, and never with the beak. Its long legs are remarkably
-powerful, and capable of dealing a crushing blow,
-always aimed at the head of the victim. Although it does
-not resemble the hawks and eagles in general appearance,
-it is in reality one of this group, and might well be described
-as a &ldquo;hawk on stilts.&rdquo; The snakes, frogs, small animals
-and birds which form its diet are generally swallowed entire.
-The long cockades of black feathers falling backwards
-at each side of the head are said to have suggested
-the name Secretary Bird, from a fancied resemblance to a
-quill stuck behind the ear of a clerk.</p>
-<p><b>The Brush Turkey</b>, or <b>Telegalla</b>, (<i>Catheturus lathami</i>), is a
-bird of the dark tropical forests of New Guinea and Australia.
-For many years it has been regarded as a zoological
-wonder, because of the remarkable manner in which it nests
-and produces its young. Instead of building a small, hollow
-nest, and hatching its eggs by the heat of its own body,
-it pursues the plan of the crocodile! Choosing an open spot
-in the forest it builds a huge mound, and as the structure
-rises, it lays its eggs in the heart of it. Turning its tail to
-the mound-site, this absurd little bird&mdash;no larger than a
-barnyard hen&mdash;scratches about right and left, gathers a big
-footful of small dead sticks, grass and dirt, and fiercely
-flings it backward upon the pile. A Brush Turkey in good
-working order can fling a bunch of jungle debris fully ten
-feet. Usually the finished mound is about three feet high
-by ten feet in diameter on the ground, and contains two or
-three <i>cart-loads</i> of sticks, leaves and grass. The eggs are
-deposited in a circle, well separated from each other, and
-each newly hatched bird must scratch out or die. Of course,
-<span class="pb" id="Page_167">167</span>
-the eggs are incubated by the heat of the sun and the fermentation
-of the mass. When hatched, the young chicks are
-able to fly.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig103">
-<img src="images/pmg110.jpg" alt="" width="406" height="600" />
-<p class="pcap">LITTLE BROWN CRANE.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig104">
-<img src="images/pmg111.jpg" alt="" width="403" height="600" />
-<p class="pcap">DEMOISELLE CRANE.</p>
-</div>
-<h3 id="c43">THE CRANES.</h3>
-<p>At present the Cranes of the Zoological Park are divided
-between the Ostrich House and the Aquatic Bird House, and
-their environs. In summer there are exhibits of these birds
-in the outdoor yards adjacent to each of those buildings.
-Recently, a number of species have been acclimatized in the
-Crane Paddock, and are to be seen there winter and summer.</p>
-<p><b>The Whooping Crane</b>, (<i>Grus americana</i>), is the largest, the
-handsomest and the rarest crane species in America. Its
-great size and its pure-white plumage&mdash;except its primaries&mdash;render
-it conspicuous from afar, and its voice will carry
-half a mile. The arched secondary wing feathers of the
-adult give the bird a very jaunty appearance. This species
-is so rare that thus far we have been able in eight years
-to secure only three specimens. The Whooping Crane nests
-in summer in the Arctic regions, but in winter it ranges
-as far south as Mexico. Our specimens of this bird will in
-summer be found in the large paddock immediately north
-of the Aquatic Bird House, with the next species.</p>
-<p><b>The Sandhill Crane</b>, (<i>Grus mexicana</i>), is smaller than the
-preceding species, more common, and is frequently seen in
-<span class="pb" id="Page_168">168</span>
-captivity. Its color is slaty-blue. It is found in the southeastern
-United States, but once was fairly common throughout
-the Mississippi valley. In captivity this bird often indulges
-in some very droll antics&mdash;at times actually dancing.
-The adult males are often quite pugnacious, and inclined to
-attack those who go near them, and all visitors are warned
-not to go within striking distance of them. Children especially
-should not be permitted to climb over the guard wires,
-and approach close up to the cranes&rsquo; fences.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig105">
-<img src="images/pmg112.jpg" alt="" width="401" height="600" />
-<p class="pcap">ASIATIC WHITE CRANE.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig106">
-<img src="images/pmg113.jpg" alt="" width="402" height="600" />
-<p class="pcap">PARADISE CRANE.</p>
-</div>
-<p><b>The Sarus Crane</b>, of the plains and sand-bars of northern
-India, (<i>Antigone antigone</i>), greatly resembles our sandhill
-crane, but is a much larger bird. This also is a quarrelsome
-species, and in captivity individuals are inclined to be cruel
-toward each other.</p>
-<p><b>The Asiatic White Crane</b>, (<i>Sarcogeranus leucogeranus</i>), is
-like a modest understudy to our whooping crane, in all
-respects save the elevated tail-crest. It is a bird of wide
-distribution.</p>
-<p><b>The Paradise Crane</b>, (<i>Tetrapteryx paradisea</i>), of the open
-plains of Africa outside the deserts, is a slaty-blue bird with
-a head so puffed out with side feathers that it looks almost
-reptilian. Its tail-feathers taper out to infinity, and gracefully
-droop quite to the ground. The little African <b>Demoiselle
-Crane</b>, (<i>Anthropoides virgo</i>), is so diminutive, so
-dainty in appearance and so gentle-spirited that its young-ladylikeness
-has been proclaimed in its name. Of all
-<span class="pb" id="Page_169">169</span>
-foreign species of cranes, it is the one easiest to procure,
-and the most satisfactory to keep in collections. It never
-quarrels, it is very sociable in its habits, and thrives in
-captivity.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig107">
-<img src="images/pmg114.jpg" alt="" width="636" height="922" />
-<p class="pcap">WHOOPING CRANE.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig108">
-<img src="images/pmg115.jpg" alt="" width="390" height="600" />
-<p class="pcap">CROWNED CRANE.</p>
-</div>
-<p><b>The Crowned Crane</b>, (<i>Balearica pavonina</i>), also of Africa,
-is, perhaps, the most beautiful of all living cranes. It is of
-medium size, royally colored, and strikingly set off with a
-conspicuous crown of stiff, quill-like feathers that stand as
-erect and regular as the aigret of an Indian prince.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig109">
-<img src="images/pmg116.jpg" alt="" width="392" height="586" />
-<p class="pcap">ADJUTANT.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig110">
-<img src="images/pmg117.jpg" alt="" width="385" height="600" />
-<p class="pcap">JABIRU.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_170">170</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig111">
-<img src="images/pmg118.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="277" />
-<p class="pcap">MASTIGURE.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig112">
-<img src="images/pmg119.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="504" />
-<p class="pcap">HORNED RATTLESNAKE.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig113">
-<img src="images/pmg120.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="500" />
-<p class="pcap">HOG-NOSED SNAKE.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig114">
-<img src="images/pmg121.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="708" />
-<p class="pcap">GECKO.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig115">
-<img src="images/pmg122.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="710" />
-<p class="pcap">TREE FROG.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_171">171</div>
-<h2>SECTION III.&mdash;THE REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS.</h2>
-<h3 id="c44">THE REPTILE HOUSE, No. 34.</h3>
-<p>The Reptile House was the first large building erected in
-the Zoological Park. It represents an earnest effort to present
-carefully selected examples of the reptilian Orders, in a
-manner which may afford the visitor and the student a general
-view of the important groups of living reptiles.</p>
-<p>The length of the Reptile House, over all, is 146 feet, and
-its greatest width is 100 feet. It is constructed of buff mottled
-brick, combined with granite and Indiana limestone.
-In the ornamental cornice of terra cotta, reptilian forms
-modelled by Mr. A. Phimister Proctor, the well-known animal
-sculptor, constitute an important feature. The building
-is roofed with slate, heated by hot water, and cost, with
-its cages, about $50,000. It is beautifully situated on the
-edge of a forest of primeval oaks, very near the geographical
-center of the Park.</p>
-<p>The great center hall is unbroken by a single column, and
-at one end it opens across the Crocodile Pool and its sandbanks,
-through three huge arches, into the green, jungly
-mass of the conservatory. Of the tropical vegetation
-massed behind the pool&mdash;palmettoes, bayonet cacti, yuccas,
-and the like, and the tillandsias, Spanish moss, resurrection
-ferns, and butterfly orchids,&mdash;nearly the whole came from
-Florida, along with five alligators which were the first
-occupants of the pool.</p>
-<p>In effect, the central hall appears to be 115 feet in length,
-by 40 feet wide, exclusive of the cages. But, large as this
-building is, it would be an easy matter to fill all its available
-space with the reptiles of North America alone, choosing
-only the handsome and showy forms. As we contemplate
-the great number of species in our own reptilian
-fauna, the thought occurs, what can we do with the reptiles
-of the Old World? Manifestly, the only proper course
-is to choose from the reptiles of the world the forms which
-will make for our visitors and students the most instructive
-and attractive series of important types.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_172">172</div>
-<h4>SYNOPSIS OF THE CLASS REPTILIA.</h4>
-<p>On April 1, 1913, all these examples are on exhibition in the
-Reptile House:</p>
-<table class="center" summary="">
-<tr class="th"><th><span class="small">ORDERS.</span> </th><th><span class="small">CONSPICUOUS EXAMPLES.</span> </th><th><span class="small">LOCALITY.</span></th></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3" class="l">LIVING REPTILES.</td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3" class="l"><span class="sc">Turtles</span>, or <i>Chelonia</i>.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Aligator Turtle </td><td class="l">Louisiana.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Snapping Turtle </td><td class="l">Zoological Park.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Box Turtle </td><td class="l">Zoological Park.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Giant Tortoise </td><td class="l">Galapagos Island.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Gopher Tortoise </td><td class="l">Florida.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Painted Turtle </td><td class="l">New York.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Green Turtle (marine) </td><td class="l">New York.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Soft-shelled Turtle </td><td class="l">Indiana.</td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3" class="l"><span class="sc">Saurians</span>, or <i>Crocodilia</i>.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Alligator </td><td class="l">Florida.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Florida Crocodile </td><td class="l">Southern Florida.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Broad-nosed Crocodile </td><td class="l">Africa.</td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3" class="l"><span class="sc">Lizards</span>, or <i>Lacertilia</i>.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Iguana (<i>I. tuberculata</i>) </td><td class="l">West Indies.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Horned &ldquo;Toad&rdquo; </td><td class="l">Arizona.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Green Lizard (<i>L. viridis</i>) </td><td class="l">Europe.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Monitor </td><td class="l">Ceylon.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">&ldquo;Glass Snake&rdquo; </td><td class="l">Florida.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Gila Monster </td><td class="l">Arizona.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Chameleon </td><td class="l">Africa.</td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3" class="l"><span class="sc">Serpents</span>, or <i>Ophidia</i>.</td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3" class="l"><span class="hst">Harmless.</span></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Regal Python </td><td class="l">Malay Peninsula.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Anaconda </td><td class="l">British Guiana.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Black Snake (<i>B. constrictor</i>) </td><td class="l">Zoological Garden.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Garter Snake </td><td class="l">Zoological Park.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Hog-Nosed Snake </td><td class="l">Zoological Park.</td></tr>
-<tr><td colspan="3" class="l"><span class="hst">Venomous.</span></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Coral Snake </td><td class="l">Florida.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Cobra de Capello </td><td class="l">India.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Diamond-Backed Rattlesnake </td><td class="l">Florida.</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l"> </td><td class="l">Water Moccasin </td><td class="l">Florida.</td></tr>
-</table>
-<h3 id="c45">THE TURTLES AND TORTOISES.</h3>
-<p><b>The Order of Turtles</b>, (<i>Chelonia</i>), is so large that it has
-been found necessary to devote to its representatives the
-whole central space of the main hall of the Reptile House,
-and also a specially designed Tortoise House of glass in the
-eastern end of the building. In the main hall are two features&mdash;one,
-a large square tank for large turtles; the other,
-a pool of running water between banks of earth, sand, and
-living plants. This tank is 35 feet in length, and by means
-of low, plate-glass partitions it is divided into ten cross sections,
-each of which can very comfortably provide for the
-wants of at least three species of turtles of medium size.
