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diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes new file mode 100644 index 0000000..d7b82bc --- /dev/null +++ b/.gitattributes @@ -0,0 +1,4 @@ +*.txt text eol=lf +*.htm text eol=lf +*.html text eol=lf +*.md text eol=lf diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt new file mode 100644 index 0000000..6312041 --- /dev/null +++ b/LICENSE.txt @@ -0,0 +1,11 @@ +This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements, +metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be +in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES. + +Procedures for determining public domain status are described in +the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org. + +No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in +jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize +this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright +status under the laws that apply to them. diff --git a/README.md b/README.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..ded8d65 --- /dev/null +++ b/README.md @@ -0,0 +1,2 @@ +Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for +eBook #54330 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/54330) diff --git a/old/54330-0.txt b/old/54330-0.txt deleted file mode 100644 index 8dfe2a7..0000000 --- a/old/54330-0.txt +++ /dev/null @@ -1,3914 +0,0 @@ -The Project Gutenberg EBook of How Women May Earn a Living, by Mercy Grogan - -This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most -other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions -whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of -the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at -www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - -Title: How Women May Earn a Living - -Author: Mercy Grogan - -Release Date: March 9, 2017 [EBook #54330] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HOW WOMEN MAY EARN A LIVING *** - - - - -Produced by Cindy Horton, Les Galloway and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive/American Libraries and the Google -Books project.) - - - - - - - - - -[Illustration: - HOW WOMEN - MAY EARN A - LIVING - - CASSELL & COMP^Y LIM^D. - LONDON, PARIS & NEW YORK -] - - - - -_Published by Cassell & Company, Limited._ - -NEW AND ENLARGED EDITION. 1,088 pages, royal 8vo, price 21s. - - The Family Physician. A Manual of Domestic Medicine. By Eminent - Physicians and Surgeons of the principal London Hospitals. - - "The volume issued under the appropriate title of 'The Family - Physician,' is one which is likely to be of great and permanent - use.... It teaches its readers not only how to cure certain diseases - according to general rules, but, what is much more important, how to - avoid them. The book is distinguished throughout by excellent sense - and very clear writing."--_Saturday Review._ - - -NEW AND REVISED EDITION. Complete in Four Vols., cloth, 6s. each. - - Cassell's Household Guide to Every Department of Practical Life. - Being a Complete Encyclopædia of Domestic and Social Economy. With - Illustrations on nearly every page, and COLOURED PLATES. - - "A book for every household, and its possessors may dispense with - many others on a smaller scale, because it is, as the title says, A - COMPLETE ENCYCLOPÆDIA OF DOMESTIC AND SOCIAL ECONOMY."--_The Queen._ - - -CHEAP EDITION. 1,280 pages, royal 8vo, cloth, 7s. 6d. - - Cassell's Dictionary of Cookery. _The Largest, Cheapest, and best - Cookery Book ever published._ Illustrated throughout. Containing about - NINE THOUSAND RECIPES. - - "'Cassell's Dictionary of Cookery' is one of the most thorough and - comprehensive works of the kind. To expatiate on its abundant contents - would demand pages rather than paragraphs."--_The Times._ - - -CHEAP EDITION. 1,280 pages, royal 8vo, cloth, 7s. 6d. - - Cassell's Domestic Dictionary. An Encyclopædia for the Household, - furnishing information on several thousand subjects relating to the - Wants of Every-day Life. With numerous Illustrations. - - "As a manual of ready reference for all household purposes this work - has no rival."--_The Queen._ - -CHEAP EDITION, price 3s. 6d. - - What Girls Can Do. A Book for Mothers and Daughters. By PHILLIS - BROWNE, Author of "A Year's Cookery," &c. Crown 8vo, cloth gilt. - - "Miss Browne gives many practical hints on all kinds of work, whether - they be undertaken for duty, necessity, or pleasure. Girls who are - forced to earn their livelihood, are ambitious of making themselves - useful, or only desire not to be idle, may all consult with advantage - these pages, which have the great merit of being within the compass of - all to profit by."--_The Times._ - - -CHEAP EDITION, price 3s. 6d. - - A Year's Cookery. The _only_ book of its kind. Giving Dishes for - Breakfast, Luncheon, and Dinner for Every Day in the Year, with - Practical Instructions for their Preparation. By PHILLIS BROWNE. Crown - 8vo, cloth gilt. - - "A YEAR'S COOKERY, by Phillis Browne, with bills of fare for every - day in the year, with directions for cooking, for marketing, and for - making arrangements for the next day, makes up an invaluable present - for young housekeepers."--_Athenæum._ - - -Cloth, 3s. 6d. - - Choice Dishes at Small Cost. By A. G. PAYNE, Author of "Common-sense - Cookery," &c. - - "A most invaluable contribution to the housekeeper's library."--_Court - Journal._ - - "An admirable little cookery-book, not overlooking economy, but - putting excellence and quality above everything. For its size it is - the best work of the kind we have seen."--_Daily Chronicle._ - - -CHEAP EDITION, stiff paper cover, 1s. 6d.; cloth, 2s. - - A Handbook of Nursing for the Home and for the Hospital. By CATHERINE - J. WOOD, Lady Superintendent of the Hospital for Sick Children, Great - Ormond Street. - - "The book is one of unusual excellence; and we strongly recommend - it to all who wish to be, and, indeed, to those who already are, - thoroughly trained and educated nurses."--_Medical Times._ - - "This is a book which every mother of a family ought to have, as well - as every nurse under training."--_Guardian._ - - -_Cassell & Company, Limited, Ludgate Hill, London._ - - - - - HOW WOMEN MAY EARN - A LIVING. - - BY - MERCY GROGAN. - - "WHAT IS THAT WHICH I SHOULD TURN TO, - LIGHTING UPON DAYS LIKE THESE?" - - _Locksley Hall._ - - Revised Edition. - - CASSELL & COMPANY, LIMITED: - _LONDON, PARIS & NEW YORK_. - - [ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.] - - 1883. - - - - -PREFACE. - - -The aim of the compiler of this work has simply been to point out -and give information respecting some of the ways by which women may -earn a living in the present day, especial regard being had to the -wants of the immense number of ladies who have to depend upon their -own exertions for their support. It is confidently believed that the -information given will be found substantially correct, as in most cases -it has been overlooked and corrected by the different authorities -from whom it was derived. Of course, in a book of this size it would -be manifestly impossible, even if it were desirable, to describe all -the different occupations which in various ranks of life are open to -women. - - - - -CONTENTS. - - - CHAPTER I. - - INTRODUCTORY. - - PAGE - - Society for the Employment of Women 13 - - Tapestry 14 - - - CHAPTER II. - - EDUCATION. - - - Teachers' Training Syndicate 16 - - Training College for Governesses 16 - - Home and Colonial School Society 21 - - West-Central Collegiate School 21 - - Girton College 21 - - Newnham Hall 23 - - Lady Margaret Hall 25 - - Somerville Hall 26 - - Froebel Examination 27 - - Kindergarten Classes. 28 - - Kindergarten Training College, Tavistock Place 29 - - Kindergarten Training College, Stockwell Road 30 - - Education by Correspondence 31 - - Calendar for Governesses 32 - - List of Endowed Schools 33 - - Girls' Public Day School Company 35 - - Elementary Schools 40 - - List of Training Colleges 44 - - Governesses' Benevolent Institution 46 - - - CHAPTER III. - - ARTISTIC EMPLOYMENT. - - Schools of Art 47 - - Royal Academy of Arts 50 - - Designers 51 - - Wood Carving 52 - - Wood Engraving 55 - - Painting on China 58 - - Painting on Leather 60 - - Mosaic 60 - - Painting on Glass 61 - - Decorative Work 61 - - House Decoration 62 - - Plan Tracing 63 - - Photography 64 - - Art Needlework 65 - - Painting on Silk and Cards 67 - - Medical Drawings 67 - - - CHAPTER IV. - - MEDICAL WORK. - - School of Medicine for Women 68 - - Chemists 70 - - Dispensers 71 - - Hospital Nurses 72 - - Nightingale Fund 76 - - Westminster Training School 80 - - - CHAPTER V. - - CLERKSHIPS. - - Bookkeeping Classes 82 - - Shorthand Writing 85 - - Kelly's Directories 86 - - Junior Army and Navy Stores 86 - - Prudential Life Assurance 86 - - Coupon Sorters 87 - - Law Copyists 88 - - Telegraphy 89 - - Post Office Clerks 90 - - - CHAPTER VI. - - MISCELLANEOUS. - - Assistants in Shops 91 - - School of Cookery 95 - - Music 99 - - National Training School 100 - - Royal Academy of Music 101 - - London Academy of Music 102 - - Printing 103 - - School of Technical Needlework and Dressmaking 104 - - Plain Needlework 105 - - Business Training 106 - - City Work-rooms 106 - - School Board Visitors 107 - - Minor Food Productions 107 - - Machine Knitters 109 - - Hairdressing 109 - - M. Eugene Rimmel's 110 - - Stationery Work 110 - - Superintendents in Laundries 110 - - Artificial Flower Making 111 - - Feather Making 111 - - Jewellery 112 - - Jewel Case Makers 112 - - Gold and Silver Burnishers 112 - - Dentistry 113 - - Map Mounting 113 - - Concertina Makers 113 - - Addresses 114 - - - CHAPTER VII. - - EMIGRATION. - - Government Grant of Land 115 - - Free Passages 115 - - Female Middle Class Emigration Society 116 - - Women's Emigration Society 118 - - Australian Newspapers 114 - - Cost of Passage 114 - - - - -HOW WOMEN MAY EARN A LIVING. - - - - -CHAPTER I. - -INTRODUCTORY. - - -One of the most pressing social problems of the day is how the immense -number of women--greatly outnumbering the men--in England at the -present time are to be supported. The obvious answer is, that they -must be taught and encouraged to support themselves. This little book -is written in the hope of directing their attention to some suitable -and remunerative employments that are not universally known, and it is -also hoped it may prove useful to parents who are anxious to arm their -daughters for the battle of life with a weapon no one can take from -them. - - "When land is gone, and money spent, - Then learning is most excellent." - -And a thorough knowledge of some remunerative employment would do -more to make them independent of "the slings and arrows of outrageous -fortune" than the possession of any amount of money, especially in -these days of bank failures and general depression of trade. - -The great difficulty ladies usually find in securing congenial and -sufficiently well-paid employment arises from the pressing necessity -they are generally under of earning money at once, which prevents -them giving the necessary time to learn whatever calling they may -wish to adopt. I have endeavoured to ascertain as exactly as possible -the time required to learn all the occupations I mention, as well -as the cost of tuition, and, in most cases, I subjoin the rules, or -give extracts from the prospectuses of the different schools and -classes where ladies may receive the necessary instruction, thinking -it may help many to decide upon what they are most fitted for, and -what they can best afford to undertake. I have also collected as much -information as I could for those whose circumstances make it essential -that they should at once receive remuneration for their work; but I -must remind them that generally what is worth having is worth waiting -and working for, and they must not expect to be as well paid as their -more fortunate sisters, who are able to give time and money to learn -a business thoroughly. The superficiality of girls' education is very -much against them when it becomes a question of how they are to earn -their living. If they were taught even one thing thoroughly they would -probably be able to turn it to account; or at least they would have -acquired the habit of learning accurately, which is all important, -and one which, I am sorry to say, most women are sadly deficient in. -Industry, determination, accuracy, and perseverance, would, I am -certain, be quite sufficient to overcome almost all the difficulties -women at present find in supporting themselves. For those who do not -possess or who will not earnestly endeavour to acquire these qualities, -I fear this book will be of little service. I have had to listen to -bitter complaints of the careless way in which ladies execute work -that is entrusted to them, of their want of punctuality and business -habits, and their ineradicable conviction that they are conferring a -favour upon their employers by working for them at all. All this sort -of thing naturally makes large employers of female labour reluctant to -try ladies, if they can get sufficient work-girls, who, whatever their -faults may be, are at least free from the affectation and conceit of -some of their superiors in the social scale. Why do not ladies make -up their minds to remove this reproach from their class by giving a -good day's work for a good day's wage? I heartily wish all women would -decide once and for ever to give up the notion that it is humiliating -or degrading to work for payment; to my mind the only shame in the -matter is in the cases where full value is not given for the money -received, when of course it becomes more or less an affair of charity. - -It is a great pity that girls are brought up to think that the only way -in which they can dispose of themselves that will give satisfaction -to their friends is to get married, and if from various causes they -fail to achieve this end they will be looked upon more or less as -social failures. Although I am perfectly willing to admit that a happy -marriage is the best fate that can befall a woman, surely an unhappy -one is one of the worst; and how many of these would be prevented if -women only had something else to do and think about, some other means -of advancing themselves in life! - -I wish parents could be induced to treat their daughters more in the -way they treat their sons--that is to say, when they leave school have -them thoroughly trained for some profession; it would be much better -for them, and many of the difficulties of the "woman question" would -disappear, as the untrained women of middle age who have suddenly -to depend upon their own exertions are those for whom it is almost -impossible to provide any suitable occupation, especially if they -object or are unfit to become hospital nurses, and have not sufficient -capacity for arithmetic to learn book-keeping. I must refer any of -my readers who want personal advice as to their qualifications for -different occupations to the Society for Promoting the Employment of -Women, 22, Berners Street, Oxford Street, W. Miss King, the Secretary, -or Miss Lewin, the Under Secretary, are both able and willing to give -advice and reliable information; no fee of any kind is charged. This -excellent society has been in existence twenty years; during the whole -time a free register has been kept, by means of which many hundreds of -women have obtained situations or temporary employment. Visits from -applicants average about ten daily, and the office has been a centre -for the collecting and diffusion of information on all subjects bearing -on the employment of women; while many whose names are never entered on -the register are put in the way of procuring training or employment, -and are warned against persons who, by alluring promises of easy -ladylike employment, tempt the unwary to spend their slender means in -lessons that are worthless. - -With an income which, from all sources, including subscriptions and -donations for special purposes, has only averaged £319 7s. 6d. per -annum, it has trained yearly on an average, thirty young women, -obtained regular employment for sixty-three, and occasional employment -for one hundred and forty-two. - -I must take this opportunity of acknowledging the great kindness I have -met with during my search for information while compiling the book. -With one exception, I have everywhere been treated with the greatest -courtesy; all my questions have been most fully answered, and every -facility given me for obtaining all the particulars I could possibly -desire. - -I find that, after common sense and business habits, the qualification -most likely to be useful to a woman is a good knowledge of drawing; -so I advise any one who has any taste in that direction to sedulously -cultivate it. - -I am much interested in a scheme for starting a School of Tapestry, -where ladies could be apprenticed, and after they had acquired the -art, work regularly, as they do at the Royal School of Art Needlework. -There is nothing in the nature of the work to prevent women doing it, -although it is an occupation that has long been monopolised by men. The -necessary apprenticeship would be at least two years. - -A scheme has lately been set on foot for organising classes for -teaching girls who are anxious to obtain engagements in superior houses -of business, the regular routine of office work, book-keeping, &c. -Inquiries may be addressed to Miss Franks, 23, Mortimer Street. - -I wish I could convince women of a truth they seem singularly slow -in comprehending--that is, that if they are to compete with men on -anything like equal terms, they must, at the very least, give the same -time to learn their business that men find necessary. There is always -a demand for really skilled labour, and this skill is worth almost any -present sacrifice to obtain; besides its pecuniary advantages, the -knowledge that one can do something really well (not in an amateur -fashion) confers a most gratifying sense of power and independence. I -do not agree with those people who think it a hardship for women to -have to work for their living; on the contrary, I believe if an average -of happiness could be ascertained, it would be found the toilers had a -far larger share than the idlers, and when trouble and disappointment -come, as come they will, they must remember that-- - - "Their fate is the common fate of all; - Into each life some rain must fall, - Some days must be dark and dreary." - - - - -CHAPTER II. - -EDUCATION. - - -After having made inquiries about a great variety of female -occupations, I have come to the conclusion that teaching is still the -most suitable, and, under certain circumstances, the most remunerative, -employment open to women. But an ordinary education no longer -qualifies a woman for the position of governess in any educational -establishment; if she wishes to be tolerably certain of securing an -engagement it is necessary that she should be certificated, or, still -better, have completed her education at Girton, Newnham, or one of the -new halls opened at Oxford, and it is most desirable that she should -pass the new examination of teachers instituted by the Teachers' -Training Syndicate of Cambridge. - - -TRAINING FOR MIDDLE AND HIGHER CLASS TEACHING. - -_The Training College for Teachers in Middle and Higher Schools_ for -girls (temporary address, Skinner Street, Bishopsgate Street) trains -ladies who have completed their school education as teachers in middle -and higher schools for girls for this examination. - -The Council have obtained as a Practising School, the Bishopsgate -Middle Class Girls' School. There are two divisions in the college. The -course is of one year for students entering the upper division, and -two years for the lower division. The following are the rules of this -Institution:-- - -The college year is divided into three terms, each of about thirteen -weeks, beginning respectively in the middle of September and January, -and the beginning of May. The hours of attendance are from 10 a.m. to 4 -p.m. on every day but Saturday. - -Fees, £8 per term, payable in advance. - -No residence is provided for the students, but the principal will -be prepared to recommend homes to those students who require them. -Students must be above the age of seventeen for the lower division, -and eighteen for the higher division, at the time of admission, and -must pass an entrance examination, unless they have previously passed -some examination accepted in place of the entrance examination. The -examinations accepted by the Council in the place of the entrance -examination for the upper division are those which the University of -Cambridge requires from candidates for the teachers' examination. - -For further particulars respecting scholarships (of which there are -several), &c., apply to the Principal at the College. - - -_The Teachers' Training Syndicate of Cambridge_ issue the following -scheme:-- - -I. An Examination in the Theory, History, and Practice of Teaching -will be held at Cambridge, and at other places if so determined by the -Syndicate, in June, for persons who have completed the age of twenty -before June 1st, and certificates will be awarded to those who have -passed the examination satisfactorily. - -II. No candidate can be admitted to the examination unless he or she -has either--(1.) Graduated in some university of the United Kingdom; -or (2.) satisfied the examiners in Parts I. and II. of the Previous -Examination; or (3.) obtained a certificate in one of the Higher -Local Examinations of the Universities of Oxford or Cambridge; or -(4.) obtained the certificates of the Oxford and Cambridge Schools -Examination Board in the subjects accepted by the University as -equivalent to Parts I. and II. of the Previous Examination; or (5.) -satisfied the examiners in one of the Senior Local Examinations of the -Universities of Oxford, Cambridge, or Durham, in English, and at least -one language, ancient or modern, and in Euclid and Algebra; or (6.) -passed the examination for matriculation at the University of London. - -III. The subjects for examination will be-- - -(1.) The theory of education. - -(_a._) The scientific basis of the art of education; characteristics -of childhood and youth; order of development and laws of growth, -and operation of mental faculties; natural order of the acquisition -of knowledge; development of the will; formation of habits and of -character; sympathy and its effects. - -(_b._) Elements of the art of education; training of the senses, -the memory, the imagination, and taste, the powers of judging and -reasoning; training of the desires and of the will; discipline and -authority; emulation, its use and abuse; rewards and punishments. - -(2.) The general history of education in Europe since the revival of -learning. A general knowledge will be required of systems of education -which have actually existed, of the work of eminent teachers, and of -the theories of writers on education up to the present time. - -(3.) The practice of education. This subject will consist of two -parts:-- - -(_a._) Method; that is, the order and correlation of studies, oral -teaching and exposition, the right use of text-books and note-books, -the art of examining and questioning, and the best methods of teaching -the various subjects which are included in the curriculum of an -ordinary school. - -(_b._) School management. The structure, furniture, and fitting of -school-rooms, books and apparatus, visible and tangible illustrations, -classification, distribution of time, registration of attendance and -progress, hygiene, with special reference to the material arrangements -of the school, and the conditions of healthful study. One paper will -be set on each of these subjects, 1, 2, 3. A fourth paper will be set -containing a small number of questions of an advanced character on each -of the three subjects. - -A fee of £2 10s. shall be paid to the Syndicate by each candidate. - -IV. The Syndicate will further award certificates of practical -efficiency in teaching to candidates who have already obtained a -certificate of theoretical efficiency and have been engaged in -school-work for a year in some school or schools to be approved of by -the Syndicate. The basis for the certificate of practical efficiency -will be:-- - -(1.) Examination of the class taught by the candidate; - -(2.) An inspection of the class while being taught; - -(3.) Questions put to the teacher in private after the inspection; - -(4.) A report made by the head masters or mistresses; - -(5.) The Syndicate will also be ready to inspect, in the course of the -summer, any college established for the training of teachers other -than elementary, and to award certificates of theoretical knowledge to -such candidates as may deserve them. They will also award certificates -of practical efficiency if they are satisfied with the training in -practical work received by the candidates. - -I understand that the Senate of the University of London have also at -present under consideration a scheme for the examination of teachers. -The Home and Colonial School Society, Gray's Inn Road, King's Cross, -London, also gives instruction in the art of teaching. Their terms to -resident students between the ages of 15 and 30 are from £45 to £50 per -annum; to day students £15 per annum, £8 for six months. Teachers are -also trained and prepared for the Cambridge Teachers Examination at the -West-Central Collegiate School, 29, Queen's Square, Bloomsbury, for a -year; the fee is £5 5s., but in the case of any one who could be really -useful in teaching in the school no charge would be made. - - -_Girton College, Cambridge._--The course for the ordinary degree -certificate occupies about three years, half of each year being spent -in college. For honours the time allowed is somewhat longer. The -academical year is divided into three terms, the charge for board, -lodging, and instruction is £35 per term, paid in advance. This sum -covers the whole of the college charges. Candidates for admission are -required to pass an entrance examination, unless they have previously -passed one of the examinations approved by the college authorities, -and to furnish a satisfactory certificate of character. For students -intending to read for the ordinary degree certificate, October is the -best time for entering. Candidates for honours may with advantage -enter in April, thus gaining an additional term. Except in special -cases students are not received under the age of eighteen. - -Entrance examinations are held in London in March and June; a fee of £1 -is charged. - -There are several scholarships attached to the college, of which full -particulars can be obtained, together with forms of entry, and copies -of the programme and of former entrance examinations, on application -to the Secretary, Miss Kensington, 22, Gloucester Place, Hyde Park, -London, W. The committee wish it to be understood that although -residence for three years is necessary for obtaining a certificate, -students can be received for shorter periods. - -Arrangements are made for holding examinations of the students of the -college, and certifying proficiency. A certificate called a degree -certificate is conferred upon any student whose proficiency has been -certified to the satisfaction of the college, according to the standard -of any examinations qualifying for the B.A. degree of the University of -Cambridge, if such student has fulfilled, so far as in the judgment of -the college was practicable, all the conditions imposed for the time -being by the university on candidates for degrees. - -A certificate called a college certificate will be conferred upon any -student who shall have passed, to the satisfaction of the college, -examinations similar in subjects and standard to those qualifying -for the B.A. degree of the University of Cambridge, the following -deviations being permitted: The substitution of French and English, -or German and English, for Latin or for Greek; the substitution of -English, French, and German for both Latin and Greek; the omission, in -case of objection, of the theological part of the examination. - - -_Newnham Hall._--No student is admitted under the age of eighteen. -Students are required to give references satisfactory to the principal, -and no student is permitted to come into residence without the approval -of the principal. - -The principal may require any student to withdraw who in her opinion -is not profiting by the course of study at Cambridge. The charges -for board and lodging and tuition are 25 guineas a term, and 15s. a -year is charged for the use of the gymnasium. Unless under special -circumstances, students who intend to pass the Cambridge Higher Local -Examination will be required to pass in English history, English -literature, and arithmetic, before coming into residence. Those who -have taken honours in the Cambridge Senior Local Examination will be -exempt from this rule. - -The academic year, from October to June, is divided into three terms, -corresponding to the terms of the Cambridge University. - -The public lectures of thirty of the university professors are now open -to women, and the permission to attend the lectures of the professors -of natural science include the privilege of gaining access to some of -the natural science museums and laboratories. - -Ladies can be received as out-students of the College; they must -either be women living with their parents at Cambridge, or _bonâ -fide_ students over thirty years of age, or otherwise in exceptional -circumstances. The tuition fee for out-students is 6 guineas a term. - -Students of limited means, especially those preparing for the -profession of teaching, may avail themselves of the help granted from -a loan fund towards the payment of their fees for lectures and the -purchase of books. - -Those who need this assistance should apply to Mrs. Bateson, Secretary -of the Association for Promoting the Higher Education of Women, St. -John's Lodge, Cambridge. They must give some testimony respecting their -intellectual qualifications. - -A certain number of exhibitions of 5 guineas a term are awarded by -the principal to students needing assistance, regard being had to -intellectual qualifications, and a written statement of circumstances -being required. These exhibitions are tenable with scholarships, of -which there are a considerable number. The principal's name and address -is Miss A. J. Clough, Newnham Hall, Cambridge. - -The students from Girton and Newnham who have wished to become -governesses have hitherto had no difficulty whatever in obtaining -engagements with good salaries. - - -_Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford._--The object of the founders of this hall -has been to procure for those desirous of availing themselves of the -Association for Promoting the Higher Education of Women in Oxford the -protection and training of an academical house on the principles of the -Church of England, but with provision for the liberty of members of -other religious bodies. - -The charges of the hall will at first amount to £25 per term, or £75 -per annum, for each student, exclusive of expenses strictly personal. -There are no entrance fees, but the expenses of the term will be paid -in advance. The committee hope that as the hall grows they may be able -to reduce this charge. Sisters, or other ladies willing to share the -same room, will be allowed a reduction of charge. - -Provision will be made in certain cases, by exhibitions or otherwise, -for students whose resources are insufficient for the expenses of the -course. - -The terms will correspond generally with those of the university. The -fees for instruction will be paid to the General Association, and are -not included in the charges of the hall. They will probably be about -£15 per annum. Each student will have a room to herself, fitted up -to serve as sitting-room and bed-room. There will also be a common -sitting-room, and meals will be in common in the dining-room. Names -for entrance must be sent to the lady principal, Miss Wordsworth, -Riseholme, Lincoln. - -Students are required to give references satisfactory to the lady -principal. In the case of those who have been in any other place of -education, a letter of recommendation from its authorities will be -required. Those applying for admission must satisfy the lady principal -as to their character and attainments. - -Students will not be allowed to reside for less than an academical year -without special leave. - - -_Somerville Hall, Oxford._--An association having been formed in Oxford -for promoting the higher education of women, this hall is established -for the reception of students coming from a distance to attend the -lectures of the association. Care will be taken in the conduct of it -that members of different religious denominations are placed on the -same footing. The life of the students will be modelled on that of an -English family. No student will be admitted under the age of seventeen. - -The ordinary charges for board and lodging will be 20 guineas per term, -paid in advance, or 60 guineas for the whole year of three terms; the -terms corresponding generally to those of university residence. The -fees for instruction will probably be about 15 guineas a year. - -Particulars concerning exhibitions and scholarships may be learnt -on application to the principal, Miss M. Shaw Lefevre, whose London -address is 41, Seymour Street, W., or to either of the Secretaries--the -Hon. Mrs. Harcourt, Cowley Grange, Oxford; or Mrs. J. H. Ward, 5, -Bradmore Road, Oxford. - - -KINDERGARTEN TEACHERS. - -The demand for trained Kindergarten teachers is at present considerably -in excess of the supply; the average salary is £80 a year. These are -the rules of examination published by the Froebel Society for the -Promotion of the Kindergarten System:-- - -Examinations of students of the Kindergarten system are held in -London, conducted by examiners appointed by the committee of the -Froebel Society. Those students who satisfy the examiners will receive -first or second class certificates of their qualification to become -Kindergarten teachers. No candidate will be admitted to examination -under the age of eighteen. - -The whole examination need not be passed in one year. A candidate may -present herself for any number of the groups, or for all; and when all -have been passed the candidate will receive a first or second class -certificate. All candidates will be expected to produce a certificate -of having passed some recognised public examination in English -subjects, as--Oxford or Cambridge Senior Local, Higher Local; Society -of Arts; First and Second Class, College of Preceptors; Government -Elementary Teachers; &c. In special cases the production of a -certificate may be excused, provided the committee are satisfied that a -candidate has received a good general education. This will not apply to -the younger candidates. The fee for the whole examination will be £1; -for each group, if taken separately, 3s. The fees will be returned if -through unavoidable circumstances the candidate cannot present herself -for examination. Candidates will be expected to produce evidence that -they have not had less than six months' practice in class teaching -of young children, and to satisfy the examiners of their ability to -organise a Kindergarten. Names of candidates must be sent to Mrs. E. -Berry, hon. secretary to the Froebel Society, 27, Upper Bedford Place. - - -_Kindergarten Training College_, 31, Tavistock Place.--The college -is founded to provide a central place of training for Kindergarten -teachers who intend to qualify for the Froebel Society's certificates. -The college is open to all students above seventeen years of age, who -are otherwise qualified to enter for the Froebel Society's examination. -The course of instruction for regular students includes all the -subjects laid down from time to time in the syllabus of the Froebel -Society's examination, and is divided into a first and second year's -course. - -Students must at the end of their first year take such portions of the -Froebel Society's examinations as shall hereafter be indicated by the -Council. At the close of the second year students will be expected to -pass the examination for the full certificate. - -All regular students are required to attend the lectures and practical -work of the college throughout their first year of study. - -During the second year, attendance at the college in the morning is -not obligatory for students who have qualified as assistant teachers, -provided that the principal be satisfied that they have practice in -teaching under the direction of some persons approved by the council of -the college. - -Therefore, all lectures and lessons connected with the second year's -course, other than lessons in the Kindergarten, are given in the -afternoon or evening. - -Afternoon or evening lessons and lectures are open to students not -being regular students of the college, on certain conditions hereafter -to be specified, and at a special charge per course. A Kindergarten is -attached to the college. - -The college year is divided into three terms, each of about thirteen -weeks. The hours of attendance are from 9.30 A.M. to 4.30 P.M.; and on -Saturdays from 9.30 A.M. to 12.30 P.M. - -Fees £20 per year, or £7 per term, payable in advance. No residence is -provided for students, but the Council are prepared to recommend homes -in the neighbourhood of the college. - -There is also a Kindergarten College and Practising School at 21, -Stockwell Road, London, belonging to the British and Foreign School -Society. The course of instruction extends over two years, and the -fees are £10 10s. a year, with some trifling extras. Secretary, Mr. -Alfred Bourne, B.A. The Home and Colonial School Society, Gray's Inn -Road, London, also has a Kindergarten Class for private governesses, -school-mistresses, and pupil teachers. They hold examinations and grant -certificates to those who prove their efficiency. - - -_Education by Correspondence._--For the special benefit of ladies -living in the country who may wish to prepare for the public -examinations, arrangements have been made by several of the lecturers -at Cambridge for giving instruction by correspondence in some of the -subjects of study selected by the University of Cambridge for the -examination of women. Information on this point will be given by Mrs. -Peile, Trumpington, Cambridge. Correspondence classes have also been -organised by Miss Shaw, Poyle Orchard, Burnham, Maidenhead, to whom -application for admission must be made. The classes are conducted -by ladies, who are authorised to receive as pupils those whom the -Cambridge lecturers are unable to accept. Should they find that the -number of these fall short of the number they are able to instruct, -they will receive others, whether in direct preparation for the -examination or not. - -The instruction is given by means of:-- - -I. Papers of questions set from time to time, and the answers looked -over and returned with comments. - -II. Solutions of difficulties and general directions as to books. - -III. Short essays or _résumés_ written by the pupils, and sent for -correction to the teachers; or, in the language-classes, passages set -for translation. - -The papers will, if possible, be returned to the students not later -than a week from their reception, and another set of questions sent at -the same time. The fee is £3 3s. the course for each subject, paid in -advance. The course extends over the three Cambridge terms--_i.e._, -from October 14th to the end of May. - -For an account of other educational advantages open to women I refer my -readers to the "List of Colleges, Schools, Lectures, &c.," published by -the Women's Education Union; and the "Educational Year Book," published -by Cassell & Company, Limited. - -A great boon to ladies anxious to qualify themselves for governesses, -and who have not the necessary means, is the Teachers' Education Loan -Society, which advances school fees upon certain conditions to persons -over sixteen desirous of improving their education for purposes of -self-maintenance as teachers. Apply for regulations by letter to the -Hon. Secretary, Miss Ewart, 3, Morpeth Terrace, Victoria Street, -London, S.W., before February, May, and November in each year, for the -three terms of Easter, Michaelmas, and Lent following. - - -SALARIES OF MISTRESSES. - -The Rugby Council for Promoting the Education of Women has instituted -a calendar, giving the names and addresses of ladies who have passed -the university examinations, and who desire educational work of any -kind; it also contains full particulars respecting all the university -examinations. Many ladies whose names are entered in this calendar -have succeeded in obtaining good situations through it, with salaries -varying from £50 to £150 a year. A fee of 2s. 6d. is charged, in -addition to an entrance fee of 2s. 6d. to ladies on each situation -obtained through the calendar; its price is 1s. Communications may be -addressed to Mrs. Kitchener, School House, Newcastle, Staffordshire. - -Miss Buss, of the North London Collegiate School, has published a list -of girls' schools, with special regard to salaries of head mistresses -(as recommended by the Endowed Schools Commission), which I quote to -show what good incomes are attainable in the profession of teaching. -Applications for engagements as assistant mistresses should in all -cases be made first to the head mistress of the school. - - -------------------------+-------------------------------------------- - | Head Mistresses' Emoluments. - +---------+---------------+--------+-------- - Name of school. | Fixed | Capitation | Minimum| Maximum - | Salary.| Fee. | | - -------------------------+---------+---------------+--------+-------- - Ambleside, Westmoreland | £75 | £1 to £3 | £135 | £255 - Bedford, Town School | 100 | 10s. to £3 | 200 | 700 - Bedford, High School |not fixed| not fixed | | - Bow | 75 | 15s. to | 225 | - Bradford, York | 120 | | | - Bristol, Red Maids |not fixed| not fixed | | - Bristol, Whitson's (two | | | | - schools) | £50 | not fixed | | - Bristol, Colston's School| 50 |15s. to £1 10s.| 200 | 350 - Brentwood, Essex | 50 | £1 to £2 | 150 | 250 - Burlington, Westminster | 70 |10s. to £1 10s.| | - Burton-on-Trent | 50 | 15s. to | 163 | - Cambridge, Cambridge |not fixed| not fixed | | - Camden School, London | 75 | 15s. to £1 | 375 | 475 - Clerkenwell (Brewers' | | | | - Company), London | 100 | £1 to | 400 | - Dolgelly, Wales | 70 |10s. to £1 10s.| 110 | 190 - | | | | - Exeter, Maynard's Girls' | | | | - Schools | 100 | £3 to £6 | 400 | 700 - Exeter, Episcopal Middle | | not fixed, not| | - School | 50 | less than | | - | | one-third | | - | | tuition fees | | - Great Crosby, Lancaster | 120 | £2 to £4 | 320 | 520 - Greycoat, Westminster | 80 |10s. to £1 10s.| 230 | 530 - Greys Thurrock, Essex | 50 | £1 to | 125 | - Hatcham, Surrey | 100 | £1 to £2 | 300 | 500 - Hoxton | 75 |10s. to £1 10s.| 225 | 525 - Ilminster High School, | | | | - Somerset | 100 | £3 to | 400 | - Ilminster Town School | 50 | £1 to | 130 | - Keighley, Yorkshire | 80 | £1 to £2 | | - Kingston, Surrey | 75 | 15s. to |187 10s.| - Loughborough, Burton | | | | - Upper School | 100 | £1 10s. to £3 | 250 | 400 - March, Cambridgeshire | 75 | £1 to | 135 | - Newcastle-under-Lyme | 75 | £1 to | 175 | - Newport | 60 | £1 to | 120 | - North London Collegiate | | | | - School | 100 | £2 to £3 | 900 | 1300 - Reading, Kendrick | | | | - Schools |not fixed| not fixed | | - Roan Schools, Greenwich | 100 | £1 to £2 | 400 | 700 - Stamford, Browne's | | | | - Middle School | 100 | £2 to £4 | 300 | 500 - St. Clement Danes, | | | | - London | £100 | £1 to £3 | 250 | 550 - St. Helens, Lancaster | 100 | £2 to £4 | | - St. Giles, Cripplegate, | | | | - London | 100 |10s. to £1 10s.| 225 | 475 - St. Martin's in the | | | | - Fields, London | 80 |10s. to £1 10s.| 155 | 305 - St. Paul's, London | 200 | £3 to £6 | 1100 | 2000 - Taunton, Somerset | 40 | £1 to | | - Thetford | 75 | £1 to £3 | 115 | 195 - Thornton near Bradford, | | | | - Yorkshire | 40 | 15s. to | 77 10s.| - Totnes, Devon | 50 | £1 10s. to | 170 | - Uffculme |not fixed| not fixed | | - Wakefield, Yorks. | 100 | £1 10s. to £3 | 250 | 400 - Wallingford, Berkshire | 75 | 15s. to |112 10s.