NormalizeHEAD main

author: nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org> 2025-02-07 07:53:17 -0800
committer: nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org> 2025-02-07 07:53:17 -0800
commit: f7a17f3f1a59d6b97bc26dda9892cb0228e38b47 (patch)
tree: e6af5b2de055fb492e0adc6c527f6b02125b8739
parent: e9d14635f50d461e09d8ce9dd8520f27078fd034 (diff)
115 files changed, 17 insertions, 9291 deletions
diff --git a/.gitattributes b/.gitattributes
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d7b82bc
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.gitattributes
@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+*.txt text eol=lf
+*.htm text eol=lf
+*.html text eol=lf
+*.md text eol=lf
diff --git a/LICENSE.txt b/LICENSE.txt
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..6312041
--- /dev/null
+++ b/LICENSE.txt
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+This eBook, including all associated images, markup, improvements,
+metadata, and any other content or labor, has been confirmed to be
+in the PUBLIC DOMAIN IN THE UNITED STATES.
+
+Procedures for determining public domain status are described in
+the "Copyright How-To" at https://www.gutenberg.org.
+
+No investigation has been made concerning possible copyrights in
+jurisdictions other than the United States. Anyone seeking to utilize
+this eBook outside of the United States should confirm copyright
+status under the laws that apply to them.
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..32fc02b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/README.md
@@ -0,0 +1,2 @@
+Project Gutenberg (https://www.gutenberg.org) public repository for
+eBook #54631 (https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/54631)
diff --git a/old/54631-0.txt b/old/54631-0.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index bb763f1..0000000
--- a/old/54631-0.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3102 +0,0 @@
-The Project Gutenberg EBook of 100 Desert Wildflowers in Natural Color, by 
-Natt Noyes Dodge
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
-other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
-the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
-to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
-
-Title: 100 Desert Wildflowers in Natural Color
-
-Author: Natt Noyes Dodge
-
-Release Date: April 29, 2017 [EBook #54631]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: UTF-8
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 100 DESERT WILDFLOWERS ***
-
-
-
-
-Produced by Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed
-Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
-
-
-
-
-
-
-                       [Illustration: Title page]
-
-
-
-
-                        100 _Desert Wildflowers_
-                            in natural color
-
-
-                                                    _Photography & Text_
-                                                           Natt N. Dodge
-
-                SOUTHWESTERN    MONUMENTS    ASSOCIATION
-
-
-Copyright 1963 by the Southwestern Monuments Association. All rights
-reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without
-permission in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may
-quote brief passages in a review to be printed in a magazine or
-newspaper.
-
-           Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 63-13471
-                      First Printing, 1963—20,000
-                      Second Printing, 1965—20,000
-                 Third Printing, (revised) 1967—20,000
-
-                Printed in the United States of America
-            W. A. Krueger Co., Tyler Div. · Phoenix, Arizona
-
-
-
-
-                                Contents
-
-
-  Hints for Flower Photographers                                       1
-  Introduction                                                         1
-      The Desert                                                       1
-      Why and When Do Deserts Bloom?                                   1
-      Identifying Desert Wildflowers                                   3
-  Spring gives an Evening Party                                        4
-  1. Longleaf ephedra                                                  5
-  2. Common reed                                                       5
-  3. Prairie spiderwort                                                6
-  4. Desertlily                                                        6
-  5. Mariposa                                                          7
-  6. Golden mariposa                                                   7
-  7. Desert mariposa                                                   8
-  8. Soaptree yucca                                                    8
-  9. Joshua-tree                                                       9
-  10. Torrey yucca                                                     9
-  11. Giant yucca                                                     10
-  12. Sacahuista                                                      10
-  13. Sotol                                                           11
-  14. Agave                                                           11
-  15. Parry agave                                                     12
-  16. Lechuguilla                                                     12
-  17. Canaigre                                                        13
-  18. Trailing-four-o’clock                                           13
-  19. Sand-verbena                                                    14
-  20. Mexican goldpoppy                                               14
-  21. Pricklepoppy                                                    15
-  22. Evening-primrose                                                15
-  23. Spectaclepod                                                    16
-  24. Bladderpod                                                      16
-  25. Western-wallflower                                              17
-  26. False-mesquite                                                  17
-  27. Catclaw-acacia                                                  18
-  28. Mescat-acacia                                                   18
-  29. Honey mesquite                                                  19
-  30. Senna                                                           19
-  31. Blue palo-verde                                                 20
-  32. Bird-of-Paradise-flower                                         20
-  33. Lupine                                                          21
-  34. Adonis lupine                                                   21
-  35. Smoke-thorn                                                     22
-  36. Dalea                                                           22
-  37. Tesota                                                          23
-  38. Woolly loco                                                     23
-  39. Heron-bill                                                      24
-  40. Creosotebush                                                    24
-  41. Arizona-poppy                                                   25
-  42. Desert-mallow                                                   25
-  43. Five-stamen tamarisk                                            26
-  44. Yellow mentzelia                                                26
-  45. Rock-nettle                                                     27
-  46. Night-blooming cereus                                           27
-  47. Saguaro                                                         28
-  48. Organpipe cactus                                                28
-  49. Claretcup echinocereus                                          29
-  50. Strawberry echinocereus                                         29
-  51. Rainbow echinocereus                                            30
-  52. Yellow pitaya echinocereus                                      30
-  53. Barrel cactus                                                   31
-  54. Fishhook cactus                                                 31
-  55. Beavertail cactus                                               32
-  56. Engelmann pricklypear                                           32
-  57. Jumping cholla                                                  33
-  58. Pencil cholla                                                   33
-  59. Whipple cholla                                                  34
-  60. Walkingstick cholla                                             34
-  61. Evening-primrose                                                35
-  62. Ocotillo                                                        35
-  63. Field bind-weed                                                 36
-  64. Santa Fe phlox                                                  36
-  65. Starflower                                                      37
-  66. Phacelia                                                        37
-  67. Nama                                                            38
-  68. Buffalobur                                                      38
-  69. Silverleaf nightshade                                           39
-  70. Sacred datura                                                   39
-  71. Tree tobacco                                                    40
-  72. Ceniza                                                          40
-  73. Desert beardtongue                                              41
-  74. Palmer penstemon                                                41
-  75. Paintbrush                                                      42
-  76. Owl-clover                                                      42
-  77. Desert-willow                                                   43
-  78. Trumpet-bush                                                    43
-  79. Louisiana broomrape                                             44
-  80. Coyote-melon                                                    44
-  81. Snake-weed                                                      45
-  82. Desertstar                                                      45
-  83. Mohave aster                                                    46
-  84. Fleabane                                                        46
-  85. Broom baccharis                                                 47
-  86. Desert zinnia                                                   47
-  87. Brittle-bush                                                    48
-  88. Silverleaf enceliopsis                                          48
-  89. Crown-beard                                                     49
-  90. Douglas coreopsis                                               49
-  91. Paperflower                                                     50
-  92. Desert baileya                                                  50
-  93. Goldfields                                                      51
-  94. Chaenactis                                                      51
-  95. Douglas groundsel                                               52
-  96. New Mexico thistle                                              52
-  97. Desert dandelion                                                53
-  98. Malacothryx                                                     53
-  99. White cupfruit                                                  54
-  100. Prickly sowthistle                                             54
-  Suggestions for Additional Reading                                  56
-  Index                                                               58
-
-
-
-
-                    _Hints for Flower Photographers_
-
-
-If your interest in desert flowers includes a desire to obtain beautiful
-photographs of them, the following “tips” may be helpful.
-
-
-MOTION is a major hazard in still photography, and flowers, especially
-those on long, slender stems, seem to be constantly in motion stimulated
-by the ever-present desert breeze. The practical solution to this
-problem is to take your photographing jaunts, if possible, in the early
-morning when the air is most likely to be motionless. A flower picture
-blurred by motion is a complete flop!
-
-Except for motion, nothing will irritate you more often than the abrupt,
-frequent, and marked CHANGES IN LIGHTING due to small clouds passing
-over the sun. Again, early morning has an advantage in normally
-cloudless desert skies. Clouds may be expected after 10 o’clock on many
-days.
-
-
-DEPTH OF FIELD is highly important in flower photography, and you will
-be gratified with the results if you take pains to have all parts of the
-picture, except the background, in sharp focus. This desirable objective
-has become less difficult to attain with the advent of “faster” films
-which enable you to use the required small diaphragm “stop” without too
-greatly reducing the shutter speed, and still obtain adequate exposures.
-
-
-Too many flower photographers fail to get really CLOSE UP PICTURES. A
-single blossom or a small cluster of blossoms provides a much more
-attractive and significant picture than an entire plant. One blossom
-with, perhaps, a bud, one fruit, and a trace of foliage, if well
-composed, is tops among flower pictures. This objective requires camera
-equipment with the ability to focus on objects close to the lens. Also
-it complicates the goal of getting all parts of the picture into sharp
-focus.
-
-
-UNCLUTTERED BACKGROUNDS are a “must” in flower pictures. You might
-consider joining the flower photographers who carry with them plain gray
-or variously tinted background cards or light-weight boards. Such a card
-or board of contrasting color, when placed behind the blossom, will
-accomplish wonders in giving prominence to the flower. One method of
-obtaining a dark background is to ask someone (if you are a
-contortionist you can do it yourself) to stand in such a position as to
-cast a shadow on the ground or foliage behind the subject. The sky makes
-an excellent background, and you will find it useful whenever you can
-set your camera below the level of the subject.
-
-
-With the foregoing points in mind, study the pictures in this booklet
-with the aim of trying to surpass them in quality. By exercising care
-and patience, you should be able to do so.
-
-
-
-
-                             _Introduction_
-
-
-                              _The Desert_
-
-When Webster defined a desert as a “dry, barren region, largely treeless
-and sandy” he was not thinking of the 50,000 square mile Great American
-Desert of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. Most of it
-is usually dry and parts may be sandy, but as a whole, it is far from
-barren and treeless. Heavily vegetated with gray-green shrubs, small but
-robust trees, pygmy forests of grotesque cactuses and stiff-leaved
-yuccas, and myriads of herbaceous plants, the desert, following rainy
-periods, covers itself with a blanket of delicate, fragrant wildflowers.
-Edmund C. Jaegar, author of several books on deserts, reports that the
-California deserts alone support more than 700 species of flowering
-plants.
-
-The late Dr. Forrest Shreve, for many years Director of the Desert
-Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution near Tucson, Arizona, defined a
-desert as “a region of deficient and uncertain rainfall.” He divided the
-Great American Desert into four major sections: (1) _Chihuahuan_
-(chee-WAH-wahn), including the Mexican States of Chihuahua and Coahuila
-(coa-WHEE-lah), southwestern Texas, and south-central New Mexico; (2)
-_Sonoran_, including Baja California, southwestern Arizona, and
-northwestern Sonora; (3) _Mojave_ (moh-HAH-vee), Colorado, including
-south-eastern California and extreme southern Nevada; (4) _Great Basin_,
-including Nevada, Utah, southwestern Idaho and southeastern Oregon.
-
-Since the steppes and mesas of the Great Basin Desert have generally
-lower temperatures, higher elevations, and greater precipitation than
-the other three sections, we are not including its flowers in this work.
-
-
-                    _Why and When Do Deserts Bloom?_
-
-The Great American Desert produces, when conditions are favorable, a
-gorgeous exhibition of wildflowers. Trees, shrubs, and herbs all
-contribute to the splendor of the display. Soil composition, slope and
-exposure, suitable temperatures, and adequate moisture are essential to
-plant growth and flower production.
-
-Moisture is the uncertain factor, and years may pass without enough
-rainfall to stimulate plant growth. Rain of less than 0.15 inch is
-wasted as far as desert plants are concerned, for the moisture
-evaporates before penetrating the soil. Some annuals produce seeds
-having water-soluble germination inhibitors in their coverings, hence
-fail to sprout, even after rain, unless the moisture totals at least
-half an inch.
-
-When soil moisture from December and January rainfall is enough to
-support potential plants it dissolves the seed coats, and the desert
-floor is soon carpeted with eager green seedlings. When winter rains are
-scant, as is so often the case, the dormant seed population fails to
-germinate and the spring flower display doesn’t appear. There is no sure
-way to forecast a spectacular blossom year, for a sudden cold wave or
-period of drying winds may literally nip in the bud a potential season
-of brilliant bloom. A great flower year may occur only once in a decade.
-
-Perennials are more dependable than annuals, since some of them,
-particularly cactuses and other succulents, have water storage tissues
-in their stems or roots. These perennials may be counted on to blossom
-each year, but with much less abandon than after winters of above normal
-precipitation. Many perennials have surprisingly extensive root systems.
-Fascinating are the ways by which plants manage to thrive under severe
-conditions of desert heat and drought. As we have seen, most annuals lie
-dormant as seeds until suitable moisture and temperature occur. Then
-they grow very rapidly, to bloom and mature seeds while the soil still
-has moisture. Winter rains produce spring-blooming ephemerals, and
-summer showers produce summer “quickies.”
-
-Another group of plants, including the ocotillo (oh-koh-TEE-yoh), slows
-down life processes to become dormant during dry periods, even to
-dropping all leaves. When rains come they put on new leaves, several
-times a year if necessary.
-
-Cactuses and other succulents gorge themselves with water when the soil
-is wet, releasing moisture very sparingly from storage tissues during
-the “long dry.” Some have discarded or reduced foliage, or have covered
-leaf surfaces with varnish or wax, to decrease to a minimum the loss of
-vital moisture through transpiration.
-
-
-                    _Identifying Desert Wildflowers_
-
-Unless you are a botanist, identification of flowers by measuring and
-counting their various parts, as described in technical keys, is
-generally too complicated to be practical. Several years ago,
-recognizing this problem, I authored a book, _Flowers of the Southwest
-Deserts_, illustrated by Jeanne R. Janish and published by the
-Southwestern Monuments Association, designed to aid the wildflower
-fancier in plant identification by color-grouping the flowers. With Mrs.
-Janish’s superb illustrations pointing out each plant’s most obvious
-characteristics, it has proved an excellent field guide. However, the
-demand for natural color flower portraits could not go unheeded, and
-this book is the result. The two books complement each other, although
-each fills a need in its own right. Used together, they make you more
-positive of some identifications.
-
-Probably the best way to become acquainted with a flower is to be
-introduced to it by someone. But there is one catch to this method—one
-plant may be known by many aliases.
-
-When the Spaniards came into the Southwest over 400 years ago they found
-Indians had names for some flowers in their own languages. The Spaniards
-added their names, and later the Americans added English names. Some of
-these names were of similar-appearing but quite different flowers they
-had known “back East.” Later, scientists studied the desert plants, and
-gave them all Latin names.
-
-To assist in standardizing names of desert flowers, this booklet gives
-preference in its headings to scientific and common names found in
-_Arizona Flora_, by Kearney and Peebles, Second Edition, 1960. Common
-names found in _Texas Plants, A Checklist and Ecological Summary_, 1962,
-by F. W. Gould, also have been used. In addition, placed within the
-text, are some of the more widely used common names that we have
-encountered. Tree names, both common and scientific, follow the
-_Checklist of Native and Naturalized Trees of the United States_, by
-Elbert L. Little, Jr., 1953.
-
-There are many desert flowers, some quite common, for which there was
-not space in this booklet. If you wish to broaden your acquaintance to
-include more, we recommend, for added reading publications listed in the
-back.
-
-The author wishes to express here sincere thanks to Mrs. Pauline M.
-Patraw, Santa Fe botanist, for assistance in identifying many of the
-flowers pictured here. For assistance in checking identifications, the
-author is indebted to Miss Barbara Lund, Park Naturalist, National Park
-Service; to Dr. Charles T. Mason, Jr., Curator of the Herbarium,
-University of Arizona Tucson; and to Dr. W. B. McDougall, Curator of
-Botany, Museum of Northern Arizona, Flagstaff.
-
-
-
-
-                    _Spring gives an Evening Party_
-
-
-             [Illustration: Spring gives an Evening Party]
-
-  When Paloverde trims her golden gown,
-  And Deerhorn dons her filaments of white;
-  When tall Saguaro fits his fragrant crown
-  In preparation for the party night;
-  When bats across the ruby sunset dance,
-  When Ocotillo lights his candle’s flame,
-  When verdure carpets Desert’s wide expanse,
-  Then Spring is in the Southwest once again.
-
-  The linnets in their scarlet vests and caps
-  Are first to answer Spring’s insistent call,
-  While white-crowned sparrows scan their travel maps,
-  Discussing details of the coming ball.
-  Then thrashers practice every morn and eve
-  The songs they’ll sing upon that night of nights,
-  While phainopeplas, in their haste to leave,
-  Dash back and forth in short, impatient flights.
-
-  The desert halls glow bright as time draws near.
-  Each cactus wears her frilled and perfumed dress.
-  Ground squirrels, for this joyous time of year,
-  Sport their best furs. The rabbits do no less.
-  From far and near the desert folk have come
-  To wait their hostess, Spring, who, very soon,
-  Will lift stars o’er the skyline, one by one,
-  And then turn on the glorious, golden moon.
-
-
-
-
-                          1. Longleaf ephedra
-
-
-Commonly called “Mormon tea,” there are many species of ephedra
-(ef-FED-rah) growing throughout the Southwest. This yellow-green,
-stringy-stemmed shrub with tiny, scale-like leaves, is usually 3 to 4
-feet tall, but sometimes reaches a height of 12 feet. Its small,
-fragrant, springtime flowers grow in dense clusters that attract
-insects. Some species provide winter forage for cattle and are said to
-be browsed by bighorn sheep. Pioneers brewed a palatable drink from the
-dried stems. Certain Indian tribes considered the brew a tonic,
-beneficial for treatment of syphilis and other diseases. The drug,
-ephedrine, comes from a Chinese member of this genus.
-
-  _Ephedra trifurca_    Jointfir Family
-
-[Illustration: LONGLEAF EPHEDRA]
-
-
-
-
-                             2. Common reed
-
-
-Somewhat resembling bamboo, carrizo grows in dense thickets in marshes,
-along river banks, and in other wet locations. Largest of the grasses,
-it sometimes attains a height of 12 feet. The large, tassel-like flower
-heads appear from July to October and create a spectacular mass display.
-The horizontal rootstalks interlock, crowding out other plants. A single
-rootstalk may extend 30 feet. The straight, hollow stems served Indians
-as arrowshafts, pipestems, and loom rods. Along the Mexican border the
-leaves are woven into mats and the long, sturdy stems are used as
-screens and in roofing native houses.
-
-  _Phragmites communis_    Grass Family
-
-[Illustration: COMMON REED]
-
-
-
-
-                         3. Prairie spiderwort
-
-
-Because of its slender, drooping leaves, this delicate blue-to-violet,
-three-petaled flower might easily be mistaken for a lily. Plants grow
-from 8 to 18 inches high. A perennial, the spiderwort’s thick, succulent
-roots enable it to produce blossoms from April to September. Not
-abundant, it is usually found in moist locations in desert mountain
-ranges at elevations above 2,500 feet. Flowers form in clusters at the
-tip of a plant’s stem, and are pollenized by bumblebees that eat the
-pollen.
-
-  _Tradescantia occidentalis_    Spiderwort Family
-
-[Illustration: PRAIRIE SPIDERWORT]
-
-
-
-
-                             4. Desertlily
-
-
-Limited in its range to the desertlands of southern California and
-southwestern Arizona, the desertlily or ajo (AH-hoe) resembles a small
-easter lily. During dry seasons the plants do not bloom, but following
-wet winters each deeply-buried bulb sends up a vigorous shoot which may
-be from 6 inches to 2 feet tall, with a bud cluster at its tip. The
-delicately fragrant flowers may appear in late February, with some tardy
-bloomers still in evidence in early May. Bulbs were dug and eaten by
-Indians and, because of their flavor, were called ajo (garlic) by the
-Spanish pioneers. The town of Ajo and a nearby valley and mountain range
-in southwestern Arizona were named for this plant.
-
-  _Hesperocallis undulata_    Lily Family
-
-[Illustration: DESERTLILY]
-
-
-
-
-                              5. Mariposa
-
-
-Similar in appearance to the segolily, State flower of Utah, weakstem
-mariposa, sometimes called “straggling butterfly lily,” varies in color
-from white to pale purple. The slender stem is not erect, like other
-mariposas, of which there are many species, but wanders over the ground
-or makes its twisting way among the branches of low shrubs. It grows at
-elevations up to 4,000 feet on slopes and benches of mountains of the
-Mojave-Colorado Desert, in the Death Valley area, and in the desert
-mountains of southern Arizona, blossoming during April and May. Indians
-and pioneers ate the bulbs.
-
-  _Calochortus flexuosus_    Lily Family
-
-[Illustration: MARIPOSA]
-
-
-
-
-                           6. Golden mariposa
-
-
-Considered by some botanists as a distinct species, this mariposa or
-“butterfly tulip” is found in the higher mountains of the eastern
-Mojave-Colorado Desert and also in the vicinity of the Painted Desert of
-northern Arizona. Common in Petrified Forest National Park from May to
-July, the bright yellow flowers make an eye-catching display among the
-colorful pieces of petrified wood covering the ground. The bulbs can
-withstand severe cold, but suffer during winters when there is frequent
-freezing and thawing.
-
-  _Calochortus nuttalii aureus_    Lily Family
-
-[Illustration: GOLDEN MARIPOSA]
-
-
-
-
-                           7. Desert mariposa
-
-
-Brightest of the mariposas, the short-stemmed, flame-like flowers
-usually appear singly, but may occur in patches, producing in April a
-spectacular display visible from a long distance. Plants growing under
-bushes elongate their stems to elevate their blossoms into the sunlight.
-Occasional in the Mojave-Colorado Desert, this species is abundant in
-the foothills of some of southern Arizona’s mountain ranges, exceeding
-even the goldpoppy in the neon-like brilliance of display. _Mariposa_ is
-Spanish for butterfly, and the genus name _calochortus_ is Greek for
-beautiful grass.
-
-  _Calochortus kennedyi_    Lily Family
-
-[Illustration: DESERT MARIPOSA]
-
-
-
-
-                           8. Soaptree yucca
-
-
-Common throughout the Southwest, the many species of yuccas (YUH-kuhs)
-are of two major groups, the narrow-leaf and the wide-leaf. Called
-“soaptree” because of its height (maximum 30 feet) and the fact that its
-roots contain saponin, soaptree yucca or _palmilla_ (pahm-EE-yah—“little
-palm”) belongs in the narrow-leaf group. From southwestern Arizona
-across southern New Mexico, and from west Texas southward into the
-Mexican states of Chihuahua and Sonora, this spectacular plant blossoms
-in May and June on desert grasslands from 2,000 to 6,000 foot
-elevations. Cattle eat the young flower stalks, and Indians used the
-leaf fibers for making fabrics, basketry, and other items. The yucca is
-the State flower of New Mexico.
-
-  _Yucca elata_    Lily Family
-
-[Illustration: SOAPTREE YUCCA]
-
-
-
-
-                             9. Joshua-tree
-
-
-Another of the narrow-leaf yuccas and largest of the genus, the
-joshua-tree is restricted in its range to the Mojave-Colorado Desert, of
-which it is the principal indicator. Blossoms, which do not open as wide
-as those of other species, grow in tight clusters at the tips of the
-branches, appearing in March and April. Joshuas do not blossom every
-year, the interval between flowerings depending upon rainfall and
-temperature. A small night lizard is dependent upon the joshua-tree, at
-least 25 {species of birds find nesting sites in it, and numerous
-insects, spiders, and scorpions live in its dried leaves and fallen
-branches.}
-
-  _Yucca brevifolia_    Lily Family
-
-[Illustration: JOSHUA-TREE]
-
-
-
-
-                            10. Torrey yucca
-
-
-Unlike the narrow-leaf soaptrees which produce dry, capsular fruits, the
-wide-leaf yuccas bear fleshy fruits which Indians cooked and ate.
-Indians also used the leaf fibers in weaving fabrics. Roots contain
-saponin and the Indians still cut them up and use the pieces for soap,
-especially as a shampoo. The stiff, fleshy leaves with needle-sharp tips
-give the plant the name “Spanish bayonet.” Torrey yucca blooms in April
-in southeastern New Mexico and west Texas, with similar plants, _Yucca
-schottii_ in southern Arizona, and _Yucca schidigera_ in the
-Mojave-Colorado Desert.
-
-  _Yucca torreyi_    Lily Family
-
-[Illustration: TORREY YUCCA]
-
-
-
-
-                            11. Giant yucca
-
-
-Massive and thick-stemmed, the locally-named “giant dagger” is
-supposedly limited in its native range in the United States to Brewster
-County, Texas. A colony (_Yucca faxoniana_) resembling this species has
-been reported recently in McKittrick Canyon in the Guadalupe Mountains.
-An extensive forest of these spectacular plants has given the name
-Dagger Flat to a broad valley in the Sierra del Carmen of Big Bend
-National Park. Usually blossoming in April, the massive, white flower
-clusters gracing the crowns of thousands of these majestic yuccas create
-a never-to-be-forgotten spectacle. A small night-flying moth is the
-yuccas’ pollenizing agent and, in return for this essential service,
-lays her eggs in the plants’ ovaries where the young feed on the
-developing seeds.
-
-  _Yucca carnerosana_    Lily Family
-
-[Illustration: GIANT YUCCA]
-
-
-
-
-                             12. Sacahuista
-
-
-Sometimes confused with the yuccas, the several species of “beargrass”
-or “basketgrass” have pliant, grasslike leaves, small flowers, and
-papery fruits. The plumelike blossom panicles open in May and June. The
-plants favor rocky hillsides, and rarely occur on valley floors. Indians
-roasted the tender bud stalks for food, and cattle browse the leaves
-when other vegetation is lacking. Mexicans, in weaving basketry, use the
-entire leaves, which are especially desirable for fashioning basket
-handles.
-
-  _Nolina microcarpa_    Lily Family
-
-[Illustration: SACAHUISTA]
-
-
-
-
-                               13. Sotol
-
-
-Also likely to be confused with the yuccas, sotol has a basal cluster of
-pliant, ribbonlike leaves edged with hooked thorns, and a tall flower
-stalk bearing at its upper end a dense panicle of small, creamy
-(sometimes brown) flowers. Blossoming in May and June, the maturing
-flower clusters remain attractive throughout the summer. Mexicans split
-the succulent basal crowns and allow the sap to ferment, producing the
-fiery alcoholic beverage, sotol (SOH-tole). Desert-dwelling bighorn
-sheep are said to browse the tough leaves. The stiff leaf bases, when
-pulled from the cluster, form the “desert spoons” sold in some curio
-stores.
-
-  _Dasylirion wheeleri_    Lily Family
-
-[Illustration: SOTOL]
-
-
-
-
-                               14. Agave
-
-
-Many species of agaves (ah-GAH-vees) or “century plants” attract
-attention on desert hillsides when they send up their tall blossom
-stalks in June and July. The thick, fleshy, sharp-tipped leaves form a
-basal rosette. Some of the larger species may require 10 to 20 years to
-store enough plant food to produce the sturdy, fast-growing flower
-stalk. After blossoming, the exhausted plant dies. _Agave scabra_, one
-of the spectacular forms, is limited in its range to the Chisos
-Mountains of Big Bend National Park, Texas.
-
-  _Agave scabra_    Amaryllis Family
-
-[Illustration: AGAVE]
-
-
-
-
-                            15. Parry agave
-
-
-Another of the large “century plants,” Parry agave blooms from June to
-August, producing spectacular displays on hillsides in northern Mexico,
-southern New Mexico, and southern Arizona. Some of the larger agaves are
-called mescal (mess-KAHL) because of a potent alcoholic beverage of that
-name distilled from the fermented sap derived from the bud stalks.
-Tequila (tee-KEEL-ah), the famous native drink of Mexico, also is
-distilled from fermented agave juices, and the beerlike pulque
-(pool-KAY) has a similar derivation. Indians roasted the bud stalks in
-stone-lined pits covered with hot rocks. Some of these pits may still be
-seen.
-
-  _Agave parryi_    Amaryllis Family
-
-[Illustration: PARRY AGAVE]
-
-
-
-
-                            16. Lechuguilla
-
-
-One of the common plants of the Chihauhuan Desert and considered the
-principal indicator of that region, lechuguilla (lay-chu-GHE-ah) covers
-the ground so densely in some places that it is impossible to walk
-through it. The stiff, erect, needle-tipped, banana-shaped leaves are a
-hazard to man and beast. The flowering stalk, which blossoms in May and
-June, is unbranched and flexible, bending gracefully in the desert
-breeze. Deer and cattle nip off the tender buds. Mexicans weave the
-tough leaf fibers into coarse fabrics; and the roots, called _amole_,
-produce suds when rubbed in water.
-
-  _Agave lechuguilla_    Amaryllis Family
-
-[Illustration: LECHUGUILLA]
-
-
-
-
-                              17. Canaigre
-
-
-This coarse, herbacious perennial is one of the early spring flowers of
-the desert, sometimes blooming along road shoulders and in sandy washes
-in late February and March. Commonly called wild rhubarb, its sap and
-roots are high in tannin content, and its delicately pink fruits are
-more attractive than the blossoms. Indians and Mexicans use the leaves
-for greens. Papago Indians of Arizona roast the leaves and use the roots
-for treating colds and sore throat. This plant is a close relative of
-European dock, several species of which have become naturalized in North
-America.
-
-  _Rumex hymenosepalus_    Buckwheat Family
-
-[Illustration: CANAIGRE]
-
-
-
-
-                       18. Trailing-four-o’clock
-
-
-Blossoming from April to October, trailing allionia, known in some
-places as “trailing four o’clock” or “windmills,” is a spreading annual
-with small but colorful blossoms on long, trailing stems. The prostrate
-branches are sticky, so are often covered with grains of sand and flecks
-of mica. What appears to be one blossom is actually three flowers,
-giving it the name “pink three-flower.” It is found on dry, sandy
-benches throughout desert regions of the Southwest. Fruits are winged.
-
-  _Allionia incarnata_    Four o’clock Family
-
-[Illustration: TRAILING-FOUR-O’CLOCK]
-
-
-
-
-                            19. Sand-verbena
-
-
-One of the early spring flowers, sand-verbena creates spectacular mass
-displays, sometimes alone, usually intermingling with other colorful
-early bloomers such as bladderpod and sundrops, which grow on road
-shoulders and sandy flats. The flowers are delicately fragrant,
-especially at night. Semi-prostrate in habit, sand-verbena leaves are
-covered with a dense growth of short, soft hairs which retard the loss
-of moisture so essential to desert plants. This annual is common from
-southern California and southern Arizona into Sonora.
-
-  _Abronia villosa_    Four o’clock Family
-
-[Illustration: SAND-VERBENA]
-
-
-
-
-                         20. Mexican goldpoppy
-
-
-Closely related to the orange California-poppy, official flower of the
-Golden State, the desert species is a bright yellow annual. Following
-warm, wet winters clusters of these glorious blooms dot the hillsides in
-late February or early March. By April they may cover the slopes with a
-blanket of gold interwoven with the blue threads of lupines and purple
-patches of escobita owlclover. When other early spring vegetation is
-scarce, cattle graze the plants. Flowers open only during sunny hours,
-remaining tightly closed at night and on cloudy days.
-
-  _Eschscholtzia mexicana_    Poppy Family
-
-[Illustration: MEXICAN GOLDPOPPY]
-
-
-
-
-                            21. Pricklepoppy
-
-
-Not restricted to a desert habitat, this spiny-leafed perennial is
-widespread on dry soils from Nebraska to Wyoming and from Texas to
-southern California and Mexico. Abundant throughout the summer, the
-flowers may be found, in warm climates, during every month of the year.
-Copious spines and the acrid yellow sap make the plants distasteful to
-cattle, so a heavy growth of pricklepoppy may be an indicator of an
-overgrazed range. Also called “thistlepoppy,” a single plant may be
-graced by a dozen or more fragile flowers, each ready to be replaced by
-one or more prickly buds. The seeds are said to contain a powerful
-narcotic.
-
-  _Argemone platyceras_    Poppy Family
-
-[Illustration: PRICKLEPOPPY]
-
-
-
-
-                          22. Evening-primrose
-
-
-Also known as “yellow cups,” this plant is limited in its range to the
-Mohave-Colorado Desert. Having smaller blossoms than the goldpoppy with
-which it might be confused, this showy annual blooms March to May in dry
-washes and on stony hills below 4,500 feet. The foot-high plants
-sometimes form massed displays accented by splashes of bright red where
-clumps of beavertail pricklypear mark small, rocky islands, or where
-patches of ocotillos wave their scarlet-tipped wands in the spring
-breeze.
-
-  _Oenothera brevipes_    Evening-primrose Family
-
-[Illustration: EVENING-PRIMROSE]
-
-
-
-
-                            23. Spectaclepod
-
-
-Found at elevations above 1,000 feet, spectaclepod is one of the
-long-flowering species blooming from February to October. The large
-flower heads are pleasantly fragrant, and the peculiar, flat, double
-fruits resemble tiny spectacles protruding at right angles to the stem.
-This species is found in the Petrified Forest area of northern Arizona,
-and Hopi Indians are reported to use the plant in treating wounds.
-Another species, California spectaclepod, is often abundant, covering
-sandy flats of the lower deserts. This species blooms from February
-through April and sometimes again in the fall.
-
-  _Dithyrea wislizenii_    Mustard Family
-
-[Illustration: SPECTACLEPOD]
-
-
-
-
-                             24. Bladderpod
-
-
-Another early bloomer, February to May, bladderpod is one of the first
-spring flowers to spread its yellow carpet across the desert flats. The
-small, low-growing plants lift numerous clusters of four-petaled
-flowers, forming an understory of color among the taller herbs. In some
-localities, bladderpods are called “beadpods” because of the spherical
-fruits. The plants afford good forage for cattle. A close relative, with
-white to purple flowers, is found from Texas to Arizona and Mexico,
-starting to blossom in January during warm winters.
-
-  _Lesquerella gordonii_    Mustard Family
-
-[Illustration: BLADDERPOD]
-
-
-
-
-                         25. Western-wallflower
-
-
-A showy plant with a large terminal cluster of four-petaled flowers, it
-is frequently called “desert wallflower.” When growing under shrubs it
-often extends its stems 2 feet or more to reach up into the sunshine.
-Usually blossoming in March, some plants may be found blooming at almost
-any time during the summer to as late as September.
-
-  _Erysimum capitatum_    Mustard family
-
-[Illustration: WESTERN-WALLFLOWER]
-
-
-
-
-                           26. False-mesquite
-
-
-With mimosa-like leaves and long-stamened flowers growing in clusters,
-false-mesquite, “calliandra,” or “fairy duster” is a small, straggling
-bush, quite Japanesy in appearance, from a few inches to 3 feet high. It
-blossoms from February to May, and is quite common below 5,000 feet from
-west Texas to southern California and northern Mexico. In California it
-is especially abundant along the east side of the Chocolate Mountains.
-During periods of drought the leaves enter a state of continued wilt,
-but revive promptly when rain comes.
-
-  _Calliandra eriophylla_    Pea Family
-
-[Illustration: FALSE-MESQUITE]
-
-
-
-
-                           27. Catclaw-acacia
-
-
-Also known by such descriptive names as “tear-blanket” and
-“wait-a-minute,” catclaw acacia is one of the notoriously thorny shrubs
-or small slender trees of the rocky hillsides and borders of desert
-washes. Flowers are fragrant and, during the blooming period in May,
-attract many insects, including honey bees, which gather and store
-nectar that makes high quality honey. The stringbean-like fruits turn
-red in late summer and, if abundant, make a spectacular show. These
-fruits were ground into meal and used for food by Arizona and Mexican
-Indians. Thickets of catclaw acacia provide havens of refuge for birds
-and rabbits pursued by hawks or other predators.
-
-  _Acacia greggii_    Pea Family
-
-[Illustration: CATCLAW-ACACIA]
-
-
-
-
-                           28. Mescat-acacia
-
-
-Armed with long, slender, straight white spines, giving it the name
-“white-thorn,” this pretty flowering shrub is abundant over large areas
-of dry slopes and mesas from Texas to Arizona and Mexico at 2,300 to
-5,000 feet. It is often used as a decorative in landscape plantings
-around buildings. Blossoms are fragrant and sometimes continue from May
-to August; the shrub occasionally blooming again in November. Cattle and
-horses eat the bean-like fruits.
-
-  _Acacia constricta_    Pea Family
-
-[Illustration: MESCAT-ACACIA]
-
-
-
-
-                           29. Honey mesquite
-
-
-Mesquite (mess-KEET) is a many-branched tree 15 to 23 feet tall, which
-flowers from late April to June. It is common bordering desert washes,
-often forming dense thickets. The flowers furnish honey bees and other
-insects with nectar, and the long, sweet pods ripen in autumn, providing
-food for livestock. The fruits have long been a staple in the diet of
-desert Indians, who used the trunks, roots, and branches of the trees
-for firewood and the dried gum-like sap to mend pottery and as a black
-dye. The inner bark provided the Indians with materials for basketry and
-coarse fabrics. Roots of mesquite trees have been reported to penetrate
-to a depth of 50 to 60 feet to tap sources of ground water.
-
-  _Prosopis juliflora_    Pea Family
-
-[Illustration: HONEY MESQUITE]
-
-
-
-
-                               30. Senna
-
-
-Blossoming from April to October, this species is common at elevations
-between 1,000 and 3,000 feet Nevada to New Mexico, Arizona, California,
-and northwestern Mexico. There are fifteen or more other species, many
-of which are found in a desert habitat and range in size from
-low-growing herbs to small shrubs 3-5 feet high. Senna is sometimes
-called “rattlebox” because the nearly ripe seeds rattle in their woody
-pods when the plant is stirred, startling the hiker who immediately
-thinks “rattlesnake!” A closely related species, _leptocarpa_, is noted
-for its foul-smelling foliage.
-
-  _Cassia covesii_    Pea Family
-
-[Illustration: SENNA]
-
-
-
-
-                          31. Blue palo-verde
-
-
-Perhaps the most dependable of spring bloomers, blue palo-verde trees
-cover themselves with masses of yellow blossoms in April and May.
-Usually found alongside desert washes, they mark these ephemeral stream
-courses as paths of gold threading the open desert. During much of the
-year the trees are relatively leafless, the green bark of trunk and
-branches taking over the function of leaves. The word _palo-verde_
-(PAH-low-VEHR-dee) means “green stick” in Spanish, referring to the
-color of the bark.
-
-  _Cercidium floridum_    Pea Family
-
-[Illustration: BLUE PALO-VERDE]
-
-
-
-
-                      32. Bird-of-Paradise-flower
-
-
-Not a southwestern desert native, this striking shrub, 3 to 10 feet
-high, was introduced from South America and has escaped from cultivation
-to establish itself in parts of the desert where conditions are
-suitable. The blossoms are showy but ill-smelling, and are popular as
-ornamentals about homes, especially in Mexico. The shrub’s principal
-advantage in landscape plantings is its long blossoming period, which
-sometimes lasts from April to September.
-
-  _Caesalpinia gilliesii_    Pea Family
-
-[Illustration: BIRD-OF-PARADISE-FLOWER]
-
-
-
-
-                               33. Lupine
-
-
-This is but one of many species of lupine, both annual and perennial,
-common throughout the West at nearly all elevations. Perhaps the most
-publicized is the “Texas” lupine, or “bluebonnet,” hailed by Texans as
-their State flower. Desert species are early bloomers, sometimes
-appearing in protected sandy soils and on highway shoulders in January.
-In favorable seasons masses of these handsome blue to violet blossoms
-color desert hillsides with acres of fragrant bloom. Sometimes growing
-in pure stands, often mixed with a variety of other spring flowers,
-lupines may usually be found blossoming as late as June.
-
-  _Lupinus sparsiflorus_    Pea Family
-
-[Illustration: LUPINE]
-
-
-
-
-                           34. Adonis lupine
-
-
-Considered one of the more handsome of the desert perennials, the
-“adonis” lupine, as it is known in southern California, is found near
-sandy washes in the high desert. It is especially abundant in Joshua
-Tree National Monument. The name _adonis_ refers to its great beauty.
-The name _lupinus_ is derived from the Latin _lupus_ meaning wolf,
-because these plants were at one time thought to be soil predators.
-Actually, as with other members of the pea family, lupines are able to
-take atmospheric nitrogen and leave it in the ground, thereby increasing
-rather than depleting soil fertility.
-
-  _Lupinus excubitus_    Pea Family
-
-[Illustration: ADONIS LUPINE (by Jaeger)]
-
-
-
-
-                            35. Smoke-thorn
-
-
-Better known as “smoketree,” this silvery-gray, seemingly leafless shrub
-grows in and along sandy washes below 1,500 feet, throughout the
-Mojave-Colorado Desert. At a distance it resembles a plume of smoke
-rising from a campfire. Its small but violet to indigo flowers cover it
-with a gorgeous blue blanket in May, making it one of the really
-handsome desert shrubs. It requires ample supplies of water, hence is
-restricted to washes that carry runoff from both winter rains and summer
-downpours. The seeds sprout readily, and the seedlings with their
-well-formed leaves look very unlike their parents. Few seedlings survive
-the hazards of drought or being smothered by sand carried down the
-washes by flash floods following cloudbursts.
-
-  _Dalea spinosa_    Pea Family
-
-[Illustration: SMOKE-THORN]
-
-
-
-
-                               36. Dalea
-
-
-Noted for its royal purple flowers, this low shrub, less than 3 feet
-high with peculiar zig-zag branches, blossoms from April to June. In
-common with other daleas (day-LEE-ahs) it is usually called “indigobush”
-or “peabush.” It is normally found below 3,000 feet in desert mountain
-ranges from southern Utah through Arizona and southeastern California.
-There are many species of dalea in the desert, all characterized by deep
-blue to indigo and rose-violet flowers, which attract attention by their
-beauty. Indians used the extract from twigs for dyeing basketry.
-
-  _Dalea fremontii_    Pea Family
-
-[Illustration: DALEA]
-
-
-
-
-                               37. Tesota
-
-
-Thriving only in a frost-free climate, this is among the largest and
-most beautiful of desert evergreen trees. It is usually found along
-sandy washes, mingling with mesquites and paloverdes. It is particularly
-susceptible to mistletoe infestation, which has killed or weakened many
-fine trees. Blossoming in May and June, the trees are sometimes laden
-with lavender, wisteria-like flowers. The wood is extremely hard and
-heavy, hence the tree is locally known as “ironwood,” or
-_palo-de-hierro_, in Mexico. Indians ate the seeds and used the wood for
-tool handles and arrow-points. Its long-burning qualities made it
-especially desirable for fuel. As a result, many of the trees have been
-cut, making it one of the species threatened with extinction.
-
-  _Olneya tesota_    Pea Family
-
-[Illustration: TESOTA]
-
-
-
-
-                            38. Woolly loco
-
-
-Many species of “locoweed” ranging in color from deep purple to creamy
-white are found throughout the desert at nearly all elevations. They
-sometimes create extensive mass displays but are more commonly found
-mixed with other flowers. Species with bladder-like pods are called
-“rattleweed.” Loco in Spanish means “crazy” and refers to the fact that
-a number of species of _astragalus_ contain selenium, which causes a
-serious disease among livestock, especially horses, that eat it and as a
-result “act crazy.”
-
-  _Astragalus mollissimus_    Pea Family
-
-[Illustration: WOOLLY LOCO]
-
-
-
-
-                             39. Heron-bill
-
-
-Also called “alfileria,” this species and its close relative, Texas
-filaree (_Erodium texanum_) are both early blossoming annuals, often
-widespread on plains and mesas, February to May. The flowers, although
-abundant, are small and so hidden in low-growing foliage that they
-rarely create a mass display. Texas filaree is native to North America,
-but alfileria is thought to have come from Europe with the Spaniards,
-and is now naturalized throughout the Southwest. Corkscrew-like
-appendages of the fruits are tightly twisted when dry, but untwist when
-moist, literally screwing the sharp-pointed fruits into the soil. Both
-species are excellent spring forage for livestock.