-<span class="pb" id="Page_173">173</span>
-With a wonderfully rich Chelonian fauna on the western
-continent to provide for, there is little room to spare for
-Old World forms, and the temptation to make this collection
-strictly Occidental, is almost too great to be resisted.
-For the sake of brevity and clearness, only six types have
-been chosen for special mention.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig116">
-<img src="images/pmg123.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="533" />
-<p class="pcap">GIANT TORTOISE.</p>
-</div>
-<p>The following species taken together fairly represent the
-different forms of Chelonians, from the highest to the lowest:</p>
-<p><b>The Alligator Turtle</b>, (<i>Macrochelys lacertina</i>), is the largest
-fresh-water chelonian in North America. In form and
-temper it resembles the common snapping turtle of the
-North, and its home is in the Gulf States. The largest of
-the two Louisiana specimens on exhibition weighs 115
-pounds.</p>
-<p><b>The Snapping Turtle</b>, (<i>Chelydra serpentina</i>), which is the
-most courageous and pugnacious of all turtles, is rather
-poorly protected by its shell, and must therefore fight for its
-place in nature.</p>
-<p><b>The Painted Turtle</b>, (<i>Chrysemys picta</i>), is a species of
-wide and common distribution, and fairly representative of
-the host of fresh water terrapins and turtles so common
-throughout the United States in ponds and streams of all
-sorts.</p>
-<p><b>The Box Tortoise</b>, (<i>Cistudo carolina</i>), lives on land, and as
-a means of perfect protection has been enabled by nature
-completely to withdraw its head and legs within its shell,
-<span class="pb" id="Page_174">174</span>
-and by means of a hinge across the middle of the plastron,
-or lower shell, to close it tightly.</p>
-<p><b>The Tortoise and Lizard Yards.</b>&mdash;At the eastern end of the
-Reptile House is a commodious glass-roofed hall, opening
-into a series of sandy yards. This installation is occupied
-by the collection of tortoises and the larger tropical lizards.
-These reptiles do better in captivity, and show to best advantage,
-if given outdoor sunlight and plenty of room for
-exercise.</p>
-<p><b>The Giant Tortoises</b> are among the most interesting of
-living reptiles. There are fourteen distinct species, all belonging
-to the genus <i>Testudo</i>. These creatures appear to be
-survivors of the reptilian ages when reptiles attained colossal
-proportions. Fossil remains of the great tortoises show
-these creatures to have formerly inhabited the continents,
-but the survivors are restricted to isolated groups of small
-islands in the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Six species inhabit
-the Galapagos Islands in the Pacific Ocean. Four are found
-in the Aldabra Islands in the Indian Ocean, and four inhabit
-the Mauritius-Rodriguez group of Islands. All the
-species are rapidly becoming extinct. Recent expeditions
-to the Galapagos Islands have reported that very few Giant
-Tortoises now survive in those islands.</p>
-<p>The Giant Tortoises are entirely herbivorous. The specimens
-exhibited consume great quantities of green food,
-which varies in kind according to the season&rsquo;s supply. During
-the summer months they feed largely upon melons.</p>
-<p>Among the species exhibited is <i>Testudo vicina</i>, represented
-by our largest specimen, captured in the Galapagos
-Islands. It weighs slightly over two hundred and twenty-five
-pounds. Another example from the same islands represents
-<i>Testudo nigrita</i>, a smaller and flatter species. <i>Testudo
-elephantina</i>, the Elephant Tortoise, is represented by a large
-specimen from the Aldabra Islands, which is growing
-rapidly. The latter tortoise has a very high shell, and proportionately
-small head.</p>
-<p><b>The Gopher Tortoises</b>, (<i>Testudo carolina</i>), are large, thick-shelled,
-clumsy creatures, which burrow in holes in the
-sandy southern regions where they live. Once they were
-common in southern Florida, but their edibility has resulted
-in a great decrease in their abundance.</p>
-<p><b>The South American Tortoise</b>, (<i>Testudo tabulata</i>), is a
-good representative of the smaller tortoises from various
-parts of the world. It is common throughout tropical
-<span class="pb" id="Page_175">175</span>
-South America and attains a maximum length of shell of
-about 14 inches. The shell is elongated and blackish, each
-of the shields having a yellowish center. Like all of the
-tortoises, this is a herbivorous reptile.</p>
-<p><b>The Marine Turtles.</b>&mdash;At the New York Aquarium, situated
-in Battery Park, and managed by the New York
-Zoological Society, will be found a fine collection of such
-large sea-turtles as the <b>Loggerhead</b>, <b>Green Turtle</b> and
-<b>Hawksbill</b>, which require salt water.</p>
-<p><b>The Soft-Shelled Turtle</b>, (<i>Aspidonectes ferox</i>).&mdash;As to living
-relatives, this strange genus seems apropos of nothing.
-Like some of the marine turtles its shell is greatly reduced
-in weight, so that it can float more readily; instead of being
-solid bone, it terminates in a wide, thin edge of cartilage,
-which is so soft that when properly boiled it constitutes
-palatable food.</p>
-<h3 id="c46">THE CROCODILES AND ALLIGATORS.</h3>
-<p><b>The Order of Crocodilians.</b>&mdash;This important Order, the
-members of which are widely distributed throughout the
-tropics and sub-tropics of the world, contains nineteen
-species. At this point it is well to correct certain very
-general misapprehensions regarding crocodilians.</p>
-<p>Crocodiles are <i>not</i> confined to the Old World; at least
-three species being found abundantly in tropical America.</p>
-<p>The &ldquo;movement&rdquo; of a crocodile&rsquo;s jaw differs in no manner
-whatever from that of an alligator.</p>
-<p>Only a few species of crocodiles are dangerous to man.</p>
-<p>There is no authentic record of the loss of a human life
-through our common alligator.</p>
-<p>The <b>Alligator</b> genus embraces the <b>American Alligator</b>,
-(<i>A. mississippiensis</i>), of the southern United States and a
-small species found in China! The head of the Alligator is
-very flat and its sides are nearly parallel, while the head of
-a typical crocodile is nearly triangular.</p>
-<p>The American Alligator is well represented in the Pool in
-the Reptile House, by several lusty specimens, all of which
-eat voraciously, are growing rapidly, and undoubtedly enjoying
-life. The largest specimen, a burly monster over
-twelve feet in length, has grown nearly five feet in length
-since its arrival here in 1899.</p>
-<p>In summer, the Alligator Pool on the hill, southeast of the
-Reptile House, is well stocked with alligators of various
-<span class="pb" id="Page_176">176</span>
-sizes, and it is there that visitors can secure most realistic
-impressions of the appearance of this species in a state of
-nature, and in abundant numbers.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig117">
-<img src="images/pmg124.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="504" />
-<p class="pcap">ALLIGATOR POOL.</p>
-</div>
-<p>Under favorable conditions,&mdash;warm water and air, good
-light, plenty of room, and abundant food,&mdash;the Alligator
-grows rapidly. A specimen hatched in our Reptile House
-in October, 1900, was in January, 1911, 8 feet 3 inches long,
-and weighed 75 pounds.</p>
-<p>The <b>Crocodile</b> genus is widely represented throughout the
-world. Of the whole eleven species, the American continent
-contains four&mdash;the <b>Florida Crocodile</b>, (<i>Crocodilus
-acutus floridanus</i>), attaining a length of 14 feet, which was
-discovered at the head of Biscayne Bay, in 1875, by W. T.
-Hornaday; the <b>American Crocodile</b>, (<i>C. acutus</i>); the <b>Sharp-nosed
-Orinoco Crocodile</b> (<i>Crocodilus intermedius</i>), found in
-South America; and the small <i>Crocodilus rhombifer</i>, which
-is found only in Cuba and the West Indies.</p>
-<p>Of the seven remaining species, Asia contains four, and
-Africa three. Of the Asiatic species, one frequents salt
-water.</p>
-<p><b>The Florida Crocodile</b> is now represented by two specimens
-nearly 9 feet long, from Madina Creek, southern Florida,
-presented by Mr. Julian A. Dimock. It is to be recognized
-at a glance by its dark olive color and sharp-pointed
-head. This is the only species of crocodile found in the
-United States. Its maximum length is 14 feet 2 inches.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_177">177</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig118">
-<img src="images/pmg125.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="398" />
-<p class="pcap">VENEZUELAN BOA.</p>
-</div>
-<p><b>The Broad-Nosed Crocodile</b>, (<i>Osteolaemus tetraspis</i>), of
-Africa, is represented by two specimens. This species is
-characterized by the broad, bony-looking head. It is one of
-the smaller crocodilians attaining a maximum length of five
-feet.</p>
-<h3 id="c47">THE LIZARDS.</h3>
-<p><b>The Tropical Lizards.</b>&mdash;Several families of lizards are
-represented among the specimens occupying the Reptile
-House, the Tortoise room and outside runways. Among
-these are the <b>Iguanas, Tegus and Monitors</b>.</p>
-<p>Among the <b>Iguanas</b> are several large and interesting lizards.