| - Warwick, Warwickshire | 100 | 15s. to | 160 | - West Ham (Sarah Bonnell) | | | | - Essex | 60 | £1 to £2 | 260 | 460 - Westminster, London | 100 | £1 to £2 | 220 | 340 - Wyggeston, Leicester | 100 | £1 to £3 | 300 | 700 - -The Girls' Public Day School Company, in connection with the Women's -Education Union, pay their teachers good salaries. The schools of the -Company at present in operation are the following:-- - - Bath High School, 5, Portland Place, Bath. - Blackheath High School, Wemyss Road, Blackheath, S.E. - Brighton High School, The Temple, Montpelier Road, Brighton. - Bromley High School, Fern Bank, Elmfield Road, Bromley, Kent. - Clapham High School, The Lawn, Clapham Common, S.W. - Clapham Middle School, Clarence House, Clapham Common. - Croydon High School, Wellesley Road, Croydon. - Dulwich High School, Thurlow Park Road, West Dulwich, S.E. - Gateshead High School, Windmill Hill, Gateshead-on-Tyne. - Hackney High School, 273 and 275, Mare Street, Hackney, E. - Highbury and Islington High School, 6 and 7, Canonbury Place, N. - Ipswich High School, Northgate Street, Ipswich. - Kensington High School, 152 and 154, Cromwell Road, S.W. - Liverpool High School, Prince's Park, Liverpool - Maida Vale High School, Warrington Crescent, W. - Newton Abbot High School, Dovercourt, Forde Park, Newton Abbot. - Norwich High School, Theatre Street, Norwich. - Nottingham High School, Arboretum Street, Nottingham. - Notting Hill and Bayswater High School, Norland Square, Notting Hill, W. - Oxford High School, St. Giles's Road East, Oxford. - Portsmouth High School, Osborne Road, Southsea. - Sheffield High School, Surrey Street, Sheffield. - South Hampstead High School, Maresfield Gardens, Fitzjohn's Avenue, N.W. - Tunbridge Wells High School, Fair Lawn, Mount Sion, Tunbridge Wells. - Weymouth High School, 3, Greenhill, Weymouth. - Wimbledon High School, Wimbledon Hill, Wimbledon. - York High School, Fishergate House, York. - -Ladies desirous of becoming head mistresses must send in their -applications to the Secretary of the Company, 21, Queen Anne's Gate, -S.W. Every application must be in writing, and be accompanied by -original testimonials (which will be returned). Candidates, whose age -must be stated, should have had experience in school management, and -must produce testimony to their power of organisation, and ability to -maintain firm but kindly discipline, as well as to their attainments -and capacity as teachers of classes. - -Subject to bye-laws, regulations of the Council, and to an annual -examination and inspection of the school by independent examiners, each -head mistress will have the management of the studies and discipline of -the school, and will be consulted in the selection and appointment of -all assistant teachers, whose emoluments will be settled by the Council. - -The emoluments of the head mistress will consist in each case of a -fixed stipend of £250 per annum, together with a capitation fee of £1 -10s. for every pupil in the school above the number of 100 up to 200, -and of £2 for every pupil above the number of 200 up to 300. - -There will be no residences attached to the schools; the head -mistresses will not be allowed to take boarders or instruct private -pupils except with the express permission of the Council, and the -school year will be divided into three terms, each about thirteen weeks -in length, and the engagement of each head mistress will be entered -into subject to its being terminable either by the Council or by her -at the end of a term and after the expiration of one term's previous -notice. It is particularly requested that candidates abstain from -canvassing members of the Council, either directly or indirectly. - -Ladies desirous of becoming teachers in the schools of the Company, are -requested to observe the following regulations:-- - -All appointments of assistant teachers are made by the Council, usually -on the recommendation of the Committee of Education. - -Candidates and their testimonials are in the first instance referred -to the head mistress of the school concerned, who examines the -testimonials and makes inquiry as to the qualifications when necessary -at personal interviews. The head mistress then lays the several -testimonials before the Education Committee, with a report upon them. -The Education Committee make such further inquiries and hold such -interviews with any of the candidates as they may deem fit, and then -submit candidates for the approval of the Council. The Council pay -second-class railway fare for those candidates with whom a personal -interview is desired. - -All appointments of assistant teachers are made on probation for the -first two terms, that is to say are terminable by the head mistress at -the end of the first or second term without reference to the Council, -and without more than a month's notice. - -When the Council have approved an appointment after the probationary -period, an assistant teacher is required to sign an agreement with -the Council, and is removable by the Council after notice of at least -two months, expiring at the end of a school term. The same notice is -required from an assistant teacher. At the end of the probationary -period assistant teachers are placed on the permanent staff at a rate -of salary depending upon their work and qualifications. These salaries -begin at amounts varying from £70 to £135 per annum, and rise annually -for four years by increments varying from £7 to £15. Junior teachers -and paid student teachers are not included in the above. Board and -residence are not provided by the Council. - -The qualifications required vary with each special case. A knowledge of -English grammar and literature, arithmetic, and one or more languages -besides English, together with some experience in teaching, are usual -requisites. Ability to assist in the instruction in drawing is also -desirable. Music is always taught by special teachers. - -It is a great recommendation if candidates have passed in the Higher -Oxford or Cambridge Examinations, the London University Examinations, -or other examinations of the like kind. - -All applications should be made by letter, stating age, qualifications, -and experience, and accompanied by copies of testimonials (not -originals). These documents should be addressed to the head mistress of -the particular school, at the school; or if not for any special school -may be marked "Application for Assistant Teachership," and directed to -the Secretary of the Company, 112, Brompton Road, London, who will send -them to any head mistress needing an assistant. - -Applications to teach special subjects, such as music, harmony, -class-singing and pianoforte, drawing, higher Latin, French, or German, -mathematics, any branch of natural science, drill, &c., should be made -in the same manner. - -Inquiries as to vacancies are best made of the various head mistresses -early in the months of April, July, and December; they may also be -addressed to the Secretary of the Company. - - -ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS. - -Teachers in the elementary schools receive good salaries, have short -hours of work, and are comparatively in an independent position; but I -have no doubt many ladies would find the class of children they would -be required to teach a great trial to them, as the habits and ideas -of children of the lower classes would, in all probability, prove a -considerable shock to the sensibilities of ladies who came in contact -with them for the first time. The elementary schools employ an immense -number of teachers. In the schools under the School Board alone 2,500 -certificated female teachers are employed, besides a large number of -pupil-teachers. The teachers under the School Board all receive good -salaries, but as the whole scheme of payment is now under revision, -it is impossible to give exact figures. Pupil-teachers begin at 4s. a -week. There are seven weeks' holiday in the year; the hours of work are -from 9 to 12, and 2 till 4.30. The head mistress is expected to give an -hour's extra instruction to the pupil-teachers. - -These are the regulations for admission of teachers to all public -elementary schools--that is to say, all schools in receipt of a grant -from the Education Department, including National, British, Wesleyan, -Roman Catholic, and Board Schools. - -The recognised classes of teachers are: Certificated teachers, pupil -teachers, and assistant teachers. - -Teachers in order to obtain certificates must be examined, and must -undergo probation by actual service in school. - -The examination for certificates is open to:--(_a._) Students who have -resided for at least one year in training colleges under inspection; -or (_b._) candidates who are upwards of twenty-one years of age. -(1.) Completed an engagement as pupil-teacher satisfactorily; or -(2.) obtained a favourable report from an inspector; or (3.) served -as assistants for at least six months in schools under certificated -teachers. - -Candidates who at the time of the examination are not teachers of -schools to which annual grants are or may be made, must be recommended -by the authorities of their college, or by the managers of the school -in which they last served. - -Candidates for certificates, after successfully passing their -examination, must, as teachers continuously engaged in the same -schools, obtain two favourable reports from an inspector, with an -interval of one year between them; and if the first of these reports -be not preceded by service of three months (at the least) since the -examination a third report, at an interval of one year after the second -report, is issued; if the second (or third) report is favourable a -certificate is issued. - -Teachers under probation must satisfy the conditions which require that -schools be kept by certificated teachers. - -Pupil-teachers must be not less than fourteen years (completed) at the -date of their engagement. - -They are required to pass an easy examination, and produce certificates -of health and character. - -At the close of their engagement pupil-teachers are perfectly free -in the choice of employment. If they wish to continue in the work -of education they may become assistants in elementary schools; or -may be examined for admission into a training college; or may be -provisionally certificated for immediate service in charge of small -schools. - -_Assistant Teachers._--Pupil-teachers who have completed their -engagements with credit, and passed their examinations satisfactorily, -and candidates not having been pupil-teachers who have passed with -success the examination for entrance into a training college, may serve -as assistants in schools, in place of pupil-teachers, without being -required to be annually examined. - - -TRAINING COLLEGES. - -An examination for Queen's Scholarships is annually held at each -college in summer, and at special local centres, commencing at 10 A.M. -on the first Wednesday after July 2nd. - -The candidates are selected and admitted to the examination by the -authorities of each college on their own responsibility, subject to no -other conditions on the part of the Education Department than that the -candidates:-- - -(_a._) Intend _bonâ fide_ to adopt and follow the profession of a -teacher in elementary schools. - -(_b._) If pupil-teachers have successfully completed their engagement, -or will do so before the following examination for admission. - -(_c._) Not having been pupil-teachers, will be more than eighteen -years of age on January 1st next following the date of examination. - -The successful candidates are arranged in three classes in order of -merit. - -A place in the third class qualifies for employment as an assistant -teacher, but not for admission into a training college or for a -provisional certificate. - -The authorities of each college settle their own terms for admission. - -Candidates are required to pass a medical examination. - -The following is a list of training colleges for mistresses. It must be -stated that the entrance fee entitles the student to board, lodging, -washing, and medical attendance for two years, except during the -holidays:-- - - Name of College. Entrance Fee. - Bishop's Stortford £5. - Brighton £8. - Bristol £8. - Cheltenham £10, first class; £12, second. - Chichester (Bishop Otter's) £20 per annum, quarterly, - in advance. - Darlington (British) £15 15s. - Derby £5 or £10. - Durham £10. - Gray's Inn Rd. (Home & Colonial) £10. - Homerton (Evangelical) £15 15s. - Lincoln None at present. - Liverpool (R. C.) £5. - Norwich £3, first class; £5, second. - Oxford £10 or £20. - Ripon £10. - Salisbury £5, first class; £7, second. - Southlands, Battersea (Wesleyan) £8. - Stockwell (British) £10 10s. - Tottenham £10. - Truro £5. - Wandsworth (R. C.) £2 10s. - Warrington £6. - Whitelands £12 or £15. - -All these colleges, with the exceptions specified, are conducted on -Church of England principles. - - -GOVERNESSES IN PRIVATE FAMILIES. - -After having said so much about the necessity of training, -examinations, &c., I think it only fair to make some mention of -governesses in private families for the younger children, under -fourteen. Many parents are wise enough to prefer for these posts a -thoroughly conscientious lady, even if she is not accomplished, to one -who has any number of certificates, unless she combines with them a due -sense of the importance of her task. - -Ladies whose circumstances induce them to seek a situation in some one -else's house should, above all things, avoid undue sensitiveness, and -the habit of attributing unkind motives (which probably never exist) to -every little incident which may occur. Of course a governess's life -is not likely to be the happiest one could imagine, but I think it is -usually her own fault if it is not a contented and useful one, and -perhaps this is as much as it is wise for any of us to expect. - -The best place for governesses of this class to apply to for situations -is the Governesses' Benevolent Institution, 47, Harley Street, -where no fee is charged. Any governess on procuring and leaving two -satisfactory letters from respectable parties, written in the first -person, signed, sealed, and addressed to the Board, may enter her name, -and such other particulars as she may wish to state, in the books of -registration, kept for that purpose. There is also a book to register -applications for governesses. The Board of Management abstain from -all interference between the parties, and the entries must be made by -parties themselves, ladies in the country acting by a friend. No letter -or testimonial can under any circumstances be returned nor taken from -the office. It is necessary that all letters be written in the first -person. Office hours from 12 to 5. - - - - -CHAPTER III. - -ARTISTIC EMPLOYMENTS. - - -_Schools of Art._--A knowledge of drawing is required in so many of -the employments open to women that I think it advisable to give some -information as to how it can best be acquired. - -In connection with the National Art Training School at South -Kensington, Metropolitan District Schools of Art are established at the -following places:-- - - 1. The Female School of Art, 43, Queen Square, Bloomsbury. - 2. Blackheath, Lee, and Lewisham (Bennett Park). - 3. Blackheath Hill, 13, Lansdowne Place. - 4. Chelsea, Onslow College. - 6. Chiswick, Bath Road, Bedford Park. - 6. Holloway (Camden School). - 7. Hornsey. - 8. Islington, Barnsbury Hall. - 9. Lambeth, Miller's Lane, Upper Kennington Lane. - 10. North London, Sandringham Road, Kingsland. - 11. St. Martin's-in-the-Fields, Castle Street, Long Acre. - 12. St. Thomas Charterhouse, Goswell Road. - 13. Stoke Newington. - 14. Stratford, Maryland Point. - 15. West London, 155, Great Titchfield Street. - 16. Westminster, Royal Architectural Museum. - -I give the rules of the South Kensington School; the others differ -slightly, but further particulars can always be obtained by application -to the head masters; as a rule the expense of studying at the local -schools is less than at South Kensington, but the same system of -instruction is pursued. The second grade certificate, so often -mentioned in these pages, is by no means difficult to obtain. As will -be seen by the rules, it is necessary to pass the examination for it -before joining the art classes. - -There is a large number of free studentships; for particulars of these -application must be made to the Secretary, Science and Art Department, -S.W. - -The South Kensington rules are as follows:-- - -I. The courses of instruction pursued in the school have for their -object the systematic training of teachers, male and female, in the -practice of Art, and in the knowledge of its scientific principles, -with a view to qualifying them as teachers of Schools of Art competent -to develop the application of art to the common uses of life, and to -the requirements of trade and manufactures. The instruction comprehends -the following subjects:--Freehand, architectural, and mechanical -drawing; practical geometry and perspective; painting in oil, tempera, -and water colours; modelling, moulding, and casting. The classes for -drawing, painting, and modelling, include architectural and other -ornament, flowers, objects of still life, &c., the figure from the -antique and the life, and the study of anatomy as applicable to art. - -II. These courses of instruction are open to the public on payment of -fees. These are as follows:-- - -_Fees for Classes studying five whole days, including evenings_:-- - -£5 for five months, and an entrance fee of 10s. - -_Evening Classes._ - - Male School, £2 per term. - Female School, £1 per term, three evenings a week. - -The classes for male and female students meet separately. - -Governesses in private schools or families may attend the day classes -for not more than three months, on payment of £1 per month, without -payment of the entrance fee. - -III. No students can be admitted to these classes until they have -passed an examination in freehand drawing of the second grade. -Examinations of candidates for admission will be held weekly at the -commencement of each term, and at frequent intervals throughout the -year. These examinations are held at the school on Tuesdays at -10.30 A.M. and 6.45 P.M. Candidates should bring their own lead pencils -and indiarubber. Unsuccessful candidates cannot be re-examined until -after a month's interval. The examination fee is 2s. 6d. for day -students, and 6d. for evening students, to be paid at the time of -examination. - -IV. The annual session consists of two terms, each lasting five months, -and commencing on the 1st of March and the 1st of October, and ending -on the last day of July and the last day of February respectively. -One week at Christmas and one week at Easter or Whitsuntide are also -vacations. The school is open every week-day except Saturday. Hours of -study are--day, 9 to 3.30; evening, 7 to 9. Evening classes for females -on Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Fridays. - -Classes for modelling have been lately formed at the Lambeth Technical -School of Art, 122, Kennington Park Road. Practice in modelling from -drapery, the antique, and the human figure nude and draped. On Monday, -Wednesday, and Thursday evenings, from 7 to 9.30. Fee, 5s. per month. - -Modelling from casts of ornaments:--The practice will be adapted to the -technical wants of the individual students. This class meets on Tuesday -and Thursday evenings, from 6.30 to 9. Fee, 2s. 6d. per month. - -There is an annual examination for prizes in all schools of art, and a -national competition. - - -_Royal Academy._--Free instruction is given for a period of seven -years at the Royal Academy of Arts, Burlington House, to any one who -shows sufficient talent. Applicants for admission must have attained -a certain proficiency, and must deliver specimens of their work, with -a printed form duly filled in, at the Academy on or before the 28th -of June, or the 28th of December, to be submitted to the Council. This -form can be obtained from the Registrar through the written request of -a member, or some artist or person of known respectability. - -The hours of work are from 10 to 3. Students are required to provide -their own materials. - - -_Designers._--There is a great demand for skilful and original -designers, but only for really clever ones, as so much of the ordinary -work is done by pupils. Mr. Sparkes, the head master of the South -Kensington School of Art, tells me any one with natural taste and -invention can be trained thoroughly in designing, including a knowledge -of the human figure, in two years, if willing to work hard; after that -time it would be necessary to give some months to become acquainted -with the possibilities of the material to be designed for, such as -glass, table-linen, cretonnes, dress materials, wall papers, &c. After -a few months' study, I should advise pupils to ask their head master's -candid opinion as to their chances of success, as he would be better -able to tell them than any one else. - -Many of the large manufacturers employ designers permanently, at -salaries not lower than £100 a year, and in many cases the work can -be done at home. The authorities at South Kensington have frequent -applications for designers, and recommend the most deserving amongst -the students. Before offering designs to manufacturers it is advisable -to ascertain what style they require, as sometimes a prejudice is -created by unsuitable work being offered, which is never overcome. Many -of the large upholsterers employ girls to design furniture. It requires -a good knowledge of drawing, including perspective, but not so much -talent as other kinds of designing. The salaries vary from 25s. to 30s. -a week. - -At the Lambeth Technical School of Art, 124, Kennington Park Road, -classes for the study of design meet on Tuesday, Wednesday, and Friday -evenings. The course is adapted for the use of all students engaged in -the practice of ornamental art, and is specially designed for the use -of those occupied in pottery painting and surface decoration. The fee -is 2s. 6d. per month, except to those students who have already joined -the Art School, who will pay 6d. additional fee. - - -_Wood Carving._--A school of art for wood carving has recently been -established at the Albert Hall, South Kensington, where ladies can -receive the thorough training which is essential to their success in -this branch of art labour. Three years is the least time in which a -fair knowledge of the art can be acquired by capable and industrious -students, but at the end of the first year those who are clever may -earn as much as ten or twelve shillings a week; when proficient, their -earnings would probably be from £2 to £3 weekly, though in cases of -exceptional talent, no doubt, considerably more might be occasionally -earned. - -There are very few highly skilled wood carvers in England, so there -would be no difficulty in disposing of really good artistic work. The -best plan for those unable to obtain permanent employment is to make -small articles, such as blotting-books, photograph frames, glove-boxes, -paper-knives, &c., take them to the large fancy shops, and offer -them for sale. Upholsterers and picture-frame makers give regular -employment to many; and when that can be obtained it is doubtless more -satisfactory than anything else. - -The rules of the school at the Albert Hall are as follows:-- - -Both day and evening classes are held in the school. The day classes -are held from 10 to 1 and 2 to 5 on five days a week, and from 10 to 1 -on Saturdays. The evening classes are held from 7 to 9 on four evenings -a week, viz., Monday, Tuesday, Thursday, and Friday. The fees for day -students are £2 a month, or £5 a quarter. The fees for evening students -are 15s. a month, or £2 a quarter. - -There are at present twelve free studentships, viz., six in the day -and six in the evening classes. Candidates must have passed the second -grade art examination of the Science and Art Department in freehand -drawing at least. Those who have some knowledge of wood carving, or -have passed in the other subjects of the second grade art certificate, -or in drawing from the antique and the figure, architectural drawing, -or designing and modelling, will be preferred. Applications for these -studentships should be addressed to the Secretary, at the school. - -All students are required to provide their own tools, and work done -in the schools by free students cannot be taken away. Students paying -their own fees may take away work executed by themselves on their own -materials, but all work on materials provided by the school remains -the property of the school. Students who have been in the school not -less than twelve months may, on the recommendation of the instructor, -receive such payment for their work as the Committee may determine. - -The tools students are required to provide themselves with, during -the whole time they attend the school, cost about £2, but for 15s. -they can procure enough to carry them over the first few months. The -free studentships are for periods of six months, and are renewed -to promising students. A taste for designing, and a considerable -knowledge of drawing, are so desirable that I cannot conscientiously -recommend any one without them to adopt wood carving as her profession, -for although a certain degree of mechanical excellence might be -obtained, it would not be sufficient to ensure a livelihood. - -Mr. Donaldson, a member of the firm of Messrs. Gillow and Co., Oxford -Street, takes a very great interest in the school, and kindly allows -me to say that he intends to do all in his power to give employment to -ladies competent to undertake it; but, of course, as the work required -by his firm is of a superior kind, those anxious to obtain it must -study until they can produce excellent work. - - -_Wood Engraving._--To learn the art of wood-engraving thoroughly a -long apprenticeship is absolutely necessary. All authorities agree in -saying that students must not expect to earn anything at all for the -first three years; after that time they may probably earn £1 a week, -but should still continue their course of study for two years at least. -There is not the slightest reason why women should not rival men in -this branch of art, if they will give the necessary time to acquire it. - -The work can very frequently be done at home, which is usually -considered an advantage; but in that case ladies must make up their -minds to work as steadily and for as many hours a day as they would -under the eyes of a master; for certainly only those who could be -depended upon for punctuality would be likely to obtain remunerative -work. - -At the expiration of the five years, when the pupil may be expected to -have become a skilled engraver, her earnings would be from £1 10s. to -£4 or more a week, according to her industry and ability. - -The City and Guilds of London Institute has established a technical -class of wood engraving at 122 and 124, Kennington Park Road, under the -care of Mr. C. Roberts. - -The hours of practice are from 10 to 4, and from 6 to 8 in the evening, -daily, except Saturday; and all students are expected to attend -regularly and punctually. - -On Tuesday and Friday evenings the work of the class will be examined. -At all other times students will be responsible to an assistant -teacher, or senior student, who will be always present. - -All members of the class must have taken the second grade certificate -of the Science and Art Department, or must be prepared to do so. - -Four scholarships, each consisting of a free studentship for one year, -will be awarded annually after the first year's practice. These may be -renewed in the following year on proof of industry and progress, and -on the recommendation of the master. The fee will be £3 3s. a year, -payable by half-yearly sums of £1 11s. 6d. in advance. No student can -be admitted for a shorter period than one year. - -The vacations are six weeks in the summer two weeks at Christmas, and -two at Easter or at Whitsuntide. - -The cost of the tools each student is required to provide herself with -is 22s. - -For those students who at the expiration of two or three years are -sufficiently advanced in their practice to be able to execute work for -publication, Mr. Roberts has, with the co-operation of the Society for -the Employment of Women, established a work-room in connection with his -own offices at Lonsdale Chambers, Chancery Lane. - -At this work-room all those advanced students that Mr. Roberts is able -to accommodate and employ will continue to have his supervision, and -receive work, and be advanced according to their ability. - -Mr. Paterson, an engraver, who has been a most successful teacher for -fourteen years in both Edinburgh and London, holds a class for ladies -every Monday and Thursday, from 2 to 3 o'clock, at 3, East Temple -Chambers, Whitefriars Street. No pupil will be received for less than -two quarters. - -As his is a private class, he of course cannot compete in price with -the one under the patronage of the City and Guilds of London Institute. -His terms are:-- - - Engraving £2 2 0 per quarter. - Drawing on wood 2 2 0 " - Both, inclusive 3 3 0 " - -A small charge is also made for the wood used by the pupil; it never -exceeds 7s. 6d. a quarter. The cost of the tools is 21s., but they are -highly finished and ready for use. Many of Mr. Paterson's pupils are -now earning considerable incomes. A knowledge of drawing, though very -desirable, is not essential, especially as in all probability no one -who was entirely devoid of the artistic faculty would care to attempt -to become an engraver, as it is doubtless a long and arduous task, -though the success which may be attained would, when it came, be, I -think, a full recompense for all the time and trouble that had been -expended. - - -_China Painting._--Painting on china has been considerably overdone -of late years, and now only really good work can be at all certain -of finding a market. The best way for amateurs to dispose of their -work is to send it to Messrs. Howell and James's annual exhibition, -as they allow each exhibitor to send three small or two large pieces -of work, and last season £3,000 worth of ladies' paintings on china -were sold. Each piece of work should be marked the price at which -it is to be disposed of, a commission of 15 per cent. being charged -on the published price of all works sold, to defray the expenses -of advertisement and exhibition. Only strictly original works are -eligible for prizes, but adaptation and copies are not inadmissible for -exhibition if approved by the judges, to whom all works are submitted. -All works must be sent in by the end of March. - -Before taking lessons in painting on china, it is essential that ladies -should have a good knowledge of drawing. With that, a few months' -lessons will make them proficient china painters; without it, they -will never do anything worth buying. Classes for pottery painting are -held at Messrs. Howell and James's, Regent Street, every day excepting -Saturdays. Terms:--The course of ten lessons of two hours each, £3 3s.; -six lessons, £2; three lessons, £1 1s. - -Messrs. Doulton and Co., Lambeth, employ about 120 ladies permanently -in painting on china. The work is paid by the piece, so the amount -earned depends on the workers. A class for pottery painting is formed -on Tuesday and Friday at the Lambeth School of Art, Miller's Lane, -Upper Kennington Lane; fee, 10s. 6d. per month. I believe this class -was formed at Messrs. Doulton's request principally to prepare -ladies to execute their work, as they found teaching ladies who had -no previous knowledge of the art took up too much of their time. The -head master of the Lambeth School of Art told me he thought it useless -for ladies to join the class who had not a considerable knowledge of -drawing, such, for instance, as they might acquire by two years' study -at some school of art. - - -_Painting on Leather._--This branch of decorative art is well suited -to women, but there is but a small demand for it. Some of the large -upholsterers are willing to employ ladies, but they must have a good -knowledge of drawing, and be willing to give two years to learn the -technicalities of the art, and to gain experience of the different -styles, especially Spanish and Italian, at the South Kensington Museum -and other places. At the expiration of that time wages would begin at -from 6s. to £1 a week, according to ability; and the probable eventual -earnings would be from £2 to £3 weekly. - - -_Mosaic._--Women have frequently been employed in manufacturing -mosaic; but it is so little used in England that at present I can hear -of no place where they would be likely to obtain work. But when the -decoration of St. Paul's Cathedral in mosaic is commenced--if it is -entrusted to an English firm, as I sincerely hope it will be--there -will be employment for hundreds of women for some years. The usual pay -mosaic workers obtain if they have no knowledge of drawing is about -£40 a year; if they can undertake the more difficult parts, such as -the human figure, their salaries are proportionately higher. The mere -technical knowledge is easily acquired in a month. - - -_Painting on Glass._--It is a great pity ladies are not more -extensively employed in painting on glass. Messrs. Powell and Co., -of the Whitefriars Glass Works Company, Whitefriars Street, employ a -few. These ladies work in a separate room, six hours a day, and four -on Saturdays; these are obviously very short hours, and Mr. Powell has -no objection to increase them if he finds the ladies he employs are -willing; of course their work is paid by time. He intends to increase -his staff of lady workers as occasion arises. Only a very slight -knowledge of drawing is required for the lower branches of this art, -and it is necessary to give perhaps three months, certainly not more, -to acquire it. The average earnings are from £60 to £70 a year; any one -capable of copying figures and painting them on glass would obtain a -higher salary, probably £100 a year. - - -_Decorative Work._--Messrs. Simpson and Co. employ a large number of -ladies in various kinds of decorative work, such as painting tiles, -glass, decorating enamelled iron, &c., at salaries beginning at £40 a -year, and rising according to the value of their services. The hours of -work are from 9 to 6, with the usual interval of an hour. - -A good knowledge of drawing is required, such as might be obtained by -two years' hard work at a School of Art, and it is desirable that the -human figure should have been carefully studied; but Messrs. Simpson -and Co. prefer that the ladies who come to them should be without any -special knowledge of the work they will be employed in, as they would -rather impart it themselves. - -Miss Collingridge, 9, Beaumont Street, Portland Place, N.W., undertakes -all kinds of art decorative work, and receives pupils; the hours of -study are from 9.30 to 4 o'clock. Many of her pupils have been very -successful in obtaining engagements as designers, china painters, &c., -and two are now employed in drawing for costumiers. To obtain constant -work at the conclusion of a course of study, Miss Collingridge thinks -versatile invention and refined feeling essential, as is also business -capacity. - -The Misses Rhoda and Agnes Garrett were in business as house -decorators, cabinet-makers, and designers of all the details of -household furniture and upholstery, at 2, Gower Street (corner of -Bedford Square), London, and I understand they were very successful. -They attributed their success entirely to the thorough training they -went through, and their strict attention to business. Miss Rhoda -Garrett has unfortunately lately died, but Miss Agnes Garrett still -carries on the business. Miss Garrett takes pupils or apprentices for -a not shorter time than three years, at a premium of £300. The hours -of work are from 10 to 4. After the apprenticeship industrious ladies -of ordinary intelligence would be prepared to start in business on -their own account, but for this capital is of course required. If two -sisters or friends went through the course of study together, and into -partnership afterwards, as the Misses Garrett did, they would be much -more likely to succeed than one would alone. - - -_Plan Tracing._--It has been thought that women might very well be -employed in tracing the plans of builders, architects, and engineers, -and an office for the purpose has been established, through the agency -of the Society for the Employment of Women, at 8, Great Queen Street, -S.W. It is going on very satisfactorily; several ladies are employed; -they give three months to learn the work, and after that time their -pay commences at threepence an hour, rising to sixpence; they work -seven hours a day. Ladies who wish to learn the work, without desiring -employment, can be received on payment of a premium of £10; but it -is requested that all inquiries should be addressed to Miss King, -Secretary to the Society for the Employment of Women, 22, Berners -Street, Oxford Street. - -I think many of the large firms might be induced to employ women -permanently in copying their plans, if personal application were made -to them and specimens of work taken. The great requisites for success -in this work are neatness and accuracy; the merely technical knowledge -is easily acquired. - -Although they do not actually teach plan-tracing at the schools of -art, their architectural classes would be found to give most of the -necessary information, sufficient to enable a careful student to apply -for work with the full consciousness of being able to do it. - - -_Photography._--The following particulars respecting the employment -of ladies in photography have been kindly given me by Mr. Elliott, of -the firm of Elliott and Fry, photographers, Baker Street, London. He -requested me to warn ladies against wasting their time in learning to -tint photographs, as the fashion for these has almost entirely died -out, and he has innumerable applications from ladies anxious to tint -them. A considerable number of women are employed by the trade in -spotting photographs; their wages usually begin at 6s. a week, rising, -when they have learnt their business, which can easily be done in two -months, to 15s. or £1. The hours of work are from 9 to 5. Many are -employed in mounting photographs on cards; it is work that requires -great neatness and accuracy; the pay varies from £1 to £1 5s. a week. - -Re-touching negatives is the most difficult and consequently the -best-paid branch of photography open to women; it requires some -knowledge of drawing, and, Mr. Elliott says, considerable common -sense; a few lessons in the technicalities should be taken from some -re-toucher before applying for work, a month would be quite long enough -to acquire them, and the fee would probably be small. A re-toucher -willing to give the necessary instruction could usually be heard of at -the leading photographers'. The salaries vary from 30s. to £3 a week. - - -_Art Needlework._--The Royal School of Art Needlework in the Exhibition -Road, South Kensington, is by far the best of all the work societies, -and the only one where ladies who are once admitted can be certain of -constant employment; so it is the only one of which I shall give a -description. These are the rules:-- - -I. Application for admission as qualified workers for the school must -be made to the Manager by the applicants in person, and they must give -two references to prove their position. - -II. Applicants must fulfil the following requirements:-- - -(_a._) They must be gentlewomen by birth and education. - -(_b._) They must be able and willing when employed to devote seven -hours a day to work at the school. - -III. Every applicant is required to go through a course of instruction, -for which £5 is charged. - -IV. The course of instruction consists of nine lessons in art -needlework, of five hours each. If after the first two lessons, in the -opinion of the teacher, the applicant is not likely to be successful as -a needle worker, she will be recommended to retire, and on so retiring -the £5 will be returned to her. - -V. The school enters into no engagement to give employment to any lady. - -This last rule is practically not carried out, as ladies are never -allowed to take the preliminary lessons unless there are vacancies for -qualified workers. - -It is difficult to give the probable earnings, as all work is paid by -the piece; but I have been able to gather that the average earnings are -from 20s. to 30s. a week. This sum is practically only exceeded by -very quick and clever workers. - -During the holidays given by the school, ladies are allowed to take -work home, so their incomes are only limited by their own industry, or -perhaps I should say lack of it. About 120 ladies are employed, and -I understand there are a considerable number of candidates for each -vacancy as it occurs. - - -_Painting on Silk and Cards._--All the paintings on silk, satin, or -cards, for fans, valentines, scent packets, and Christmas cards, sold -by Mr. Rimmel, 36, Strand, and at his various branch establishments, -are executed by ladies and gentlemen at their own homes. The paintings -must be of a superior character, and not mere repetitions, as anything -original is sure to sell. Some of the ladies who paint regularly for -him earn as much as £3 or £4 a week. I have no doubt many other firms -employ ladies in the same way. - - -_Medical Drawings._--Doctors frequently require careful drawings of -different diseases, and ladies who are good draughtsmen are usually -employed to make them. Application should be made at the different -hospitals, and specimen drawings taken. It would be good practice to -make copies of the drawings of diseases to be found in medical works. -I understand ladies are now making as much as £2 to £3 a week in this -way. Of course the demand is somewhat fluctuating. - -_Tapestry Painting_ consists of painting with specially-prepared liquid -colours on a woven textile fabric. Messrs. Howell and James sell all -the necessary materials, and classes for instruction are held at their -Art Studio, 5, Regent Street. Terms:--The course of ten lessons of two -hours each, £5; the course of six lessons of two hours each, £3 3s. - - - - -CHAPTER IV. - -MEDICINE AS A PROFESSION FOR WOMEN - - -Ladies wishing to enter the medical profession can receive the -necessary instruction at the London School of Medicine for Women, 30, -Henrietta Street, Brunswick Square. It is desirable that they should -have private means, as, unless they go to India, where there is a -considerable opening for medical women, it would probably be some -time before their practice would be sufficiently remunerative. Ladies -desiring to prepare for the medical profession must pass one of the -examinations in Arts recognised by the General Medical Council, such an -examination being compulsory before registration as a medical student. - -Among these examinations are:-- - -I. The Oxford and Cambridge Local Examinations, Senior and Junior. - -II. The Senior Local Examinations for Honorary Certificates, and the -ordinary Local Examination of the University of Edinburgh. - -III. The Local Examination for Honours Certificates of the University -of St. Andrews. - -IV. The Examination in Arts of the Society of Apothecaries in London. - -V. The examinations for a first-class certificate of the Royal College -of Preceptors. - -VI. The Local Examinations of the Queen's University in Ireland. - -VII. The Matriculation Examination of the University of London. - -Certificates must in all cases include English literature, Latin, -arithmetic, algebra, geometry, and also one of the following optional -subjects:-- - -Greek, French, German, or natural philosophy. - -Four years is considered the necessary time of study to obtain a -license to practise from the King's and Queen's College of Physicians -in Ireland; and the expense, including examiners' fees, hospital -practice, books, and instruments, is slightly under £200. This, of -course, does not include board and lodging. - -An M.D. degree from the University of London is more difficult to -obtain, and necessitates additional study of a year, or possibly more. -There are at present thirty-six pupils in the school. No one is -admitted under the age of eighteen. An entrance scholarship of the -value of £30 is competed for annually in September. - -All persons requiring further information on subjects connected with -the medical education of women, with the residence of students in the -neighbourhood of the school, or respecting scholarships, are invited to -apply to Mrs. Thorne, hon. secretary, 30, Henrietta Street, Brunswick -Square, London. - - -_Pharmaceutical Chemists._--As the Pharmaceutical Society has now -thrown its examinations open to women, there is nothing to prevent them -from setting up in business as chemists. It is an occupation peculiarly -adapted to women, and returns a better interest on invested capital -than most other trades. - -A preliminary examination in Latin, Arithmetic, and English, has to -be passed, unless the candidate can produce a certificate of having -passed the Local Examinations of the Universities of Oxford, Cambridge, -Durham, or Edinburgh, the Examination of the College of Preceptors, or -those of any legally constituted examining body previously approved by -the Council, provided Latin and arithmetic be included in the subjects. - -Before going up for the other examinations each candidate must produce -a certified declaration that for three years she has been registered -and employed as an apprentice or student, or has otherwise for three -years been practically engaged in the translation and dispensing of -prescriptions. - -The cost of passing the three examinations necessary to become a -pharmaceutical chemist, including tuition, examiner's fees, books, -chemicals, apparatus, &c., is from £80 to £100, and the time required -for study after the apprenticeship would be from a year to eighteen -months. - -Miss Isabella S. Clarke, a pharmaceutical chemist, in Spring Street, -Paddington, is willing to take outdoor apprentices for three years at a -premium of £100. - -The capital required to start in business with a reasonable prospect of -success is from £500 to £1,000; the nearer it is to £1,000 the better. -The stores have done much to injure chemists' business by selling -patent medicines, hair-washes, soap, scents, &c., at much lower prices -than private traders can afford to adopt. - - -_Dispensers._--I understand that many doctors who prepare their own -medicines are willing to employ ladies to dispense them, at salaries -ranging from £30 to £50. The necessary knowledge can be acquired at the -New Hospital for Women, Marylebone Road, where they are willing to take -girls and teach them dispensing for six months for a premium of £5. It -is necessary that candidates should have a slight knowledge of Latin, -and an intimate acquaintance with arithmetic, especially