-
-  _Erodium cicutarium_    Geranium Family
-
-[Illustration: HERON-BILL]
-
-
-
-
-                            40. Creosotebush
-
-
-Often erroneously called “greasewood,” creosotebush is generally
-recognized as the most adaptable of all desert plants, and a definite
-indicator of the Lower Sonoran Life Zone. The shrubs cover thousands of
-square miles, often in pure stands, and flower throughout much of the
-year, but most profusely in April and May. Fuzzy white, globular fruits
-are almost as spectacular as the flowers. The plant can endure long
-periods of drought. Following rains its foliage gives off a musty,
-resinous odor, suggestive of creosote, stimulating the Mexican name
-_hediondilla_ (little stinker). In Mexico the plant is considered to
-have medicinal values and many uses. The Pima Indians boiled the leaves,
-using the decoction as an emetic and to poultice sores. They used the
-lac, found as an incrustation on the branches, to cement arrow-points
-and to mend pottery.
-
-  _Larrea tridentata_    Caltrop Family
-
-[Illustration: CREOSOTEBUSH]
-
-
-
-
-                           41. Arizona-poppy
-
-
-Often abundant on road shoulders and in low spots where rainwater from
-hot-weather showers provides adequate moisture, “caltrop” or
-“summerpoppy,” with large blossoms and attractive compound leaves,
-decorates the desert when other flowers are noticeable by their absence.
-The long, weak stems, usually prostrate, give the plants a vine-like
-appearance, but when growing under shrubs they extend upward so that the
-shrub is mistakenly thought to be blooming. Superficially resembling the
-springtime goldpoppy, Arizona-poppy has five rather than four petals,
-and may be found in bloom as late as October.
-
-  _Kallstroemia grandiflora_    Caltrop Family
-
-[Illustration: ARIZONA-POPPY]
-
-
-
-
-                           42. Desert-mallow
-
-
-Ranging in size from delicate 6-inch annuals to coarse, woody perennials
-4 feet high, the globemallows vary in color from creamy white to pink,
-rose, peach, and lavender. Desert-mallows flaunt their graceful,
-blossom-covered stems along roadsides or on the banks of sandy washes.
-Because some people are allergic to them, globemallows are called
-“sore-eye poppies” in parts of southern Arizona, and in Lower California
-are known as _plantas muy malas_ (very bad plants).
-
-  _Sphaeralcea ambigua_    Mallow Family
-
-[Illustration: DESERT-MALLOW]
-
-
-
-
-                        43. Five-stamen tamarisk
-
-
-Sometimes confused with tamarack because of the similarity of names,
-five-stamen tamarisk, locally called “salt-cedar,” is one of several
-small tree species from southeastern Europe and western Asia which have
-become naturalized in North America. “Salt-cedar” often forms dense
-thickets on alkaline soils along stream and reservoir banks at
-elevations below 5,000 feet. Flowers, which vary in hue from deep pink
-to white, cover the trees with graceful plumes of color from March to
-August. Although valuable in retarding soil erosion, tamarisk requires
-large quantities of water, an especially undesirable characteristic in
-the arid Southwest.
-
-  _Tamarix pentandra_    Tamarix Family
-
-[Illustration: FIVE-STAMEN TAMARISK]
-
-
-
-
-                          44. Yellow mentzelia
-
-
-Many species of _mentzelia_, all herbs, occur in the West. Barbed hairs
-cover leaves and stems, causing the plant to cling to what it touches,
-hence a common name “stick-leaf.” Flowers grow at ends of branches, and
-some species open fully only in sunlight. A close relative, _Mentzelia
-involucrata_, “sand blazing-star,” is an annual, 4 to 16 inches high,
-blooming February through April, found in sandy washes below 3,000 feet
-in southwestern Arizona, southeastern California, and northern Sonora.
-_Pumila_ grows in dry stream beds and on roadsides from 100 to 8,000
-feet elevation, flowering February to October. It ranges from Wyoming
-and Utah to southeastern California and Northern Mexico.
-
-  _Mentzelia pumila_    Loasa Family
-
-[Illustration: YELLOW MENTZELIA]
-
-
-
-
-                            45. Rock-nettle
-
-
-Also called “stingbush,” this low, rounded bush is usually found growing
-from crevices in cliffs. When covered with large blossoms from April to
-September the plant has a striking appearance. The pale green leaves are
-covered with stinging hairs, strong enough to impale such small
-creatures as bats emerging from cave entrances where they grow.
-Rock-nettle is common in desert ranges of southeastern California,
-especially in the Death Valley area, to western Arizona and southern
-Nevada.
-
-  _Eucnide urens_    Loasa Family
-
-[Illustration: ROCK-NETTLE]
-
-
-
-
-                       46. Night-blooming cereus
-
-
-Easily overlooked, when not in blossom, as a group of slender, fluted,
-gray-green stems hidden beneath a shrub, this cactus is truly a glorious
-thing when in flower. Beauty and fragrance of its blossoms have earned
-it the name, in Mexico, of _reina-de-la-noche_, meaning
-“queen-of-the-night.”
-
-Buds unfold soon after sunset in late June or early July, perfuming the
-desert air and attracting night-flying insects. They wilt soon after
-sunrise the following morning. The large, tuberous root, which serves as
-a water-storage organ, usually weighs from 5 to 15 pounds, but specimens
-have been found weighing more than 80 pounds. Indians at one time dug
-the tubers for food. The bulbous fruits become red when mature, and are
-almost as spectacular as the flowers. This species is found from west
-Texas to western Arizona and northern Mexico.
-
-  _Peniocereus greggii_    Cactus Family
-
-[Illustration: NIGHT-BLOOMING CEREUS]
-
-
-
-
-                              47. Saguaro
-
-
-Largest of the cactuses in the United States, the saguaro (suh-WAR-oh)
-is limited in its principal range to southern Arizona and northern
-Mexico. Although rarely exceeding 30 feet in height, specimens 50 feet
-tall and weighing up to 10 tons, are on record. Blossoms form as huge
-bud clusters at the branch tips, opening a few at a time each night,
-usually in May, and remain open until mid-afternoon of the following
-day. Fruits of the saguaro are eaten by birds and other animals, and at
-one time were important in the diet of desert Indians. The state flower
-of Arizona and the subject of a US. postage stamp issued in February
-1962 to commemorate the 50th anniversary of Arizona’s statehood, the
-saguaro is also commemorated and protected in the National Monument of
-that name near Tucson.
-
-  _Carnegiea gigantea_    Cactus Family
-
-[Illustration: SAGUARO]
-
-
-
-
-                          48. Organpipe cactus
-
-
-Limited in its range to northwestern Mexico and the vicinity of Organ
-Pipe Cactus National Monument in southwestern Arizona, this columnar
-cactus grows in clumps of spine-covered stems, some of which may be 10
-to 15 feet in height, rarely branching, and with no central trunk.
-Blossoms open at or near the stem ends during May nights, and close the
-following day. The spine-covered fruits, about the size and shape of a
-hen’s egg, have long been harvested by the Papago Indians, who boil the
-sweet juice to the consistency of syrup and store the pulp and seeds for
-winter food. The fruits are locally called _pitahaya dulce_, or sweet
-cactus fruit.
-
-  _Lemaireocereus thurberi_    Cactus Family
-
-[Illustration: ORGANPIPE CACTUS]
-
-
-
-
-                       49. Claretcup echinocereus
-
-
-Not only are there many species of _Echinocereus_, popularly called the
-“hedgehog cactuses,” but there are also several varieties of
-_Echinocereus triglochidiatus_. One variety sometimes develops into
-cushion-like mounds composed of several hundred oblong stems huddled
-together with a seemingly precarious foothold in crevices among the
-rocks or on rocky slopes of the Mojave desert. Another grows in loose
-clusters of cylindrical stems in the higher desert grasslands up to the
-oak belt in the mountains of southern New Mexico, Arizona, and northern
-Mexico. When blossoming in May and June these clustering “hedgehogs”
-create a spectacular display.
-
-  _Echinocereus triglochidiatus_    Cactus Family
-
-[Illustration: CLARETCUP ECHINOCEREUS]
-
-
-
-
-                      50. Strawberry echinocereus
-
-
-One of the more common species of “hedgehog,” sometimes called
-“Engelmann echinocereus,” the strawberry echinocereus grows as 2 to 12
-or more robust, cylindrical stems up to a foot in height, among the
-creosote bushes and bur-sages of the Sonoran and Mojave-Colorado
-Deserts, flowering from February to May. Flowers close at night and
-reopen the following morning. Blossoms vary considerably in color from
-purple to lavender. Spines, too, are variable, from gray and yellow to
-dark brown. In southeastern California, where it is common, this species
-is called “calico cactus” because of its many-colored spines. Fruits of
-some varieties (of which there are many) are edible, forming an
-important item in the diet of birds and rodents.
-
-  _Echinocereus engelmanii_    Cactus Family
-
-[Illustration: STRAWBERRY ECHINOCEREUS]
-
-
-
-
-                        51. Rainbow echinocereus
-
-
-Far from common but among the more beautiful of the “hedgehogs” is the
-rainbow echinocereus, also called “rainbow cactus,” so named because of
-the horizontal bands of alternating red and white spines encircling the
-single, sturdy stem. It grows in rocky situations in the mountains of
-southern Arizona and northern Mexico, blossoming from June to August.
-The large flowers, of which there may be from one to four crowding
-around the crown of the plant, are often larger than the plant itself.
-Spines are small and lie densely flat over the somewhat fluted stem,
-which is from 3 to 14 inches high.
-
-  _Echinocereus pectinatus_    Cactus Family
-
-[Illustration: RAINBOW ECHINOCEREUS]
-
-
-
-
-                     52. Yellow pitaya echinocereus
-
-
-Sometimes called “Texas golden rainbow,” the yellow pitaya of the
-Chihuahuan Desert is similar in appearance, except for the color of its
-blossoms, to the rainbow echinocereus. Quite common in portions of Big
-Bend National Park, the Stubby, upright stems usually grow singly but
-sometimes occur in small clusters. The term _pitaya_ or _pitahaya_ is
-commonly applied along the Mexican border to cactuses bearing edible
-fruits. In Texas the term refers to the low-growing floral hedgehogs; in
-Arizona to the columnar cactuses. Pricklypear cactuses having soft,
-juicy, edible fruit are known as _tunas_.
-
-  _Echinocereus dasyacanthus_    Cactus Family
-
-[Illustration: YELLOW PITAYA ECHINOCEREUS]
-
-
-
-
-                           53. Barrel cactus
-
-
-Massive, cylindrical, and covered with clusters of stout spines, the
-central one hook-shaped, these desert giants are often mistaken for
-young saguaros. There are several species, all locally called
-_bisnagas_, with some quite small and others attaining a height of 5 or
-6 feet. The majority produce clusters of orange to red flowers on their
-crowns in late summer, but the yellow-flowered California barrel cactus
-blossoms in the spring. Their tendency to lean toward the light causes
-many of these heavy-bodied plants to tip in a southwesterly direction,
-giving them the name “compass cactus.” This group is naively believed by
-some people to contain water. Actually the slimy, alkaline sap obtained
-by mashing the pulpy flesh might conceivably save someone lost in the
-desert from dying of thirst. The pale yellow fruits are not spiney, and
-are eaten by birds, rodents, deer, and other desert animals.
-
-  _Ferocactus wislizenii_    Cactus Family
-
-[Illustration: BARREL CACTUS]
-
-
-
-
-                          54. Fishhook cactus
-
-
-There are a number of species of the low-growing, usually dome-shaped
-mammillarias, the solitary kinds often so small as to be overlooked
-except when blooming, in late spring or early summer. Some are known as
-“fishhook cactuses” because of their long, slender, hooked spines,
-others as “pin-cushion cactuses” because of the shape of the plants. The
-large, colorful blossoms which encircle the stems mature usually to red,
-in some species green, nipple-shaped fruits. Members of this genus are
-widespread in grasslands or rocky mesas and slopes throughout the
-Southwest.
-
-  _Mammillaria microcarpa_    Cactus Family
-
-[Illustration: FISHHOOK CACTUS]
-
-
-
-
-                         55. Beavertail cactus
-
-
-Limited in its principal range to the Mojave-Colorado Desert, the
-beavertail is a low-growing species with flat joint-pads and
-bluish-green stems without spines. In their place are clusters of
-brownish spicules set in slight depressions in the wrinkled pads. The
-plants blossom in March and April, adding materially to the color of the
-spring flower display. The plants thrive in sandy desert soils, at
-elevations from 200 to 3,000 feet above sea level, and are found as far
-east in Arizona as Wickenburg. Cahuilla Indians cook the fruits with
-meat, and Panamint Indians dry the pads and boil them with salt.
-
-  _Opuntia basilaris_    Cactus Family
-
-[Illustration: BEAVERTAIL CACTUS]
-
-
-
-
-                       56. Engelmann pricklypear
-
-
-Most widely distributed of the pricklypears, Engelmann plants are large
-and spreading, sometimes forming spiney bushes 3 to 5 feet high and up
-to 15 feet in diameter. The branching stems may have from 5 to 12
-pad-joints. Flowering in April and May, the petals at first are yellow
-but turn to pink or rose with age. The plants prefer washes and benches
-in the desert grasslands, often growing with paloverdes, saguaros,
-mesquites, and lechuguilla agaves. Excessive abundance often indicates
-an overgrazed range. Fruits, called _tunas_, are purple to mahogany when
-mature, and are eaten by many birds and rodents, as well as by desert
-Indians.
-
-  _Opuntia engelmannii_    Cactus Family
-
-[Illustration: ENGELMANN PRICKLYPEAR]
-
-
-
-
-                           57. Jumping cholla
-
-
-Also known as “silver cholla” (CHOY-AH) and “teddybear cactus,” this
-stocky bush cactus, with a short sturdy trunk and compact, densely
-spined crown, is common on hot rocky, south-facing hillsides. Joints are
-extremely brittle and the barbed spines catch so easily in the hair of
-animals or clothing of persons that the joints appear to jump from the
-plant. Joints broken off by the wind fall to the ground and take root in
-the sandy soil, gradually developing forests of this striking cactus,
-easily recognized by the silvery sheen of the spines. The attractive
-flowers which appear from March to May blend inconspicuously with the
-spiney joints.
-
-  _Opuntia bigelovii_    Cactus Family
-
-[Illustration: JUMPING CHOLLA]
-
-
-
-
-                           58. Pencil cholla
-
-
-Common along banks of washes and on desert flats, this cholla, also
-called “tesajo,” or “Christmas cholla,” is so slender-stemmed and
-sprawling in growth habit that it is easily overlooked in a tangle of
-vegetation. Its flowers, appearing in May and June, are small and
-inconspicuous, but the orange to scarlet fruits about the size and shape
-of olives, are striking eye-catchers in the fall and winter months. In
-the open the shrubby plants are rarely more than 2 feet high, but in
-thickets of northern Mexico some have become almost vinelike, growing up
-through mesquite or paloverde trees to a height of 12 feet or more. The
-species grows at elevations of 200 to 5,000 feet from Texas to western
-Arizona and northern Mexico.
-
-  _Opuntia leptocaulis_    Cactus Family
-
-[Illustration: PENCIL CHOLLA]
-
-
-
-
-                           59. Whipple cholla
-
-
-This low-growing cholla of the higher desert above 3,500 feet, is
-characteristic of the plateau grasslands, forming mats of short but
-erect stems usually less than 2 feet high. It blossoms in June and July.
-The tender young stems and yellow, fleshy fruits are browsed by
-pronghorns, and the fruits are also used by the Hopi Indians for food
-and as a seasoning. Because of its customary low-growing habit it is
-something of a hazard to hikers. It is considered the most widely
-distributed cholla in Arizona.
-
-  _Opuntia whipplei_    Cactus Family
-
-[Illustration: WHIPPLE CHOLLA]
-
-
-
-
-                        60. Walkingstick cholla
-
-
-Flowering in May and June and common throughout southwestern New Mexico,
-southern Arizona, and northern Mexico, the walkingstick cholla is best
-known because of its persistent clusters of yellow fruits. These remain
-throughout the winter, giving persons the first-glance impression that
-the large shrubby cactus, sometimes 8 feet high, is in bloom. The fruits
-are eaten by cattle. This species is typical of desert grasslands and is
-most abundant in the open country below the edge of the oak belt in
-desert mountains. Stems of the dead plants leave a hollow cylinder of
-attractive wooden meshes when the soft tissues decay, and are favored
-for making canes, as the stem is long and straight, hence the name
-walkingstick cholla.
-
-  _Opuntia spinosior_    Cactus Family
-
-[Illustration: WALKINGSTICK CHOLLA]
-
-
-
-
-                          61. Evening-primrose
-
-
-Also called “sun-drops,” these plants are particularly welcome because
-they bloom early in the springtime. Many species of evening-primrose are
-large flowered, abundant along roadsides and sandy flats, and notably
-fragrant. White-flowered species are more common, but there are several
-with yellow flowers. Blossoms open at night and begin to wilt, turning
-pink during the following day. These are among the handsomest of desert
-plants and during favorable years make a spectacular spring display,
-sometimes growing with goldpoppies and sandverbenas to produce a riot of
-color.
-
-  _Oenothera trichocalyx_    Evening-primrose Family
-
-[Illustration: EVENING-PRIMROSE]
-
-
-
-
-                              62. Ocotillo
-
-
-Common to all of the deserts crossed by the boundary between the United
-States and Mexico, ocotillo (oh-koh-TEE-yoh) is a spectacular shrub, its
-many long, stiff, green-barked and thorn-guarded stems bearing at their
-tips clusters of bright red flowers from April to June. Following rains,
-the stems cover themselves with clusters of bright green leaves. When
-drought comes these leaves are shed, to be renewed again after another
-rain. This procedure may be repeated half a dozen times in one year.
-Cahuilla Indians eat both flowers and seeds, and make a beverage by
-soaking the blossoms in water. When planted as hedgerows the thorny
-wands make an impenetrable fence.
-
-  _Fouquieria splendens_    Ocotillo Family
-
-[Illustration: OCOTILLO]
-
-
-
-
-                          63. Field bind-weed
-
-
-Also known as “wild morning glory,” this naturalized perennial has
-become a serious agricultural pest throughout the Southwest. In
-California it is considered the State’s worst weed. Once established,
-its deep root system spreads widely, sending up shoots that grow rapidly
-with climbing, vine-like stems and morning glory-like white to pink
-flowers that bloom from May to July. In the desert it is usually found
-on road shoulders, where it makes an attractive display. The name
-_convolvulus_ comes from the Latin and means “to entwine.” A
-blood-clotting substance has been found in this plant.
-
-  _Convolvulus arvensis_    Convolvulus Family
-
-[Illustration: FIELD BIND-WEED]
-
-
-
-
-                           64. Santa Fe phlox
-
-
-Usually found in desert mountain ranges, at elevations between 5,000 and
-6,000 feet, this ground-hugging, herbaceous perennial blossoms in May
-and June. Flowers are larger than those of the several other desert
-species of phlox, most of which have longer flower stems and vary in
-color from white to purple.
-
-  _Phlox nana_    Phlox Family
-
-[Illustration: SANTA FE PHLOX]
-
-
-
-
-                             65. Starflower
-
-
-More commonly known as “gilia” in honor of the eighteenth-century
-Italian botanist Felippo Luigo Gilii, the many species of gilias are
-common and widespread throughout the deserts of the Southwest at nearly
-all elevations. Since the flowers are usually small and range in color
-from white to lavender, pink, and yellow, they are not as well known as
-more spectacular genera. Some are annuals but there are also many
-perennial species. Starflower is found from west Texas and Chihuahua to
-western Arizona at elevations from 1,000 to 8,000 feet on dry plains and
-mesas, especially on limestone soils. It blossoms from March to October.
-
-  _Gilia longiflora_    Phlox Family
-
-[Illustration: STARFLOWER]
-
-
-
-
-                              66. Phacelia
-
-
-Known also as “scorpionweed” and “wild heliotrope,” phacelia is a
-handsome plant with coarse foliage, somewhat hairy and sticky. Among
-other plants it often grows to a height of 18 inches, but on dry, open
-desert flats is usually much shorter. Flowers, which may be found from
-February to June, are sweet scented, but the foliage has a disagreeable
-odor. _Crenulata_, which is one of many species, grows from New Mexico
-and southern Utah throughout Arizona to Lower California. It is
-conspicuous among the spring-blooming flowers of the desert. The curling
-flower heads which bear some resemblance to the erect tail of a scorpion
-are responsible for the name “scorpionweed.”
-
-  _Phacelia crenulata_    Waterleaf Family
-
-[Illustration: PHACELIA]
-
-
-
-
-                                67. Nama
-
-
-In favorable years these ground-hugging plants form broad, colorful
-mats, but in dry seasons these annuals may be tiny, each with a single
-flower almost as large as the rest of the plant. Flowering from February
-to May, bloom is heaviest in March and April. This species, also called
-“purplemat,” is common on flat, sandy, open desert soils from
-southeastern California and Baja California to southeastern Arizona at
-elevations below 3,500 feet. Because of its low-growing habit, nama
-requires that you lie prone to examine it closely, hence is one of the
-many small desert herbs called “bellyflowers.”
-
-  _Nama demissum_    Waterleaf Family
-
-[Illustration: NAMA]
-
-
-
-
-                             68. Buffalobur
-
-
-Believed to be the original host of the Colorado potato beetle, this
-annual is a pest on rangelands because of its spine-covered stems and
-fruits. Spines are long, straight, sharp, and straw-colored. It is
-common on desert plains and mesas at elevations from 1,000 up to 7,000
-feet, blooming from June to August. The leaves and unripe fruits of this
-and several other species are reportedly poisonous, as they contain an
-alkaloid, solanin.
-
-  _Solanum rostratum_    Potato Family
-
-[Illustration: BUFFALOBUR]
-
-
-
-
-                       69. Silverleaf nightshade
-
-
-Also known as “white horse-nettle,” “bull-nettle” and “trompillo,”
-silverleaf nightshade is a showy plant when in blossom May to October
-along roadsides and in open fields at elevations from 1,000 to 5,500
-feet from Kansas and Colorado to Arizona, California, and south to
-tropical America. It is an agricultural pest in irrigated areas,
-difficult to eradicate. Pima Indians used the crushed fruits as an
-additive to milk in making cheese. A close relative, _Solanum jamesii_
-is known as wild-potato as it produces small tubers eaten by desert
-Indians.
-
-  _Solanum elaeagnifolium_    Potato Family
-
-[Illustration: SILVERLEAF NIGHTSHADE]
-
-
-
-
-                           70. Sacred datura
-
-
-One of the really striking flowers of the deserts and mesas, the large,
-showy, trumpet-shaped blossoms and broad, dark green leaves of the
-datura or “western jimson” arouse the curiosity of persons seeing them
-for the first time. Quite common along roadsides below 6,000 feet from
-California to Texas and Mexico, the white blossoms remain open at night
-but close and droop soon after sunrise. The summer-blooming plants often
-grow in large clumps with buds, flowers, and maturing fruits all present
-at the same time. Indians used the plants for various medicinal
-purposes, a dangerous practice, since all parts of the plant contain
-various alkaloids, including atropine. Roots are narcotic and were
-sometimes eaten by Indians to induce visions.
-
-  _Datura meteloides_    Potato Family
-
-[Illustration: SACRED DATURA]
-
-
-
-
-                            71. Tree tobacco
-
-
-Sometimes growing to a height of 10 or 12 feet, the graceful swaying
-branches of tree tobacco bear at their ends clusters of tubular,
-greenish-yellow blossoms 2 to 3 inches long. The leaves contain the
-alkaloid anabasine, which is poisonous to livestock. Leaves of the
-closely related and much smaller desert tobacco, _Nicotiana
-trigonophylla_, contain nicotine and have long been smoked by desert
-Indians. The plant is still so used on ceremonial occasions. _Nicotiana_
-was named for Jean Nicot, French ambassador to Portugal, who introduced
-tobacco to France about 1560.
-
-  _Nicotiana glauca_    Potato Family
-
-[Illustration: TREE TOBACCO]
-
-
-
-
-                               72. Ceniza
-
-
-Although restricted in its range to the Chihuahuan Desert, ceniza,
-sometimes called silverleaf, is so spectacular when in blossom that it
-invariably attracts attention and arouses interest. The small, abundant,
-ash-gray leaves give this 3- to 4-foot shrub a distinguished appearance
-throughout the year, but when it suddenly bursts into bloom, usually in
-September, it becomes a thing of rare beauty. It is so sensitive to
-moisture that it may blossom a few hours after a soaking rain, which
-gives rise to the popular belief that it can forecast wet weather and in
-consequence it is sometimes called “barometer bush.”
-
-  _Leucophyllum frutescens_    Figwort Family
-
-[Illustration: CENIZA]
-
-
-
-
-                         73. Desert beardtongue
-
-
-Penstemons, or “beard-tongues,” of various species are numerous on the
-desert as well as throughout the higher, moister parts of the Southwest.
-This one blooms in spring and early summer below 6,000 feet from
-southwestern New Mexico to southern California. It, and the similar
-Parry Penstemon, are among the more noticeable desert species because of
-their showy flowers covering the clumps of erect stems two to four feet
-tall. Both are fairly common on mesa slopes and mountain canyons with
-individuals well scattered, hence not contributing to the mass flower
-displays of the desert springtime.
-
-  _Penstemon pseudospectabilis_    Figwort Family
-
-[Illustration: DESERT BEARDTONGUE]
-
-
-
-
-                          74. Palmer penstemon
-
-
-Known in southern California as “scented penstemon” because of its
-fragrance, this regal “beardtongue” comes to the height of bloom in May.
-However, it may be found in flower from March to September. When the
-tall, flower-covered stems grow in abundance, as often occurs in
-gravelly washes at elevations between 3,500 and 6,500 feet, the sight is
-remarkable. This species prefers limestone soils in both the
-Mojave-Colorado and Sonoran Deserts. The sweet nectar attracts bees.
-
-  _Penstemon palmeri_    Figwort Family
-
-[Illustration: PALMER PENSTEMON]
-
-
-
-
-                             75. Paintbrush
-
-
-Paintedcups, or “Indian paintbrushes” as they are more widely known, are
-found from desert lowlands to snow-capped mountain tops. _Castilleja
-linariaefolia_ is the State flower of Wyoming. The northwestern
-paintbrush, known in southern California as “desert paintbrush,” has an
-extremely wide range. The flash of red among other desert plants is
-actually due to the brightly colored floral bracts, as the flowers
-themselves are small and inconspicuous. This species blossoms in early
-spring in rocky or gravelly locations between 2,000 and 7,000 feet, on
-dry plains and hillsides.
-
-  _Castilleja augustifolia_    Figwort Family
-
-[Illustration: PAINTBRUSH]
-
-
-
-
-                             76. Owl-clover
-
-
-Owl-clover is one of the short-stemmed desert spring annuals which, in
-favorable seasons, carpet the desert floor with a beautiful, colorful
-mass display. Sometimes growing in pure stands, at others mixed with
-goldpoppies, lupines, or other spring flowers, it is found throughout
-southern Arizona, southern California, and Baja California, at
-elevations between 1,500 and 4,500 feet, blossoming from March to May.
-Cattle and sheep graze it extensively. The Spanish name _escobita_ means
-“little broom.” Individual flowers are not conspicuous, but their
-clusters intermixed with the colorful bracts produce a pretty, feathery
-effect.
-
-  _Orthocarpus purpurascens_    Figwort Family
-
-[Illustration: OWL-CLOVER]
-
-
-
-
-                           77. Desert-willow
-
-
-More properly called “desert catalpa,” this tall shrub or small tree, 6
-to 15 feet high, has willow-like leaves, spreading branches, and a
-short, crooked, black-barked trunk. The violet-scented flowers usually
-appear from April to August, often after the start of summer rains. They
-are replaced by long, slender seed pods that remain dangling from the
-branches for months. Mexicans make from the dried flowers a tea that
-they believe has considerable medicinal value. Desert-willow is usually
-found along desert washes below 4,000 feet from west Texas to southern
-California and northern Mexico. It is frequently cultivated as an
-ornamental because of its attractive orchid-like flowers.
-
-  _Chilopsis linearis_    Bignonia Family
-
-[Illustration: DESERT-WILLOW]
-
-
-
-
-                            78. Trumpet-bush
-
-
-A glossy-leafed shrub with golden, trumpet-shaped flowers, the
-trumpet-bush blooms from May to October on dry, rocky hillsides between
-elevations of 3,000 and 5,000 feet. It is not common, but occurs from
-western Texas through southern New Mexico and Arizona southward into
-tropical America. Trumpet-bush is cultivated as an ornamental in
-southern parts of the United States and in Mexico. The roots are used
-medicinally and in making a beverage. Stems and leaves contain small
-quantities of rubber. The shrubs, which occasionally reach a height of 6
-feet, are browsed by bighorn sheep and probably by deer.
-
-  _Tecoma stans_    Bignonia Family
-
-[Illustration: TRUMPET-BUSH]
-
-
-
-
-                        79. Louisiana broomrape
-
-
-Lacking chlorophyll and parasitic on the roots of bur-sage and other
-desert composites, broomrape is so unusual in appearance as to attract
-immediate attention. Although fairly common in low-elevation deserts
-from west Texas and Mexico to southern California, it is occasionally
-found as far north as southern Utah and Nevada and at elevations up to
-7,000 feet. The rather inconspicuous flowers appear from February to
-September. Navajo Indians made a decoction of the plant as a treatment
-for sores. Desert Indians ate the tender stems in springtime.
-
-  _Orobanche ludoviciana_    Broomrape Family
-
-[Illustration: LOUISIANA BROOMRAPE]
-
-
-
-
-                            80. Coyote-melon
-
-
-Restricted to western Arizona, southern California, and Lower
-California, _palmata_ has similar-appearing relatives with much wider
-distribution. Their large leaves and vine-like growth attract attention
-along roadsides at elevations up to 7,000 feet. Most widespread of these
-strikingly coarse perennials is _Cucurbita foetidissima_, the
-buffalo-gourd or calabazilla. This rank-growing, ill-smelling vine-like
-plant may have prostrate stems up to 20 feet long. The globular fruits,
-of tennis ball size, were cooked by Indians or dried for winter
-consumption. Seeds were boiled to form a pasty mush. California pioneers
-used the crushed roots as a cleansing agent in washing clothes, but
-found that particles clinging to the cloth were a skin irritant.
-
-  _Cucurbita palmata_    Gourd Family
-
-[Illustration: COYOTE-MELON]
-
-
-
-
-                             81. Snake-weed
-
-
-Common throughout the Southwest, particularly on overgrazed rangelands
-and deserted clearings, this plant, also called “matchweed” or
-“turpentine-weed,” often occurs in almost pure stands. The resinous
-stems burn readily, throwing off black smoke. Most abundant on dry hills
-and mesas, 3,000 to 6,000 feet elevation, this perennial is found from
-1,000 to 7,000 feet, blossoming from June to October. Bees obtain nectar
-and pollen from the small but densely crowded, yellow flower clusters.
-The many stiff, upright branches cause some plants to appear almost
-globular in shape and a foot to 2 feet in diameter. Plants of this genus
-are reported as poisonous to sheep and goats if eaten in quantity, but
-are apparently unpalatable, as they are rarely grazed.
-
-  _Gutierrezia lucida_    Sunflower Family
-
-[Illustration: SNAKE-WEED]
-
-
-
-
-                             82. Desertstar
-
-
-Also known as “desert daisy” and “rock daisy,” this dwarf winter annual
-grows on sandy or stony mesas at elevations below 3,500 feet, blossoming
-from February through April. The short stems spread to form a mat or
-rosette, 5 or 6 inches across, growing flat on the sand, and ornamented
-with many small flowers, each set off by a small cluster of leaves.
-Desertstar grows principally in southern Arizona and southern
-California, but has been recorded from southern Utah and Sonora, Mexico.
-
-  _Monoptilon bellioides_    Sunflower Family
-
-[Illustration: DESERTSTAR]
-
-
-
-
-                            83. Mohave aster
-
-
-Varying in color from violet and lavender to almost white, flower heads
-of the Mohave aster are numerous, sometimes as many as 20 simultaneously
-in bloom on one plant. This ornamental perennial prefers dry, rocky
-slopes below 6,000 feet in southern Utah, Nevada, western Arizona, and
-southeastern California. Characterized by silvery foliage and large
-flower heads, the Mohave aster is well worthy of cultivation and does
-well in hot, dry locations. Flowers appear from March to May, but with
-the coming of summer heat the stems and leaves become twisted, brown,
-and unattractive.
-
-  _Aster abatus_    Sunflower Family
-
-[Illustration: MOHAVE ASTER]
-
-
-
-
-                              84. Fleabane
-
-
-By no means limited to the deserts, fleabane is common throughout the
-Southwest, including parts of Mexico. In some localities it is known as
-“wild-daisy.” Six to 15 inches tall, with attractive circular flowers,
-fleabane often forms noticeable patches along road shoulders and on dry
-open slopes, blossoming from February to October. Flowers may be an inch
-in diameter in springtime, but those in summer are usually smaller. The
-name arises from an ancient belief that the odor of some species
-repelled fleas.
-
-  _Erigeron divergens_    Sunflower Family
-
-[Illustration: FLEABANE]
-
-
-
-
-                          85. Broom baccharis
-
-
-Locally called “desert-broom,” or “Mexican broom,” this species of
-baccharis is an erect, coarse, evergreen shrub 3 to 6 feet high,
-frequently encountered on hillsides and bottomlands at elevations
-between 1,000 and 5,500 feet from southwestern New Mexico to southern
-and Baja California and northern Mexico. Greening up following summer
-rains, the shrubs blossom from September to February. Flowers are
-inconspicuous, but the fruits develop as masses of spectacular cottony
-threads, giving the shrubs a snow-covered appearance. Among some Indian
-tribes the twigs are chewed to relieve toothache. In Mexico the shrub is
-called _hierba del pasmo_.
-
-  _Baccharis sarothroides_    Sunflower Family
-
-[Illustration: BROOM BACCHARIS]
-
-
-
-
-                           86. Desert zinnia
-
-
-From 3 inches to a foot high, desert zinnia is a dwarf shrub with small,
-stiff, dull green leaves and attractive, four-petaled flowers that are
-present from April to October. Preferring clayey or rocky, arid soils at
-elevations 2,500 to 5,000 feet, this species is found from west Texas to
-southern Arizona and Mexico. Although related to the garden zinnia,
-which is a native of Mexico, only the large flowered desert species,
-_Zinnia grandiflora_, is considered worthy of cultivation.
-
-  _Zinnia pumila_    Sunflower Family
-
-[Illustration: DESERT ZINNIA]
-
-
-
-
-                            87. Brittle-bush
-
-
-Sometimes blossoming as early as November and often lingering until May,
-brittle-bush is a dome-shaped, winter-flowering bush that brings delight
-to desert dwellers in Nevada, Arizona, southern California, and
-northwestern Mexico. Stems of the low-growing, silvery-leaved shrub
-exude a gum which was chewed by desert Indians and burned as incense by
-priests in mission churches, giving the plant the local name,
-_incienso_. Strictly a desert shrub, about 3 feet high, brittle-bush
-prefers rocky hillsides below 3,000 feet. Growing in masses it often
-covers entire slopes with a mass of golden bloom, contributing to the
-early spring flower display. Bighorn sheep are reported to rely on this
-species for browse.
-
-  _Encelia farinosa_    Sunflower Family
-
-[Illustration: BRITTLE-BUSH]
-
-
-
-
-                       88. Silverleaf enceliopsis
-
-
-Restricted in its range to the region in which Utah, Arizona, and Nevada
-meet, the “giant sunray,” as it is sometimes called, is spectacular
-rather than beautiful. Coarse and weedy, the large clusters of silvery
-leaves and long stemmed, sunflower-like blossoms that appear from April
-to June invariably attract attention and stimulate curiosity. An even
-larger species, _Enceliopsis covillei_, with blossoms up to 6 inches in
-diameter, is found in canyons on the west side of the Panamint Mountains
-in California.
-
-  _Enceliopsis argophylla_    Sunflower Family
-
-[Illustration: SILVERLEAF ENCELIOPSIS]
-
-
-
-
-                            89. Crown-beard
-
-
-Although it is reported from elevations up to 7,000 feet, golden
-crown-beard is usually found at much lower levels from Kansas south to
-Texas, California, and northern Mexico. Sometimes growing in clusters,
-single plants are also common as a weed of roadsides and waste ground.
-The all-yellow, sunflower-like blossoms are widespread in the desert
-from April to November. Desert Indians and early pioneers are said to
-have used the plant to treat boils and skin diseases. The Hopis soaked
-the plants in water in which they bathed, to relieve the pain of insect
-bites.
-
-  _Verbesina encelioides_    Sunflower Family
-
-[Illustration: CROWN-BEARD]
-
-
-
-
-                         90. Douglas coreopsis
-
-
-Also called “tickseed,” wild coreopsis is closely related to cultivated
-ornamentals of the same name. The desert species inhabits open locations
-at elevations between 1,500 and 2,500 feet in southern Arizona, southern
-California, and Baja California. Plants usually bloom between February
-and May. The closely related _Coreopsis bigelovii_ is a southern
-California annual having somewhat larger flowers, up to 2 inches in
-diameter, with orange centers. Flower stems are naked, with the leaves
-clustered at their bases.
-
-  _Coreopsis douglasii_    Sunflower Family
-
-[Illustration: DOUGLAS COREOPSIS]
-
-
-
-
-                            91. Paperflower
-
-
-At its best in sandy desert soil, paperflower is a compact, shrubby
-plant about 1 foot high, with tangled branches. When fully developed it
-is symmetrically globular in outline. It prefers mesas and desert plains
-at elevations between 2,000 and 5,000 feet from western New Mexico to
-southern California and northern Mexico, flowering throughout the year
-but most abundantly in springtime. Sometimes called “paper-daisy,” the
-flowers are persistent, fading to straw color and turning papery with
-age. They may remain on the stems for weeks.
-
-  _Psilostrophe cooperi_    Sunflower Family
-
-[Illustration: PAPERFLOWER]
-
-
-
-
-                           92. Desert baileya
-
-
-Commonly called “desert marigold,” baileya blossoms in all seasons, most
-heavily from March to November, and is one of the better known flowers
-of the Southwest. Each circular blossom occupies the tip of a foot-high
-stem. Plants usually have a thrifty, garden-variety appearance. They are
-common along roadsides and on well-drained, gravelly slopes up to 5,000
-feet from west Texas to southeastern California and Chihuahua. The large
-flower heads are showy and the species is cultivated in California.
-Cases are on record of sheep and goats on overgrazed ranges being
-poisoned by eating this plant.
-
-  _Baileya multiradiata_    Sunflower Family
-
-[Illustration: DESERT BAILEYA]
-
-
-
-
-                             93. Goldfields
-
-
-Covering vast stretches of open desert with a carpet of yellow bloom
-following wet winters, goldfields is an appropriately named spring
-flower found at elevations below 4,500 feet. The low-growing plant
-produces small but attractive blossoms on mesas and plains, March to
-May, from central and southern Arizona to California, and Baja
-California. Horses graze _Baeria_ avidly, but are annoyed by a small fly
-that frequents the fragrant blossoms, giving the plant the name “fly
-flower” in some localities.
-
-  _Baeria chrysostoma_    Sunflower Family
-
-[Illustration: GOLDFIELDS]
-
-
-
-
-                             94. Chaenactis
-
-
-Probably because it is one of the attractive white desert flowers,
-chaenactis is popularly called “morning bride.” A larger,
-yellow-flowered species, _Chaenactis lanosa_, found on the California
-deserts, is called “golden girls.” Both are spring flowering annuals
-and, in common with other members of the genus, sometimes called
-“pincushion plants.” “Morning bride” is often found growing about the
-bases of creosotebushes, thriving at elevations between 1,000 and 3,500
-feet in southern Nevada, western Arizona, and southeastern California.
-
-  _Chaenactis fremontii_    Sunflower Family
-
-[Illustration: CHAENACTIS]
-
-
-
-
-                         95. Douglas groundsel
-
-
-Rarely considered beautiful, the groundsels are common and widespread,
-and are readily recognized by the untidy appearance of the large flowers
-which are sometimes almost 2 inches in diameter. The rather delicate,
-stringy foliage is sometimes covered with cottony threads. One species
-is called “ragwort.” Douglas groundsel is a shrubby plant sometimes as
-much as 3 feet high, common in sandy washes and on dry foothill slopes.
-It occurs from southern Utah and Arizona to California and Mexico,
-between 1,000 and 6,000 feet. At lower elevations these plants bloom at
-almost any time of year.
-
-  _Senecio douglasii_    Sunflower Family
-
-[Illustration: DOUGLAS GROUNDSEL]
-
-
-
-
-                         96. New Mexico thistle
-
-
-Everyone recognizes the thistles with their prickly leaves and stems,
-and large flowers ranging in color from white to lavender, pink and
-purple. Several species grow in the deserts, the New Mexico species
-being widespread at elevations from 1,000 to 6,000 feet in Colorado and
-Nevada south through New Mexico and Arizona to California, blossoming
-from March to September. Navajo and Hopi Indians are reported to use
-thistles medicinally. The nectar of some species is eagerly sought by
-hummingbirds.
-
-  _Cirsium neomexicanum_    Sunflower Family
-
-[Illustration: NEW MEXICO THISTLE]
-
-
-
-
-                          97. Desert dandelion
-
-
-A very attractive plant, desert dandelion has several flower stalks from
-a few inches to a foot tall. Some of the blossoms may be nearly 2 inches
-in diameter. This annual is common in open, sandy basins, where it is a
-conspicuous contributor to the spring flower spread, blooming from March
-through May in the creosotebush belt of Arizona and southern California.
-It has been reported from as far north as Idaho and Oregon. Sometimes a
-single plant has 10 or 12 flower heads in blossom at the same time.
-
-  _Malacothryx glabrata_    Sunflower Family
-
-[Illustration: DESERT DANDELION]
-
-
-
-
-                            98. Malacothryx
-
-
-There are many species of malacothryx native to the western and
-southwestern United States. Some are locally called “desert dandelion,”
-“snake’s head,” “yellow saucers,” and “cliff aster.” _Fendleri_ is one
-of the smaller species, with stems only 4 or 5 inches long, rising from
-a rosette of bluish-green leaves. Blooming from March to June, this
-delicate relative of the common dandelion covers with its pale yellow
-flowers rocky slopes and sandy plains and mesas, at elevations between
-2,000 and 5,000 feet from West Texas to western Arizona.
-
-  _Malacothryx fendleri_    Sunflower Family
-
-[Illustration: MALACOTHRYX]
-
-
-
-
-                           99. White cupfruit
-
-
-Also called “tackstem” because of the numerous dark-colored, tack-shaped
-glands protruding from the stem, this white-flowered, branching annual
-blossoms from March to May at elevations of 500 to 4,000 feet. It is a
-conspicuous item of the spring flower display from west Texas to
-southern California and northern Mexico. A similar species with yellow
-flowers, _Calycoseris parryi_, common at elevations around 3,000 feet,
-blooms in March and April. It is found in southwestern Utah, Arizona,
-and southern California.