-The largest of these is the <b>Rhinoceros Iguana</b>, (<i>Cyclura
-cornuta</i>), found in Hayti. Contrary to the general
-belief, but like all the Iguanas, it is partly carnivorous,
-though it feeds largely upon vegetables and fruit. This
-species receives its name from the presence of three well-defined
-horns upon the snout.</p>
-<p><b>The Mexican Iguana</b>, (<i>Ctenosaura acanthura</i>), looks
-unique in the possession of rings of sharp spines about the
-tail. Most specimens are jet black when adult, but very
-young examples are pale green.</p>
-<p><b>The South American Iguana</b>, (<i>Iguana tuberculata</i>), may be
-readily distinguished by the very pronounced fringe of
-<span class="pb" id="Page_178">178</span>
-erect spines which rise along the back-bone of male specimens,
-and also by the presence of a rounded tubercle or
-plate on each side of the head. This is a brightly colored
-Iguana, having bars of green, gray and black. It is strictly
-arboreal, and evinces stronger herbivorous habits than species
-of the allied genera. A large male specimen is seven
-feet long, but much of this length is taken up by the gradually
-tapering tail. In South America&mdash;on the Orinoco, at
-least&mdash;this species is considered edible, and the writer can
-testify that to a hungry man its flesh is excellent.</p>
-<p>The very popular <b>Horned &ldquo;Toad&rdquo;</b>, (<i>Phrynosoma</i>), of the
-southwestern states, of which there are eight or nine species,
-should be mentioned if for no other reason than to place
-it where it belongs&mdash;with the lizards, and not with the
-toads.</p>
-<p><b>The Tegus</b>, (genus <i>Tupinambis</i>), are powerful lizards,
-growing to a length of four feet, and inhabiting tropical
-South America. They are fleet of foot, mainly carnivorous
-and very quarrelsome. It is impossible to keep any but the
-larger lizards in the yard with them. Tegus are fond of
-eggs, breaking the shell at one end and lapping up the contents
-by means of the very broad, forked tongue. They will
-also eat raw beef.</p>
-<p><b>The Australian Monitor</b>, (<i>Varanus gouldii</i>), is a good representative
-of a genus of large and powerful lizards confined
-to the Old World, where they occur in India, Malaysia,
-Africa and Australia. Monitors grow to a length of eight
-feet. They are swift runners, entirely carnivorous, and
-usually dwell in thick jungles. They are able to swallow
-entire an animal as large as a half-grown rabbit. All are
-fond of eggs, swallowing them without breaking the shell,
-which is soon dissolved by the powerful gastric juices.</p>
-<p><b>Other Lizards.</b>&mdash;Within the main halls of the Reptile
-House will be found various representatives of the smaller
-Lizards, a few of which may be mentioned.</p>
-<p>The beautiful, emerald-colored <b>Green Lizard</b>, (<i>Lacerta
-viridis</i>), of Europe, is not only a handsome species, but it is
-also one of the most satisfactory to keep in a vivarium&mdash;a
-good feeder and always posing.</p>
-<p>The famous <b>Glass &ldquo;Snake,&rdquo;</b> (<i>Ophiosauris ventralis</i>), is important
-because its resemblance to a snake is so perfect
-it is generally mistaken for one, although a true lizard. It
-<span class="pb" id="Page_179">179</span>
-is not, however, a &ldquo;connecting link&rdquo; between the lizards
-and the serpents.</p>
-<p>Our well-known <b>Gila Monster</b>, (pronounced <i>He</i>-la) (<i>Heloderma
-suspectum</i>), is a stupid, slow-moving creature from the
-southwestern deserts, thick-set and stumpy in body, and it
-has the appearance of being covered all over with dark-brown-black,
-and yellow beads, such as Indians use in their
-bead industry. Its bite is sufficiently venomous that it inflicts
-a painful wound, but it is not necessarily fatal.</p>
-<p>The <b>Chameleon</b> of the Old World, (<i>Chamaeleo vulgaris</i>),
-because of its color phases and its remarkable form, is truly
-a great &ldquo;curiosity&rdquo;; but it should not be confused with our
-so-called American Chameleon, which belongs to another
-Family, and is also less interesting.</p>
-<h3 id="c48">THE SERPENTS.</h3>
-<p><b>The Order of Serpents</b>, (<i>Ophidia</i>).&mdash;The large glazed
-cases along the northern side of the main hall of the Reptile
-House are devoted to the larger serpents, while the smaller
-species are provided for along the south wall, and in the
-adjoining room. One serious difficulty in the management of
-a collection of living serpents lies in the fact that often the
-most valuable specimens are so nervous and shy in their
-feeding habits it is impossible to cage several together.</p>
-<p>Out of the many species of serpents exhibited in the Reptile
-House, ten are chosen as fairly representing the principal
-groups.</p>
-<p><b>The Regal Python</b>, (<i>Python reticulatus</i>), here represented
-by a fine specimen, 22 feet in length, weighing 170 pounds,
-is the best representative of the rock pythons of Asia and
-Africa. The island of Borneo is its center of distribution.
-None of the constrictors is venomous, but their crushing
-power is almost beyond belief.</p>
-<p><b>The Rock Python</b>, (<i>Python sebae</i>), of Africa, is a light-colored
-species with a very small head, and is frequently
-seen in the hands and around the necks of snake-charmers.</p>
-<p><b>The Anaconda</b>, (<i>Eunectes murinus</i>), is one of the largest
-constrictors of tropical America, and is noted for its aquatic
-habits. It is a handsome serpent, being of a rich green
-color, marked with large black spots.</p>
-<p><b>The Black Snake</b>, (<i>Bascanium constrictor</i>), a common species
-in the eastern United States, is probably the highest
-<span class="pb" id="Page_180">180</span>
-type of the harmless snakes. It is a serpent of great vigor
-and activity in running, climbing, and swimming; it possesses
-great courage, and seeks prey of many kinds in all
-kinds of situations.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig119">
-<img src="images/pmg126.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="400" />
-<p class="pcap">RHINOCEROS VIPER.</p>
-</div>
-<p><b>The Garter Snake</b>, (<i>Eutaenia sirtalis</i>), is more frequently
-seen in the eastern United States than any other serpent.
-Although the warfare waged against it is perpetual, regardless
-of the fact that it is as harmless as a fly, its numbers do
-not sensibly diminish.</p>
-<p><b>The Hog-Nosed Snake, &ldquo;Puff Adder,&rdquo; or &ldquo;Sand-Viper,&rdquo;</b>
-(<i>Heterodon platyrhinus</i>), represents a large and important
-Family, and, despite its dangerous appearance and terrifying
-names, it is quite harmless. It represents one of Nature&rsquo;s
-methods for protecting harmless and inactive creatures,
-by making them resemble others which are dangerous.</p>
-<p><b>Venomous Reptiles.</b>&mdash;Because of the number of species
-of rattlesnakes which have found lodgment in the United
-States, and the trouble they have caused in a few localities,
-we are specially interested in all serpents which are dangerous
-to man. The species named below represents the deadly
-genera which civilized man has most cause to fear.</p>
-<p><b>The Harlequin Snake, or Coral Snake</b>, (<i>Elaps fulvius</i>),
-represents a genus which contains many species, though but
-few of them occur in America.</p>
-<p><b>The King Cobra</b>, (<i>Naja bungaris</i>), from the Malay Peninsula,
-<span class="pb" id="Page_181">181</span>
-often called <b>Snake-Eating Cobra</b>, is the most dangerous
-of all serpents, because it is the largest and the most athletic
-of the venomous species, and for its bite there is no
-effective antidote. It feeds only on living snakes. The fine
-specimen exhibited is about ten feet in length.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig120">
-<img src="images/pmg127.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="395" />
-<p class="pcap">COBRA-DE-CAPELLO.</p>
-</div>
-<p><b>The Cobra-de-Capello</b>, (<i>Naja tripudians</i>), of which some
-fine specimens are shown, is the terror of India, where it
-kills between 18,000 and 20,000 people annually! This
-is the most deadly of all serpents. For its bite, science has
-thus far been powerless to find an antidote, although Dr.
-Albert Calmette, of Lille, France, experimenting extensively
-in this direction, has secured partially successful results.</p>
-<p>The most vicious snake in North America, and one of
-the ugliest in appearance, is the <b>Water Moccasin</b>, (<i>Ancistrodon
-piscivorus</i>),&mdash;closely related to the beautiful <b>Copperhead</b>,
-(<i>A. contortrix</i>). It is more dreaded in the South than
-the rattler, because it strikes on the slightest provocation,
-and without the rattler&rsquo;s timely warning. Its colors are
-dull, its scales rough, its body ill-shaped and clumsy, its
-temper is vicious, and for every reason it is a serpent to be
-disliked.</p>
-<p><b>The Diamond-Back Rattlesnake</b>, (<i>Crotalus adamanteus</i>), is
-too handsome, too showy, and too large to be chosen as the
-best average type of the genus <i>Crotalus</i>; but he is king of
-his kind, and cannot be ignored. Three species shown side
-<span class="pb" id="Page_182">182</span>
-by side in our Reptile House afford striking examples of
-protective coloration. The Diamond-Back Rattler of Florida
-and the South is yellow, brown, and black, to match the
-checkers of sunbeam and shadow that fall upon the sands
-under the palmetto leaves.</p>
-<h3 id="c49">THE BATRACHIANS, OR AMPHIBIANS.</h3>
-<p>Among the many wonders of Nature, none is more interesting
-than those forms which serve to connect the great
-groups of vertebrate animals, by bridging over what otherwise
-would seem like impassable chasms.</p>
-<p>Between the birds and the reptiles there is a fossil bird,
-called the Arch&aelig;opteryx, with a long, vertebrated, lizard-like
-tail, which is covered with feathers, and the Hesperornis,
-a water bird with teeth, but no wings, which inhabited the
-shores of the great western lake which has already yielded
-to American paleontologists a great number of most remarkable
-fossil forms.</p>
-<p>Between the reptiles and the fishes, stretches a wonderful
-chain of living links by which those two Classes of vertebrates
-are so closely and unbrokenly united, and by such
-an array of forms, that they constitute an independent Class,
-the Batrachia, or Amphibia. In the transition from water
-to land, from fins and gills to legs and lungs, Nature has
-made some strange combinations. In some instances the
-fins, legs, lungs and gills have become so mixed that several
-notable misfits have resulted, and in some cases we see gills
-and legs going together, while in other lungs and fins are
-associated.</p>
-<p>The Reptile House contains about two dozen species of
-Amphibians, and it is reasonably certain that this number
-will be maintained and increased. They are to be found
-in small aquarium cases, ranged along the south side and
-eastern end of the Main Hall.</p>
-<p><b>The Bullfrog</b>, (<i>Rana catesbiana</i>), is a fair representative
-of the Batrachians which stand nearest to the true land-going
-reptiles. During the early stages of its existence it is
-in turn, a fin-tailed tadpole with no legs, a short-tailed tadpole
-with a pair of front legs, a shorter-tailed tadpole with
-four legs, and finally a fully-developed, land-going frog
-with a voice like a small bull, and no tail whatever. Of the
-genus <i>Rana</i>, there are five species in the eastern United
-States, several of which inhabit the Zoological Park.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_183">183</div>
-<p><b>The Wood Frog</b>, (<i>Rana sylvatica</i>), is frequently seen in
-moist valleys in the Zoological Park, where its chocolate
-brown back so closely matches the color of the dead leaves
-and moist earth; it is difficult to find, save when it takes one
-of its flying leaps. The specimens shown were taken near
-the Beaver Pond.</p>
-<p><b>The Tree Frog</b>, (<i>Hyla pickeringi</i>), is the commonest of
-the queer little tree-loving species which are so easy to hear,
-and so difficult to find. In spring their voices are the first
-to be heard in the swamps. The Zoological Park is full of
-<i>Hylas</i>, and their cheerful piping is heard at all seasons,
-especially in dry midsummer, when dark storm-clouds
-gather and promise rain.</p>
-<p><b>The Common Toad</b>, (<i>Bufo lentiginosus</i>), is found in the
-Zoological Park, though not in such abundance as the two
-preceding species.</p>
-<p>Among the most remarkable creatures in the Reptile
-House are the specimens of <b>Smooth-Clawed Frog</b>, (<i>Xenopus
-laevis</i>), from Africa and <b>The Surinam Toad</b>, (<i>Pipa americana</i>).