fractions; and -desirable that they should be of studious habits, as they are expected -to read various books recommended them by the authorities. Employment -can also occasionally be obtained at hospitals, especially by ladies -who can undertake bookkeeping as well as dispensing. - - -_Hospital Nurses._--Hospital nursing affords certain employment -to capable women, and, although the salaries are low, it must be -remembered that liberal board, comfortable bed-rooms, and washing, are -always included. Trained nurses' salaries usually commence at £20, -rising, according to experience and responsibilities, to £30. Chief -nurses of wards, usually called ward sisters, obtain in the chief -London hospitals from £35 to £50. Matrons and lady superintendents of -nursing receive from £50 to £100. Nearly all the London hospitals train -nurses. - -I give the rules of the Nightingale Fund and of the Westminster -Training School, as I believe these will be found fair specimens of the -rest. - -At St. Thomas's two classes of probationers are received. The rules for -special probationers are as follows:-- - -The committee of the Nightingale Fund have made arrangements for the -admission to their school at St. Thomas's Hospital of a limited number -of gentlewomen who may desire to qualify themselves in the practice -of hospital nursing, with the express object of entering upon this -profession permanently, by eventually filling superior situations in -public hospitals and infirmaries. - -These probationers will be required to pay towards the cost of -maintenance during their year of training the sum of £30, and to give -an undertaking to continue in the work for three years after leaving -the school; but, upon payment of a higher sum of £52, to cover the cost -of maintenance and also partly of instruction, &c., the undertaking -will be limited to one year after leaving the school. - -Occasional vacancies occur for the admission of gentlewomen free of -expense, together with, in some cases, a small salary during the year -of training. These advantages will be strictly limited to those whose -circumstances require such aid. - -Candidates desirous of receiving this course of training should -apply to Mrs. Wardroper, the Matron, at St. Thomas's Hospital, -subject to whose selection they will be received into the hospital as -probationers. The age considered desirable for these probationers is -from twenty-seven to thirty-seven, single or widows; a certificate -of age and other information will be required. Should opportunities -occur for affording instruction in some of the duties of supervision, -they will be expected to remain for that purpose for a further period -of two or three months, but in that case no further payment will be -required. Payment will be required by two equal instalments in advance, -viz., half on admittance, and half at the end of six months. No part of -the paid instalment will be returned in the event of the probationer -leaving from any cause. - -The probationers will receive instruction from the medical instructor -and the hospital "sisters," and will serve as assistant nurses in the -wards of the hospital. - -The names of the probationers will be entered in a register, in which -a record will be kept of their qualifications. At the end of a year -those whom the Committee find to have passed satisfactorily through the -course of instruction and training will be entered in the register as -certified nurses. - -On completion of their training they must be prepared to take -employment on the nursing staff of some public hospital or infirmary -wherever offered to them by the Committee, and to continue in similar -employment for a period of three years at least, this period being -limited to one year in the case only of those who have paid at the -higher rate. As a step to superior situations, they will be expected, -if required, to accept an engagement as nurse (day or night), at the -usual salary, for the whole or a portion of the first year after -leaving the training school. Engagements, whether as nurse or in a -superior situation, will from time to time, during the above period, -be made through the Committee with the managers of the institution, -by whom the certified probationer is to be employed. Her salary will -be paid to her by such managers, but it is expected that she will not -terminate any engagement without due notice to the Committee. - -Withdrawal from the service may be allowed upon special grounds--family -circumstances or otherwise--to be approved by the Committee. - -Probationers will not be expected to go out of Great Britain unless at -their own request. - -The Committee desire, in every case where a staff of nurses is -engaged from the "Nightingale Fund," to place at the head of them -a superintendent, who has been also trained in the same school. -Applications have been numerous for trained nurses to fill superior -situations, such as matron, superintendent, assistants to those -officers, and ward sister or chief nurse, while there has hitherto been -a want of qualified candidates. The Committee therefore anticipate -no difficulty in being able to offer suitable appointments to their -certified probationers. They will, in recommending for employment, -consult the inclination of every probationer--so far as a due regard to -the special circumstances of each case enable them to do. - -Every probationer will be required, at the end of one month from the -date of entry into the hospital, to sign a written engagement, agreeing -to abide by these regulations. - -These are the rules for the ordinary training of hospital nurses:-- - -The Committee of the "Nightingale Fund" have made arrangements with -the authorities of St. Thomas's Hospital for giving a year's training -to women desirous of working as hospital nurses. Women desirous of -receiving this course of training should apply to Mrs. Wardroper, the -matron at St. Thomas's Hospital, subject to whose selection they will -be received into the hospital as probationers. The age considered -desirable for probationers is from twenty-five to thirty-five single -or widows; a certificate of age and other information will be -required. They will receive, during the year of training, payment in -money and clothing to the value of £16, on the following footing, -thus:--Clothing, costing about £4; payment at the end of the first -quarter, £2; at the end of the second quarter, £2 10s.; at the end of -the third quarter, £2 10s.; at the end of the fourth quarter, £8; and -a further gratuity of £2 if recommended for employment. Should the term -of residence be extended beyond the year, payment will be made at the -end of the fifth quarter of £4. - -At the close of a year their training will usually be considered -complete, and during the three years succeeding the completion of -their training they will be required to enter into service as hospital -nurses, in such situations as may from time to time be offered to them -by the Committee. - -The names of the probationers will be entered in a register, in which -a record will be kept of their conduct and qualifications. This -will be submitted at the end of every month to the Committee of the -"Nightingale Fund." At the end of a year, those whom the Committee -find to have passed satisfactorily through the course of instruction -and training, will be entered in the register as certified nurses, and -will be recommended for employment accordingly. The Committee have -hitherto readily found employment for their certified nurses in some -public hospital or infirmary, at salaries usually commencing at £20, -with board (including tea and sugar) and washing. Many have, after some -years' service, obtained superior appointments. - -Engagements are not to be made except through the Committee, and no -engagement is to be put an end to without a quarter's previous notice -to the Committee. - -The Committee will allow a yearly gratuity of £2 to all their certified -nurses, to be paid at the end of every complete year of service, -succeeding the term of training, up to the third year, inclusive, -providing that evidence be given at the end of each year that the nurse -has served the whole time satisfactorily. - -No gratuity will be paid if the Committee have reason to suppose that -the nurse intends to discontinue her employment. At the expiration of -one month from the date of entry, every probationer will be required to -write a letter to the following effect:-- - - _To the Chairman of the Committee of the "Nightingale Fund."_ - - SIR,--Having now become practically acquainted with the duties - required of a hospital nurse, I am satisfied that I shall be able - and willing, on the completion of my year's training, to enter into - service in a public hospital or infirmary, and I engage, in accordance - with the annexed regulations of the "Nightingale Fund"--in return for - the advantages bestowed upon me--to continue in such service for the - space of at least three years, in whatever situations the Committee - shall think suitable to my abilities, it being my intention from - henceforth to devote myself to hospital employment. I further agree - not to enter into any engagements except through the Committee, and - not to leave any situation without giving due notice to the Committee. - - I am, Sir, &c., &c. - -The following regulations are common to both classes of probationers:-- - -The term of the probationers' training is a complete year. Probationers -will be received on the distinct understanding that they will remain -for the required term; they may, however, be allowed to withdraw upon -grounds to be approved by the Committee. They will be subject to be -discharged at any time by the matron in case of misconduct, or should -she consider them inefficient or negligent of their duties. - -The probationers will be under the authority of the matron of the -hospital, and will be subject to the rules of the hospital. They will -be lodged in the hospital in the "Nightingale Home," which adjoins the -matron's house; each will have a separate bed-room, and they will be -supplied at the cost of the "Nightingale Fund" with board, including -tea and sugar, and a weekly allowance of 1s. 6d. for washing; and with -a certain quantity of outer clothing of a uniform character, which they -will always be required to wear when in the hospital. - -The usual times of admission are the quarter days. Candidates -must be seen by Mrs. Wardroper, at St. Thomas's Hospital, Albert -Embankment, Westminster Bridge, London, between 10 and 12 A.M. only, -on Tuesday or Friday. These regulations may be obtained by writing -to H. Bonham-Carter, Esq., Secretary to the "Nightingale Fund," 91, -Gloucester Terrace, Hyde Park. - -The regulations of the Training School for Nurses in connection with -Westminster Hospital are very similar, but I think it better to give -them in detail. - -The Committee of the Westminster School for Nurses has made -arrangements for training their probationers in a practical way in -the wards of the above hospital. Those young women who are desirous -to be so trained should apply (personally, if possible, or else by -letter) to the lady superintendent of the Training School, 8, Broad -Sanctuary, Westminster. It is desirable that the ages of candidates -should be between twenty-five and thirty-five. Testimonials of health -and character, according to forms supplied by the lady superintendent, -will be required; and when satisfactory, and as vacancies occur, the -applicants will be received as probationers. - -Probationers will be under the direction and authority of the lady -superintendent and the rules of the training school; and whilst at work -in the hospital they must obey and recognise all the standing rules of -that institution. Probationers will be supplied with board, lodging, -and washing. - -If retained, the wages in the first year of a probationer will be -£16, of which a portion may be retained till the completion of her -year of probation, as guarantee of her good behaviour, and subject to -forfeiture in case of misconduct. Probationers will be required to -conform to any regulations in regard to uniformity in outer clothing, -and if supplied with materials for the same by the school, the cost -(not exceeding £4 4s.) will be retained from their wages. - -It is expected that at the end of a year probationers will be fitted to -be nurses, and their engagement will require them to serve two years -more in hospital or private nursing, with an increase of £2 for each -year--that is, £18 for the second, and £20 for the third. - -At the expiration of one month from the date of entry every probationer -will be required, in such form as may be in use, to engage herself -to continue in the service for at least two years longer than her -probation, after which her time will be her own. In the event of her -not continuing after the first month no wages will be paid. - -The names of the probationers will be entered on a register, in which -a record will be kept of their conduct and qualifications. At the end -of every quarter the record will be submitted to the Committee of -Management. - -The probationers will be subject to be discharged at any time by the -lady superintendent in case of misconduct, or should she think them -inefficient or negligent in their duties. - -The nurse, or probationer, must not only be able to read written -instructions, and to write, but have had a good English education. The -probationer or nurse is to keep her own room neat, clean, and in order, -in the home, as well as to assist in the needlework there if required -to do so. - -The duties of the nurses will be to attend both the rich and the poor, -either in hospitals or private houses. - -The lady superintendent tells me that nearly half the ladies who come -to her leave at the expiration of the trial month, having discovered -that they are unsuited to the life, although I believe it is not -particularly trying. - - - - -CHAPTER V. - -CLERKS. - - -_Bookkeepers._--There is a very considerable demand for female clerks -and bookkeepers. The necessary knowledge is easily acquired by any -industrious person with punctual and orderly habits. - -An adult bookkeeping class is held at 22, Berners Street, Oxford -Street, the office of the Society for the Employment of Women. On -entering the class a student is required to bring recommendations from -two householders, who will be responsible for her thorough steadiness -and respectability. If, as is often the case, the student has lately -left school, a letter from the mistress, or her latest school report, -is required, and those only are admitted to the class who can write -clearly and neatly, spell correctly, and work accurately the first -four rules of arithmetic simple and compound. A course of lessons -generally extends over four or five months; during that time students -are not only taught the principles of book-keeping by single and double -entry, but every effort is made to inspire them with a high sense of -responsibility, and to make them punctual, orderly, and earnest, in -the discharge of their duties. No student is allowed to go up for -examination unless her conduct in the class has been satisfactory, and -unless she has shown a desire to do her work conscientiously. - -Bookkeepers who have gained certificates almost invariably retain -their situations with credit. It is often difficult to obtain a first -situation, for practical experience is generally required, but in this -the certificate is a great help, as it forms a good introduction, and -is a guarantee of efficiency and respectability. - -When she has once made a fair start, a certificated bookkeeper is -seldom unemployed. The class meets on the evenings of Monday and -Thursday, at 6.30. The fee is sixpence weekly. A bookkeeping class -is also held at the College for Working Women, 7, Fitzroy Street, -Fitzroy Square. The fee is 1s. 3d. each term; there are four terms in -the year, consisting of 35 lessons, from 8 to 9.30 P.M. New pupils are -only admitted on the first class night of the Michaelmas and Easter -terms. Students can be examined by the Society of Arts, and obtain the -certificates of the Society free of expense. The membership fee is a -shilling a term extra. - -Public classes, besides those I have mentioned, are held at the College -for Men and Women, Queen Square, Bloomsbury; at the Quebec Institute, -Baker Street; and at the Birkbeck Institute, Chancery Lane. Clerks must -be prepared to accept low salaries for their first engagements, perhaps -10s. a week; but after they have gained experience, they will be able -to secure from 15s. to 30s. a week. - - -_Telephone._--The United Telephone Company, 36, Coleman Street, -Moorgate Street, employ about a hundred young ladies, chiefly the -daughters of professional men who have received few educational -advantages, and no special technical instruction. The requirements -being small the salary is in proportion, commencing at 11s. weekly, and -rising slowly to 16s. Candidates must be between the ages of 16 and 20. -Those whose parents are in trade are not eligible. - - -_Shorthand Writing._--The power of writing in shorthand is a very -valuable acquisition, especially to bookkeepers who also act as -correspondents, as it frequently enables them to obtain larger salaries -than they could expect without it, and there is an increasing demand -for female shorthand clerks. Translators also occasionally employ them -to write from dictation, and sometimes it happens they can get work as -reporters. - -Miss Pritchard, of 83, Edgeware Road, is highly recommended as a -teacher. She says it requires nine months to learn, and perhaps from -six to twelve months' practice afterwards, to become a proficient -writer, so much depends upon the individual ability. She herself began -to earn money by it at the end of the first nine months. Her charge -for tuition is a guinea for thirteen lessons, one every week. She can -usually arrange to give the lessons, if desirable, in the evening, so -that they need not interfere with any daily employment in which her -pupils may be engaged. - -The rate of pay shorthand writers expect to receive is twopence a folio -(72 words). Of course for this they have to make a fair copy of their -work in ordinary writing. - -The Metropolitan School of Shorthand in Chancery Lane undertakes to -ensure proficiency for a certain fixed charge. I understand that the -sum of £5 is the maximum amount. - - -_Post Office Directories._--Messrs. Kelly and Co., of 51, Great Queen -Street, Lincoln's Inn, employ a considerable number of female clerks to -assist in compiling their Post Office directories; they will take girls -from the age of fourteen, and the only necessary qualifications are -reading and perfectly legible writing. The pay commences at 8s. a week, -and increases 2s. a week every year until it reaches a pound. The hours -are from half-past nine until half-past five, excepting on Saturdays, -when they leave off working at four o'clock. An hour is allowed for -dinner, which must be eaten on the premises. The duties are decidedly -easy, and the hours light. Applications for employment must be made by -letter, but vacancies seldom occur. - - -_Junior Army and Navy Stores._--These recently-established stores -employ ladies as clerks; the preference is given to daughters of -military or naval officers. - -The necessary qualifications are a thorough knowledge of arithmetic, a -slight acquaintance with book-keeping, and good legible writing. The -hours are from nine to six, with an hour's interval for dinner. The -salaries commence at £40 a year. - - -_Prudential Life Assurance._--One hundred and sixty ladies are -employed by this Company at their offices, Holborn Bars; only daughters -of professional men are eligible, and they require no special -qualifications beyond an ordinary English education. The hours of -work are from a quarter to ten to five o'clock; on Saturdays until -two. The comfort of the lady clerks has been studied to a very great -extent, an excellent library and piano are provided for their use, and -a refreshment room, where they can obtain luncheon (for which an hour -is allowed) at a moderate price. The flat roof has been converted into -terraces, where they may take exercise during their luncheon hour, and -they have a separate entrance and staircase to that used by the male -clerks. - -They are paid £32 the first year, £42 the second, and £52 the third; -after that time their salaries increase according to the value of their -services. The duties principally consist of copying and writing letters -from notes. - - -_Coupon Sorters._--Messrs. Rothschild, St. Swithin's Lane, and Messrs. -Baring, Bishopsgate Street Within, employ a small number of women in -sorting coupons; the only necessary qualifications are an ordinary -English education and good references. At Messrs. Baring's the hours -of work are from ten to five. The junior clerks receive 15s. a week, -and the seniors' salaries average £1 to 25s.; they are engaged by the -week. I believe that Messrs. Rothschild's rules are very similar. - - -_Law Copyists._--Many women are now employed in law copying; they are -apprenticed for six months, sometimes paying a small premium of 2 or 3 -guineas, but in some cases they are only required to give their time. -After six months they begin to earn a few shillings a week, which may -increase, according to efficiency, to 25s. Their salary is regular, -and does not depend (as it does in the case of men) on their employers -having work or not. The hours are from nine to seven, excepting on -Saturdays, when they leave a little earlier. - -The following firms employ women, but only the first three will -teach:--Mr. Hardy, Castle Street, Holborn; Mrs. Le Fuel, Brownlow -Street, Holborn; Mr. F. Watkins, Dyer's Buildings, Holborn; Messrs. -Hooper and Sons, Ludgate Hill; Messrs. Hadley, Castle Street, Holborn. -Law clerks also occasionally employ women as copyists, and I think -efficient writers might frequently obtain private employment from -solicitors, especially if they had any acquaintance with them, or they -could take specimens of their work to strangers, and boldly ask for -a trial. Employers like girls to begin to learn soon after leaving -school; they will take them as young as fifteen. - - -_Telegraphy._--The following is an exact copy of the rules for -telegraph clerks. Applications for admission to the Telegraph Office -must be made to the Postmaster-General, as all nominations are made by -him. - -The subjects for test examination are:-- - -(1.) Writing from dictation. - -(2.) Writing with a pencil, or style. - -(3.) Arithmetic (easy sums in the first four rules). - -Limits of age, not under fourteen or above eighteen. - -Successful candidates have to attend the Post Office Telegraph School -to undergo a course of instruction in telegraphy, for which instruction -no charge is made, but they do not receive any pay while at the school. - -The course of instruction usually extends over a period of three -months, but if at any period of their tuition, or during their -probationary employment at a telegraph office, it becomes evident they -display no aptitude for the duties of a telegraphist, their nomination -or probationary appointment will be cancelled. - -The scale of pay for women is 8s. per week, on receiving a certificate -from the school, and commencing the period of probation; rising to -12s. on being certified to be fully capable of transmitting public -messages; and rising to 14s. on being certified as being capable of -taking charge of a telegraph instrument; afterwards, as vacancies -occur, 14s. per week, increasing by 1s. per week to 17s. per week, with -a prospect of rising to 30s. per week. - -Hours of attendance for female clerks, eight hours a day, between the -hours of 8 A.M. and 8 P.M. - - -_Post Office Clerks._--A considerable number of ladies are employed -in the Receiver and Accountant General's Office; it is, I believe, -more generally known as the Post Office Clearing House. An entrance -examination has to be passed in the following subjects of competitive -examination, conducted by the Civil Service Commissioners:-- - -(1.) Handwriting and orthography. - -(2.) English grammar and composition. - -(3.) Arithmetic (including vulgar and decimal fractions). - -(4.) Geography. - -Candidates under seventeen or above twenty years of age are ineligible. - -_Salary._ - - 2nd Class, £40, rising by £7 10s. yearly to £75. - 1st Class, £80 " £7 10s. " £100. - Principal Clerks, £110 " £10 " £150. - -The hours of attendance are from 10 to 4. - -Hitherto women have been employed as returners and counterwomen in the -General Post Office, London, but no fresh appointments have been made -for some time, and it does not appear likely that there will be any -more. - - - - -CHAPTER VI. - -MISCELLANEOUS. - - -_Assistants in Shops._--I do not think it is generally known how valid -the claim of the girls employed by the large linendrapers is to the -much-disputed title of "young lady." At all the houses where I have -inquired, I find that a large proportion of the girls are daughters -of professional men, the fathers of the remainder being for the most -part farmers and clerks; they are all fairly well educated, possess -good manners, and if their conduct is not above reproach they are -immediately dismissed. - -I give particulars of five representative houses. I think the rules -of others of the same class will be found very similar. All the -particulars have been furnished me by members of the firms, and in many -cases I have also made inquiries of the young ladies who are employed. -Their universal opinion is that they are much better off than they -would be if they were governesses; in fact, many of them have been -governesses, and have given it up from the difficulty of obtaining -comfortable engagements. Their evenings are entirely at their own -disposal, and they are allowed to go away from Saturday until Sunday -night or Monday morning, if their employers know where they are going. -At very nearly all the shops I mention the girls are allowed to sit -down excepting when they are engaged in serving. The good feeling -existing between employers and employed seems to be very general. - -I heard no complaints from either side; the heads of the firms -all seemed to think they could not do too much for the comfort of -their employés, and they on their side seemed fully sensible of the -kindness with which they are treated. Their sitting and bed rooms are -all spacious and airy, and their food, which on two occasions I had -opportunities of inspecting, plentiful and good. - -All the firms employ large numbers of women who do not live in the -house, but I shall not give any particulars respecting them, as they -are of quite a different class to those I am writing for. - -Messrs. Howell and James, Regent Street, employ twenty-five ladies in -their establishment, who live in the house. When their contemplated -alterations and improvements are made, each young lady will have a -separate bed-room; they have very pleasant sitting-rooms, and a library -and piano are provided for their use. - -The hours of work are from 9 to 6, Saturdays until two, and they all -have a fortnight or three weeks' holiday in the summer. The salaries -vary from £20 to £200 a year. Apprentices are received for three years; -they live in the house, and pay a premium of £40. Improvers are also -taken. All applicants must have good references and manners, and be -well educated. - -Messrs. Lewis and Allenby, Regent Street, employ seventy ladies in the -house, twenty-four in the show-rooms, and the rest in the workrooms. -They take neither apprentices nor improvers, and all the young ladies -who apply to them must previously have received a thorough training. -Hours of work are from 8.30 until 6.30, Saturdays until 2. They have -three weeks' holiday after the London season. Their house has lately -been rebuilt, and the rooms are everything that can be desired; two -young ladies usually share a bed-room. A piano, and house library, -besides a subscription to Mudie's, are provided for the use of the -young people. - -The salaries range from £25 to £200 per annum. A doctor calls every day -to see any one who may be ill, and anything he orders is immediately -provided at the expense of the firm. - -Messrs. Marshall and Snelgrove, Oxford Street and Vere Street, employ -seventy ladies in their show-rooms. The hours of work are from 8.30 -until 6.30 in the winter, or 7 in the summer; Saturdays until 2. -Sixteen days' holidays are allowed after the season. No apprentices are -received, and the salaries vary from £20 to £150 a year. About ninety -or a hundred girls are also employed in their work-rooms, at salaries -of from £15 to £100 a year. - -Messrs. Venables, High Street, Whitechapel, a very old-established -firm, employ twenty-five in the house, at salaries of from £20 to £200 -per annum. The hours of work are from 9 till 7 in winter, until 7.30 or -8 in summer, Saturdays until 3 o'clock. A fortnight's holiday is given -every year. Apprentices are taken for two or three years at a small -premium, which is usually returned as a bonus for good conduct. There -is a bagatelle and a billiard table, a piano, and a library of 2,000 -volumes, for the use of the employés. Not more than four girls are ever -expected to share the same room. - -Messrs. Spencer, Turner, and Boldero, Lisson Grove, employ seventy -ladies. The working hours are from 8.30 until 7, and they have a -fortnight or three weeks' holiday in the year. The salaries are from -£5 to £100 a year. Apprentices are received for two years without a -premium, and their friends are only required to provide them with -clothes. In one large room five young ladies sleep, but as a rule there -are not more than three or four in a room. - -Only the young ladies in the show-rooms are allowed to sit down; it -would interfere too much with business if those behind the counters -were provided with seats. I asked two of them if they found the -continual standing affect their health; they said girls for the first -month found it very trying, but after that they become used to it, -and, excepting in very hot weather, did not mind it at all. Cases of -serious illness are very rare in all the establishments I have visited. -At the last two shops I have mentioned the class of customers is very -different from the others; but, with that exception, I believe the -young ladies employed are equally comfortable. - - -_Teachers of Cookery._--At the National Training School for Cookery -in the Exhibition Road, South Kensington, ladies are taught to be -efficient teachers of cookery, and, as a rule, do not find it difficult -to obtain engagements. The School Board employs a considerable number, -and pays them at the rate of £60 a year. - -Teachers of cookery can now pass through a full course of twenty -weeks' training in cookery and practice in teaching at the National -Training School for Cookery, South Kensington. The fee is £20. Teachers -of plain cookery only can now pass through a course lasting ten weeks; -the fee is £8 8s. - -Students in training are expected to attend evening classes, held by -staff teachers, once a week. A student in training for a teacher first -passes as a pupil through the Scullery and Demonstration Classes. This -takes (working every day except Saturday) one month, from 10 A.M. to 4 -P.M., with an interval from 12 to 2 for rest and luncheon. At the end -of the month her note-books are to be examined and corrected. She then -spends one month learning in the Plain Cookery Practice Kitchen, and a -fortnight in teaching there what she has already learnt. She next goes -into the High Class Practice Kitchen, and spends one month in learning -and a fortnight in teaching. The last month is devoted to practice in -demonstrating, first a fortnight in private, and lastly a fortnight -in public, for which the lady superintendent has drawn up careful and -strict rules; they are hung up close to where the student stands, to -give her demonstration. - -During her course of training the student can, if she likes, dine with -the other pupils for 1s., or, if that is beyond her means, she is -allowed to purchase any little dish that has been cooked as a lesson, -at a nominal charge. - -The staff teachers receive £75 per annum and their dinner at the -school while employed in London. When sent to reside out of London -they receive a further sum of 20s. a week for board and lodging, and -all their travelling expenses; one months' notice on either side to -terminate the engagement. When the staff teachers are all employed a -few extra teachers are taken on as improvers at £1 a week, as this fits -them to fill good appointments in the provinces when they offer. These -engagements are terminable by a week's notice on either side. - -The work of a teacher on the staff varies somewhat according to the -nature of her appointment--_i.e._, if employed in the school itself -she will have to be in her kitchen by 9.30 A.M. to see that her -kitchen-maid has everything in proper order for the pupils to begin -work at 10 A.M. The lessons end at 4 P.M. The teacher would, in most -cases, be able to leave the school at 5 P.M. - -If a staff teacher is sent to the provinces, the hours of work in that -case depend greatly upon the local committee who for the time being -employ her, but the number of hours of work are limited to twenty-four -in the week, to be distributed by arrangement with the local committee -and the teacher. If nominated for training, the candidate must not -be under eighteen nor exceed thirty-five years of age. She will be -admitted either by payment of fees or by subscriber's nomination. She -must be sufficiently educated to be able to perform the duties of an -instructor after the special training. - -The diplomas of teachers are of two classes. Students, according to the -class of diploma they have obtained, will be recommended to the public -desirous to employ teachers, preference being given to teachers in the -highest class. - -The conditions of admission are:-- - -(_a_) That the student agrees to obey all the rules of the school laid -down by the Executive Committee. - -(_b_) That for any infraction of the rules the student may be -discharged at a day's notice, without having a claim of any kind upon -the school. - -(_c_) That if after training the student proves competent (of which -the Committee are sole judges), and her services be required, she will -be prepared to accept an engagement on the staff of the school, at a -salary ranging from £1 to £2 weekly; but it is to be clearly understood -that the Committee are not responsible for finding any paid employment -for the student while in the school, or afterwards, the employment of -teachers certified by the school resting wholly with the public. - -Teachers, while on the staff, and employed in the school, are not free -to take any engagement without leave from the Committee, given in -writing. Teachers holding diplomas not on the staff are free to make -any engagement for teaching they may think fit, and may refer to the -lady superintendent, who will give additional information as to their -qualifications when required to do so. - -Any subscriber to the school of £1 1s. has a right to a vote, and -twenty votes admit a candidate to a full course of training, so that to -become a subscriber is an excellent opportunity to be charitable, and -oblige, possibly, a friend at the same time. - -I think if, in addition to teaching cookery, ladies were able also to -lecture on the elements of physiology and the laws of health, they -would more readily find engagements, and be able to command better -salaries. Unfortunately, at present there is no place where they can -be examined as to their capabilities, and receive certificates, which -would be most desirable. They can, however, acquire the necessary -information by reading and attending some of the excellent courses of -lectures on the subject that are frequently held in London; they are -generally advertised in the daily papers. - - -_Music._--No lady should take up music as a profession unless she has -sufficient talent to justify her in expecting to be a first-rate -teacher and performer. The profession is overstocked to a most painful -extent already with second-rate teachers, and, speaking roughly, I -should say there are very nearly as many people anxious to teach music -as there are people to be taught. In the one branch of class-singing, -I believe there is a large demand for good lady teachers, as they are -most difficult to obtain, and any really competent persons may be sure -of obtaining engagements at good salaries. For any one with exceptional -talent a thorough training is the great thing to be desired, and this -can be obtained at the Royal College of Music, Kensington Gore, where -a free musical education, in all its branches, is given for five -years, to any one who can obtain a scholarship. Many of these are open -to public competition, without any limit of age. The school does not -provide board or lodging, though I believe some of the scholarships -carry with them exhibitions for maintenance. The year is divided into -three terms, and there are twelve weeks of vacation. Students, when -competent, are allowed to give lessons or perform in public during -their spare time. No engagements are guaranteed at the end of the -course of study; but the authorities do all in their power to secure -them. For further information respecting the scholarships, &c., -application should be made to the registrar at the school. - -_Royal Academy of Music_, Tenterden Street, Hanover Square.--At this -Academy, also, pupils are thoroughly trained in music. - -Students are admitted at the commencement of each term and half-term. -Candidates for admission must attend for examination, bringing music -they can perform, at eleven o'clock on the Saturday before each term -or half-term, with a recommendation from a subscriber, a member, an -associate, or an honorary member. - -The fee for examination is £1 1s., which is returned on the admission -of the candidate. Candidates residing at a distance from London may be -primarily examined by any one of the local examiners, from whom they -may obtain information and advice respecting the Academy. One or more -local examiners (whose services are honorary) are appointed in every -principal town of the kingdom. - -The year is divided into three terms, and there are thirteen weeks of -vacation. - -The annual fee for the entire course of study is 30 guineas, or 10 -guineas per term, with an entrance fee of 5 guineas. - -The course of instruction includes two weekly lessons in a principal -study, one in harmony, one in a second study, when deemed desirable, -one in elocution for singers, and the advantages of the sight-singing -class and violin quartet class, and the orchestral and choral practices. - -All payments must be made in advance. On leaving the Academy students -may undergo an examination. Should the examination prove satisfactory -they will receive a certificate, and in special cases the additional -distinction of being made an associate of the institution. - -There are a great many free scholarships attached to this institution; -inquiries about them should be directed to the secretary at the Academy. - - * * * * * - -_The London Academy of Music_, St. George's Hall, Langham Place, Regent -Street, is designed for vocal and instrumental students, amateur and -professional, desirous of receiving a complete musical education in -this country from the best London professors on the moderate fees of -the Continental institutions. - -Students can select either harmony, pianoforte playing, singing, or -any other branch of the art, as their principal study, and receive -individual instruction in that branch from one of the principal -professors; they will in addition receive instruction in two other -branches. - -The year is divided into three terms, each term consisting of twelve -weeks' instruction. A lesson is given once a week in each branch of -study, students residing at a distance can receive all their lessons -on one day. The fee for each student is 5 guineas per term. This -includes a whole course of instruction necessary for a complete musical -education. French, German, Italian, elocution, and deportment, are all -extras. The fee for each is £1 1s. per term. A fee of £3 3s. is charged -for students desirous of attending the operatic class and the drawing -and painting class. - -All fees are required to be paid in advance. Candidates for admission -as students must show that they possess sufficient ability to profit by -the course of study, and are required to attend at the Academy before -the commencement of the term at which they desire to be admitted in -order to be examined by the principal. The examination fee is 5s. There -are several scholarships; these entitle their holders to one year's -free instruction, or to two years' instruction by paying half fees each -term. - -Further particulars can be obtained at the office, St. George's Hall. - - -_Printing._--A women's printing office has been established at 21B, -Great College Street, Westminster, where only female apprentices are -taken. In answer to my questions, the girls said they liked the work -much, and found it very interesting; it is necessary that they should -read and spell well, and have some knowledge of punctuation. The -apprenticeships are for three years, and the premium is £2, which is -returned in wages, as they commence after the first month, at the rate -of 2s. 6d. per week, rising to 10s. by the end of the three years; -after that time the amount earned depends upon the worker's industry -and quickness; the average earnings are from £1 to £1 10s. a week. The -hours of work are from 9 till 6.30, with an hour's interval for dinner; -all the workers, including apprentices, are paid extra for overtime. - -Several other printers employ women, but when men are employed as well -the women are not usually paid at the same rate, and the premium in -most cases is £5. Messrs. Bale, of 87 and 89, Great Titchfield Street, -have taken girl apprentices for many years, and Mr. Bowden, of Red -Lion Street, has done the same. Miss Emily Faithfull was the first -to introduce printing as an occupation for women in England, and has -employed them for some time at her Victoria Press, in Praed Street, -Paddington. - - -_Dressmaking._--A lady, trading under the name of Grace and Co., has -recently started a business at Albany House, 259, Vauxhall Bridge Road, -S.W., with the following avowed objects:-- - -I. To provide work for ladies who do not desire charity. - -II. To afford ladies the means of thoroughly qualifying themselves in -cutting, fitting, and making-up dresses of every description - -III. To give employment to those who have become qualified in -work-rooms, in their own homes, and in the houses of those willing to -treat them as ladies. - -IV. To aid those who may be considered competent in opening branch -establishments. - -V. To assist those who are qualified and desirous of emigrating in -finding suitable colonial engagements. Workers will be required to give -satisfactory references. They must be good needlewomen, and forward -a sample, which will not be returned. The object of this undertaking -is to provide remunerative employment for those requiring it; so all -those employed are expected to conform heartily to the rules which are -essential to success in business. One of the partners can always be -found at Albany House, and will be pleased to see any one interested in -the work. - - -_Plain Needlework._--Classes for ladies are held at 7, Fitzroy Street, -Fitzroy Square Each course consists of ten lessons in plain needlework -and cutting out in alternate lessons, according to the German method -of teaching in schools. Tickets for one course, £1 1s.; to ladies who -take more than one course a reduction of 5s. will be made for each -additional course. Tickets are not transferable. Each lesson lasts an -hour and a half. - -Ladies anxious to start in business for themselves, or to obtain -situations as overlookers of workers in wholesale houses, are -frequently at a loss to know where they can obtain the necessary -knowledge. The firm of Hamilton and Co., co-operative shirtmakers, 27, -Mortimer Street, London, is willing to take young ladies to train in -business habits and a knowledge of what is expected from forewomen of -workers, for a year, at a premium of £5, to be returned in instalments -after the first six months. The knowledge of what work really is, and -the punctual habits that might be acquired in that time, would prove -very valuable to any one wishing to engage in business on their own -account. - -At many of the large City warehouses ladies could, if they liked, -be employed in the work-rooms as machinists, plain-needleworkers, -feather-dressers, and to make up artificial flowers and lace goods. In -the last-mentioned occupations their taste would be a great advantage. -The only objection to ladies being employed is the class of girls -they would have to associate with; but of course they need have no -acquaintance with them outside the work-room. The work is usually paid -for by the piece, and the earnings of tolerably quick workers are from -14s. to 18s. a week. The hours of work are from 9 to 7, with an hour's -interval for dinner, half an hour for tea, and a quarter of an hour for -luncheon. - -The plain needlework can in many cases, if the worker likes, be done -at home. Apprenticeships are necessary for some kinds of the work -required, but no premium is charged, the girl is only expected to give -her time for a few months. This may be