-
-  _Calycoseris wrightii_    Sunflower Family
-
-[Illustration: WHITE CUPFRUIT]
-
-
-
-
-                        100. Prickly sowthistle
-
-
-Naturalized from Europe and generally considered a weed, sowthistle is
-found in waste grounds and along roadsides from near sea level to 8,000
-feet. It blossoms from February to August, the flowers becoming cottony
-seed heads as conspicuous as the blooms. A close relative, _Sonchus
-oleraceus_, which blossoms from March to September, produces a gum from
-the drying of the sap, reportedly a powerful cathartic. It has also been
-used as a treatment for persons suffering from the habitual use of opium
-derivatives.
-
-  _Sonchus asper_    Sunflower Family
-
-[Illustration: PRICKLY SOWTHISTLE]
-
-
-
-
-                  _Suggestions for Additional Reading_
-
-
-  Armstrong, Margaret, _Field Book of Western Wild Flowers_, C. P.
-  Putnam’s Sons, New York, 1915.
-
-  Benson, Lyman, _The Cacti of Arizona_, University of Arizona Press,
-  Tucson, 1950.
-
-  Benson, Lyman, and Darrow, Robert, _The Trees and Shrubs of the
-  Southwestern Deserts_, University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque,
-  N.M., 1954.
-
-  Dodge, Natt, _Flowers of the Southwest Deserts_, Southwestern
-  Monuments Association, Globe, Arizona, 1951.
-
-  Hornaday, W. T., _Camp-fires on Desert and Lava_, Charles Scribner’s
-  Sons, New York, 1909.
-
-  Jaeger, Edmund C., _Desert Wild Flowers_, Stanford University Press,
-  Stanford, California, 1956.
-
-  Jaeger, Edmund C., _The North American Deserts_, Stanford University
-  Press, Stanford, California, 1957.
-
-  Lemmon, Robert S., and Johnson, Charles C., _Wildflowers of North
-  America in Full Color_, Hanover House, Garden City, N.Y., 1961.
-
-  Leopold, A. Starker, _The Desert_, (Life Nature Library) Time Inc.,
-  New York, 1961.
-
-  McDougall, W. B., and Sperry, Omer E., _Plants of Big Bend National
-  Park_, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1951.
-
-  Shreve, Forrest, and Wiggins, Ira L., _Vegetation and Flora of the
-  Sonora Desert_, Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication No.
-  591, Vol. 1, Washington, D.C., 1951.
-
-  Vines, Robert A., _Trees, Shrubs, and Woody Vines of the Southwest_,
-  University of Texas Press, Austin, 1960.
-
-
-
-
-                                 Index
-
-
-  A
-
-  Adonis lupine                   _Lupinus excubitus_                34
-  Agave                           _Agave scabra_                     14
-  Arizona-poppy                   _Kallstroemia grandiflora_         41
-
-  B
-
-  Barrel cactus                   _Ferocactus wislizenii_            53
-  Beavertail cactus               _Opuntia basilaris_                55
-  Bird-of-paradise-flower         _Caesalpinia gilliesii_            32
-  Bladderpod                      _Lesquerella gordonii_             24
-  Blue palo-verde                 _Cercidium floridum_               31
-  Brittle-bush                    _Encelia farinosa_                 87
-  Broom baccharis                 _Baccharis sarothroides_           85
-  Buffalobur                      _Solanum rostratum_                68
-
-  C
-
-  Canaigre                        _Rumex hymenosepalus_              17
-  Catclaw-acacia                  _Acacia greggii_                   27
-  Ceniza                          _Leucophyllum frutescens_          72
-  Chaenactis                      _Chaenactis fremontii_             94
-  Claretcup echinocereus          _Echinocereus triglochidiatus_     49
-  Common reed                     _Phragmites communis_               2
-  Coyote-melon                    _Cacurbita palmata_                80
-  Creosotebush                    _Larrea tridentata_                40
-  Crown-beard                     _Verbesina encelioides_            89
-
-  D
-
-  Dalea                           _Dalea fremontii_                  36
-  Desert baileya                  _Baileya multiradiata_             92
-  Desert beardtongue              _Penstemon pseudospectabilis_      73
-  Desert dandelion                _Malacothryx glabrata_             97
-  Desertlily                      _Hesperocallis undulata_            4
-  Desert-mallow                   _Sphaeralcea ambigua_              42
-  Desert mariposa                 _Calochortus kennedyi_              7
-  Desertstar                      _Monoptilon bellioides_            82
-  Desert-willow                   _Chilopsis linearis_               77
-  Desert zinnia                   _Zinnia pumila_                    86
-  Douglas coreopsis               _Coreopsis douglasii_              90
-  Douglas groundsel               _Senecio douglasii_                95
-
-  E
-
-  Engelmann pricklypear           _Opuntia engelmannii_              56
-  Evening-primrose                _Oenothera brevipes_               22
-  Evening-primrose                _Oenothera trichocalyx_            61
-
-  F
-
-  False-mesquite                  _Calliandra eriophylla_            26
-  Field bind-weed                 _Convolvulus arvensis_             63
-  Fishhook cactus                 _Mammillaria microcarpa_           54
-  Five-stamen tamarisk            _Tamarix pentandra_                43
-  Fleabane                        _Erigeron divergens_               84
-
-  G
-
-  Giant yucca                     _Yucca carnerosana_                11
-  Golden mariposa                 _Calochortus nuttalii aureus_       6
-  Goldfields                      _Baeria chrysostoma_               93
-
-  H
-
-  Heron-bill                      _Erodium cicutarium_               39
-  Honey mesquite                  _Prosopis juliflora_               29
-
-  J
-
-  Joshua-tree                     _Yucca brevifolia_                  9
-  Jumping cholla                  _Opuntia bigelovii_                57
-
-  L
-
-  Lechuguilla                     _Agave lechuguilla_                16
-  Longleaf ephedra                _Ephedra trifurca_                  1
-  Louisiana broomrape             _Orobanche ludoviciana_            79
-  Lupine                          _Lupinus sparsiflorus_             33
-
-  M
-
-  Malacothryx                     _Malacothryx fendleri_             98
-  Mariposa                        _Calochortus flexuosus_             5
-  Mescat-acacia                   _Acacia constricta_                28
-  Mexican goldpoppy               _Eschscholtzia mexicana_           20
-  Mohave aster                    _Aster abatus_                     83
-
-  N
-
-  Nama                            _Nama demissum_                    67
-  New Mexico thistle              _Cirsium neomexicanum_             96
-  Night-blooming cereus           _Peniocereus greggii_              46
-
-  O
-
-  Ocotillo                        _Fouquieria splendens_             62
-  Organpipe cactus                _Lemaireocereus thurberi_          48
-  Owl-clover                      _Orthocarpus purpurascens_         76
-
-  P
-
-  Paintbrush                      _Castilleja angustifolia_          75
-  Palmer penstemon                _Penstemon palmeri_                74
-  Paperflower                     _Psilostrophe cooperi_             91
-  Parry agave                     _Agave parryi_                     15
-  Pencil cholla                   _Opuntia leptocaulis_              58
-  Phacelia                        _Phacelia crenulata_               66
-  Prairie spiderwort              _Tradescantia occidentalis_         3
-  Pricklepoppy                    _Argemone platyceras_              21
-  Prickly sowthistle              _Sonchus asper_                   100
-
-  R
-
-  Rainbow echinocereus            _Echinocereus pectinatus_          51
-  Rock-nettle                     _Eucnide urens_                    45
-
-  S
-
-  Sacahuista                      _Nolina microcarpa_                12
-  Sacred datura                   _Datura meteloides_                70
-  Saguaro                         _Carnegiea gigantea_               47
-  Sand-verbena                    _Abronia villosa_                  19
-  Santa Fe phlox                  _Phlox nana_                       64
-  Senna                           _Cassia covesii_                   30
-  Silverleaf enceliopsis          _Enceliopsis argophylla_           88
-  Silverleaf nightshade           _Solanum elaeagnifolium_           69
-  Smoke-thorn                     _Dalea spinosa_                    35
-  Snake-weed                      _Gutierrezia lucida_               81
-  Soaptree yucca                  _Yucca elata_                       8
-  Sotol                           _Dasylirion wheeleri_              13
-  Spectaclepod                    _Dithyrea wislizenii_              23
-  Starflower                      _Gilia longiflora_                 65
-  Strawberry echinocereus         _Echinocereus engelmannii_         50
-
-  T
-
-  Tesota                          _Olneya tesota_                    37
-  Torrey yucca                    _Yucca torreyi_                    10
-  Trailing-four-o’clock           _Allionia incarnata_               18
-  Tree tobacco                    _Nicotiana glauca_                 71
-  Trumpet-bush                    _Tecoma stans_                     78
-
-  W
-
-  Walkingstick cholla             _Opuntia spinosior_                60
-  Western-wallflower              _Erysimum capitatum_               25
-  Whipple cholla                  _Opuntia whipplei_                 59
-  White cupfruit                  _Calycoseris wrightii_             99
-  Woolly loco                     _Astragalus mollissimus_           38
-
-  Z
-
-  Yellow mentzelia                _Mentzelia pumila_                 44
-  Yellow pitaya echinocereus      _Echinocereus dasyacanthus_        52
-
-
-This booklet is published in cooperation with the National Park Service
-                                 by the
-                   SOUTHWESTERN MONUMENTS ASSOCIATION
- _which is a non-profit distributing organization pledged to aid in the
-preservation and interpretation of Southwestern features of outstanding
-                          national interest._
-
-The Association lists for sale many interesting and excellent
-publications for adults and children and hundreds of color slides on
-Southwestern subjects. These make fine gifts for birthdays, parties, and
-special occasions, and many prove to be of value to children in their
-school work and hobbies.
-
-May we recommend, for example, the following items which give additional
-information on the Southwest?
-
-  FLOWERS OF THE SOUTHWEST DESERTS. Dodge and Janish. More than 140 of
-  the most interesting and common desert plants beautifully drawn in 100
-  plates, with descriptive text. 112 pp., color cover, paper
-                                                                   $1.00
-
-  FLOWERS OF THE SOUTHWEST MESAS. Patraw and Janish. Companion volume to
-  the Desert flowers booklet, but covering the plants of the plateau
-  country of the Southwest. 112 pp., color cover, paper
-                                                                   $1.00
-
-  FLOWERS OF THE SOUTHWEST MOUNTAINS. Arnberger and Janish. Descriptions
-  and illustrations of plants and trees of the southern Rocky Mountains
-  and other Southwestern ranges above 7,000 feet elevation. 112 pp.,
-  color cover, paper
-                                                                   $1.00
-
-  MAMMALS OF THE SOUTHWEST DESERTS (formerly Animals of the Southwest
-  Deserts). Olin and Cannon. Handsome illustrations, full descriptions,
-  and life habits of the 42 most interesting and common mammals, members
-  of the strange animal population of the lower desert country of the
-  Southwest below the 4,500-foot elevation. 112 pp., 60 illustrations,
-  color cover, paper
-                                                                   $1.00
-
-  MAMMALS OF SOUTHWEST MOUNTAINS AND MESAS. Olin and Bierly. Companion
-  volume to Mammals of Southwest Deserts. Fully illustrated in
-  exquisitely done line and scratchboard drawings, and written in Olin’s
-  masterfully lucid style. Gives descriptions, ranges, and life habits
-  of the better known Southwestern mammals of the uplands. 1961.
-
-  Color cover, paper
-                                                                   $2.00
-
-  Cloth
-                                                                   $3.25
-
-  POISONOUS DWELLERS OF THE DESERT. Dodge. Invaluable handbook for any
-  person living in the desert. Tells the facts about dangerous insects,
-  snakes, etc., giving treatment for bites and stings and dispels myths
-  about harmless creatures mistakenly believed poisonous. 48 pp.
-                                                                   $0.60
-
-    [Illustration: National Park Service and Southwestern Monuments
-                           Association Logos]
-
-                           Write For Catalog
-                              SOUTHWESTERN
-                         MONUMENTS ASSOCIATION
-                  Box 1562—Gila Pueblo, Globe, Arizona
-
-
-Mother Nature’s Cinderella story—flower-time in The desert—unfolds in
-this beautiful book. Captured by the magic of the color camera and
-described in lucid prose, 100 desert wildflowers are vividly portrayed
-here. Every color, from brilliant to delicate, is faithfully reproduced.
-This book will be a treasured photo album for those who have known the
-desert in bloom and a splendid introduction to the not yet initiated.
-
-Natt N. Dodge, author of Poisonous Dwellers of The Desert, Flowers of
-the Southwest Desert, and co-author of The American Southwest, as well
-as contributor to Arizona Highways, New Mexico Magazine, Sunset, and
-many other national and regional periodicals, has parlayed an
-encyclopedic knowledge of the Southwest and years of photographic
-experience into this truly magnificent book.
-
-                     [Illustration: Cactus flowers]
-
-        [Illustration: Southwestern Monuments Association Logo]
-
-
-
-
-                          Transcriber’s Notes
-
-
---Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook
-  is public-domain in the country of publication.
-
---Corrected a few palpable typographical errors.
-
---Transcribed some text from illustrations, for the sake of the text
-  versions.
-
---Added a Table of Contents based on headings in the text.
-
---Added page numbers for convenient reference.
-
---In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by
-  _underscores_.
-
---Provided in {curly brackets} a conjectural completion of the truncated
-  “Joshua Tree” entry, based on information from other published
-  sources.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of 100 Desert Wildflowers in Natural Color, by 
-Natt Noyes Dodge
-
-*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 100 DESERT WILDFLOWERS ***
-
-***** This file should be named 54631-0.txt or 54631-0.zip *****
-This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
-        http://www.gutenberg.org/5/4/6/3/54631/
-
-Produced by Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed
-Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
-
-Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will
-be renamed.
-
-Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright
-law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works,
-so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United
-States without permission and without paying copyright
-royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part
-of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm
-concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark,
-and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive
-specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this
-eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook
-for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports,
-performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given
-away--you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks
-not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the
-trademark license, especially commercial redistribution.
-
-START: FULL LICENSE
-
-THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
-PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
-
-To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
-distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
-(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
-Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full
-Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at
-www.gutenberg.org/license.
-
-Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic works
-
-1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
-and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
-(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
-the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or
-destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your
-possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a
-Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound
-by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the
-person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph
-1.E.8.
-
-1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be
-used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
-agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few
-things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
-even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See
-paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this
-agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.
-
-1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the
-Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection
-of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual
-works in the collection are in the public domain in the United
-States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the
-United States and you are located in the United States, we do not
-claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing,
-displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as
-all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope
-that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting
-free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm
-works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the
-Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily
-comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the
-same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when
-you share it without charge with others.
-
-1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
-what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are
-in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States,
-check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this
-agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing,
-distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any
-other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no
-representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any
-country outside the United States.
-
-1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
-
-1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other
-immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear
-prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work
-on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the
-phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed,
-performed, viewed, copied or distributed:
-
-  This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
-  most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
-  restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
-  under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
-  eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
-  United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you
-  are located before using this ebook.
-
-1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is
-derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not
-contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the
-copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in
-the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
-redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project
-Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply
-either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or
-obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm
-trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
-
-1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
-with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
-must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
-additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
-will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works
-posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the
-beginning of this work.
-
-1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
-License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
-work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
-
-1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
-electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
-prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
-active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
-Gutenberg-tm License.
-
-1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
-compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including
-any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access
-to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format
-other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official
-version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site
-(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense
-to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means
-of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain
-Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the
-full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
-
-1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
-performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
-unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
-
-1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
-access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
-provided that
-
-* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
-  the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
-  you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed
-  to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has
-  agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project
-  Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid
-  within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are
-  legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty
-  payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project
-  Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in
-  Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg
-  Literary Archive Foundation."
-
-* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
-  you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
-  does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
-  License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
-  copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue
-  all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm
-  works.
-
-* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of
-  any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
-  electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of
-  receipt of the work.
-
-* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
-  distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
-
-1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than
-are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing
-from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and The
-Project Gutenberg Trademark LLC, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm
-trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
-
-1.F.
-
-1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
-effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
-works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project
-Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may
-contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate
-or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other
-intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or
-other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or
-cannot be read by your equipment.
-
-1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
-of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
-Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
-Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
-liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
-fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
-LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
-PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
-TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
-LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
-INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
-DAMAGE.
-
-1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
-defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
-receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
-written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you
-received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium
-with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you
-with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in
-lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person
-or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second
-opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If
-the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing
-without further opportunities to fix the problem.
-
-1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
-in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO
-OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT
-LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
-
-1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
-warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of
-damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement
-violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the
-agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or
-limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or
-unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the
-remaining provisions.
-
-1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
-trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
-providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in
-accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the
-production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses,
-including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of
-the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this
-or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or
-additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any
-Defect you cause.
-
-Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
-
-Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
-electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
-computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It
-exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations
-from people in all walks of life.
-
-Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
-assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
-goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
-remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
-Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
-and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future
-generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
-Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see
-Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at
-www.gutenberg.org
-
-
-
-Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
-
-The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
-501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
-state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
-Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
-number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary
-Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by
-U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
-
-The Foundation's principal office is in Fairbanks, Alaska, with the
-mailing address: PO Box 750175, Fairbanks, AK 99775, but its
-volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous
-locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt
-Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to
-date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and
-official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact
-
-For additional contact information:
-
-    Dr. Gregory B. Newby
-    Chief Executive and Director
-    gbnewby@pglaf.org
-
-Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
-Literary Archive Foundation
-
-Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
-spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
-increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
-freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
-array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations
-($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
-status with the IRS.
-
-The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
-charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
-States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
-considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
-with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations
-where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND
-DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular
-state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate
-
-While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
-have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
-against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
-approach us with offers to donate.
-
-International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
-any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
-outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
-
-Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
-methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other
-ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To
-donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate
-
-Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works.
-
-Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
-Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be
-freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
-distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of
-volunteer support.
-
-Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
-editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
-the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
-necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
-edition.
-
-Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search
-facility: www.gutenberg.org
-
-This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
-including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
-Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
-subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
-
diff --git a/old/54631-0.zip b/old/54631-0.zip
deleted file mode 100644
index 754a4de..0000000
--- a/old/54631-0.zip
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-8.txt b/old/54631-8.txt
deleted file mode 100644
index ccd4d8d..0000000
--- a/old/54631-8.txt
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3102 +0,0 @@
-The Project Gutenberg EBook of 100 Desert Wildflowers in Natural Color, by 
-Natt Noyes Dodge
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
-other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
-the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
-to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
-
-Title: 100 Desert Wildflowers in Natural Color
-
-Author: Natt Noyes Dodge
-
-Release Date: April 29, 2017 [EBook #54631]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: ISO-8859-1
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 100 DESERT WILDFLOWERS ***
-
-
-
-
-Produced by Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed
-Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
-
-
-
-
-
-
-                       [Illustration: Title page]
-
-
-
-
-                        100 _Desert Wildflowers_
-                            in natural color
-
-
-                                                    _Photography & Text_
-                                                           Natt N. Dodge
-
-                SOUTHWESTERN    MONUMENTS    ASSOCIATION
-
-
-Copyright 1963 by the Southwestern Monuments Association. All rights
-reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form without
-permission in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may
-quote brief passages in a review to be printed in a magazine or
-newspaper.
-
-           Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 63-13471
-                      First Printing, 1963--20,000
-                     Second Printing, 1965--20,000
-                 Third Printing, (revised) 1967--20,000
-
-                Printed in the United States of America
-            W. A. Krueger Co., Tyler Div. � Phoenix, Arizona
-
-
-
-
-                                Contents
-
-
-  Hints for Flower Photographers                                       1
-  Introduction                                                         1
-      The Desert                                                       1
-      Why and When Do Deserts Bloom?                                   1
-      Identifying Desert Wildflowers                                   3
-  Spring gives an Evening Party                                        4
-  1. Longleaf ephedra                                                  5
-  2. Common reed                                                       5
-  3. Prairie spiderwort                                                6
-  4. Desertlily                                                        6
-  5. Mariposa                                                          7
-  6. Golden mariposa                                                   7
-  7. Desert mariposa                                                   8
-  8. Soaptree yucca                                                    8
-  9. Joshua-tree                                                       9
-  10. Torrey yucca                                                     9
-  11. Giant yucca                                                     10
-  12. Sacahuista                                                      10
-  13. Sotol                                                           11
-  14. Agave                                                           11
-  15. Parry agave                                                     12
-  16. Lechuguilla                                                     12
-  17. Canaigre                                                        13
-  18. Trailing-four-o'clock                                           13
-  19. Sand-verbena                                                    14
-  20. Mexican goldpoppy                                               14
-  21. Pricklepoppy                                                    15
-  22. Evening-primrose                                                15
-  23. Spectaclepod                                                    16
-  24. Bladderpod                                                      16
-  25. Western-wallflower                                              17
-  26. False-mesquite                                                  17
-  27. Catclaw-acacia                                                  18
-  28. Mescat-acacia                                                   18
-  29. Honey mesquite                                                  19
-  30. Senna                                                           19
-  31. Blue palo-verde                                                 20
-  32. Bird-of-Paradise-flower                                         20
-  33. Lupine                                                          21
-  34. Adonis lupine                                                   21
-  35. Smoke-thorn                                                     22
-  36. Dalea                                                           22
-  37. Tesota                                                          23
-  38. Woolly loco                                                     23
-  39. Heron-bill                                                      24
-  40. Creosotebush                                                    24
-  41. Arizona-poppy                                                   25
-  42. Desert-mallow                                                   25
-  43. Five-stamen tamarisk                                            26
-  44. Yellow mentzelia                                                26
-  45. Rock-nettle                                                     27
-  46. Night-blooming cereus                                           27
-  47. Saguaro                                                         28
-  48. Organpipe cactus                                                28
-  49. Claretcup echinocereus                                          29
-  50. Strawberry echinocereus                                         29
-  51. Rainbow echinocereus                                            30
-  52. Yellow pitaya echinocereus                                      30
-  53. Barrel cactus                                                   31
-  54. Fishhook cactus                                                 31
-  55. Beavertail cactus                                               32
-  56. Engelmann pricklypear                                           32
-  57. Jumping cholla                                                  33
-  58. Pencil cholla                                                   33
-  59. Whipple cholla                                                  34
-  60. Walkingstick cholla                                             34
-  61. Evening-primrose                                                35
-  62. Ocotillo                                                        35
-  63. Field bind-weed                                                 36
-  64. Santa Fe phlox                                                  36
-  65. Starflower                                                      37
-  66. Phacelia                                                        37
-  67. Nama                                                            38
-  68. Buffalobur                                                      38
-  69. Silverleaf nightshade                                           39
-  70. Sacred datura                                                   39
-  71. Tree tobacco                                                    40
-  72. Ceniza                                                          40
-  73. Desert beardtongue                                              41
-  74. Palmer penstemon                                                41
-  75. Paintbrush                                                      42
-  76. Owl-clover                                                      42
-  77. Desert-willow                                                   43
-  78. Trumpet-bush                                                    43
-  79. Louisiana broomrape                                             44
-  80. Coyote-melon                                                    44
-  81. Snake-weed                                                      45
-  82. Desertstar                                                      45
-  83. Mohave aster                                                    46
-  84. Fleabane                                                        46
-  85. Broom baccharis                                                 47
-  86. Desert zinnia                                                   47
-  87. Brittle-bush                                                    48
-  88. Silverleaf enceliopsis                                          48
-  89. Crown-beard                                                     49
-  90. Douglas coreopsis                                               49
-  91. Paperflower                                                     50
-  92. Desert baileya                                                  50
-  93. Goldfields                                                      51
-  94. Chaenactis                                                      51
-  95. Douglas groundsel                                               52
-  96. New Mexico thistle                                              52
-  97. Desert dandelion                                                53
-  98. Malacothryx                                                     53
-  99. White cupfruit                                                  54
-  100. Prickly sowthistle                                             54
-  Suggestions for Additional Reading                                  56
-  Index                                                               58
-
-
-
-
-                    _Hints for Flower Photographers_
-
-
-If your interest in desert flowers includes a desire to obtain beautiful
-photographs of them, the following "tips" may be helpful.
-
-
-MOTION is a major hazard in still photography, and flowers, especially
-those on long, slender stems, seem to be constantly in motion stimulated
-by the ever-present desert breeze. The practical solution to this
-problem is to take your photographing jaunts, if possible, in the early
-morning when the air is most likely to be motionless. A flower picture
-blurred by motion is a complete flop!
-
-Except for motion, nothing will irritate you more often than the abrupt,
-frequent, and marked CHANGES IN LIGHTING due to small clouds passing
-over the sun. Again, early morning has an advantage in normally
-cloudless desert skies. Clouds may be expected after 10 o'clock on many
-days.
-
-
-DEPTH OF FIELD is highly important in flower photography, and you will
-be gratified with the results if you take pains to have all parts of the
-picture, except the background, in sharp focus. This desirable objective
-has become less difficult to attain with the advent of "faster" films
-which enable you to use the required small diaphragm "stop" without too
-greatly reducing the shutter speed, and still obtain adequate exposures.
-
-
-Too many flower photographers fail to get really CLOSE UP PICTURES. A
-single blossom or a small cluster of blossoms provides a much more
-attractive and significant picture than an entire plant. One blossom
-with, perhaps, a bud, one fruit, and a trace of foliage, if well
-composed, is tops among flower pictures. This objective requires camera
-equipment with the ability to focus on objects close to the lens. Also
-it complicates the goal of getting all parts of the picture into sharp
-focus.
-
-
-UNCLUTTERED BACKGROUNDS are a "must" in flower pictures. You might
-consider joining the flower photographers who carry with them plain gray
-or variously tinted background cards or light-weight boards. Such a card
-or board of contrasting color, when placed behind the blossom, will
-accomplish wonders in giving prominence to the flower. One method of
-obtaining a dark background is to ask someone (if you are a
-contortionist you can do it yourself) to stand in such a position as to
-cast a shadow on the ground or foliage behind the subject. The sky makes
-an excellent background, and you will find it useful whenever you can
-set your camera below the level of the subject.
-
-
-With the foregoing points in mind, study the pictures in this booklet
-with the aim of trying to surpass them in quality. By exercising care
-and patience, you should be able to do so.
-
-
-
-
-                             _Introduction_
-
-
-                              _The Desert_
-
-When Webster defined a desert as a "dry, barren region, largely treeless
-and sandy" he was not thinking of the 50,000 square mile Great American
-Desert of the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. Most of it
-is usually dry and parts may be sandy, but as a whole, it is far from
-barren and treeless. Heavily vegetated with gray-green shrubs, small but
-robust trees, pygmy forests of grotesque cactuses and stiff-leaved
-yuccas, and myriads of herbaceous plants, the desert, following rainy
-periods, covers itself with a blanket of delicate, fragrant wildflowers.
-Edmund C. Jaegar, author of several books on deserts, reports that the
-California deserts alone support more than 700 species of flowering
-plants.
-
-The late Dr. Forrest Shreve, for many years Director of the Desert
-Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution near Tucson, Arizona, defined a
-desert as "a region of deficient and uncertain rainfall." He divided the
-Great American Desert into four major sections: (1) _Chihuahuan_
-(chee-WAH-wahn), including the Mexican States of Chihuahua and Coahuila
-(coa-WHEE-lah), southwestern Texas, and south-central New Mexico; (2)
-_Sonoran_, including Baja California, southwestern Arizona, and
-northwestern Sonora; (3) _Mojave_ (moh-HAH-vee), Colorado, including
-south-eastern California and extreme southern Nevada; (4) _Great Basin_,
-including Nevada, Utah, southwestern Idaho and southeastern Oregon.
-
-Since the steppes and mesas of the Great Basin Desert have generally
-lower temperatures, higher elevations, and greater precipitation than
-the other three sections, we are not including its flowers in this work.
-
-
-                    _Why and When Do Deserts Bloom?_
-
-The Great American Desert produces, when conditions are favorable, a
-gorgeous exhibition of wildflowers. Trees, shrubs, and herbs all
-contribute to the splendor of the display. Soil composition, slope and
-exposure, suitable temperatures, and adequate moisture are essential to
-plant growth and flower production.
-
-Moisture is the uncertain factor, and years may pass without enough
-rainfall to stimulate plant growth. Rain of less than 0.15 inch is
-wasted as far as desert plants are concerned, for the moisture
-evaporates before penetrating the soil. Some annuals produce seeds
-having water-soluble germination inhibitors in their coverings, hence
-fail to sprout, even after rain, unless the moisture totals at least
-half an inch.
-
-When soil moisture from December and January rainfall is enough to
-support potential plants it dissolves the seed coats, and the desert
-floor is soon carpeted with eager green seedlings. When winter rains are
-scant, as is so often the case, the dormant seed population fails to
-germinate and the spring flower display doesn't appear. There is no sure
-way to forecast a spectacular blossom year, for a sudden cold wave or
-period of drying winds may literally nip in the bud a potential season
-of brilliant bloom. A great flower year may occur only once in a decade.
-
-Perennials are more dependable than annuals, since some of them,
-particularly cactuses and other succulents, have water storage tissues
-in their stems or roots. These perennials may be counted on to blossom
-each year, but with much less abandon than after winters of above normal
-precipitation. Many perennials have surprisingly extensive root systems.
-Fascinating are the ways by which plants manage to thrive under severe
-conditions of desert heat and drought. As we have seen, most annuals lie
-dormant as seeds until suitable moisture and temperature occur. Then
-they grow very rapidly, to bloom and mature seeds while the soil still
-has moisture. Winter rains produce spring-blooming ephemerals, and
-summer showers produce summer "quickies."
-
-Another group of plants, including the ocotillo (oh-koh-TEE-yoh), slows
-down life processes to become dormant during dry periods, even to
-dropping all leaves. When rains come they put on new leaves, several
-times a year if necessary.
-
-Cactuses and other succulents gorge themselves with water when the soil
-is wet, releasing moisture very sparingly from storage tissues during
-the "long dry." Some have discarded or reduced foliage, or have covered
-leaf surfaces with varnish or wax, to decrease to a minimum the loss of
-vital moisture through transpiration.
-
-
-                    _Identifying Desert Wildflowers_
-
-Unless you are a botanist, identification of flowers by measuring and
-counting their various parts, as described in technical keys, is
-generally too complicated to be practical. Several years ago,
-recognizing this problem, I authored a book, _Flowers of the Southwest
-Deserts_, illustrated by Jeanne R. Janish and published by the
-Southwestern Monuments Association, designed to aid the wildflower
-fancier in plant identification by color-grouping the flowers. With Mrs.
-Janish's superb illustrations pointing out each plant's most obvious
-characteristics, it has proved an excellent field guide. However, the
-demand for natural color flower portraits could not go unheeded, and
-this book is the result. The two books complement each other, although
-each fills a need in its own right. Used together, they make you more
-positive of some identifications.
-
-Probably the best way to become acquainted with a flower is to be
-introduced to it by someone. But there is one catch to this method--one
-plant may be known by many aliases.
-
-When the Spaniards came into the Southwest over 400 years ago they found
-Indians had names for some flowers in their own languages. The Spaniards
-added their names, and later the Americans added English names. Some of
-these names were of similar-appearing but quite different flowers they
-had known "back East." Later, scientists studied the desert plants, and
-gave them all Latin names.
-
-To assist in standardizing names of desert flowers, this booklet gives
-preference in its headings to scientific and common names found in
-_Arizona Flora_, by Kearney and Peebles, Second Edition, 1960. Common
-names found in _Texas Plants, A Checklist and Ecological Summary_, 1962,
-by F. W. Gould, also have been used. In addition, placed within the
-text, are some of the more widely used common names that we have
-encountered. Tree names, both common and scientific, follow the
-_Checklist of Native and Naturalized Trees of the United States_, by
-Elbert L. Little, Jr., 1953.
-
-There are many desert flowers, some quite common, for which there was
-not space in this booklet. If you wish to broaden your acquaintance to
-include more, we recommend, for added reading publications listed in the
-back.
-
-The author wishes to express here sincere thanks to Mrs. Pauline M.
-Patraw, Santa Fe botanist, for assistance in identifying many of the
-flowers pictured here. For assistance in checking identifications, the
-author is indebted to Miss Barbara Lund, Park Naturalist, National Park
-Service; to Dr. Charles T. Mason, Jr., Curator of the Herbarium,
-University of Arizona Tucson; and to Dr. W. B. McDougall, Curator of
-Botany, Museum of Northern Arizona, Flagstaff.
-
-
-
-
-                    _Spring gives an Evening Party_
-
-
-             [Illustration: Spring gives an Evening Party]
-
-  When Paloverde trims her golden gown,
-  And Deerhorn dons her filaments of white;
-  When tall Saguaro fits his fragrant crown
-  In preparation for the party night;
-  When bats across the ruby sunset dance,
-  When Ocotillo lights his candle's flame,
-  When verdure carpets Desert's wide expanse,
-  Then Spring is in the Southwest once again.
-
-  The linnets in their scarlet vests and caps
-  Are first to answer Spring's insistent call,
-  While white-crowned sparrows scan their travel maps,
-  Discussing details of the coming ball.
-  Then thrashers practice every morn and eve
-  The songs they'll sing upon that night of nights,
-  While phainopeplas, in their haste to leave,
-  Dash back and forth in short, impatient flights.
-
-  The desert halls glow bright as time draws near.
-  Each cactus wears her frilled and perfumed dress.
-  Ground squirrels, for this joyous time of year,
-  Sport their best furs. The rabbits do no less.
-  From far and near the desert folk have come
-  To wait their hostess, Spring, who, very soon,
-  Will lift stars o'er the skyline, one by one,
-  And then turn on the glorious, golden moon.
-
-
-
-
-                          1. Longleaf ephedra
-
-
-Commonly called "Mormon tea," there are many species of ephedra
-(ef-FED-rah) growing throughout the Southwest. This yellow-green,
-stringy-stemmed shrub with tiny, scale-like leaves, is usually 3 to 4
-feet tall, but sometimes reaches a height of 12 feet. Its small,
-fragrant, springtime flowers grow in dense clusters that attract
-insects. Some species provide winter forage for cattle and are said to
-be browsed by bighorn sheep. Pioneers brewed a palatable drink from the
-dried stems. Certain Indian tribes considered the brew a tonic,
-beneficial for treatment of syphilis and other diseases. The drug,
-ephedrine, comes from a Chinese member of this genus.
-
-  _Ephedra trifurca_    Jointfir Family
-
-[Illustration: LONGLEAF EPHEDRA]
-
-
-
-
-                             2. Common reed
-
-
-Somewhat resembling bamboo, carrizo grows in dense thickets in marshes,
-along river banks, and in other wet locations. Largest of the grasses,
-it sometimes attains a height of 12 feet. The large, tassel-like flower
-heads appear from July to October and create a spectacular mass display.
-The horizontal rootstalks interlock, crowding out other plants. A single
-rootstalk may extend 30 feet. The straight, hollow stems served Indians
-as arrowshafts, pipestems, and loom rods. Along the Mexican border the
-leaves are woven into mats and the long, sturdy stems are used as
-screens and in roofing native houses.
-
-  _Phragmites communis_    Grass Family
-
-[Illustration: COMMON REED]
-
-
-
-
-                         3. Prairie spiderwort
-
-
-Because of its slender, drooping leaves, this delicate blue-to-violet,
-three-petaled flower might easily be mistaken for a lily. Plants grow
-from 8 to 18 inches high. A perennial, the spiderwort's thick, succulent
-roots enable it to produce blossoms from April to September. Not
-abundant, it is usually found in moist locations in desert mountain
-ranges at elevations above 2,500 feet. Flowers form in clusters at the
-tip of a plant's stem, and are pollenized by bumblebees that eat the
-pollen.
-
-  _Tradescantia occidentalis_    Spiderwort Family
-
-[Illustration: PRAIRIE SPIDERWORT]
-
-
-
-
-                             4. Desertlily
-
-
-Limited in its range to the desertlands of southern California and
-southwestern Arizona, the desertlily or ajo (AH-hoe) resembles a small
-easter lily. During dry seasons the plants do not bloom, but following
-wet winters each deeply-buried bulb sends up a vigorous shoot which may
-be from 6 inches to 2 feet tall, with a bud cluster at its tip. The
-delicately fragrant flowers may appear in late February, with some tardy
-bloomers still in evidence in early May. Bulbs were dug and eaten by
-Indians and, because of their flavor, were called ajo (garlic) by the
-Spanish pioneers. The town of Ajo and a nearby valley and mountain range
-in southwestern Arizona were named for this plant.
-
-  _Hesperocallis undulata_    Lily Family
-
-[Illustration: DESERTLILY]
-
-
-
-
-                              5. Mariposa
-
-
-Similar in appearance to the segolily, State flower of Utah, weakstem
-mariposa, sometimes called "straggling butterfly lily," varies in color
-from white to pale purple. The slender stem is not erect, like other
-mariposas, of which there are many species, but wanders over the ground
-or makes its twisting way among the branches of low shrubs. It grows at
-elevations up to 4,000 feet on slopes and benches of mountains of the
-Mojave-Colorado Desert, in the Death Valley area, and in the desert
-mountains of southern Arizona, blossoming during April and May. Indians
-and pioneers ate the bulbs.
-
-  _Calochortus flexuosus_    Lily Family
-
-[Illustration: MARIPOSA]
-
-
-
-
-                           6. Golden mariposa
-
-
-Considered by some botanists as a distinct species, this mariposa or
-"butterfly tulip" is found in the higher mountains of the eastern
-Mojave-Colorado Desert and also in the vicinity of the Painted Desert of
-northern Arizona. Common in Petrified Forest National Park from May to
-July, the bright yellow flowers make an eye-catching display among the
-colorful pieces of petrified wood covering the ground. The bulbs can
-withstand severe cold, but suffer during winters when there is frequent
-freezing and thawing.
-
-  _Calochortus nuttalii aureus_    Lily Family
-
-[Illustration: GOLDEN MARIPOSA]
-
-
-
-
-                           7. Desert mariposa
-
-
-Brightest of the mariposas, the short-stemmed, flame-like flowers
-usually appear singly, but may occur in patches, producing in April a
-spectacular display visible from a long distance. Plants growing under
-bushes elongate their stems to elevate their blossoms into the sunlight.
-Occasional in the Mojave-Colorado Desert, this species is abundant in
-the foothills of some of southern Arizona's mountain ranges, exceeding
-even the goldpoppy in the neon-like brilliance of display. _Mariposa_ is
-Spanish for butterfly, and the genus name _calochortus_ is Greek for
-beautiful grass.
-
-  _Calochortus kennedyi_    Lily Family
-
-[Illustration: DESERT MARIPOSA]
-
-
-
-
-                           8. Soaptree yucca
-
-
-Common throughout the Southwest, the many species of yuccas (YUH-kuhs)
-are of two major groups, the narrow-leaf and the wide-leaf. Called
-"soaptree" because of its height (maximum 30 feet) and the fact that its
-roots contain saponin, soaptree yucca or _palmilla_
-(pahm-EE-yah--"little palm") belongs in the narrow-leaf group. From
-southwestern Arizona across southern New Mexico, and from west Texas
-southward into the Mexican states of Chihuahua and Sonora, this
-spectacular plant blossoms in May and June on desert grasslands from
-2,000 to 6,000 foot elevations. Cattle eat the young flower stalks, and
-Indians used the leaf fibers for making fabrics, basketry, and other
-items. The yucca is the State flower of New Mexico.
-
-  _Yucca elata_    Lily Family
-
-[Illustration: SOAPTREE YUCCA]
-
-
-
-
-                             9. Joshua-tree
-
-
-Another of the narrow-leaf yuccas and largest of the genus, the
-joshua-tree is restricted in its range to the Mojave-Colorado Desert, of
-which it is the principal indicator. Blossoms, which do not open as wide
-as those of other species, grow in tight clusters at the tips of the
-branches, appearing in March and April. Joshuas do not blossom every
-year, the interval between flowerings depending upon rainfall and
-temperature. A small night lizard is dependent upon the joshua-tree, at
-least 25 {species of birds find nesting sites in it, and numerous
-insects, spiders, and scorpions live in its dried leaves and fallen
-branches.}
-
-  _Yucca brevifolia_    Lily Family
-
-[Illustration: JOSHUA-TREE]
-
-
-
-
-                            10. Torrey yucca
-
-
-Unlike the narrow-leaf soaptrees which produce dry, capsular fruits, the
-wide-leaf yuccas bear fleshy fruits which Indians cooked and ate.
-Indians also used the leaf fibers in weaving fabrics. Roots contain
-saponin and the Indians still cut them up and use the pieces for soap,
-especially as a shampoo. The stiff, fleshy leaves with needle-sharp tips
-give the plant the name "Spanish bayonet." Torrey yucca blooms in April
-in southeastern New Mexico and west Texas, with similar plants, _Yucca
-schottii_ in southern Arizona, and _Yucca schidigera_ in the
-Mojave-Colorado Desert.
-
-  _Yucca torreyi_    Lily Family
-
-[Illustration: TORREY YUCCA]
-
-
-
-
-                            11. Giant yucca
-
-
-Massive and thick-stemmed, the locally-named "giant dagger" is
-supposedly limited in its native range in the United States to Brewster
-County, Texas. A colony (_Yucca faxoniana_) resembling this species has
-been reported recently in McKittrick Canyon in the Guadalupe Mountains.
-An extensive forest of these spectacular plants has given the name
-Dagger Flat to a broad valley in the Sierra del Carmen of Big Bend
-National Park. Usually blossoming in April, the massive, white flower
-clusters gracing the crowns of thousands of these majestic yuccas create
-a never-to-be-forgotten spectacle. A small night-flying moth is the
-yuccas' pollenizing agent and, in return for this essential service,
-lays her eggs in the plants' ovaries where the young feed on the
-developing seeds.
-
-  _Yucca carnerosana_    Lily Family
-
-[Illustration: GIANT YUCCA]
-
-
-
-
-                             12. Sacahuista
-
-
-Sometimes confused with the yuccas, the several species of "beargrass"
-or "basketgrass" have pliant, grasslike leaves, small flowers, and
-papery fruits. The plumelike blossom panicles open in May and June. The
-plants favor rocky hillsides, and rarely occur on valley floors. Indians
-roasted the tender bud stalks for food, and cattle browse the leaves
-when other vegetation is lacking. Mexicans, in weaving basketry, use the
-entire leaves, which are especially desirable for fashioning basket
-handles.
-
-  _Nolina microcarpa_    Lily Family
-
-[Illustration: SACAHUISTA]
-
-
-
-
-                               13. Sotol
-
-
-Also likely to be confused with the yuccas, sotol has a basal cluster of
-pliant, ribbonlike leaves edged with hooked thorns, and a tall flower
-stalk bearing at its upper end a dense panicle of small, creamy
-(sometimes brown) flowers. Blossoming in May and June, the maturing
-flower clusters remain attractive throughout the summer. Mexicans split
-the succulent basal crowns and allow the sap to ferment, producing the
-fiery alcoholic beverage, sotol (SOH-tole). Desert-dwelling bighorn
-sheep are said to browse the tough leaves. The stiff leaf bases, when
-pulled from the cluster, form the "desert spoons" sold in some curio
-stores.
-
-  _Dasylirion wheeleri_    Lily Family
-
-[Illustration: SOTOL]
-
-
-
-
-                               14. Agave
-
-
-Many species of agaves (ah-GAH-vees) or "century plants" attract
-attention on desert hillsides when they send up their tall blossom
-stalks in June and July. The thick, fleshy, sharp-tipped leaves form a
-basal rosette. Some of the larger species may require 10 to 20 years to
-store enough plant food to produce the sturdy, fast-growing flower
-stalk. After blossoming, the exhausted plant dies. _Agave scabra_, one
-of the spectacular forms, is limited in its range to the Chisos
-Mountains of Big Bend National Park, Texas.