-Both of these species are strictly aquatic and have broadly
-palmated hind feet. The Surinam Toad comes from Dutch
-Guiana. It is unique in its breeding habits. The male collects
-the eggs and places them on the female&rsquo;s back where
-they are engulfed in large folds of the skin, which form
-cells in which the metamorphosis occurs.</p>
-<p><b>The Spotted Salamander</b>, (<i>Salamandra maculosa</i>), because
-of its broad, bright yellow bands and blotches, laid on a
-rich, dark-brown body color, is one of the most showy of all
-Amphibians. It comes from Europe, and being much prized
-in collections, it frequently passes through the hands of
-dealers in reptiles. Its skin is very moist and clammy,
-which gives the creature the appearance of having been
-varnished. This is the creature which is supposed to be
-able to withstand fire&mdash;a belief which is purely imaginative.</p>
-<p><b>The Tiger Salamander or Axolotl</b>, (<i>Amblystoma tigrinum</i>),
-is a widely different creature from the preceding. It is
-found throughout the greater portion of the North American
-continent, and as far south as Central Mexico. Thirteen
-other species of the genus <i>Amblystoma</i> are found in
-North America and Mexico. In the matter of &ldquo;harmonizing
-with environment,&rdquo; the <i>Amblystoma</i> is one of the most
-remarkable creatures in existence. In its larval stage
-(corresponding with the tadpole stage of a frog), this animal
-<span class="pb" id="Page_184">184</span>
-possesses external gills, red and sponge-like in appearance,
-and its tail has a fin-like edge above and below, like
-the tail of an eel.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig121">
-<img src="images/pmg128.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="394" />
-<p class="pcap">METAMORPHOSIS OF THE LEOPARD FROG.</p>
-</div>
-<p>So long as this larval creature remains in water, its external
-gills remain and do duty, and the larval stage continues
-indefinitely. Remove it from water, or let its home
-pool dry up, and, presto! its gills dry up, its tail loses its
-fin-like edges, and the creature goes about on land, breathing
-air instead of water, with lungs instead of gills.</p>
-<p><b>The &ldquo;Water-Dog&rdquo;</b> or &ldquo;<b>Hellbender</b>,&rdquo; (<i>Cryptobranchus
-allegheniensis</i>), is a salamander-like amphibian, from 18 to 22
-inches long when adult, found more frequently in Pennsylvania
-than elsewhere. They are said to be very tenacious
-of life, and voracious in their food habits, feeding on
-worms, minnows and crayfish, and often taking the hook of
-the fisherman in quest of that most repulsive of all American
-fishes, the cat-fish. Between cat-fish and water-dog
-there would seem to be small choice. Mr. William Frear
-offers this testimony in regard to the tenacity of life of this
-creature:</p>
-<p>&ldquo;One specimen, about 18 inches in length, which had lain
-on the ground exposed to a summer sun for 48 hours, was
-brought to the museum, and left lying a day longer before
-it was placed in alcohol. The day following, desiring to
-<span class="pb" id="Page_185">185</span>
-note a few points of structure, I removed it from the alcohol
-in which it had been completely submerged for at least
-20 hours, and had no sooner placed in on the table than it
-began to open its big mouth, vigorously sway its tail to and
-fro, and give other undoubted signs of vitality.&rdquo;</p>
-<p><b>The Congo Snake</b>, or <b>Amphiuma</b>, (<i>Amphiuma means</i>), is
-a creature which closely resembles a thick-tailed snake.
-A close examination, however, discloses a tiny pair of front
-legs; and far back, well toward the end of the tail, a small
-pair of hind legs appear. These are about as valuable to
-the animal as the tiger&rsquo;s clavicle is to him. There are but
-two species belonging to this strange genus, both of which
-are found in the stagnant waters of our southeastern states.
-Still lower than the amphiuma, is <b>The Mud Eel</b>, (<i>Siren lacertina</i>),
-of the southeastern quarter of the United States,
-which possesses small external gills, and only one pair of
-legs, which are in front.</p>
-<p><b>The Menobranchus</b>, or <b>Mud Puppy</b>, (<i>Necturus maculatus</i>),
-possesses external gills and four legs, and inhabits many of
-the rivers of Ohio, Pennsylvania, Indiana, the great lakes
-and also the lakes of northern New York. It is often taken
-in fisherman&rsquo;s nets.</p>
-<h2>SECTION IV.&mdash; THE INSECTS.</h2>
-<h3 id="c50">THE INSECT COLLECTION.<a class="fn" id="fr_1" href="#fn_1">[1]</a></h3>
-<p>A collection of insects was formed and placed on exhibition
-during the early summer of 1910. While this first
-exhibit was not elaborate, it excited such interest that it
-was decided to enlarge it, by taking advantage of the season
-which then was at its best for insect collecting.</p>
-<p>A series of long shelves has been built in the Pavilion
-between the Small-Mammal House and the Ostrich House,
-and thirty-five glass-fronted cages, together with a row of
-aquaria for aquatic specimens, were installed. A number
-of collecting trips were made into the country within a
-radius of twenty-five miles of the city, with such marked
-success, that by the middle of July the collection was pronounced
-by a number of visitors to equal in interest any
-exhibition of the kind heretofore attempted in this country,
-or in Europe. In view of the marked interest created by
-this display, the insect collection will hereafter be a permanent
-feature of the Park.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_186">186</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig122">
-<img src="images/pmg129.jpg" alt="" width="800" height="356" />
-<p class="pcap">GIANT CENTIPEDE.</p>
-</div>
-<p>There are so many possibilities in exhibiting living insects
-that it is difficult to select groups to feature for the
-summer. Our efforts were first directed toward exhibiting a
-series of the different insects that sing, and also a series
-of species injurious to the interests of the agriculturists,
-together with a number of the insects that prey upon the
-noxious species. The collection of singing insects was a
-marked success and will hereafter be continued each summer.</p>
-<p>We are gathering from both the Old World and the New,
-a fine collection of the larger silk moths. The cocoons will
-be shown on panels, and inasmuch as a number of the
-moths will be emerging daily, this exhibit should be instructive.
-During the winter the insect collection is made up
-largely of tropical species; and in this series we include the
-large bird-killing spiders, scorpions and centipedes, even
-though these creatures are not to be classified as true insects.</p>
-<p>The collection of singing insects of the past summer was
-composed of the meadow locust, greater and lesser cone-headed
-locust, the Katy-did, broad-winged locust, field
-cricket, lesser field cricket, smooth-winged cricket and two
-species of the tree crickets. There were about five hundred
-specimens in the collection, and at times the noise made
-by them was so great that visitors had to shout to one another
-to make their own voices audible. The sounds coming
-from this collection varied according to the time of day.
-It was late in the afternoon, when the larger locusts commenced
-their singing (which continued throughout the
-night), and inasmuch as the strictly diurnal species were yet
-active, the insect chorus was quite vociferous.</p>
-<p>It is only with considerable difficulty that singing insects
-are collected. The best time to capture them is at
-<span class="pb" id="Page_187">187</span>
-night, when the collector stalks the loudest singers, and by
-approaching within definite investigating distance, can accurately
-locate the insects by bringing into use an electric
-flash-lamp. The glare of the light usually causes the insect
-to stop its calls, but it remains motionless upon a branch or
-leaf and may be grasped with a delicate pair of forceps,
-provided the movements of the collector&rsquo;s arm are performed
-outside the rays of light. If the locust has become silent
-and cannot be detected when the light is thrown upon it,
-the collector simply switches off the light and remains
-quiet. In a few minutes the creature continues its song,
-when its exact location is again determined. In this way
-the night songsters of a big meadow are collected, one by
-one, and the collector leaves behind him a silent field that a
-few hours before resounded with the stridulations of the
-insect chorus.</p>
-<div class="img" id="fig123">
-<img src="images/pmg130.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="566" />
-<p class="pcap">TARANTULA.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig124">
-<img src="images/pmg131.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="286" />
-<p class="pcap">RED-WINGED LOCUST.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="img" id="fig125">
-<img src="images/pmg132.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="291" />
-<p class="pcap">HERCULES BEETLE.</p>
-</div>
-<p>Among the more interesting insects exhibited, in our
-series are to be found the walking-stick, the praying mantis,
-the huge red-winged locust of the South, the Egyptian
-scarab, the luminous beetle of Central and South America,
-and broods of silk worm. The life history of the mosquito
-will be permanently illustrated in a series of tanks, and adjoining
-these an exhibit of natural enemies of these pests.</p>
-<p>The insect collection is supplied with interesting descriptive
-labels. During the latter part of spring it is removed
-from the Reptile House, where, during the winter the number
-of its cages are much reduced, and replaced in the
-quarters occupied during the summer.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_188">188</div>
-<h2 id="c51">INDEX.</h2>
-<p class="center"><a class="ab" href="#index_A">A</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_B">B</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_C">C</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_D">D</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_E">E</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_F">F</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_G">G</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_H">H</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_I">I</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_J">J</a> <span class="ab">K</span> <a class="ab" href="#index_L">L</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_M">M</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_N">N</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_O">O</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_P">P</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_Q">Q</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_R">R</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_S">S</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_T">T</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_U">U</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_V">V</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_W">W</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_X">X</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_Y">Y</a> <a class="ab" href="#index_Z">Z</a></p>
-<dl class="index">
-<dt class="center b" id="index_A">A</dt>
-<dt>Access, means of, <a href="#Page_16">16</a></dt>
-<dt>Admission, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Aix galericulata</i>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></dt>
-<dd><i>sponsa</i>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></dd>
-<dt>Agouti, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></dt>
-<dt>Alpaca, <a href="#Page_54">54</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Amblystoma tigrinum</i>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Amphiuma means</i>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></dt>
-<dt>Anaconda, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Anas boschas</i>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Ancistrodon contortrix</i>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></dt>
-<dd><i>piscivorus</i>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></dd>
-<dt><i>Anser anser</i>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></dt>
-<dd><i>albifrons</i>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></dd>
-<dt>Ant-eater, great, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></dt>
-<dt>Antelope, addax, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></dt>
-<dd>beatrix, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></dd>
-<dd>beisa, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></dd>
-<dd>duiker, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></dd>
-<dd>prong-horned, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></dd>
-<dd>sable, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></dd>
-<dd>sabre, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></dd>
-<dd>sasin, <a href="#Page_46">46</a>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></dd>
-<dt>Antelopes, small African, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Anthropopithecus calvus</i>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Anthropoides virgo</i>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Antidorcas</i>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Antigone antigone</i>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Antilocapra americana</i>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Antilocapridae</i>, <a href="#Page_51">51</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Antilope cervicapra</i>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></dt>
-<dt>Antlers, development of, <a href="#Page_59">59</a>, <a href="#Page_61">61</a></dt>
-<dt>Aoudad, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></dt>
-<dt>Ape Barbary, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></dt>
-<dd>black, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></dd>
-<dt><i>Aquila chrysaetos</i>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Arctictis binturong</i>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Ardea americana</i>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></dt>
-<dd><i>herodias</i>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></dd>
-<dt><i>Argusianus argus</i>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></dt>
-<dt>Armadillo, nine-banded, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></dt>
-<dd>six-banded, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></dd>
-<dd>three-banded, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></dd>
-<dt>Ass, Persian Wild, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></dt>