difficult at first, but in -the end it is always an advantage; the skilled workers can always be -tolerably certain of getting employment. - - -_School Board Visitors._--A few ladies are employed by the School Board -to go to the children's homes and to make inquiries as to the cause -of their absence from school; they are paid from £60 to £75 a year. -The duties are frequently very unpleasant indeed, as their visits are -considered an intrusion, and are often deeply resented by the parents; -but as no special qualifications are required, I dare say many ladies -would be glad to obtain the situations. Application should be made to -the Secretary, School Board Office, Victoria Embankment, London. - - -_Minor Food Productions._--A Ladies' Association has been recently -formed for the promotion of horticulture and of minor food production. -They are anxious to establish a college for ladies where theoretic -and practical instruction would be given, and scientific training -in horticulture and arboriculture, poultry-raising, dairy work, -bee-keeping, etc. To carry out this plan a freehold farm is necessary, -together with sufficient funds to secure a well-organised system of -instruction. It is believed by the promoters of this scheme that -country life may be made healthy, interesting, and profitable, by a -wise application of intelligence and capital; and that by so doing many -openings to beneficial and healthy occupations may be found for women -of the higher and lower classes, both at home and in the colonies. - -Many millions of money are annually paid by Great Britain to foreign -countries for various articles of food, a large part of which could be -equally well raised at home, if the best methods of their production -were more widely known and acted upon. - -This association is still quite in its infancy, but a committee has -been formed to act as a means of communication between ladies desiring -instruction in the various branches of minor food production and -ladies and gentlemen competent to give the necessary teaching. Letters -addressed to the Honorary Secretaries, Miss Thorn or Miss May Thorn, -Southover Grange, Lewes, Sussex, will receive attention. I believe -these ladies have already tested the scheme themselves, and found -poultry and pig keeping decidedly remunerative. - - -_Machine Knitters._--A great many girls are employed in working -knitting-machines. They have to give a short time to learn how to -manage the machine, and then their earnings are from 10s. to 15s. a -week. The hours of work are generally eight a day, but these vary with -the season. This trade is not overstocked. - - -_Hairdressing._--This is a very suitable occupation for women, and -it is a great pity they are not more extensively employed. Messrs. -Truefitt and Douglas are still the only two large firms where girls -are employed in dressing ladies' hair. Mr. H. P. Truefitt, 13, Old -Bond Street, tells me he always trains the young women in his own -workshops, and that a moderately apt girl is ready to take her turn in -the hair-dressing saloon in six or nine months. Their average earnings -are from 32s. to 35s. weekly. Hours of work are from 9.30 A.M. to -6.30 P.M. Mr. Douglas's (also of Bond Street) rules are almost the same. -The last set of girls Mr. Truefitt trained were ladies, and he found -the intelligence they brought to bear on their profession and the -difference in their address to ladies much appreciated. - - -_Perfumery._--Mr. Eugene Rimmel, 96, Strand, employs 60 young women -in making-up valentines, scent-packets, &c., and in gumming labels on -to bottles, packing violet powder, bottles of scent, and in various -other ways. Their wages begin at 8s. a week and rise to 21s. The work -is quite light and easy. The hours are from 8 to 1, and 2 to 7.30. -The young ladies he employs to serve in his shops have rather higher -salaries. They begin at 10s. a week, and rise to £2. - - -_Stationery Work._--Most of the wholesale stationers employ large -numbers of women. The firm that kindly furnished me with the following -particulars employs 100. They go as apprentices for two years, paying -a premium of a guinea, and they receive in wages, for the first six -months, 1s. a week; during the second, 2s. 6d.; the third, 5s.; during -the fourth, and last six months, 7s. 6d. a week. After that time their -wages vary from 10s. to 15s. a week. They are employed in book folding -and sewing, stamping paper, and in various other ways. The hours of -work are from 8.30 to 7; Saturdays until 1.30. An hour is allowed them -for dinner, and two short intervals of from a quarter of an hour to -twenty minutes for luncheon and tea. - - -_Superintendents in Laundries._--It is desired to employ ladies as -superintendents of laundries. The work is not at all disagreeable, as, -of course, they are not expected to do any of the washing; only they -must have a thorough knowledge of how it should be done, including the -proper amount of soap, starch, &c., to use. The salaries are about £80 -a year, as well as board and lodging. Application should be made to -some of the large laundry companies. - - -_Artificial Flower Making._--Large numbers of women are employed in -this trade. They should begin very young, immediately they leave -school, and it is a great advantage to them if their fingers happen -to be pointed. A large West End firm where I made inquiries employs -60 or 70 women. The hours of work are from 9 till 8, with an hour and -a half's interval for refreshment; on Saturdays they cease working at -2. The wages vary from 14s. to 22s. a week. To learn the business it -is usual to give a few months; no premium is expected. The large City -houses, I believe, pay by the piece. Making common flowers is very -unhealthy work. - - -_Feather Making._--Girls are not generally apprenticed to this trade, -but begin to learn it when they are very young. Their wages commence at -2s. or 2s. 6d. a week, rising eventually to 15s. or £1. The hours of -work are from 9 to 7, out of which time half an hour is allowed for -dinner, and half an hour for tea. - - -_Jewellery._--Women are employed in most manufacturing jewellers' as -polishers. They are apprenticed for two years without a premium, but -during that time they receive no wages. Afterwards they are paid from -5d. to 8d. an hour, according to their skill. The hours of work are -usually nine a day, from 8.30 to 1, and from 2 to 6.30. - - -_Jewel Case Makers._--The apprenticeship for lining jewel cases is -generally four years without premium. The first year the girls receive -no salary; the second, 3s. a week; the third, 5s.; and the fourth -year, 8s. weekly. The average wages after that time are from 18s. to -30s. a week, and work is very regular and certain, although the trade -is small. For covering cases the apprenticeship is three years. Wages -begin after the first six months, at 3s., rising until during the -last six months of their time they receive 8s. a week. Their earnings -afterwards are from 14s. to 22s. a week. The hours of work are from -8.30 till 8. Saturdays until 4. - - -_Gold and Silver Burnishing._--Girls are apprenticed to this trade -generally for three years, sometimes paying a small premium, sometimes -none at all. They give their services for the first year, and are -generally paid 3s. or 4s. a week the second; and from 8s. to 10s. the -third. After that time their wages are from 14s. to 18s. a week, but -a really good burnisher, if she could get sufficient gilt-work to do, -would make as much as 25s. a week. The hours of work are from 9 till 8; -an hour allowed for dinner, and half an hour for tea. They are expected -to provide their own tools at a cost of from £3 to £5, but these will -last a life-time, and improve by using. - - -_Dentistry._--Manufacturing dentists employ girls in making false -teeth. The wages are generally from 15s. to 18s. a week. An -apprenticeship of from 18 months to two years is necessary, and the -premium greatly depends upon the position of the dentist. Some are glad -to teach girls simply for their services. - - -_Map Mounting._--Mounting maps is tolerably easy work, and requires -no special knowledge, only great care and neatness. Employment can be -obtained from map-shops, and the wages are usually about 15s. a week. - - -_Concertina Makers._--Manufacturers of concertinas employ girls at -about 25s. a week wages. An apprenticeship of a year is necessary. The -premium is £10 10s. - - * * * * * - -Addresses of manufacturers of all the things I have mentioned will be -found in the Post Office Directory. - - - - -CHAPTER VII. - -EMIGRATION. - - -Ladies who have never received any special training, and have -neither time nor means to procure it, would probably do wisely to -emigrate--that is to say, if they are domesticated and willing to -be generally useful. In the colonies competition for situations is -not nearly so great as in England, and consequently governesses, -companions, mothers' helps, and housekeepers, are more valued, and -usually treated quite as members of the family. I give particulars of -two of the Emigration Societies. They gave me most encouraging accounts -of the ladies who had emigrated under their auspices, and told me they -thought any one, with ordinary good sense, and willing to work, landing -in Australia or New Zealand with a few pounds in her pocket, would be -sure to do well. They both strongly advise ladies who have friends -in any one of the colonies to choose that one to go to, as private -introductions are most valuable. Intending emigrants should acquire as -thorough a knowledge of cookery, all kinds of needlework (including -dressmaking), ironing, starching, &c., as they possibly can, it may -prove very useful to them. - -The Government of South Australia offers a free grant of land of the -value of £20, to be selected by the recipient, to any person over the -age of twelve, male or female, paying their own passage direct to -Adelaide, and residing in that colony two years. - -The Queensland Government offers free passages to people describing -themselves as domestic servants. This does not necessitate their taking -that position on their arrival, but only means they must be willing -to enter domestic service if they can get no better engagement. The -following is a quotation from their published rules:--"On arrival in -the colony, all passengers, unless going out under special agreement, -will be at perfect liberty to engage themselves to any one willing to -employ them, and to make their own bargain for wages." The Queensland -Government Emigration Office is at 32, Charing Cross, London, S.W., -where all information respecting free passages can be obtained. - - -FEMALE MIDDLE CLASS EMIGRATION SOCIETY. - -_President_: Earl of Shaftesbury. - -_Committee_: - - Miss Rye. - Miss Bonham-Carter. - Miss Newton. - Miss F. Melliss. - Mrs. Scott. - Madame Bodichon. - Miss Baron. - H. Green, Esq., jun. - W. Gilbert, Esq. - -_Bankers_: Messrs. Coutts & Co, 59, Strand. - -_Auditor_: Rev. Fynes Webber, Sub-Dean of St. Pauls. - -_Hon. Secretary_: Miss J. E. Lewin. - -_Secretary_: Mrs. Sunter. - -_Office_:--2, Portugal Street, Lincoln's Inn, London, W.C. - - -RULES. - -I. The Society confines its assistance entirely to educated women, -no applicants being accepted who are not sufficiently educated to -undertake the duties of a nursery governess. - -II. Every applicant is examined as far as possible with regard to her -knowledge of cooking, baking, washing, needlework, and housework; and -is required to be willing to assist in these departments of labour -should it be necessary. - -III. Applicants are required to give the names and addresses of four -persons as referees, from whom the Society may obtain information -respecting the position, character, strength, qualifications, and -general suitableness of the applicant for a colonial life; two -of these referees to be ladies with whom the applicant has held -situations, and two to be her personal friends. The references are, -if possible, taken up personally by the secretaries; and the Society -hopes, by establishing correspondents in the chief provincial towns, -to ensure in all cases a personal interview with the applicant, if not -with her referees. - -IV. If the information obtained is satisfactory, the applicant, being -accepted by the Society, receives all possible needful assistance. -Should she be unable to pay the entire cost of cabin fittings and -passage money, the Society advances the deficient amount, a legal -agreement to repay within two years and four months being signed by the -emigrant, and two respectable householders as securities. Should an -approved applicant not require a loan, she is equally entitled to the -advantages of the Society's care and protection. - -V. The Society secures all passages and purchases cabin-fittings on -behalf of the emigrants, thus saving much trouble and time. It is also -enabled, by the liberality of shipowners and outfitters, to effect a -considerable saving of expense. The cost of passage and cabin-fittings -is generally about £45 first class, £25 second class. The Society has -established regular correspondents at most of the colonial ports. As -soon as a lady leaves England, notice of her departure is sent by the -overland mail to the correspondent at the port to which she is bound. -Her name, together with copies of her testimonials, are sent at the -same time; and, as the notice is received six weeks before the emigrant -arrives, there is time to make preparations for her reception, and even -to seek for situations. - -VI. The business of the Society is transacted in the usual manner by -a committee, secretaries, and treasurers. The selection of emigrants -rests with the secretaries, but the names and testimonials of all -persons sent out may be inspected by the committee. Cheques are signed -by a treasurer and a secretary. Accounts are audited yearly. Interviews -on Tuesdays. - - - WOMEN'S EMIGRATION SOCIETY. - - _Patron_: H.R.H. the Princess Louise, Marchioness of Lorne. - - _Council_: - - The Duchess of Marlborough. - The Duchess of Wellington. - Constance, Marchioness of Lothian. - The Dowager Lady Lawrence. - The Dowager Lady Rayleigh. - The Lady Wynford. - The Lady Elizabeth Cust. - The Lady Adeliza Manners. - The Lady Caroline Tumor. - The Lord Brabazon. - The Bishop of Ballarat - The Bishop of Brisbane. - The Bishop of Huron. - The Bishop of North Queensland. - The Hon. Mrs. Francis Drummond. - The Hon. Mrs. Stonor. - Lady Henderson. - Lady Thompson. - The Rt. Hon. Sir Bartle Frere, Bart., G.C.B., G.C.S.I. - Sir Henry Barkly, G.C.M.G. - Sir Alexander Galt, G.C.M.G. - Sir Saul Samuel, K.C.M.G. - The Rev. Alex. J. Ross, D.D. - Mrs. Charles Kingsley. - Mrs. Townsend. - - _Executive Committee_: - - The Lady Jane Taylor, 16, Eaton Place, S. W. (President). - The Marchioness of Salisbury, Arlington House, Arlington Street. - The Lady Emily Pepys, 75, Victoria Street, S. W. - Lady Fox Young, 96, Cromwell Road. - Lady Stuart Hogg, 14, Southwell Gardens, S. W. - Mrs. E. L. Blanchard, 6, Adelphi Terrace, Strand. - Mrs. George Campbell, 22, Queen's Gate Gardens, S. W. - Miss Elliott, 29, Cornwall Gardens, S. W. - Miss Hubbard, Leonards Lee, Horsham. - Miss Anna Swanwick, 23, Cumberland Terrace, N. W. - The Duke of Manchester, 1, Great Stanhope Street, W. - Lord William Seymour, 1, Chesham Place. - Gen. Sir R. C. H. Taylor, K.C.B., Governor of Sandhurst. - Major C. C. Fitzroy, 4, Cranley Place, S. W. - James Noel, Esq., 8, Hanover Square, W. - - _Bankers_: - Messrs. Ransom, Bouverie & Co., 1, Pall Mall East, S. W. - - _Honorary Solicitors_: - Messrs. Green & Hartcup, 5, Verulam Buildings, Gray's Inn. - - _Honorary Treasurer_: - Arthur Bradshaw, Esq., New Crofts, Hillingdon, Uxbridge. - - _Lady Secretary_: - Miss Clune. - - _Honorary Secretary_: - Thomas Tully, Esq. - - _Office_: - New Buildings, Carteret St., Queen Anne's Gate, London, S.W. - -The object of the Society is to promote, by means of advice and -material help, the emigration to the colonies of respectable -Englishwomen of all classes. The Society inquires into the character, -health, and prospects of success of each intending emigrant, and -watches over her during her transit from her home in England to her -place of settlement, taking precautions for her comfort and safety on -her voyage, and through its agents sheltering and protecting her on her -arrival at her destination until she obtains suitable employment. - -It obtains and distributes information as to all the British Colonies, -their climate, resources, &c., &c. - -The Society endeavours to find the necessary expenses, by loan or gift, -for outfit and passage to women who are of good character but without -means. Many educated or suitable women, struggling unsuccessfully -against the over-competition of the Old Country, would be glad to -emigrate if they were aware of the existence of a Society able to -afford them serviceable advice and assistance. They cannot go through -the Government Emigration agencies, and are therefore thrown upon the -funds of the Society. To those who are unable to pay for their passage -and equipment, the assistance of such a Society is indispensable. - -The steamers of the P. and O. Company, and of the Orient Line, perform -the passage to Adelaide in about six weeks. The sailing ships usually -occupy about twelve weeks. The rates of passage vary from £15 to £75. - - -CASSELL & COMPANY, LIMITED, BELLE SAUVAGE WORKS, LONDON, E.C. - - - - - _GARTERS ENTIRELY SUPERSEDED by_ - HOVEN'S IMPROVED PATENT STOCKING SUSPENDER. - -[Illustration: Suspender] - - STATE SIZE OF WAIST FOR BAND. - - _Ask your Draper for_ HOVEN'S PATENT. - - -It allows free Circulation of the Blood. It leaves no mark on the limbs -as made by Garters. It holds the Stockings tightly, and WITHOUT A -WRINKLE. It CANNOT TEAR THE STOCKING under any circumstances. It GIVES -to any movement of the body. It does not increase the size around the -waist. - -REDUCED PRICES. (_Post Free, in Box._) - - Lady's shaped Band (to Button), White, Pink, Blue, or Cardinal, 2s., - 2s. 9d., with Silk Elastics, 3s. 9d.; straight Band (to Buckle), - White, 1s. 6d., 2s. 6d., with Silk Elastics, 3s. 6d.; without Band, - with Loop for Button, 1s. 6d., Silk, 2s. 6d. - - _Bands above 30-ins., extra, thus:--31 to 33-in., 3d.; 34 to 36-in., - 6d._ - - Child's, with Band (to Button), White, 1s. 3d., White or Colours, 1s. - 6d., with Silk Elastics, 2s. 6d; without Band, 1s., Silk, 1s. 9d. - - Gentleman's Stocking Suspender, with Band Buckle, 3s. Above 36-ins. - 6d. extra. Sock Suspender (fitting below the knee), Cotton, 1s. 3d., - Silk, 2s. ☛ _Any infringement of this Patent_ (No. 1280/79) _will be - dealt with Legally_. - - ALFRED BREESE, - _Sole Manufacturer_, 34, Brewer Street, Regent Street, London, W. 6 - - - _Employment for English Ladies._ - -The Art of Dress Cutting Taught in a Few Lessons by the Scientific -System of Square Measurement. - -_What one of the oldest-established Court Dressmakers of London says of -the Scientific System of Dress Cutting._ - - "_To the_ SCIENTIFIC DRESS CUTTING ASSOCIATION, _272, Regent Circus, - London, W._ - - "DEAR SIRS,--Since learning your Scientific System of Dress Cutting, I - can truly say it is unlike any other method I have ever known, being - easily learned, and so reliable, the instructions being printed upon - the System, and always before the eye of the cutter. When measures - are taken correctly, there is no difficulty in obtaining a perfect - fit the first time. I have cut by your System various garments for - numerous Ladies, and have thus far never failed to produce a perfect - fit; among which I have recently cut a garment for a lady living in - a provincial city (without even seeing her) from measures taken by - herself according to your instructions, and I have since received a - letter from her saying that it is the most perfect fit she has ever - had. Therefore I have no hesitation in pronouncing your System perfect - in every respect, and I am now prepared to cut and make garments by - your System for any Ladies who may visit my Establishment. Wishing you - every success in your business, - "Believe me, dear Sirs, very truly yours, JANE DAVIS. - "_94, Regent Street, London, W._" - -INSTRUCTIONS GIVEN at the OFFICE, from 9.30 a.m. till 6 p.m. - -AGENTS WANTED in every Town to Sell our Systems. For particulars send -for Circular, or call at the Office of the - -Scientific Dress Cutting Association, 272, Regent Circus, London, W. 8 - - - _TO THE FAIR SEX._ - -LADIES' HAIR COMBINGS, forwarded by post, thoroughly Disentangled by -New Process, and made up for 2s. per oz. Returned in Three Days. - -FADED ORNAMENTAL HAIR RESTORED - -_T. S. BROWN_ (_Specialist for Invisible Coverings for Temporary -Baldness or Thin Partings_), - -3, LEECE ST., top of BOLD ST., LIVERPOOL. - - - SILKS for KNITTING and EMBROIDERY. - -[Illustration: TRADE MARK ADAMS & C^o] - -_FILOSELLE_, _4d._ per skein, _3s. 9d._ per dozen. _KNITTING SILKS_, -from _1s. 6d._ per skein or ball. - - MISS TURNER'S - _ART NEEDLEWORK DEPÔTS_, - - 100, George St., Portman Square, W., - AND - 19 & 20, Cromwell Place, - South Kensington, S.W. - - - THIRD AND CHEAP EDITION. Price 1s. - - How Women may Earn a Living. By MERCY GROGAN. - -"In a lucid and concise manner are embodied a large number of -suggestions in which ladies who have to depend upon their own exertions -for their support could be helped."--_Daily Telegraph._ - -_Cassell & Company, Limited, Ludgate Hill, London._ - - - Extra fcap. 8vo, cloth, 6s. - - The Ladies' Physician. A Guide for Women to the Treatment of their - Ailments. By a London Physician. - -"The statements are accurate, the opinions sound and the advice -judicious."--_Medical Times._ - -_Cassell & Company, Limited, Ludgate Hill, London._ - - - Stiff covers, 1s.; cloth, 1s. 6d. - -Etiquette of Good Society. - -"A book which has reached its thirty-second thousand may fairly be -considered a recognised authority. For popular and general use, -'Etiquette of Good Society' is well adapted, seeing that few topics -connected with ordinary etiquette and social customs are omitted. It -covers the whole of our lives in all their varying phases, and is as -pleasantly written as it is instructive."--_The Queen._ - -_Cassell & Company, Limited, Ludgate Hill, London._ - - - The Metropolitan School of Shorthand, - _27, CHANCERY LANE_. E. S. GUNN, _Principal. Established 1870._ - -The only School possessing a staff of Reporters, and enabled to give -practical instruction and unlimited individual attention. Our results -the highest in Great Britain. Read here Society of Arts' report of last -examination, also PITMAN'S weekly returns. 1,200 completed Pupils. -_NOTE ADDRESS._ Appointments obtained. Season Tickets at reduced -rates for daily attendance. - -TESTIMONIAL. - "47, Sharstead Street, Kennington Park, July 28, 1883. - "DEAR SIR,--I have much pleasure in saying that I think the - instruction given at your School of Shorthand very good indeed. After - a brief attendance I was enabled to obtain PITMAN'S certificate, and, - by going through your Reporting System, can write about 100 words per - minute. - "Yours truly, EDITH E. PERKINS. - "E. S. GUNN, Esq." _INSTRUCTION BY CORRESPONDENCE_. - - - The Preparatory School for the Civil Service, Matriculation, &c. - J. G. RICHARDS, B. A., and Masters. Private Tuition daily, - until 9 p.m. Separate Departments for Lady Clerks, Youths for Business, - and Postal Instruction. - Write--A. D. BATTEN, Secretary, 27, Chancery Lane. - - - Lady Clerks.--POST OFFICE TUITION, exclusively devoted to the - Preparation of Candidates, by a Lady.--Private Instruction Daily, 10 - to 9. Write--THE SECRETARY, Preparatory School for the Civil Service, - 27, Chancery Lane. - _INSTRUCTION BY CORRESPONDENCE_. - - - The "Eureka" Stocking Clasp. - -THIS Simple Arrangement entirely supersedes any other system of -retaining the Stocking in position, giving free circulation, with -simplicity of arrangement. The same size fit any lady, and they are -exceedingly pretty in design. Price _2s._ per pair, or _10s. 6d._ for -Six pairs. Post free from - -THE ODOURLESS WATERPROOF COMPANY - (LATE ALMOND), - _9 & 10, Little Britain, London, E.C._ - - - 15s. per Week by Easy Work at Home. - -This amount can be earned by procuring a KNITTING MACHINE, which is -supplied by payment of _£1_ deposit, and _4s._ per Week, which sums go -towards purchase of the Machine. Regular Work supplied by the Company. -Apply to - -PATENT AUTOMATIC KNITTING MACHINE COMPANY, LIMITED, - _417, Oxford Street, London, W._ - - -The Rational Dress Exhibition. - -"Messrs. HEATH, of 107, Oxford Street, have a very sensible improvement -in the shape of a soft-brimmed hat. Every one knows the painful -sensation experienced from the pressure of the usual stiff-brimmed -felt, or silk hat; this is quite obviated in the hat manufactured -by Messrs. HEATH. The same firm also exhibit felt hats with a -weather-proof but sightly trimming, the hat being ventilated by small -apertures under the trimming, instead of at the top of the hat, as -usual"--Vide _The Queen_, May 26th, 1883. - - Residents in the Country can ensure a comfortably fitting Hat being - forwarded by writing for HENRY HEATH'S PATENT HEAD-MEASURING BAND, for - taking the form and Size of the Head. The Band is forwarded post free - to country residents for "SELF-MEASUREMENT," ensuring a comfortably - fitting Hat. - -[Illustration:Ladies' Travelling Hat.] - - Ladies' Travelling Hat. - - BEST SOFT FELT, all Colours, trimmed rich silk, - weather-proof galloon--15/- 18/6 - - -[Illustration: Fashionable Silk Hat.] - - Fashionable Silk Hat. - - EXTRA QUALITY (Cash Price) 17/- - OTHER QUALITIES--13/6 & 10/6 - -_As exhibited at the Rational Dress Exhibition._ - - HENRY HEATH, - Only Address, 105-107, Oxford Street, - OVER AGAINST NEWMAN STREET, W. (City End.) - _Established in the Reign of King George IV._ - - - * * * * * - - -Transcriber's Notes - -Obvious typographical errors have been silently corrected. All other -variations in hyphenation spelling and punctuation remain unchanged. - -The final two references in the table of contents referred to page 124. -As this does not exist they have been changed to 114 which is the -beginning of the relevant chapter. - -Italics are represented thus _italic_. - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's How Women May Earn a Living, by Mercy Grogan - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HOW WOMEN MAY EARN A LIVING *** - -***** This file should be named 54330-0.txt or 54330-0.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/4/3/3/54330/ - -Produced by Cindy Horton, Les Galloway and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive/American Libraries and the Google -Books project.) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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If you are not located in the United States, you'll have -to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook. - - - -Title: How Women May Earn a Living - -Author: Mercy Grogan - -Release Date: March 9, 2017 [EBook #54330] - -Language: English - -Character set encoding: UTF-8 - -*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HOW WOMEN MAY EARN A LIVING *** - - - - -Produced by Cindy Horton, Les Galloway and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive/American Libraries and the Google -Books project.) - - - - - - -</pre> - - - -<p class="half-title space-below"> -HOW WOMEN -MAY EARN A -<span class="smcap">Living</span></p> - - - - - -<p class="center small"><i>Published by Cassell & Company, Limited.</i></p> -<hr class="full" /> -<p class="center xs"><span class="smcap">New and Enlarged Edition.</span> 1,088 pages, royal 8vo, price 21s.</p> - - - -<p class="hang"><span class="large">The Family Physician</span>. A Manual of Domestic -Medicine. By Eminent Physicians and Surgeons of the principal -London Hospitals.</p> - -<p class="small">"The volume issued under the appropriate title of 'The Family Physician,' is -one which is likely to be of great and permanent use.... It teaches its -readers not only how to cure certain diseases according to general rules, but, what is -much more important, how to avoid them. The book is distinguished throughout by -excellent sense and very clear writing."—<i>Saturday Review.</i></p> - - -<hr class="small" /> -<p class="center xs"><span class="smcap">New and Revised Edition.</span> Complete in Four Vols., cloth, 6s. each.</p> - -<p class="hang"><span class="large">Cassell's Household Guide</span> to Every Department -of Practical Life. Being a Complete Encyclopædia of Domestic -and Social Economy. With Illustrations on nearly every page, -and <span class="smcap">Coloured Plates</span>.</p> - -<p class="small">"A book for every household, and its possessors may dispense with many others -on a smaller scale, because it is, as the title says, <span class="smcap">a complete Encyclopædia of -Domestic and Social Economy</span>."—<i>The Queen.</i></p> - - -<hr class="small" /> -<p class="center xs"><span class="smcap">Cheap Edition.</span> 1,280 pages, royal 8vo, cloth, 7s. 6d.</p> - - -<p class="hang"><span class="large">Cassell's Dictionary of Cookery</span>. <i>The Largest, -Cheapest, and best Cookery Book ever published.</i> Illustrated -throughout. Containing about <span class="smcap">Nine Thousand Recipes</span>.</p> - - -<p class="small">"'Cassell's Dictionary of Cookery' is one of the most thorough and comprehensive -works of the kind. To expatiate on its abundant contents would demand -pages rather than paragraphs."—<i>The Times.</i></p> - - -<hr class="small" /> -<p class="center xs"><span class="smcap">Cheap Edition.</span> 1,280 pages, royal 8vo, cloth, 7s. 6d.</p> - - -<p class="hang"><span class="large">Cassell's Domestic Dictionary</span>. An Encyclopædia -for the Household, furnishing information on several thousand -subjects relating to the Wants of Every-day Life. With numerous -Illustrations.</p> - - -<p class="small">"As a manual of ready reference for all household purposes this work has no -rival."—<i>The Queen.</i></p> - -<hr class="small" /> -<p class="center xs"><span class="smcap">Cheap Edition</span>, price 3s. 6d.</p> - - -<p class="hang"><span class="large">What Girls Can Do</span>. A Book for Mothers and -Daughters. By <span class="smcap">Phillis Browne</span>, Author of "A Year's -Cookery," &c. Crown 8vo, cloth gilt.</p> - - -<p class="small">"Miss Browne gives many practical hints on all kinds of work, whether they -be undertaken for duty, necessity, or pleasure. Girls who are forced to earn their -livelihood, are ambitious of making themselves useful, or only desire not to be idle, -may all consult with advantage these pages, which have the great merit of being -within the compass of all to profit by."—<i>The Times.</i></p> - - -<hr class="small" /> -<p class="center xs"><span class="smcap">Cheap Edition</span>, price 3s. 6d.</p> - - -<p class="hang"><span class="large">A Year's Cookery</span>. The <i>only</i> book of its kind. -Giving Dishes for Breakfast, Luncheon, and Dinner for Every -Day in the Year, with Practical Instructions for their Preparation. -By <span class="smcap">Phillis Browne</span>. Crown 8vo, cloth gilt.</p> - - -<p class="small">"<span class="smcap">A Year's Cookery</span>, by Phillis Browne, with bills of fare for every day in the -year, with directions for cooking, for marketing, and for making arrangements for -the next day, makes up an invaluable present for young housekeepers."—<i>Athenæum.</i></p> - - -<hr class="small" /> -<p class="center xs">Cloth, 3s. 6d.</p> - - -<p class="hang"><span class="large">Choice Dishes at Small Cost</span>. By <span class="smcap">A. G. Payne</span>, -Author of "Common-sense Cookery," &c.</p> - - -<p>"A most invaluable contribution to the housekeeper's library."—<i>Court Journal.</i></p> - -<p>"An admirable little cookery-book, not overlooking economy, but putting excellence -and quality above everything. For its size it is the best work of the kind we -have seen."—<i>Daily Chronicle.</i></p> - - -<hr class="small" /> -<p class="center xs"><span class="smcap">Cheap Edition</span>, stiff paper cover, 1s. 6d.; cloth, 2s.</p> - - -<p class="hang"><span class="large">A Handbook of Nursing</span> for the Home and for -the Hospital. By <span class="smcap">Catherine J. Wood</span>, Lady Superintendent -of the Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond Street.</p> - - -<p class="small">"The book is one of unusual excellence; and we strongly recommend it to all -who wish to be, and, indeed, to those who already are, thoroughly trained and -educated nurses."—<i>Medical Times.</i></p> - -<p class="small">"This is a book which every mother of a family ought to have, as well as every -nurse under training."—<i>Guardian.</i></p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<p class="center small"><i>Cassell & Company, Limited, Ludgate Hill, London.</i></p> - - - - -<h1> -<span class="smcap">How Women may Earn<br /> -<small>a Living</small>.</span></h1> - -<p class="center"><small>BY</small><br /> -MERCY GROGAN.</p> - -<hr class="small" /> -<p class="center xs">"WHAT IS THAT WHICH I SHOULD TURN TO,<br /> -LIGHTING UPON DAYS LIKE THESE?"<br /> -<br /> -<span class="i5"><i>Locksley Hall.</i></span></p> -<hr class="small" /> - -<p class="center small spaced">Revised Edition.</p> - -<p class="center">CASSELL & COMPANY, <span class="smcap">Limited</span>:<br /> -<i><small>LONDON, PARIS & NEW YORK</small></i>.<br /> - -<span class="xs">[ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.]<br /> -1883.</span> -</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_iii">iii</span></p> - - - - -<h2><a name="PREFACE" id="PREFACE">PREFACE.</a></h2> - - -<p>The aim of the compiler of this work has simply -been to point out and give information respecting -some of the ways by which women may earn a -living in the present day, especial regard being had -to the wants of the immense number of ladies who -have to depend upon their own exertions for their -support. It is confidently believed that the information -given will be found substantially correct, as -in most cases it has been overlooked and corrected -by the different authorities from whom it was derived. -Of course, in a book of this size it would be -manifestly impossible, even if it were desirable, to -describe all the different occupations which in various -ranks of life are open to women.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_iv">iv</span></p> -<div class="chapter"></div> -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_v">v</span></p> - - - -<div class="chapter"></div> -<h2><a name="CONTENTS" id="CONTENTS">CONTENTS.</a></h2> - - - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> -<tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><big><a href="#CHAPTER_I">CHAPTER I</a>.</big></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2">INTRODUCTORY.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="right" colspan="2"><small>PAGE</small></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Society for the Employment of Women</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_13">13</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Tapestry</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_14">14</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><big><a href="#CHAPTER_II">CHAPTER II</a>.</big></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2">EDUCATION.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Teachers' Training Syndicate</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_16">16</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Training College for Governesses</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_16">16</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Home and Colonial School Society</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">West-Central Collegiate School</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Girton College</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_21">21</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Newnham Hall</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_23">23</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Lady Margaret Hall</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_25">25</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Somerville Hall</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_26">26</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Froebel Examination</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_27">27</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Kindergarten Classes.</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_28">28</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Kindergarten Training College, Tavistock Place</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_29">29</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Kindergarten Training College, Stockwell Road</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_30">30</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Education by Correspondence</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_31">31</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Calendar for Governesses</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_32">32</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_vi">vi</span>List of Endowed Schools</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_33">33</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Girls' Public Day School Company</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_35">35</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Elementary Schools</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_40">40</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">List of Training Colleges</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_44">44</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Governesses' Benevolent Institution</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_46">46</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><big><a href="#CHAPTER_III">CHAPTER III</a>.</big></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2">ARTISTIC EMPLOYMENT.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Schools of Art</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_47">47</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Royal Academy of Arts</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_50">50</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Designers</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_51">51</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Wood Carving</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_52">52</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Wood Engraving</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_55">55</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Painting on China</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_58">58</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Painting on Leather</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Mosaic</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_60">60</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Painting on Glass</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_61">61</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Decorative Work</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_61">61</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">House Decoration</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_62">62</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Plan Tracing</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_63">63</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Photography</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_64">64</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Art Needlework</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_65">65</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Painting on Silk and Cards</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_67">67</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Medical Drawings</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_67">67</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><big><a href="#CHAPTER_IV">CHAPTER IV</a>.</big></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2">MEDICAL WORK.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">School of Medicine for Women</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_68">68</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Chemists</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_70">70</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Dispensers</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_71">71</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Hospital Nurses</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_72">72</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Nightingale Fund</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_76">76</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_vii">vii</span>Westminster Training School</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_80">80</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><big><a href="#CHAPTER_V">CHAPTER V</a>.</big></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2">CLERKSHIPS.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Bookkeeping Classes</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_82">82</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Shorthand Writing</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_85">85</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Kelly's Directories</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_86">86</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Junior Army and Navy Stores</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_86">86</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Prudential Life Assurance</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_86">86</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Coupon Sorters</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_87">87</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Law Copyists</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_88">88</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Telegraphy</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_89">89</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Post Office Clerks</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_90">90</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><big><a href="#CHAPTER_VI">CHAPTER VI</a>.</big></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2">MISCELLANEOUS.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Assistants in Shops</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_91">91</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">School of Cookery</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_95">95</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Music</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_99">99</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">National Training School</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_100">100</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Royal Academy of Music</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_101">101</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">London Academy of Music</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_102">102</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Printing</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_103">103</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">School of Technical Needlework and Dressmaking</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_104">104</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Plain Needlework</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_105">105</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Business Training</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_106">106</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">City Work-rooms</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_106">106</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">School Board Visitors</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_107">107</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Minor Food Productions</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_107">107</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Machine Knitters</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_109">109</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Hairdressing</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_109">109</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">M. Eugene Rimmel's</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_110">110</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Stationery Work</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_110">110</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_viii">viii</span>Superintendents in Laundries</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_110">110</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Artificial Flower Making</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Feather Making</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_111">111</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Jewellery</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_112">112</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Jewel Case Makers</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_112">112</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Gold and Silver Burnishers</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_112">112</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Dentistry</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_113">113</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Map Mounting</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_113">113</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Concertina Makers</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_113">113</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Addresses</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_114">114</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2"><big><a href="#CHAPTER_VII">CHAPTER VII</a>.