-
-  _Agave scabra_    Amaryllis Family
-
-[Illustration: AGAVE]
-
-
-
-
-                            15. Parry agave
-
-
-Another of the large "century plants," Parry agave blooms from June to
-August, producing spectacular displays on hillsides in northern Mexico,
-southern New Mexico, and southern Arizona. Some of the larger agaves are
-called mescal (mess-KAHL) because of a potent alcoholic beverage of that
-name distilled from the fermented sap derived from the bud stalks.
-Tequila (tee-KEEL-ah), the famous native drink of Mexico, also is
-distilled from fermented agave juices, and the beerlike pulque
-(pool-KAY) has a similar derivation. Indians roasted the bud stalks in
-stone-lined pits covered with hot rocks. Some of these pits may still be
-seen.
-
-  _Agave parryi_    Amaryllis Family
-
-[Illustration: PARRY AGAVE]
-
-
-
-
-                            16. Lechuguilla
-
-
-One of the common plants of the Chihauhuan Desert and considered the
-principal indicator of that region, lechuguilla (lay-chu-GHE-ah) covers
-the ground so densely in some places that it is impossible to walk
-through it. The stiff, erect, needle-tipped, banana-shaped leaves are a
-hazard to man and beast. The flowering stalk, which blossoms in May and
-June, is unbranched and flexible, bending gracefully in the desert
-breeze. Deer and cattle nip off the tender buds. Mexicans weave the
-tough leaf fibers into coarse fabrics; and the roots, called _amole_,
-produce suds when rubbed in water.
-
-  _Agave lechuguilla_    Amaryllis Family
-
-[Illustration: LECHUGUILLA]
-
-
-
-
-                              17. Canaigre
-
-
-This coarse, herbacious perennial is one of the early spring flowers of
-the desert, sometimes blooming along road shoulders and in sandy washes
-in late February and March. Commonly called wild rhubarb, its sap and
-roots are high in tannin content, and its delicately pink fruits are
-more attractive than the blossoms. Indians and Mexicans use the leaves
-for greens. Papago Indians of Arizona roast the leaves and use the roots
-for treating colds and sore throat. This plant is a close relative of
-European dock, several species of which have become naturalized in North
-America.
-
-  _Rumex hymenosepalus_    Buckwheat Family
-
-[Illustration: CANAIGRE]
-
-
-
-
-                       18. Trailing-four-o'clock
-
-
-Blossoming from April to October, trailing allionia, known in some
-places as "trailing four o'clock" or "windmills," is a spreading annual
-with small but colorful blossoms on long, trailing stems. The prostrate
-branches are sticky, so are often covered with grains of sand and flecks
-of mica. What appears to be one blossom is actually three flowers,
-giving it the name "pink three-flower." It is found on dry, sandy
-benches throughout desert regions of the Southwest. Fruits are winged.
-
-  _Allionia incarnata_    Four o'clock Family
-
-[Illustration: TRAILING-FOUR-O'CLOCK]
-
-
-
-
-                            19. Sand-verbena
-
-
-One of the early spring flowers, sand-verbena creates spectacular mass
-displays, sometimes alone, usually intermingling with other colorful
-early bloomers such as bladderpod and sundrops, which grow on road
-shoulders and sandy flats. The flowers are delicately fragrant,
-especially at night. Semi-prostrate in habit, sand-verbena leaves are
-covered with a dense growth of short, soft hairs which retard the loss
-of moisture so essential to desert plants. This annual is common from
-southern California and southern Arizona into Sonora.
-
-  _Abronia villosa_    Four o'clock Family
-
-[Illustration: SAND-VERBENA]
-
-
-
-
-                         20. Mexican goldpoppy
-
-
-Closely related to the orange California-poppy, official flower of the
-Golden State, the desert species is a bright yellow annual. Following
-warm, wet winters clusters of these glorious blooms dot the hillsides in
-late February or early March. By April they may cover the slopes with a
-blanket of gold interwoven with the blue threads of lupines and purple
-patches of escobita owlclover. When other early spring vegetation is
-scarce, cattle graze the plants. Flowers open only during sunny hours,
-remaining tightly closed at night and on cloudy days.
-
-  _Eschscholtzia mexicana_    Poppy Family
-
-[Illustration: MEXICAN GOLDPOPPY]
-
-
-
-
-                            21. Pricklepoppy
-
-
-Not restricted to a desert habitat, this spiny-leafed perennial is
-widespread on dry soils from Nebraska to Wyoming and from Texas to
-southern California and Mexico. Abundant throughout the summer, the
-flowers may be found, in warm climates, during every month of the year.
-Copious spines and the acrid yellow sap make the plants distasteful to
-cattle, so a heavy growth of pricklepoppy may be an indicator of an
-overgrazed range. Also called "thistlepoppy," a single plant may be
-graced by a dozen or more fragile flowers, each ready to be replaced by
-one or more prickly buds. The seeds are said to contain a powerful
-narcotic.
-
-  _Argemone platyceras_    Poppy Family
-
-[Illustration: PRICKLEPOPPY]
-
-
-
-
-                          22. Evening-primrose
-
-
-Also known as "yellow cups," this plant is limited in its range to the
-Mohave-Colorado Desert. Having smaller blossoms than the goldpoppy with
-which it might be confused, this showy annual blooms March to May in dry
-washes and on stony hills below 4,500 feet. The foot-high plants
-sometimes form massed displays accented by splashes of bright red where
-clumps of beavertail pricklypear mark small, rocky islands, or where
-patches of ocotillos wave their scarlet-tipped wands in the spring
-breeze.
-
-  _Oenothera brevipes_    Evening-primrose Family
-
-[Illustration: EVENING-PRIMROSE]
-
-
-
-
-                            23. Spectaclepod
-
-
-Found at elevations above 1,000 feet, spectaclepod is one of the
-long-flowering species blooming from February to October. The large
-flower heads are pleasantly fragrant, and the peculiar, flat, double
-fruits resemble tiny spectacles protruding at right angles to the stem.
-This species is found in the Petrified Forest area of northern Arizona,
-and Hopi Indians are reported to use the plant in treating wounds.
-Another species, California spectaclepod, is often abundant, covering
-sandy flats of the lower deserts. This species blooms from February
-through April and sometimes again in the fall.
-
-  _Dithyrea wislizenii_    Mustard Family
-
-[Illustration: SPECTACLEPOD]
-
-
-
-
-                             24. Bladderpod
-
-
-Another early bloomer, February to May, bladderpod is one of the first
-spring flowers to spread its yellow carpet across the desert flats. The
-small, low-growing plants lift numerous clusters of four-petaled
-flowers, forming an understory of color among the taller herbs. In some
-localities, bladderpods are called "beadpods" because of the spherical
-fruits. The plants afford good forage for cattle. A close relative, with
-white to purple flowers, is found from Texas to Arizona and Mexico,
-starting to blossom in January during warm winters.
-
-  _Lesquerella gordonii_    Mustard Family
-
-[Illustration: BLADDERPOD]
-
-
-
-
-                         25. Western-wallflower
-
-
-A showy plant with a large terminal cluster of four-petaled flowers, it
-is frequently called "desert wallflower." When growing under shrubs it
-often extends its stems 2 feet or more to reach up into the sunshine.
-Usually blossoming in March, some plants may be found blooming at almost
-any time during the summer to as late as September.
-
-  _Erysimum capitatum_    Mustard family
-
-[Illustration: WESTERN-WALLFLOWER]
-
-
-
-
-                           26. False-mesquite
-
-
-With mimosa-like leaves and long-stamened flowers growing in clusters,
-false-mesquite, "calliandra," or "fairy duster" is a small, straggling
-bush, quite Japanesy in appearance, from a few inches to 3 feet high. It
-blossoms from February to May, and is quite common below 5,000 feet from
-west Texas to southern California and northern Mexico. In California it
-is especially abundant along the east side of the Chocolate Mountains.
-During periods of drought the leaves enter a state of continued wilt,
-but revive promptly when rain comes.
-
-  _Calliandra eriophylla_    Pea Family
-
-[Illustration: FALSE-MESQUITE]
-
-
-
-
-                           27. Catclaw-acacia
-
-
-Also known by such descriptive names as "tear-blanket" and
-"wait-a-minute," catclaw acacia is one of the notoriously thorny shrubs
-or small slender trees of the rocky hillsides and borders of desert
-washes. Flowers are fragrant and, during the blooming period in May,
-attract many insects, including honey bees, which gather and store
-nectar that makes high quality honey. The stringbean-like fruits turn
-red in late summer and, if abundant, make a spectacular show. These
-fruits were ground into meal and used for food by Arizona and Mexican
-Indians. Thickets of catclaw acacia provide havens of refuge for birds
-and rabbits pursued by hawks or other predators.
-
-  _Acacia greggii_    Pea Family
-
-[Illustration: CATCLAW-ACACIA]
-
-
-
-
-                           28. Mescat-acacia
-
-
-Armed with long, slender, straight white spines, giving it the name
-"white-thorn," this pretty flowering shrub is abundant over large areas
-of dry slopes and mesas from Texas to Arizona and Mexico at 2,300 to
-5,000 feet. It is often used as a decorative in landscape plantings
-around buildings. Blossoms are fragrant and sometimes continue from May
-to August; the shrub occasionally blooming again in November. Cattle and
-horses eat the bean-like fruits.
-
-  _Acacia constricta_    Pea Family
-
-[Illustration: MESCAT-ACACIA]
-
-
-
-
-                           29. Honey mesquite
-
-
-Mesquite (mess-KEET) is a many-branched tree 15 to 23 feet tall, which
-flowers from late April to June. It is common bordering desert washes,
-often forming dense thickets. The flowers furnish honey bees and other
-insects with nectar, and the long, sweet pods ripen in autumn, providing
-food for livestock. The fruits have long been a staple in the diet of
-desert Indians, who used the trunks, roots, and branches of the trees
-for firewood and the dried gum-like sap to mend pottery and as a black
-dye. The inner bark provided the Indians with materials for basketry and
-coarse fabrics. Roots of mesquite trees have been reported to penetrate
-to a depth of 50 to 60 feet to tap sources of ground water.
-
-  _Prosopis juliflora_    Pea Family
-
-[Illustration: HONEY MESQUITE]
-
-
-
-
-                               30. Senna
-
-
-Blossoming from April to October, this species is common at elevations
-between 1,000 and 3,000 feet Nevada to New Mexico, Arizona, California,
-and northwestern Mexico. There are fifteen or more other species, many
-of which are found in a desert habitat and range in size from
-low-growing herbs to small shrubs 3-5 feet high. Senna is sometimes
-called "rattlebox" because the nearly ripe seeds rattle in their woody
-pods when the plant is stirred, startling the hiker who immediately
-thinks "rattlesnake!" A closely related species, _leptocarpa_, is noted
-for its foul-smelling foliage.
-
-  _Cassia covesii_    Pea Family
-
-[Illustration: SENNA]
-
-
-
-
-                          31. Blue palo-verde
-
-
-Perhaps the most dependable of spring bloomers, blue palo-verde trees
-cover themselves with masses of yellow blossoms in April and May.
-Usually found alongside desert washes, they mark these ephemeral stream
-courses as paths of gold threading the open desert. During much of the
-year the trees are relatively leafless, the green bark of trunk and
-branches taking over the function of leaves. The word _palo-verde_
-(PAH-low-VEHR-dee) means "green stick" in Spanish, referring to the
-color of the bark.
-
-  _Cercidium floridum_    Pea Family
-
-[Illustration: BLUE PALO-VERDE]
-
-
-
-
-                      32. Bird-of-Paradise-flower
-
-
-Not a southwestern desert native, this striking shrub, 3 to 10 feet
-high, was introduced from South America and has escaped from cultivation
-to establish itself in parts of the desert where conditions are
-suitable. The blossoms are showy but ill-smelling, and are popular as
-ornamentals about homes, especially in Mexico. The shrub's principal
-advantage in landscape plantings is its long blossoming period, which
-sometimes lasts from April to September.
-
-  _Caesalpinia gilliesii_    Pea Family
-
-[Illustration: BIRD-OF-PARADISE-FLOWER]
-
-
-
-
-                               33. Lupine
-
-
-This is but one of many species of lupine, both annual and perennial,
-common throughout the West at nearly all elevations. Perhaps the most
-publicized is the "Texas" lupine, or "bluebonnet," hailed by Texans as
-their State flower. Desert species are early bloomers, sometimes
-appearing in protected sandy soils and on highway shoulders in January.
-In favorable seasons masses of these handsome blue to violet blossoms
-color desert hillsides with acres of fragrant bloom. Sometimes growing
-in pure stands, often mixed with a variety of other spring flowers,
-lupines may usually be found blossoming as late as June.
-
-  _Lupinus sparsiflorus_    Pea Family
-
-[Illustration: LUPINE]
-
-
-
-
-                           34. Adonis lupine
-
-
-Considered one of the more handsome of the desert perennials, the
-"adonis" lupine, as it is known in southern California, is found near
-sandy washes in the high desert. It is especially abundant in Joshua
-Tree National Monument. The name _adonis_ refers to its great beauty.
-The name _lupinus_ is derived from the Latin _lupus_ meaning wolf,
-because these plants were at one time thought to be soil predators.
-Actually, as with other members of the pea family, lupines are able to
-take atmospheric nitrogen and leave it in the ground, thereby increasing
-rather than depleting soil fertility.
-
-  _Lupinus excubitus_    Pea Family
-
-[Illustration: ADONIS LUPINE (by Jaeger)]
-
-
-
-
-                            35. Smoke-thorn
-
-
-Better known as "smoketree," this silvery-gray, seemingly leafless shrub
-grows in and along sandy washes below 1,500 feet, throughout the
-Mojave-Colorado Desert. At a distance it resembles a plume of smoke
-rising from a campfire. Its small but violet to indigo flowers cover it
-with a gorgeous blue blanket in May, making it one of the really
-handsome desert shrubs. It requires ample supplies of water, hence is
-restricted to washes that carry runoff from both winter rains and summer
-downpours. The seeds sprout readily, and the seedlings with their
-well-formed leaves look very unlike their parents. Few seedlings survive
-the hazards of drought or being smothered by sand carried down the
-washes by flash floods following cloudbursts.
-
-  _Dalea spinosa_    Pea Family
-
-[Illustration: SMOKE-THORN]
-
-
-
-
-                               36. Dalea
-
-
-Noted for its royal purple flowers, this low shrub, less than 3 feet
-high with peculiar zig-zag branches, blossoms from April to June. In
-common with other daleas (day-LEE-ahs) it is usually called "indigobush"
-or "peabush." It is normally found below 3,000 feet in desert mountain
-ranges from southern Utah through Arizona and southeastern California.
-There are many species of dalea in the desert, all characterized by deep
-blue to indigo and rose-violet flowers, which attract attention by their
-beauty. Indians used the extract from twigs for dyeing basketry.
-
-  _Dalea fremontii_    Pea Family
-
-[Illustration: DALEA]
-
-
-
-
-                               37. Tesota
-
-
-Thriving only in a frost-free climate, this is among the largest and
-most beautiful of desert evergreen trees. It is usually found along
-sandy washes, mingling with mesquites and paloverdes. It is particularly
-susceptible to mistletoe infestation, which has killed or weakened many
-fine trees. Blossoming in May and June, the trees are sometimes laden
-with lavender, wisteria-like flowers. The wood is extremely hard and
-heavy, hence the tree is locally known as "ironwood," or
-_palo-de-hierro_, in Mexico. Indians ate the seeds and used the wood for
-tool handles and arrow-points. Its long-burning qualities made it
-especially desirable for fuel. As a result, many of the trees have been
-cut, making it one of the species threatened with extinction.
-
-  _Olneya tesota_    Pea Family
-
-[Illustration: TESOTA]
-
-
-
-
-                            38. Woolly loco
-
-
-Many species of "locoweed" ranging in color from deep purple to creamy
-white are found throughout the desert at nearly all elevations. They
-sometimes create extensive mass displays but are more commonly found
-mixed with other flowers. Species with bladder-like pods are called
-"rattleweed." Loco in Spanish means "crazy" and refers to the fact that
-a number of species of _astragalus_ contain selenium, which causes a
-serious disease among livestock, especially horses, that eat it and as a
-result "act crazy."
-
-  _Astragalus mollissimus_    Pea Family
-
-[Illustration: WOOLLY LOCO]
-
-
-
-
-                             39. Heron-bill
-
-
-Also called "alfileria," this species and its close relative, Texas
-filaree (_Erodium texanum_) are both early blossoming annuals, often
-widespread on plains and mesas, February to May. The flowers, although
-abundant, are small and so hidden in low-growing foliage that they
-rarely create a mass display. Texas filaree is native to North America,
-but alfileria is thought to have come from Europe with the Spaniards,
-and is now naturalized throughout the Southwest. Corkscrew-like
-appendages of the fruits are tightly twisted when dry, but untwist when
-moist, literally screwing the sharp-pointed fruits into the soil. Both
-species are excellent spring forage for livestock.
-
-  _Erodium cicutarium_    Geranium Family
-
-[Illustration: HERON-BILL]
-
-
-
-
-                            40. Creosotebush
-
-
-Often erroneously called "greasewood," creosotebush is generally
-recognized as the most adaptable of all desert plants, and a definite
-indicator of the Lower Sonoran Life Zone. The shrubs cover thousands of
-square miles, often in pure stands, and flower throughout much of the
-year, but most profusely in April and May. Fuzzy white, globular fruits
-are almost as spectacular as the flowers. The plant can endure long
-periods of drought. Following rains its foliage gives off a musty,
-resinous odor, suggestive of creosote, stimulating the Mexican name
-_hediondilla_ (little stinker). In Mexico the plant is considered to
-have medicinal values and many uses. The Pima Indians boiled the leaves,
-using the decoction as an emetic and to poultice sores. They used the
-lac, found as an incrustation on the branches, to cement arrow-points
-and to mend pottery.
-
-  _Larrea tridentata_    Caltrop Family
-
-[Illustration: CREOSOTEBUSH]
-
-
-
-
-                           41. Arizona-poppy
-
-
-Often abundant on road shoulders and in low spots where rainwater from
-hot-weather showers provides adequate moisture, "caltrop" or
-"summerpoppy," with large blossoms and attractive compound leaves,
-decorates the desert when other flowers are noticeable by their absence.
-The long, weak stems, usually prostrate, give the plants a vine-like
-appearance, but when growing under shrubs they extend upward so that the
-shrub is mistakenly thought to be blooming. Superficially resembling the
-springtime goldpoppy, Arizona-poppy has five rather than four petals,
-and may be found in bloom as late as October.
-
-  _Kallstroemia grandiflora_    Caltrop Family
-
-[Illustration: ARIZONA-POPPY]
-
-
-
-
-                           42. Desert-mallow
-
-
-Ranging in size from delicate 6-inch annuals to coarse, woody perennials
-4 feet high, the globemallows vary in color from creamy white to pink,
-rose, peach, and lavender. Desert-mallows flaunt their graceful,
-blossom-covered stems along roadsides or on the banks of sandy washes.
-Because some people are allergic to them, globemallows are called
-"sore-eye poppies" in parts of southern Arizona, and in Lower California
-are known as _plantas muy malas_ (very bad plants).
-
-  _Sphaeralcea ambigua_    Mallow Family
-
-[Illustration: DESERT-MALLOW]
-
-
-
-
-                        43. Five-stamen tamarisk
-
-
-Sometimes confused with tamarack because of the similarity of names,
-five-stamen tamarisk, locally called "salt-cedar," is one of several
-small tree species from southeastern Europe and western Asia which have
-become naturalized in North America. "Salt-cedar" often forms dense
-thickets on alkaline soils along stream and reservoir banks at
-elevations below 5,000 feet. Flowers, which vary in hue from deep pink
-to white, cover the trees with graceful plumes of color from March to
-August. Although valuable in retarding soil erosion, tamarisk requires
-large quantities of water, an especially undesirable characteristic in
-the arid Southwest.
-
-  _Tamarix pentandra_    Tamarix Family
-
-[Illustration: FIVE-STAMEN TAMARISK]
-
-
-
-
-                          44. Yellow mentzelia
-
-
-Many species of _mentzelia_, all herbs, occur in the West. Barbed hairs
-cover leaves and stems, causing the plant to cling to what it touches,
-hence a common name "stick-leaf." Flowers grow at ends of branches, and
-some species open fully only in sunlight. A close relative, _Mentzelia
-involucrata_, "sand blazing-star," is an annual, 4 to 16 inches high,
-blooming February through April, found in sandy washes below 3,000 feet
-in southwestern Arizona, southeastern California, and northern Sonora.
-_Pumila_ grows in dry stream beds and on roadsides from 100 to 8,000
-feet elevation, flowering February to October. It ranges from Wyoming
-and Utah to southeastern California and Northern Mexico.
-
-  _Mentzelia pumila_    Loasa Family
-
-[Illustration: YELLOW MENTZELIA]
-
-
-
-
-                            45. Rock-nettle
-
-
-Also called "stingbush," this low, rounded bush is usually found growing
-from crevices in cliffs. When covered with large blossoms from April to
-September the plant has a striking appearance. The pale green leaves are
-covered with stinging hairs, strong enough to impale such small
-creatures as bats emerging from cave entrances where they grow.
-Rock-nettle is common in desert ranges of southeastern California,
-especially in the Death Valley area, to western Arizona and southern
-Nevada.
-
-  _Eucnide urens_    Loasa Family
-
-[Illustration: ROCK-NETTLE]
-
-
-
-
-                       46. Night-blooming cereus
-
-
-Easily overlooked, when not in blossom, as a group of slender, fluted,
-gray-green stems hidden beneath a shrub, this cactus is truly a glorious
-thing when in flower. Beauty and fragrance of its blossoms have earned
-it the name, in Mexico, of _reina-de-la-noche_, meaning
-"queen-of-the-night."
-
-Buds unfold soon after sunset in late June or early July, perfuming the
-desert air and attracting night-flying insects. They wilt soon after
-sunrise the following morning. The large, tuberous root, which serves as
-a water-storage organ, usually weighs from 5 to 15 pounds, but specimens
-have been found weighing more than 80 pounds. Indians at one time dug
-the tubers for food. The bulbous fruits become red when mature, and are
-almost as spectacular as the flowers. This species is found from west
-Texas to western Arizona and northern Mexico.
-
-  _Peniocereus greggii_    Cactus Family
-
-[Illustration: NIGHT-BLOOMING CEREUS]
-
-
-
-
-                              47. Saguaro
-
-
-Largest of the cactuses in the United States, the saguaro (suh-WAR-oh)
-is limited in its principal range to southern Arizona and northern
-Mexico. Although rarely exceeding 30 feet in height, specimens 50 feet
-tall and weighing up to 10 tons, are on record. Blossoms form as huge
-bud clusters at the branch tips, opening a few at a time each night,
-usually in May, and remain open until mid-afternoon of the following
-day. Fruits of the saguaro are eaten by birds and other animals, and at
-one time were important in the diet of desert Indians. The state flower
-of Arizona and the subject of a US. postage stamp issued in February
-1962 to commemorate the 50th anniversary of Arizona's statehood, the
-saguaro is also commemorated and protected in the National Monument of
-that name near Tucson.
-
-  _Carnegiea gigantea_    Cactus Family
-
-[Illustration: SAGUARO]
-
-
-
-
-                          48. Organpipe cactus
-
-
-Limited in its range to northwestern Mexico and the vicinity of Organ
-Pipe Cactus National Monument in southwestern Arizona, this columnar
-cactus grows in clumps of spine-covered stems, some of which may be 10
-to 15 feet in height, rarely branching, and with no central trunk.
-Blossoms open at or near the stem ends during May nights, and close the
-following day. The spine-covered fruits, about the size and shape of a
-hen's egg, have long been harvested by the Papago Indians, who boil the
-sweet juice to the consistency of syrup and store the pulp and seeds for
-winter food. The fruits are locally called _pitahaya dulce_, or sweet
-cactus fruit.
-
-  _Lemaireocereus thurberi_    Cactus Family
-
-[Illustration: ORGANPIPE CACTUS]
-
-
-
-
-                       49. Claretcup echinocereus
-
-
-Not only are there many species of _Echinocereus_, popularly called the
-"hedgehog cactuses," but there are also several varieties of
-_Echinocereus triglochidiatus_. One variety sometimes develops into
-cushion-like mounds composed of several hundred oblong stems huddled
-together with a seemingly precarious foothold in crevices among the
-rocks or on rocky slopes of the Mojave desert. Another grows in loose
-clusters of cylindrical stems in the higher desert grasslands up to the
-oak belt in the mountains of southern New Mexico, Arizona, and northern
-Mexico. When blossoming in May and June these clustering "hedgehogs"
-create a spectacular display.
-
-  _Echinocereus triglochidiatus_    Cactus Family
-
-[Illustration: CLARETCUP ECHINOCEREUS]
-
-
-
-
-                      50. Strawberry echinocereus
-
-
-One of the more common species of "hedgehog," sometimes called
-"Engelmann echinocereus," the strawberry echinocereus grows as 2 to 12
-or more robust, cylindrical stems up to a foot in height, among the
-creosote bushes and bur-sages of the Sonoran and Mojave-Colorado
-Deserts, flowering from February to May. Flowers close at night and
-reopen the following morning. Blossoms vary considerably in color from
-purple to lavender. Spines, too, are variable, from gray and yellow to
-dark brown. In southeastern California, where it is common, this species
-is called "calico cactus" because of its many-colored spines. Fruits of
-some varieties (of which there are many) are edible, forming an
-important item in the diet of birds and rodents.
-
-  _Echinocereus engelmanii_    Cactus Family
-
-[Illustration: STRAWBERRY ECHINOCEREUS]
-
-
-
-
-                        51. Rainbow echinocereus
-
-
-Far from common but among the more beautiful of the "hedgehogs" is the
-rainbow echinocereus, also called "rainbow cactus," so named because of
-the horizontal bands of alternating red and white spines encircling the
-single, sturdy stem. It grows in rocky situations in the mountains of
-southern Arizona and northern Mexico, blossoming from June to August.
-The large flowers, of which there may be from one to four crowding
-around the crown of the plant, are often larger than the plant itself.
-Spines are small and lie densely flat over the somewhat fluted stem,
-which is from 3 to 14 inches high.
-
-  _Echinocereus pectinatus_    Cactus Family
-
-[Illustration: RAINBOW ECHINOCEREUS]
-
-
-
-
-                     52. Yellow pitaya echinocereus
-
-
-Sometimes called "Texas golden rainbow," the yellow pitaya of the
-Chihuahuan Desert is similar in appearance, except for the color of its
-blossoms, to the rainbow echinocereus. Quite common in portions of Big
-Bend National Park, the Stubby, upright stems usually grow singly but
-sometimes occur in small clusters. The term _pitaya_ or _pitahaya_ is
-commonly applied along the Mexican border to cactuses bearing edible
-fruits. In Texas the term refers to the low-growing floral hedgehogs; in
-Arizona to the columnar cactuses. Pricklypear cactuses having soft,
-juicy, edible fruit are known as _tunas_.
-
-  _Echinocereus dasyacanthus_    Cactus Family
-
-[Illustration: YELLOW PITAYA ECHINOCEREUS]
-
-
-
-
-                           53. Barrel cactus
-
-
-Massive, cylindrical, and covered with clusters of stout spines, the
-central one hook-shaped, these desert giants are often mistaken for
-young saguaros. There are several species, all locally called
-_bisnagas_, with some quite small and others attaining a height of 5 or
-6 feet. The majority produce clusters of orange to red flowers on their
-crowns in late summer, but the yellow-flowered California barrel cactus
-blossoms in the spring. Their tendency to lean toward the light causes
-many of these heavy-bodied plants to tip in a southwesterly direction,
-giving them the name "compass cactus." This group is naively believed by
-some people to contain water. Actually the slimy, alkaline sap obtained
-by mashing the pulpy flesh might conceivably save someone lost in the
-desert from dying of thirst. The pale yellow fruits are not spiney, and
-are eaten by birds, rodents, deer, and other desert animals.
-
-  _Ferocactus wislizenii_    Cactus Family
-
-[Illustration: BARREL CACTUS]
-
-
-
-
-                          54. Fishhook cactus
-
-
-There are a number of species of the low-growing, usually dome-shaped
-mammillarias, the solitary kinds often so small as to be overlooked
-except when blooming, in late spring or early summer. Some are known as
-"fishhook cactuses" because of their long, slender, hooked spines,
-others as "pin-cushion cactuses" because of the shape of the plants. The
-large, colorful blossoms which encircle the stems mature usually to red,
-in some species green, nipple-shaped fruits. Members of this genus are
-widespread in grasslands or rocky mesas and slopes throughout the
-Southwest.
-
-  _Mammillaria microcarpa_    Cactus Family
-
-[Illustration: FISHHOOK CACTUS]
-
-
-
-
-                         55. Beavertail cactus
-
-
-Limited in its principal range to the Mojave-Colorado Desert, the
-beavertail is a low-growing species with flat joint-pads and
-bluish-green stems without spines. In their place are clusters of
-brownish spicules set in slight depressions in the wrinkled pads. The
-plants blossom in March and April, adding materially to the color of the
-spring flower display. The plants thrive in sandy desert soils, at
-elevations from 200 to 3,000 feet above sea level, and are found as far
-east in Arizona as Wickenburg. Cahuilla Indians cook the fruits with
-meat, and Panamint Indians dry the pads and boil them with salt.
-
-  _Opuntia basilaris_    Cactus Family
-
-[Illustration: BEAVERTAIL CACTUS]
-
-
-
-
-                       56. Engelmann pricklypear
-
-
-Most widely distributed of the pricklypears, Engelmann plants are large
-and spreading, sometimes forming spiney bushes 3 to 5 feet high and up
-to 15 feet in diameter. The branching stems may have from 5 to 12
-pad-joints. Flowering in April and May, the petals at first are yellow
-but turn to pink or rose with age. The plants prefer washes and benches
-in the desert grasslands, often growing with paloverdes, saguaros,
-mesquites, and lechuguilla agaves. Excessive abundance often indicates
-an overgrazed range. Fruits, called _tunas_, are purple to mahogany when
-mature, and are eaten by many birds and rodents, as well as by desert
-Indians.
-
-  _Opuntia engelmannii_    Cactus Family
-
-[Illustration: ENGELMANN PRICKLYPEAR]
-
-
-
-
-                           57. Jumping cholla
-
-
-Also known as "silver cholla" (CHOY-AH) and "teddybear cactus," this
-stocky bush cactus, with a short sturdy trunk and compact, densely
-spined crown, is common on hot rocky, south-facing hillsides. Joints are
-extremely brittle and the barbed spines catch so easily in the hair of
-animals or clothing of persons that the joints appear to jump from the
-plant. Joints broken off by the wind fall to the ground and take root in
-the sandy soil, gradually developing forests of this striking cactus,
-easily recognized by the silvery sheen of the spines. The attractive
-flowers which appear from March to May blend inconspicuously with the
-spiney joints.
-
-  _Opuntia bigelovii_    Cactus Family
-
-[Illustration: JUMPING CHOLLA]
-
-
-
-
-                           58. Pencil cholla
-
-
-Common along banks of washes and on desert flats, this cholla, also
-called "tesajo," or "Christmas cholla," is so slender-stemmed and
-sprawling in growth habit that it is easily overlooked in a tangle of
-vegetation. Its flowers, appearing in May and June, are small and
-inconspicuous, but the orange to scarlet fruits about the size and shape
-of olives, are striking eye-catchers in the fall and winter months. In
-the open the shrubby plants are rarely more than 2 feet high, but in
-thickets of northern Mexico some have become almost vinelike, growing up
-through mesquite or paloverde trees to a height of 12 feet or more. The
-species grows at elevations of 200 to 5,000 feet from Texas to western
-Arizona and northern Mexico.
-
-  _Opuntia leptocaulis_    Cactus Family
-
-[Illustration: PENCIL CHOLLA]
-
-
-
-
-                           59. Whipple cholla
-
-
-This low-growing cholla of the higher desert above 3,500 feet, is
-characteristic of the plateau grasslands, forming mats of short but
-erect stems usually less than 2 feet high. It blossoms in June and July.
-The tender young stems and yellow, fleshy fruits are browsed by
-pronghorns, and the fruits are also used by the Hopi Indians for food
-and as a seasoning. Because of its customary low-growing habit it is
-something of a hazard to hikers. It is considered the most widely
-distributed cholla in Arizona.
-
-  _Opuntia whipplei_    Cactus Family
-
-[Illustration: WHIPPLE CHOLLA]
-
-
-
-
-                        60. Walkingstick cholla
-
-
-Flowering in May and June and common throughout southwestern New Mexico,
-southern Arizona, and northern Mexico, the walkingstick cholla is best
-known because of its persistent clusters of yellow fruits. These remain
-throughout the winter, giving persons the first-glance impression that
-the large shrubby cactus, sometimes 8 feet high, is in bloom. The fruits
-are eaten by cattle. This species is typical of desert grasslands and is
-most abundant in the open country below the edge of the oak belt in
-desert mountains. Stems of the dead plants leave a hollow cylinder of
-attractive wooden meshes when the soft tissues decay, and are favored
-for making canes, as the stem is long and straight, hence the name
-walkingstick cholla.
-
-  _Opuntia spinosior_    Cactus Family
-
-[Illustration: WALKINGSTICK CHOLLA]
-
-
-
-
-                          61. Evening-primrose
-
-
-Also called "sun-drops," these plants are particularly welcome because
-they bloom early in the springtime. Many species of evening-primrose are
-large flowered, abundant along roadsides and sandy flats, and notably
-fragrant. White-flowered species are more common, but there are several
-with yellow flowers. Blossoms open at night and begin to wilt, turning
-pink during the following day. These are among the handsomest of desert
-plants and during favorable years make a spectacular spring display,
-sometimes growing with goldpoppies and sandverbenas to produce a riot of
-color.
-
-  _Oenothera trichocalyx_    Evening-primrose Family
-
-[Illustration: EVENING-PRIMROSE]
-
-
-
-
-                              62. Ocotillo
-
-
-Common to all of the deserts crossed by the boundary between the United
-States and Mexico, ocotillo (oh-koh-TEE-yoh) is a spectacular shrub, its
-many long, stiff, green-barked and thorn-guarded stems bearing at their
-tips clusters of bright red flowers from April to June. Following rains,
-the stems cover themselves with clusters of bright green leaves. When
-drought comes these leaves are shed, to be renewed again after another
-rain. This procedure may be repeated half a dozen times in one year.
-Cahuilla Indians eat both flowers and seeds, and make a beverage by
-soaking the blossoms in water. When planted as hedgerows the thorny
-wands make an impenetrable fence.
-
-  _Fouquieria splendens_    Ocotillo Family
-
-[Illustration: OCOTILLO]
-
-
-
-
-                          63. Field bind-weed
-
-
-Also known as "wild morning glory," this naturalized perennial has
-become a serious agricultural pest throughout the Southwest. In
-California it is considered the State's worst weed. Once established,
-its deep root system spreads widely, sending up shoots that grow rapidly
-with climbing, vine-like stems and morning glory-like white to pink
-flowers that bloom from May to July. In the desert it is usually found
-on road shoulders, where it makes an attractive display. The name
-_convolvulus_ comes from the Latin and means "to entwine." A
-blood-clotting substance has been found in this plant.
-
-  _Convolvulus arvensis_    Convolvulus Family
-
-[Illustration: FIELD BIND-WEED]
-
-
-
-
-                           64. Santa Fe phlox
-
-
-Usually found in desert mountain ranges, at elevations between 5,000 and
-6,000 feet, this ground-hugging, herbaceous perennial blossoms in May
-and June. Flowers are larger than those of the several other desert
-species of phlox, most of which have longer flower stems and vary in
-color from white to purple.
-
-  _Phlox nana_    Phlox Family
-
-[Illustration: SANTA FE PHLOX]
-
-
-
-
-                             65. Starflower
-
-
-More commonly known as "gilia" in honor of the eighteenth-century
-Italian botanist Felippo Luigo Gilii, the many species of gilias are
-common and widespread throughout the deserts of the Southwest at nearly
-all elevations. Since the flowers are usually small and range in color
-from white to lavender, pink, and yellow, they are not as well known as
-more spectacular genera. Some are annuals but there are also many
-perennial species. Starflower is found from west Texas and Chihuahua to
-western Arizona at elevations from 1,000 to 8,000 feet on dry plains and
-mesas, especially on limestone soils. It blossoms from March to October.
-
-  _Gilia longiflora_    Phlox Family
-
-[Illustration: STARFLOWER]
-
-
-
-
-                              66. Phacelia
-
-
-Known also as "scorpionweed" and "wild heliotrope," phacelia is a
-handsome plant with coarse foliage, somewhat hairy and sticky. Among
-other plants it often grows to a height of 18 inches, but on dry, open
-desert flats is usually much shorter. Flowers, which may be found from
-February to June, are sweet scented, but the foliage has a disagreeable
-odor. _Crenulata_, which is one of many species, grows from New Mexico
-and southern Utah throughout Arizona to Lower California. It is
-conspicuous among the spring-blooming flowers of the desert. The curling
-flower heads which bear some resemblance to the erect tail of a scorpion
-are responsible for the name "scorpionweed."
-
-  _Phacelia crenulata_    Waterleaf Family
-
-[Illustration: PHACELIA]
-
-
-
-
-                                67. Nama
-
-
-In favorable years these ground-hugging plants form broad, colorful
-mats, but in dry seasons these annuals may be tiny, each with a single
-flower almost as large as the rest of the plant. Flowering from February
-to May, bloom is heaviest in March and April. This species, also called
-"purplemat," is common on flat, sandy, open desert soils from
-southeastern California and Baja California to southeastern Arizona at
-elevations below 3,500 feet. Because of its low-growing habit, nama
-requires that you lie prone to examine it closely, hence is one of the
-many small desert herbs called "bellyflowers."
-
-  _Nama demissum_    Waterleaf Family
-
-[Illustration: NAMA]
-
-
-
-
-                             68. Buffalobur
-
-
-Believed to be the original host of the Colorado potato beetle, this
-annual is a pest on rangelands because of its spine-covered stems and
-fruits. Spines are long, straight, sharp, and straw-colored. It is
-common on desert plains and mesas at elevations from 1,000 up to 7,000
-feet, blooming from June to August. The leaves and unripe fruits of this
-and several other species are reportedly poisonous, as they contain an
-alkaloid, solanin.
-
-  _Solanum rostratum_    Potato Family
-
-[Illustration: BUFFALOBUR]
-
-
-
-
-                       69. Silverleaf nightshade
-
-
-Also known as "white horse-nettle," "bull-nettle" and "trompillo,"
-silverleaf nightshade is a showy plant when in blossom May to October
-along roadsides and in open fields at elevations from 1,000 to 5,500
-feet from Kansas and Colorado to Arizona, California, and south to
-tropical America. It is an agricultural pest in irrigated areas,
-difficult to eradicate. Pima Indians used the crushed fruits as an
-additive to milk in making cheese. A close relative, _Solanum jamesii_
-is known as wild-potato as it produces small tubers eaten by desert
-Indians.
-
-  _Solanum elaeagnifolium_    Potato Family
-
-[Illustration: SILVERLEAF NIGHTSHADE]
-
-
-
-
-                           70. Sacred datura
-
-
-One of the really striking flowers of the deserts and mesas, the large,
-showy, trumpet-shaped blossoms and broad, dark green leaves of the
-datura or "western jimson" arouse the curiosity of persons seeing them
-for the first time. Quite common along roadsides below 6,000 feet from
-California to Texas and Mexico, the white blossoms remain open at night
-but close and droop soon after sunrise. The summer-blooming plants often
-grow in large clumps with buds, flowers, and maturing fruits all present
-at the same time. Indians used the plants for various medicinal
-purposes, a dangerous practice, since all parts of the plant contain
-various alkaloids, including atropine. Roots are narcotic and were
-sometimes eaten by Indians to induce visions.
-
-  _Datura meteloides_    Potato Family
-
-[Illustration: SACRED DATURA]
-
-
-
-
-                            71. Tree tobacco
-
-
-Sometimes growing to a height of 10 or 12 feet, the graceful swaying
-branches of tree tobacco bear at their ends clusters of tubular,
-greenish-yellow blossoms 2 to 3 inches long. The leaves contain the
-alkaloid anabasine, which is poisonous to livestock. Leaves of the
-closely related and much smaller desert tobacco, _Nicotiana
-trigonophylla_, contain nicotine and have long been smoked by desert
-Indians. The plant is still so used on ceremonial occasions. _Nicotiana_
-was named for Jean Nicot, French ambassador to Portugal, who introduced
-tobacco to France about 1560.
-
-  _Nicotiana glauca_    Potato Family
-
-[Illustration: TREE TOBACCO]
-
-
-
-
-                               72. Ceniza
-
-
-Although restricted in its range to the Chihuahuan Desert, ceniza,
-sometimes called silverleaf, is so spectacular when in blossom that it
-invariably attracts attention and arouses interest. The small, abundant,
-ash-gray leaves give this 3- to 4-foot shrub a distinguished appearance
-throughout the year, but when it suddenly bursts into bloom, usually in
-September, it becomes a thing of rare beauty. It is so sensitive to
-moisture that it may blossom a few hours after a soaking rain, which
-gives rise to the popular belief that it can forecast wet weather and in
-consequence it is sometimes called "barometer bush."
-
-  _Leucophyllum frutescens_    Figwort Family
-
-[Illustration: CENIZA]
-
-
-
-
-                         73. Desert beardtongue
-
-
-Penstemons, or "beard-tongues," of various species are numerous on the
-desert as well as throughout the higher, moister parts of the Southwest.
-This one blooms in spring and early summer below 6,000 feet from
-southwestern New Mexico to southern California. It, and the similar
-Parry Penstemon, are among the more noticeable desert species because of
-their showy flowers covering the clumps of erect stems two to four feet
-tall. Both are fairly common on mesa slopes and mountain canyons with
-individuals well scattered, hence not contributing to the mass flower
-displays of the desert springtime.
-
-  _Penstemon pseudospectabilis_    Figwort Family
-
-[Illustration: DESERT BEARDTONGUE]
-
-
-
-
-                          74. Palmer penstemon
-
-
-Known in southern California as "scented penstemon" because of its
-fragrance, this regal "beardtongue" comes to the height of bloom in May.
-However, it may be found in flower from March to September. When the
-tall, flower-covered stems grow in abundance, as often occurs in
-gravelly washes at elevations between 3,500 and 6,500 feet, the sight is
-remarkable. This species prefers limestone soils in both the
-Mojave-Colorado and Sonoran Deserts. The sweet nectar attracts bees.
-
-  _Penstemon palmeri_    Figwort Family
-
-[Illustration: PALMER PENSTEMON]
-
-
-
-
-                             75. Paintbrush
-
-
-Paintedcups, or "Indian paintbrushes" as they are more widely known, are
-found from desert lowlands to snow-capped mountain tops. _Castilleja
-linariaefolia_ is the State flower of Wyoming. The northwestern
-paintbrush, known in southern California as "desert paintbrush," has an
-extremely wide range. The flash of red among other desert plants is
-actually due to the brightly colored floral bracts, as the flowers
-themselves are small and inconspicuous. This species blossoms in early
-spring in rocky or gravelly locations between 2,000 and 7,000 feet, on
-dry plains and hillsides.