-<dt>Aurochs, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></dt>
-<dt>Aviary, eagle and vulture, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></dt>
-<dd>goose, <a href="#Page_133">133</a></dd>
-<dd>pheasant, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></dd>
-<dt><i>Axis axis</i>, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></dt>
-<dt>Axis deer, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Aythya americana</i>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></dt>
-<dd><i>vallisneria</i>, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></dd>
-</dl>
-<dl class="index">
-<dt class="center b" id="index_B">B</dt>
-<dt>Baboon, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></dt>
-<dd>golden, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></dd>
-<dd>hamadryas, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></dd>
-<dd>long-armed yellow, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></dd>
-<dt>Bactrachians, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></dt>
-<dt>Badger, American, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></dt>
-<dd>European, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></dd>
-<dt><i>Balearica pavonina</i>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Bascanium constrictor</i>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></dt>
-<dt>Bear, Admiralty, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></dt>
-<dd>Andean black, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></dd>
-<dd>black, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></dd>
-<dd>brown, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></dd>
-<dd>hairy-eared, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></dd>
-<dd>Himalayan black, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></dd>
-<dd>Isabella, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></dd>
-<dd>Japanese black, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></dd>
-<dd>Peninsula, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></dd>
-<dd>Polar, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></dd>
-<dd>sloth, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></dd>
-<dd>spectacled, <a href="#Page_125">125</a>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></dd>
-<dd>Syrian, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></dd>
-<dd>Yakutat, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></dd>
-<dt>Beaver, American, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></dt>
-<dt>Big-horn, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></dt>
-<dt>Binturong, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></dt>
-<dt>Birds, list of, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></dt>
-<dt>Bison, American, <a href="#Page_26">26</a>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></dt>
-<dd>European, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></dd>
-<dd>ranges, <a href="#Page_26">26</a></dd>
-<dt>Black buck, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Blastoceros paludosus</i>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></dt>
-<dt>Blessbok, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Bos americanus</i>, <a href="#Page_27">27</a></dt>
-<dd><i>primigenius</i>, <a href="#Page_29">29</a></dd>
-<dt><i>Bradypus tridactylus</i>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Branta canadensis</i>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></dt>
-<dt>Brocket, black-faced, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Bubo bubo</i>, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></dt>
-<dd><i>lacteus</i>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></dd>
-<dd><i>virginianus</i>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></dd>
-<dt><i>Bufo lentiginosus</i>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></dt>
-<dt>Burrhel, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Buteo borealis</i>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></dt>
-</dl>
-<dl class="index">
-<dt class="center b" id="index_C">C</dt>
-<dt>Cage, flying, <a href="#Page_135">135</a>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></dt>
-<dt>Camel, bactrian, <a href="#Page_53">53</a>, <a href="#Page_54">54</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Camelus dromedarius</i>, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></dt>
-<dt>Cameloids, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Canis azarae</i>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></dt>
-<dd><i>dingo</i>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></dd>
-<dd><i>latrans</i>, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></dd>
-<dd><i>mesomelas</i>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></dd>
-<dd><i>nubilis</i>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></dd>
-<dt>Capybara, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></dt>
-<dt>Caribou, woodland, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></dt>
-<dd>Barren-Ground, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></dd>
-<dt><i>Casarca casarca</i>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></dt>
-<dd><i>variegata</i>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></dd>
-<dt>Cassowary, Ceram, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Castor canadensis</i>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_129">129</a></dt>
-<dt>Cat, common civet, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></dt>
-<dd>jungle, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></dd>
-<dd>Malayan, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></dd>
-<dd>margay, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></dd>
-<dd>wild, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></dd>
-<dd>yaguarundi, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></dd>
-<dt><i>Catharista urubu</i>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></dt>
-<dd><i>urobitinga</i>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></dd>
-<dt><i>Cebus hypoleucus</i>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Cephalophus grimmi</i>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Cercocebus collaris</i>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Cervicapra arundinum</i>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Cervus canadensis</i>, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></dt>
-<dd><i>canadensis asiaticus</i>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></dd>
-<dd><i>duvauceli</i>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></dd>
-<dd><i>elaphus</i>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></dd>
-<dd><i>eldi</i>, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></dd>
-<dd><i>equinus</i>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></dd>
-<dd><i>maral</i>, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></dd>
-<dd><i>moluccensis</i>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></dd>
-<dd><i>muntjac</i>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></dd>
-<dd><i>porcinus</i>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></dd>
-<dd><i>schomburgki</i>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></dd>
-<dd><i>unicolor</i>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a>, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></dd>
-<dt>Chameleon, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></dt>
-<dt>Chamois, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></dt>
-<dt>Cheetah, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Chelydra serpentina</i>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></dt>
-<dt class="pb" id="Page_189">189</dt>
-<dt><i>Chelonia</i>, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Chen hyperborea</i>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Chenopsis atrata</i>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></dt>
-<dt>Chimpanzee, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Choloepus hoffmani</i>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Chrysemys picta</i>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Chrysolophus amherstiae</i>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Chrysolophus pictus</i>, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Chrysothrix sciurea</i>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Ciconia ciconia</i>, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Cistudo carolina</i>, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></dt>
-<dt>Coati-mundi, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></dt>
-<dd>red, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></dd>
-<dd>white-nosed, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></dd>
-<dt>Cobra-de-capello, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></dt>
-<dd>king, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></dd>
-<dt><i>Cobus unctuosus</i>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></dt>
-<dt>Collections, arrangement of, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></dt>
-<dd>census of, <a href="#Page_11">11</a></dd>
-<dt><i>Connochaetes gnu</i>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></dt>
-<dd><i>albojubatus</i>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></dd>
-<dt>Condor, California, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></dt>
-<dd>South American, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></dd>
-<dt><i>Corvidae</i>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Coscoroba coscoroba</i>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></dt>
-<dt>Coyote, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></dt>
-<dt>Crane, Asiatic, white, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></dt>
-<dd>crowned, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></dd>
-<dd>demoiselle, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></dd>
-<dd>little brown, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></dd>
-<dd>paradise, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></dd>
-<dd>sandhill, <a href="#Page_138">138</a>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></dd>
-<dd>sarus, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></dd>
-<dd>whooping, <a href="#Page_167">167</a>, <a href="#Page_169">169</a></dd>
-<dt>Crocodile, American, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></dt>
-<dd>broad-nosed, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></dd>
-<dd>Florida, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></dd>
-<dd>sharp-nosed Orinoco, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></dd>
-<dt><i>Crocodilus acutus</i>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></dt>
-<dd><i>acutus floridanus</i>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></dd>
-<dd><i>intermedius</i>, <a href="#Page_176">176</a></dd>
-<dd><i>osteolaemus tetraspis</i>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></dd>
-<dt><i>Crotalus adamanteus</i>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Cryptobranchus allegheniensis</i>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Ctenosaura acanthura</i>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Cyclura cornuta</i>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Cynomys ludovicianus</i>, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Cygnus buccinator</i>, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></dt>
-<dd><i>olor</i>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></dd>
-</dl>
-<dl class="index">
-<dt class="center b" id="index_D">D</dt>
-<dt><i>Dama vulgaris</i>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Damaliscus albifrons</i>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Dasyprocta</i>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Dasypus sexcinctus</i>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></dt>
-<dt>Deer, axis, <a href="#Page_67">67</a>, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></dt>
-<dd>barasingha, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></dd>
-<dd>Columbian black-tailed, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></dd>
-<dd>Eld, <a href="#Page_69">69</a></dd>
-<dd>European red, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></dd>
-<dd>fallow, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></dd>
-<dd>hog, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></dd>
-<dd>horse-tailed, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></dd>
-<dd>Japanese sika, <a href="#Page_67">67</a></dd>
-<dd>jumping, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></dd>
-<dd>maral, <a href="#Page_71">71</a></dd>
-<dd>marsh, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></dd>
-<dd>Molucca, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></dd>
-<dd>mule, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></dd>
-<dd>musk, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></dd>
-<dd>Osceola, white-tailed, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></dd>
-<dd>rib-faced, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></dd>
-<dd>Indian sambar, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></dd>
-<dd>Malay sambar, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></dd>
-<dd>Schomburgk, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></dd>
-<dd>Sinaloa white-tailed, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></dd>
-<dd>swamp, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></dd>
-<dd>white-tailed, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></dd>
-<dt>Dens, bear, <a href="#Page_119">119</a></dt>
-<dd>fox, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></dd>
-<dd>wolf, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></dd>
-<dt>Dingo, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></dt>
-<dt>Dog, Australian, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></dt>
-<dd>Azara, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></dd>
-<dd>raccoon, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></dd>
-<dt>Dromedary, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Dromaeus novae-hollandiae</i>, <a href="#Page_165">165</a></dt>
-<dt>Duck, canvas back, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></dt>
-<dd>lesser scaup, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></dd>
-<dd>mallard, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></dd>
-<dd>mandarin, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></dd>
-<dd>pintail, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></dd>
-<dd>red-head, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></dd>
-<dd>shoveller, <a href="#Page_154">154</a></dd>
-<dd>wood, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></dd>