</big></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdc" colspan="2">EMIGRATION.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Government Grant of Land</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_115">115</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Free Passages</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_115">115</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Female Middle Class Emigration Society</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_116">116</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Women's Emigration Society</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_118">118</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Australian Newspapers</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_114">114</a></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdl">Cost of Passage</td> - <td align="right"><a href="#Page_114">114</a></td> -</tr> -</table></div> - - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_9">9</span></p> - - - - -<p class="half-title"><span class="smcap">How Women may Earn a Living.</span></p> - -<hr class="small" /> - -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_I" id="CHAPTER_I">CHAPTER I.</a><br /> - -<small>INTRODUCTORY.</small></h2> - - -<p>One of the most pressing social problems of the day is -how the immense number of women—greatly outnumbering -the men—in England at the present time -are to be supported. The obvious answer is, that -they must be taught and encouraged to support themselves. -This little book is written in the hope of -directing their attention to some suitable and remunerative -employments that are not universally known, -and it is also hoped it may prove useful to parents -who are anxious to arm their daughters for the battle -of life with a weapon no one can take from them.</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">"When land is gone, and money spent,</div> - <div class="verse">Then learning is most excellent."</div> -</div></div></div> - -<p>And a thorough knowledge of some remunerative employment -would do more to make them independent -of "the slings and arrows of outrageous fortune"<span class="pagenum" id="Page_10">10</span> -than the possession of any amount of money, especially -in these days of bank failures and general -depression of trade.</p> - -<p>The great difficulty ladies usually find in securing -congenial and sufficiently well-paid employment arises -from the pressing necessity they are generally under -of earning money at once, which prevents them giving -the necessary time to learn whatever calling they may -wish to adopt. I have endeavoured to ascertain as -exactly as possible the time required to learn all the -occupations I mention, as well as the cost of tuition, -and, in most cases, I subjoin the rules, or give extracts -from the prospectuses of the different schools -and classes where ladies may receive the necessary -instruction, thinking it may help many to decide -upon what they are most fitted for, and what they can -best afford to undertake. I have also collected as much -information as I could for those whose circumstances -make it essential that they should at once receive -remuneration for their work; but I must remind them -that generally what is worth having is worth waiting -and working for, and they must not expect to be as -well paid as their more fortunate sisters, who are able -to give time and money to learn a business thoroughly. -The superficiality of girls' education is very much -against them when it becomes a question of how they -are to earn their living. If they were taught even one<span class="pagenum" id="Page_11">11</span> -thing thoroughly they would probably be able to turn -it to account; or at least they would have acquired -the habit of learning accurately, which is all important, -and one which, I am sorry to say, most women -are sadly deficient in. Industry, determination, accuracy, -and perseverance, would, I am certain, be quite -sufficient to overcome almost all the difficulties women -at present find in supporting themselves. For those -who do not possess or who will not earnestly endeavour -to acquire these qualities, I fear this book will -be of little service. I have had to listen to bitter -complaints of the careless way in which ladies execute -work that is entrusted to them, of their want of punctuality -and business habits, and their ineradicable conviction -that they are conferring a favour upon their -employers by working for them at all. All this sort of -thing naturally makes large employers of female labour -reluctant to try ladies, if they can get sufficient work-girls, -who, whatever their faults may be, are at least -free from the affectation and conceit of some of their -superiors in the social scale. Why do not ladies make -up their minds to remove this reproach from their -class by giving a good day's work for a good day's -wage? I heartily wish all women would decide once -and for ever to give up the notion that it is humiliating -or degrading to work for payment; to my mind -the only shame in the matter is in the cases where<span class="pagenum" id="Page_12">12</span> -full value is not given for the money received, when -of course it becomes more or less an affair of charity.</p> - -<p>It is a great pity that girls are brought up to -think that the only way in which they can dispose of -themselves that will give satisfaction to their friends -is to get married, and if from various causes they fail -to achieve this end they will be looked upon more or -less as social failures. Although I am perfectly willing -to admit that a happy marriage is the best fate that -can befall a woman, surely an unhappy one is one of -the worst; and how many of these would be prevented -if women only had something else to do and think -about, some other means of advancing themselves in -life!</p> - -<p>I wish parents could be induced to treat their -daughters more in the way they treat their sons—that -is to say, when they leave school have them thoroughly -trained for some profession; it would be much better -for them, and many of the difficulties of the "woman -question" would disappear, as the untrained women -of middle age who have suddenly to depend upon -their own exertions are those for whom it is almost -impossible to provide any suitable occupation, especially -if they object or are unfit to become hospital -nurses, and have not sufficient capacity for arithmetic -to learn book-keeping. I must refer any of my readers -who want personal advice as to their qualifications for<span class="pagenum" id="Page_13">13</span> -different occupations to the Society for Promoting the -Employment of Women, 22, Berners Street, Oxford -Street, W. Miss King, the Secretary, or Miss Lewin, -the Under Secretary, are both able and willing to give -advice and reliable information; no fee of any kind is -charged. This excellent society has been in existence -twenty years; during the whole time a free register -has been kept, by means of which many hundreds of -women have obtained situations or temporary employment. -Visits from applicants average about ten daily, -and the office has been a centre for the collecting and -diffusion of information on all subjects bearing on the -employment of women; while many whose names are -never entered on the register are put in the way of -procuring training or employment, and are warned -against persons who, by alluring promises of easy ladylike -employment, tempt the unwary to spend their -slender means in lessons that are worthless.</p> - -<p>With an income which, from all sources, including -subscriptions and donations for special purposes, has -only averaged £319 7s. 6d. per annum, it has trained -yearly on an average, thirty young women, obtained -regular employment for sixty-three, and occasional -employment for one hundred and forty-two.</p> - -<p>I must take this opportunity of acknowledging -the great kindness I have met with during my search -for information while compiling the book. With one<span class="pagenum" id="Page_14">14</span> -exception, I have everywhere been treated with the -greatest courtesy; all my questions have been most -fully answered, and every facility given me for -obtaining all the particulars I could possibly desire.</p> - -<p>I find that, after common sense and business habits, -the qualification most likely to be useful to a woman -is a good knowledge of drawing; so I advise any one -who has any taste in that direction to sedulously -cultivate it.</p> - -<p>I am much interested in a scheme for starting a -School of Tapestry, where ladies could be apprenticed, -and after they had acquired the art, work regularly, as -they do at the Royal School of Art Needlework. -There is nothing in the nature of the work to prevent -women doing it, although it is an occupation that -has long been monopolised by men. The necessary -apprenticeship would be at least two years.</p> - -<p>A scheme has lately been set on foot for organising -classes for teaching girls who are anxious to obtain -engagements in superior houses of business, the regular -routine of office work, book-keeping, &c. Inquiries -may be addressed to Miss Franks, 23, Mortimer -Street.</p> - -<p>I wish I could convince women of a truth they -seem singularly slow in comprehending—that is, that if -they are to compete with men on anything like equal -terms, they must, at the very least, give the same time<span class="pagenum" id="Page_15">15</span> -to learn their business that men find necessary. There -is always a demand for really skilled labour, and this -skill is worth almost any present sacrifice to obtain; -besides its pecuniary advantages, the knowledge that -one can do something really well (not in an amateur -fashion) confers a most gratifying sense of power and -independence. I do not agree with those people who -think it a hardship for women to have to work for -their living; on the contrary, I believe if an average -of happiness could be ascertained, it would be found -the toilers had a far larger share than the idlers, and -when trouble and disappointment come, as come they -will, they must remember that—</p> - -<div class="poetry-container"><div class="poetry"><div class="stanza"> - <div class="verse">"Their fate is the common fate of all;</div> - <div class="verse">Into each life some rain must fall,</div> - <div class="verse">Some days must be dark and dreary."</div> -</div></div></div> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_II" id="CHAPTER_II">CHAPTER II.</a><br /> - -<small>EDUCATION.</small></h2> - - -<p>After having made inquiries about a great variety -of female occupations, I have come to the conclusion -that teaching is still the most suitable, and, under -certain circumstances, the most remunerative, employment -open to women. But an ordinary education no -longer qualifies a woman for the position of governess<span class="pagenum" id="Page_16">16</span> -in any educational establishment; if she wishes to be -tolerably certain of securing an engagement it is -necessary that she should be certificated, or, still -better, have completed her education at Girton, -Newnham, or one of the new halls opened at Oxford, -and it is most desirable that she should pass the -new examination of teachers instituted by the -Teachers' Training Syndicate of Cambridge.</p> - - -<h3>TRAINING FOR MIDDLE AND HIGHER CLASS TEACHING.</h3> - -<p><i>The Training College for Teachers in Middle and -Higher Schools</i> for girls (temporary address, Skinner -Street, Bishopsgate Street) trains ladies who have -completed their school education as teachers in middle -and higher schools for girls for this examination.</p> - -<p>The Council have obtained as a Practising School, -the Bishopsgate Middle Class Girls' School. There -are two divisions in the college. The course is of -one year for students entering the upper division, -and two years for the lower division. The following -are the rules of this Institution:—</p> - -<p>The college year is divided into three terms, each -of about thirteen weeks, beginning respectively in -the middle of September and January, and the beginning -of May. The hours of attendance are from -10 a.m. to 4 p.m. on every day but Saturday.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_17">17</span></p> - -<p>Fees, £8 per term, payable in advance.</p> - -<p>No residence is provided for the students, but the -principal will be prepared to recommend homes to -those students who require them. Students must be -above the age of seventeen for the lower division, and -eighteen for the higher division, at the time of admission, -and must pass an entrance examination, unless -they have previously passed some examination -accepted in place of the entrance examination. The -examinations accepted by the Council in the place -of the entrance examination for the upper division -are those which the University of Cambridge -requires from candidates for the teachers' examination.</p> - -<p>For further particulars respecting scholarships (of -which there are several), &c., apply to the Principal -at the College.</p> - - -<p class="sub"><i>The Teachers' Training Syndicate of Cambridge</i> -issue the following scheme:—</p> - -<p>I. An Examination in the Theory, History, and -Practice of Teaching will be held at Cambridge, and -at other places if so determined by the Syndicate, in -June, for persons who have completed the age -of twenty before June 1st, and certificates will be -awarded to those who have passed the examination -satisfactorily.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_18">18</span></p> - -<p>II. No candidate can be admitted to the examination -unless he or she has either—(1.) Graduated -in some university of the United Kingdom; or (2.) -satisfied the examiners in Parts I. and II. of the -Previous Examination; or (3.) obtained a certificate in -one of the Higher Local Examinations of the Universities -of Oxford or Cambridge; or (4.) obtained the -certificates of the Oxford and Cambridge Schools -Examination Board in the subjects accepted by the -University as equivalent to Parts I. and II. of the -Previous Examination; or (5.) satisfied the examiners -in one of the Senior Local Examinations of the -Universities of Oxford, Cambridge, or Durham, in -English, and at least one language, ancient or modern, -and in Euclid and Algebra; or (6.) passed the examination -for matriculation at the University of London.</p> - -<p>III. The subjects for examination will be—</p> - -<p>(1.) The theory of education.</p> - -<p>(<i>a.</i>) The scientific basis of the art of education; -characteristics of childhood and youth; order of development -and laws of growth, and operation of -mental faculties; natural order of the acquisition of -knowledge; development of the will; formation of -habits and of character; sympathy and its effects.</p> - -<p>(<i>b.</i>) Elements of the art of education; training -of the senses, the memory, the imagination, and taste, -the powers of judging and reasoning; training of the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_19">19</span> -desires and of the will; discipline and authority; -emulation, its use and abuse; rewards and punishments.</p> - -<p>(2.) The general history of education in Europe -since the revival of learning. A general knowledge -will be required of systems of education which have -actually existed, of the work of eminent teachers, and -of the theories of writers on education up to the -present time.</p> - -<p>(3.) The practice of education. This subject will -consist of two parts:—</p> - -<p>(<i>a.</i>) Method; that is, the order and correlation of -studies, oral teaching and exposition, the right use of -text-books and note-books, the art of examining and -questioning, and the best methods of teaching the -various subjects which are included in the curriculum -of an ordinary school.</p> - -<p>(<i>b.</i>) School management. The structure, furniture, -and fitting of school-rooms, books and apparatus, visible -and tangible illustrations, classification, distribution of -time, registration of attendance and progress, hygiene, -with special reference to the material arrangements of -the school, and the conditions of healthful study. One -paper will be set on each of these subjects, 1, 2, 3. -A fourth paper will be set containing a small number -of questions of an advanced character on each of the -three subjects.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_20">20</span></p> - -<p>A fee of £2 10s. shall be paid to the Syndicate by -each candidate.</p> - -<p>IV. The Syndicate will further award certificates -of practical efficiency in teaching to candidates who -have already obtained a certificate of theoretical efficiency -and have been engaged in school-work for a -year in some school or schools to be approved of by the -Syndicate. The basis for the certificate of practical -efficiency will be:—</p> - -<p>(1.) Examination of the class taught by the candidate;</p> - -<p>(2.) An inspection of the class while being -taught;</p> - -<p>(3.) Questions put to the teacher in private after -the inspection;</p> - -<p>(4.) A report made by the head masters or mistresses;</p> - -<p>(5.) The Syndicate will also be ready to inspect, -in the course of the summer, any college established -for the training of teachers other than elementary, -and to award certificates of theoretical knowledge to -such candidates as may deserve them. They will also -award certificates of practical efficiency if they are -satisfied with the training in practical work received -by the candidates.</p> - -<p>I understand that the Senate of the University -of London have also at present under consideration a<span class="pagenum" id="Page_21">21</span> -scheme for the examination of teachers. The Home -and Colonial School Society, Gray's Inn Road, King's -Cross, London, also gives instruction in the art of -teaching. Their terms to resident students between -the ages of 15 and 30 are from £45 to £50 per -annum; to day students £15 per annum, £8 for six -months. Teachers are also trained and prepared for -the Cambridge Teachers Examination at the West-Central -Collegiate School, 29, Queen's Square, Bloomsbury, -for a year; the fee is £5 5s., but in the case of -any one who could be really useful in teaching in the -school no charge would be made.</p> - - -<p class="sub"><i>Girton College, Cambridge.</i>—The course for the -ordinary degree certificate occupies about three years, -half of each year being spent in college. For honours -the time allowed is somewhat longer. The academical -year is divided into three terms, the charge for -board, lodging, and instruction is £35 per term, paid -in advance. This sum covers the whole of the college -charges. Candidates for admission are required to -pass an entrance examination, unless they have previously -passed one of the examinations approved by -the college authorities, and to furnish a satisfactory -certificate of character. For students intending to -read for the ordinary degree certificate, October is the -best time for entering. Candidates for honours may<span class="pagenum" id="Page_22">22</span> -with advantage enter in April, thus gaining an additional -term. Except in special cases students are not -received under the age of eighteen.</p> - -<p>Entrance examinations are held in London in -March and June; a fee of £1 is charged.</p> - -<p>There are several scholarships attached to the -college, of which full particulars can be obtained, -together with forms of entry, and copies of the programme -and of former entrance examinations, on application -to the Secretary, Miss Kensington, 22, -Gloucester Place, Hyde Park, London, W. The -committee wish it to be understood that although -residence for three years is necessary for obtaining a -certificate, students can be received for shorter periods.</p> - -<p>Arrangements are made for holding examinations -of the students of the college, and certifying proficiency. -A certificate called a degree certificate is conferred -upon any student whose proficiency has been certified -to the satisfaction of the college, according to the -standard of any examinations qualifying for the B.A. -degree of the University of Cambridge, if such student -has fulfilled, so far as in the judgment of the college -was practicable, all the conditions imposed for the -time being by the university on candidates for degrees.</p> - -<p>A certificate called a college certificate will be -conferred upon any student who shall have passed, to -the satisfaction of the college, examinations similar in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_23">23</span> -subjects and standard to those qualifying for the B.A. -degree of the University of Cambridge, the following -deviations being permitted: The substitution of -French and English, or German and English, for -Latin or for Greek; the substitution of English, -French, and German for both Latin and Greek; the -omission, in case of objection, of the theological part -of the examination.</p> - - -<p class="sub"><i>Newnham Hall.</i>—No student is admitted under -the age of eighteen. Students are required to give references -satisfactory to the principal, and no student -is permitted to come into residence without the approval -of the principal.</p> - -<p>The principal may require any student to withdraw -who in her opinion is not profiting by the -course of study at Cambridge. The charges for board -and lodging and tuition are 25 guineas a term, and -15s. a year is charged for the use of the gymnasium. -Unless under special circumstances, students who intend -to pass the Cambridge Higher Local Examination -will be required to pass in English history, English literature, -and arithmetic, before coming into residence. -Those who have taken honours in the Cambridge -Senior Local Examination will be exempt from this -rule.</p> - -<p>The academic year, from October to June, is<span class="pagenum" id="Page_24">24</span> -divided into three terms, corresponding to the terms of -the Cambridge University.</p> - -<p>The public lectures of thirty of the university -professors are now open to women, and the permission -to attend the lectures of the professors of natural -science include the privilege of gaining access to -some of the natural science museums and laboratories.</p> - -<p>Ladies can be received as out-students of the -College; they must either be women living with their -parents at Cambridge, or <i>bonâ fide</i> students over thirty -years of age, or otherwise in exceptional circumstances. -The tuition fee for out-students is 6 guineas a term.</p> - -<p>Students of limited means, especially those preparing -for the profession of teaching, may avail themselves -of the help granted from a loan fund towards the payment -of their fees for lectures and the purchase of -books.</p> - -<p>Those who need this assistance should apply to -Mrs. Bateson, Secretary of the Association for Promoting -the Higher Education of Women, St. John's -Lodge, Cambridge. They must give some testimony -respecting their intellectual qualifications.</p> - -<p>A certain number of exhibitions of 5 guineas a -term are awarded by the principal to students needing -assistance, regard being had to intellectual qualifications, -and a written statement of circumstances -being required. These exhibitions are tenable with<span class="pagenum" id="Page_25">25</span> -scholarships, of which there are a considerable -number. The principal's name and address is Miss -A. J. Clough, Newnham Hall, Cambridge.</p> - -<p>The students from Girton and Newnham who -have wished to become governesses have hitherto had -no difficulty whatever in obtaining engagements with -good salaries.</p> - - -<p class="sub"><i>Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford.</i>—The object of the -founders of this hall has been to procure for those -desirous of availing themselves of the Association -for Promoting the Higher Education of Women in -Oxford the protection and training of an academical -house on the principles of the Church of England, but -with provision for the liberty of members of other -religious bodies.</p> - -<p>The charges of the hall will at first amount to £25 -per term, or £75 per annum, for each student, exclusive -of expenses strictly personal. There are no entrance -fees, but the expenses of the term will be paid in -advance. The committee hope that as the hall grows -they may be able to reduce this charge. Sisters, or -other ladies willing to share the same room, will be -allowed a reduction of charge.</p> - -<p>Provision will be made in certain cases, by exhibitions -or otherwise, for students whose resources are -insufficient for the expenses of the course.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_26">26</span></p> - -<p>The terms will correspond generally with those of -the university. The fees for instruction will be paid -to the General Association, and are not included in -the charges of the hall. They will probably be about -£15 per annum. Each student will have a room to -herself, fitted up to serve as sitting-room and bed-room. -There will also be a common sitting-room, and -meals will be in common in the dining-room. Names -for entrance must be sent to the lady principal, -Miss Wordsworth, Riseholme, Lincoln.</p> - -<p>Students are required to give references satisfactory -to the lady principal. In the case of those -who have been in any other place of education, a -letter of recommendation from its authorities will be -required. Those applying for admission must satisfy -the lady principal as to their character and attainments.</p> - -<p>Students will not be allowed to reside for less -than an academical year without special leave.</p> - - -<p class="sub"><i>Somerville Hall, Oxford.</i>—An association having -been formed in Oxford for promoting the higher education -of women, this hall is established for the reception -of students coming from a distance to attend the -lectures of the association. Care will be taken in the -conduct of it that members of different religious -denominations are placed on the same footing. The -life of the students will be modelled on that of an<span class="pagenum" id="Page_27">27</span> -English family. No student will be admitted under -the age of seventeen.</p> - -<p>The ordinary charges for board and lodging will -be 20 guineas per term, paid in advance, or 60 guineas -for the whole year of three terms; the terms corresponding -generally to those of university residence. -The fees for instruction will probably be about 15 -guineas a year.</p> - -<p>Particulars concerning exhibitions and scholarships -may be learnt on application to the principal, Miss M. -Shaw Lefevre, whose London address is 41, Seymour -Street, W., or to either of the Secretaries—the Hon. -Mrs. Harcourt, Cowley Grange, Oxford; or Mrs. J. H. -Ward, 5, Bradmore Road, Oxford.</p> - - -<h3>KINDERGARTEN TEACHERS.</h3> - -<p>The demand for trained Kindergarten teachers -is at present considerably in excess of the supply; -the average salary is £80 a year. These are the -rules of examination published by the Froebel -Society for the Promotion of the Kindergarten -System:—</p> - -<p>Examinations of students of the Kindergarten -system are held in London, conducted by examiners -appointed by the committee of the Froebel Society. -Those students who satisfy the examiners will receive -first or second class certificates of their qualification to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_28">28</span> -become Kindergarten teachers. No candidate will be -admitted to examination under the age of eighteen.</p> - -<p>The whole examination need not be passed in one -year. A candidate may present herself for any -number of the groups, or for all; and when all have -been passed the candidate will receive a first or -second class certificate. All candidates will be expected -to produce a certificate of having passed some -recognised public examination in English subjects, as—Oxford -or Cambridge Senior Local, Higher Local; -Society of Arts; First and Second Class, College of -Preceptors; Government Elementary Teachers; &c. -In special cases the production of a certificate may be -excused, provided the committee are satisfied that a -candidate has received a good general education. This -will not apply to the younger candidates. The fee for -the whole examination will be £1; for each group, if -taken separately, 3s. The fees will be returned if -through unavoidable circumstances the candidate cannot -present herself for examination. Candidates will -be expected to produce evidence that they have not -had less than six months' practice in class teaching of -young children, and to satisfy the examiners of their -ability to organise a Kindergarten. Names of candidates -must be sent to Mrs. E. Berry, hon. secretary -to the Froebel Society, 27, Upper Bedford -Place.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_29">29</span></p> - - -<p class="sub"><i>Kindergarten Training College</i>, 31, Tavistock -Place.—The college is founded to provide a central -place of training for Kindergarten teachers who -intend to qualify for the Froebel Society's certificates. -The college is open to all students above -seventeen years of age, who are otherwise qualified to -enter for the Froebel Society's examination. The -course of instruction for regular students includes -all the subjects laid down from time to time in the -syllabus of the Froebel Society's examination, and is -divided into a first and second year's course.</p> - -<p>Students must at the end of their first year -take such portions of the Froebel Society's examinations -as shall hereafter be indicated by the Council. -At the close of the second year students will be -expected to pass the examination for the full certificate.</p> - -<p>All regular students are required to attend the -lectures and practical work of the college throughout -their first year of study.</p> - -<p>During the second year, attendance at the college -in the morning is not obligatory for students who -have qualified as assistant teachers, provided that -the principal be satisfied that they have practice in -teaching under the direction of some persons approved -by the council of the college.</p> - -<p>Therefore, all lectures and lessons connected<span class="pagenum" id="Page_30">30</span> -with the second year's course, other than lessons in -the Kindergarten, are given in the afternoon or -evening.</p> - -<p>Afternoon or evening lessons and lectures are -open to students not being regular students of the -college, on certain conditions hereafter to be specified, -and at a special charge per course. A Kindergarten -is attached to the college.</p> - -<p>The college year is divided into three terms, each -of about thirteen weeks. The hours of attendance -are from 9.30 <span class="smcap lowercase">A.M.</span> to 4.30 <span class="smcap lowercase">P.M.</span>; and on Saturdays -from 9.30 <span class="smcap lowercase">A.M.</span> to 12.30 <span class="smcap lowercase">P.M.</span></p> - -<p>Fees £20 per year, or £7 per term, payable in -advance. No residence is provided for students, but -the Council are prepared to recommend homes in -the neighbourhood of the college.</p> - -<p>There is also a Kindergarten College and Practising -School at 21, Stockwell Road, London, belonging -to the British and Foreign School Society. The -course of instruction extends over two years, and -the fees are £10 10s. a year, with some trifling -extras. Secretary, Mr. Alfred Bourne, B.A. The -Home and Colonial School Society, Gray's Inn Road, -London, also has a Kindergarten Class for private -governesses, school-mistresses, and pupil teachers. -They hold examinations and grant certificates to -those who prove their efficiency.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_31">31</span></p> - - -<p class="sub"><i>Education by Correspondence.</i>—For the special -benefit of ladies living in the country who may wish -to prepare for the public examinations, arrangements -have been made by several of the lecturers at Cambridge -for giving instruction by correspondence in -some of the subjects of study selected by the University -of Cambridge for the examination of women. -Information on this point will be given by Mrs. Peile, -Trumpington, Cambridge. Correspondence classes -have also been organised by Miss Shaw, Poyle Orchard, -Burnham, Maidenhead, to whom application for -admission must be made. The classes are conducted by -ladies, who are authorised to receive as pupils those -whom the Cambridge lecturers are unable to accept. -Should they find that the number of these fall short -of the number they are able to instruct, they will -receive others, whether in direct preparation for the -examination or not.</p> - -<p>The instruction is given by means of:—</p> - -<p>I. Papers of questions set from time to time, -and the answers looked over and returned with -comments.</p> - -<p>II. Solutions of difficulties and general directions -as to books.</p> - -<p>III. Short essays or <i>résumés</i> written by the -pupils, and sent for correction to the teachers; or, -in the language-classes, passages set for translation.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_32">32</span></p> - -<p>The papers will, if possible, be returned to the -students not later than a week from their reception, -and another set of questions sent at the same time. -The fee is £3 3s. the course for each subject, paid in -advance. The course extends over the three Cambridge -terms—<i>i.e.</i>, from October 14th to the end of May.</p> - -<p>For an account of other educational advantages open -to women I refer my readers to the "List of Colleges, -Schools, Lectures, &c.," published by the Women's -Education Union; and the "Educational Year Book," -published by Cassell & Company, Limited.</p> - -<p>A great boon to ladies anxious to qualify themselves -for governesses, and who have not the necessary -means, is the Teachers' Education Loan Society, which -advances school fees upon certain conditions to persons -over sixteen desirous of improving their education -for purposes of self-maintenance as teachers. -Apply for regulations by letter to the Hon. Secretary, -Miss Ewart, 3, Morpeth Terrace, Victoria Street, -London, S.W., before February, May, and November -in each year, for the three terms of Easter, Michaelmas, -and Lent following.</p> - - -<h3>SALARIES OF MISTRESSES.</h3> - -<p>The Rugby Council for Promoting the Education -of Women has instituted a calendar, giving the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_33">33</span> -names and addresses of ladies who have passed the -university examinations, and who desire educational -work of any kind; it also contains full particulars -respecting all the university examinations. Many -ladies whose names are entered in this calendar have -succeeded in obtaining good situations through it, -with salaries varying from £50 to £150 a year. A -fee of 2s. 6d. is charged, in addition to an entrance -fee of 2s. 6d. to ladies on each situation obtained -through the calendar; its price is 1s. Communications -may be addressed to Mrs. Kitchener, School -House, Newcastle, Staffordshire.</p> - -<p>Miss Buss, of the North London Collegiate School, -has published a list of girls' schools, with special -regard to salaries of head mistresses (as recommended -by the Endowed Schools Commission), which I quote -to show what good incomes are attainable in the -profession of teaching. Applications for engagements -as assistant mistresses should in all cases be made first -to the head mistress of the school.</p> - - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> -<tr> - <th class="thtb"></th> - <th class="thb" colspan="4">Head Mistresses' Emoluments.</th> -</tr> -<tr> - <th class="thtb">Name of school.</th> - <th class="thb">Fixed Salary.</th> - <th class="thb">Capitation Fee.</th> - <th class="thb">Minimum</th><th class="thb">Maximum</th> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Ambleside, Westmoreland</td> - <td class="tdb">£75</td> - <td class="tdb">£1 to £3</td> - <td class="tdb">£135</td> - <td class="tdb">£255</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Bedford, Town School</td> - <td class="tdb">100</td> - <td class="tdb">10s. to £3</td> - <td class="tdb">200</td> - <td class="tdb">700</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Bedford, High School</td> - <td class="tdb">not fixed</td> - <td class="tdb">not fixed</td> - <td class="tdb"></td> - <td class="tdb"></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Bow</td> - <td class="tdb">75</td> - <td class="tdb">15s. to</td> - <td class="tdb">225</td> - <td class="tdb"></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Bradford, York</td> - <td class="tdb">120</td> - <td class="tdb"></td> - <td class="tdb"></td> - <td class="tdb"></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Bristol, Red Maids</td> - <td class="tdb">not fixed</td> - <td class="tdb">not fixed</td> - <td class="tdb"><span class="pagenum" id="Page_34">34</span></td> - <td class="tdb"></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Bristol, Whitson's (two schools)</td> - <td class="tdb">£50</td> - <td class="tdb">not fixed</td> - <td class="tdb"></td> - <td class="tdb"></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Bristol, Colston's School</td> - <td class="tdb">50</td> - <td class="tdb">15s. to £1 10s.</td> - <td class="tdb">200</td> - <td class="tdb">350</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Brentwood, Essex</td> - <td class="tdb">50</td> - <td class="tdb">£1 to £2</td> - <td class="tdb">150</td> - <td class="tdb">250</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Burlington, Westminster</td> - <td class="tdb">70</td> - <td class="tdb">10s. to £1 10s.</td> - <td class="tdb"></td> - <td class="tdb"></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Burton-on-Trent</td> - <td class="tdb">50</td> - <td class="tdb">15s. to</td> - <td class="tdb">163</td> - <td class="tdb"></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Cambridge, Cambridge</td> - <td class="tdb">not fixed</td> - <td class="tdb">not fixed</td> - <td class="tdb"></td> - <td class="tdb"></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Camden School, London</td> - <td class="tdb">75</td> - <td class="tdb">15s. to £1</td> - <td class="tdb">375</td> - <td class="tdb">475</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Clerkenwell (Brewers' Company), London</td> - <td class="tdb">100</td> - <td class="tdb">£1 to</td> - <td class="tdb">400</td> - <td class="tdb"></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Dolgelly, Wales</td> - <td class="tdb">70</td> - <td class="tdb">10s. to £1 10s.</td> - <td class="tdb">110</td> - <td class="tdb">190</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Exeter, Maynard's Girls' Schools</td> - <td class="tdb">100</td> - <td class="tdb">£3 to £6</td> - <td class="tdb">400</td> - <td class="tdb">700</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Exeter, Episcopal Middle School</td> - <td class="tdb">50</td> - <td class="tdb">not fixed, not less than one-third</td> - <td class="tdb">tuition fees</td> - <td class="tdb"></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Great Crosby, Lancaster</td> - <td class="tdb">120</td> - <td class="tdb">£2 to £4</td> - <td class="tdb">320</td> - <td class="tdb">520</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Greycoat, Westminster</td> - <td class="tdb">80</td> - <td class="tdb">10s. to £1 10s.</td> - <td class="tdb">230</td> - <td class="tdb">530</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Greys Thurrock, Essex</td> - <td class="tdb">50</td> - <td class="tdb">£1 to</td> - <td class="tdb">125</td> - <td class="tdb"></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Hatcham, Surrey</td> - <td class="tdb">100</td> - <td class="tdb">£1 to £2</td> - <td class="tdb">300</td> - <td class="tdb">500</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Hoxton</td> - <td class="tdb">75</td> - <td class="tdb">10s. to £1 10s.</td> - <td class="tdb">225</td> - <td class="tdb">525</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Ilminster High School, Somerset</td> - <td class="tdb">100</td> - <td class="tdb">£3 to</td> - <td class="tdb">400</td> - <td class="tdb"></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Ilminster Town School</td> - <td class="tdb">50</td> - <td class="tdb">£1 to</td> - <td class="tdb">130</td> - <td class="tdb"></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Keighley, Yorkshire</td> - <td class="tdb">80</td> - <td class="tdb">£1 to £2</td> - <td class="tdb"></td> - <td class="tdb"></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Kingston, Surrey</td> - <td class="tdb">75</td> - <td class="tdb">15s. to</td> - <td class="tdb">187 10s.</td> - <td class="tdb"></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Loughborough, Burton Upper School</td> - <td class="tdb">100</td> - <td class="tdb">£1 10s. to £3</td> - <td class="tdb">250</td> - <td class="tdb">400</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">March, Cambridgeshire</td> - <td class="tdb">75</td> - <td class="tdb">£1 to</td> - <td class="tdb">135</td> - <td class="tdb"></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Newcastle-under-Lyme</td> - <td class="tdb">75</td> - <td class="tdb">£1 to</td> - <td class="tdb">175</td> - <td class="tdb"></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Newport</td> - <td class="tdb">60</td> - <td class="tdb">£1 to</td> - <td class="tdb">120</td> - <td class="tdb"></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">North London Collegiate School</td> - <td class="tdb">100</td> - <td class="tdb">£2 to £3</td> - <td class="tdb">900</td> - <td class="tdb">1300</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Reading, Kendrick Schools</td> - <td class="tdb">not fixed</td> - <td class="tdb">not fixed</td> - <td class="tdb"></td> - <td class="tdb"></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Roan Schools, Greenwich</td> - <td class="tdb">100</td> - <td class="tdb">£1 to £2</td> - <td class="tdb">400</td> - <td class="tdb">700</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Stamford, Browne's Middle School</td> - <td class="tdb">100</td> - <td class="tdb">£2 to £4</td> - <td class="tdb">300</td> - <td class="tdb">500<span class="pagenum" id="Page_35">35</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">St. Clement Danes, London</td> - <td class="tdb">£100</td> - <td class="tdb">£1 to £3</td> - <td class="tdb">250</td> - <td class="tdb">550</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">St. Helens, Lancaster</td> - <td class="tdb">100</td> - <td class="tdb">£2 to £4</td> - <td class="tdb"></td> - <td class="tdb"></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">St. Giles, Cripplegate, London</td> - <td class="tdb">100</td> - <td class="tdb">10s. to £1 10s.</td> - <td class="tdb">225</td> - <td class="tdb">475</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">St. Martin's in the Fields, London</td> - <td class="tdb">80</td> - <td class="tdb">10s. to £1 10s.</td> - <td class="tdb">155</td> - <td class="tdb">305</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">St. Paul's, London</td> - <td class="tdb">200</td> - <td class="tdb">£3 to £6</td> - <td class="tdb">1100</td> - <td class="tdb">2000</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Taunton, Somerset</td> - <td class="tdb">40</td> - <td class="tdb">£1 to</td> - <td class="tdb"></td> - <td class="tdb"></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Thetford</td> - <td class="tdb">75</td> - <td class="tdb">£1 to £3</td> - <td class="tdb">115</td> - <td class="tdb">195</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Thornton near Bradford, Yorkshire</td> - <td class="tdb">40</td> - <td class="tdb">15s. to</td> - <td class="tdb">77 10s.</td> - <td class="tdb"></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Totnes, Devon</td> - <td class="tdb">50</td> - <td class="tdb">£1 10s. to</td> - <td class="tdb">170</td> - <td class="tdb"></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Uffculme</td> - <td class="tdb">not fixed</td> - <td class="tdb">not fixed</td> - <td class="tdb"></td> - <td class="tdb"></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Wakefield, Yorks.</td> - <td class="tdb">100</td> - <td class="tdb">£1 10s. to £3</td> - <td class="tdb">250</td> - <td class="tdb">400</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Wallingford, Berkshire</td> - <td class="tdb">75</td> - <td class="tdb">15s. to</td> - <td class="tdb">112 10s.