-
-  _Castilleja augustifolia_    Figwort Family
-
-[Illustration: PAINTBRUSH]
-
-
-
-
-                             76. Owl-clover
-
-
-Owl-clover is one of the short-stemmed desert spring annuals which, in
-favorable seasons, carpet the desert floor with a beautiful, colorful
-mass display. Sometimes growing in pure stands, at others mixed with
-goldpoppies, lupines, or other spring flowers, it is found throughout
-southern Arizona, southern California, and Baja California, at
-elevations between 1,500 and 4,500 feet, blossoming from March to May.
-Cattle and sheep graze it extensively. The Spanish name _escobita_ means
-"little broom." Individual flowers are not conspicuous, but their
-clusters intermixed with the colorful bracts produce a pretty, feathery
-effect.
-
-  _Orthocarpus purpurascens_    Figwort Family
-
-[Illustration: OWL-CLOVER]
-
-
-
-
-                           77. Desert-willow
-
-
-More properly called "desert catalpa," this tall shrub or small tree, 6
-to 15 feet high, has willow-like leaves, spreading branches, and a
-short, crooked, black-barked trunk. The violet-scented flowers usually
-appear from April to August, often after the start of summer rains. They
-are replaced by long, slender seed pods that remain dangling from the
-branches for months. Mexicans make from the dried flowers a tea that
-they believe has considerable medicinal value. Desert-willow is usually
-found along desert washes below 4,000 feet from west Texas to southern
-California and northern Mexico. It is frequently cultivated as an
-ornamental because of its attractive orchid-like flowers.
-
-  _Chilopsis linearis_    Bignonia Family
-
-[Illustration: DESERT-WILLOW]
-
-
-
-
-                            78. Trumpet-bush
-
-
-A glossy-leafed shrub with golden, trumpet-shaped flowers, the
-trumpet-bush blooms from May to October on dry, rocky hillsides between
-elevations of 3,000 and 5,000 feet. It is not common, but occurs from
-western Texas through southern New Mexico and Arizona southward into
-tropical America. Trumpet-bush is cultivated as an ornamental in
-southern parts of the United States and in Mexico. The roots are used
-medicinally and in making a beverage. Stems and leaves contain small
-quantities of rubber. The shrubs, which occasionally reach a height of 6
-feet, are browsed by bighorn sheep and probably by deer.
-
-  _Tecoma stans_    Bignonia Family
-
-[Illustration: TRUMPET-BUSH]
-
-
-
-
-                        79. Louisiana broomrape
-
-
-Lacking chlorophyll and parasitic on the roots of bur-sage and other
-desert composites, broomrape is so unusual in appearance as to attract
-immediate attention. Although fairly common in low-elevation deserts
-from west Texas and Mexico to southern California, it is occasionally
-found as far north as southern Utah and Nevada and at elevations up to
-7,000 feet. The rather inconspicuous flowers appear from February to
-September. Navajo Indians made a decoction of the plant as a treatment
-for sores. Desert Indians ate the tender stems in springtime.
-
-  _Orobanche ludoviciana_    Broomrape Family
-
-[Illustration: LOUISIANA BROOMRAPE]
-
-
-
-
-                            80. Coyote-melon
-
-
-Restricted to western Arizona, southern California, and Lower
-California, _palmata_ has similar-appearing relatives with much wider
-distribution. Their large leaves and vine-like growth attract attention
-along roadsides at elevations up to 7,000 feet. Most widespread of these
-strikingly coarse perennials is _Cucurbita foetidissima_, the
-buffalo-gourd or calabazilla. This rank-growing, ill-smelling vine-like
-plant may have prostrate stems up to 20 feet long. The globular fruits,
-of tennis ball size, were cooked by Indians or dried for winter
-consumption. Seeds were boiled to form a pasty mush. California pioneers
-used the crushed roots as a cleansing agent in washing clothes, but
-found that particles clinging to the cloth were a skin irritant.
-
-  _Cucurbita palmata_    Gourd Family
-
-[Illustration: COYOTE-MELON]
-
-
-
-
-                             81. Snake-weed
-
-
-Common throughout the Southwest, particularly on overgrazed rangelands
-and deserted clearings, this plant, also called "matchweed" or
-"turpentine-weed," often occurs in almost pure stands. The resinous
-stems burn readily, throwing off black smoke. Most abundant on dry hills
-and mesas, 3,000 to 6,000 feet elevation, this perennial is found from
-1,000 to 7,000 feet, blossoming from June to October. Bees obtain nectar
-and pollen from the small but densely crowded, yellow flower clusters.
-The many stiff, upright branches cause some plants to appear almost
-globular in shape and a foot to 2 feet in diameter. Plants of this genus
-are reported as poisonous to sheep and goats if eaten in quantity, but
-are apparently unpalatable, as they are rarely grazed.
-
-  _Gutierrezia lucida_    Sunflower Family
-
-[Illustration: SNAKE-WEED]
-
-
-
-
-                             82. Desertstar
-
-
-Also known as "desert daisy" and "rock daisy," this dwarf winter annual
-grows on sandy or stony mesas at elevations below 3,500 feet, blossoming
-from February through April. The short stems spread to form a mat or
-rosette, 5 or 6 inches across, growing flat on the sand, and ornamented
-with many small flowers, each set off by a small cluster of leaves.
-Desertstar grows principally in southern Arizona and southern
-California, but has been recorded from southern Utah and Sonora, Mexico.
-
-  _Monoptilon bellioides_    Sunflower Family
-
-[Illustration: DESERTSTAR]
-
-
-
-
-                            83. Mohave aster
-
-
-Varying in color from violet and lavender to almost white, flower heads
-of the Mohave aster are numerous, sometimes as many as 20 simultaneously
-in bloom on one plant. This ornamental perennial prefers dry, rocky
-slopes below 6,000 feet in southern Utah, Nevada, western Arizona, and
-southeastern California. Characterized by silvery foliage and large
-flower heads, the Mohave aster is well worthy of cultivation and does
-well in hot, dry locations. Flowers appear from March to May, but with
-the coming of summer heat the stems and leaves become twisted, brown,
-and unattractive.
-
-  _Aster abatus_    Sunflower Family
-
-[Illustration: MOHAVE ASTER]
-
-
-
-
-                              84. Fleabane
-
-
-By no means limited to the deserts, fleabane is common throughout the
-Southwest, including parts of Mexico. In some localities it is known as
-"wild-daisy." Six to 15 inches tall, with attractive circular flowers,
-fleabane often forms noticeable patches along road shoulders and on dry
-open slopes, blossoming from February to October. Flowers may be an inch
-in diameter in springtime, but those in summer are usually smaller. The
-name arises from an ancient belief that the odor of some species
-repelled fleas.
-
-  _Erigeron divergens_    Sunflower Family
-
-[Illustration: FLEABANE]
-
-
-
-
-                          85. Broom baccharis
-
-
-Locally called "desert-broom," or "Mexican broom," this species of
-baccharis is an erect, coarse, evergreen shrub 3 to 6 feet high,
-frequently encountered on hillsides and bottomlands at elevations
-between 1,000 and 5,500 feet from southwestern New Mexico to southern
-and Baja California and northern Mexico. Greening up following summer
-rains, the shrubs blossom from September to February. Flowers are
-inconspicuous, but the fruits develop as masses of spectacular cottony
-threads, giving the shrubs a snow-covered appearance. Among some Indian
-tribes the twigs are chewed to relieve toothache. In Mexico the shrub is
-called _hierba del pasmo_.
-
-  _Baccharis sarothroides_    Sunflower Family
-
-[Illustration: BROOM BACCHARIS]
-
-
-
-
-                           86. Desert zinnia
-
-
-From 3 inches to a foot high, desert zinnia is a dwarf shrub with small,
-stiff, dull green leaves and attractive, four-petaled flowers that are
-present from April to October. Preferring clayey or rocky, arid soils at
-elevations 2,500 to 5,000 feet, this species is found from west Texas to
-southern Arizona and Mexico. Although related to the garden zinnia,
-which is a native of Mexico, only the large flowered desert species,
-_Zinnia grandiflora_, is considered worthy of cultivation.
-
-  _Zinnia pumila_    Sunflower Family
-
-[Illustration: DESERT ZINNIA]
-
-
-
-
-                            87. Brittle-bush
-
-
-Sometimes blossoming as early as November and often lingering until May,
-brittle-bush is a dome-shaped, winter-flowering bush that brings delight
-to desert dwellers in Nevada, Arizona, southern California, and
-northwestern Mexico. Stems of the low-growing, silvery-leaved shrub
-exude a gum which was chewed by desert Indians and burned as incense by
-priests in mission churches, giving the plant the local name,
-_incienso_. Strictly a desert shrub, about 3 feet high, brittle-bush
-prefers rocky hillsides below 3,000 feet. Growing in masses it often
-covers entire slopes with a mass of golden bloom, contributing to the
-early spring flower display. Bighorn sheep are reported to rely on this
-species for browse.
-
-  _Encelia farinosa_    Sunflower Family
-
-[Illustration: BRITTLE-BUSH]
-
-
-
-
-                       88. Silverleaf enceliopsis
-
-
-Restricted in its range to the region in which Utah, Arizona, and Nevada
-meet, the "giant sunray," as it is sometimes called, is spectacular
-rather than beautiful. Coarse and weedy, the large clusters of silvery
-leaves and long stemmed, sunflower-like blossoms that appear from April
-to June invariably attract attention and stimulate curiosity. An even
-larger species, _Enceliopsis covillei_, with blossoms up to 6 inches in
-diameter, is found in canyons on the west side of the Panamint Mountains
-in California.
-
-  _Enceliopsis argophylla_    Sunflower Family
-
-[Illustration: SILVERLEAF ENCELIOPSIS]
-
-
-
-
-                            89. Crown-beard
-
-
-Although it is reported from elevations up to 7,000 feet, golden
-crown-beard is usually found at much lower levels from Kansas south to
-Texas, California, and northern Mexico. Sometimes growing in clusters,
-single plants are also common as a weed of roadsides and waste ground.
-The all-yellow, sunflower-like blossoms are widespread in the desert
-from April to November. Desert Indians and early pioneers are said to
-have used the plant to treat boils and skin diseases. The Hopis soaked
-the plants in water in which they bathed, to relieve the pain of insect
-bites.
-
-  _Verbesina encelioides_    Sunflower Family
-
-[Illustration: CROWN-BEARD]
-
-
-
-
-                         90. Douglas coreopsis
-
-
-Also called "tickseed," wild coreopsis is closely related to cultivated
-ornamentals of the same name. The desert species inhabits open locations
-at elevations between 1,500 and 2,500 feet in southern Arizona, southern
-California, and Baja California. Plants usually bloom between February
-and May. The closely related _Coreopsis bigelovii_ is a southern
-California annual having somewhat larger flowers, up to 2 inches in
-diameter, with orange centers. Flower stems are naked, with the leaves
-clustered at their bases.
-
-  _Coreopsis douglasii_    Sunflower Family
-
-[Illustration: DOUGLAS COREOPSIS]
-
-
-
-
-                            91. Paperflower
-
-
-At its best in sandy desert soil, paperflower is a compact, shrubby
-plant about 1 foot high, with tangled branches. When fully developed it
-is symmetrically globular in outline. It prefers mesas and desert plains
-at elevations between 2,000 and 5,000 feet from western New Mexico to
-southern California and northern Mexico, flowering throughout the year
-but most abundantly in springtime. Sometimes called "paper-daisy," the
-flowers are persistent, fading to straw color and turning papery with
-age. They may remain on the stems for weeks.
-
-  _Psilostrophe cooperi_    Sunflower Family
-
-[Illustration: PAPERFLOWER]
-
-
-
-
-                           92. Desert baileya
-
-
-Commonly called "desert marigold," baileya blossoms in all seasons, most
-heavily from March to November, and is one of the better known flowers
-of the Southwest. Each circular blossom occupies the tip of a foot-high
-stem. Plants usually have a thrifty, garden-variety appearance. They are
-common along roadsides and on well-drained, gravelly slopes up to 5,000
-feet from west Texas to southeastern California and Chihuahua. The large
-flower heads are showy and the species is cultivated in California.
-Cases are on record of sheep and goats on overgrazed ranges being
-poisoned by eating this plant.
-
-  _Baileya multiradiata_    Sunflower Family
-
-[Illustration: DESERT BAILEYA]
-
-
-
-
-                             93. Goldfields
-
-
-Covering vast stretches of open desert with a carpet of yellow bloom
-following wet winters, goldfields is an appropriately named spring
-flower found at elevations below 4,500 feet. The low-growing plant
-produces small but attractive blossoms on mesas and plains, March to
-May, from central and southern Arizona to California, and Baja
-California. Horses graze _Baeria_ avidly, but are annoyed by a small fly
-that frequents the fragrant blossoms, giving the plant the name "fly
-flower" in some localities.
-
-  _Baeria chrysostoma_    Sunflower Family
-
-[Illustration: GOLDFIELDS]
-
-
-
-
-                             94. Chaenactis
-
-
-Probably because it is one of the attractive white desert flowers,
-chaenactis is popularly called "morning bride." A larger,
-yellow-flowered species, _Chaenactis lanosa_, found on the California
-deserts, is called "golden girls." Both are spring flowering annuals
-and, in common with other members of the genus, sometimes called
-"pincushion plants." "Morning bride" is often found growing about the
-bases of creosotebushes, thriving at elevations between 1,000 and 3,500
-feet in southern Nevada, western Arizona, and southeastern California.
-
-  _Chaenactis fremontii_    Sunflower Family
-
-[Illustration: CHAENACTIS]
-
-
-
-
-                         95. Douglas groundsel
-
-
-Rarely considered beautiful, the groundsels are common and widespread,
-and are readily recognized by the untidy appearance of the large flowers
-which are sometimes almost 2 inches in diameter. The rather delicate,
-stringy foliage is sometimes covered with cottony threads. One species
-is called "ragwort." Douglas groundsel is a shrubby plant sometimes as
-much as 3 feet high, common in sandy washes and on dry foothill slopes.
-It occurs from southern Utah and Arizona to California and Mexico,
-between 1,000 and 6,000 feet. At lower elevations these plants bloom at
-almost any time of year.
-
-  _Senecio douglasii_    Sunflower Family
-
-[Illustration: DOUGLAS GROUNDSEL]
-
-
-
-
-                         96. New Mexico thistle
-
-
-Everyone recognizes the thistles with their prickly leaves and stems,
-and large flowers ranging in color from white to lavender, pink and
-purple. Several species grow in the deserts, the New Mexico species
-being widespread at elevations from 1,000 to 6,000 feet in Colorado and
-Nevada south through New Mexico and Arizona to California, blossoming
-from March to September. Navajo and Hopi Indians are reported to use
-thistles medicinally. The nectar of some species is eagerly sought by
-hummingbirds.
-
-  _Cirsium neomexicanum_    Sunflower Family
-
-[Illustration: NEW MEXICO THISTLE]
-
-
-
-
-                          97. Desert dandelion
-
-
-A very attractive plant, desert dandelion has several flower stalks from
-a few inches to a foot tall. Some of the blossoms may be nearly 2 inches
-in diameter. This annual is common in open, sandy basins, where it is a
-conspicuous contributor to the spring flower spread, blooming from March
-through May in the creosotebush belt of Arizona and southern California.
-It has been reported from as far north as Idaho and Oregon. Sometimes a
-single plant has 10 or 12 flower heads in blossom at the same time.
-
-  _Malacothryx glabrata_    Sunflower Family
-
-[Illustration: DESERT DANDELION]
-
-
-
-
-                            98. Malacothryx
-
-
-There are many species of malacothryx native to the western and
-southwestern United States. Some are locally called "desert dandelion,"
-"snake's head," "yellow saucers," and "cliff aster." _Fendleri_ is one
-of the smaller species, with stems only 4 or 5 inches long, rising from
-a rosette of bluish-green leaves. Blooming from March to June, this
-delicate relative of the common dandelion covers with its pale yellow
-flowers rocky slopes and sandy plains and mesas, at elevations between
-2,000 and 5,000 feet from West Texas to western Arizona.
-
-  _Malacothryx fendleri_    Sunflower Family
-
-[Illustration: MALACOTHRYX]
-
-
-
-
-                           99. White cupfruit
-
-
-Also called "tackstem" because of the numerous dark-colored, tack-shaped
-glands protruding from the stem, this white-flowered, branching annual
-blossoms from March to May at elevations of 500 to 4,000 feet. It is a
-conspicuous item of the spring flower display from west Texas to
-southern California and northern Mexico. A similar species with yellow
-flowers, _Calycoseris parryi_, common at elevations around 3,000 feet,
-blooms in March and April. It is found in southwestern Utah, Arizona,
-and southern California.
-
-  _Calycoseris wrightii_    Sunflower Family
-
-[Illustration: WHITE CUPFRUIT]
-
-
-
-
-                        100. Prickly sowthistle
-
-
-Naturalized from Europe and generally considered a weed, sowthistle is
-found in waste grounds and along roadsides from near sea level to 8,000
-feet. It blossoms from February to August, the flowers becoming cottony
-seed heads as conspicuous as the blooms. A close relative, _Sonchus
-oleraceus_, which blossoms from March to September, produces a gum from
-the drying of the sap, reportedly a powerful cathartic. It has also been
-used as a treatment for persons suffering from the habitual use of opium
-derivatives.
-
-  _Sonchus asper_    Sunflower Family
-
-[Illustration: PRICKLY SOWTHISTLE]
-
-
-
-
-                  _Suggestions for Additional Reading_
-
-
-  Armstrong, Margaret, _Field Book of Western Wild Flowers_, C. P.
-  Putnam's Sons, New York, 1915.
-
-  Benson, Lyman, _The Cacti of Arizona_, University of Arizona Press,
-  Tucson, 1950.
-
-  Benson, Lyman, and Darrow, Robert, _The Trees and Shrubs of the
-  Southwestern Deserts_, University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque,
-  N.M., 1954.
-
-  Dodge, Natt, _Flowers of the Southwest Deserts_, Southwestern
-  Monuments Association, Globe, Arizona, 1951.
-
-  Hornaday, W. T., _Camp-fires on Desert and Lava_, Charles Scribner's
-  Sons, New York, 1909.
-
-  Jaeger, Edmund C., _Desert Wild Flowers_, Stanford University Press,
-  Stanford, California, 1956.
-
-  Jaeger, Edmund C., _The North American Deserts_, Stanford University
-  Press, Stanford, California, 1957.
-
-  Lemmon, Robert S., and Johnson, Charles C., _Wildflowers of North
-  America in Full Color_, Hanover House, Garden City, N.Y., 1961.
-
-  Leopold, A. Starker, _The Desert_, (Life Nature Library) Time Inc.,
-  New York, 1961.
-
-  McDougall, W. B., and Sperry, Omer E., _Plants of Big Bend National
-  Park_, Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1951.
-
-  Shreve, Forrest, and Wiggins, Ira L., _Vegetation and Flora of the
-  Sonora Desert_, Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication No.
-  591, Vol. 1, Washington, D.C., 1951.
-
-  Vines, Robert A., _Trees, Shrubs, and Woody Vines of the Southwest_,
-  University of Texas Press, Austin, 1960.
-
-
-
-
-                                 Index
-
-
-  A
-
-  Adonis lupine                   _Lupinus excubitus_                34
-  Agave                           _Agave scabra_                     14
-  Arizona-poppy                   _Kallstroemia grandiflora_         41
-
-  B
-
-  Barrel cactus                   _Ferocactus wislizenii_            53
-  Beavertail cactus               _Opuntia basilaris_                55
-  Bird-of-paradise-flower         _Caesalpinia gilliesii_            32
-  Bladderpod                      _Lesquerella gordonii_             24
-  Blue palo-verde                 _Cercidium floridum_               31
-  Brittle-bush                    _Encelia farinosa_                 87
-  Broom baccharis                 _Baccharis sarothroides_           85
-  Buffalobur                      _Solanum rostratum_                68
-
-  C
-
-  Canaigre                        _Rumex hymenosepalus_              17
-  Catclaw-acacia                  _Acacia greggii_                   27
-  Ceniza                          _Leucophyllum frutescens_          72
-  Chaenactis                      _Chaenactis fremontii_             94
-  Claretcup echinocereus          _Echinocereus triglochidiatus_     49
-  Common reed                     _Phragmites communis_               2
-  Coyote-melon                    _Cacurbita palmata_                80
-  Creosotebush                    _Larrea tridentata_                40
-  Crown-beard                     _Verbesina encelioides_            89
-
-  D
-
-  Dalea                           _Dalea fremontii_                  36
-  Desert baileya                  _Baileya multiradiata_             92
-  Desert beardtongue              _Penstemon pseudospectabilis_      73
-  Desert dandelion                _Malacothryx glabrata_             97
-  Desertlily                      _Hesperocallis undulata_            4
-  Desert-mallow                   _Sphaeralcea ambigua_              42
-  Desert mariposa                 _Calochortus kennedyi_              7
-  Desertstar                      _Monoptilon bellioides_            82
-  Desert-willow                   _Chilopsis linearis_               77
-  Desert zinnia                   _Zinnia pumila_                    86
-  Douglas coreopsis               _Coreopsis douglasii_              90
-  Douglas groundsel               _Senecio douglasii_                95
-
-  E
-
-  Engelmann pricklypear           _Opuntia engelmannii_              56
-  Evening-primrose                _Oenothera brevipes_               22
-  Evening-primrose                _Oenothera trichocalyx_            61
-
-  F
-
-  False-mesquite                  _Calliandra eriophylla_            26
-  Field bind-weed                 _Convolvulus arvensis_             63
-  Fishhook cactus                 _Mammillaria microcarpa_           54
-  Five-stamen tamarisk            _Tamarix pentandra_                43
-  Fleabane                        _Erigeron divergens_               84
-
-  G
-
-  Giant yucca                     _Yucca carnerosana_                11
-  Golden mariposa                 _Calochortus nuttalii aureus_       6
-  Goldfields                      _Baeria chrysostoma_               93
-
-  H
-
-  Heron-bill                      _Erodium cicutarium_               39
-  Honey mesquite                  _Prosopis juliflora_               29
-
-  J
-
-  Joshua-tree                     _Yucca brevifolia_                  9
-  Jumping cholla                  _Opuntia bigelovii_                57
-
-  L
-
-  Lechuguilla                     _Agave lechuguilla_                16
-  Longleaf ephedra                _Ephedra trifurca_                  1
-  Louisiana broomrape             _Orobanche ludoviciana_            79
-  Lupine                          _Lupinus sparsiflorus_             33
-
-  M
-
-  Malacothryx                     _Malacothryx fendleri_             98
-  Mariposa                        _Calochortus flexuosus_             5
-  Mescat-acacia                   _Acacia constricta_                28
-  Mexican goldpoppy               _Eschscholtzia mexicana_           20
-  Mohave aster                    _Aster abatus_                     83
-
-  N
-
-  Nama                            _Nama demissum_                    67
-  New Mexico thistle              _Cirsium neomexicanum_             96
-  Night-blooming cereus           _Peniocereus greggii_              46
-
-  O
-
-  Ocotillo                        _Fouquieria splendens_             62
-  Organpipe cactus                _Lemaireocereus thurberi_          48
-  Owl-clover                      _Orthocarpus purpurascens_         76
-
-  P
-
-  Paintbrush                      _Castilleja angustifolia_          75
-  Palmer penstemon                _Penstemon palmeri_                74
-  Paperflower                     _Psilostrophe cooperi_             91
-  Parry agave                     _Agave parryi_                     15
-  Pencil cholla                   _Opuntia leptocaulis_              58
-  Phacelia                        _Phacelia crenulata_               66
-  Prairie spiderwort              _Tradescantia occidentalis_         3
-  Pricklepoppy                    _Argemone platyceras_              21
-  Prickly sowthistle              _Sonchus asper_                   100
-
-  R
-
-  Rainbow echinocereus            _Echinocereus pectinatus_          51
-  Rock-nettle                     _Eucnide urens_                    45
-
-  S
-
-  Sacahuista                      _Nolina microcarpa_                12
-  Sacred datura                   _Datura meteloides_                70
-  Saguaro                         _Carnegiea gigantea_               47
-  Sand-verbena                    _Abronia villosa_                  19
-  Santa Fe phlox                  _Phlox nana_                       64
-  Senna                           _Cassia covesii_                   30
-  Silverleaf enceliopsis          _Enceliopsis argophylla_           88
-  Silverleaf nightshade           _Solanum elaeagnifolium_           69
-  Smoke-thorn                     _Dalea spinosa_                    35
-  Snake-weed                      _Gutierrezia lucida_               81
-  Soaptree yucca                  _Yucca elata_                       8
-  Sotol                           _Dasylirion wheeleri_              13
-  Spectaclepod                    _Dithyrea wislizenii_              23
-  Starflower                      _Gilia longiflora_                 65
-  Strawberry echinocereus         _Echinocereus engelmannii_         50
-
-  T
-
-  Tesota                          _Olneya tesota_                    37
-  Torrey yucca                    _Yucca torreyi_                    10
-  Trailing-four-o'clock           _Allionia incarnata_               18
-  Tree tobacco                    _Nicotiana glauca_                 71
-  Trumpet-bush                    _Tecoma stans_                     78
-
-  W
-
-  Walkingstick cholla             _Opuntia spinosior_                60
-  Western-wallflower              _Erysimum capitatum_               25
-  Whipple cholla                  _Opuntia whipplei_                 59
-  White cupfruit                  _Calycoseris wrightii_             99
-  Woolly loco                     _Astragalus mollissimus_           38
-
-  Z
-
-  Yellow mentzelia                _Mentzelia pumila_                 44
-  Yellow pitaya echinocereus      _Echinocereus dasyacanthus_        52
-
-
-This booklet is published in cooperation with the National Park Service
-                                 by the
-                   SOUTHWESTERN MONUMENTS ASSOCIATION
- _which is a non-profit distributing organization pledged to aid in the
-preservation and interpretation of Southwestern features of outstanding
-                          national interest._
-
-The Association lists for sale many interesting and excellent
-publications for adults and children and hundreds of color slides on
-Southwestern subjects. These make fine gifts for birthdays, parties, and
-special occasions, and many prove to be of value to children in their
-school work and hobbies.
-
-May we recommend, for example, the following items which give additional
-information on the Southwest?
-
-  FLOWERS OF THE SOUTHWEST DESERTS. Dodge and Janish. More than 140 of
-  the most interesting and common desert plants beautifully drawn in 100
-  plates, with descriptive text. 112 pp., color cover, paper
-                                                                   $1.00
-
-  FLOWERS OF THE SOUTHWEST MESAS. Patraw and Janish. Companion volume to
-  the Desert flowers booklet, but covering the plants of the plateau
-  country of the Southwest. 112 pp., color cover, paper
-                                                                   $1.00
-
-  FLOWERS OF THE SOUTHWEST MOUNTAINS. Arnberger and Janish. Descriptions
-  and illustrations of plants and trees of the southern Rocky Mountains
-  and other Southwestern ranges above 7,000 feet elevation. 112 pp.,
-  color cover, paper
-                                                                   $1.00
-
-  MAMMALS OF THE SOUTHWEST DESERTS (formerly Animals of the Southwest
-  Deserts). Olin and Cannon. Handsome illustrations, full descriptions,
-  and life habits of the 42 most interesting and common mammals, members
-  of the strange animal population of the lower desert country of the
-  Southwest below the 4,500-foot elevation. 112 pp., 60 illustrations,
-  color cover, paper
-                                                                   $1.00
-
-  MAMMALS OF SOUTHWEST MOUNTAINS AND MESAS. Olin and Bierly. Companion
-  volume to Mammals of Southwest Deserts. Fully illustrated in
-  exquisitely done line and scratchboard drawings, and written in Olin's
-  masterfully lucid style. Gives descriptions, ranges, and life habits
-  of the better known Southwestern mammals of the uplands. 1961.
-
-  Color cover, paper
-                                                                   $2.00
-
-  Cloth
-                                                                   $3.25
-
-  POISONOUS DWELLERS OF THE DESERT. Dodge. Invaluable handbook for any
-  person living in the desert. Tells the facts about dangerous insects,
-  snakes, etc., giving treatment for bites and stings and dispels myths
-  about harmless creatures mistakenly believed poisonous. 48 pp.
-                                                                   $0.60
-
-    [Illustration: National Park Service and Southwestern Monuments
-                           Association Logos]
-
-                           Write For Catalog
-                              SOUTHWESTERN
-                         MONUMENTS ASSOCIATION
-                 Box 1562--Gila Pueblo, Globe, Arizona
-
-
-Mother Nature's Cinderella story--flower-time in The desert--unfolds in
-this beautiful book. Captured by the magic of the color camera and
-described in lucid prose, 100 desert wildflowers are vividly portrayed
-here. Every color, from brilliant to delicate, is faithfully reproduced.
-This book will be a treasured photo album for those who have known the
-desert in bloom and a splendid introduction to the not yet initiated.
-
-Natt N. Dodge, author of Poisonous Dwellers of The Desert, Flowers of
-the Southwest Desert, and co-author of The American Southwest, as well
-as contributor to Arizona Highways, New Mexico Magazine, Sunset, and
-many other national and regional periodicals, has parlayed an
-encyclopedic knowledge of the Southwest and years of photographic
-experience into this truly magnificent book.
-
-                     [Illustration: Cactus flowers]
-
-        [Illustration: Southwestern Monuments Association Logo]
-
-
-
-
-                          Transcriber's Notes
-
-
---Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook
-  is public-domain in the country of publication.
-
---Corrected a few palpable typographical errors.
-
---Transcribed some text from illustrations, for the sake of the text
-  versions.
-
---Added a Table of Contents based on headings in the text.
-
---Added page numbers for convenient reference.
-
---In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by
-  _underscores_.
-
---Provided in {curly brackets} a conjectural completion of the truncated
-  "Joshua Tree" entry, based on information from other published
-  sources.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of 100 Desert Wildflowers in Natural Color, by 
-Natt Noyes Dodge
-
-*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 100 DESERT WILDFLOWERS ***
-
-***** This file should be named 54631-8.txt or 54631-8.zip *****
-This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
-        http://www.gutenberg.org/5/4/6/3/54631/
-
-Produced by Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed
-Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
-
-Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will
-be renamed.
-
-Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright
-law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works,
-so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United
-States without permission and without paying copyright
-royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part
-of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm
-concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark,
-and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive
-specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this
-eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook
-for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports,
-performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given
-away--you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks
-not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the
-trademark license, especially commercial redistribution.
-
-START: FULL LICENSE
-
-THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
-PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
-
-To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
-distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
-(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
-Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full
-Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at
-www.gutenberg.org/license.
-
-Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic works
-
-1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
-and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
-(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
-the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or
-destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your
-possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a
-Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound
-by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the
-person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph
-1.E.8.
-
-1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be
-used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
-agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few
-things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
-even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See
-paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this
-agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.
-
-1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the
-Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection
-of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual
-works in the collection are in the public domain in the United
-States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the
-United States and you are located in the United States, we do not
-claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing,
-displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as
-all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope
-that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting
-free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm
-works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the
-Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily
-comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the
-same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when
-you share it without charge with others.
-
-1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
-what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are
-in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States,
-check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this
-agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing,
-distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any
-other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no
-representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any
-country outside the United States.
-
-1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
-
-1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other
-immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear
-prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work
-on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the
-phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed,
-performed, viewed, copied or distributed:
-
-  This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
-  most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
-  restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
-  under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
-  eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
-  United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you
-  are located before using this ebook.
-
-1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is
-derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not
-contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the
-copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in
-the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
-redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project
-Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply
-either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or
-obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm
-trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
-
-1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
-with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
-must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
-additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
-will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works
-posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the
-beginning of this work.
-
-1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
-License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
-work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
-
-1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
-electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
-prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
-active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
-Gutenberg-tm License.
-
-1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
-compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including
-any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access
-to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format
-other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official
-version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site
-(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense
-to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means
-of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain
-Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the
-full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
-
-1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
-performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
-unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
-
-1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
-access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
-provided that
-
-* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
-  the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
-  you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed
-  to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has
-  agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project
-  Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid
-  within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are
-  legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty
-  payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project
-  Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in
-  Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg
-  Literary Archive Foundation."
-
-* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
-  you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
-  does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
-  License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
-  copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue
-  all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm
-  works.
-
-* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of
-  any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
-  electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of
-  receipt of the work.
-
-* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
-  distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
-
-1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than
-are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing
-from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and The
-Project Gutenberg Trademark LLC, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm
-trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
-
-1.F.
-
-1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
-effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
-works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project
-Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may
-contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate
-or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other
-intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or
-other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or
-cannot be read by your equipment.
-
-1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
-of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
-Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
-Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
-liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
-fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
-LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
-PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
-TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
-LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
-INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
-DAMAGE.
-
-1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
-defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
-receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
-written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you
-received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium
-with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you
-with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in
-lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person
-or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second
-opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If
-the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing
-without further opportunities to fix the problem.
-
-1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
-in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO
-OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT
-LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
-
-1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
-warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of
-damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement
-violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the
-agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or
-limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or
-unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the
-remaining provisions.
-
-1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
-trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
-providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in
-accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the
-production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses,
-including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of
-the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this
-or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or
-additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any
-Defect you cause.
-
-Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
-
-Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
-electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
-computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It
-exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations
-from people in all walks of life.
-
-Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
-assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
-goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
-remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
-Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
-and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future
-generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
-Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see
-Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at
-www.gutenberg.org
-
-
-
-Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
-
-The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
-501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
-state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
-Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
-number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary
-Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by
-U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
-
-The Foundation's principal office is in Fairbanks, Alaska, with the
-mailing address: PO Box 750175, Fairbanks, AK 99775, but its
-volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous
-locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt
-Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to
-date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and
-official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact
-
-For additional contact information:
-
-    Dr. Gregory B. Newby
-    Chief Executive and Director
-    gbnewby@pglaf.org
-
-Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
-Literary Archive Foundation
-
-Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
-spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
-increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
-freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
-array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations
-($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
-status with the IRS.
-
-The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
-charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
-States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
-considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
-with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations
-where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND
-DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular
-state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate
-
-While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
-have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
-against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
-approach us with offers to donate.
-
-International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
-any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
-outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
-
-Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
-methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other
-ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To
-donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate
-
-Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works.
-
-Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
-Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be
-freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
-distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of
-volunteer support.
-
-Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
-editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
-the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
-necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
-edition.
-
-Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search
-facility: www.gutenberg.org
-
-This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
-including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
-Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
-subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
-
diff --git a/old/54631-8.zip b/old/54631-8.zip
deleted file mode 100644
index 553e90b..0000000
--- a/old/54631-8.zip
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h.zip b/old/54631-h.zip
deleted file mode 100644
index 3706df0..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h.zip
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/54631-h.htm b/old/54631-h/54631-h.htm
deleted file mode 100644
index 39653a8..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/54631-h.htm
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,3087 +0,0 @@
-<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
-<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd">
-<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" lang="en">
-<head>
-<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html;charset=utf-8" />
-<meta http-equiv="Content-Style-Type" content="text/css" />
-<title>100 Desert Wildflowers in Natural Color, by Natt N. Dodge: a Project Gutenberg eBook</title>
-<meta name="author" content="Natt N. Dodge" />
-<meta name="pss.pubdate" content="1963" />
-<link rel="schema.DC" href="http://dublincore.org/documents/1998/09/dces/" />
-<meta name="DC.Title" content="100 Desert Wildflowers in Natural Color" />
-<meta name="DC.Language" content="en" />
-<meta name="DC.Format" content="text/html" />
-<meta name="DC.Created" content="1963" />
-<meta name="DC.Creator" content="Natt N. Dodge (****-****)" />
-<style type="text/css">
-xbody, table.twocol tr td  { margin-left:2em; margin-right:2em; }   /* BODY */
-
-h2.c, h5, h6, .titlepg p { text-align:center; clear:right; text-indent:0; }   /* HEADINGS */
-h1          { margin-top:3em; margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto; max-width:15em; text-align:center; }
-.box h1, .box h2     { margin-top:.5em; }
-h2          { margin-top:3em; margin-bottom:2em; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; max-width: 17em; }
-h2          { max-width: 20em; text-align:left; }
-h2 .h2line1  { font-style:italic; }
-h2 .h2line2  { font-family:sans-serif; }
-h3          { font-size:110%; max-width: 27.5em; margin-top:2em; text-align:left; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; }
-.box h3     { margin-top:1em; }
-h6          { font-size:100%; font-style:italic; }
-h6.var      { font-size:80%; font-style:normal; }
-.titlepg    { margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; border-style:double; clear:both; }
-
-/* == BOXES == */
-.dbox       { border-style:double; }
-div.box, .dbox { margin-right:auto; margin-left:auto; max-width:30em;}
-.nbox          { margin-right:auto; margin-left:auto; max-width:18em;}
-div.box, div.subbox, div.nbox { border-style:solid; border-width:1px;  margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:2em; }
-div.subbox  { margin:.2em; }
-div.box  dl  dd, div.subbox dl dd, div.nbox dl dd  {margin-left:2em; font-size:90%; }
-div.box  dl  dt, div.subbox dl dt, div.nbox dl dt  {margin-left:1em; }
-div.box  p  { margin-left:1em; margin-right:1em; max-width:30em; }
-div.box  h1 { text-align:right; margin-right:.5em; }
-h4 { font-size:80%; text-align:center; clear:right; }
-span.chaptertitle { font-style:normal; display:block; text-align:center; font-size:150%; text-indent:0; }
-
-p, blockquote, li { text-align:justify; margin-right:auto; margin-left:auto; }                              /* PARAGRAPHS */
-p.bq, blockquote  { margin-left:0em; margin-right:0em; }
-blockquote p      { margin-left:2em;  margin-top:1em;  margin-bottom:1em; text-indent:-2em; }
-div.verse    { font-size:100%; }
-p.indent  {text-indent:2em; text-align:left; }
-p.tb, p.tbcenter      { margin-top:2em; }
-
-span.pb, div.pb, dt.pb, p.pb                                      /* PAGE BREAKS */
-{ text-align:right; float:right; margin-right:0em; clear:right; }
-div.pb { display:inline; }
-.pb, dt.pb, dl.toc dt.pb, dl.tocl dt.pb, .index dt.pb    { text-align:right; float:right; margin-left: 1.5em;
-         margin-top:.5em; margin-bottom:.5em; display:inline; text-indent:0;
-         font-size:80%; font-style:normal; font-weight:bold;
-         color:gray; border:1px solid gray;padding:1px 3px; }
-div.index .pb  { display:block; }
-.bq  div.pb, .bq span.pb  { font-size:90%; margin-right:2em; }
-
-div.img, body a img, .imgcenter  {text-align:center; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; margin-top:2em; margin-bottom:0em; clear:both; }
-
-sup, a.fn { font-size:75%; vertical-align:100%; line-height:50%; font-weight:normal; }
-.center, .tbcenter, .csmallest, .csmaller, .caption    { text-align:center; clear:both; text-indent:0; }                  /* TEXTUAL MARKUP */
-.caption {margin-top:0em; font-weight:bold; font-size:90%; font-family:sans-serif; }
-table.center { clear:both; margin-right:auto; margin-left:auto; }
-td.l  { text-align:left; }
-td.r  { text-align:right; }
-.small    { font-size:80%; }
-.smaller, .csmaller  { font-size:66%; }
-.smallest, .csmallest { font-size:50%; }
-.larger, .xlarge  { font-size:150%; }
-.large    { font-size:125%; }
-.gs       { letter-spacing:1em; }
-.gs3      { letter-spacing:1.5em; }
-.gslarge  { letter-spacing:.3em; font-size:110%; }
-.sc       { font-variant:small-caps; font-style: normal; }
-.sc i     { font-variant:normal; }
-.ss       { font-family:sans-serif; font-weight:bold; }
-.rubric   { color: red; font-weight:bold; }
-.orange   { color:orange; }
-hr        { width:40%; margin-left:30%; }
-.shorthr  { width:20%; }
-.jl       { text-align:left; }
-span.jl   { float:left; }
-.jr, .jr1 { text-align:right; }
-span.jr, span.jr1, span.center, span.jl  { display:block; }
-.ind1     { text-align:left;  margin-left:2em; }
-.u        { text-decoration:underline; }
-
-table.center, table.hymntab { clear:both; margin-right:auto; margin-left:auto; }
-
-dd.t           { text-align:left; margin-left: 5.5em; }
-
-span.date, span.author    { text-align:right; font-variant:small-caps; display:block; margin-right:1em; }
-span.center               { text-align:center; display:block; text-indent:0; }
-span.hst                  { margin-left:1.5em; }
-.biblio  dt               { margin-top:1em; margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; }
-.biblio  dd               { font-size:90%; }
-
-/* INDEX (.INDEX) */
-
-/* FOOTNOTE BLOCKS */
-div.notes p  { margin-left:1em; text-indent:-1em; text-align:justify; max-width:30em; }
-.fnblock   { margin-top:2em; margin-right:auto; margin-left:auto; max-width:30em; }
-.fndef     { text-align:justify; margin-top:1.5em; margin-left:1.5em; text-indent:-1.5em; }
-.fndef p.fncont, .fndef dl { margin-left:0em; text-indent:0em; }
-.fndef p.fnbq, .fndef dl { margin-left:1em; text-indent:0em; }
-
-.lnum   { text-align:right; float:right; margin-left:.5em;        /* POETRY LINE NUMBER */
-display:inline; }
-
-.hymn     { text-align:left; }                                  /*  HYMN AND VERSE: HTML  */
-.verse    { text-align:left; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em; margin-left:0em; }
-p.t0, p.l, .t0 { margin-left:4em; text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; }
-p.tw, div.tw, .tw    { margin-left:1em; text-indent:-1em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; }
-p.t,  div.t,  .t     { margin-left:5em; text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; }
-p.t2, div.t2, .t2    { margin-left:6em; text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; }
-p.t3, div.t3, .t3    { margin-left:7em; text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; }
-p.t4, div.t4, .t4    { margin-left:8em; text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; }
-p.t5, div.t5, .t5    { margin-left:9em; text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; }
-p.t6, div.t6, .t6    { margin-left:10em; text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; }
-p.t7, div.t7, .t7    { margin-left:11em;text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; }
-p.t8, div.t8, .t8    { margin-left:12em;text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; }
-p.t9, div.t9, .t9    { margin-left:13em;text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; }
-p.t10,div.t10,.t10   { margin-left:14em;text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; }
-p.t11,div.t11,.t11   { margin-left:15em;text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; }
-p.t12,div.t12,.t12   { margin-left:16em;text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; }
-p.t13,div.t13,.t13   { margin-left:17em;text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; }
-p.t14,div.t14,.t14   { margin-left:18em;text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; }
-p.t15,div.t15,.t15   { margin-left:19em;text-indent:-3em; margin-top:0; margin-bottom:0; text-align:left; }
-
-                                      /* CONTENTS (.TOC) */
-  dl.toc { margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; max-width:30em; }
-  .toc  dt.center    { text-align:center; clear:both; margin-top:3em; margin-bottom:1em; text-indent:0; }
-  .toc  dt, .toc dd     { text-align:right; clear:left; }
-  .toc  dt   .cn  { font-style:normal; height:100%; }
-  .toc  dt.jr  { text-align:right; }
-  .toc  dt.smaller { max-width:30em; }
-  .toc  dd     { text-align:right; clear:both; margin-left:2em; }
-  .toc  dd.t   { text-align:right; clear:both; margin-left:4em; text-indent:0em; }
-  .toc  dt  a, .toc dd a { text-align:left; clear:right; float:left; }
-  .toc  dt.sc  { text-align:right; clear:both; font-variant:small-caps; }
-  .toc  dt.scl { text-align:left;  clear:both; font-variant:small-caps; }
-  .toc  dt.sct { text-align:right; clear:both; font-variant:small-caps; margin-left:1em; }
-  .toc  dt.jl  { text-align:left;  clear:both; font-variant:normal; }
-  .toc  dt.scc { text-align:center; clear:both; font-variant:small-caps; text-indent:0; }
-  .toc  dt span.lj { text-align:left; display:block; float:left; }
-  .toc  dt.jr    { font-style:normal; }
-  .toc  dt  a  span.cn, .toc dt span.cn, dt span.cn  { width:3.5em; text-align:right; margin-right:.7em;  float:left; }
-  dt .large {font-weight:bold; }
-  div.bcat dl dd  { margin-left:4em; max-width:26em; }
-  div.bcat dl dt  { text-indent:-2em; margin-left:2em; }
-
-.clear     { clear:both; }
-.htab      { margin-left:8em; }
-                            /* MAXWIDTH FOR JUVENILE BOOKS */
-  p, blockquote, li, dd, dt, div.bcat, pre { text-align:justify; margin-right:auto; margin-left:auto; }
-  p, li, dd, dt, div.bcat, pre.internal dl  { max-width:30em; margin-right:auto; margin-left:auto; }
-  p.csmaller  { max-width:38em; }
-  p.csmallest { max-width:40em; }
-  blockquote                          { max-width:30em; }
-
-
-  div.verse         { max-width:25em; margin-right:auto; margin-left:auto; }
-  div.bq            { margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; max-width:23em; }
-/* book advertisements */
-  p.bkad  {font-size:125%; font-weight:bold; margin-top:2em; max-width:20em; margin-right:auto; margin-left:auto;  }
-  p.bkpr  {font-size:90%; }
-  p.bkrv  { }
-  dl.blist dt { margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; }
-  dl.blist, dl.biblio { margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; max-width:25em; }
-
-  dl.int { margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; max-width:25em; }
-  dl.int dt {margin-left:2em; text-indent:-2em; }
-  dl.int dd {margin-left:2em; }
-</style>
-</head>
-<body>
-
-
-<pre>
-
-The Project Gutenberg EBook of 100 Desert Wildflowers in Natural Color, by 
-Natt Noyes Dodge
-
-This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and most
-other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no restrictions
-whatsoever.  You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of
-the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at
-www.gutenberg.org.  If you are not located in the United States, you'll have
-to check the laws of the country where you are located before using this ebook.