-<dt>Duiker, antelope, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></dt>
-</dl>
-<dl class="index">
-<dt class="center b" id="index_E">E</dt>
-<dt>Eagle, bald, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></dt>
-<dd>bateleur, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></dd>
-<dd>golden, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></dd>
-<dd>harpy, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></dd>
-<dd>vulturine sea, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></dd>
-<dd>white-breasted, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></dd>
-<dt>Egret, American, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></dt>
-<dd>snowy, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></dd>
-<dt><i>Egretta candidissima</i>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></dt>
-<dt>Eland, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_42">42</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Elaps fulvius</i>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></dt>
-<dt>Elephant, Indian, <a href="#Page_91">91</a>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></dt>
-<dd>Sudan African, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></dd>
-<dd>West African, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></dd>
-<dt><i>Elephas, capensis</i>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></dt>
-<dd><i>cyclotis</i>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a>, <a href="#Page_93">93</a></dd>
-<dd><i>indicus</i>, <a href="#Page_91">91</a></dd>
-<dd><i>knochenhaueri</i>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></dd>
-<dd><i>oxyotis</i>, <a href="#Page_92">92</a></dd>
-<dt>Elk, American, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></dt>
-<dt>Entrances, <a href="#Page_17">17</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Equus burchelli chapmani</i>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></dt>
-<dd><i>burchelli granti</i>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></dd>
-<dd><i>grevyi</i>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></dd>
-<dd><i>onager</i>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></dd>
-<dd><i>persicus</i>, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></dd>
-<dd><i>prjevalskii</i>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></dd>
-<dd><i>zebra</i>, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></dd>
-<dt><i>Erethizon dorsatus</i>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Eulabia indica</i>, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Eunectes murinus</i>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></dt>
-</dl>
-<dl class="index">
-<dt class="center b" id="index_F">F</dt>
-<dt><i>Falco islandus</i>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></dt>
-<dt>Fallow Deer, <a href="#Page_68">68</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Felis bengalensis</i>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></dt>
-<dd><i>concolor</i>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></dd>
-<dt><i>Felis nebulosa</i>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></dt>
-<dd><i>onca</i>, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></dd>
-<dd><i>pardalis</i>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></dd>
-<dd><i>serval</i>, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></dd>
-<dd><i>tigrina</i>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></dd>
-<dd><i>uncia</i>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></dd>
-<dd><i>yaguarundi</i>, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></dd>
-<dt><i>Florida caerulea</i>, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></dt>
-<dt>Forests, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></dt>
-<dt>Four-horned antelope, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></dt>
-<dt>Flamingo, American, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></dt>
-<dd>European, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></dd>
-<dt class="pb" id="Page_190">190</dt>
-<dt>Fox, Arctic, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></dt>
-<dd>black, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></dd>
-<dd>blue, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></dd>
-<dd>cross, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></dd>
-<dd>gray, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></dd>
-<dd>kit, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></dd>
-<dd>large-eared swift, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></dd>
-<dd>New Mexico, desert, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></dd>
-<dd>red, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></dd>
-<dd>silver, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></dd>
-<dd>swift, <a href="#Page_101">101</a>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></dd>
-<dt>Frog, smooth-clawed, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></dt>
-<dd>tree, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></dd>
-<dd>wood, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></dd>
-</dl>
-<dl class="index">
-<dt class="center b" id="index_G">G</dt>
-<dt><i>Gazella benneti</i>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></dt>
-<dd><i>dorcas</i>, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></dd>
-<dt>Gazelle, dorcas, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></dt>
-<dd>Indian, <a href="#Page_49">49</a></dd>
-<dt><i>Gennaeas nycthemerus</i>, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></dt>
-<dt>Gibbon, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></dt>
-<dt>Gila monster, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Giraffa camelopardalis</i>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></dt>
-<dd><i>capensis</i>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></dd>
-<dd><i>reticulata</i>, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></dd>
-<dt>Giraffe, five-horned, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></dt>
-<dd>Nubian, <a href="#Page_36">36</a>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></dd>
-<dd>two-horned, <a href="#Page_37">37</a></dd>
-<dt>Gnu, brindled, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></dt>
-<dd>white-tailed, <a href="#Page_38">38</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></dd>
-<dt>Goat, Persian wild, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></dt>
-<dd>Rocky Mountain, <a href="#Page_33">33</a>, <a href="#Page_49">49</a>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></dd>
-<dt>Goose, African spur-winged, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></dt>
-<dd>bar-headed, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></dd>
-<dd>Canada, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></dd>
-<dd>coscoroba, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></dd>
-<dd>gray-lag, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></dd>
-<dd>snow, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></dd>
-<dd>white-fronted, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></dd>
-<dt>Grounds, physical aspect of, <a href="#Page_21">21</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Grus americana</i>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></dt>
-<dd><i>mexicana</i>, <a href="#Page_167">167</a></dd>
-<dt><i>Guara rubra</i>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></dt>
-<dt>Guanaco, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Gymnogyps californianus</i>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Gypaetus barbatus</i>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Gypagus papa</i>, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Gypohierax angolensis</i>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Gyps pulvus</i>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></dt>
-</dl>
-<dl class="index">
-<dt class="center b" id="index_H">H</dt>
-<dt><i>Halia&euml;tus leucocephalus</i>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></dt>
-<dd><i>leucogaster</i>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></dd>
-<dt><i>Hapale jacchus</i>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></dt>
-<dt>Hawk, red-tailed, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></dt>
-<dt>Hellbender, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Helotarsus ecaudatus</i>, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Hemitragus jemlaicus</i>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></dt>
-<dt>Heron, black-crowned, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></dt>
-<dd>great blue, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></dd>
-<dd>great white, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></dd>
-<dd>little blue, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></dd>
-<dd>Louisiana, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></dd>
-<dd>snowy, <a href="#Page_139">139</a></dd>
-<dt><i>Herodias egretta</i>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Herpestes ichneumon</i>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></dt>
-<dt>Hippopotamus, <a href="#Page_96">96</a>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Hippotragus niger</i>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></dt>
-<dt>Hog Deer, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></dt>
-<dt>Horned &ldquo;toad,&rdquo; <a href="#Page_178">178</a></dt>
-<dt>Horse, Prjevalsky, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></dt>
-<dt>House, antelope, <a href="#Page_35">35</a>, <a href="#Page_36">36</a></dt>
-<dd>aquatic-bird, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></dd>
-<dd>camel, <a href="#Page_53">53</a></dd>
-<dd>elephant, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></dd>
-<dd>large bird, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></dd>
-<dd>lion, <a href="#Page_71">71</a>, <a href="#Page_72">72</a></dd>
-<dd>llama, <a href="#Page_55">55</a></dd>
-<dd>ostrich, <a href="#Page_162">162</a></dd>
-<dd>primate, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></dd>
-<dd>puma and lynx, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></dd>
-<dd>reptile, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></dd>
-<dd>small-deer, <a href="#Page_42">42</a>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></dd>
-<dd>small-mammal, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></dd>
-<dd>zebra, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></dd>
-<dt><i>Hydrochaerus capybara</i>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Hylobates leuciscus</i>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Hystrix cristata</i>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></dt>
-<dd><i>longicauda</i>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></dd>
-</dl>
-<dl class="index">
-<dt class="center b" id="index_I">I</dt>
-<dt>Ibis, scarlet, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></dt>
-<dd>white-faced, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></dd>
-<dd>wood, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></dd>
-<dt>Ichneumon, African, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Icteridae</i>, <a href="#Page_152">152</a></dt>
-<dt>Iguana, Mexican, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></dt>
-<dd>rhinoceros, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></dd>
-<dd>South American, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></dd>
-<dd><i>tuberculata</i>, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></dd>
-<dt>Income, sources of, <a href="#Page_13">13</a></dt>
-<dt>Insects, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></dt>
-</dl>
-<dl class="index">
-<dt class="center b" id="index_J">J</dt>
-<dt>Jackal, black-backed, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></dt>
-<dt>Jaguar, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></dt>
-<dt>Jungle cat, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></dt>
-</dl>
-<dl class="index">
-<dt class="center b" id="index_L">L</dt>
-<dt><i>Lacerta viridis</i>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Lama glama</i>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></dt>
-<dd><i>guanacus</i>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></dd>
-<dd><i>pacos</i>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></dd>
-<dd><i>vicunia</i>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></dd>
-<dt>Lammergeyer, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></dt>
-<dt>Llama, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></dt>
-<dt>Leopard, <a href="#Page_76">76</a></dt>
-<dd>black, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></dd>
-<dd>clouded, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></dd>
-<dd>hunting, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></dd>
-<dd>snow, <a href="#Page_75">75</a>, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></dd>
-<dt><i>Lemur catta</i>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></dt>
-<dd>ring-tailed, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></dd>
-<dd>ruffed, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></dd>
-<dd>slow, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></dd>
-<dd><i>varia</i>, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></dd>
-<dt>Leucoryx antelope, <a href="#Page_39">39</a>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></dt>
-<dt>Lion, <a href="#Page_73">73</a></dt>
-<dd>Barbary, <a href="#Page_74">74</a></dd>
-<dd>mountain, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></dd>
-<dt>Lizards, <a href="#Page_177">177</a></dt>
-<dt>Location of Park, <a href="#Page_15">15</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Lophophorus impeyanus</i>, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Lutra canadensis</i>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></dt>
-<dt>Lynx, bay, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></dt>
-<dd>Canada, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></dd>
-<dd>spotted, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></dd>
-</dl>
-<dl class="index">
-<dt class="center b" id="index_M">M</dt>
-<dt><i>Macacus entellus</i>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></dt>
-<dd><i>fuscatus</i>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></dd>
-<dd><i>nemestrinus</i>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></dd>
-<dd><i>rhesus</i>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></dd>
-<dt>Macaws, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Macropus rufus</i>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></dt>
-<dt>Mammals, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></dt>
-<dd>burrowing, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></dd>