</td> - <td class="tdb"></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Warwick, Warwickshire</td> - <td class="tdb">100</td> - <td class="tdb">15s. to</td> - <td class="tdb">160</td> - <td class="tdb"></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">West Ham (Sarah Bonnell) Essex</td> - <td class="tdb">60</td> - <td class="tdb">£1 to £2</td> - <td class="tdb">260</td> - <td class="tdb">460</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Westminster, London</td> - <td class="tdb">100</td> - <td class="tdb">£1 to £2</td> - <td class="tdb">220</td> - <td class="tdb">340</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Wyggeston, Leicester</td> - <td class="tdb">100</td> - <td class="tdb">£1 to £3</td> - <td class="tdb">300</td> - <td class="tdb">700</td> -</tr> -</table></div> - -<p>The Girls' Public Day School Company, in connection -with the Women's Education Union, pay their -teachers good salaries. The schools of the Company -at present in operation are the following:—</p> - - -<ul><li>Bath High School, 5, Portland Place, Bath.</li> -<li>Blackheath High School, Wemyss Road, Blackheath, S.E.</li> -<li>Brighton High School, The Temple, Montpelier Road, Brighton.</li> -<li>Bromley High School, Fern Bank, Elmfield Road, Bromley, Kent.</li> -<li>Clapham High School, The Lawn, Clapham Common, S.W.</li> -<li><span class="pagenum" id="Page_36">36</span>Clapham Middle School, Clarence House, Clapham Common.</li> -<li>Croydon High School, Wellesley Road, Croydon.</li> -<li>Dulwich High School, Thurlow Park Road, West Dulwich, S.E.</li> -<li>Gateshead High School, Windmill Hill, Gateshead-on-Tyne.</li> -<li>Hackney High School, 273 and 275, Mare Street, Hackney, E.</li> -<li>Highbury and Islington High School, 6 and 7, Canonbury Place, N.</li> -<li>Ipswich High School, Northgate Street, Ipswich.</li> -<li>Kensington High School, 152 and 154, Cromwell Road, S.W.</li> -<li>Liverpool High School, Prince's Park, Liverpool</li> -<li>Maida Vale High School, Warrington Crescent, W.</li> -<li>Newton Abbot High School, Dovercourt, Forde Park, Newton Abbot.</li> -<li>Norwich High School, Theatre Street, Norwich.</li> -<li>Nottingham High School, Arboretum Street, Nottingham.</li> -<li>Notting Hill and Bayswater High School, Norland Square, Notting Hill, W.</li> -<li>Oxford High School, St. Giles's Road East, Oxford.</li> -<li>Portsmouth High School, Osborne Road, Southsea.</li> -<li>Sheffield High School, Surrey Street, Sheffield.</li> -<li>South Hampstead High School, Maresfield Gardens, Fitzjohn's Avenue, N.W.</li> -<li>Tunbridge Wells High School, Fair Lawn, Mount Sion, Tunbridge Wells.</li> -<li>Weymouth High School, 3, Greenhill, Weymouth.</li> -<li>Wimbledon High School, Wimbledon Hill, Wimbledon.</li> -<li>York High School, Fishergate House, York.</li> -</ul> - - -<p>Ladies desirous of becoming head mistresses must -send in their applications to the Secretary of the -Company, 21, Queen Anne's Gate, S.W. Every application -must be in writing, and be accompanied by -original testimonials (which will be returned). Candidates, -whose age must be stated, should have had -experience in school management, and must produce -testimony to their power of organisation, and ability<span class="pagenum" id="Page_37">37</span> -to maintain firm but kindly discipline, as well as to -their attainments and capacity as teachers of classes.</p> - -<p>Subject to bye-laws, regulations of the Council, and -to an annual examination and inspection of the school -by independent examiners, each head mistress will -have the management of the studies and discipline of -the school, and will be consulted in the selection and -appointment of all assistant teachers, whose emoluments -will be settled by the Council.</p> - -<p>The emoluments of the head mistress will consist -in each case of a fixed stipend of £250 per annum, -together with a capitation fee of £1 10s. for every -pupil in the school above the number of 100 up to -200, and of £2 for every pupil above the number of -200 up to 300.</p> - -<p>There will be no residences attached to the schools; -the head mistresses will not be allowed to take boarders -or instruct private pupils except with the express permission -of the Council, and the school year will be -divided into three terms, each about thirteen weeks in -length, and the engagement of each head mistress will -be entered into subject to its being terminable either -by the Council or by her at the end of a term and -after the expiration of one term's previous notice. It -is particularly requested that candidates abstain from -canvassing members of the Council, either directly or -indirectly.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_38">38</span></p> - -<p>Ladies desirous of becoming teachers in the schools -of the Company, are requested to observe the following -regulations:—</p> - -<p>All appointments of assistant teachers are made by -the Council, usually on the recommendation of the -Committee of Education.</p> - -<p>Candidates and their testimonials are in the first -instance referred to the head mistress of the school -concerned, who examines the testimonials and makes -inquiry as to the qualifications when necessary at -personal interviews. The head mistress then lays the -several testimonials before the Education Committee, -with a report upon them. The Education Committee -make such further inquiries and hold such interviews -with any of the candidates as they may deem fit, and -then submit candidates for the approval of the Council. -The Council pay second-class railway fare for those -candidates with whom a personal interview is desired.</p> - -<p>All appointments of assistant teachers are made on -probation for the first two terms, that is to say are -terminable by the head mistress at the end of the -first or second term without reference to the Council, -and without more than a month's notice.</p> - -<p>When the Council have approved an appointment -after the probationary period, an assistant teacher is -required to sign an agreement with the Council, and -is removable by the Council after notice of at least two<span class="pagenum" id="Page_39">39</span> -months, expiring at the end of a school term. The -same notice is required from an assistant teacher. At -the end of the probationary period assistant teachers -are placed on the permanent staff at a rate of salary -depending upon their work and qualifications. These -salaries begin at amounts varying from £70 to £135 -per annum, and rise annually for four years by increments -varying from £7 to £15. Junior teachers and -paid student teachers are not included in the above. -Board and residence are not provided by the Council.</p> - -<p>The qualifications required vary with each special -case. A knowledge of English grammar and literature, -arithmetic, and one or more languages besides -English, together with some experience in teaching, -are usual requisites. Ability to assist in the instruction -in drawing is also desirable. Music is always -taught by special teachers.</p> - -<p>It is a great recommendation if candidates have -passed in the Higher Oxford or Cambridge Examinations, -the London University Examinations, or other -examinations of the like kind.</p> - -<p>All applications should be made by letter, stating -age, qualifications, and experience, and accompanied -by copies of testimonials (not originals). These documents -should be addressed to the head mistress of the -particular school, at the school; or if not for any -special school may be marked "Application for Assis<span class="pagenum" id="Page_40">40</span>tant -Teachership," and directed to the Secretary of -the Company, 112, Brompton Road, London, who -will send them to any head mistress needing an -assistant.</p> - -<p>Applications to teach special subjects, such as -music, harmony, class-singing and pianoforte, drawing, -higher Latin, French, or German, mathematics, -any branch of natural science, drill, &c., should be -made in the same manner.</p> - -<p>Inquiries as to vacancies are best made of the -various head mistresses early in the months of April, -July, and December; they may also be addressed to -the Secretary of the Company.</p> - - -<h3>ELEMENTARY SCHOOLS.</h3> - -<p>Teachers in the elementary schools receive good -salaries, have short hours of work, and are comparatively -in an independent position; but I have no -doubt many ladies would find the class of children -they would be required to teach a great trial to them, -as the habits and ideas of children of the lower classes -would, in all probability, prove a considerable shock -to the sensibilities of ladies who came in contact -with them for the first time. The elementary schools -employ an immense number of teachers. In the -schools under the School Board alone 2,500 certificated -female teachers are employed, besides a large number<span class="pagenum" id="Page_41">41</span> -of pupil-teachers. The teachers under the School -Board all receive good salaries, but as the whole -scheme of payment is now under revision, it is -impossible to give exact figures. Pupil-teachers -begin at 4s. a week. There are seven weeks' holiday -in the year; the hours of work are from 9 to 12, -and 2 till 4.30. The head mistress is expected -to give an hour's extra instruction to the pupil-teachers.</p> - -<p>These are the regulations for admission of teachers -to all public elementary schools—that is to say, all -schools in receipt of a grant from the Education -Department, including National, British, Wesleyan, -Roman Catholic, and Board Schools.</p> - -<p>The recognised classes of teachers are: Certificated -teachers, pupil teachers, and assistant teachers.</p> - -<p>Teachers in order to obtain certificates must be -examined, and must undergo probation by actual -service in school.</p> - -<p>The examination for certificates is open to:—(<i>a.</i>) -Students who have resided for at least one year in -training colleges under inspection; or (<i>b.</i>) candidates -who are upwards of twenty-one years of age. (1.) -Completed an engagement as pupil-teacher satisfactorily; -or (2.) obtained a favourable report from an -inspector; or (3.) served as assistants for at least six -months in schools under certificated teachers.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_42">42</span></p> - -<p>Candidates who at the time of the examination -are not teachers of schools to which annual grants -are or may be made, must be recommended by the -authorities of their college, or by the managers of -the school in which they last served.</p> - -<p>Candidates for certificates, after successfully passing -their examination, must, as teachers continuously -engaged in the same schools, obtain two favourable -reports from an inspector, with an interval of one -year between them; and if the first of these reports -be not preceded by service of three months (at the -least) since the examination a third report, at an -interval of one year after the second report, is issued; -if the second (or third) report is favourable a certificate -is issued.</p> - -<p>Teachers under probation must satisfy the conditions -which require that schools be kept by certificated -teachers.</p> - -<p>Pupil-teachers must be not less than fourteen -years (completed) at the date of their engagement.</p> - -<p>They are required to pass an easy examination, -and produce certificates of health and character.</p> - -<p>At the close of their engagement pupil-teachers -are perfectly free in the choice of employment. If -they wish to continue in the work of education they -may become assistants in elementary schools; or may -be examined for admission into a training college;<span class="pagenum" id="Page_43">43</span> -or may be provisionally certificated for immediate -service in charge of small schools.</p> - -<p><i>Assistant Teachers.</i>—Pupil-teachers who have completed -their engagements with credit, and passed their -examinations satisfactorily, and candidates not having -been pupil-teachers who have passed with success -the examination for entrance into a training college, -may serve as assistants in schools, in place of pupil-teachers, -without being required to be annually examined.</p> - - -<h3>TRAINING COLLEGES.</h3> - -<p>An examination for Queen's Scholarships is -annually held at each college in summer, and at -special local centres, commencing at 10 <span class="smcap lowercase">A.M.</span> on the -first Wednesday after July 2nd.</p> - -<p>The candidates are selected and admitted to the -examination by the authorities of each college on their -own responsibility, subject to no other conditions on -the part of the Education Department than that the -candidates:—</p> - -<p>(<i>a.</i>) Intend <i>bonâ fide</i> to adopt and follow the profession -of a teacher in elementary schools.</p> - -<p>(<i>b.</i>) If pupil-teachers have successfully completed -their engagement, or will do so before the following -examination for admission.</p> - -<p>(<i>c.</i>) Not having been pupil-teachers, will be more<span class="pagenum" id="Page_44">44</span> -than eighteen years of age on January 1st next -following the date of examination.</p> - -<p>The successful candidates are arranged in three -classes in order of merit.</p> - -<p>A place in the third class qualifies for employment -as an assistant teacher, but not for admission into a -training college or for a provisional certificate.</p> - -<p>The authorities of each college settle their own -terms for admission.</p> - -<p>Candidates are required to pass a medical examination.</p> - -<p>The following is a list of training colleges for -mistresses. It must be stated that the entrance fee -entitles the student to board, lodging, washing, and -medical attendance for two years, except during the -holidays:—</p> - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> -<tr><th align="center">Name of College.</th><th align="center">Entrance Fee.</th></tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Bishop's Stortford</td> - <td align="left">£5.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Brighton</td> - <td align="left">£8.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Bristol</td> - <td align="left">£8.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Cheltenham</td> - <td align="left">£10, first class; £12, second.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Chichester (Bishop Otter's)</td> - <td align="left">£20 per annum, quarterly, in advance.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Darlington (British)</td> - <td align="left">£15 15s.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Derby</td> - <td align="left">£5 or £10.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Durham</td> - <td align="left">£10.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Gray's Inn Rd. (Home & Colonial)</td> - <td align="left">£10.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Homerton (Evangelical)</td> - <td align="left">£15 15s.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Lincoln</td> - <td align="left">None at present.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Liverpool (R. C.)</td> - <td align="left">£5.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_45">45</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Norwich</td> - <td align="left">£3, first class; £5, second.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Oxford</td> - <td align="left">£10 or £20.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Ripon</td> - <td align="left">£10.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Salisbury</td> - <td align="left">£5, first class; £7, second.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Southlands, Battersea (Wesleyan)</td> - <td align="left">£8.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Stockwell (British)</td> - <td align="left">£10 10s.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Tottenham</td> - <td align="left">£10.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Truro</td> - <td align="left">£5.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Wandsworth (R. C.)</td> - <td align="left">£2 10s.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Warrington</td> - <td align="left">£6.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Whitelands</td> - <td align="left">£12 or £15.</td> -</tr> -</table></div> - -<p>All these colleges, with the exceptions specified, -are conducted on Church of England principles.</p> - - -<h3>GOVERNESSES IN PRIVATE FAMILIES.</h3> - -<p>After having said so much about the necessity of -training, examinations, &c., I think it only fair to -make some mention of governesses in private families -for the younger children, under fourteen. Many -parents are wise enough to prefer for these posts a -thoroughly conscientious lady, even if she is not -accomplished, to one who has any number of certificates, -unless she combines with them a due sense -of the importance of her task.</p> - -<p>Ladies whose circumstances induce them to seek a -situation in some one else's house should, above all -things, avoid undue sensitiveness, and the habit of -attributing unkind motives (which probably never -exist) to every little incident which may occur. Of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_46">46</span> -course a governess's life is not likely to be the happiest -one could imagine, but I think it is usually her own -fault if it is not a contented and useful one, and -perhaps this is as much as it is wise for any of us to -expect.</p> - -<p>The best place for governesses of this class to -apply to for situations is the Governesses' Benevolent -Institution, 47, Harley Street, where no fee is -charged. Any governess on procuring and leaving -two satisfactory letters from respectable parties, written -in the first person, signed, sealed, and addressed to -the Board, may enter her name, and such other -particulars as she may wish to state, in the books of -registration, kept for that purpose. There is also a -book to register applications for governesses. The -Board of Management abstain from all interference -between the parties, and the entries must be made by -parties themselves, ladies in the country acting by -a friend. No letter or testimonial can under any -circumstances be returned nor taken from the office. -It is necessary that all letters be written in the first -person. Office hours from 12 to 5.</p> - -<hr class="chap" /> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_47">47</span></p> - - - - -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_III" id="CHAPTER_III">CHAPTER III.</a><br /> - -<small>ARTISTIC EMPLOYMENTS.</small></h2> - - -<p class="sub"><i>Schools of Art.</i>—A knowledge of drawing is required -in so many of the employments open to women that -I think it advisable to give some information as to -how it can best be acquired.</p> - -<p>In connection with the National Art Training -School at South Kensington, Metropolitan District -Schools of Art are established at the following places:—</p> - - -<ul><li>1. The Female School of Art, 43, Queen Square, Bloomsbury.</li> -<li>2. Blackheath, Lee, and Lewisham (Bennett Park).</li> -<li>3. Blackheath Hill, 13, Lansdowne Place.</li> -<li>4. Chelsea, Onslow College.</li> -<li>6. Chiswick, Bath Road, Bedford Park.</li> -<li>6. Holloway (Camden School).</li> -<li>7. Hornsey.</li> -<li>8. Islington, Barnsbury Hall.</li> -<li>9. Lambeth, Miller's Lane, Upper Kennington Lane.</li> -<li>10. North London, Sandringham Road, Kingsland.</li> -<li>11. St. Martin's-in-the-Fields, Castle Street, Long Acre.</li> -<li>12. St. Thomas Charterhouse, Goswell Road.</li> -<li>13. Stoke Newington.</li> -<li>14. Stratford, Maryland Point.</li> -<li>15. West London, 155, Great Titchfield Street.</li> -<li>16. Westminster, Royal Architectural Museum.</li> -</ul> - - -<p>I give the rules of the South Kensington School; -the others differ slightly, but further particulars can -always be obtained by application to the head masters; -as a rule the expense of studying at the local schools -is less than at South Kensington, but the same system<span class="pagenum" id="Page_48">48</span> -of instruction is pursued. The second grade certificate, -so often mentioned in these pages, is by no means -difficult to obtain. As will be seen by the rules, it is -necessary to pass the examination for it before joining -the art classes.</p> - -<p>There is a large number of free studentships; for -particulars of these application must be made to the -Secretary, Science and Art Department, S.W.</p> - -<p>The South Kensington rules are as follows:—</p> - -<p>I. The courses of instruction pursued in the -school have for their object the systematic training of -teachers, male and female, in the practice of Art, and -in the knowledge of its scientific principles, with a -view to qualifying them as teachers of Schools of Art -competent to develop the application of art to the -common uses of life, and to the requirements of trade -and manufactures. The instruction comprehends the -following subjects:—Freehand, architectural, and -mechanical drawing; practical geometry and perspective; -painting in oil, tempera, and water colours; -modelling, moulding, and casting. The classes for -drawing, painting, and modelling, include architectural -and other ornament, flowers, objects of still life, &c., -the figure from the antique and the life, and the study -of anatomy as applicable to art.</p> - -<p>II. These courses of instruction are open to the -public on payment of fees. These are as follows:—</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_49">49</span></p> -<div class="small"> -<p class="center"><i>Fees for Classes studying five whole days, including evenings</i>:—</p> - -<p class="center">£5 for five months, and an entrance fee of 10s.</p> - -<p class="center"><i>Evening Classes.</i></p> - -<p class="center"> -Male School, £2 per term.<br /> -Female School, £1 per term, three evenings a week.<br /> -</p></div> - -<p>The classes for male and female students meet -separately.</p> - -<p>Governesses in private schools or families may -attend the day classes for not more than three months, -on payment of £1 per month, without payment of the -entrance fee.</p> - -<p>III. No students can be admitted to these classes -until they have passed an examination in freehand -drawing of the second grade. Examinations of candidates -for admission will be held weekly at the commencement -of each term, and at frequent intervals -throughout the year. These examinations are held at -the school on Tuesdays at 10.30 <span class="smcap lowercase">A.M.</span> and 6.45 <span class="smcap lowercase">P.M.</span> -Candidates should bring their own lead pencils and -indiarubber. Unsuccessful candidates cannot be re-examined -until after a month's interval. The examination -fee is 2s. 6d. for day students, and 6d. for -evening students, to be paid at the time of examination.</p> - -<p>IV. The annual session consists of two terms, -each lasting five months, and commencing on the 1st -of March and the 1st of October, and ending on the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_50">50</span> -last day of July and the last day of February respectively. -One week at Christmas and one week at -Easter or Whitsuntide are also vacations. The school -is open every week-day except Saturday. Hours of -study are—day, 9 to 3.30; evening, 7 to 9. Evening -classes for females on Tuesdays, Thursdays, and -Fridays.</p> - -<p>Classes for modelling have been lately formed at -the Lambeth Technical School of Art, 122, Kennington -Park Road. Practice in modelling from drapery, the -antique, and the human figure nude and draped. On -Monday, Wednesday, and Thursday evenings, from -7 to 9.30. Fee, 5s. per month.</p> - -<p>Modelling from casts of ornaments:—The practice -will be adapted to the technical wants of the individual -students. This class meets on Tuesday and -Thursday evenings, from 6.30 to 9. Fee, 2s. 6d. per -month.</p> - -<p>There is an annual examination for prizes in all -schools of art, and a national competition.</p> - - -<p class="sub"><i>Royal Academy.</i>—Free instruction is given for a -period of seven years at the Royal Academy of Arts, -Burlington House, to any one who shows sufficient -talent. Applicants for admission must have attained a -certain proficiency, and must deliver specimens of their -work, with a printed form duly filled in, at the Academy<span class="pagenum" id="Page_51">51</span> -on or before the 28th of June, or the 28th of December, -to be submitted to the Council. This form can -be obtained from the Registrar through the written -request of a member, or some artist or person of -known respectability.</p> - -<p>The hours of work are from 10 to 3. Students -are required to provide their own materials.</p> - - -<p class="sub"><i>Designers.</i>—There is a great demand for skilful -and original designers, but only for really clever ones, -as so much of the ordinary work is done by pupils. -Mr. Sparkes, the head master of the South Kensington -School of Art, tells me any one with natural taste -and invention can be trained thoroughly in designing, -including a knowledge of the human figure, in two -years, if willing to work hard; after that time it would -be necessary to give some months to become acquainted -with the possibilities of the material to be designed -for, such as glass, table-linen, cretonnes, dress materials, -wall papers, &c. After a few months' study, -I should advise pupils to ask their head master's -candid opinion as to their chances of success, as he -would be better able to tell them than any one else.</p> - -<p>Many of the large manufacturers employ designers -permanently, at salaries not lower than £100 a year, -and in many cases the work can be done at home. -The authorities at South Kensington have frequent<span class="pagenum" id="Page_52">52</span> -applications for designers, and recommend the most -deserving amongst the students. Before offering -designs to manufacturers it is advisable to ascertain -what style they require, as sometimes a prejudice is -created by unsuitable work being offered, which is -never overcome. Many of the large upholsterers -employ girls to design furniture. It requires a good -knowledge of drawing, including perspective, but not -so much talent as other kinds of designing. The -salaries vary from 25s. to 30s. a week.</p> - -<p>At the Lambeth Technical School of Art, 124, -Kennington Park Road, classes for the study of design -meet on Tuesday, Wednesday, and Friday evenings. -The course is adapted for the use of all students engaged -in the practice of ornamental art, and is specially -designed for the use of those occupied in pottery -painting and surface decoration. The fee is 2s. 6d. -per month, except to those students who have already -joined the Art School, who will pay 6d. additional fee.</p> - - -<p class="sub"><i>Wood Carving.</i>—A school of art for wood carving -has recently been established at the Albert Hall, -South Kensington, where ladies can receive the -thorough training which is essential to their success -in this branch of art labour. Three years is -the least time in which a fair knowledge of the art -can be acquired by capable and industrious students,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_53">53</span> -but at the end of the first year those who are clever -may earn as much as ten or twelve shillings a week; -when proficient, their earnings would probably be -from £2 to £3 weekly, though in cases of exceptional -talent, no doubt, considerably more might be occasionally -earned.</p> - -<p>There are very few highly skilled wood carvers -in England, so there would be no difficulty in disposing -of really good artistic work. The best plan for -those unable to obtain permanent employment is to -make small articles, such as blotting-books, photograph -frames, glove-boxes, paper-knives, &c., take -them to the large fancy shops, and offer them for sale. -Upholsterers and picture-frame makers give regular -employment to many; and when that can be obtained -it is doubtless more satisfactory than anything else.</p> - -<p>The rules of the school at the Albert Hall are as -follows:—</p> - -<p>Both day and evening classes are held in the -school. The day classes are held from 10 to 1 and -2 to 5 on five days a week, and from 10 to 1 on -Saturdays. The evening classes are held from 7 to -9 on four evenings a week, viz., Monday, Tuesday, -Thursday, and Friday. The fees for day students -are £2 a month, or £5 a quarter. The fees for -evening students are 15s. a month, or £2 a quarter.</p> - -<p>There are at present twelve free studentships,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_54">54</span> -viz., six in the day and six in the evening classes. -Candidates must have passed the second grade art -examination of the Science and Art Department in -freehand drawing at least. Those who have some -knowledge of wood carving, or have passed in the -other subjects of the second grade art certificate, -or in drawing from the antique and the figure, -architectural drawing, or designing and modelling, -will be preferred. Applications for these studentships -should be addressed to the Secretary, at the -school.</p> - -<p>All students are required to provide their own -tools, and work done in the schools by free students -cannot be taken away. Students paying their own -fees may take away work executed by themselves on -their own materials, but all work on materials provided -by the school remains the property of the -school. Students who have been in the school not -less than twelve months may, on the recommendation -of the instructor, receive such payment for their work -as the Committee may determine.</p> - -<p>The tools students are required to provide themselves -with, during the whole time they attend the -school, cost about £2, but for 15s. they can procure -enough to carry them over the first few months. The -free studentships are for periods of six months, and -are renewed to promising students. A taste for<span class="pagenum" id="Page_55">55</span> -designing, and a considerable knowledge of drawing, -are so desirable that I cannot conscientiously recommend -any one without them to adopt wood carving -as her profession, for although a certain degree of -mechanical excellence might be obtained, it would -not be sufficient to ensure a livelihood.</p> - -<p>Mr. Donaldson, a member of the firm of Messrs. -Gillow and Co., Oxford Street, takes a very great -interest in the school, and kindly allows me to say -that he intends to do all in his power to give -employment to ladies competent to undertake it; but, -of course, as the work required by his firm is of a -superior kind, those anxious to obtain it must study -until they can produce excellent work.</p> - - -<p class="sub"><i>Wood Engraving.</i>—To learn the art of wood-engraving -thoroughly a long apprenticeship is absolutely -necessary. All authorities agree in saying -that students must not expect to earn anything at -all for the first three years; after that time they -may probably earn £1 a week, but should still continue -their course of study for two years at least. -There is not the slightest reason why women should -not rival men in this branch of art, if they will give -the necessary time to acquire it.</p> - -<p>The work can very frequently be done at home, -which is usually considered an advantage; but in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_56">56</span> -that case ladies must make up their minds to work -as steadily and for as many hours a day as they -would under the eyes of a master; for certainly only -those who could be depended upon for punctuality -would be likely to obtain remunerative work.</p> - -<p>At the expiration of the five years, when the pupil -may be expected to have become a skilled engraver, -her earnings would be from £1 10s. to £4 or more -a week, according to her industry and ability.</p> - -<p>The City and Guilds of London Institute has -established a technical class of wood engraving at -122 and 124, Kennington Park Road, under the -care of Mr. C. Roberts.</p> - -<p>The hours of practice are from 10 to 4, and from -6 to 8 in the evening, daily, except Saturday; and -all students are expected to attend regularly and -punctually.</p> - -<p>On Tuesday and Friday evenings the work of the -class will be examined. At all other times students -will be responsible to an assistant teacher, or senior -student, who will be always present.</p> - -<p>All members of the class must have taken the -second grade certificate of the Science and Art Department, -or must be prepared to do so.</p> - -<p>Four scholarships, each consisting of a free studentship -for one year, will be awarded annually after the -first year's practice. These may be renewed in the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_57">57</span> -following year on proof of industry and progress, and -on the recommendation of the master. The fee will -be £3 3s. a year, payable by half-yearly sums of -£1 11s. 6d. in advance. No student can be admitted -for a shorter period than one year.</p> - -<p>The vacations are six weeks in the summer two -weeks at Christmas, and two at Easter or at Whitsuntide.</p> - -<p>The cost of the tools each student is required to -provide herself with is 22s.</p> - -<p>For those students who at the expiration of two or -three years are sufficiently advanced in their practice to -be able to execute work for publication, Mr. Roberts -has, with the co-operation of the Society for the Employment -of Women, established a work-room in connection -with his own offices at Lonsdale Chambers, -Chancery Lane.</p> - -<p>At this work-room all those advanced students that -Mr. Roberts is able to accommodate and employ will -continue to have his supervision, and receive work, -and be advanced according to their ability.</p> - -<p>Mr. Paterson, an engraver, who has been a -most successful teacher for fourteen years in both -Edinburgh and London, holds a class for ladies -every Monday and Thursday, from 2 to 3 o'clock, -at 3, East Temple Chambers, Whitefriars Street. No -pupil will be received for less than two quarters.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_58">58</span></p> - -<p>As his is a private class, he of course cannot -compete in price with the one under the patronage -of the City and Guilds of London Institute. His -terms are:—</p> - - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> -<tr> - <td align="left">Engraving</td> - <td align="center">£2</td> - <td align="center">2</td> - <td align="left">0 per quarter.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Drawing on wood</td> - <td align="center"> 2</td> - <td align="center">2</td> - <td align="left">0 <span class="gap2">"</span></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Both, inclusive</td> - <td align="center"> 3</td> - <td align="center">3</td> - <td align="left">0 <span class="gap2">"</span></td> -</tr> -</table></div> - - -<p>A small charge is also made for the wood used by -the pupil; it never exceeds 7s. 6d. a quarter. The -cost of the tools is 21s., but they are highly finished -and ready for use. Many of Mr. Paterson's pupils -are now earning considerable incomes. A knowledge -of drawing, though very desirable, is not essential, -especially as in all probability no one who was entirely -devoid of the artistic faculty would care to -attempt to become an engraver, as it is doubtless a -long and arduous task, though the success which -may be attained would, when it came, be, I think, a -full recompense for all the time and trouble that had -been expended.</p> - - -<p class="sub"><i>China Painting.</i>—Painting on china has been considerably -overdone of late years, and now only really -good work can be at all certain of finding a market. -The best way for amateurs to dispose of their work -is to send it to Messrs. Howell and James's annual -exhibition, as they allow each exhibitor to send three -small or two large pieces of work, and last season<span class="pagenum" id="Page_59">59</span> -£3,000 worth of ladies' paintings on china were sold. -Each piece of work should be marked the price at -which it is to be disposed of, a commission of 15 per -cent. being charged on the published price of all -works sold, to defray the expenses of advertisement -and exhibition. Only strictly original works are -eligible for prizes, but adaptation and copies are not -inadmissible for exhibition if approved by the judges, -to whom all works are submitted. All works must be -sent in by the end of March.</p> - -<p>Before taking lessons in painting on china, it is -essential that ladies should have a good knowledge -of drawing. With that, a few months' lessons will -make them proficient china painters; without it, they -will never do anything worth buying. Classes for -pottery painting are held at Messrs. Howell and -James's, Regent Street, every day excepting Saturdays. -Terms:—The course of ten lessons of two hours -each, £3 3s.; six lessons, £2; three lessons, £1 1s.</p> - -<p>Messrs. Doulton and Co., Lambeth, employ about -120 ladies permanently in painting on china. The -work is paid by the piece, so the amount earned -depends on the workers. A class for pottery painting -is formed on Tuesday and Friday at the Lambeth -School of Art, Miller's Lane, Upper Kennington -Lane; fee, 10s. 6d. per month. I believe this class -was formed at Messrs. Doulton's request principally<span class="pagenum" id="Page_60">60</span> -to prepare ladies to execute their work, as they found -teaching ladies who had no previous knowledge of -the art took up too much of their time. The head -master of the Lambeth School of Art told me he -thought it useless for ladies to join the class who -had not a considerable knowledge of drawing, such, -for instance, as they might acquire by two years' -study at some school of art.</p> - - -<p class="sub"><i>Painting on Leather.</i>—This branch of decorative -art is well suited to women, but there is but a small -demand for it. Some of the large upholsterers are -willing to employ ladies, but they must have a good -knowledge of drawing, and be willing to give two -years to learn the technicalities of the art, and to -gain experience of the different styles, especially -Spanish and Italian, at the South Kensington Museum -and other places. At the expiration of that -time wages would begin at from 6s. to £1 a week, -according to ability; and the probable eventual earnings -would be from £2 to £3 weekly.</p> - - -<p class="sub"><i>Mosaic.</i>—Women have frequently been employed -in manufacturing mosaic; but it is so little used in -England that at present I can hear of no place where -they would be likely to obtain work. But when -the decoration of St. Paul's Cathedral in mosaic is -commenced—if it is entrusted to an English firm,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_61">61</span> -as I sincerely hope it will be—there will be employment -for hundreds of women for some years. The -usual pay mosaic workers obtain if they have no -knowledge of drawing is about £40 a year; if they -can undertake the more difficult parts, such as the -human figure, their salaries are proportionately higher. -The mere technical knowledge is easily acquired in -a month.</p> - - -<p class="sub"><i>Painting on Glass.</i>—It is a great pity ladies are -not more extensively employed in painting on glass. -Messrs. Powell and Co., of the Whitefriars Glass -Works Company, Whitefriars Street, employ a few. -These ladies work in a separate room, six hours a -day, and four on Saturdays; these are obviously very -short hours, and Mr. Powell has no objection to increase -them if he finds the ladies he employs are -willing; of course their work is paid by time. He -intends to increase his staff of lady workers as occasion -arises. Only a very slight knowledge of drawing -is required for the lower branches of this art, and it -is necessary to give perhaps three months, certainly -not more, to acquire it. The average earnings are -from £60 to £70 a year; any one capable of copying -figures and painting them on glass would obtain a -higher salary, probably £100 a year.</p> - - -<p class="sub"><i>Decorative Work.</i>—Messrs. Simpson and Co. em<span class="pagenum" id="Page_62">62</span>ploy -a large number of ladies in various kinds of -decorative work, such as painting tiles, glass, decorating -enamelled iron, &c., at salaries beginning at -£40 a year, and rising according to the value of -their services. The hours of work are from 9 to 6, -with the usual interval of an hour.</p> - -<p>A good knowledge of drawing is required, such -as might be obtained by two years' hard work at a -School of Art, and it is desirable that the human -figure should have been carefully studied; but Messrs. -Simpson and Co. prefer that the ladies who come -to them should be without any special knowledge of -the work they will be employed in, as they would -rather impart it themselves.</p> - -<p>Miss Collingridge, 9, Beaumont Street, Portland -Place, N.W., undertakes all kinds of art decorative -work, and receives pupils; the hours of study are -from 9.30 to 4 o'clock. Many of her pupils have -been very successful in obtaining engagements as -designers, china painters, &c., and two are now employed -in drawing for costumiers. To obtain constant -work at the conclusion of a course of study, -Miss Collingridge thinks versatile invention and refined -feeling essential, as is also business capacity.</p> - -<p>The Misses Rhoda and Agnes Garrett were in business -as house decorators, cabinet-makers, and designers -of all the details of household furniture and uphol<span class="pagenum" id="Page_63">63</span>stery, -at 2, Gower Street (corner of Bedford Square), -London, and I understand they were very successful. -They attributed their success entirely to the thorough -training they went through, and their strict attention -to business. Miss Rhoda Garrett has unfortunately -lately died, but Miss Agnes Garrett still carries on -the business. Miss Garrett takes pupils or apprentices -for a not shorter time than three years, at a premium -of £300. The hours of work are from 10 to 4. -After the apprenticeship industrious ladies of ordinary -intelligence would be prepared to start in business on -their own account, but for this capital is of course -required. If two sisters or friends went through -the course of study together, and into partnership -afterwards, as the Misses Garrett did, they would -be much more likely to succeed than one would -alone.</p> - - -<p class="sub"><i>Plan Tracing.</i>—It has been thought that women -might very well be employed in tracing the plans -of builders, architects, and engineers, and an office for -the purpose has been established, through the agency -of the Society for the Employment of Women, at -8, Great Queen Street, S.W. It is going on very satisfactorily; -several ladies are employed; they give three -months to learn the work, and after that time their -pay commences at threepence an hour, rising to six<span class="pagenum" id="Page_64">64</span>pence; -they work seven hours a day. Ladies who wish -to learn the work, without desiring employment, can -be received on payment of a premium of £10; but -it is requested that all inquiries should be addressed -to Miss King, Secretary to the Society for the Employment -of Women, 22, Berners Street, Oxford -Street.</p> - -<p>I think many of the large firms might be induced -to employ women permanently in copying their plans, -if personal application were made to them and specimens -of work taken. The great requisites for success -in this work are neatness and accuracy; the merely -technical knowledge is easily acquired.</p> - -<p>Although they do not actually teach plan-tracing -at the schools of art, their architectural classes would -be found to give most of the necessary information, -sufficient to enable a careful student to apply for work -with the full consciousness of being able to do it.</p> - - -<p class="sub"><i>Photography.</i>—The following particulars respecting -the employment of ladies in photography have been -kindly given me by Mr. Elliott, of the firm of -Elliott and Fry, photographers, Baker Street, London. -He requested me to warn ladies against wasting -their time in learning to tint photographs, as the -fashion for these has almost entirely died out, and he -has innumerable applications from ladies anxious to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_65">65</span> -tint them. A considerable number of women are -employed by the trade in spotting photographs; their -wages usually begin at 6s. a week, rising, when they -have learnt their business, which can easily be done in -two months, to 15s. or £1. The hours of work are -from 9 to 5. Many are employed in mounting -photographs on cards; it is work that requires great -neatness and accuracy; the pay varies from £1 to -£1 5s. a week.</p> - -<p>Re-touching negatives is the most difficult and -consequently the best-paid branch of photography -open to women; it requires some knowledge of drawing, -and, Mr. Elliott says, considerable common sense; -a few lessons in the technicalities should be taken from -some re-toucher before applying for work, a month -would be quite long enough to acquire them, and the -fee would probably be small. A re-toucher willing to -give the necessary instruction could usually be heard -of at the leading photographers'. The salaries vary -from 30s. to £3 a week.</p> - - -<p class="sub"><i>Art Needlework.</i>—The Royal School of Art Needlework -in the Exhibition Road, South Kensington, is -by far the best of all the work societies, and the only -one where ladies who are once admitted can be certain -of constant employment; so it is the only one of -which I shall give a description. These are the rules:—</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_66">66</span></p> - -<p>I. Application for admission as qualified workers -for the school must be made to the Manager by the -applicants in person, and they must give two references -to prove their position.</p> - -<p>II. Applicants must fulfil the following requirements:—</p> - -<p>(<i>a.