-
-Title: 100 Desert Wildflowers in Natural Color
-
-Author: Natt Noyes Dodge
-
-Release Date: April 29, 2017 [EBook #54631]
-
-Language: English
-
-Character set encoding: UTF-8
-
-*** START OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 100 DESERT WILDFLOWERS ***
-
-
-
-
-Produced by Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed
-Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
-
-
-
-
-
-
-</pre>
-
-<div id="cover" class="img">
-<img id="coverpage" src="images/cover.jpg" alt="100 Desert Wildflowers in Natural Color" width="500" height="760" />
-</div>
-<div class="img" id="pg003">
-<img src="images/pg003.jpg" alt="Title page" width="708" height="500" />
-</div>
-<div class="box">
-<h1>100 <span class="xlarge"><i><span class="orange">Desert Wildflowers</span></i></span>
-<br />in natural color</h1>
-<p class="jr1"><i>Photography &amp; Text</i>
-<br /><span class="orange">Natt N. Dodge</span></p>
-<p class="center"><b><span class="orange">SOUTHWESTERN</span><span class="hst"> MONUMENTS</span><span class="hst"> ASSOCIATION</span></b></p>
-</div>
-<p class="tb">Copyright 1963 by the Southwestern Monuments Association.
-All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in
-any form without permission in writing from the publisher, except
-by a reviewer who may quote brief passages in a review to
-be printed in a magazine or newspaper.</p>
-<p class="center small">Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 63-13471
-<br />First Printing, 1963&mdash;20,000
-<br />Second Printing, 1965&mdash;20,000
-<br />Third Printing, (revised) 1967&mdash;20,000</p>
-<p class="center small">Printed in the United States of America
-<br />W. A. Krueger Co., Tyler Div. &middot; Phoenix, Arizona</p>
-<h2>Contents</h2>
-<dl class="toc">
-<dt><a href="#c1">Hints for Flower Photographers</a> 1</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c2">Introduction</a> 1</dt>
-<dd><a href="#c3">The Desert</a> 1</dd>
-<dd><a href="#c4">Why and When Do Deserts Bloom?</a> 1</dd>
-<dd><a href="#c5">Identifying Desert Wildflowers</a> 3</dd>
-<dt><a href="#c6">Spring gives an Evening Party</a> 4</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c7">1. Longleaf ephedra</a> 5</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c8">2. Common reed</a> 5</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c9">3. Prairie spiderwort</a> 6</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c10">4. Desertlily</a> 6</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c11">5. Mariposa</a> 7</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c12">6. Golden mariposa</a> 7</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c13">7. Desert mariposa</a> 8</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c14">8. Soaptree yucca</a> 8</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c15">9. Joshua-tree</a> 9</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c16">10. Torrey yucca</a> 9</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c17">11. Giant yucca</a> 10</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c18">12. Sacahuista</a> 10</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c19">13. Sotol</a> 11</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c20">14. Agave</a> 11</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c21">15. Parry agave</a> 12</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c22">16. Lechuguilla</a> 12</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c23">17. Canaigre</a> 13</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c24">18. Trailing-four-o&rsquo;clock</a> 13</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c25">19. Sand-verbena</a> 14</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c26">20. Mexican goldpoppy</a> 14</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c27">21. Pricklepoppy</a> 15</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c28">22. Evening-primrose</a> 15</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c29">23. Spectaclepod</a> 16</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c30">24. Bladderpod</a> 16</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c31">25. Western-wallflower</a> 17</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c32">26. False-mesquite</a> 17</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c33">27. Catclaw-acacia</a> 18</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c34">28. Mescat-acacia</a> 18</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c35">29. Honey mesquite</a> 19</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c36">30. Senna</a> 19</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c37">31. Blue palo-verde</a> 20</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c38">32. Bird-of-Paradise-flower</a> 20</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c39">33. Lupine</a> 21</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c40">34. Adonis lupine</a> 21</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c41">35. Smoke-thorn</a> 22</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c42">36. Dalea</a> 22</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c43">37. Tesota</a> 23</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c44">38. Woolly loco</a> 23</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c45">39. Heron-bill</a> 24</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c46">40. Creosotebush</a> 24</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c47">41. Arizona-poppy</a> 25</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c48">42. Desert-mallow</a> 25</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c49">43. Five-stamen tamarisk</a> 26</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c50">44. Yellow mentzelia</a> 26</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c51">45. Rock-nettle</a> 27</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c52">46. Night-blooming cereus</a> 27</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c53">47. Saguaro</a> 28</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c54">48. Organpipe cactus</a> 28</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c55">49. Claretcup echinocereus</a> 29</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c56">50. Strawberry echinocereus</a> 29</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c57">51. Rainbow echinocereus</a> 30</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c58">52. Yellow pitaya echinocereus</a> 30</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c59">53. Barrel cactus</a> 31</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c60">54. Fishhook cactus</a> 31</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c61">55. Beavertail cactus</a> 32</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c62">56. Engelmann pricklypear</a> 32</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c63">57. Jumping cholla</a> 33</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c64">58. Pencil cholla</a> 33</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c65">59. Whipple cholla</a> 34</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c66">60. Walkingstick cholla</a> 34</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c67">61. Evening-primrose</a> 35</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c68">62. Ocotillo</a> 35</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c69">63. Field bind-weed</a> 36</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c70">64. Santa Fe phlox</a> 36</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c71">65. Starflower</a> 37</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c72">66. Phacelia</a> 37</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c73">67. Nama</a> 38</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c74">68. Buffalobur</a> 38</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c75">69. Silverleaf nightshade</a> 39</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c76">70. Sacred datura</a> 39</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c77">71. Tree tobacco</a> 40</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c78">72. Ceniza</a> 40</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c79">73. Desert beardtongue</a> 41</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c80">74. Palmer penstemon</a> 41</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c81">75. Paintbrush</a> 42</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c82">76. Owl-clover</a> 42</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c83">77. Desert-willow</a> 43</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c84">78. Trumpet-bush</a> 43</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c85">79. Louisiana broomrape</a> 44</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c86">80. Coyote-melon</a> 44</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c87">81. Snake-weed</a> 45</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c88">82. Desertstar</a> 45</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c89">83. Mohave aster</a> 46</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c90">84. Fleabane</a> 46</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c91">85. Broom baccharis</a> 47</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c92">86. Desert zinnia</a> 47</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c93">87. Brittle-bush</a> 48</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c94">88. Silverleaf enceliopsis</a> 48</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c95">89. Crown-beard</a> 49</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c96">90. Douglas coreopsis</a> 49</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c97">91. Paperflower</a> 50</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c98">92. Desert baileya</a> 50</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c99">93. Goldfields</a> 51</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c100">94. Chaenactis</a> 51</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c101">95. Douglas groundsel</a> 52</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c102">96. New Mexico thistle</a> 52</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c103">97. Desert dandelion</a> 53</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c104">98. Malacothryx</a> 53</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c105">99. White cupfruit</a> 54</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c106">100. Prickly sowthistle</a> 54</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c107">Suggestions for Additional Reading</a> 56</dt>
-<dt><a href="#c108">Index</a> 58</dt>
-</dl>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_1">1</div>
-<h2 class="center" id="c1"><span class="h2line1"><i>Hints for Flower Photographers</i></span></h2>
-<p>If your interest in desert flowers includes a desire to obtain beautiful photographs
-of them, the following &ldquo;tips&rdquo; may be helpful.</p>
-<p class="tb">MOTION is a major hazard in still photography, and flowers, especially those on
-long, slender stems, seem to be constantly in motion stimulated by the ever-present
-desert breeze. The practical solution to this problem is to take your photographing
-jaunts, if possible, in the early morning when the air is most likely to be motionless.
-A flower picture blurred by motion is a complete flop!</p>
-<p>Except for motion, nothing will irritate you more often than the abrupt, frequent,
-and marked CHANGES IN LIGHTING due to small clouds passing over
-the sun. Again, early morning has an advantage in normally cloudless desert skies.
-Clouds may be expected after 10 o&rsquo;clock on many days.</p>
-<p class="tb">DEPTH OF FIELD is highly important in flower photography, and you will be
-gratified with the results if you take pains to have all parts of the picture, except
-the background, in sharp focus. This desirable objective has become less difficult
-to attain with the advent of &ldquo;faster&rdquo; films which enable you to use the required
-small diaphragm &ldquo;stop&rdquo; without too greatly reducing the shutter speed, and still
-obtain adequate exposures.</p>
-<p class="tb">Too many flower photographers fail to get really CLOSE UP PICTURES. A
-single blossom or a small cluster of blossoms provides a much more attractive and
-significant picture than an entire plant. One blossom with, perhaps, a bud, one
-fruit, and a trace of foliage, if well composed, is tops among flower pictures. This
-objective requires camera equipment with the ability to focus on objects close to
-the lens. Also it complicates the goal of getting all parts of the picture into sharp
-focus.</p>
-<p class="tb">UNCLUTTERED BACKGROUNDS are a &ldquo;must&rdquo; in flower pictures. You might
-consider joining the flower photographers who carry with them plain gray or variously
-tinted background cards or light-weight boards. Such a card or board of
-contrasting color, when placed behind the blossom, will accomplish wonders in
-giving prominence to the flower. One method of obtaining a dark background is
-to ask someone (if you are a contortionist you can do it yourself) to stand in such
-a position as to cast a shadow on the ground or foliage behind the subject. The
-sky makes an excellent background, and you will find it useful whenever you can
-set your camera below the level of the subject.</p>
-<p class="tb">With the foregoing points in mind, study the pictures in this booklet with the
-aim of trying to surpass them in quality. By exercising care and patience, you should
-be able to do so.</p>
-<h2 class="center" id="c2"><span class="h2line1"><i>Introduction</i></span></h2>
-<h3 id="c3"><i>The Desert</i></h3>
-<p>When Webster defined a desert as a &ldquo;dry, barren region, largely treeless and
-sandy&rdquo; he was not thinking of the 50,000 square mile Great American Desert of
-the southwestern United States and northern Mexico. Most of it is usually dry and
-parts may be sandy, but as a whole, it is far from barren and treeless. Heavily vegetated
-with gray-green shrubs, small but robust trees, pygmy forests of grotesque
-cactuses and stiff-leaved yuccas, and myriads of herbaceous plants, the desert, following
-rainy periods, covers itself with a blanket of delicate, fragrant wildflowers.
-Edmund C. Jaegar, author of several books on deserts, reports that the California
-deserts alone support more than 700 species of flowering plants.</p>
-<p>The late Dr. Forrest Shreve, for many years Director of the Desert Laboratory
-of the Carnegie Institution near Tucson, Arizona, defined a desert as &ldquo;a region of
-deficient and uncertain rainfall.&rdquo; He divided the Great American Desert into four
-major sections: (1) <i>Chihuahuan</i> (chee-WAH-wahn), including the Mexican States
-of Chihuahua and Coahuila (coa-WHEE-lah), southwestern Texas, and south-central
-New Mexico; (2) <i>Sonoran</i>, including Baja California, southwestern Arizona, and
-northwestern Sonora; (3) <i>Mojave</i> (moh-HAH-vee), Colorado, including south-eastern
-California and extreme southern Nevada; (4) <i>Great Basin</i>, including Nevada,
-Utah, southwestern Idaho and southeastern Oregon.</p>
-<p>Since the steppes and mesas of the Great Basin Desert have generally lower
-temperatures, higher elevations, and greater precipitation than the other three sections,
-we are not including its flowers in this work.</p>
-<h3 id="c4"><i>Why and When Do Deserts Bloom?</i></h3>
-<p>The Great American Desert produces, when conditions are favorable, a gorgeous
-exhibition of wildflowers. Trees, shrubs, and herbs all contribute to the splendor of
-the display. Soil composition, slope and exposure, suitable temperatures, and adequate
-moisture are essential to plant growth and flower production.</p>
-<p>Moisture is the uncertain factor, and years may pass without enough rainfall to
-stimulate plant growth. Rain of less than 0.15 inch is wasted as far as desert plants
-are concerned, for the moisture evaporates before penetrating the soil. Some annuals
-produce seeds having water-soluble germination inhibitors in their coverings, hence
-fail to sprout, even after rain, unless the moisture totals at least half an inch.</p>
-<p>When soil moisture from December and January rainfall is enough to support
-potential plants it dissolves the seed coats, and the desert floor is soon carpeted with
-eager green seedlings. When winter rains are scant, as is so often the case, the
-dormant seed population fails to germinate and the spring flower display doesn&rsquo;t
-appear. There is no sure way to forecast a spectacular blossom year, for a sudden
-cold wave or period of drying winds may literally nip in the bud a potential season
-of brilliant bloom. A great flower year may occur only once in a decade.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_3">3</div>
-<p>Perennials are more dependable than annuals, since some of them, particularly
-cactuses and other succulents, have water storage tissues in their stems or roots.
-These perennials may be counted on to blossom each year, but with much less
-abandon than after winters of above normal precipitation. Many perennials have
-surprisingly extensive root systems.
-Fascinating are the ways by which plants manage to thrive under severe conditions
-of desert heat and drought. As we have seen, most annuals lie dormant as seeds
-until suitable moisture and temperature occur. Then they grow very rapidly, to bloom
-and mature seeds while the soil still has moisture. Winter rains produce spring-blooming
-ephemerals, and summer showers produce summer &ldquo;quickies.&rdquo;</p>
-<p>Another group of plants, including the ocotillo (oh-koh-TEE-yoh), slows down
-life processes to become dormant during dry periods, even to dropping all leaves.
-When rains come they put on new leaves, several times a year if necessary.</p>
-<p>Cactuses and other succulents gorge themselves with water when the soil is wet,
-releasing moisture very sparingly from storage tissues during the &ldquo;long dry.&rdquo; Some
-have discarded or reduced foliage, or have covered leaf surfaces with varnish or wax,
-to decrease to a minimum the loss of vital moisture through transpiration.</p>
-<h3 id="c5"><i>Identifying Desert Wildflowers</i></h3>
-<p>Unless you are a botanist, identification of flowers by measuring and counting
-their various parts, as described in technical keys, is generally too complicated to be
-practical. Several years ago, recognizing this problem, I authored a book, <i>Flowers of
-the Southwest Deserts</i>, illustrated by Jeanne R. Janish and published by the Southwestern
-Monuments Association, designed to aid the wildflower fancier in plant
-identification by color-grouping the flowers. With Mrs. Janish&rsquo;s superb illustrations
-pointing out each plant&rsquo;s most obvious characteristics, it has proved an excellent field
-guide. However, the demand for natural color flower portraits could not go unheeded,
-and this book is the result. The two books complement each other, although each
-fills a need in its own right. Used together, they make you more positive of some
-identifications.</p>
-<p>Probably the best way to become acquainted with a flower is to be introduced
-to it by someone. But there is one catch to this method&mdash;one plant may be known
-by many aliases.</p>
-<p>When the Spaniards came into the Southwest over 400 years ago they found
-Indians had names for some flowers in their own languages. The Spaniards added their
-names, and later the Americans added English names. Some of these names were of
-similar-appearing but quite different flowers they had known &ldquo;back East.&rdquo; Later,
-scientists studied the desert plants, and gave them all Latin names.</p>
-<p>To assist in standardizing names of desert flowers, this booklet gives preference
-in its headings to scientific and common names found in <i>Arizona Flora</i>, by Kearney
-and Peebles, Second Edition, 1960. Common names found in <i>Texas Plants, A Checklist
-and Ecological Summary</i>, 1962, by F. W. Gould, also have been used. In addition,
-placed within the text, are some of the more widely used common names that we have
-encountered. Tree names, both common and scientific, follow the <i>Checklist of Native
-and Naturalized Trees of the United States</i>, by Elbert L. Little, Jr., 1953.</p>
-<p>There are many desert flowers, some quite common, for which there was not
-space in this booklet. If you wish to broaden your acquaintance to include more, we
-recommend, for added reading publications listed in the back.</p>
-<p>The author wishes to express here sincere thanks to Mrs. Pauline M. Patraw,
-Santa Fe botanist, for assistance in identifying many of the flowers pictured here. For
-assistance in checking identifications, the author is indebted to Miss Barbara Lund,
-Park Naturalist, National Park Service; to Dr. Charles T. Mason, Jr., Curator of the
-Herbarium, University of Arizona Tucson; and to Dr. W. B. McDougall, Curator of
-Botany, Museum of Northern Arizona, Flagstaff.</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_4">4</div>
-<h2 class="center" id="c6"><span class="h2line1"><i>Spring gives an Evening Party</i></span></h2>
-<div class="img" id="pg005">
-<img src="images/pg005.jpg" alt="Spring gives an Evening Party" width="500" height="761" />
-</div>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0">When Paloverde trims her golden gown,</p>
-<p class="t0">And Deerhorn dons her filaments of white;</p>
-<p class="t0">When tall Saguaro fits his fragrant crown</p>
-<p class="t0">In preparation for the party night;</p>
-<p class="t0">When bats across the ruby sunset dance,</p>
-<p class="t0">When Ocotillo lights his candle&rsquo;s flame,</p>
-<p class="t0">When verdure carpets Desert&rsquo;s wide expanse,</p>
-<p class="t0">Then Spring is in the Southwest once again.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0">The linnets in their scarlet vests and caps</p>
-<p class="t0">Are first to answer Spring&rsquo;s insistent call,</p>
-<p class="t0">While white-crowned sparrows scan their travel maps,</p>
-<p class="t0">Discussing details of the coming ball.</p>
-<p class="t0">Then thrashers practice every morn and eve</p>
-<p class="t0">The songs they&rsquo;ll sing upon that night of nights,</p>
-<p class="t0">While phainopeplas, in their haste to leave,</p>
-<p class="t0">Dash back and forth in short, impatient flights.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0">The desert halls glow bright as time draws near.</p>
-<p class="t0">Each cactus wears her frilled and perfumed dress.</p>
-<p class="t0">Ground squirrels, for this joyous time of year,</p>
-<p class="t0">Sport their best furs. The rabbits do no less.</p>
-<p class="t0">From far and near the desert folk have come</p>
-<p class="t0">To wait their hostess, Spring, who, very soon,</p>
-<p class="t0">Will lift stars o&rsquo;er the skyline, one by one,</p>
-<p class="t0">And then turn on the glorious, golden moon.</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_5">5</div>
-<h2 id="c7"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower1">1.</a> Longleaf ephedra</span></h2>
-<p>Commonly called &ldquo;Mormon tea,&rdquo; there are
-many species of ephedra (ef-FED-rah) growing
-throughout the Southwest. This yellow-green,
-stringy-stemmed shrub with tiny,
-scale-like leaves, is usually 3 to 4 feet tall, but
-sometimes reaches a height of 12 feet. Its
-small, fragrant, springtime flowers grow in
-dense clusters that attract insects. Some species
-provide winter forage for cattle and are
-said to be browsed by bighorn sheep. Pioneers
-brewed a palatable drink from the dried
-stems. Certain Indian tribes considered the
-brew a tonic, beneficial for treatment of
-syphilis and other diseases. The drug, ephedrine,
-comes from a Chinese member of this
-genus.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Ephedra trifurca</i> <span class="hst">Jointfir Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg006.jpg" alt="" width="393" height="601" />
-<p class="caption">LONGLEAF EPHEDRA</p>
-</div>
-<h2 id="c8"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower2">2.</a> Common reed</span></h2>
-<p>Somewhat resembling bamboo, carrizo
-grows in dense thickets in marshes, along
-river banks, and in other wet locations. Largest
-of the grasses, it sometimes attains a
-height of 12 feet. The large, tassel-like flower
-heads appear from July to October and create
-a spectacular mass display. The horizontal
-rootstalks interlock, crowding out other
-plants. A single rootstalk may extend 30 feet.
-The straight, hollow stems served Indians as
-arrowshafts, pipestems, and loom rods. Along
-the Mexican border the leaves are woven into
-mats and the long, sturdy stems are used as
-screens and in roofing native houses.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Phragmites communis</i> <span class="hst">Grass Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg006a.jpg" alt="" width="376" height="600" />
-<p class="caption">COMMON REED</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_6">6</div>
-<h2 id="c9"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower3">3.</a> Prairie spiderwort</span></h2>
-<p>Because of its slender, drooping leaves, this
-delicate blue-to-violet, three-petaled flower
-might easily be mistaken for a lily. Plants
-grow from 8 to 18 inches high. A perennial,
-the spiderwort&rsquo;s thick, succulent roots enable
-it to produce blossoms from April to September.
-Not abundant, it is usually found in
-moist locations in desert mountain ranges at
-elevations above 2,500 feet. Flowers form in
-clusters at the tip of a plant&rsquo;s stem, and are
-pollenized by bumblebees that eat the pollen.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Tradescantia occidentalis</i> <span class="hst">Spiderwort Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg006d.jpg" alt="" width="384" height="600" />
-<p class="caption">PRAIRIE SPIDERWORT</p>
-</div>
-<h2 id="c10"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower4">4.</a> Desertlily</span></h2>
-<p>Limited in its range to the desertlands of
-southern California and southwestern Arizona,
-the desertlily or ajo (AH-hoe) resembles
-a small easter lily. During dry seasons
-the plants do not bloom, but following wet
-winters each deeply-buried bulb sends up a
-vigorous shoot which may be from 6 inches
-to 2 feet tall, with a bud cluster at its tip.
-The delicately fragrant flowers may appear
-in late February, with some tardy bloomers
-still in evidence in early May. Bulbs were dug
-and eaten by Indians and, because of their
-flavor, were called ajo (garlic) by the Spanish
-pioneers. The town of Ajo and a nearby valley
-and mountain range in southwestern
-Arizona were named for this plant.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Hesperocallis undulata</i> <span class="hst">Lily Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg006e.jpg" alt="" width="381" height="600" />
-<p class="caption">DESERTLILY</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_7">7</div>
-<h2 id="c11"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower5">5.</a> Mariposa</span></h2>
-<p>Similar in appearance to the segolily, State flower of Utah, weakstem mariposa,
-sometimes called &ldquo;straggling butterfly lily,&rdquo; varies in color from white to pale purple.
-The slender stem is not erect, like other mariposas, of which there are many species,
-but wanders over the ground or makes its twisting way among the branches of low
-shrubs. It grows at elevations up to 4,000 feet on slopes and benches of mountains
-of the Mojave-Colorado Desert, in the Death Valley area, and in the desert mountains
-of southern Arizona, blossoming during April and May. Indians and pioneers
-ate the bulbs.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Calochortus flexuosus</i> <span class="hst">Lily Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg007.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="395" />
-<p class="caption">MARIPOSA</p>
-</div>
-<h2 id="c12"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower6">6.</a> Golden mariposa</span></h2>
-<p>Considered by some botanists as a distinct
-species, this mariposa or &ldquo;butterfly tulip&rdquo; is
-found in the higher mountains of the eastern
-Mojave-Colorado Desert and also in the vicinity
-of the Painted Desert of northern Arizona.
-Common in Petrified Forest National
-Park from May to July, the bright yellow
-flowers make an eye-catching display among
-the colorful pieces of petrified wood covering
-the ground. The bulbs can withstand severe
-cold, but suffer during winters when there is
-frequent freezing and thawing.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Calochortus nuttalii aureus</i> <span class="hst">Lily Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg007a.jpg" alt="" width="408" height="600" />
-<p class="caption">GOLDEN MARIPOSA</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_8">8</div>
-<h2 id="c13"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower7">7.</a> Desert mariposa</span></h2>
-<p>Brightest of the mariposas, the short-stemmed, flame-like flowers usually appear
-singly, but may occur in patches, producing in April a spectacular display visible
-from a long distance. Plants growing under bushes elongate their stems to elevate
-their blossoms into the sunlight. Occasional in the Mojave-Colorado Desert, this
-species is abundant in the foothills of some of southern Arizona&rsquo;s mountain ranges,
-exceeding even the goldpoppy in the neon-like brilliance of display. <i>Mariposa</i> is
-Spanish for butterfly, and the genus name <i>calochortus</i> is Greek for beautiful grass.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Calochortus kennedyi</i> <span class="hst">Lily Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg007c.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="388" />
-<p class="caption">DESERT MARIPOSA</p>
-</div>
-<h2 id="c14"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower8">8.</a> Soaptree yucca</span></h2>
-<p>Common throughout the Southwest, the many species of yuccas (YUH-kuhs)
-are of two major groups, the narrow-leaf and the wide-leaf. Called &ldquo;soaptree&rdquo; because
-of its height (maximum 30 feet) and the fact that its roots contain saponin,
-soaptree yucca or <i>palmilla</i> (pahm-EE-yah&mdash;&ldquo;little palm&rdquo;) belongs in the narrow-leaf
-group. From southwestern Arizona across southern New Mexico, and from west
-Texas southward into the Mexican states of Chihuahua and Sonora, this spectacular
-plant blossoms in May and June on desert grasslands from 2,000 to 6,000 foot elevations.
-Cattle eat the young flower stalks, and Indians used the leaf fibers for making
-fabrics, basketry, and other items. The yucca is the State flower of New Mexico.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Yucca elata</i> <span class="hst">Lily Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg007d.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="367" />
-<p class="caption">SOAPTREE YUCCA</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_9">9</div>
-<h2 id="c15"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower9">9.</a> Joshua-tree</span></h2>
-<p>Another of the narrow-leaf yuccas and largest of the genus, the joshua-tree is
-restricted in its range to the Mojave-Colorado Desert, of which it is the principal
-indicator. Blossoms, which do not open as wide as those of other species, grow in
-tight clusters at the tips of the branches, appearing in March and April. Joshuas do
-not blossom every year, the interval between flowerings depending upon rainfall
-and temperature. A small night lizard is dependent upon the joshua-tree, at least 25
-{species of birds find nesting sites in it, and numerous insects, spiders, and scorpions
-live in its dried leaves and fallen branches.}</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Yucca brevifolia</i> <span class="hst">Lily Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg008.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="384" />
-<p class="caption">JOSHUA-TREE</p>
-</div>
-<h2 id="c16"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower10">10.</a> Torrey yucca</span></h2>
-<p>Unlike the narrow-leaf soaptrees which
-produce dry, capsular fruits, the wide-leaf
-yuccas bear fleshy fruits which Indians cooked
-and ate. Indians also used the leaf fibers in
-weaving fabrics. Roots contain saponin and
-the Indians still cut them up and use the
-pieces for soap, especially as a shampoo. The
-stiff, fleshy leaves with needle-sharp tips give
-the plant the name &ldquo;Spanish bayonet.&rdquo; Torrey
-yucca blooms in April in southeastern New
-Mexico and west Texas, with similar plants,
-<i>Yucca schottii</i> in southern Arizona, and <i>Yucca
-schidigera</i> in the Mojave-Colorado Desert.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Yucca torreyi</i> <span class="hst">Lily Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg008a.jpg" alt="" width="456" height="600" />
-<p class="caption">TORREY YUCCA</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_10">10</div>
-<h2 id="c17"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower11">11.</a> Giant yucca</span></h2>
-<p>Massive and thick-stemmed, the locally-named
-&ldquo;giant dagger&rdquo; is supposedly limited
-in its native range in the United States to
-Brewster County, Texas. A colony (<i>Yucca faxoniana</i>)
-resembling this species has been reported
-recently in McKittrick Canyon in the
-Guadalupe Mountains. An extensive forest of
-these spectacular plants has given the name
-Dagger Flat to a broad valley in the Sierra del
-Carmen of Big Bend National Park. Usually
-blossoming in April, the massive, white flower
-clusters gracing the crowns of thousands of
-these majestic yuccas create a never-to-be-forgotten
-spectacle. A small night-flying moth
-is the yuccas&rsquo; pollenizing agent and, in return
-for this essential service, lays her eggs in the
-plants&rsquo; ovaries where the young feed on the
-developing seeds.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Yucca carnerosana</i> <span class="hst">Lily Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg008c.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="566" />
-<p class="caption">GIANT YUCCA</p>
-</div>
-<h2 id="c18"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower12">12.</a> Sacahuista</span></h2>
-<p>Sometimes confused with the yuccas, the several species of &ldquo;beargrass&rdquo; or
-&ldquo;basketgrass&rdquo; have pliant, grasslike leaves, small flowers, and papery fruits. The
-plumelike blossom panicles open in May and June. The plants favor rocky hillsides,
-and rarely occur on valley floors. Indians roasted the tender bud stalks for food, and
-cattle browse the leaves when other vegetation is lacking. Mexicans, in weaving
-basketry, use the entire leaves, which are especially desirable for fashioning basket
-handles.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Nolina microcarpa</i> <span class="hst">Lily Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg008d.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="361" />
-<p class="caption">SACAHUISTA</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_11">11</div>
-<h2 id="c19"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower13">13.</a> Sotol</span></h2>
-<p>Also likely to be confused with the yuccas,
-sotol has a basal cluster of pliant, ribbonlike
-leaves edged with hooked thorns, and a tall
-flower stalk bearing at its upper end a dense
-panicle of small, creamy (sometimes brown)
-flowers. Blossoming in May and June, the
-maturing flower clusters remain attractive
-throughout the summer. Mexicans split the
-succulent basal crowns and allow the sap to
-ferment, producing the fiery alcoholic beverage,
-sotol (SOH-tole). Desert-dwelling bighorn
-sheep are said to browse the tough
-leaves. The stiff leaf bases, when pulled from
-the cluster, form the &ldquo;desert spoons&rdquo; sold in
-some curio stores.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Dasylirion wheeleri</i> <span class="hst">Lily Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg009.jpg" alt="" width="385" height="600" />
-<p class="caption">SOTOL</p>
-</div>
-<h2 id="c20"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower14">14.</a> Agave</span></h2>
-<p>Many species of agaves (ah-GAH-vees) or
-&ldquo;century plants&rdquo; attract attention on desert
-hillsides when they send up their tall blossom
-stalks in June and July. The thick, fleshy,
-sharp-tipped leaves form a basal rosette.
-Some of the larger species may require 10 to
-20 years to store enough plant food to produce
-the sturdy, fast-growing flower stalk.
-After blossoming, the exhausted plant dies.
-<i>Agave scabra</i>, one of the spectacular forms, is
-limited in its range to the Chisos Mountains
-of Big Bend National Park, Texas.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Agave scabra</i> <span class="hst">Amaryllis Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg009a.jpg" alt="" width="385" height="600" />
-<p class="caption">AGAVE</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_12">12</div>
-<h2 id="c21"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower15">15.</a> Parry agave</span></h2>
-<p>Another of the large &ldquo;century plants,&rdquo; Parry
-agave blooms from June to August, producing
-spectacular displays on hillsides in northern
-Mexico, southern New Mexico, and
-southern Arizona. Some of the larger agaves
-are called mescal (mess-KAHL) because of
-a potent alcoholic beverage of that name distilled
-from the fermented sap derived from
-the bud stalks. Tequila (tee-KEEL-ah), the
-famous native drink of Mexico, also is distilled
-from fermented agave juices, and the
-beerlike pulque (pool-KAY) has a similar
-derivation. Indians roasted the bud stalks in
-stone-lined pits covered with hot rocks.
-Some of these pits may still be seen.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Agave parryi</i> <span class="hst">Amaryllis Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg009c.jpg" alt="" width="389" height="601" />
-<p class="caption">PARRY AGAVE</p>
-</div>
-<h2 id="c22"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower16">16.</a> Lechuguilla</span></h2>
-<p>One of the common plants of the Chihauhuan
-Desert and considered the principal indicator
-of that region, lechuguilla (lay-chu-GHE-ah)
-covers the ground so densely in
-some places that it is impossible to walk
-through it. The stiff, erect, needle-tipped,
-banana-shaped leaves are a hazard to man and
-beast. The flowering stalk, which blossoms in
-May and June, is unbranched and flexible,
-bending gracefully in the desert breeze. Deer
-and cattle nip off the tender buds. Mexicans
-weave the tough leaf fibers into coarse fabrics;
-and the roots, called <i>amole</i>, produce suds
-when rubbed in water.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Agave lechuguilla</i> <span class="hst">Amaryllis Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg009d.jpg" alt="" width="379" height="600" />
-<p class="caption">LECHUGUILLA</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_13">13</div>
-<h2 id="c23"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower17">17.</a> Canaigre</span></h2>
-<p>This coarse, herbacious perennial is one of the early spring flowers of the desert,
-sometimes blooming along road shoulders and in sandy washes in late February and
-March. Commonly called wild rhubarb, its sap and roots are high in tannin content,
-and its delicately pink fruits are more attractive than the blossoms. Indians and
-Mexicans use the leaves for greens. Papago Indians of Arizona roast the leaves
-and use the roots for treating colds and sore throat. This plant is a close relative of
-European dock, several species of which have become naturalized in North America.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Rumex hymenosepalus</i> <span class="hst">Buckwheat Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg010.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="408" />
-<p class="caption">CANAIGRE</p>
-</div>
-<h2 id="c24"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower18">18.</a> Trailing-four-o&rsquo;clock</span></h2>
-<p>Blossoming from April to October, trailing allionia, known in some places as
-&ldquo;trailing four o&rsquo;clock&rdquo; or &ldquo;windmills,&rdquo; is a spreading annual with small but colorful
-blossoms on long, trailing stems. The prostrate branches are sticky, so are often
-covered with grains of sand and flecks of mica. What appears to be one blossom is
-actually three flowers, giving it the name &ldquo;pink three-flower.&rdquo; It is found on dry,
-sandy benches throughout desert regions of the Southwest. Fruits are winged.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Allionia incarnata</i> <span class="hst">Four o&rsquo;clock Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg010a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="378" />
-<p class="caption">TRAILING-FOUR-O&rsquo;CLOCK</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_14">14</div>
-<h2 id="c25"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower19">19.</a> Sand-verbena</span></h2>
-<p>One of the early spring flowers, sand-verbena creates spectacular mass displays,
-sometimes alone, usually intermingling with other colorful early bloomers such as
-bladderpod and sundrops, which grow on road shoulders and sandy flats. The
-flowers are delicately fragrant, especially at night. Semi-prostrate in habit, sand-verbena
-leaves are covered with a dense growth of short, soft hairs which retard the
-loss of moisture so essential to desert plants. This annual is common from southern
-California and southern Arizona into Sonora.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Abronia villosa</i> <span class="hst">Four o&rsquo;clock Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg010c.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="384" />
-<p class="caption">SAND-VERBENA</p>
-</div>
-<h2 id="c26"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower20">20.</a> Mexican goldpoppy</span></h2>
-<p>Closely related to the orange California-poppy, official flower of the Golden
-State, the desert species is a bright yellow annual. Following warm, wet winters clusters
-of these glorious blooms dot the hillsides in late February or early March. By
-April they may cover the slopes with a blanket of gold interwoven with the blue
-threads of lupines and purple patches of escobita owlclover. When other early
-spring vegetation is scarce, cattle graze the plants. Flowers open only during sunny
-hours, remaining tightly closed at night and on cloudy days.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Eschscholtzia mexicana</i> <span class="hst">Poppy Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg010d.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="386" />
-<p class="caption">MEXICAN GOLDPOPPY</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_15">15</div>
-<h2 id="c27"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower21">21.</a> Pricklepoppy</span></h2>
-<p>Not restricted to a desert habitat, this spiny-leafed perennial is widespread on
-dry soils from Nebraska to Wyoming and from Texas to southern California and
-Mexico. Abundant throughout the summer, the flowers may be found, in warm
-climates, during every month of the year. Copious spines and the acrid yellow sap
-make the plants distasteful to cattle, so a heavy growth of pricklepoppy may be an
-indicator of an overgrazed range. Also called &ldquo;thistlepoppy,&rdquo; a single plant may be
-graced by a dozen or more fragile flowers, each ready to be replaced by one or more
-prickly buds. The seeds are said to contain a powerful narcotic.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Argemone platyceras</i> <span class="hst">Poppy Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg011b.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="385" />
-<p class="caption">PRICKLEPOPPY</p>
-</div>
-<h2 id="c28"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower22">22.</a> Evening-primrose</span></h2>
-<p>Also known as &ldquo;yellow cups,&rdquo; this plant is
-limited in its range to the Mohave-Colorado
-Desert. Having smaller blossoms than the
-goldpoppy with which it might be confused,
-this showy annual blooms March to May in
-dry washes and on stony hills below 4,500
-feet. The foot-high plants sometimes form
-massed displays accented by splashes of bright
-red where clumps of beavertail pricklypear
-mark small, rocky islands, or where patches
-of ocotillos wave their scarlet-tipped wands
-in the spring breeze.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Oenothera brevipes</i> <span class="hst">Evening-primrose Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg011c.jpg" alt="" width="389" height="600" />
-<p class="caption">EVENING-PRIMROSE</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_16">16</div>
-<h2 id="c29"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower23">23.</a> Spectaclepod</span></h2>
-<p>Found at elevations above 1,000 feet, spectaclepod
-is one of the long-flowering species
-blooming from February to October. The
-large flower heads are pleasantly fragrant,
-and the peculiar, flat, double fruits resemble
-tiny spectacles protruding at right angles to
-the stem. This species is found in the Petrified
-Forest area of northern Arizona, and
-Hopi Indians are reported to use the plant
-in treating wounds. Another species, California
-spectaclepod, is often abundant, covering
-sandy flats of the lower deserts. This species
-blooms from February through April
-and sometimes again in the fall.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Dithyrea wislizenii</i> <span class="hst">Mustard Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg011d.jpg" alt="" width="402" height="599" />
-<p class="caption">SPECTACLEPOD</p>
-</div>
-<h2 id="c30"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower24">24.</a> Bladderpod</span></h2>
-<p>Another early bloomer, February to May, bladderpod is one of the first spring
-flowers to spread its yellow carpet across the desert flats. The small, low-growing
-plants lift numerous clusters of four-petaled flowers, forming an understory of color
-among the taller herbs. In some localities, bladderpods are called &ldquo;beadpods&rdquo; because
-of the spherical fruits. The plants afford good forage for cattle. A close relative,
-with white to purple flowers, is found from Texas to Arizona and Mexico, starting
-to blossom in January during warm winters.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Lesquerella gordonii</i> <span class="hst">Mustard Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg011f.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="374" />
-<p class="caption">BLADDERPOD</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_17">17</div>
-<h2 id="c31"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower25">25.</a> Western-wallflower</span></h2>
-<p>A showy plant with a large terminal cluster
-of four-petaled flowers, it is frequently
-called &ldquo;desert wallflower.&rdquo; When growing under
-shrubs it often extends its stems 2 feet
-or more to reach up into the sunshine. Usually
-blossoming in March, some plants may be
-found blooming at almost any time during
-the summer to as late as September.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Erysimum capitatum</i> <span class="hst">Mustard family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg012.jpg" alt="" width="380" height="600" />
-<p class="caption">WESTERN-WALLFLOWER</p>
-</div>
-<h2 id="c32"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower26">26.</a> False-mesquite</span></h2>
-<p>With mimosa-like leaves and long-stamened
-flowers growing in clusters, false-mesquite,
-&ldquo;calliandra,&rdquo; or &ldquo;fairy duster&rdquo; is a
-small, straggling bush, quite Japanesy in appearance,
-from a few inches to 3 feet high.
-It blossoms from February to May, and is
-quite common below 5,000 feet from west
-Texas to southern California and northern
-Mexico. In California it is especially abundant
-along the east side of the Chocolate
-Mountains. During periods of drought the
-leaves enter a state of continued wilt, but
-revive promptly when rain comes.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Calliandra eriophylla</i> <span class="hst">Pea Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg012a.jpg" alt="" width="357" height="601" />
-<p class="caption">FALSE-MESQUITE</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_18">18</div>
-<h2 id="c33"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower27">27.</a> Catclaw-acacia</span></h2>
-<p>Also known by such descriptive names as &ldquo;tear-blanket&rdquo; and &ldquo;wait-a-minute,&rdquo;
-catclaw acacia is one of the notoriously thorny shrubs or small slender trees of the
-rocky hillsides and borders of desert washes. Flowers are fragrant and, during the
-blooming period in May, attract many insects, including honey bees, which gather
-and store nectar that makes high quality honey. The stringbean-like fruits turn red
-in late summer and, if abundant, make a spectacular show. These fruits were ground
-into meal and used for food by Arizona and Mexican Indians. Thickets of catclaw
-acacia provide havens of refuge for birds and rabbits pursued by hawks or other
-predators.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Acacia greggii</i> <span class="hst">Pea Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg012c.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="381" />
-<p class="caption">CATCLAW-ACACIA</p>
-</div>
-<h2 id="c34"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower28">28.</a> Mescat-acacia</span></h2>
-<p>Armed with long, slender, straight white spines, giving it the name &ldquo;white-thorn,&rdquo;
-this pretty flowering shrub is abundant over large areas of dry slopes and
-mesas from Texas to Arizona and Mexico at 2,300 to 5,000 feet. It is often used as
-a decorative in landscape plantings around buildings. Blossoms are fragrant and
-sometimes continue from May to August; the shrub occasionally blooming again
-in November. Cattle and horses eat the bean-like fruits.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Acacia constricta</i> <span class="hst">Pea Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg012d.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="391" />
-<p class="caption">MESCAT-ACACIA</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_19">19</div>
-<h2 id="c35"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower29">29.</a> Honey mesquite</span></h2>
-<p>Mesquite (mess-KEET) is a many-branched tree 15 to 23 feet tall, which
-flowers from late April to June. It is common bordering desert washes, often forming
-dense thickets. The flowers furnish honey bees and other insects with nectar,
-and the long, sweet pods ripen in autumn, providing food for livestock. The fruits
-have long been a staple in the diet of desert Indians, who used the trunks, roots, and
-branches of the trees for firewood and the dried gum-like sap to mend pottery and
-as a black dye. The inner bark provided the Indians with materials for basketry and
-coarse fabrics. Roots of mesquite trees have been reported to penetrate to a depth
-of 50 to 60 feet to tap sources of ground water.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Prosopis juliflora</i> <span class="hst">Pea Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg013.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="382" />
-<p class="caption">HONEY MESQUITE</p>
-</div>
-<h2 id="c36"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower30">30.</a> Senna</span></h2>
-<p>Blossoming from April to October, this
-species is common at elevations between 1,000
-and 3,000 feet Nevada to New Mexico, Arizona,
-California, and northwestern Mexico.