-<dd>egg-laying, <a href="#Page_115">115</a></dd>
-<dd>toothless, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></dd>
-<dt>Mandrill, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></dt>
-<dt>Margay cat, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></dt>
-<dt>Markhor Suleiman, <a href="#Page_31">31</a>, <a href="#Page_33">33</a></dt>
-<dt>Marmoset, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></dt>
-<dt>Marsh deer, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></dt>
-<dt class="pb" id="Page_191">191</dt>
-<dt><i>Mazama tema</i>, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Meleagris gallopavo silvestris</i>, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Meles taxus</i>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></dt>
-<dt>Molucca deer, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></dt>
-<dt>Monkey, black spider, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></dt>
-<dd>entellus, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></dd>
-<dd>gray spider, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></dd>
-<dd>green, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></dd>
-<dd>howling, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></dd>
-<dd>mona, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></dd>
-<dd>pig-tailed, <a href="#Page_86">86</a>, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></dd>
-<dd>rhesus, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></dd>
-<dd>squirrel, <a href="#Page_88">88</a></dd>
-<dt><i>Moschus moschiferus</i>, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></dt>
-<dt>Mouflon, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></dt>
-<dt>Mountain sheep, big-horn, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></dt>
-<dt>Mud eel, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></dt>
-<dd>puppy, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></dd>
-<dt>Muntjac deer, <a href="#Page_45">45</a></dt>
-<dt>Musk deer, <a href="#Page_46">46</a></dt>
-<dt>Musk-ox, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Myopotamus coypu</i>, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Myrmecophaga jubata</i>, <a href="#Page_113">113</a></dt>
-</dl>
-<dl class="index">
-<dt class="center b" id="index_N">N</dt>
-<dt><i>Nasua rufa</i>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Naja bungaris</i>, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></dt>
-<dd><i>tripudians</i>, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></dd>
-<dt><i>Necturus maculatus</i>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Nettion carolinensis</i>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></dt>
-<dt>Nilgai, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Nyctea nyctea</i>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Nyctereutes procyonoides</i>, <a href="#Page_109">109</a></dt>
-</dl>
-<dl class="index">
-<dt class="center b" id="index_O">O</dt>
-<dt>Ocelot, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Odocoileus columbianus</i>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></dt>
-<dd><i>hemionus</i>, <a href="#Page_60">60</a></dd>
-<dd><i>sinaloae</i>, <a href="#Page_44">44</a></dd>
-<dd><i>virginianus</i>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></dd>
-<dd><i>virginianus osceola</i>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></dd>
-<dt>Onager, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></dt>
-<dt>Ophidia, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Ophiosauris ventralis</i>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></dt>
-<dt>Orang-utan, <a href="#Page_83">83</a>, <a href="#Page_84">84</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Oreamnos montanus</i>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Oryx</i>, <i>beatrix</i>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></dt>
-<dd><i>beisa</i>, <a href="#Page_40">40</a></dd>
-<dd><i>leucoryx</i>, <a href="#Page_39">39</a></dd>
-<dt>Otter, American, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Otus asio</i>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></dt>
-<dt>Ounce, <a href="#Page_77">77</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Ovibos wardi</i>, <a href="#Page_31">31</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Ovis burrhel</i>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></dt>
-<dd><i>canadensis</i>, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></dd>
-<dd><i>cycloceros</i>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></dd>
-<dd><i>musimon</i>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></dd>
-<dd><i>tragelaphus</i>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></dd>
-<dt>Owl, barred, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></dt>
-<dd>giant eagle, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></dd>
-<dd>great horned, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></dd>
-<dd>milky, eagle, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></dd>
-<dd>screech, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></dd>
-<dd>snowy, <a href="#Page_141">141</a></dd>
-</dl>
-<dl class="index">
-<dt class="center b" id="index_P">P</dt>
-<dt><i>Papio babuin</i>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></dt>
-<dd><i>hamadryas</i>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_86">86</a></dd>
-<dd><i>mormon</i>, <a href="#Page_81">81</a>, <a href="#Page_85">85</a></dd>
-<dt>Paradoxure, black, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></dt>
-<dd>Malayan, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></dd>
-<dd>white-whiskered, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></dd>
-<dt><i>Paradoxurus hermaphroditus</i>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></dt>
-<dd><i>leucomystax</i>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></dd>
-<dd><i>niger</i>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></dd>
-<dt><i>Passeres</i>, <a href="#Page_151">151</a></dt>
-<dt>Pelicans, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Pelicanus occidentalis</i>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></dt>
-<dd><i>erthrorhynchus</i>, <a href="#Page_140">140</a></dd>
-<dt>Peccary, collared, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Phacochaerus aethiopicus</i>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Phasianus colchicus</i>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></dt>
-<dd><i>mongolicus</i>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></dd>
-<dd><i>soemmerringii</i>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></dd>
-<dd><i>torquatus</i>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></dd>
-<dt>Pheasant, Amherst, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></dt>
-<dd>Argus, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></dd>
-<dd>copper, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></dd>
-<dd>English, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></dd>
-<dd>golden, <a href="#Page_158">158</a></dd>
-<dd>impeyan, <a href="#Page_161">161</a></dd>
-<dd>Mongolian, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></dd>
-<dd>Reeve, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></dd>
-<dd>ring-necked, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></dd>
-<dd>silver, <a href="#Page_159">159</a></dd>
-<dd>Soemmerring, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></dd>
-<dt><i>Pheonicopterus ruber</i>, <a href="#Page_136">136</a></dt>
-<dd><i>roseus</i>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></dd>
-<dt><i>Phrynosoma</i>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></dt>
-<dt>Pigeon, bleeding-heart, <a href="#Page_149">149</a></dt>
-<dd>great crowned, <a href="#Page_150">150</a></dd>
-<dt><i>Pipa americana</i>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Plegadis guarauna</i>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></dt>
-<dt>Porcupine, African, <a href="#Page_110">110</a>, <a href="#Page_111">111</a></dt>
-<dd>Brazilian tree, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></dd>
-<dd>Canada, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></dd>
-<dd>Indian crestless, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></dd>
-<dt><i>Portax tragocamelus</i>, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Potamochaerus pencillatus</i>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></dt>
-<dt>Prairie &ldquo;dog&rdquo; village, <a href="#Page_118">118</a></dt>
-<dt>Primates, <a href="#Page_81">81</a></dt>
-<dt>Puma, <a href="#Page_78">78</a>, <a href="#Page_116">116</a></dt>
-<dt>Python, regal, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></dt>
-<dd>rock, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></dd>
-<dd><i>reticulatus</i>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></dd>
-<dd><i>sebae</i>, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></dd>
-</dl>
-<dl class="index">
-<dt class="center b" id="index_Q">Q</dt>
-<dt><i>Querquedula discors</i>, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></dt>
-</dl>
-<dl class="index">
-<dt class="center b" id="index_R">R</dt>
-<dt>Rabbit family, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Rana catesbiana</i>, <a href="#Page_182">182</a></dt>
-<dd><i>sylvatica</i>, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></dd>
-<dt><i>Rangifer, caribou</i>, <a href="#Page_62">62</a></dt>
-<dd><i>granti</i>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></dd>
-<dd><i>osborni</i>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></dd>
-<dd><i>stonei</i>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></dd>
-<dd><i>tarandus</i>, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></dd>
-<dt>Rat, coypu, <a href="#Page_104">104</a></dt>
-<dt>Rattlesnake, diamond-back, <a href="#Page_181">181</a></dt>
-<dt>Red river-hog, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></dt>
-<dt>Reedbuck, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></dt>
-<dt>Reindeer, Lapland, <a href="#Page_63">63</a></dt>
-<dt>Reptiles, <a href="#Page_171">171</a></dt>
-<dd>synopsis, <a href="#Page_172">172</a></dd>
-<dd>venomous, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></dd>
-<dt>Restaurant, Rocking Stone, <a href="#Page_19">19</a></dt>
-<dt>Rhea, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></dt>
-<dt>Rhinoceros, African two-horned, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></dt>
-<dd>Indian, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></dd>
-<dd>white, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></dd>
-<dd>square-mouthed, <a href="#Page_96">96</a></dd>
-<dd><i>bicornis</i>, <a href="#Page_94">94</a></dd>
-<dd><i>unicornis</i>, <a href="#Page_95">95</a></dd>
-<dt>Rodents, list of, <a href="#Page_131">131</a></dt>
-<dt>Rodent-Reptile collection, <a href="#Page_130">130</a></dt>
-<dt>Rocking Stone, <a href="#Page_23">23</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Rupicapra tragus</i>, <a href="#Page_35">35</a></dt>
-</dl>
-<dl class="index">
-<dt class="center b" id="index_S">S</dt>
-<dt>Sable antelope, <a href="#Page_40">40</a>, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></dt>
-<dt>Salamander, spotted, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></dt>
-<dd>tiger, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></dd>
-<dt class="pb" id="Page_192">192</dt>
-<dt>Sapajou, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Sarcogeranus leucogeranus</i>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></dt>
-<dt>Sasin antelope, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></dt>
-<dt>Seal, harbor, <a href="#Page_80">80</a></dt>
-<dt>Sea-lion, California, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></dt>
-<dt>Secretary bird, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Serpentarius serpentarius</i>, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></dt>
-<dt>Serval, <a href="#Page_105">105</a></dt>
-<dt>Sewellel family, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></dt>
-<dt>Sheep, arcal, <a href="#Page_32">32</a>, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></dt>
-<dd>arcal mountain, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></dd>
-<dd>Barbary wild, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></dd>
-<dd>blue mountain, <a href="#Page_34">34</a></dd>
-<dt>Sheldrake, paradise, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></dt>
-<dd>ruddy, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></dd>
-<dd>tadorna, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></dd>
-<dt>Siamang, <a href="#Page_89">89</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Siren lacertina</i>, <a href="#Page_185">185</a></dt>
-<dt>Sloths, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></dt>
-<dt>Snake, black, <a href="#Page_179">179</a></dt>
-<dd>coral, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></dd>
-<dd>garter, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></dd>
-<dd>harlequin, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></dd>
-<dd>hog-nosed, <a href="#Page_180">180</a></dd>
-<dt>Springbuck, <a href="#Page_48">48</a></dt>
-<dt>Squirrels, <a href="#Page_117">117</a></dt>
-<dt>Statistics, <a href="#Page_10">10</a></dt>
-<dt>Stork, white, <a href="#Page_138">138</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Struthio australis</i>, <a href="#Page_163">163</a></dt>
-<dd><i>camelus</i>, <a href="#Page_164">164</a></dd>
-<dt>Suricate, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></dt>
-<dt>Swan, black, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></dt>
-<dd>mute, <a href="#Page_134">134</a></dd>
-<dd>trumpeter, <a href="#Page_135">135</a></dd>
-<dt><i>Syrmaticus reevesi</i>, <a href="#Page_160">160</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Syrnium varium</i>, <a href="#Page_142">142</a></dt>
-</dl>
-<dl class="index">
-<dt class="center b" id="index_T">T</dt>
-<dt><i>Tadorna tadorna</i>, <a href="#Page_155">155</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Tagassu angulatum</i>, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></dt>
-<dt>Tahr, Himalayan, <a href="#Page_32">32</a></dt>
-<dt>Tamandua, <a href="#Page_112">112</a>, <a href="#Page_114">114</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Tantalus loculator</i>, <a href="#Page_137">137</a></dt>
-<dt>Tapirs, <a href="#Page_97">97</a>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Tapirus indicus</i>, <a href="#Page_98">98</a></dt>
-<dd><i>terrestris</i>, <a href="#Page_97">97</a></dd>
-<dt><i>Tatu novemcinctum</i>, <a href="#Page_112">112</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Taurotragus oryx</i>, <a href="#Page_38">38</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Taxidea americana</i>, <a href="#Page_110">110</a></dt>