</i>) They must be gentlewomen by birth and -education.</p> - -<p>(<i>b.</i>) They must be able and willing when employed -to devote seven hours a day to work at the school.</p> - -<p>III. Every applicant is required to go through a -course of instruction, for which £5 is charged.</p> - -<p>IV. The course of instruction consists of nine -lessons in art needlework, of five hours each. If -after the first two lessons, in the opinion of the -teacher, the applicant is not likely to be successful as -a needle worker, she will be recommended to retire, -and on so retiring the £5 will be returned to her.</p> - -<p>V. The school enters into no engagement to give -employment to any lady.</p> - -<p>This last rule is practically not carried out, as -ladies are never allowed to take the preliminary -lessons unless there are vacancies for qualified -workers.</p> - -<p>It is difficult to give the probable earnings, as all -work is paid by the piece; but I have been able to -gather that the average earnings are from 20s. to 30s.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_67">67</span> -a week. This sum is practically only exceeded by -very quick and clever workers.</p> - -<p>During the holidays given by the school, ladies are -allowed to take work home, so their incomes are only -limited by their own industry, or perhaps I should -say lack of it. About 120 ladies are employed, and I -understand there are a considerable number of candidates -for each vacancy as it occurs.</p> - - -<p class="sub"><i>Painting on Silk and Cards.</i>—All the paintings on -silk, satin, or cards, for fans, valentines, scent packets, -and Christmas cards, sold by Mr. Rimmel, 36, Strand, -and at his various branch establishments, are executed -by ladies and gentlemen at their own homes. The -paintings must be of a superior character, and not mere -repetitions, as anything original is sure to sell. Some -of the ladies who paint regularly for him earn as much -as £3 or £4 a week. I have no doubt many other -firms employ ladies in the same way.</p> - - -<p class="sub"><i>Medical Drawings.</i>—Doctors frequently require -careful drawings of different diseases, and ladies who -are good draughtsmen are usually employed to make -them. Application should be made at the different -hospitals, and specimen drawings taken. It would be -good practice to make copies of the drawings of -diseases to be found in medical works. I understand -ladies are now making as much as £2 to £3 a week<span class="pagenum" id="Page_68">68</span> -in this way. Of course the demand is somewhat -fluctuating.</p> - -<p><i>Tapestry Painting</i> consists of painting with -specially-prepared liquid colours on a woven textile -fabric. Messrs. Howell and James sell all the necessary -materials, and classes for instruction are held at their -Art Studio, 5, Regent Street. Terms:—The course of -ten lessons of two hours each, £5; the course of six -lessons of two hours each, £3 3s.</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_IV" id="CHAPTER_IV">CHAPTER IV.</a><br /> - -<small>MEDICINE AS A PROFESSION FOR WOMEN</small></h2> - - -<p>Ladies wishing to enter the medical profession can -receive the necessary instruction at the London -School of Medicine for Women, 30, Henrietta Street, -Brunswick Square. It is desirable that they should -have private means, as, unless they go to India, where -there is a considerable opening for medical women, -it would probably be some time before their practice -would be sufficiently remunerative. Ladies desiring -to prepare for the medical profession must pass one of -the examinations in Arts recognised by the General -Medical Council, such an examination being compulsory -before registration as a medical student.</p> - -<p>Among these examinations are:—</p> - -<p>I. The Oxford and Cambridge Local Examinations, -Senior and Junior.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_69">69</span></p> - -<p>II. The Senior Local Examinations for Honorary -Certificates, and the ordinary Local Examination of -the University of Edinburgh.</p> - -<p>III. The Local Examination for Honours Certificates -of the University of St. Andrews.</p> - -<p>IV. The Examination in Arts of the Society of -Apothecaries in London.</p> - -<p>V. The examinations for a first-class certificate of -the Royal College of Preceptors.</p> - -<p>VI. The Local Examinations of the Queen's -University in Ireland.</p> - -<p>VII. The Matriculation Examination of the -University of London.</p> - -<p>Certificates must in all cases include English -literature, Latin, arithmetic, algebra, geometry, and -also one of the following optional subjects:—</p> - -<p>Greek, French, German, or natural philosophy.</p> - -<p>Four years is considered the necessary time of -study to obtain a license to practise from the King's -and Queen's College of Physicians in Ireland; and the -expense, including examiners' fees, hospital practice, -books, and instruments, is slightly under £200. This, -of course, does not include board and lodging.</p> - -<p>An M.D. degree from the University of London -is more difficult to obtain, and necessitates additional -study of a year, or possibly more. There are at -present thirty-six pupils in the school. No one is<span class="pagenum" id="Page_70">70</span> -admitted under the age of eighteen. An entrance -scholarship of the value of £30 is competed for annually -in September.</p> - -<p>All persons requiring further information on -subjects connected with the medical education of -women, with the residence of students in the neighbourhood -of the school, or respecting scholarships, are -invited to apply to Mrs. Thorne, hon. secretary, 30, -Henrietta Street, Brunswick Square, London.</p> - - -<p class="sub"><i>Pharmaceutical Chemists.</i>—As the Pharmaceutical -Society has now thrown its examinations open to -women, there is nothing to prevent them from setting -up in business as chemists. It is an occupation peculiarly -adapted to women, and returns a better interest -on invested capital than most other trades.</p> - -<p>A preliminary examination in Latin, Arithmetic, -and English, has to be passed, unless the candidate -can produce a certificate of having passed the Local -Examinations of the Universities of Oxford, Cambridge, -Durham, or Edinburgh, the Examination of -the College of Preceptors, or those of any legally -constituted examining body previously approved by -the Council, provided Latin and arithmetic be included -in the subjects.</p> - -<p>Before going up for the other examinations each -candidate must produce a certified declaration that for<span class="pagenum" id="Page_71">71</span> -three years she has been registered and employed as -an apprentice or student, or has otherwise for three -years been practically engaged in the translation and -dispensing of prescriptions.</p> - -<p>The cost of passing the three examinations necessary -to become a pharmaceutical chemist, including -tuition, examiner's fees, books, chemicals, apparatus, -&c., is from £80 to £100, and the time required for -study after the apprenticeship would be from a year -to eighteen months.</p> - -<p>Miss Isabella S. Clarke, a pharmaceutical chemist, -in Spring Street, Paddington, is willing to take outdoor -apprentices for three years at a premium of £100.</p> - -<p>The capital required to start in business with a -reasonable prospect of success is from £500 to -£1,000; the nearer it is to £1,000 the better. The -stores have done much to injure chemists' business by -selling patent medicines, hair-washes, soap, scents, -&c., at much lower prices than private traders can -afford to adopt.</p> - - -<p class="sub"><i>Dispensers.</i>—I understand that many doctors who -prepare their own medicines are willing to employ -ladies to dispense them, at salaries ranging from £30 -to £50. The necessary knowledge can be acquired at -the New Hospital for Women, Marylebone Road, -where they are willing to take girls and teach them<span class="pagenum" id="Page_72">72</span> -dispensing for six months for a premium of £5. It -is necessary that candidates should have a slight -knowledge of Latin, and an intimate acquaintance -with arithmetic, especially fractions; and desirable -that they should be of studious habits, as they are -expected to read various books recommended them -by the authorities. Employment can also occasionally -be obtained at hospitals, especially by ladies who can -undertake bookkeeping as well as dispensing.</p> - - -<p class="sub"><i>Hospital Nurses.</i>—Hospital nursing affords certain -employment to capable women, and, although the -salaries are low, it must be remembered that liberal -board, comfortable bed-rooms, and washing, are always -included. Trained nurses' salaries usually commence -at £20, rising, according to experience and responsibilities, -to £30. Chief nurses of wards, usually called -ward sisters, obtain in the chief London hospitals -from £35 to £50. Matrons and lady superintendents -of nursing receive from £50 to £100. Nearly all the -London hospitals train nurses.</p> - -<p>I give the rules of the Nightingale Fund and of -the Westminster Training School, as I believe these -will be found fair specimens of the rest.</p> - -<p>At St. Thomas's two classes of probationers are -received. The rules for special probationers are as -follows:—</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_73">73</span></p> - -<p>The committee of the Nightingale Fund have -made arrangements for the admission to their school -at St. Thomas's Hospital of a limited number of -gentlewomen who may desire to qualify themselves -in the practice of hospital nursing, with the express -object of entering upon this profession permanently, -by eventually filling superior situations in public -hospitals and infirmaries.</p> - -<p>These probationers will be required to pay towards -the cost of maintenance during their year of training -the sum of £30, and to give an undertaking to continue -in the work for three years after leaving the -school; but, upon payment of a higher sum of £52, -to cover the cost of maintenance and also partly of -instruction, &c., the undertaking will be limited to -one year after leaving the school.</p> - -<p>Occasional vacancies occur for the admission of -gentlewomen free of expense, together with, in some -cases, a small salary during the year of training. -These advantages will be strictly limited to those -whose circumstances require such aid.</p> - -<p>Candidates desirous of receiving this course of -training should apply to Mrs. Wardroper, the Matron, -at St. Thomas's Hospital, subject to whose selection -they will be received into the hospital as probationers. -The age considered desirable for these probationers is -from twenty-seven to thirty-seven, single or widows;<span class="pagenum" id="Page_74">74</span> -a certificate of age and other information will be -required. Should opportunities occur for affording -instruction in some of the duties of supervision, they -will be expected to remain for that purpose for a -further period of two or three months, but in that -case no further payment will be required. Payment -will be required by two equal instalments in advance, -viz., half on admittance, and half at the end of six -months. No part of the paid instalment will be -returned in the event of the probationer leaving from -any cause.</p> - -<p>The probationers will receive instruction from the -medical instructor and the hospital "sisters," and will -serve as assistant nurses in the wards of the hospital.</p> - -<p>The names of the probationers will be entered in -a register, in which a record will be kept of their -qualifications. At the end of a year those whom the -Committee find to have passed satisfactorily through -the course of instruction and training will be entered -in the register as certified nurses.</p> - -<p>On completion of their training they must be prepared -to take employment on the nursing staff of -some public hospital or infirmary wherever offered to -them by the Committee, and to continue in similar -employment for a period of three years at least, this -period being limited to one year in the case only of -those who have paid at the higher rate. As a step<span class="pagenum" id="Page_75">75</span> -to superior situations, they will be expected, if required, -to accept an engagement as nurse (day or -night), at the usual salary, for the whole or a portion -of the first year after leaving the training school. -Engagements, whether as nurse or in a superior situation, -will from time to time, during the above period, -be made through the Committee with the managers of -the institution, by whom the certified probationer is -to be employed. Her salary will be paid to her by -such managers, but it is expected that she will not -terminate any engagement without due notice to the -Committee.</p> - -<p>Withdrawal from the service may be allowed upon -special grounds—family circumstances or otherwise—to -be approved by the Committee.</p> - -<p>Probationers will not be expected to go out of -Great Britain unless at their own request.</p> - -<p>The Committee desire, in every case where a staff -of nurses is engaged from the "Nightingale Fund," -to place at the head of them a superintendent, who -has been also trained in the same school. Applications -have been numerous for trained nurses to fill -superior situations, such as matron, superintendent, -assistants to those officers, and ward sister or chief -nurse, while there has hitherto been a want of qualified -candidates. The Committee therefore anticipate -no difficulty in being able to offer suitable appoint<span class="pagenum" id="Page_76">76</span>ments -to their certified probationers. They will, in -recommending for employment, consult the inclination -of every probationer—so far as a due regard to the -special circumstances of each case enable them to do.</p> - -<p>Every probationer will be required, at the end of -one month from the date of entry into the hospital, -to sign a written engagement, agreeing to abide by -these regulations.</p> - -<p>These are the rules for the ordinary training of -hospital nurses:—</p> - -<p>The Committee of the "Nightingale Fund" have -made arrangements with the authorities of St. -Thomas's Hospital for giving a year's training to -women desirous of working as hospital nurses. -Women desirous of receiving this course of training -should apply to Mrs. Wardroper, the matron at -St. Thomas's Hospital, subject to whose selection they -will be received into the hospital as probationers. -The age considered desirable for probationers is from -twenty-five to thirty-five single or widows; a certificate -of age and other information will be required. -They will receive, during the year of training, -payment in money and clothing to the value of £16, -on the following footing, thus:—Clothing, costing -about £4; payment at the end of the first quarter, -£2; at the end of the second quarter, £2 10s.; at -the end of the third quarter, £2 10s.; at the end of<span class="pagenum" id="Page_77">77</span> -the fourth quarter, £8; and a further gratuity of £2 -if recommended for employment. Should the term -of residence be extended beyond the year, payment -will be made at the end of the fifth quarter of £4.</p> - -<p>At the close of a year their training will usually -be considered complete, and during the three years -succeeding the completion of their training they will -be required to enter into service as hospital nurses, -in such situations as may from time to time be offered -to them by the Committee.</p> - -<p>The names of the probationers will be entered in -a register, in which a record will be kept of their -conduct and qualifications. This will be submitted at -the end of every month to the Committee of the -"Nightingale Fund." At the end of a year, those -whom the Committee find to have passed satisfactorily -through the course of instruction and training, -will be entered in the register as certified nurses, and -will be recommended for employment accordingly. -The Committee have hitherto readily found employment -for their certified nurses in some public hospital -or infirmary, at salaries usually commencing at £20, -with board (including tea and sugar) and washing. -Many have, after some years' service, obtained superior -appointments.</p> - -<p>Engagements are not to be made except through -the Committee, and no engagement is to be put an<span class="pagenum" id="Page_78">78</span> -end to without a quarter's previous notice to the Committee.</p> - -<p>The Committee will allow a yearly gratuity of £2 -to all their certified nurses, to be paid at the end of -every complete year of service, succeeding the term -of training, up to the third year, inclusive, providing -that evidence be given at the end of each year that -the nurse has served the whole time satisfactorily.</p> - -<p>No gratuity will be paid if the Committee have -reason to suppose that the nurse intends to discontinue -her employment. At the expiration of one month -from the date of entry, every probationer will be required -to write a letter to the following effect:—</p> - -<blockquote> - -<p><i>To the Chairman of the Committee of the "Nightingale Fund."</i></p> - -<p><span class="smcap">Sir</span>,—Having now become practically acquainted with the -duties required of a hospital nurse, I am satisfied that I shall -be able and willing, on the completion of my year's training, -to enter into service in a public hospital or infirmary, and I -engage, in accordance with the annexed regulations of the -"Nightingale Fund"—in return for the advantages bestowed -upon me—to continue in such service for the space of at least -three years, in whatever situations the Committee shall think -suitable to my abilities, it being my intention from henceforth -to devote myself to hospital employment. I further agree not -to enter into any engagements except through the Committee, -and not to leave any situation without giving due notice to the -Committee.</p> - -<p> -I am, Sir, &c., &c.<br /> -</p></blockquote> - -<p>The following regulations are common to both -classes of probationers:—</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_79">79</span></p> - -<p>The term of the probationers' training is a complete -year. Probationers will be received on the -distinct understanding that they will remain for the -required term; they may, however, be allowed to withdraw -upon grounds to be approved by the Committee. -They will be subject to be discharged at any time -by the matron in case of misconduct, or should she -consider them inefficient or negligent of their duties.</p> - -<p>The probationers will be under the authority of -the matron of the hospital, and will be subject to -the rules of the hospital. They will be lodged in -the hospital in the "Nightingale Home," which adjoins -the matron's house; each will have a separate -bed-room, and they will be supplied at the cost of the -"Nightingale Fund" with board, including tea and -sugar, and a weekly allowance of 1s. 6d. for washing; -and with a certain quantity of outer clothing of a -uniform character, which they will always be required -to wear when in the hospital.</p> - -<p>The usual times of admission are the quarter days. -Candidates must be seen by Mrs. Wardroper, at St. -Thomas's Hospital, Albert Embankment, Westminster -Bridge, London, between 10 and 12 <span class="smcap lowercase">A.M.</span> only, on -Tuesday or Friday. These regulations may be obtained -by writing to H. Bonham-Carter, Esq., Secretary -to the "Nightingale Fund," 91, Gloucester Terrace, -Hyde Park.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_80">80</span></p> - -<p>The regulations of the Training School for Nurses -in connection with Westminster Hospital are very -similar, but I think it better to give them in detail.</p> - -<p>The Committee of the Westminster School for -Nurses has made arrangements for training their probationers -in a practical way in the wards of the above -hospital. Those young women who are desirous to -be so trained should apply (personally, if possible, or -else by letter) to the lady superintendent of the -Training School, 8, Broad Sanctuary, Westminster. -It is desirable that the ages of candidates should be -between twenty-five and thirty-five. Testimonials of -health and character, according to forms supplied by -the lady superintendent, will be required; and when -satisfactory, and as vacancies occur, the applicants -will be received as probationers.</p> - -<p>Probationers will be under the direction and -authority of the lady superintendent and the rules -of the training school; and whilst at work in the -hospital they must obey and recognise all the standing -rules of that institution. Probationers will be -supplied with board, lodging, and washing.</p> - -<p>If retained, the wages in the first year of a probationer -will be £16, of which a portion may be -retained till the completion of her year of probation, -as guarantee of her good behaviour, and subject to -forfeiture in case of misconduct. Probationers will<span class="pagenum" id="Page_81">81</span> -be required to conform to any regulations in regard -to uniformity in outer clothing, and if supplied with -materials for the same by the school, the cost (not -exceeding £4 4s.) will be retained from their wages.</p> - -<p>It is expected that at the end of a year probationers -will be fitted to be nurses, and their engagement -will require them to serve two years more in -hospital or private nursing, with an increase of £2 -for each year—that is, £18 for the second, and £20 -for the third.</p> - -<p>At the expiration of one month from the date of -entry every probationer will be required, in such -form as may be in use, to engage herself to continue -in the service for at least two years longer than her -probation, after which her time will be her own. In -the event of her not continuing after the first month -no wages will be paid.</p> - -<p>The names of the probationers will be entered on -a register, in which a record will be kept of their -conduct and qualifications. At the end of every -quarter the record will be submitted to the Committee -of Management.</p> - -<p>The probationers will be subject to be discharged -at any time by the lady superintendent in case of -misconduct, or should she think them inefficient or -negligent in their duties.</p> - -<p>The nurse, or probationer, must not only be able<span class="pagenum" id="Page_82">82</span> -to read written instructions, and to write, but have -had a good English education. The probationer or -nurse is to keep her own room neat, clean, and in -order, in the home, as well as to assist in the needlework -there if required to do so.</p> - -<p>The duties of the nurses will be to attend both -the rich and the poor, either in hospitals or private -houses.</p> - -<p>The lady superintendent tells me that nearly half -the ladies who come to her leave at the expiration -of the trial month, having discovered that they -are unsuited to the life, although I believe it is -not particularly trying.</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_V" id="CHAPTER_V">CHAPTER V.</a><br /> - -<small>CLERKS.</small></h2> - - -<p class="sub"><i>Bookkeepers.</i>—There is a very considerable demand -for female clerks and bookkeepers. The necessary -knowledge is easily acquired by any industrious person -with punctual and orderly habits.</p> - -<p>An adult bookkeeping class is held at 22, Berners -Street, Oxford Street, the office of the Society for -the Employment of Women. On entering the class -a student is required to bring recommendations from -two householders, who will be responsible for her<span class="pagenum" id="Page_83">83</span> -thorough steadiness and respectability. If, as is often -the case, the student has lately left school, a letter -from the mistress, or her latest school report, is -required, and those only are admitted to the class -who can write clearly and neatly, spell correctly, -and work accurately the first four rules of arithmetic -simple and compound. A course of lessons generally -extends over four or five months; during that time -students are not only taught the principles of book-keeping -by single and double entry, but every effort -is made to inspire them with a high sense of responsibility, -and to make them punctual, orderly, and -earnest, in the discharge of their duties. No student -is allowed to go up for examination unless her conduct -in the class has been satisfactory, and unless she -has shown a desire to do her work conscientiously.</p> - -<p>Bookkeepers who have gained certificates almost -invariably retain their situations with credit. It is -often difficult to obtain a first situation, for practical -experience is generally required, but in this the certificate -is a great help, as it forms a good introduction, -and is a guarantee of efficiency and respectability.</p> - -<p>When she has once made a fair start, a certificated -bookkeeper is seldom unemployed. The class meets -on the evenings of Monday and Thursday, at 6.30. -The fee is sixpence weekly. A bookkeeping class is -also held at the College for Working Women, 7,<span class="pagenum" id="Page_84">84</span> -Fitzroy Street, Fitzroy Square. The fee is 1s. 3d. -each term; there are four terms in the year, consisting -of 35 lessons, from 8 to 9.30 <span class="smcap lowercase">P.M.</span> New pupils are only -admitted on the first class night of the Michaelmas -and Easter terms. Students can be examined by the -Society of Arts, and obtain the certificates of the -Society free of expense. The membership fee is a -shilling a term extra.</p> - -<p>Public classes, besides those I have mentioned, -are held at the College for Men and Women, Queen -Square, Bloomsbury; at the Quebec Institute, Baker -Street; and at the Birkbeck Institute, Chancery -Lane. Clerks must be prepared to accept low salaries -for their first engagements, perhaps 10s. a week; but -after they have gained experience, they will be able -to secure from 15s. to 30s. a week.</p> - - -<p class="sub"><i>Telephone.</i>—The United Telephone Company, 36, -Coleman Street, Moorgate Street, employ about a -hundred young ladies, chiefly the daughters of professional -men who have received few educational -advantages, and no special technical instruction. -The requirements being small the salary is in proportion, -commencing at 11s. weekly, and rising slowly -to 16s. Candidates must be between the ages of -16 and 20. Those whose parents are in trade are not -eligible.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_85">85</span></p> - - -<p class="sub"><i>Shorthand Writing.</i>—The power of writing in -shorthand is a very valuable acquisition, especially to -bookkeepers who also act as correspondents, as it -frequently enables them to obtain larger salaries than -they could expect without it, and there is an increasing -demand for female shorthand clerks. Translators -also occasionally employ them to write from dictation, -and sometimes it happens they can get work as -reporters.</p> - -<p>Miss Pritchard, of 83, Edgeware Road, is highly -recommended as a teacher. She says it requires -nine months to learn, and perhaps from six to -twelve months' practice afterwards, to become a proficient -writer, so much depends upon the individual -ability. She herself began to earn money by it at -the end of the first nine months. Her charge for -tuition is a guinea for thirteen lessons, one every -week. She can usually arrange to give the lessons, -if desirable, in the evening, so that they need not -interfere with any daily employment in which her -pupils may be engaged.</p> - -<p>The rate of pay shorthand writers expect to receive -is twopence a folio (72 words). Of course for this they -have to make a fair copy of their work in ordinary -writing.</p> - -<p>The Metropolitan School of Shorthand in Chancery -Lane undertakes to ensure proficiency for a certain<span class="pagenum" id="Page_86">86</span> -fixed charge. I understand that the sum of £5 is -the maximum amount.</p> - - -<p class="sub"><i>Post Office Directories.</i>—Messrs. Kelly and Co., of -51, Great Queen Street, Lincoln's Inn, employ a considerable -number of female clerks to assist in compiling -their Post Office directories; they will take girls from -the age of fourteen, and the only necessary qualifications -are reading and perfectly legible writing. The -pay commences at 8s. a week, and increases 2s. a -week every year until it reaches a pound. The hours -are from half-past nine until half-past five, excepting -on Saturdays, when they leave off working at four -o'clock. An hour is allowed for dinner, which must be -eaten on the premises. The duties are decidedly easy, -and the hours light. Applications for employment -must be made by letter, but vacancies seldom occur.</p> - - -<p class="sub"><i>Junior Army and Navy Stores.</i>—These recently-established -stores employ ladies as clerks; the preference -is given to daughters of military or naval officers.</p> - -<p>The necessary qualifications are a thorough knowledge -of arithmetic, a slight acquaintance with book-keeping, -and good legible writing. The hours are from -nine to six, with an hour's interval for dinner. The -salaries commence at £40 a year.</p> - - -<p class="sub"><i>Prudential Life Assurance.</i>—One hundred and<span class="pagenum" id="Page_87">87</span> -sixty ladies are employed by this Company at their -offices, Holborn Bars; only daughters of professional -men are eligible, and they require no special -qualifications beyond an ordinary English education. -The hours of work are from a quarter to ten to -five o'clock; on Saturdays until two. The comfort -of the lady clerks has been studied to a very great -extent, an excellent library and piano are provided -for their use, and a refreshment room, where -they can obtain luncheon (for which an hour is -allowed) at a moderate price. The flat roof has been -converted into terraces, where they may take exercise -during their luncheon hour, and they have a separate -entrance and staircase to that used by the male -clerks.</p> - -<p>They are paid £32 the first year, £42 the second, -and £52 the third; after that time their salaries increase -according to the value of their services. The -duties principally consist of copying and writing -letters from notes.</p> - - -<p class="sub"><i>Coupon Sorters.</i>—Messrs. Rothschild, St. -Swithin's Lane, and Messrs. Baring, Bishopsgate -Street Within, employ a small number of -women in sorting coupons; the only necessary -qualifications are an ordinary English education -and good references. At Messrs. Baring's the<span class="pagenum" id="Page_88">88</span> -hours of work are from ten to five. The junior clerks -receive 15s. a week, and the seniors' salaries average -£1 to 25s.; they are engaged by the week. I believe -that Messrs. Rothschild's rules are very similar.</p> - - -<p class="sub"><i>Law Copyists.</i>—Many women are now employed -in law copying; they are apprenticed for six months, -sometimes paying a small premium of 2 or 3 guineas, -but in some cases they are only required to give their -time. After six months they begin to earn a few -shillings a week, which may increase, according to -efficiency, to 25s. Their salary is regular, and does -not depend (as it does in the case of men) on their -employers having work or not. The hours are from -nine to seven, excepting on Saturdays, when they -leave a little earlier.</p> - -<p>The following firms employ women, but only the -first three will teach:—Mr. Hardy, Castle Street, -Holborn; Mrs. Le Fuel, Brownlow Street, Holborn; -Mr. F. Watkins, Dyer's Buildings, Holborn; Messrs. -Hooper and Sons, Ludgate Hill; Messrs. Hadley, Castle -Street, Holborn. Law clerks also occasionally employ -women as copyists, and I think efficient writers might -frequently obtain private employment from solicitors, -especially if they had any acquaintance with them, or -they could take specimens of their work to strangers, -and boldly ask for a trial. Employers like girls to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_89">89</span> -begin to learn soon after leaving school; they will take -them as young as fifteen.</p> - - -<p class="sub"><i>Telegraphy.</i>—The following is an exact copy of the -rules for telegraph clerks. Applications for admission -to the Telegraph Office must be made to the Postmaster-General, -as all nominations are made by him.</p> - -<p>The subjects for test examination are:—</p> - -<p>(1.) Writing from dictation.</p> - -<p>(2.) Writing with a pencil, or style.</p> - -<p>(3.) Arithmetic (easy sums in the first four rules).</p> - -<p>Limits of age, not under fourteen or above -eighteen.</p> - -<p>Successful candidates have to attend the Post Office -Telegraph School to undergo a course of instruction in -telegraphy, for which instruction no charge is made, -but they do not receive any pay while at the school.</p> - -<p>The course of instruction usually extends over a -period of three months, but if at any period of their -tuition, or during their probationary employment at a -telegraph office, it becomes evident they display no -aptitude for the duties of a telegraphist, their nomination -or probationary appointment will be cancelled.</p> - -<p>The scale of pay for women is 8s. per week, on -receiving a certificate from the school, and commencing -the period of probation; rising to 12s. on being -certified to be fully capable of transmitting public<span class="pagenum" id="Page_90">90</span> -messages; and rising to 14s. on being certified as -being capable of taking charge of a telegraph instrument; -afterwards, as vacancies occur, 14s. per week, -increasing by 1s. per week to 17s. per week, with a -prospect of rising to 30s. per week.</p> - -<p>Hours of attendance for female clerks, eight hours -a day, between the hours of 8 <span class="smcap lowercase">A.M.</span> and 8 <span class="smcap lowercase">P.M.</span></p> - - -<p class="sub"><i>Post Office Clerks.</i>—A considerable number of -ladies are employed in the Receiver and Accountant -General's Office; it is, I believe, more generally known -as the Post Office Clearing House. An entrance -examination has to be passed in the following subjects -of competitive examination, conducted by the Civil -Service Commissioners:—</p> - -<p>(1.) Handwriting and orthography.</p> - -<p>(2.) English grammar and composition.</p> - -<p>(3.) Arithmetic (including vulgar and decimal -fractions).</p> - -<p>(4.) Geography.</p> - -<p>Candidates under seventeen or above twenty years -of age are ineligible.</p> - - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> -<tr><td align="center" colspan="6"><i>Salary.</i></td></tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">2nd Class,</td> - <td align="left">£40,</td> - <td align="left">rising by</td> - <td align="left">£7 10s.</td> - <td align="left">yearly to</td> - <td align="left">£75.</td></tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">1st Class,</td> - <td align="left">£80</td> - <td align="center">"</td> - <td align="left">£7 10s.</td> - <td align="center">"</td> - <td align="left">£100.</td></tr> -<tr> - <td align="left">Principal Clerks,</td> - <td align="left">£110</td> - <td align="center">"</td> - <td align="left">£10</td> - <td align="center">"</td> - <td align="left">£150.</td></tr> -</table></div> - -<p>The hours of attendance are from 10 to 4.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_91">91</span></p> - -<p>Hitherto women have been employed as returners -and counterwomen in the General Post Office, London, -but no fresh appointments have been made for some -time, and it does not appear likely that there will be -any more.</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VI" id="CHAPTER_VI">CHAPTER VI.</a><br /> - -<small>MISCELLANEOUS.</small></h2> - - -<p class="sub"><i>Assistants in Shops.</i>—I do not think it is generally -known how valid the claim of the girls employed by -the large linendrapers is to the much-disputed title of -"young lady." At all the houses where I have inquired, -I find that a large proportion of the girls are -daughters of professional men, the fathers of the -remainder being for the most part farmers and clerks; -they are all fairly well educated, possess good manners, -and if their conduct is not above reproach they are -immediately dismissed.</p> - -<p>I give particulars of five representative houses. -I think the rules of others of the same class will be -found very similar. All the particulars have been -furnished me by members of the firms, and in many -cases I have also made inquiries of the young ladies -who are employed. Their universal opinion is that<span class="pagenum" id="Page_92">92</span> -they are much better off than they would be if they -were governesses; in fact, many of them have been -governesses, and have given it up from the difficulty -of obtaining comfortable engagements. Their evenings -are entirely at their own disposal, and they are -allowed to go away from Saturday until Sunday night -or Monday morning, if their employers know where -they are going. At very nearly all the shops I -mention the girls are allowed to sit down excepting -when they are engaged in serving. The good feeling -existing between employers and employed seems to be -very general.</p> - -<p>I heard no complaints from either side; the heads -of the firms all seemed to think they could not do too -much for the comfort of their employés, and they on -their side seemed fully sensible of the kindness with -which they are treated. Their sitting and bed rooms -are all spacious and airy, and their food, which on -two occasions I had opportunities of inspecting, plentiful -and good.</p> - -<p>All the firms employ large numbers of women -who do not live in the house, but I shall not give any -particulars respecting them, as they are of quite a -different class to those I am writing for.</p> - -<p>Messrs. Howell and James, Regent Street, employ -twenty-five ladies in their establishment, who live -in the house. When their contemplated alterations<span class="pagenum" id="Page_93">93</span> -and improvements are made, each young lady will -have a separate bed-room; they have very pleasant -sitting-rooms, and a library and piano are provided for -their use.</p> - -<p>The hours of work are from 9 to 6, Saturdays -until two, and they all have a fortnight or three -weeks' holiday in the summer. The salaries vary -from £20 to £200 a year. Apprentices are received -for three years; they live in the house, and pay a -premium of £40. Improvers are also taken. All -applicants must have good references and manners, -and be well educated.</p> - -<p>Messrs. Lewis and Allenby, Regent Street, employ -seventy ladies in the house, twenty-four in the show-rooms, -and the rest in the workrooms. They take -neither apprentices nor improvers, and all the young -ladies who apply to them must previously have received -a thorough training. Hours of work are from -8.30 until 6.30, Saturdays until 2. They have three -weeks' holiday after the London season. Their house -has lately been rebuilt, and the rooms are everything -that can be desired; two young ladies usually share a -bed-room. A piano, and house library, besides a -subscription to Mudie's, are provided for the use of -the young people.</p> - -<p>The salaries range from £25 to £200 per annum. -A doctor calls every day to see any one who may be<span class="pagenum" id="Page_94">94</span> -ill, and anything he orders is immediately provided at -the expense of the firm.</p> - -<p>Messrs. Marshall and Snelgrove, Oxford Street -and Vere Street, employ seventy ladies in their -show-rooms. The hours of work are from 8.30 until -6.30 in the winter, or 7 in the summer; Saturdays -until 2. Sixteen days' holidays are allowed after the -season. No apprentices are received, and the salaries -vary from £20 to £150 a year. About ninety or a -hundred girls are also employed in their work-rooms, -at salaries of from £15 to £100 a year.</p> - -<p>Messrs. Venables, High Street, Whitechapel, a -very old-established firm, employ twenty-five in the -house, at salaries of from £20 to £200 per annum. -The hours of work are from 9 till 7 in winter, until -7.30 or 8 in summer, Saturdays until 3 o'clock. A -fortnight's holiday is given every year. Apprentices -are taken for two or three years at a small premium, -which is usually returned as a bonus for good conduct. -There is a bagatelle and a billiard table, a piano, and -a library of 2,000 volumes, for the use of the employés. -Not more than four girls are ever expected -to share the same room.</p> - -<p>Messrs. Spencer, Turner, and Boldero, Lisson -Grove, employ seventy ladies. The working -hours are from 8.30 until 7, and they have a fortnight -or three weeks' holiday in the year. The<span class="pagenum" id="Page_95">95</span> -salaries are from £5 to £100 a year. Apprentices are -received for two years without a premium, and their -friends are only required to provide them with clothes. -In one large room five young ladies sleep, but as a rule -there are not more than three or four in a room.</p> - -<p>Only the young ladies in the show-rooms are -allowed to sit down; it would interfere too much -with business if those behind the counters were provided -with seats. I asked two of them if they found -the continual standing affect their health; they said -girls for the first month found it very trying, but -after that they become used to it, and, excepting in -very hot weather, did not mind it at all. Cases of -serious illness are very rare in all the establishments -I have visited. At the last two shops I have mentioned -the class of customers is very different from -the others; but, with that exception, I believe the -young ladies employed are equally comfortable.</p> - - -<p class="sub"><i>Teachers of Cookery.</i>—At the National Training -School for Cookery in the Exhibition Road, South -Kensington, ladies are taught to be efficient teachers -of cookery, and, as a rule, do not find it difficult to -obtain engagements. The School Board employs a -considerable number, and pays them at the rate of -£60 a year.</p> - -<p>Teachers of cookery can now pass through a full<span class="pagenum" id="Page_96">96</span> -course of twenty weeks' training in cookery and -practice in teaching at the National Training School -for Cookery, South Kensington. The fee is £20. -Teachers of plain cookery only can now pass through -a course lasting ten weeks; the fee is £8 8s.</p> - -<p>Students in training are expected to attend evening -classes, held by staff teachers, once a week. A -student in training for a teacher first passes as a -pupil through the Scullery and Demonstration Classes. -This takes (working every day except Saturday) -one month, from 10 <span class="smcap lowercase">A.M.</span> to 4 <span class="smcap lowercase">P.M.</span>, with an interval -from 12 to 2 for rest and luncheon. At the end of -the month her note-books are to be examined and -corrected. She then spends one month learning in -the Plain Cookery Practice Kitchen, and a fortnight -in teaching there what she has already learnt. She -next goes into the High Class Practice Kitchen, and -spends one month in learning and a fortnight in -teaching. The last month is devoted to practice in -demonstrating, first a fortnight in private, and lastly -a fortnight in public, for which the lady superintendent -has drawn up careful and strict rules; they are -hung up close to where the student stands, to give -her demonstration.</p> - -<p>During her course of training the student can, if -she likes, dine with the other pupils for 1s., or, if that -is beyond her means, she is allowed to purchase any<span class="pagenum" id="Page_97">97</span> -little dish that has been cooked as a lesson, at a -nominal charge.</p> - -<p>The staff teachers receive £75 per annum and -their dinner at the school while employed in -London. When sent to reside out of London -they receive a further sum of 20s. a week for board -and lodging, and all their travelling expenses; one -months' notice on either side to terminate the engagement. -When the staff teachers are all employed a -few extra teachers are taken on as improvers at £1 -a week, as this fits them to fill good appointments in -the provinces when they offer. These engagements are -terminable by a week's notice on either side.</p> - -<p>The work of a teacher on the staff varies somewhat -according to the nature of her appointment—<i>i.e.</i>, -if employed in the school itself she will have to -be in her kitchen by 9.30 <span class="smcap lowercase">A.M.</span> to see that her kitchen-maid -has everything in proper order for the pupils -to begin work at 10 <span class="smcap lowercase">A.M.</span> The lessons end at 4 <span class="smcap lowercase">P.M.</span> -The teacher would, in most cases, be able to leave -the school at 5 <span class="smcap lowercase">P.M.</span></p> - -<p>If a staff teacher is sent to the provinces, the -hours of work in that case depend greatly upon the -local committee who for the time being employ her, -but the number of hours of work are limited to -twenty-four in the week, to be distributed by arrangement -with the local committee and the teacher. If<span class="pagenum" id="Page_98">98</span> -nominated for training, the candidate must not be -under eighteen nor exceed thirty-five years of age. -She will be admitted either by payment of fees or by -subscriber's nomination. She must be sufficiently -educated to be able to perform the duties of an instructor -after the special training.</p> - -<p>The diplomas of teachers are of two classes. -Students, according to the class of diploma they have -obtained, will be recommended to the public desirous -to employ teachers, preference being given to teachers -in the highest class.