-There are fifteen or more other species, many
-of which are found in a desert habitat and
-range in size from low-growing herbs to small
-shrubs 3-5 feet high. Senna is sometimes called
-&ldquo;rattlebox&rdquo; because the nearly ripe seeds rattle
-in their woody pods when the plant is stirred,
-startling the hiker who immediately thinks
-&ldquo;rattlesnake!&rdquo; A closely related species, <i>leptocarpa</i>,
-is noted for its foul-smelling foliage.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Cassia covesii</i> <span class="hst">Pea Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg013a.jpg" alt="" width="423" height="600" />
-<p class="caption">SENNA</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_20">20</div>
-<h2 id="c37"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower31">31.</a> Blue palo-verde</span></h2>
-<p>Perhaps the most dependable of spring bloomers, blue palo-verde trees cover
-themselves with masses of yellow blossoms in April and May. Usually found alongside
-desert washes, they mark these ephemeral stream courses as paths of gold
-threading the open desert. During much of the year the trees are relatively leafless,
-the green bark of trunk and branches taking over the function of leaves. The word
-<i>palo-verde</i> (PAH-low-VEHR-dee) means &ldquo;green stick&rdquo; in Spanish, referring to the
-color of the bark.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Cercidium floridum</i> <span class="hst">Pea Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg013c.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="385" />
-<p class="caption">BLUE PALO-VERDE</p>
-</div>
-<h2 id="c38"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower32">32.</a> Bird-of-Paradise-flower</span></h2>
-<p>Not a southwestern desert native, this striking shrub, 3 to 10 feet high, was
-introduced from South America and has escaped from cultivation to establish itself
-in parts of the desert where conditions are suitable. The blossoms are showy but ill-smelling,
-and are popular as ornamentals about homes, especially in Mexico. The
-shrub&rsquo;s principal advantage in landscape plantings is its long blossoming period,
-which sometimes lasts from April to September.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Caesalpinia gilliesii</i> <span class="hst">Pea Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg013d.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="366" />
-<p class="caption">BIRD-OF-PARADISE-FLOWER</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_21">21</div>
-<h2 id="c39"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower33">33.</a> Lupine</span></h2>
-<p>This is but one of many species of lupine,
-both annual and perennial, common throughout
-the West at nearly all elevations. Perhaps
-the most publicized is the &ldquo;Texas&rdquo; lupine, or
-&ldquo;bluebonnet,&rdquo; hailed by Texans as their State
-flower. Desert species are early bloomers,
-sometimes appearing in protected sandy soils
-and on highway shoulders in January. In favorable
-seasons masses of these handsome blue
-to violet blossoms color desert hillsides with
-acres of fragrant bloom. Sometimes growing
-in pure stands, often mixed with a variety of
-other spring flowers, lupines may usually be
-found blossoming as late as June.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Lupinus sparsiflorus</i> <span class="hst">Pea Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg014.jpg" alt="" width="391" height="600" />
-<p class="caption">LUPINE</p>
-</div>
-<h2 id="c40"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower34">34.</a> Adonis lupine</span></h2>
-<p>Considered one of the more handsome of
-the desert perennials, the &ldquo;adonis&rdquo; lupine, as
-it is known in southern California, is found
-near sandy washes in the high desert. It is
-especially abundant in Joshua Tree National
-Monument. The name <i>adonis</i> refers to its
-great beauty. The name <i>lupinus</i> is derived
-from the Latin <i>lupus</i> meaning wolf, because
-these plants were at one time thought to be
-soil predators. Actually, as with other members
-of the pea family, lupines are able to
-take atmospheric nitrogen and leave it in the
-ground, thereby increasing rather than depleting
-soil fertility.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Lupinus excubitus</i> <span class="hst">Pea Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg014a.jpg" alt="" width="381" height="600" />
-<p class="caption">ADONIS LUPINE (by Jaeger)</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_22">22</div>
-<h2 id="c41"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower35">35.</a> Smoke-thorn</span></h2>
-<p>Better known as &ldquo;smoketree,&rdquo; this silvery-gray, seemingly leafless shrub grows
-in and along sandy washes below 1,500 feet, throughout the Mojave-Colorado Desert.
-At a distance it resembles a plume of smoke rising from a campfire. Its small but
-violet to indigo flowers cover it with a gorgeous blue blanket in May, making it
-one of the really handsome desert shrubs. It requires ample supplies of water, hence
-is restricted to washes that carry runoff from both winter rains and summer downpours.
-The seeds sprout readily, and the seedlings with their well-formed leaves look
-very unlike their parents. Few seedlings survive the hazards of drought or being
-smothered by sand carried down the washes by flash floods following cloudbursts.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Dalea spinosa</i> <span class="hst">Pea Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg014c.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="388" />
-<p class="caption">SMOKE-THORN</p>
-</div>
-<h2 id="c42"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower36">36.</a> Dalea</span></h2>
-<p>Noted for its royal purple flowers, this low shrub, less than 3 feet high with
-peculiar zig-zag branches, blossoms from April to June. In common with other daleas
-(day-LEE-ahs) it is usually called &ldquo;indigobush&rdquo; or &ldquo;peabush.&rdquo; It is normally found
-below 3,000 feet in desert mountain ranges from southern Utah through Arizona
-and southeastern California. There are many species of dalea in the desert, all characterized
-by deep blue to indigo and rose-violet flowers, which attract attention by
-their beauty. Indians used the extract from twigs for dyeing basketry.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Dalea fremontii</i> <span class="hst">Pea Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg014d.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="365" />
-<p class="caption">DALEA</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_23">23</div>
-<h2 id="c43"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower37">37.</a> Tesota</span></h2>
-<p>Thriving only in a frost-free climate, this
-is among the largest and most beautiful of
-desert evergreen trees. It is usually found
-along sandy washes, mingling with mesquites
-and paloverdes. It is particularly susceptible
-to mistletoe infestation, which has killed or
-weakened many fine trees. Blossoming in
-May and June, the trees are sometimes laden
-with lavender, wisteria-like flowers. The
-wood is extremely hard and heavy, hence the
-tree is locally known as &ldquo;ironwood,&rdquo; or <i>palo-de-hierro</i>,
-in Mexico. Indians ate the seeds
-and used the wood for tool handles and arrow-points.
-Its long-burning qualities made it
-especially desirable for fuel. As a result, many
-of the trees have been cut, making it one of
-the species threatened with extinction.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Olneya tesota</i> <span class="hst">Pea Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg015.jpg" alt="" width="389" height="599" />
-<p class="caption">TESOTA</p>
-</div>
-<h2 id="c44"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower38">38.</a> Woolly loco</span></h2>
-<p>Many species of &ldquo;locoweed&rdquo; ranging in
-color from deep purple to creamy white are
-found throughout the desert at nearly all elevations.
-They sometimes create extensive mass
-displays but are more commonly found mixed
-with other flowers. Species with bladder-like
-pods are called &ldquo;rattleweed.&rdquo; Loco in Spanish
-means &ldquo;crazy&rdquo; and refers to the fact that a
-number of species of <i>astragalus</i> contain selenium,
-which causes a serious disease among
-livestock, especially horses, that eat it and as
-a result &ldquo;act crazy.&rdquo;</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Astragalus mollissimus</i> <span class="hst">Pea Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg015a.jpg" alt="" width="389" height="598" />
-<p class="caption">WOOLLY LOCO</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_24">24</div>
-<h2 id="c45"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower39">39.</a> Heron-bill</span></h2>
-<p>Also called &ldquo;alfileria,&rdquo; this species and its
-close relative, Texas filaree (<i>Erodium texanum</i>)
-are both early blossoming annuals,
-often widespread on plains and mesas, February
-to May. The flowers, although abundant,
-are small and so hidden in low-growing
-foliage that they rarely create a mass display.
-Texas filaree is native to North America, but
-alfileria is thought to have come from Europe
-with the Spaniards, and is now naturalized
-throughout the Southwest. Corkscrew-like appendages
-of the fruits are tightly twisted when
-dry, but untwist when moist, literally screwing
-the sharp-pointed fruits into the soil. Both
-species are excellent spring forage for
-livestock.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Erodium cicutarium</i> <span class="hst">Geranium Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg015c.jpg" alt="" width="367" height="602" />
-<p class="caption">HERON-BILL</p>
-</div>
-<h2 id="c46"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower40">40.</a> Creosotebush</span></h2>
-<p>Often erroneously called &ldquo;greasewood,&rdquo;
-creosotebush is generally recognized as the
-most adaptable of all desert plants, and a
-definite indicator of the Lower Sonoran Life
-Zone. The shrubs cover thousands of square
-miles, often in pure stands, and flower
-throughout much of the year, but most profusely
-in April and May. Fuzzy white, globular
-fruits are almost as spectacular as the
-flowers. The plant can endure long periods of
-drought. Following rains its foliage gives off
-a musty, resinous odor, suggestive of creosote,
-stimulating the Mexican name <i>hediondilla</i>
-(little stinker). In Mexico the plant is considered
-to have medicinal values and many
-uses. The Pima Indians boiled the leaves,
-using the decoction as an emetic and to poultice
-sores. They used the lac, found as an incrustation
-on the branches, to cement arrow-points
-and to mend pottery.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Larrea tridentata</i> <span class="hst">Caltrop Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg015d.jpg" alt="" width="367" height="599" />
-<p class="caption">CREOSOTEBUSH</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_25">25</div>
-<h2 id="c47"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower41">41.</a> Arizona-poppy</span></h2>
-<p>Often abundant on road shoulders and in low spots where rainwater from hot-weather
-showers provides adequate moisture, &ldquo;caltrop&rdquo; or &ldquo;summerpoppy,&rdquo; with large
-blossoms and attractive compound leaves, decorates the desert when other flowers
-are noticeable by their absence. The long, weak stems, usually prostrate, give the
-plants a vine-like appearance, but when growing under shrubs they extend upward
-so that the shrub is mistakenly thought to be blooming. Superficially resembling the
-springtime goldpoppy, Arizona-poppy has five rather than four petals, and may be
-found in bloom as late as October.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Kallstroemia grandiflora</i> <span class="hst">Caltrop Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg016.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="371" />
-<p class="caption">ARIZONA-POPPY</p>
-</div>
-<h2 id="c48"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower42">42.</a> Desert-mallow</span></h2>
-<p>Ranging in size from delicate 6-inch annuals
-to coarse, woody perennials 4 feet high,
-the globemallows vary in color from creamy
-white to pink, rose, peach, and lavender.
-Desert-mallows flaunt their graceful, blossom-covered
-stems along roadsides or on the banks
-of sandy washes. Because some people are
-allergic to them, globemallows are called
-&ldquo;sore-eye poppies&rdquo; in parts of southern Arizona,
-and in Lower California are known as
-<i>plantas muy malas</i> (very bad plants).</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Sphaeralcea ambigua</i> <span class="hst">Mallow Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg016a.jpg" alt="" width="396" height="599" />
-<p class="caption">DESERT-MALLOW</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_26">26</div>
-<h2 id="c49"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower43">43.</a> Five-stamen tamarisk</span></h2>
-<p>Sometimes confused with tamarack because of the similarity of names, five-stamen
-tamarisk, locally called &ldquo;salt-cedar,&rdquo; is one of several small tree species from
-southeastern Europe and western Asia which have become naturalized in North
-America. &ldquo;Salt-cedar&rdquo; often forms dense thickets on alkaline soils along stream and
-reservoir banks at elevations below 5,000 feet. Flowers, which vary in hue from deep
-pink to white, cover the trees with graceful plumes of color from March to August.
-Although valuable in retarding soil erosion, tamarisk requires large quantities of
-water, an especially undesirable characteristic in the arid Southwest.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Tamarix pentandra</i> <span class="hst">Tamarix Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg016c.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="386" />
-<p class="caption">FIVE-STAMEN TAMARISK</p>
-</div>
-<h2 id="c50"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower44">44.</a> Yellow mentzelia</span></h2>
-<p>Many species of <i>mentzelia</i>, all herbs, occur in the West. Barbed hairs cover leaves
-and stems, causing the plant to cling to what it touches, hence a common name &ldquo;stick-leaf.&rdquo;
-Flowers grow at ends of branches, and some species open fully only in sunlight.
-A close relative, <i>Mentzelia involucrata</i>, &ldquo;sand blazing-star,&rdquo; is an annual, 4 to 16 inches
-high, blooming February through April, found in sandy washes below 3,000 feet in
-southwestern Arizona, southeastern California, and northern Sonora. <i>Pumila</i> grows in
-dry stream beds and on roadsides from 100 to 8,000 feet elevation, flowering February
-to October. It ranges from Wyoming and Utah to southeastern California and
-Northern Mexico.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Mentzelia pumila</i> <span class="hst">Loasa Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg016d.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="376" />
-<p class="caption">YELLOW MENTZELIA</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_27">27</div>
-<h2 id="c51"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower45">45.</a> Rock-nettle</span></h2>
-<p>Also called &ldquo;stingbush,&rdquo; this low, rounded bush is usually found growing from
-crevices in cliffs. When covered with large blossoms from April to September the
-plant has a striking appearance. The pale green leaves are covered with stinging hairs,
-strong enough to impale such small creatures as bats emerging from cave entrances
-where they grow. Rock-nettle is common in desert ranges of southeastern California,
-especially in the Death Valley area, to western Arizona and southern Nevada.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Eucnide urens</i> <span class="hst">Loasa Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg017.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="344" />
-<p class="caption">ROCK-NETTLE</p>
-</div>
-<h2 id="c52"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower46">46.</a> Night-blooming cereus</span></h2>
-<p>Easily overlooked, when not in blossom, as a group of slender, fluted, gray-green
-stems hidden beneath a shrub, this cactus is truly a glorious thing when in flower.
-Beauty and fragrance of its blossoms have earned it the name, in Mexico, of <i>reina-de-la-noche</i>,
-meaning &ldquo;queen-of-the-night.&rdquo;</p>
-<p>Buds unfold soon after sunset in late June or early July, perfuming the desert air
-and attracting night-flying insects. They wilt soon after sunrise the following morning.
-The large, tuberous root, which serves as a water-storage organ, usually weighs
-from 5 to 15 pounds, but specimens have been found weighing more than 80 pounds.
-Indians at one time dug the tubers for food. The bulbous fruits become red when
-mature, and are almost as spectacular as the flowers. This species is found from
-west Texas to western Arizona and northern Mexico.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Peniocereus greggii</i> <span class="hst">Cactus Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg017a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="375" />
-<p class="caption">NIGHT-BLOOMING CEREUS</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_28">28</div>
-<h2 id="c53"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower47">47.</a> Saguaro</span></h2>
-<p>Largest of the cactuses in the United States, the saguaro (suh-WAR-oh) is
-limited in its principal range to southern Arizona and northern Mexico. Although
-rarely exceeding 30 feet in height, specimens 50 feet tall and weighing up to 10 tons,
-are on record. Blossoms form as huge bud clusters at the branch tips, opening a few
-at a time each night, usually in May, and remain open until mid-afternoon of the
-following day. Fruits of the saguaro are eaten by birds and other animals, and at
-one time were important in the diet of desert Indians. The state flower of Arizona
-and the subject of a US. postage stamp issued in February 1962 to commemorate
-the 50th anniversary of Arizona&rsquo;s statehood, the saguaro is also commemorated and
-protected in the National Monument of that name near Tucson.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Carnegiea gigantea</i> <span class="hst">Cactus Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg017c.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="391" />
-<p class="caption">SAGUARO</p>
-</div>
-<h2 id="c54"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower48">48.</a> Organpipe cactus</span></h2>
-<p>Limited in its range to northwestern Mexico
-and the vicinity of Organ Pipe Cactus
-National Monument in southwestern Arizona,
-this columnar cactus grows in clumps of
-spine-covered stems, some of which may be
-10 to 15 feet in height, rarely branching, and
-with no central trunk. Blossoms open at or
-near the stem ends during May nights, and
-close the following day. The spine-covered
-fruits, about the size and shape of a hen&rsquo;s
-egg, have long been harvested by the Papago
-Indians, who boil the sweet juice to the consistency
-of syrup and store the pulp and seeds
-for winter food. The fruits are locally called
-<i>pitahaya dulce</i>, or sweet cactus fruit.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Lemaireocereus thurberi</i> <span class="hst">Cactus Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg017d.jpg" alt="" width="458" height="600" />
-<p class="caption">ORGANPIPE CACTUS</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_29">29</div>
-<h2 id="c55"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower49">49.</a> Claretcup echinocereus</span></h2>
-<p>Not only are there many species of <i>Echinocereus</i>, popularly called the &ldquo;hedgehog
-cactuses,&rdquo; but there are also several varieties of <i>Echinocereus triglochidiatus</i>.
-One variety sometimes develops into cushion-like mounds composed of several hundred
-oblong stems huddled together with a seemingly precarious foothold in crevices
-among the rocks or on rocky slopes of the Mojave desert. Another grows in loose
-clusters of cylindrical stems in the higher desert grasslands up to the oak belt in the
-mountains of southern New Mexico, Arizona, and northern Mexico. When blossoming
-in May and June these clustering &ldquo;hedgehogs&rdquo; create a spectacular display.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Echinocereus triglochidiatus</i> <span class="hst">Cactus Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg018.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="369" />
-<p class="caption">CLARETCUP ECHINOCEREUS</p>
-</div>
-<h2 id="c56"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower50">50.</a> Strawberry echinocereus</span></h2>
-<p>One of the more common species of &ldquo;hedgehog,&rdquo;
-sometimes called &ldquo;Engelmann echinocereus,&rdquo;
-the strawberry echinocereus grows as 2
-to 12 or more robust, cylindrical stems up to
-a foot in height, among the creosote bushes
-and bur-sages of the Sonoran and Mojave-Colorado
-Deserts, flowering from February
-to May. Flowers close at night and reopen the
-following morning. Blossoms vary considerably
-in color from purple to lavender. Spines,
-too, are variable, from gray and yellow to
-dark brown. In southeastern California, where
-it is common, this species is called &ldquo;calico
-cactus&rdquo; because of its many-colored spines.
-Fruits of some varieties (of which there are
-many) are edible, forming an important item
-in the diet of birds and rodents.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Echinocereus engelmanii</i> <span class="hst">Cactus Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg018a.jpg" alt="" width="418" height="600" />
-<p class="caption">STRAWBERRY ECHINOCEREUS</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_30">30</div>
-<h2 id="c57"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower51">51.</a> Rainbow echinocereus</span></h2>
-<p>Far from common but among the more beautiful of the &ldquo;hedgehogs&rdquo; is the
-rainbow echinocereus, also called &ldquo;rainbow cactus,&rdquo; so named because of the horizontal
-bands of alternating red and white spines encircling the single, sturdy stem.
-It grows in rocky situations in the mountains of southern Arizona and northern
-Mexico, blossoming from June to August. The large flowers, of which there may be
-from one to four crowding around the crown of the plant, are often larger than the
-plant itself. Spines are small and lie densely flat over the somewhat fluted stem,
-which is from 3 to 14 inches high.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Echinocereus pectinatus</i> <span class="hst">Cactus Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg018c.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="373" />
-<p class="caption">RAINBOW ECHINOCEREUS</p>
-</div>
-<h2 id="c58"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower52">52.</a> Yellow pitaya echinocereus</span></h2>
-<p>Sometimes called &ldquo;Texas golden rainbow,&rdquo;
-the yellow pitaya of the Chihuahuan Desert
-is similar in appearance, except for the color
-of its blossoms, to the rainbow echinocereus.
-Quite common in portions of Big Bend National
-Park, the Stubby, upright stems usually
-grow singly but sometimes occur in small
-clusters. The term <i>pitaya</i> or <i>pitahaya</i> is commonly
-applied along the Mexican border to
-cactuses bearing edible fruits. In Texas the
-term refers to the low-growing floral hedgehogs;
-in Arizona to the columnar cactuses.
-Pricklypear cactuses having soft, juicy, edible
-fruit are known as <i>tunas</i>.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Echinocereus dasyacanthus</i> <span class="hst">Cactus Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg018d.jpg" alt="" width="405" height="600" />
-<p class="caption">YELLOW PITAYA ECHINOCEREUS</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_31">31</div>
-<h2 id="c59"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower53">53.</a> Barrel cactus</span></h2>
-<p>Massive, cylindrical, and covered with clusters of stout spines, the central one
-hook-shaped, these desert giants are often mistaken for young saguaros. There are
-several species, all locally called <i>bisnagas</i>, with some quite small and others attaining
-a height of 5 or 6 feet. The majority produce clusters of orange to red flowers on
-their crowns in late summer, but the yellow-flowered California barrel cactus blossoms
-in the spring. Their tendency to lean toward the light causes many of these
-heavy-bodied plants to tip in a southwesterly direction, giving them the name &ldquo;compass
-cactus.&rdquo; This group is naively believed by some people to contain water. Actually
-the slimy, alkaline sap obtained by mashing the pulpy flesh might conceivably save
-someone lost in the desert from dying of thirst. The pale yellow fruits are not spiney,
-and are eaten by birds, rodents, deer, and other desert animals.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Ferocactus wislizenii</i> <span class="hst">Cactus Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg019.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="384" />
-<p class="caption">BARREL CACTUS</p>
-</div>
-<h2 id="c60"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower54">54.</a> Fishhook cactus</span></h2>
-<p>There are a number of species of the low-growing,
-usually dome-shaped mammillarias,
-the solitary kinds often so small as to be overlooked
-except when blooming, in late spring
-or early summer. Some are known as &ldquo;fishhook
-cactuses&rdquo; because of their long, slender,
-hooked spines, others as &ldquo;pin-cushion cactuses&rdquo;
-because of the shape of the plants. The
-large, colorful blossoms which encircle the
-stems mature usually to red, in some species
-green, nipple-shaped fruits. Members of this
-genus are widespread in grasslands or rocky
-mesas and slopes throughout the Southwest.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Mammillaria microcarpa</i> <span class="hst">Cactus Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg019a.jpg" alt="" width="489" height="600" />
-<p class="caption">FISHHOOK CACTUS</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_32">32</div>
-<h2 id="c61"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower55">55.</a> Beavertail cactus</span></h2>
-<p>Limited in its principal range to the Mojave-Colorado Desert, the beavertail
-is a low-growing species with flat joint-pads and bluish-green stems without spines.
-In their place are clusters of brownish spicules set in slight depressions in the wrinkled
-pads. The plants blossom in March and April, adding materially to the color of
-the spring flower display. The plants thrive in sandy desert soils, at elevations from
-200 to 3,000 feet above sea level, and are found as far east in Arizona as Wickenburg.
-Cahuilla Indians cook the fruits with meat, and Panamint Indians dry the pads
-and boil them with salt.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Opuntia basilaris</i> <span class="hst">Cactus Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg019c.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="390" />
-<p class="caption">BEAVERTAIL CACTUS</p>
-</div>
-<h2 id="c62"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower56">56.</a> Engelmann pricklypear</span></h2>
-<p>Most widely distributed of the pricklypears, Engelmann plants are large and
-spreading, sometimes forming spiney bushes 3 to 5 feet high and up to 15 feet in
-diameter. The branching stems may have from 5 to 12 pad-joints. Flowering in
-April and May, the petals at first are yellow but turn to pink or rose with age. The
-plants prefer washes and benches in the desert grasslands, often growing with
-paloverdes, saguaros, mesquites, and lechuguilla agaves. Excessive abundance often
-indicates an overgrazed range. Fruits, called <i>tunas</i>, are purple to mahogany when
-mature, and are eaten by many birds and rodents, as well as by desert Indians.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Opuntia engelmannii</i> <span class="hst">Cactus Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg019d.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="365" />
-<p class="caption">ENGELMANN PRICKLYPEAR</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_33">33</div>
-<h2 id="c63"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower57">57.</a> Jumping cholla</span></h2>
-<p>Also known as &ldquo;silver cholla&rdquo; (CHOY-AH) and &ldquo;teddybear cactus,&rdquo; this stocky
-bush cactus, with a short sturdy trunk and compact, densely spined crown, is common
-on hot rocky, south-facing hillsides. Joints are extremely brittle and the barbed
-spines catch so easily in the hair of animals or clothing of persons that the joints
-appear to jump from the plant. Joints broken off by the wind fall to the ground and
-take root in the sandy soil, gradually developing forests of this striking cactus, easily
-recognized by the silvery sheen of the spines. The attractive flowers which appear
-from March to May blend inconspicuously with the spiney joints.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Opuntia bigelovii</i> <span class="hst">Cactus Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg020.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="357" />
-<p class="caption">JUMPING CHOLLA</p>
-</div>
-<h2 id="c64"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower58">58.</a> Pencil cholla</span></h2>
-<p>Common along banks of washes and on desert flats, this cholla, also called
-&ldquo;tesajo,&rdquo; or &ldquo;Christmas cholla,&rdquo; is so slender-stemmed and sprawling in growth habit
-that it is easily overlooked in a tangle of vegetation. Its flowers, appearing in May and
-June, are small and inconspicuous, but the orange to scarlet fruits about the size and
-shape of olives, are striking eye-catchers in the fall and winter months. In the open the
-shrubby plants are rarely more than 2 feet high, but in thickets of northern Mexico
-some have become almost vinelike, growing up through mesquite or paloverde trees
-to a height of 12 feet or more. The species grows at elevations of 200 to 5,000 feet
-from Texas to western Arizona and northern Mexico.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Opuntia leptocaulis</i> <span class="hst">Cactus Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg020a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="351" />
-<p class="caption">PENCIL CHOLLA</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_34">34</div>
-<h2 id="c65"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower59">59.</a> Whipple cholla</span></h2>
-<p>This low-growing cholla of the higher desert above 3,500 feet, is characteristic
-of the plateau grasslands, forming mats of short but erect stems usually less than 2
-feet high. It blossoms in June and July. The tender young stems and yellow, fleshy
-fruits are browsed by pronghorns, and the fruits are also used by the Hopi Indians
-for food and as a seasoning. Because of its customary low-growing habit it is something
-of a hazard to hikers. It is considered the most widely distributed cholla in
-Arizona.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Opuntia whipplei</i> <span class="hst">Cactus Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg020c.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="381" />
-<p class="caption">WHIPPLE CHOLLA</p>
-</div>
-<h2 id="c66"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower60">60.</a> Walkingstick cholla</span></h2>
-<p>Flowering in May and June and common throughout southwestern New Mexico,
-southern Arizona, and northern Mexico, the walkingstick cholla is best known
-because of its persistent clusters of yellow fruits. These remain throughout the winter,
-giving persons the first-glance impression that the large shrubby cactus, sometimes
-8 feet high, is in bloom. The fruits are eaten by cattle. This species is typical
-of desert grasslands and is most abundant in the open country below the edge of
-the oak belt in desert mountains. Stems of the dead plants leave a hollow cylinder
-of attractive wooden meshes when the soft tissues decay, and are favored for making
-canes, as the stem is long and straight, hence the name walkingstick cholla.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Opuntia spinosior</i> <span class="hst">Cactus Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg020d.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="361" />
-<p class="caption">WALKINGSTICK CHOLLA</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_35">35</div>
-<h2 id="c67"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower61">61.</a> Evening-primrose</span></h2>
-<p>Also called &ldquo;sun-drops,&rdquo; these plants are particularly welcome because they
-bloom early in the springtime. Many species of evening-primrose are large flowered,
-abundant along roadsides and sandy flats, and notably fragrant. White-flowered
-species are more common, but there are several with yellow flowers. Blossoms open
-at night and begin to wilt, turning pink during the following day. These are among
-the handsomest of desert plants and during favorable years make a spectacular spring
-display, sometimes growing with goldpoppies and sandverbenas to produce a riot
-of color.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Oenothera trichocalyx</i> <span class="hst">Evening-primrose Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg021.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="373" />
-<p class="caption">EVENING-PRIMROSE</p>
-</div>
-<h2 id="c68"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower62">62.</a> Ocotillo</span></h2>
-<p>Common to all of the deserts crossed by the
-boundary between the United States and Mexico,
-ocotillo (oh-koh-TEE-yoh) is a spectacular
-shrub, its many long, stiff, green-barked
-and thorn-guarded stems bearing at their tips
-clusters of bright red flowers from April to
-June. Following rains, the stems cover themselves
-with clusters of bright green leaves.
-When drought comes these leaves are shed,
-to be renewed again after another rain. This
-procedure may be repeated half a dozen times
-in one year. Cahuilla Indians eat both flowers
-and seeds, and make a beverage by soaking
-the blossoms in water. When planted as
-hedgerows the thorny wands make an impenetrable
-fence.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Fouquieria splendens</i> <span class="hst">Ocotillo Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg021a.jpg" alt="" width="394" height="600" />
-<p class="caption">OCOTILLO</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_36">36</div>
-<h2 id="c69"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower63">63.</a> Field bind-weed</span></h2>
-<p>Also known as &ldquo;wild morning glory,&rdquo; this naturalized perennial has become a
-serious agricultural pest throughout the Southwest. In California it is considered the
-State&rsquo;s worst weed. Once established, its deep root system spreads widely, sending
-up shoots that grow rapidly with climbing, vine-like stems and morning glory-like
-white to pink flowers that bloom from May to July. In the desert it is usually found
-on road shoulders, where it makes an attractive display. The name <i>convolvulus</i> comes
-from the Latin and means &ldquo;to entwine.&rdquo; A blood-clotting substance has been found
-in this plant.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Convolvulus arvensis</i> <span class="hst">Convolvulus Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg021c.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="390" />
-<p class="caption">FIELD BIND-WEED</p>
-</div>
-<h2 id="c70"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower64">64.</a> Santa Fe phlox</span></h2>
-<p>Usually found in desert mountain ranges, at elevations between 5,000 and
-6,000 feet, this ground-hugging, herbaceous perennial blossoms in May and June.
-Flowers are larger than those of the several other desert species of phlox, most of
-which have longer flower stems and vary in color from white to purple.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Phlox nana</i> <span class="hst">Phlox Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg021d.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="371" />
-<p class="caption">SANTA FE PHLOX</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_37">37</div>
-<h2 id="c71"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower65">65.</a> Starflower</span></h2>
-<p>More commonly known as &ldquo;gilia&rdquo; in honor of the eighteenth-century Italian
-botanist Felippo Luigo Gilii, the many species of gilias are common and widespread
-throughout the deserts of the Southwest at nearly all elevations. Since the flowers
-are usually small and range in color from white to lavender, pink, and yellow, they
-are not as well known as more spectacular genera. Some are annuals but there are
-also many perennial species. Starflower is found from west Texas and Chihuahua
-to western Arizona at elevations from 1,000 to 8,000 feet on dry plains and mesas,
-especially on limestone soils. It blossoms from March to October.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Gilia longiflora</i> <span class="hst">Phlox Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg022.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="387" />
-<p class="caption">STARFLOWER</p>
-</div>
-<h2 id="c72"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower66">66.</a> Phacelia</span></h2>
-<p>Known also as &ldquo;scorpionweed&rdquo; and &ldquo;wild
-heliotrope,&rdquo; phacelia is a handsome plant
-with coarse foliage, somewhat hairy and
-sticky. Among other plants it often grows to
-a height of 18 inches, but on dry, open desert
-flats is usually much shorter. Flowers, which
-may be found from February to June, are
-sweet scented, but the foliage has a disagreeable
-odor. <i>Crenulata</i>, which is one of many
-species, grows from New Mexico and southern
-Utah throughout Arizona to Lower California.
-It is conspicuous among the spring-blooming
-flowers of the desert. The curling
-flower heads which bear some resemblance to
-the erect tail of a scorpion are responsible for
-the name &ldquo;scorpionweed.&rdquo;</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Phacelia crenulata</i> <span class="hst">Waterleaf Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg022a.jpg" alt="" width="382" height="600" />
-<p class="caption">PHACELIA</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_38">38</div>
-<h2 id="c73"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower67">67.</a> Nama</span></h2>
-<p>In favorable years these ground-hugging plants form broad, colorful mats, but
-in dry seasons these annuals may be tiny, each with a single flower almost as large
-as the rest of the plant. Flowering from February to May, bloom is heaviest in March
-and April. This species, also called &ldquo;purplemat,&rdquo; is common on flat, sandy, open
-desert soils from southeastern California and Baja California to southeastern Arizona
-at elevations below 3,500 feet. Because of its low-growing habit, nama requires that
-you lie prone to examine it closely, hence is one of the many small desert herbs called
-&ldquo;bellyflowers.&rdquo;</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Nama demissum</i> <span class="hst">Waterleaf Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg022b.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="369" />
-<p class="caption">NAMA</p>
-</div>
-<h2 id="c74"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower68">68.</a> Buffalobur</span></h2>
-<p>Believed to be the original host of the Colorado
-potato beetle, this annual is a pest on
-rangelands because of its spine-covered stems
-and fruits. Spines are long, straight, sharp,
-and straw-colored. It is common on desert
-plains and mesas at elevations from 1,000 up
-to 7,000 feet, blooming from June to August.
-The leaves and unripe fruits of this and several
-other species are reportedly poisonous, as
-they contain an alkaloid, solanin.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Solanum rostratum</i> <span class="hst">Potato Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg022d.jpg" alt="" width="411" height="600" />
-<p class="caption">BUFFALOBUR</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_39">39</div>
-<h2 id="c75"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower69">69.</a> Silverleaf nightshade</span></h2>
-<p>Also known as &ldquo;white horse-nettle,&rdquo; &ldquo;bull-nettle&rdquo; and &ldquo;trompillo,&rdquo; silverleaf
-nightshade is a showy plant when in blossom May to October along roadsides and in
-open fields at elevations from 1,000 to 5,500 feet from Kansas and Colorado to
-Arizona, California, and south to tropical America. It is an agricultural pest in irrigated
-areas, difficult to eradicate. Pima Indians used the crushed fruits as an additive
-to milk in making cheese. A close relative, <i>Solanum jamesii</i> is known as wild-potato
-as it produces small tubers eaten by desert Indians.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Solanum elaeagnifolium</i> <span class="hst">Potato Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg023.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="382" />
-<p class="caption">SILVERLEAF NIGHTSHADE</p>
-</div>
-<h2 id="c76"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower70">70.</a> Sacred datura</span></h2>
-<p>One of the really striking flowers of the deserts and mesas, the large, showy,
-trumpet-shaped blossoms and broad, dark green leaves of the datura or &ldquo;western
-jimson&rdquo; arouse the curiosity of persons seeing them for the first time. Quite common
-along roadsides below 6,000 feet from California to Texas and Mexico, the white
-blossoms remain open at night but close and droop soon after sunrise. The summer-blooming
-plants often grow in large clumps with buds, flowers, and maturing fruits
-all present at the same time. Indians used the plants for various medicinal purposes,
-a dangerous practice, since all parts of the plant contain various alkaloids, including
-atropine. Roots are narcotic and were sometimes eaten by Indians to induce visions.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Datura meteloides</i> <span class="hst">Potato Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg023a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="374" />
-<p class="caption">SACRED DATURA</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_40">40</div>
-<h2 id="c77"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower71">71.</a> Tree tobacco</span></h2>
-<p>Sometimes growing to a height of 10 or 12 feet, the graceful swaying branches
-of tree tobacco bear at their ends clusters of tubular, greenish-yellow blossoms 2 to
-3 inches long. The leaves contain the alkaloid anabasine, which is poisonous to livestock.
-Leaves of the closely related and much smaller desert tobacco, <i>Nicotiana trigonophylla</i>,
-contain nicotine and have long been smoked by desert Indians. The plant
-is still so used on ceremonial occasions. <i>Nicotiana</i> was named for Jean Nicot, French
-ambassador to Portugal, who introduced tobacco to France about 1560.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Nicotiana glauca</i> <span class="hst">Potato Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg023c.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="375" />
-<p class="caption">TREE TOBACCO</p>
-</div>
-<h2 id="c78"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower72">72.</a> Ceniza</span></h2>
-<p>Although restricted in its range to the Chihuahuan Desert, ceniza, sometimes
-called silverleaf, is so spectacular when in blossom that it invariably attracts attention
-and arouses interest. The small, abundant, ash-gray leaves give this 3- to 4-foot
-shrub a distinguished appearance throughout the year, but when it suddenly bursts
-into bloom, usually in September, it becomes a thing of rare beauty. It is so sensitive
-to moisture that it may blossom a few hours after a soaking rain, which gives rise to
-the popular belief that it can forecast wet weather and in consequence it is sometimes
-called &ldquo;barometer bush.&rdquo;</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Leucophyllum frutescens</i> <span class="hst">Figwort Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg023d.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="381" />
-<p class="caption">CENIZA</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_41">41</div>
-<h2 id="c79"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower73">73.</a> Desert beardtongue</span></h2>
-<p>Penstemons, or &ldquo;beard-tongues,&rdquo; of various
-species are numerous on the desert as well as
-throughout the higher, moister parts of the
-Southwest. This one blooms in spring and
-early summer below 6,000 feet from southwestern
-New Mexico to southern California.
-It, and the similar Parry Penstemon, are
-among the more noticeable desert species
-because of their showy flowers covering the
-clumps of erect stems two to four feet tall.
-Both are fairly common on mesa slopes and
-mountain canyons with individuals well
-scattered, hence not contributing to the mass
-flower displays of the desert springtime.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Penstemon pseudospectabilis</i> <span class="hst">Figwort Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg024.jpg" alt="" width="390" height="599" />
-<p class="caption">DESERT BEARDTONGUE</p>
-</div>
-<h2 id="c80"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower74">74.</a> Palmer penstemon</span></h2>
-<p>Known in southern California as &ldquo;scented
-penstemon&rdquo; because of its fragrance, this
-regal &ldquo;beardtongue&rdquo; comes to the height of
-bloom in May. However, it may be found in
-flower from March to September. When the
-tall, flower-covered stems grow in abundance,
-as often occurs in gravelly washes at elevations
-between 3,500 and 6,500 feet, the sight
-is remarkable. This species prefers limestone
-soils in both the Mojave-Colorado and Sonoran
-Deserts. The sweet nectar attracts bees.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Penstemon palmeri</i> <span class="hst">Figwort Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg024a.jpg" alt="" width="390" height="602" />
-<p class="caption">PALMER PENSTEMON</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_42">42</div>
-<h2 id="c81"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower75">75.</a> Paintbrush</span></h2>
-<p>Paintedcups, or &ldquo;Indian paintbrushes&rdquo; as they are more widely known, are
-found from desert lowlands to snow-capped mountain tops. <i>Castilleja linariaefolia</i>
-is the State flower of Wyoming. The northwestern paintbrush, known in southern
-California as &ldquo;desert paintbrush,&rdquo; has an extremely wide range. The flash of red
-among other desert plants is actually due to the brightly colored floral bracts, as the
-flowers themselves are small and inconspicuous. This species blossoms in early
-spring in rocky or gravelly locations between 2,000 and 7,000 feet, on dry plains
-and hillsides.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Castilleja augustifolia</i> <span class="hst">Figwort Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg024c.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="410" />
-<p class="caption">PAINTBRUSH</p>
-</div>
-<h2 id="c82"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower76">76.</a> Owl-clover</span></h2>
-<p>Owl-clover is one of the short-stemmed
-desert spring annuals which, in favorable seasons,
-carpet the desert floor with a beautiful,
-colorful mass display. Sometimes growing in
-pure stands, at others mixed with goldpoppies,
-lupines, or other spring flowers, it is
-found throughout southern Arizona, southern
-California, and Baja California, at elevations
-between 1,500 and 4,500 feet, blossoming
-from March to May. Cattle and sheep
-graze it extensively. The Spanish name <i>escobita</i>
-means &ldquo;little broom.&rdquo; Individual flowers
-are not conspicuous, but their clusters intermixed
-with the colorful bracts produce a
-pretty, feathery effect.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Orthocarpus purpurascens</i> <span class="hst">Figwort Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg024d.jpg" alt="" width="421" height="601" />
-<p class="caption">OWL-CLOVER</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_43">43</div>
-<h2 id="c83"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower77">77.</a> Desert-willow</span></h2>
-<p>More properly called &ldquo;desert catalpa,&rdquo; this
-tall shrub or small tree, 6 to 15 feet high, has
-willow-like leaves, spreading branches, and a
-short, crooked, black-barked trunk. The
-violet-scented flowers usually appear from
-April to August, often after the start of summer
-rains. They are replaced by long, slender
-seed pods that remain dangling from the
-branches for months. Mexicans make from
-the dried flowers a tea that they believe has
-considerable medicinal value. Desert-willow
-is usually found along desert washes below
-4,000 feet from west Texas to southern California
-and northern Mexico. It is frequently
-cultivated as an ornamental because of its
-attractive orchid-like flowers.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Chilopsis linearis</i> <span class="hst">Bignonia Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg025.jpg" alt="" width="399" height="592" />
-<p class="caption">DESERT-WILLOW</p>
-</div>
-<h2 id="c84"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower78">78.</a> Trumpet-bush</span></h2>
-<p>A glossy-leafed shrub with golden, trumpet-shaped
-flowers, the trumpet-bush blooms from
-May to October on dry, rocky hillsides between
-elevations of 3,000 and 5,000 feet. It is
-not common, but occurs from western Texas
-through southern New Mexico and Arizona
-southward into tropical America. Trumpet-bush
-is cultivated as an ornamental in southern
-parts of the United States and in Mexico.
-The roots are used medicinally and in making
-a beverage. Stems and leaves contain small
-quantities of rubber. The shrubs, which occasionally
-reach a height of 6 feet, are browsed
-by bighorn sheep and probably by deer.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Tecoma stans</i> <span class="hst">Bignonia Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg025a.jpg" alt="" width="399" height="609" />
-<p class="caption">TRUMPET-BUSH</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_44">44</div>
-<h2 id="c85"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower79">79.</a> Louisiana broomrape</span></h2>
-<p>Lacking chlorophyll and parasitic on the
-roots of bur-sage and other desert composites,
-broomrape is so unusual in appearance as to
-attract immediate attention. Although fairly
-common in low-elevation deserts from west
-Texas and Mexico to southern California, it is
-occasionally found as far north as southern
-Utah and Nevada and at elevations up to 7,000
-feet. The rather inconspicuous flowers
-appear from February to September. Navajo
-Indians made a decoction of the plant as a
-treatment for sores. Desert Indians ate the
-tender stems in springtime.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Orobanche ludoviciana</i> <span class="hst">Broomrape Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg025c.jpg" alt="" width="394" height="600" />
-<p class="caption">LOUISIANA BROOMRAPE</p>
-</div>
-<h2 id="c86"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower80">80.</a> Coyote-melon</span></h2>
-<p>Restricted to western Arizona, southern California, and Lower California,
-<i>palmata</i> has similar-appearing relatives with much wider distribution. Their large
-leaves and vine-like growth attract attention along roadsides at elevations up to
-7,000 feet. Most widespread of these strikingly coarse perennials is <i>Cucurbita
-foetidissima</i>, the buffalo-gourd or calabazilla. This rank-growing, ill-smelling vine-like
-plant may have prostrate stems up to 20 feet long. The globular fruits, of tennis
-ball size, were cooked by Indians or dried for winter consumption. Seeds were boiled
-to form a pasty mush. California pioneers used the crushed roots as a cleansing agent
-in washing clothes, but found that particles clinging to the cloth were a skin irritant.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Cucurbita palmata</i> <span class="hst">Gourd Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg025d.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="399" />
-<p class="caption">COYOTE-MELON</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_45">45</div>
-<h2 id="c87"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower81">81.</a> Snake-weed</span></h2>
-<p>Common throughout the Southwest, particularly on overgrazed rangelands and
-deserted clearings, this plant, also called &ldquo;matchweed&rdquo; or &ldquo;turpentine-weed,&rdquo; often
-occurs in almost pure stands. The resinous stems burn readily, throwing off black
-smoke. Most abundant on dry hills and mesas, 3,000 to 6,000 feet elevation, this
-perennial is found from 1,000 to 7,000 feet, blossoming from June to October. Bees
-obtain nectar and pollen from the small but densely crowded, yellow flower clusters.