-<dt>Tegu, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></dt>
-<dt>Telegalla, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Testudo, carolina</i>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></dt>
-<dd><i>elephantina</i>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></dd>
-<dd><i>nigrita</i>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></dd>
-<dd><i>tabulata</i>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></dd>
-<dd><i>vicina</i>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></dd>
-<dt><i>Tetraceros quadricornis</i>, <a href="#Page_47">47</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Tetrapteryx paradisea</i>, <a href="#Page_168">168</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Thrasaetus harpyia</i>, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Thylacinus cynocephalus</i>, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></dt>
-<dt>Tiger, <a href="#Page_75">75</a></dt>
-<dt>Toad, common, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></dt>
-<dd>surinam, <a href="#Page_183">183</a></dd>
-<dt>Tortoise, box, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></dt>
-<dd>giant, <a href="#Page_173">173</a>, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></dd>
-<dd>gopher, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></dd>
-<dd>South American, <a href="#Page_174">174</a></dd>
-<dt>Turkey, brush, <a href="#Page_166">166</a></dt>
-<dd>wild, <a href="#Page_146">146</a></dd>
-<dt>Turtle, alligator, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></dt>
-<dd>marine, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></dd>
-<dd>painted, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></dd>
-<dd>snapping, <a href="#Page_173">173</a></dd>
-<dd>soft-shell, <a href="#Page_175">175</a></dd>
-</dl>
-<dl class="index">
-<dt class="center b" id="index_U">U</dt>
-<dt>Ungulates, summary of, <a href="#Page_25">25</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Urocyon virginianus</i>, <a href="#Page_102">102</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Ursus, americanus</i>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></dt>
-<dd><i>arctos</i>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></dd>
-<dd><i>dalli</i>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_122">122</a></dd>
-<dd><i>emmonsi</i>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></dd>
-<dd><i>eulophus</i>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></dd>
-<dd><i>floridanus</i>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></dd>
-<dd><i>gyas</i>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_123">123</a></dd>
-<dd><i>horribilis</i>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a>, <a href="#Page_124">124</a></dd>
-<dd><i>horribilis horriaeus</i>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></dd>
-<dd><i>japonicus</i>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></dd>
-<dd><i>kermodei</i>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></dd>
-<dd><i>labiatus</i>, <a href="#Page_127">127</a></dd>
-<dd><i>luteolus</i>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></dd>
-<dd><i>maritimus</i>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></dd>
-<dd><i>middendorffi</i>, <a href="#Page_120">120</a></dd>
-<dd><i>ornatus</i>, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></dd>
-<dd><i>ornatus</i>, thomasi, <a href="#Page_125">125</a></dd>
-<dd><i>piscator</i>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></dd>
-<dd><i>richardsoni</i>, <a href="#Page_121">121</a></dd>
-<dd><i>torquatus</i>, <a href="#Page_126">126</a></dd>
-</dl>
-<dl class="index">
-<dt class="center b" id="index_V">V</dt>
-<dt><i>Varanus gouldii</i>, <a href="#Page_178">178</a></dt>
-<dt>Vervet, <a href="#Page_87">87</a></dt>
-<dt>Vicunia, <a href="#Page_55">55</a>, <a href="#Page_56">56</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Viverra malaccensis</i>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></dt>
-<dd><i>zibetha</i>, <a href="#Page_107">107</a></dd>
-<dt><i>Vulpes fulvus</i>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></dt>
-<dd><i>fulvus argentatus</i>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></dd>
-<dd><i>fulvus decussatus</i>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></dd>
-<dd><i>macrotis,</i> 102</dd>
-<dd><i>macrotis neomexicanus</i>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></dd>
-<dd><i>lagopus</i>, <a href="#Page_108">108</a></dd>
-<dd><i>velox</i>, <a href="#Page_101">101</a></dd>
-<dt>Vulture, bearded, <a href="#Page_145">145</a></dt>
-<dd>black, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></dd>
-<dd>eared, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></dd>
-<dd>griffon, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></dd>
-<dd>king, <a href="#Page_143">143</a></dd>
-<dd>yellow-headed, <a href="#Page_144">144</a></dd>
-</dl>
-<dl class="index">
-<dt class="center b" id="index_W">W</dt>
-<dt>Walrus, Atlantic, <a href="#Page_79">79</a></dt>
-<dt>Wapiti, Altai, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></dt>
-<dd>American, <a href="#Page_57">57</a></dd>
-<dd>tashkent, <a href="#Page_70">70</a></dd>
-<dt>Wart-hog, <a href="#Page_50">50</a></dt>
-<dt>Waterbuck, sing-sing, <a href="#Page_41">41</a></dt>
-<dt>Waterfall, <a href="#Page_22">22</a></dt>
-<dt>White-tailed deer, <a href="#Page_43">43</a></dt>
-<dt>Wichita Game Reserve, <a href="#Page_28">28</a></dt>
-<dt>Wild-fowl pond, <a href="#Page_153">153</a></dt>
-<dt>Wolf, gray, <a href="#Page_99">99</a></dt>
-<dd>prairie, <a href="#Page_99">99</a>, <a href="#Page_100">100</a></dd>
-<dd>Tasmanian, <a href="#Page_103">103</a></dd>
-</dl>
-<dl class="index">
-<dt class="center b" id="index_X">X</dt>
-<dt><i>Xenopus laevis</i>, <a href="#Page_184">184</a></dt>
-</dl>
-<dl class="index">
-<dt class="center b" id="index_Y">Y</dt>
-<dt>Yaguarundi cat, <a href="#Page_106">106</a></dt>
-<dt><i>Zalophus californianus</i>, <a href="#Page_78">78</a></dt>
-</dl>
-<dl class="index">
-<dt class="center b" id="index_Z">Z</dt>
-<dt>Zebra, Chapman, <a href="#Page_66">66</a></dt>
-<dd>Grant, <a href="#Page_64">64</a>, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></dd>
-<dd>Grevy, <a href="#Page_65">65</a></dd>
-<dd>mountain, <a href="#Page_64">64</a></dd>
-</dl>
-<hr />
-<h2>Footnotes</h2>
-<div class="fnblock"><div class="fndef"><a class="fn"  id="fn_1" href="#fr_1">[1]</a>This interesting collection was formed, installed and labeled by Curator R. L. Ditmars, with the assistance of Mr. Charles Snyder and other members of the Department of Reptiles.
-</div>
-</div>
-<h3>Membership in the Zoological Society</h3>
-<p>Membership in the Zoological Society is open to all who are interested in the objects of the
-organization, and desire to contribute toward its support.</p>
-<p>The cost of Annual Membership is $10 per year, which entitles the holder to admission
-to the Zoological Park on all pay days, when he may see the collections to the best advantage.
-Members are entitled to all the Annual Reports, bi-monthly Bulletins, Zoologica, privileges of
-the Administration Building, all lectures and special exhibitions, and ten complimentary tickets
-to the Zoological Park for distribution.</p>
-<p>Any Annual Member may become a Life Member by the payment of $200. A subscriber
-of $1,000 becomes a Patron; $2,500, an Associate Founder; $5,000, a Founder; $10,000, a
-Founder in Perpetuity, and $25,000 a Benefactor.</p>
-<p>Applications for membership may be handed to the Chief Clerk, in the Zoological Park;
-Dr. C. H. Townsend, N. Y. Aquarium, Battery Park, New York City, or forwarded to the
-General Secretary, No. 11 Wall Street, New York City.</p>
-<h3>PUBLICATIONS</h3>
-<p>Reports and Publications of the Zoological Society are for sale at prices affixed below:</p>
-<table class="center" summary="">
-<tr><td class="c">Annual </td><td class="c">Report </td><td class="c">No. </td><td class="l">1 </td><td class="c">Paper </td><td class="r">$&nbsp;.40</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="l">2 </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="r">.75 </td><td class="c">Cloth </td><td class="r">$1.00</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="l">3 and 4, each </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="r">.40 </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="r">.60</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="l">5 <span class="hst">&ldquo;</span> 6 <span class="hst">&ldquo;</span> </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="r">.75 </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="r">1.00</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="l">7 <span class="hst">&ldquo;</span> 8 <span class="hst">&ldquo;</span> </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="r">1.00 </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="r">1.25</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="l">9 <span class="hst">&ldquo;</span> 10 <span class="hst">&ldquo;</span> </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="r">1.25 </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="r">1.50</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="l">11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, each </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="r">1.00 </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="r">1.25</td></tr>
-</table>
-<table class="center" summary="">
-<tr><td class="l">Our Vanishing Wild Life (Hornaday) postpaid </td><td class="c"> </td><td class="r"> </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="r">1.65</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Destruction of Our Birds and Mammals (Hornaday) </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="r">.15 </td><td class="c"> </td><td class="r"> </td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Notes on Mountain Sheep of North America (Hornaday) </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="r">.40 </td><td class="c"> </td><td class="r"> </td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">The Caribou (Grant) </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="r">.40 </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="r">.60</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">The Origin and Relationship of the Large Mammals of North America (Grant) </td><td class="c"> </td><td class="r"> </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="r">1.00</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">The Rocky Mountain Goat (Grant) </td><td class="c"> </td><td class="r"> </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="r">1.00</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Zoologica Vol. 1, Nos 1-11 inclusive, set </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="r">2.30 </td><td class="c"> </td><td class="r"> </td><td></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Sea-Shore Life (Mayer) </td><td class="c"> </td><td class="r"> </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="r">1.20</td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">The National Collection of Heads and Horns (Hornaday) Large Quarto. Parts 1 and 2, each </td><td class="c">&ldquo; </td><td class="r">1.00 </td><td class="c"> </td><td class="r"> </td><td></td></tr>
-</table>
-<dl class="undent"><dt>Bulletin Nos. 1 and 6    Out of Print</dt>
-<dt>Bulletins&mdash;Bi-monthly    20c., each; Yearly by Mail   $1.00</dt>
-<dt>Bulletin Nos. 5 to 23 inclusive (15 cents each). Set, cloth bound   5.00</dt>
-<dt>Popular and Official Guide to the New York Zoological Park (Hornaday)   .25</dt>
-<dt><i>Souvenir Books</i>: Series No. 2, 36 pages, 5&frac12; &times; 7&frac12; inches, 33 full page illustrations in colors. Price, 25c.; postage 3c.</dt>
-<dt>Series No. 3, 48 pages, 7 &times; 9 inches, 73 illustrations from four color plates. Price, 50c.; postage 3c.</dt>
-<dt><i>Souvenir Postal Cards</i>: Series of 72 subjects in colors, sold in sets of 24 cards, assorted subjects, for 25 cents; postage 2 cents per set.</dt>
-<dt><i>Photogravures</i>: Series of 12 subjects in sepia. Animals and views in the Zoological Park. Splendid pictures for framing. Sold in sets of 2 subjects. Price, 25 cents per set; sent postpaid.</dt>
-<dt>Enlargements of Animal Pictures: A series of 12 enlargements, size 11 &times; 14, from selected photographs of animals in the Zoological Park. Can be purchased singly and forwarded by mail.  Furnished in three different styles; black and white, 25 cents each; duotone brown, 35 cents each; hand colored, 75 cents each.</dt>
-<dt><i>Souvenir Map Fan</i>: A novel fan and map of the Zoological Park. An ingenious arrangement makes it possible to instantly locate any building or installation. Price, 10c.; postage 2c.</dt>
-<dt><i>Panorama</i> of the Zoological Park in colors. Reproduced from an original drawing in perspective. Sold in folder form, or flat, suitable for framing. This wonderful drawing gives a vivid recollection of the World&rsquo;s greatest Zoological Park   Price, 20c.; postage, 2c.</dt>
-<dt><i>Photo-Letter</i>: Two series of different photographs, reproduced in photogravure and four colors. Price, 10c. each postpaid.</dt>
-<dt><i>Animal Art Stamps</i>: A series of 130 subjects, each stamp 2&#8539; &times; 3, printed from four color plates. Sold in sets of 20 stamps for 10 cents. Album containing 10 stamps, providing space for entire series, 15 cents. Postage 2 cents. Album and complete series of 6 sets, 75 cents.  Postage 3 cents.</dt></dl>
-<p class="center">Address all inquiries and orders to</p>
-<p class="center">H. R. MITCHELL,
-<br />Manager of Privileges,
-<br />Zoological Park, 185th St. &amp; Southern Boulevard. <span class="hst">New York City.</span></p>
-<p class="center"><span class="sc">Rocking-Stone Restaurant</span></p>
-<div class="img" id="fig126">
-<img src="images/pmg133.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="559" />
-<p class="pcap">EMU AND YOUNG BIRD HATCHED IN THE ZOOLOGICAL PARK</p>
-</div>
-<h2>Transcriber&rsquo;s Notes</h2>
-<ul>
-<li>Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook is public-domain in the country of publication.</li>
-<li>Corrected a few palpable typographical errors and invalid index entries.</li>
-<li>Swapped entries in the table of illustrations to match the actual order.</li>
-<li>In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by _underscores_.</li>
-</ul>
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<pre>
-
-
-
-
-
-End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of Popular Official Guide to the New York
-Zoological Park (September 1915), by William T. Hornaday
-
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