</p> - -<p>The conditions of admission are:—</p> - -<p>(<i>a</i>) That the student agrees to obey all the rules -of the school laid down by the Executive Committee.</p> - -<p>(<i>b</i>) That for any infraction of the rules the student -may be discharged at a day's notice, without having -a claim of any kind upon the school.</p> - -<p>(<i>c</i>) That if after training the student proves competent -(of which the Committee are sole judges), and -her services be required, she will be prepared to -accept an engagement on the staff of the school, at a -salary ranging from £1 to £2 weekly; but it is to -be clearly understood that the Committee are not -responsible for finding any paid employment for the -student while in the school, or afterwards, the employment -of teachers certified by the school resting -wholly with the public.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_99">99</span></p> - -<p>Teachers, while on the staff, and employed in the -school, are not free to take any engagement without -leave from the Committee, given in writing. Teachers -holding diplomas not on the staff are free to make any -engagement for teaching they may think fit, and may -refer to the lady superintendent, who will give additional -information as to their qualifications when -required to do so.</p> - -<p>Any subscriber to the school of £1 1s. has a right -to a vote, and twenty votes admit a candidate to a -full course of training, so that to become a subscriber -is an excellent opportunity to be charitable, and oblige, -possibly, a friend at the same time.</p> - -<p>I think if, in addition to teaching cookery, ladies -were able also to lecture on the elements of physiology -and the laws of health, they would more readily -find engagements, and be able to command better -salaries. Unfortunately, at present there is no place -where they can be examined as to their capabilities, -and receive certificates, which would be most desirable. -They can, however, acquire the necessary information by -reading and attending some of the excellent courses of -lectures on the subject that are frequently held in London; -they are generally advertised in the daily papers.</p> - - -<p class="sub"><i>Music.</i>—No lady should take up music as a profession -unless she has sufficient talent to justify her<span class="pagenum" id="Page_100">100</span> -in expecting to be a first-rate teacher and performer. -The profession is overstocked to a most painful extent -already with second-rate teachers, and, speaking -roughly, I should say there are very nearly as many -people anxious to teach music as there are people to -be taught. In the one branch of class-singing, I -believe there is a large demand for good lady teachers, -as they are most difficult to obtain, and any really -competent persons may be sure of obtaining engagements -at good salaries. For any one with exceptional -talent a thorough training is the great -thing to be desired, and this can be obtained at -the Royal College of Music, Kensington Gore, where -a free musical education, in all its branches, is -given for five years, to any one who can obtain a -scholarship. Many of these are open to public competition, -without any limit of age. The school does -not provide board or lodging, though I believe some -of the scholarships carry with them exhibitions for -maintenance. The year is divided into three terms, -and there are twelve weeks of vacation. Students, -when competent, are allowed to give lessons or perform -in public during their spare time. No engagements are -guaranteed at the end of the course of study; but the -authorities do all in their power to secure them. For -further information respecting the scholarships, &c., application -should be made to the registrar at the school.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_101">101</span></p> - -<p><i>Royal Academy of Music</i>, Tenterden Street, -Hanover Square.—At this Academy, also, pupils are -thoroughly trained in music.</p> - -<p>Students are admitted at the commencement of -each term and half-term. Candidates for admission -must attend for examination, bringing music they can -perform, at eleven o'clock on the Saturday before each -term or half-term, with a recommendation from a -subscriber, a member, an associate, or an honorary -member.</p> - -<p>The fee for examination is £1 1s., which is returned -on the admission of the candidate. Candidates -residing at a distance from London may be primarily -examined by any one of the local examiners, from -whom they may obtain information and advice respecting -the Academy. One or more local examiners -(whose services are honorary) are appointed in every -principal town of the kingdom.</p> - -<p>The year is divided into three terms, and there are -thirteen weeks of vacation.</p> - -<p>The annual fee for the entire course of study is 30 -guineas, or 10 guineas per term, with an entrance fee -of 5 guineas.</p> - -<p>The course of instruction includes two weekly -lessons in a principal study, one in harmony, one in a -second study, when deemed desirable, one in elocution -for singers, and the advantages of the sight-singing<span class="pagenum" id="Page_102">102</span> -class and violin quartet class, and the orchestral and -choral practices.</p> - -<p>All payments must be made in advance. On -leaving the Academy students may undergo an examination. -Should the examination prove satisfactory -they will receive a certificate, and in special cases the -additional distinction of being made an associate of -the institution.</p> - -<p>There are a great many free scholarships attached -to this institution; inquiries about them should be -directed to the secretary at the Academy.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p><i>The London Academy of Music</i>, St. George's Hall, -Langham Place, Regent Street, is designed for vocal -and instrumental students, amateur and professional, -desirous of receiving a complete musical education in -this country from the best London professors on the -moderate fees of the Continental institutions.</p> - -<p>Students can select either harmony, pianoforte -playing, singing, or any other branch of the art, as -their principal study, and receive individual instruction -in that branch from one of the principal professors; -they will in addition receive instruction in -two other branches.</p> - -<p>The year is divided into three terms, each term -consisting of twelve weeks' instruction. A lesson is -given once a week in each branch of study, students<span class="pagenum" id="Page_103">103</span> -residing at a distance can receive all their lessons on -one day. The fee for each student is 5 guineas per -term. This includes a whole course of instruction -necessary for a complete musical education. French, -German, Italian, elocution, and deportment, are all -extras. The fee for each is £1 1s. per term. A fee -of £3 3s. is charged for students desirous of attending -the operatic class and the drawing and painting class.</p> - -<p>All fees are required to be paid in advance. Candidates -for admission as students must show that they -possess sufficient ability to profit by the course of -study, and are required to attend at the Academy -before the commencement of the term at which they -desire to be admitted in order to be examined by the -principal. The examination fee is 5s. There are -several scholarships; these entitle their holders to -one year's free instruction, or to two years' instruction -by paying half fees each term.</p> - -<p>Further particulars can be obtained at the office, -St. George's Hall.</p> - - -<p class="sub"><i>Printing.</i>—A women's printing office has been -established at 21<span class="smcap lowercase">B</span>, Great College Street, Westminster, -where only female apprentices are taken. In answer -to my questions, the girls said they liked the work -much, and found it very interesting; it is necessary -that they should read and spell well, and have some<span class="pagenum" id="Page_104">104</span> -knowledge of punctuation. The apprenticeships are -for three years, and the premium is £2, which is returned -in wages, as they commence after the first -month, at the rate of 2s. 6d. per week, rising to 10s. -by the end of the three years; after that time the -amount earned depends upon the worker's industry -and quickness; the average earnings are from £1 to -£1 10s. a week. The hours of work are from 9 till 6.30, -with an hour's interval for dinner; all the workers, -including apprentices, are paid extra for overtime.</p> - -<p>Several other printers employ women, but when -men are employed as well the women are not usually -paid at the same rate, and the premium in most cases -is £5. Messrs. Bale, of 87 and 89, Great Titchfield -Street, have taken girl apprentices for many years, -and Mr. Bowden, of Red Lion Street, has done the -same. Miss Emily Faithfull was the first to introduce -printing as an occupation for women in England, and -has employed them for some time at her Victoria -Press, in Praed Street, Paddington.</p> - - -<p class="sub"><i>Dressmaking.</i>—A lady, trading under the name of -Grace and Co., has recently started a business at -Albany House, 259, Vauxhall Bridge Road, S.W., -with the following avowed objects:—</p> - -<p>I. To provide work for ladies who do not desire -charity.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_105">105</span></p> - -<p>II. To afford ladies the means of thoroughly -qualifying themselves in cutting, fitting, and making-up -dresses of every description</p> - -<p>III. To give employment to those who have become -qualified in work-rooms, in their own homes, and -in the houses of those willing to treat them as ladies.</p> - -<p>IV. To aid those who may be considered competent -in opening branch establishments.</p> - -<p>V. To assist those who are qualified and desirous -of emigrating in finding suitable colonial engagements. -Workers will be required to give satisfactory references. -They must be good needlewomen, and forward -a sample, which will not be returned. The object -of this undertaking is to provide remunerative employment -for those requiring it; so all those employed -are expected to conform heartily to the rules which -are essential to success in business. One of the -partners can always be found at Albany House, and -will be pleased to see any one interested in the work.</p> - - -<p class="sub"><i>Plain Needlework.</i>—Classes for ladies are held at -7, Fitzroy Street, Fitzroy Square Each course consists -of ten lessons in plain needlework and cutting -out in alternate lessons, according to the German -method of teaching in schools. Tickets for one course, -£1 1s.; to ladies who take more than one course a -reduction of 5s. will be made for each additional<span class="pagenum" id="Page_106">106</span> -course. Tickets are not transferable. Each lesson -lasts an hour and a half.</p> - -<p>Ladies anxious to start in business for themselves, -or to obtain situations as overlookers of workers in -wholesale houses, are frequently at a loss to know -where they can obtain the necessary knowledge. The -firm of Hamilton and Co., co-operative shirtmakers, -27, Mortimer Street, London, is willing to take young -ladies to train in business habits and a knowledge -of what is expected from forewomen of workers, -for a year, at a premium of £5, to be returned in -instalments after the first six months. The knowledge -of what work really is, and the punctual habits -that might be acquired in that time, would prove -very valuable to any one wishing to engage in business -on their own account.</p> - -<p>At many of the large City warehouses ladies could, -if they liked, be employed in the work-rooms as -machinists, plain-needleworkers, feather-dressers, and -to make up artificial flowers and lace goods. In the -last-mentioned occupations their taste would be a -great advantage. The only objection to ladies being -employed is the class of girls they would have to -associate with; but of course they need have no -acquaintance with them outside the work-room. The -work is usually paid for by the piece, and the earnings -of tolerably quick workers are from 14s. to<span class="pagenum" id="Page_107">107</span> -18s. a week. The hours of work are from 9 to 7, -with an hour's interval for dinner, half an hour for -tea, and a quarter of an hour for luncheon.</p> - -<p>The plain needlework can in many cases, if the -worker likes, be done at home. Apprenticeships are -necessary for some kinds of the work required, but -no premium is charged, the girl is only expected -to give her time for a few months. This may be -difficult at first, but in the end it is always an -advantage; the skilled workers can always be tolerably -certain of getting employment.</p> - - -<p class="sub"><i>School Board Visitors.</i>—A few ladies are employed -by the School Board to go to the children's -homes and to make inquiries as to the cause of -their absence from school; they are paid from £60 -to £75 a year. The duties are frequently very -unpleasant indeed, as their visits are considered an -intrusion, and are often deeply resented by the -parents; but as no special qualifications are required, -I dare say many ladies would be glad to obtain the -situations. Application should be made to the Secretary, -School Board Office, Victoria Embankment, -London.</p> - - -<p class="sub"><i>Minor Food Productions.</i>—A Ladies' Association -has been recently formed for the promotion of horticulture and of -minor food production. They are anxious to establish a college for<span class="pagenum" id="Page_108">108</span> -ladies where theoretic and practical instruction would be given, and -scientific training in horticulture and arboriculture, poultry-raising, -dairy work, bee-keeping, etc. To carry out this plan a freehold farm is -necessary, together with sufficient funds to secure a well-organised -system of instruction. It is believed by the promoters of this scheme -that country life may be made healthy, interesting, and profitable, by -a wise application of intelligence and capital; and that by so doing -many openings to beneficial and healthy occupations may be found for -women of the higher and lower classes, both at home and in the colonies.</p> - -<p>Many millions of money are annually paid by Great Britain to foreign -countries for various articles of food, a large part of which could be -equally well raised at home, if the best methods of their production -were more widely known and acted upon.</p> - -<p>This association is still quite in its infancy, but a committee has -been formed to act as a means of communication between ladies desiring -instruction in the various branches of minor food production and -ladies and gentlemen competent to give the necessary teaching. Letters -addressed to the Honorary Secretaries, Miss Thorn or Miss May Thorn, -Southover Grange, Lewes, Sussex, will receive attention. I believe<span class="pagenum" id="Page_109">109</span> -these ladies have already tested the scheme themselves, and found -poultry and pig keeping decidedly remunerative.</p> - - -<p class="sub"><i>Machine Knitters.</i>—A great many girls are employed in working -knitting-machines. They have to give a short time to learn how to -manage the machine, and then their earnings are from 10s. to 15s. a -week. The hours of work are generally eight a day, but these vary with -the season. This trade is not overstocked.</p> - - -<p class="sub"><i>Hairdressing.</i>—This is a very suitable occupation for women, and -it is a great pity they are not more extensively employed. Messrs. -Truefitt and Douglas are still the only two large firms where girls are -employed in dressing ladies' hair. Mr. H. P. Truefitt, 13, Old Bond -Street, tells me he always trains the young women in his own workshops, -and that a moderately apt girl is ready to take her turn in the -hair-dressing saloon in six or nine months. Their average earnings are -from 32s. to 35s. weekly. Hours of work are from 9.30 <span class="smcap">a.m.</span> to -6.30 <span class="smcap">p.m.</span> Mr. Douglas's (also of Bond Street) rules are almost -the same. The last set of girls Mr. Truefitt trained were ladies, and -he found the intelligence they brought to bear on their profession and -the difference in their address to ladies much appreciated.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_110">110</span></p> - - -<p class="sub"><i>Perfumery.</i>—Mr. Eugene Rimmel, 96, Strand, employs -60 young women in making-up valentines, scent-packets, -&c., and in gumming labels on to bottles, packing -violet powder, bottles of scent, and in various other -ways. Their wages begin at 8s. a week and rise to -21s. The work is quite light and easy. The hours -are from 8 to 1, and 2 to 7.30. The young ladies -he employs to serve in his shops have rather higher -salaries. They begin at 10s. a week, and rise to £2.</p> - - -<p class="sub"><i>Stationery Work.</i>—Most of the wholesale stationers -employ large numbers of women. The firm that -kindly furnished me with the following particulars -employs 100. They go as apprentices for two years, -paying a premium of a guinea, and they receive in -wages, for the first six months, 1s. a week; during -the second, 2s. 6d.; the third, 5s.; during the fourth, -and last six months, 7s. 6d. a week. After that -time their wages vary from 10s. to 15s. a week. -They are employed in book folding and sewing, stamping -paper, and in various other ways. The hours of -work are from 8.30 to 7; Saturdays until 1.30. An -hour is allowed them for dinner, and two short intervals -of from a quarter of an hour to twenty minutes -for luncheon and tea.</p> - - -<p class="sub"><i>Superintendents in Laundries.</i>—It is desired to -employ ladies as superintendents of laundries. The<span class="pagenum" id="Page_111">111</span> -work is not at all disagreeable, as, of course, they are -not expected to do any of the washing; only they -must have a thorough knowledge of how it should -be done, including the proper amount of soap, starch, -&c., to use. The salaries are about £80 a year, as -well as board and lodging. Application should be -made to some of the large laundry companies.</p> - - -<p class="sub"><i>Artificial Flower Making.</i>—Large numbers of -women are employed in this trade. They should -begin very young, immediately they leave school, and -it is a great advantage to them if their fingers happen -to be pointed. A large West End firm where I made -inquiries employs 60 or 70 women. The hours of -work are from 9 till 8, with an hour and a half's interval -for refreshment; on Saturdays they cease working -at 2. The wages vary from 14s. to 22s. a week. To -learn the business it is usual to give a few months; no -premium is expected. The large City houses, I believe, -pay by the piece. Making common flowers is -very unhealthy work.</p> - - -<p class="sub"><i>Feather Making.</i>—Girls are not generally apprenticed -to this trade, but begin to learn it when they -are very young. Their wages commence at 2s. or -2s. 6d. a week, rising eventually to 15s. or £1. The -hours of work are from 9 to 7, out of which time<span class="pagenum" id="Page_112">112</span> -half an hour is allowed for dinner, and half an hour -for tea.</p> - - -<p class="sub"><i>Jewellery.</i>—Women are employed in most manufacturing -jewellers' as polishers. They are apprenticed -for two years without a premium, but during -that time they receive no wages. Afterwards they -are paid from 5d. to 8d. an hour, according to their -skill. The hours of work are usually nine a day, -from 8.30 to 1, and from 2 to 6.30.</p> - - -<p class="sub"><i>Jewel Case Makers.</i>—The apprenticeship for lining -jewel cases is generally four years without premium. -The first year the girls receive no salary; the second, -3s. a week; the third, 5s.; and the fourth year, 8s. -weekly. The average wages after that time are from -18s. to 30s. a week, and work is very regular and -certain, although the trade is small. For covering -cases the apprenticeship is three years. Wages -begin after the first six months, at 3s., rising until -during the last six months of their time they receive -8s. a week. Their earnings afterwards are from 14s. -to 22s. a week. The hours of work are from 8.30 -till 8. Saturdays until 4.</p> - - -<p class="sub"><i>Gold and Silver Burnishing.</i>—Girls are apprenticed -to this trade generally for three years, sometimes -paying a small premium, sometimes none at all. They<span class="pagenum" id="Page_113">113</span> -give their services for the first year, and are generally -paid 3s. or 4s. a week the second; and from 8s. to 10s. -the third. After that time their wages are from 14s. -to 18s. a week, but a really good burnisher, if she -could get sufficient gilt-work to do, would make as -much as 25s. a week. The hours of work are from -9 till 8; an hour allowed for dinner, and half an hour -for tea. They are expected to provide their own tools -at a cost of from £3 to £5, but these will last a life-time, -and improve by using.</p> - - -<p class="sub"><i>Dentistry.</i>—Manufacturing dentists employ girls -in making false teeth. The wages are generally from -15s. to 18s. a week. An apprenticeship of from 18 -months to two years is necessary, and the premium -greatly depends upon the position of the dentist. -Some are glad to teach girls simply for their services.</p> - - -<p class="sub"><i>Map Mounting.</i>—Mounting maps is tolerably easy -work, and requires no special knowledge, only great -care and neatness. Employment can be obtained -from map-shops, and the wages are usually about 15s. -a week.</p> - - -<p class="sub"><i>Concertina Makers.</i>—Manufacturers of concertinas -employ girls at about 25s. a week wages. An appren<span class="pagenum" id="Page_114">114</span>ticeship -of a year is necessary. The premium is -£10 10s.</p> - -<hr class="tb" /> - -<p>Addresses of manufacturers of all the things I -have mentioned will be found in the Post Office -Directory.</p> - - - -<hr class="chap" /> -<h2><a name="CHAPTER_VII" id="CHAPTER_VII">CHAPTER VII.</a><br /> - -<small>EMIGRATION.</small></h2> - - -<p>Ladies who have never received any special training, -and have neither time nor means to procure it, would -probably do wisely to emigrate—that is to say, if -they are domesticated and willing to be generally -useful. In the colonies competition for situations is -not nearly so great as in England, and consequently -governesses, companions, mothers' helps, and housekeepers, -are more valued, and usually treated quite -as members of the family. I give particulars of two -of the Emigration Societies. They gave me most -encouraging accounts of the ladies who had emigrated -under their auspices, and told me they thought any -one, with ordinary good sense, and willing to work, -landing in Australia or New Zealand with a few -pounds in her pocket, would be sure to do well.<span class="pagenum" id="Page_115">115</span> -They both strongly advise ladies who have friends in -any one of the colonies to choose that one to go to, -as private introductions are most valuable. Intending -emigrants should acquire as thorough a knowledge -of cookery, all kinds of needlework (including dressmaking), -ironing, starching, &c., as they possibly can, -it may prove very useful to them.</p> - -<p>The Government of South Australia offers a -free grant of land of the value of £20, to be selected -by the recipient, to any person over the age of -twelve, male or female, paying their own passage -direct to Adelaide, and residing in that colony two -years.</p> - -<p>The Queensland Government offers free passages -to people describing themselves as domestic servants. -This does not necessitate their taking that position -on their arrival, but only means they must be willing -to enter domestic service if they can get no better -engagement. The following is a quotation from their -published rules:—"On arrival in the colony, all passengers, -unless going out under special agreement, -will be at perfect liberty to engage themselves to any -one willing to employ them, and to make their own -bargain for wages." The Queensland Government -Emigration Office is at 32, Charing Cross, London, -S.W., where all information respecting free passages -can be obtained.</p> - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_116">116</span></p> - -<p class="center">FEMALE MIDDLE CLASS EMIGRATION SOCIETY.</p> -<div class="small"> -<p class="center"><i>President</i>: Earl of Shaftesbury.</p> - -<p class="center"><i>Committee</i>:</p> - - -<ul><li class="i20">Miss Rye.</li> -<li class="i20">Miss Bonham-Carter.</li> -<li class="i20">Miss Newton.</li> -<li class="i20">Miss F. Melliss.</li> -<li class="i20">Mrs. Scott.</li> -<li class="i20">Madame Bodichon.</li> -<li class="i20">Miss Baron.</li> -<li class="i20">H. Green, Esq., jun.</li> -<li class="i20">W. Gilbert, Esq.</li> -</ul> - - -<p class="center"><i>Bankers</i>: Messrs. Coutts & Co, 59, Strand.<br /> - -<i>Auditor</i>: Rev. Fynes Webber, Sub-Dean of St. Pauls.<br /> - -<i>Hon. Secretary</i>: Miss J. E. Lewin.<br /> - -<i>Secretary</i>: Mrs. Sunter.<br /> - -<i>Office</i>:—2, Portugal Street, Lincoln's Inn, London, W.C.</p> -</div> - -<p class="center">RULES.</p> - -<p>I. The Society confines its assistance entirely to -educated women, no applicants being accepted who -are not sufficiently educated to undertake the duties -of a nursery governess.</p> - -<p>II. Every applicant is examined as far as possible -with regard to her knowledge of cooking, baking, -washing, needlework, and housework; and is required -to be willing to assist in these departments of labour -should it be necessary.</p> - -<p>III. Applicants are required to give the names -and addresses of four persons as referees, from whom -the Society may obtain information respecting the -position, character, strength, qualifications, and general<span class="pagenum" id="Page_117">117</span> -suitableness of the applicant for a colonial life; two -of these referees to be ladies with whom the applicant -has held situations, and two to be her personal friends. -The references are, if possible, taken up personally -by the secretaries; and the Society hopes, by establishing -correspondents in the chief provincial towns, -to ensure in all cases a personal interview with the -applicant, if not with her referees.</p> - -<p>IV. If the information obtained is satisfactory, -the applicant, being accepted by the Society, receives -all possible needful assistance. Should she be unable -to pay the entire cost of cabin fittings and passage -money, the Society advances the deficient amount, a -legal agreement to repay within two years and four -months being signed by the emigrant, and two respectable -householders as securities. Should an approved -applicant not require a loan, she is equally entitled -to the advantages of the Society's care and protection.</p> - -<p>V. The Society secures all passages and purchases -cabin-fittings on behalf of the emigrants, thus -saving much trouble and time. It is also enabled, -by the liberality of shipowners and outfitters, to -effect a considerable saving of expense. The cost of -passage and cabin-fittings is generally about £45 first -class, £25 second class. The Society has established -regular correspondents at most of the colonial ports. -As soon as a lady leaves England, notice of her<span class="pagenum" id="Page_118">118</span> -departure is sent by the overland mail to the correspondent -at the port to which she is bound. Her -name, together with copies of her testimonials, are -sent at the same time; and, as the notice is received -six weeks before the emigrant arrives, there is time -to make preparations for her reception, and even to -seek for situations.</p> - -<p>VI. The business of the Society is transacted in -the usual manner by a committee, secretaries, and -treasurers. The selection of emigrants rests with -the secretaries, but the names and testimonials of all -persons sent out may be inspected by the committee. -Cheques are signed by a treasurer and a secretary. -Accounts are audited yearly. Interviews on Tuesdays.</p> - - -<p class="center">WOMEN'S EMIGRATION SOCIETY.</p> -<div class="small"> -<p class="center"><i>Patron</i>: H.R.H. the Princess Louise, Marchioness of Lorne.</p> - -<p class="center"><i>Council</i>:</p> - - -<ul><li class="i20">The Duchess of Marlborough.</li> -<li class="i20">The Duchess of Wellington.</li> -<li class="i20">Constance, Marchioness of Lothian.</li> -<li class="i20">The Dowager Lady Lawrence.</li> -<li class="i20">The Dowager Lady Rayleigh.</li> -<li class="i20">The Lady Wynford.</li> -<li class="i20">The Lady Elizabeth Cust.</li> -<li class="i20">The Lady Adeliza Manners.</li> -<li class="i20">The Lady Caroline Tumor.</li> -<li class="i20">The Lord Brabazon.</li> -<li class="i20">The Bishop of Ballarat</li> -<li class="i20">The Bishop of Brisbane.</li> -<li class="i20">The Bishop of Huron.</li> -<li class="i20">The Bishop of North Queensland.</li> -<li class="i20">The Hon. Mrs. Francis Drummond.</li> -<li class="i20">The Hon. Mrs. Stonor.</li> -<li class="i20">Lady Henderson.</li> -<li class="i20">Lady Thompson.</li> -<li class="i20">The Rt. Hon. Sir Bartle Frere, Bart., G.C.B., G.C.S.I.</li> -<li class="i20">Sir Henry Barkly, G.C.M.G.</li> -<li class="i20">Sir Alexander Galt, G.C.M.G.</li> -<li class="i20">Sir Saul Samuel, K.C.M.G.</li> -<li class="i20">The Rev. Alex. J. Ross, D.D.</li> -<li class="i20">Mrs. Charles Kingsley.</li> -<li class="i20">Mrs. Townsend.</li> -</ul> - - -<p><span class="pagenum" id="Page_119">119</span></p> - -<p class="center"><i>Executive Committee</i>:</p> - -<ul><li class="i20">The Lady Jane Taylor, 16, Eaton Place, S. W. (President).</li> -<li class="i20">The Marchioness of Salisbury, Arlington House, Arlington Street.</li> -<li class="i20">The Lady Emily Pepys, 75, Victoria Street, S. W.</li> -<li class="i20">Lady Fox Young, 96, Cromwell Road.</li> -<li class="i20">Lady Stuart Hogg, 14, Southwell Gardens, S. W.</li> -<li class="i20">Mrs. E. L. Blanchard, 6, Adelphi Terrace, Strand.</li> -<li class="i20">Mrs. George Campbell, 22, Queen's Gate Gardens, S. W.</li> -<li class="i20">Miss Elliott, 29, Cornwall Gardens, S. W.</li> -<li class="i20">Miss Hubbard, Leonards Lee, Horsham.</li> -<li class="i20">Miss Anna Swanwick, 23, Cumberland Terrace, N. W.</li> -<li class="i20">The Duke of Manchester, 1, Great Stanhope Street, W.</li> -<li class="i20">Lord William Seymour, 1, Chesham Place.</li> -<li class="i20">Gen. Sir R. C. H. Taylor, K.C.B., Governor of Sandhurst.</li> -<li class="i20">Major C. C. Fitzroy, 4, Cranley Place, S. W.</li> -<li class="i20">James Noel, Esq., 8, Hanover Square, W.</li> -</ul> - - -<p class="center"><i>Bankers</i>:<br /> - -Messrs. Ransom, Bouverie & Co., 1, Pall Mall East, S. W.</p> - -<p class="center"><i>Honorary Solicitors</i>:<br /> - -Messrs. Green & Hartcup, 5, Verulam Buildings, Gray's Inn.</p> - -<p class="center"><i>Honorary Treasurer</i>:<br /> - -Arthur Bradshaw, Esq., New Crofts, Hillingdon, Uxbridge.</p> - -<p class="center"><i>Lady Secretary</i>:<br /> - -Miss Clune.</p> - -<p class="center"><i>Honorary Secretary</i>:<br /> - -Thomas Tully, Esq.</p> - -<p class="center"><i>Office</i>:<br /> - -New Buildings, Carteret St., Queen Anne's Gate, London, S.W.</p></div> - -<p>The object of the Society is to promote, by means -of advice and material help, the emigration to the -colonies of respectable Englishwomen of all classes. -The Society inquires into the character, health, and -prospects of success of each intending emigrant, and -watches over her during her transit from her home in<span class="pagenum" id="Page_120">120</span> -England to her place of settlement, taking precautions -for her comfort and safety on her voyage, and through -its agents sheltering and protecting her on her arrival at -her destination until she obtains suitable employment.</p> - -<p>It obtains and distributes information as to all -the British Colonies, their climate, resources, &c., &c.</p> - -<p>The Society endeavours to find the necessary -expenses, by loan or gift, for outfit and passage to -women who are of good character but without means. -Many educated or suitable women, struggling unsuccessfully -against the over-competition of the Old -Country, would be glad to emigrate if they were aware -of the existence of a Society able to afford them serviceable -advice and assistance. They cannot go through -the Government Emigration agencies, and are therefore -thrown upon the funds of the Society. To those who -are unable to pay for their passage and equipment, -the assistance of such a Society is indispensable.</p> - -<p>The steamers of the P. and O. Company, and of -the Orient Line, perform the passage to Adelaide in -about six weeks. The sailing ships usually occupy -about twelve weeks. The rates of passage vary from -£15 to £75.</p> - - -<p><span class="smcap">Cassell & Company, Limited, Belle Sauvage Works, London, E.C.</span></p> -<hr class="chap" /> -<div class="chapter"></div> - -<div class="narrow small"> -<p class="center large"><i>GARTERS ENTIRELY SUPERSEDED by</i><br /> -HOVEN'S IMPROVED PATENT STOCKING SUSPENDER.</p> - - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> -<col width="45%" /><col width="54%" /> -<tr> - <td> - <img src="images/i_123.jpg" alt="Image of Hoven's Patent Band" /> - </td> - <td align="left"> -It allows free Circulation of the Blood. It -leaves no mark on the limbs as made by Garters. -It holds the Stockings tightly, and -WITHOUT A WRINKLE. It CANNOT -TEAR THE STOCKING under any circumstances. -It GIVES to any movement of -the body. It does not increase the size around -the waist.<br /> - -<b>REDUCED PRICES.</b> (<i>Post Free, in Box.</i>)<br /> - -<div class="hang xs"> - -Lady's shaped Band (to Button), White, Pink, Blue, -or Cardinal, 2s., 2s. 9d., with Silk Elastics, 3s. 9d.; -straight Band (to Buckle), White, 1s. 6d., 2s. 6d., -with Silk Elastics, 3s. 6d.; without Band, with -Loop for Button, 1s. 6d., Silk, 2s. 6d.</div> -<div class="center xs"> -<i>Bands above 30-ins., extra, thus:—31 to 33-in., 3d.; -34 to 36-in., 6d.</i></div><br /> -<div class="hang xs"> -Child's, with Band (to Button), White, 1s. 3d., White -or Colours, 1s. 6d., with Silk Elastics, 2s. 6d; -without Band, 1s., Silk, 1s. 9d.</div> -<div class="hang xs"> -Gentleman's Stocking Suspender, with Band -Buckle, 3s. Above 36-ins. 6d. extra. Sock Suspender -(fitting below the knee), Cotton, 1s. 3d., -Silk, 2s. ☛ <i>Any infringement of this Patent</i> -(No. 1280/79) <i>will be dealt with Legally</i>.</div></td> -</tr> -</table></div> - -<p class="center"><big>ALFRED BREESE</big>,<br /> -<i>Sole Manufacturer</i>, 34, Brewer Street, Regent Street, London, W. 6</p> - -<hr class="full" /> - -<p class="center"><span class="xl"><i>Employment for English Ladies.</i></span><br /> - -<big>The Art of Dress Cutting Taught in a Few Lessons by -the Scientific System of Square Measurement</big>.</p> - -<p class="center"><i>What one of the oldest-established Court Dressmakers of London says of -the Scientific System of Dress Cutting.</i></p> - -<p>"<i>To the</i> <span class="smcap">Scientific Dress Cutting Association</span>, <i>272, Regent Circus, London, W.</i></p> - -<p>"<span class="smcap">Dear Sirs</span>,—Since learning your Scientific System of Dress Cutting, I can -truly say it is unlike any other method I have ever known, being easily learned, and -so reliable, the instructions being printed upon the System, and always before the -eye of the cutter. When measures are taken correctly, there is no difficulty in -obtaining a perfect fit the first time. I have cut by your System various garments -for numerous Ladies, and have thus far never failed to produce a perfect fit; among -which I have recently cut a garment for a lady living in a provincial city (without -even seeing her) from measures taken by herself according to your instructions, and -I have since received a letter from her saying that it is the most perfect fit she has -ever had. Therefore I have no hesitation in pronouncing your System perfect in -every respect, and I am now prepared to cut and make garments by your System -for any Ladies who may visit my Establishment. Wishing you every success in -your business,</p> - -<p> -"Believe me, dear Sirs, very truly yours,<br /> - -"JANE DAVIS.<br /> - -"<i>94, Regent Street, London, W.</i>"<br /> -</p> - -<p class="center">INSTRUCTIONS GIVEN at the OFFICE, from 9.30 a.m. till 6 p.m.</p> - -<p>AGENTS WANTED in every Town to Sell our Systems. For particulars send for Circular, -or call at the Office of the</p> - -<p class="center">Scientific Dress Cutting Association, 272, Regent Circus, London, W. 8</p> - -<hr class="full" /> - -<p class="center large"><i>TO THE FAIR SEX.</i></p> - -<p><big>LADIES' HAIR COMBINGS</big>, forwarded by -post, thoroughly Disentangled by New Process, and made up -for 2s. per oz. Returned in Three Days.</p> - -<p class="center">FADED ORNAMENTAL HAIR RESTORED</p> - -<p class="center"><span class="large"><i>T. S. BROWN</i></span> (<i>Specialist for Invisible Coverings for -Temporary Baldness or Thin Partings</i>),</p> - -<p class="center large">3, LEECE ST., top of BOLD ST., LIVERPOOL.</p> - - -<hr class="full" /> -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> - -<tr> - <td colspan="2"><big><span class="gesperrt">SILKS for KNITTING and EMBROIDERY</span></big>.</td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td class="tdcbb"> - <img src="images/i_124.jpg" alt="Trade mark Adams & Co" /> </td> - <td class="tdcblb"> - <i>FILOSELLE</i>, <i>4d.</i> per skein, <i>3s. 9d.</i><br /> - per dozen. <i>KNITTING SILKS</i>, from<br /> - <i>1s. 6d.</i> per skein or ball.<br /> - <big>MISS TURNER'S</big><br /> - <i>ART NEEDLEWORK DEPÔTS</i>,<br /> - 100, George St., Portman Square, W.,<br /> - AND<br /> - 19 & 20, Cromwell Place,<br /> - South Kensington, S.W.</td> -</tr> -</table></div> - -<hr class="full" /> - -<p class="center"><span class="smcap xs">Third and Cheap Edition.</span> Price 1s.</p> - -<p><big>How Women may Earn a Living</big>. By <span class="smcap">Mercy -Grogan</span>.</p> - -<p>"In a lucid and concise manner are embodied a large number of suggestions in -which ladies who have to depend upon their own exertions for their support could be -helped."—<i>Daily Telegraph.</i></p> - -<p class="center"><i>Cassell & Company, Limited, Ludgate Hill, London.</i></p> - -<hr class="full" /> -<p class="center xs">Extra fcap. 8vo, cloth, 6s.</p> - -<p><big>The Ladies' Physician</big>. A Guide for Women to -the Treatment of their Ailments. By a London Physician.</p> - -<p>"The statements are accurate, the opinions sound and the advice judicious."—<i>Medical -Times.</i></p> - -<p class="center"><i>Cassell & Company, Limited, Ludgate Hill, London.</i></p> -<hr class="full" /> - -<p class="center xs">Stiff covers, 1s.; cloth, 1s. 6d.</p> - -<p><big>Etiquette of Good Society</big>.</p> - -<p>"A book which has reached its thirty-second thousand may fairly be considered -a recognised authority. For popular and general use, 'Etiquette of Good Society' -is well adapted, seeing that few topics connected with ordinary etiquette and social -customs are omitted. It covers the whole of our lives in all their varying phases, -and is as pleasantly written as it is instructive."—<i>The Queen.</i></p> - -<p class="center"><i>Cassell & Company, Limited, Ludgate Hill, London.</i></p> -<hr class="full" /> - - - -<p class="center xl">The Metropolitan School of Shorthand,</p> -<p class="center"><i>27, CHANCERY LANE</i>. <span class="smcap">E. S. Gunn</span>, <i>Principal. Established 1870.</i></p> - -<p>The only School possessing a staff of Reporters, and enabled to give practical -instruction and unlimited individual attention. Our results the highest in -Great Britain. Read here Society of Arts' report of last examination, also <span class="smcap">Pitman's</span> -weekly returns. 1,200 completed Pupils. <i><b>NOTE ADDRESS.</b></i> Appointments -obtained. Season Tickets at reduced rates for daily attendance.</p> - -<p class="center">TESTIMONIAL.</p> - -<p> -<span class="right">"47, Sharstead Street, Kennington Park, July 28, 1883.</span><br /> -"<span class="smcap">Dear Sir</span>,—I have much pleasure in saying that I think the instruction given at your -School of Shorthand very good indeed. After a brief attendance I was enabled to obtain -<span class="smcap">Pitman's</span> certificate, and, by going through your Reporting System, can write about 100 -words per minute.<br /> -<span class="right"> -"Yours truly, EDITH E. PERKINS.</span></p> - -<p class="center">"<span class="smcap">E. S. Gunn</span>, Esq." <i>INSTRUCTION BY CORRESPONDENCE</i>.</p> - -<hr class="full" /> - -<p> -<big>The Preparatory School for the Civil Service, Matriculation, &c.</big> -J. G. RICHARDS, B. A., and Masters. Private Tuition daily, until 9 p.m. Separate<br /> -Departments for Lady Clerks, Youths for Business, and Postal Instruction. Write—<span class="smcap">A.<br /> -D. Batten</span>, Secretary, 27, Chancery Lane.</p> - -<hr class="full" /> -<p> -<b><big>Lady Clerks</big>.</b>—POST OFFICE TUITION, exclusively -devoted to the Preparation of Candidates, by -a Lady.—Private Instruction Daily, 10 to 9. Write—<span class="smcap">The Secretary</span>, Preparatory<br /> -School for the Civil Service, 27, Chancery Lane.</p> -<p class="center"> -<i>INSTRUCTION BY CORRESPONDENCE</i>.</p> -<hr class="full" /> - -<p class="center xl">The "Eureka" Stocking Clasp.</p> - -<p>THIS Simple Arrangement entirely supersedes any other system of retaining the -Stocking in position, giving free circulation, with simplicity of arrangement. -The same size fit any lady, and they are exceedingly pretty in design. Price <i><b>2s.</b></i> -per pair, or <i><b>10s. 6d.</b></i> for Six pairs. Post free from</p> - -<p class="center"><big>THE ODOURLESS WATERPROOF COMPANY</big></p> - -<p class="center">(LATE ALMOND),</p> - -<p class="center"> -<i><big>9 & 10, Little Britain, London, E.C.</big></i> -</p> -<hr class="full" /> - -<p class="center xl">15s. per Week by Easy Work at Home.</p> - -<p>This amount can be earned by procuring a KNITTING MACHINE, -which is supplied by payment of <b><i>£1</i></b> deposit, and <b><i>4s.</i></b> per Week, -which sums go towards purchase of the Machine. Regular Work -supplied by the Company. Apply to</p> - -<p class="center"><big>PATENT AUTOMATIC KNITTING MACHINE COMPANY,</big><br /> -LIMITED,<br /> - -<i>417, Oxford Street, London, W.</i></p> -<hr class="full" /> - -<p class="center"><big>The Rational Dress Exhibition</big>.</p> - -<p>"Messrs. <span class="smcap">Heath</span>, of 107, Oxford Street, have a very sensible improvement in -the shape of a soft-brimmed hat. Every one knows the painful sensation experienced -from the pressure of the usual stiff-brimmed felt, or silk hat; this is quite obviated -in the hat manufactured by Messrs. <span class="smcap">Heath</span>. The same firm also exhibit felt hats -with a weather-proof but sightly trimming, the hat being ventilated by small -apertures under the trimming, instead of at the top of the hat, as usual"—Vide -<i>The Queen</i>, May 26th, 1883.</p> - -<p class="hang">Residents in the Country can ensure a comfortably fitting Hat being forwarded by -writing for HENRY HEATH'S PATENT HEAD-MEASURING BAND, -for taking the form and Size of the Head. The Band is forwarded post free -to country residents for "<span class="smcap">Self-Measurement</span>," ensuring a comfortably -fitting Hat.</p> - - -<div class="center"> -<table border="0" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" summary=""> -<tr> - <td><img src="images/i_126a.jpg" alt="Ladies hat" /></td> - <td><img src="images/i_126b.jpg" alt="Gents hat" /></td> -</tr> -<tr> - <td><b>Ladies' Travelling Hat.</b><br /> -<span class="smcap">Best Soft Felt</span>, all Colours,<br /> -trimmed rich silk, weather-proof<br /> -galloon—15/- 18/6</td> - <td>Fashionable Silk Hat.<br /> -<span class="smcap">Extra Quality</span> (Cash Price) 17/-<br /> -<span class="smcap">Other Qualities</span>—13/6 & 10/6</td> -</tr> -</table></div> -<p class="center"><i>As exhibited at the Rational Dress Exhibition.</i></p> - -<p class="center xl">HENRY HEATH,</p> - -<p class="center"><big>Only Address, 105-107, Oxford Street</big>,<br /> - -OVER AGAINST NEWMAN STREET, W. (City End.)<br /> - -<i>Established in the Reign of King George IV.</i></p> -</div> - - -<hr class="tb" /> -<div class="transnote"> - -<h3>Transcriber's Notes</h3> - -<p>Obvious typographical errors have been silently corrected. All other -variations in hyphenation spelling and punctuation remain unchanged.</p> - -<p>The final two references in the table of contents referred to page 124. -As this does not exist they have been changed to 114 which is the -beginning of the relevant chapter.</p> - -</div> - - - - - - - - -<pre> - - - - - -End of Project Gutenberg's How Women May Earn a Living, by Mercy Grogan - -*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK HOW WOMEN MAY EARN A LIVING *** - -***** This file should be named 54330-h.htm or 54330-h.zip ***** -This and all associated files of various formats will be found in: - http://www.gutenberg.org/5/4/3/3/54330/ - -Produced by Cindy Horton, Les Galloway and the Online -Distributed Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net (This -file was produced from images generously made available -by The Internet Archive/American Libraries and the Google -Books project.) - - -Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will -be renamed. - -Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright -law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works, -so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United -States without permission and without paying copyright -royalties. 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