-The many stiff, upright branches cause some plants to appear almost globular in
-shape and a foot to 2 feet in diameter. Plants of this genus are reported as poisonous
-to sheep and goats if eaten in quantity, but are apparently unpalatable, as they are
-rarely grazed.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Gutierrezia lucida</i> <span class="hst">Sunflower Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg026.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="411" />
-<p class="caption">SNAKE-WEED</p>
-</div>
-<h2 id="c88"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower82">82.</a> Desertstar</span></h2>
-<p>Also known as &ldquo;desert daisy&rdquo; and &ldquo;rock
-daisy,&rdquo; this dwarf winter annual grows on
-sandy or stony mesas at elevations below 3,500
-feet, blossoming from February through April.
-The short stems spread to form a mat or
-rosette, 5 or 6 inches across, growing flat on
-the sand, and ornamented with many small
-flowers, each set off by a small cluster of
-leaves. Desertstar grows principally in southern
-Arizona and southern California, but has
-been recorded from southern Utah and
-Sonora, Mexico.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Monoptilon bellioides</i> <span class="hst">Sunflower Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg026a.jpg" alt="" width="477" height="601" />
-<p class="caption">DESERTSTAR</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_46">46</div>
-<h2 id="c89"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower83">83.</a> Mohave aster</span></h2>
-<p>Varying in color from violet and lavender
-to almost white, flower heads of the Mohave
-aster are numerous, sometimes as many as 20
-simultaneously in bloom on one plant. This
-ornamental perennial prefers dry, rocky
-slopes below 6,000 feet in southern Utah,
-Nevada, western Arizona, and southeastern
-California. Characterized by silvery foliage
-and large flower heads, the Mohave aster is
-well worthy of cultivation and does well in
-hot, dry locations. Flowers appear from March
-to May, but with the coming of summer heat
-the stems and leaves become twisted, brown,
-and unattractive.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Aster abatus</i> <span class="hst">Sunflower Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg026c.jpg" alt="" width="409" height="592" />
-<p class="caption">MOHAVE ASTER</p>
-</div>
-<h2 id="c90"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower84">84.</a> Fleabane</span></h2>
-<p>By no means limited to the deserts, fleabane
-is common throughout the Southwest,
-including parts of Mexico. In some localities
-it is known as &ldquo;wild-daisy.&rdquo; Six to 15 inches
-tall, with attractive circular flowers, fleabane
-often forms noticeable patches along road
-shoulders and on dry open slopes, blossoming
-from February to October. Flowers may be an
-inch in diameter in springtime, but those in
-summer are usually smaller. The name arises
-from an ancient belief that the odor of some
-species repelled fleas.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Erigeron divergens</i> <span class="hst">Sunflower Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg026d.jpg" alt="" width="407" height="605" />
-<p class="caption">FLEABANE</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_47">47</div>
-<h2 id="c91"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower85">85.</a> Broom baccharis</span></h2>
-<p>Locally called &ldquo;desert-broom,&rdquo; or &ldquo;Mexican
-broom,&rdquo; this species of baccharis is an erect,
-coarse, evergreen shrub 3 to 6 feet high, frequently
-encountered on hillsides and bottomlands
-at elevations between 1,000 and 5,500
-feet from southwestern New Mexico to
-southern and Baja California and northern
-Mexico. Greening up following summer rains,
-the shrubs blossom from September to February.
-Flowers are inconspicuous, but the fruits
-develop as masses of spectacular cottony
-threads, giving the shrubs a snow-covered appearance.
-Among some Indian tribes the twigs
-are chewed to relieve toothache. In Mexico
-the shrub is called <i>hierba del pasmo</i>.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Baccharis sarothroides</i> <span class="hst">Sunflower Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg027.jpg" alt="" width="410" height="600" />
-<p class="caption">BROOM BACCHARIS</p>
-</div>
-<h2 id="c92"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower86">86.</a> Desert zinnia</span></h2>
-<p>From 3 inches to a foot high, desert zinnia is a dwarf shrub with small, stiff,
-dull green leaves and attractive, four-petaled flowers that are present from April to
-October. Preferring clayey or rocky, arid soils at elevations 2,500 to 5,000 feet, this
-species is found from west Texas to southern Arizona and Mexico. Although related
-to the garden zinnia, which is a native of Mexico, only the large flowered desert
-species, <i>Zinnia grandiflora</i>, is considered worthy of cultivation.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Zinnia pumila</i> <span class="hst">Sunflower Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg027a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="381" />
-<p class="caption">DESERT ZINNIA</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_48">48</div>
-<h2 id="c93"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower87">87.</a> Brittle-bush</span></h2>
-<p>Sometimes blossoming as early as November
-and often lingering until May, brittle-bush
-is a dome-shaped, winter-flowering bush that
-brings delight to desert dwellers in Nevada,
-Arizona, southern California, and northwestern
-Mexico. Stems of the low-growing, silvery-leaved
-shrub exude a gum which was
-chewed by desert Indians and burned as incense
-by priests in mission churches, giving
-the plant the local name, <i>incienso</i>. Strictly a
-desert shrub, about 3 feet high, brittle-bush
-prefers rocky hillsides below 3,000 feet.
-Growing in masses it often covers entire
-slopes with a mass of golden bloom, contributing
-to the early spring flower display. Bighorn
-sheep are reported to rely on this species for
-browse.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Encelia farinosa</i> <span class="hst">Sunflower Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg027c.jpg" alt="" width="411" height="600" />
-<p class="caption">BRITTLE-BUSH</p>
-</div>
-<h2 id="c94"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower88">88.</a> Silverleaf enceliopsis</span></h2>
-<p>Restricted in its range to the region in
-which Utah, Arizona, and Nevada meet, the
-&ldquo;giant sunray,&rdquo; as it is sometimes called, is
-spectacular rather than beautiful. Coarse and
-weedy, the large clusters of silvery leaves and
-long stemmed, sunflower-like blossoms that
-appear from April to June invariably attract
-attention and stimulate curiosity. An even
-larger species, <i>Enceliopsis covillei</i>, with blossoms
-up to 6 inches in diameter, is found in
-canyons on the west side of the Panamint
-Mountains in California.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Enceliopsis argophylla</i> <span class="hst">Sunflower Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg027d.jpg" alt="" width="500" height="558" />
-<p class="caption">SILVERLEAF ENCELIOPSIS</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_49">49</div>
-<h2 id="c95"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower89">89.</a> Crown-beard</span></h2>
-<p>Although it is reported from elevations up
-to 7,000 feet, golden crown-beard is usually
-found at much lower levels from Kansas
-south to Texas, California, and northern
-Mexico. Sometimes growing in clusters, single
-plants are also common as a weed of roadsides
-and waste ground. The all-yellow, sunflower-like
-blossoms are widespread in the desert
-from April to November. Desert Indians and
-early pioneers are said to have used the plant
-to treat boils and skin diseases. The Hopis
-soaked the plants in water in which they
-bathed, to relieve the pain of insect bites.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Verbesina encelioides</i> <span class="hst">Sunflower Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg028.jpg" alt="" width="405" height="596" />
-<p class="caption">CROWN-BEARD</p>
-</div>
-<h2 id="c96"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower90">90.</a> Douglas coreopsis</span></h2>
-<p>Also called &ldquo;tickseed,&rdquo; wild coreopsis is
-closely related to cultivated ornamentals of
-the same name. The desert species inhabits
-open locations at elevations between 1,500
-and 2,500 feet in southern Arizona, southern
-California, and Baja California. Plants usually
-bloom between February and May. The closely
-related <i>Coreopsis bigelovii</i> is a southern
-California annual having somewhat larger
-flowers, up to 2 inches in diameter, with
-orange centers. Flower stems are naked, with
-the leaves clustered at their bases.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Coreopsis douglasii</i> <span class="hst">Sunflower Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg028b.jpg" alt="" width="405" height="597" />
-<p class="caption">DOUGLAS COREOPSIS</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_50">50</div>
-<h2 id="c97"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower91">91.</a> Paperflower</span></h2>
-<p>At its best in sandy desert soil, paperflower
-is a compact, shrubby plant about 1 foot high,
-with tangled branches. When fully developed
-it is symmetrically globular in outline. It prefers
-mesas and desert plains at elevations between
-2,000 and 5,000 feet from western
-New Mexico to southern California and
-northern Mexico, flowering throughout the
-year but most abundantly in springtime.
-Sometimes called &ldquo;paper-daisy,&rdquo; the flowers
-are persistent, fading to straw color and turning
-papery with age. They may remain on
-the stems for weeks.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Psilostrophe cooperi</i> <span class="hst">Sunflower Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg028c.jpg" alt="" width="411" height="594" />
-<p class="caption">PAPERFLOWER</p>
-</div>
-<h2 id="c98"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower92">92.</a> Desert baileya</span></h2>
-<p>Commonly called &ldquo;desert marigold,&rdquo; baileya
-blossoms in all seasons, most heavily from
-March to November, and is one of the better
-known flowers of the Southwest. Each circular
-blossom occupies the tip of a foot-high
-stem. Plants usually have a thrifty, garden-variety
-appearance. They are common along
-roadsides and on well-drained, gravelly slopes
-up to 5,000 feet from west Texas to southeastern
-California and Chihuahua. The large
-flower heads are showy and the species is
-cultivated in California. Cases are on record
-of sheep and goats on overgrazed ranges being
-poisoned by eating this plant.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Baileya multiradiata</i> <span class="hst">Sunflower Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg028d.jpg" alt="" width="411" height="599" />
-<p class="caption">DESERT BAILEYA</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_51">51</div>
-<h2 id="c99"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower93">93.</a> Goldfields</span></h2>
-<p>Covering vast stretches of open desert with
-a carpet of yellow bloom following wet winters,
-goldfields is an appropriately named
-spring flower found at elevations below 4,500
-feet. The low-growing plant produces small
-but attractive blossoms on mesas and plains,
-March to May, from central and southern
-Arizona to California, and Baja California.
-Horses graze <i>Baeria</i> avidly, but are annoyed
-by a small fly that frequents the fragrant
-blossoms, giving the plant the name &ldquo;fly
-flower&rdquo; in some localities.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Baeria chrysostoma</i> <span class="hst">Sunflower Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg029.jpg" alt="" width="405" height="598" />
-<p class="caption">GOLDFIELDS</p>
-</div>
-<h2 id="c100"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower94">94.</a> Chaenactis</span></h2>
-<p>Probably because it is one of the attractive
-white desert flowers, chaenactis is popularly
-called &ldquo;morning bride.&rdquo; A larger, yellow-flowered
-species, <i>Chaenactis lanosa</i>, found on the
-California deserts, is called &ldquo;golden girls.&rdquo;
-Both are spring flowering annuals and, in
-common with other members of the genus,
-sometimes called &ldquo;pincushion plants.&rdquo; &ldquo;Morning
-bride&rdquo; is often found growing about the
-bases of creosotebushes, thriving at elevations
-between 1,000 and 3,500 feet in southern
-Nevada, western Arizona, and southeastern
-California.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Chaenactis fremontii</i> <span class="hst">Sunflower Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg029a.jpg" alt="" width="405" height="597" />
-<p class="caption">CHAENACTIS</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_52">52</div>
-<h2 id="c101"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower95">95.</a> Douglas groundsel</span></h2>
-<p>Rarely considered beautiful, the groundsels
-are common and widespread, and are readily
-recognized by the untidy appearance of the
-large flowers which are sometimes almost 2
-inches in diameter. The rather delicate,
-stringy foliage is sometimes covered with
-cottony threads. One species is called &ldquo;ragwort.&rdquo;
-Douglas groundsel is a shrubby plant
-sometimes as much as 3 feet high, common
-in sandy washes and on dry foothill slopes. It
-occurs from southern Utah and Arizona to
-California and Mexico, between 1,000 and
-6,000 feet. At lower elevations these plants
-bloom at almost any time of year.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Senecio douglasii</i> <span class="hst">Sunflower Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg029c.jpg" alt="" width="404" height="590" />
-<p class="caption">DOUGLAS GROUNDSEL</p>
-</div>
-<h2 id="c102"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower96">96.</a> New Mexico thistle</span></h2>
-<p>Everyone recognizes the thistles with their
-prickly leaves and stems, and large flowers
-ranging in color from white to lavender, pink
-and purple. Several species grow in the
-deserts, the New Mexico species being widespread
-at elevations from 1,000 to 6,000 feet
-in Colorado and Nevada south through New
-Mexico and Arizona to California, blossoming
-from March to September. Navajo and
-Hopi Indians are reported to use thistles
-medicinally. The nectar of some species is
-eagerly sought by hummingbirds.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Cirsium neomexicanum</i> <span class="hst">Sunflower Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg029d.jpg" alt="" width="411" height="595" />
-<p class="caption">NEW MEXICO THISTLE</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_53">53</div>
-<h2 id="c103"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower97">97.</a> Desert dandelion</span></h2>
-<p>A very attractive plant, desert dandelion has several flower stalks from a few
-inches to a foot tall. Some of the blossoms may be nearly 2 inches in diameter. This
-annual is common in open, sandy basins, where it is a conspicuous contributor to
-the spring flower spread, blooming from March through May in the creosotebush
-belt of Arizona and southern California. It has been reported from as far north as
-Idaho and Oregon. Sometimes a single plant has 10 or 12 flower heads in blossom at
-the same time.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Malacothryx glabrata</i> <span class="hst">Sunflower Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg030.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="417" />
-<p class="caption">DESERT DANDELION</p>
-</div>
-<h2 id="c104"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower98">98.</a> Malacothryx</span></h2>
-<p>There are many species of malacothryx native to the western and southwestern
-United States. Some are locally called &ldquo;desert dandelion,&rdquo; &ldquo;snake&rsquo;s head,&rdquo; &ldquo;yellow
-saucers,&rdquo; and &ldquo;cliff aster.&rdquo; <i>Fendleri</i> is one of the smaller species, with stems only 4
-or 5 inches long, rising from a rosette of bluish-green leaves. Blooming from March
-to June, this delicate relative of the common dandelion covers with its pale yellow
-flowers rocky slopes and sandy plains and mesas, at elevations between 2,000 and
-5,000 feet from West Texas to western Arizona.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Malacothryx fendleri</i> <span class="hst">Sunflower Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg030a.jpg" alt="" width="600" height="381" />
-<p class="caption">MALACOTHRYX</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_54">54</div>
-<h2 id="c105"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower99">99.</a> White cupfruit</span></h2>
-<p>Also called &ldquo;tackstem&rdquo; because of the
-numerous dark-colored, tack-shaped glands
-protruding from the stem, this white-flowered,
-branching annual blossoms from March to
-May at elevations of 500 to 4,000 feet. It is a
-conspicuous item of the spring flower display
-from west Texas to southern California and
-northern Mexico. A similar species with yellow
-flowers, <i>Calycoseris parryi</i>, common at
-elevations around 3,000 feet, blooms in March
-and April. It is found in southwestern Utah,
-Arizona, and southern California.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Calycoseris wrightii</i> <span class="hst">Sunflower Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg030c.jpg" alt="" width="392" height="590" />
-<p class="caption">WHITE CUPFRUIT</p>
-</div>
-<h2 id="c106"><span class="h2line1"><a id="flower100">100.</a> Prickly sowthistle</span></h2>
-<p>Naturalized from Europe and generally
-considered a weed, sowthistle is found in
-waste grounds and along roadsides from near
-sea level to 8,000 feet. It blossoms from February
-to August, the flowers becoming cottony
-seed heads as conspicuous as the blooms.
-A close relative, <i>Sonchus oleraceus</i>, which
-blossoms from March to September, produces
-a gum from the drying of the sap, reportedly
-a powerful cathartic. It has also been used as
-a treatment for persons suffering from the
-habitual use of opium derivatives.</p>
-<div class="verse">
-<p class="t0"><i>Sonchus asper</i> <span class="hst">Sunflower Family</span></p>
-</div>
-<div class="img">
-<img src="images/pg030d.jpg" alt="" width="392" height="596" />
-<p class="caption">PRICKLY SOWTHISTLE</p>
-</div>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_56">56</div>
-<h2 class="center" id="c107"><span class="h2line1"><i>Suggestions for Additional Reading</i></span></h2>
-<blockquote>
-<p>Armstrong, Margaret, <i>Field Book of Western Wild Flowers</i>, C. P. Putnam&rsquo;s Sons,
-New York, 1915.</p>
-<p>Benson, Lyman, <i>The Cacti of Arizona</i>, University of Arizona Press, Tucson, 1950.</p>
-<p>Benson, Lyman, and Darrow, Robert, <i>The Trees and Shrubs of the Southwestern
-Deserts</i>, University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque, N.M., 1954.</p>
-<p>Dodge, Natt, <i>Flowers of the Southwest Deserts</i>, Southwestern Monuments Association,
-Globe, Arizona, 1951.</p>
-<p>Hornaday, W. T., <i>Camp-fires on Desert and Lava</i>, Charles Scribner&rsquo;s Sons, New
-York, 1909.</p>
-<p>Jaeger, Edmund C., <i>Desert Wild Flowers</i>, Stanford University Press, Stanford, California,
-1956.</p>
-<p>Jaeger, Edmund C., <i>The North American Deserts</i>, Stanford University Press, Stanford,
-California, 1957.</p>
-<p>Lemmon, Robert S., and Johnson, Charles C., <i>Wildflowers of North America in Full
-Color</i>, Hanover House, Garden City, N.Y., 1961.</p>
-<p>Leopold, A. Starker, <i>The Desert</i>, (Life Nature Library) Time Inc., New York, 1961.</p>
-<p>McDougall, W. B., and Sperry, Omer E., <i>Plants of Big Bend National Park</i>, Government
-Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1951.</p>
-<p>Shreve, Forrest, and Wiggins, Ira L., <i>Vegetation and Flora of the Sonora Desert</i>, Carnegie
-Institution of Washington Publication No. 591, Vol. 1, Washington, D.C., 1951.</p>
-<p>Vines, Robert A., <i>Trees, Shrubs, and Woody Vines of the Southwest</i>, University of
-Texas Press, Austin, 1960.</p>
-</blockquote>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_58">58</div>
-<h2 class="center" id="c108"><span class="h2line1">Index</span></h2>
-<table class="center" summary="">
-<tr class="th"><th colspan="3">A</th></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Adonis lupine </td><td class="l"><i>Lupinus excubitus</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower34">34</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Agave </td><td class="l"><i>Agave scabra</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower14">14</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Arizona-poppy </td><td class="l"><i>Kallstroemia grandiflora</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower41">41</a></td></tr>
-<tr class="th"><th colspan="3">B</th></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Barrel cactus </td><td class="l"><i>Ferocactus wislizenii</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower53">53</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Beavertail cactus </td><td class="l"><i>Opuntia basilaris</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower55">55</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Bird-of-paradise-flower </td><td class="l"><i>Caesalpinia gilliesii</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower32">32</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Bladderpod </td><td class="l"><i>Lesquerella gordonii</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower24">24</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Blue palo-verde </td><td class="l"><i>Cercidium floridum</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower31">31</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Brittle-bush </td><td class="l"><i>Encelia farinosa</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower87">87</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Broom baccharis </td><td class="l"><i>Baccharis sarothroides</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower85">85</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Buffalobur </td><td class="l"><i>Solanum rostratum</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower68">68</a></td></tr>
-<tr class="th"><th colspan="3">C</th></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Canaigre </td><td class="l"><i>Rumex hymenosepalus</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower17">17</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Catclaw-acacia </td><td class="l"><i>Acacia greggii</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower27">27</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Ceniza </td><td class="l"><i>Leucophyllum frutescens</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower72">72</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Chaenactis </td><td class="l"><i>Chaenactis fremontii</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower94">94</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Claretcup echinocereus </td><td class="l"><i>Echinocereus triglochidiatus</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower49">49</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Common reed </td><td class="l"><i>Phragmites communis</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower2">2</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Coyote-melon </td><td class="l"><i>Cacurbita palmata</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower80">80</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Creosotebush </td><td class="l"><i>Larrea tridentata</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower40">40</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Crown-beard </td><td class="l"><i>Verbesina encelioides</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower89">89</a></td></tr>
-<tr class="th"><th colspan="3">D</th></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Dalea </td><td class="l"><i>Dalea fremontii</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower36">36</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Desert baileya </td><td class="l"><i>Baileya multiradiata</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower92">92</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Desert beardtongue </td><td class="l"><i>Penstemon pseudospectabilis</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower73">73</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Desert dandelion </td><td class="l"><i>Malacothryx glabrata</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower97">97</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Desertlily </td><td class="l"><i>Hesperocallis undulata</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower4">4</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Desert-mallow </td><td class="l"><i>Sphaeralcea ambigua</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower42">42</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Desert mariposa </td><td class="l"><i>Calochortus kennedyi</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower7">7</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Desertstar </td><td class="l"><i>Monoptilon bellioides</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower82">82</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Desert-willow </td><td class="l"><i>Chilopsis linearis</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower77">77</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Desert zinnia </td><td class="l"><i>Zinnia pumila</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower86">86</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Douglas coreopsis </td><td class="l"><i>Coreopsis douglasii</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower90">90</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Douglas groundsel </td><td class="l"><i>Senecio douglasii</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower95">95</a></td></tr>
-<tr class="th"><th colspan="3">E</th></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Engelmann pricklypear </td><td class="l"><i>Opuntia engelmannii</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower56">56</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Evening-primrose </td><td class="l"><i>Oenothera brevipes</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower22">22</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Evening-primrose </td><td class="l"><i>Oenothera trichocalyx</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower61">61</a></td></tr>
-<tr class="th"><th colspan="3">F</th></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">False-mesquite </td><td class="l"><i>Calliandra eriophylla</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower26">26</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Field bind-weed </td><td class="l"><i>Convolvulus arvensis</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower63">63</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Fishhook cactus </td><td class="l"><i>Mammillaria microcarpa</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower54">54</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Five-stamen tamarisk </td><td class="l"><i>Tamarix pentandra</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower43">43</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Fleabane </td><td class="l"><i>Erigeron divergens</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower84">84</a></td></tr>
-<tr class="th"><th colspan="3">G</th></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Giant yucca </td><td class="l"><i>Yucca carnerosana</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower11">11</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Golden mariposa </td><td class="l"><i>Calochortus nuttalii aureus</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower6">6</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Goldfields </td><td class="l"><i>Baeria chrysostoma</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower93">93</a></td></tr>
-<tr class="th"><th colspan="3">H</th></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Heron-bill </td><td class="l"><i>Erodium cicutarium</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower39">39</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Honey mesquite </td><td class="l"><i>Prosopis juliflora</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower29">29</a></td></tr>
-<tr class="pbtr"><td colspan="3">
-</td></tr>
-<tr class="th"><th colspan="3">J</th></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Joshua-tree </td><td class="l"><i>Yucca brevifolia</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower9">9</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Jumping cholla </td><td class="l"><i>Opuntia bigelovii</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower57">57</a></td></tr>
-<tr class="th"><th colspan="3">L</th></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Lechuguilla </td><td class="l"><i>Agave lechuguilla</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower16">16</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Longleaf ephedra </td><td class="l"><i>Ephedra trifurca</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower1">1</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Louisiana broomrape </td><td class="l"><i>Orobanche ludoviciana</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower79">79</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Lupine </td><td class="l"><i>Lupinus sparsiflorus</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower33">33</a></td></tr>
-<tr class="th"><th colspan="3">M</th></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Malacothryx </td><td class="l"><i>Malacothryx fendleri</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower98">98</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Mariposa </td><td class="l"><i>Calochortus flexuosus</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower5">5</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Mescat-acacia </td><td class="l"><i>Acacia constricta</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower28">28</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Mexican goldpoppy </td><td class="l"><i>Eschscholtzia mexicana</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower20">20</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Mohave aster </td><td class="l"><i>Aster abatus</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower83">83</a></td></tr>
-<tr class="th"><th colspan="3">N</th></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Nama </td><td class="l"><i>Nama demissum</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower67">67</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">New Mexico thistle </td><td class="l"><i>Cirsium neomexicanum</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower96">96</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Night-blooming cereus </td><td class="l"><i>Peniocereus greggii</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower46">46</a></td></tr>
-<tr class="th"><th colspan="3">O</th></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Ocotillo </td><td class="l"><i>Fouquieria splendens</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower62">62</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Organpipe cactus </td><td class="l"><i>Lemaireocereus thurberi</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower48">48</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Owl-clover </td><td class="l"><i>Orthocarpus purpurascens</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower76">76</a></td></tr>
-<tr class="th"><th colspan="3">P</th></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Paintbrush </td><td class="l"><i>Castilleja angustifolia</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower75">75</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Palmer penstemon </td><td class="l"><i>Penstemon palmeri</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower74">74</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Paperflower </td><td class="l"><i>Psilostrophe cooperi</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower91">91</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Parry agave </td><td class="l"><i>Agave parryi</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower15">15</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Pencil cholla </td><td class="l"><i>Opuntia leptocaulis</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower58">58</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Phacelia </td><td class="l"><i>Phacelia crenulata</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower66">66</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Prairie spiderwort </td><td class="l"><i>Tradescantia occidentalis</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower3">3</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Pricklepoppy </td><td class="l"><i>Argemone platyceras</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower21">21</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Prickly sowthistle </td><td class="l"><i>Sonchus asper</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower100">100</a></td></tr>
-<tr class="th"><th colspan="3">R</th></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Rainbow echinocereus </td><td class="l"><i>Echinocereus pectinatus</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower51">51</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Rock-nettle </td><td class="l"><i>Eucnide urens</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower45">45</a></td></tr>
-<tr class="th"><th colspan="3">S</th></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Sacahuista </td><td class="l"><i>Nolina microcarpa</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower12">12</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Sacred datura </td><td class="l"><i>Datura meteloides</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower70">70</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Saguaro </td><td class="l"><i>Carnegiea gigantea</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower47">47</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Sand-verbena </td><td class="l"><i>Abronia villosa</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower19">19</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Santa Fe phlox </td><td class="l"><i>Phlox nana</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower64">64</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Senna </td><td class="l"><i>Cassia covesii</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower30">30</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Silverleaf enceliopsis </td><td class="l"><i>Enceliopsis argophylla</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower88">88</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Silverleaf nightshade </td><td class="l"><i>Solanum elaeagnifolium</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower69">69</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Smoke-thorn </td><td class="l"><i>Dalea spinosa</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower35">35</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Snake-weed </td><td class="l"><i>Gutierrezia lucida</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower81">81</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Soaptree yucca </td><td class="l"><i>Yucca elata</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower8">8</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Sotol </td><td class="l"><i>Dasylirion wheeleri</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower13">13</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Spectaclepod </td><td class="l"><i>Dithyrea wislizenii</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower23">23</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Starflower </td><td class="l"><i>Gilia longiflora</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower65">65</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Strawberry echinocereus </td><td class="l"><i>Echinocereus engelmannii</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower50">50</a></td></tr>
-<tr class="pbtr"><td colspan="3">
-</td></tr>
-<tr class="th"><th colspan="3">T</th></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Tesota </td><td class="l"><i>Olneya tesota</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower37">37</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Torrey yucca </td><td class="l"><i>Yucca torreyi</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower10">10</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Trailing-four-o&rsquo;clock </td><td class="l"><i>Allionia incarnata</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower18">18</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Tree tobacco </td><td class="l"><i>Nicotiana glauca</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower71">71</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Trumpet-bush </td><td class="l"><i>Tecoma stans</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower78">78</a></td></tr>
-<tr class="th"><th colspan="3">W</th></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Walkingstick cholla </td><td class="l"><i>Opuntia spinosior</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower60">60</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Western-wallflower </td><td class="l"><i>Erysimum capitatum</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower25">25</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Whipple cholla </td><td class="l"><i>Opuntia whipplei</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower59">59</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">White cupfruit </td><td class="l"><i>Calycoseris wrightii</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower99">99</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Woolly loco </td><td class="l"><i>Astragalus mollissimus</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower38">38</a></td></tr>
-<tr class="th"><th colspan="3">Z</th></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Yellow mentzelia </td><td class="l"><i>Mentzelia pumila</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower44">44</a></td></tr>
-<tr><td class="l">Yellow pitaya echinocereus </td><td class="l"><i>Echinocereus dasyacanthus</i> </td><td class="r"><a href="#flower52">52</a></td></tr>
-</table>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_62">62</div>
-<p class="tbcenter"><span class="ss"><span class="small">This booklet is published in cooperation with the National Park Service by the</span></span>
-<br /><b>SOUTHWESTERN MONUMENTS ASSOCIATION</b>
-<br /><i><span class="small">which is a non-profit distributing organization pledged to aid in the preservation and interpretation of Southwestern features of outstanding national interest.</span></i></p>
-<p>The Association lists for sale many interesting and excellent publications for
-adults and children and hundreds of color slides on Southwestern subjects. These
-make fine gifts for birthdays, parties, and special occasions, and many prove to
-be of value to children in their school work and hobbies.</p>
-<p>May we recommend, for example, the following items which give additional
-information on the Southwest?</p>
-<blockquote>
-<p><b>FLOWERS OF THE SOUTHWEST DESERTS.</b> Dodge and Janish. More than 140 of
-the most interesting and common desert plants beautifully drawn in 100
-plates, with descriptive text. 112 pp., color cover, paper
-<span class="jr"><b>$1.00</b></span></p>
-<p><b>FLOWERS OF THE SOUTHWEST MESAS.</b> Patraw and Janish. Companion volume
-to the Desert flowers booklet, but covering the plants of the plateau country
-of the Southwest. 112 pp., color cover, paper
-<span class="jr"><b>$1.00</b></span></p>
-<p><b>FLOWERS OF THE SOUTHWEST MOUNTAINS.</b> Arnberger and Janish. Descriptions
-and illustrations of plants and trees of the southern Rocky Mountains
-and other Southwestern ranges above 7,000 feet elevation. 112 pp., color
-cover, paper
-<span class="jr"><b>$1.00</b></span></p>
-<p><b>MAMMALS OF THE SOUTHWEST DESERTS</b> (formerly Animals of the Southwest
-Deserts). Olin and Cannon. Handsome illustrations, full descriptions, and life
-habits of the 42 most interesting and common mammals, members of the
-strange animal population of the lower desert country of the Southwest below
-the 4,500-foot elevation. 112 pp., 60 illustrations, color cover, paper
-<span class="jr"><b>$1.00</b></span></p>
-<p><b>MAMMALS OF SOUTHWEST MOUNTAINS AND MESAS.</b> Olin and Bierly. Companion
-volume to Mammals of Southwest Deserts. Fully illustrated in exquisitely
-done line and scratchboard drawings, and written in Olin&rsquo;s masterfully
-lucid style. Gives descriptions, ranges, and life habits of the better
-known Southwestern mammals of the uplands. 1961.</p>
-<p>Color cover, paper
-<span class="jr"><b>$2.00</b></span></p>
-<p>Cloth
-<span class="jr"><b>$3.25</b></span></p>
-<p><b>POISONOUS DWELLERS OF THE DESERT.</b> Dodge. Invaluable handbook for any
-person living in the desert. Tells the facts about dangerous insects, snakes,
-etc., giving treatment for bites and stings and dispels myths about harmless
-creatures mistakenly believed poisonous. 48 pp.
-<span class="jr"><b>$0.60</b></span></p>
-</blockquote>
-<div class="img" id="pg034">
-<img src="images/pg034.jpg" alt="National Park Service and Southwestern Monuments Association Logos" width="500" height="213" />
-</div>
-<p class="center">Write For Catalog
-<br /><span class="large">SOUTHWESTERN
-<br />MONUMENTS ASSOCIATION</span>
-<br />Box 1562&mdash;Gila Pueblo, Globe, Arizona</p>
-<div class="pb" id="Page_63">63</div>
-<p class="tb">Mother Nature&rsquo;s Cinderella story&mdash;flower-time
-in The desert&mdash;unfolds in this beautiful
-book. Captured by the magic of the
-color camera and described in lucid prose,
-100 desert wildflowers are vividly portrayed
-here. Every color, from brilliant to
-delicate, is faithfully reproduced. This
-book will be a treasured photo album for
-those who have known the desert in
-bloom and a splendid introduction to the
-not yet initiated.</p>
-<p>Natt N. Dodge, author of <b>Poisonous
-Dwellers of The Desert</b>, <b>Flowers of the
-Southwest Desert</b>, and co-author of <b>The
-American Southwest</b>, as well as contributor
-to <b>Arizona Highways</b>, <b>New Mexico
-Magazine</b>, <b>Sunset</b>, and many other national
-and regional periodicals, has parlayed
-an encyclopedic knowledge of the Southwest
-and years of photographic experience
-into this truly magnificent book.</p>
-<div class="img" id="pg035">
-<img src="images/pg035.jpg" alt="Cactus flowers" width="192" height="798" />
-</div>
-<div class="img" id="pg035e">
-<img src="images/pg035e.jpg" alt="Southwestern Monuments Association Logo" width="300" height="324" />
-</div>
-<h2>Transcriber&rsquo;s Notes</h2>
-<ul>
-<li>Retained publication information from the printed edition: this eBook is public-domain in the country of publication.</li>
-<li>Corrected a few palpable typographical errors.</li>
-<li>Transcribed some text from illustrations, for the sake of the text versions.</li>
-<li>Added a Table of Contents based on headings in the text.</li>
-<li>Added page numbers for convenient reference.</li>
-<li>In the text versions only, text in italics is delimited by _underscores_.</li>
-<li>Provided in {curly brackets} a conjectural completion of the truncated &ldquo;Joshua Tree&rdquo; entry, based on information from other published sources.</li>
-</ul>
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-<pre>
-
-
-
-
-
-End of the Project Gutenberg EBook of 100 Desert Wildflowers in Natural Color, by 
-Natt Noyes Dodge
-
-*** END OF THIS PROJECT GUTENBERG EBOOK 100 DESERT WILDFLOWERS ***
-
-***** This file should be named 54631-h.htm or 54631-h.zip *****
-This and all associated files of various formats will be found in:
-        http://www.gutenberg.org/5/4/6/3/54631/
-
-Produced by Stephen Hutcheson and the Online Distributed
-Proofreading Team at http://www.pgdp.net
-
-Updated editions will replace the previous one--the old editions will
-be renamed.
-
-Creating the works from print editions not protected by U.S. copyright
-law means that no one owns a United States copyright in these works,
-so the Foundation (and you!) can copy and distribute it in the United
-States without permission and without paying copyright
-royalties. Special rules, set forth in the General Terms of Use part
-of this license, apply to copying and distributing Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic works to protect the PROJECT GUTENBERG-tm
-concept and trademark. Project Gutenberg is a registered trademark,
-and may not be used if you charge for the eBooks, unless you receive
-specific permission. If you do not charge anything for copies of this
-eBook, complying with the rules is very easy. You may use this eBook
-for nearly any purpose such as creation of derivative works, reports,
-performances and research. They may be modified and printed and given
-away--you may do practically ANYTHING in the United States with eBooks
-not protected by U.S. copyright law. Redistribution is subject to the
-trademark license, especially commercial redistribution.
-
-START: FULL LICENSE
-
-THE FULL PROJECT GUTENBERG LICENSE
-PLEASE READ THIS BEFORE YOU DISTRIBUTE OR USE THIS WORK
-
-To protect the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting the free
-distribution of electronic works, by using or distributing this work
-(or any other work associated in any way with the phrase "Project
-Gutenberg"), you agree to comply with all the terms of the Full
-Project Gutenberg-tm License available with this file or online at
-www.gutenberg.org/license.
-
-Section 1. General Terms of Use and Redistributing Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic works
-
-1.A. By reading or using any part of this Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic work, you indicate that you have read, understand, agree to
-and accept all the terms of this license and intellectual property
-(trademark/copyright) agreement. If you do not agree to abide by all
-the terms of this agreement, you must cease using and return or
-destroy all copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in your
-possession. If you paid a fee for obtaining a copy of or access to a
-Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work and you do not agree to be bound
-by the terms of this agreement, you may obtain a refund from the
-person or entity to whom you paid the fee as set forth in paragraph
-1.E.8.
-
-1.B. "Project Gutenberg" is a registered trademark. It may only be
-used on or associated in any way with an electronic work by people who
-agree to be bound by the terms of this agreement. There are a few
-things that you can do with most Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
-even without complying with the full terms of this agreement. See
-paragraph 1.C below. There are a lot of things you can do with Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic works if you follow the terms of this
-agreement and help preserve free future access to Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic works. See paragraph 1.E below.
-
-1.C. The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation ("the
-Foundation" or PGLAF), owns a compilation copyright in the collection
-of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works. Nearly all the individual
-works in the collection are in the public domain in the United
-States. If an individual work is unprotected by copyright law in the
-United States and you are located in the United States, we do not
-claim a right to prevent you from copying, distributing, performing,
-displaying or creating derivative works based on the work as long as
-all references to Project Gutenberg are removed. Of course, we hope
-that you will support the Project Gutenberg-tm mission of promoting
-free access to electronic works by freely sharing Project Gutenberg-tm
-works in compliance with the terms of this agreement for keeping the
-Project Gutenberg-tm name associated with the work. You can easily
-comply with the terms of this agreement by keeping this work in the
-same format with its attached full Project Gutenberg-tm License when
-you share it without charge with others.
-
-1.D. The copyright laws of the place where you are located also govern
-what you can do with this work. Copyright laws in most countries are
-in a constant state of change. If you are outside the United States,
-check the laws of your country in addition to the terms of this
-agreement before downloading, copying, displaying, performing,
-distributing or creating derivative works based on this work or any
-other Project Gutenberg-tm work. The Foundation makes no
-representations concerning the copyright status of any work in any
-country outside the United States.
-
-1.E. Unless you have removed all references to Project Gutenberg:
-
-1.E.1. The following sentence, with active links to, or other
-immediate access to, the full Project Gutenberg-tm License must appear
-prominently whenever any copy of a Project Gutenberg-tm work (any work
-on which the phrase "Project Gutenberg" appears, or with which the
-phrase "Project Gutenberg" is associated) is accessed, displayed,
-performed, viewed, copied or distributed:
-
-  This eBook is for the use of anyone anywhere in the United States and
-  most other parts of the world at no cost and with almost no
-  restrictions whatsoever. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it
-  under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this
-  eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org. If you are not located in the
-  United States, you'll have to check the laws of the country where you
-  are located before using this ebook.
-
-1.E.2. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is
-derived from texts not protected by U.S. copyright law (does not
-contain a notice indicating that it is posted with permission of the
-copyright holder), the work can be copied and distributed to anyone in
-the United States without paying any fees or charges. If you are
-redistributing or providing access to a work with the phrase "Project
-Gutenberg" associated with or appearing on the work, you must comply
-either with the requirements of paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 or
-obtain permission for the use of the work and the Project Gutenberg-tm
-trademark as set forth in paragraphs 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
-
-1.E.3. If an individual Project Gutenberg-tm electronic work is posted
-with the permission of the copyright holder, your use and distribution
-must comply with both paragraphs 1.E.1 through 1.E.7 and any
-additional terms imposed by the copyright holder. Additional terms
-will be linked to the Project Gutenberg-tm License for all works
-posted with the permission of the copyright holder found at the
-beginning of this work.
-
-1.E.4. Do not unlink or detach or remove the full Project Gutenberg-tm
-License terms from this work, or any files containing a part of this
-work or any other work associated with Project Gutenberg-tm.
-
-1.E.5. Do not copy, display, perform, distribute or redistribute this
-electronic work, or any part of this electronic work, without
-prominently displaying the sentence set forth in paragraph 1.E.1 with
-active links or immediate access to the full terms of the Project
-Gutenberg-tm License.
-
-1.E.6. You may convert to and distribute this work in any binary,
-compressed, marked up, nonproprietary or proprietary form, including
-any word processing or hypertext form. However, if you provide access
-to or distribute copies of a Project Gutenberg-tm work in a format
-other than "Plain Vanilla ASCII" or other format used in the official
-version posted on the official Project Gutenberg-tm web site
-(www.gutenberg.org), you must, at no additional cost, fee or expense
-to the user, provide a copy, a means of exporting a copy, or a means
-of obtaining a copy upon request, of the work in its original "Plain
-Vanilla ASCII" or other form. Any alternate format must include the
-full Project Gutenberg-tm License as specified in paragraph 1.E.1.
-
-1.E.7. Do not charge a fee for access to, viewing, displaying,
-performing, copying or distributing any Project Gutenberg-tm works
-unless you comply with paragraph 1.E.8 or 1.E.9.
-
-1.E.8. You may charge a reasonable fee for copies of or providing
-access to or distributing Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works
-provided that
-
-* You pay a royalty fee of 20% of the gross profits you derive from
-  the use of Project Gutenberg-tm works calculated using the method
-  you already use to calculate your applicable taxes. The fee is owed
-  to the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm trademark, but he has
-  agreed to donate royalties under this paragraph to the Project
-  Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation. Royalty payments must be paid
-  within 60 days following each date on which you prepare (or are
-  legally required to prepare) your periodic tax returns. Royalty
-  payments should be clearly marked as such and sent to the Project
-  Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation at the address specified in
-  Section 4, "Information about donations to the Project Gutenberg
-  Literary Archive Foundation."
-
-* You provide a full refund of any money paid by a user who notifies
-  you in writing (or by e-mail) within 30 days of receipt that s/he
-  does not agree to the terms of the full Project Gutenberg-tm
-  License. You must require such a user to return or destroy all
-  copies of the works possessed in a physical medium and discontinue
-  all use of and all access to other copies of Project Gutenberg-tm
-  works.
-
-* You provide, in accordance with paragraph 1.F.3, a full refund of
-  any money paid for a work or a replacement copy, if a defect in the
-  electronic work is discovered and reported to you within 90 days of
-  receipt of the work.
-
-* You comply with all other terms of this agreement for free
-  distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm works.
-
-1.E.9. If you wish to charge a fee or distribute a Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic work or group of works on different terms than
-are set forth in this agreement, you must obtain permission in writing
-from both the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation and The
-Project Gutenberg Trademark LLC, the owner of the Project Gutenberg-tm
-trademark. Contact the Foundation as set forth in Section 3 below.
-
-1.F.
-
-1.F.1. Project Gutenberg volunteers and employees expend considerable
-effort to identify, do copyright research on, transcribe and proofread
-works not protected by U.S. copyright law in creating the Project
-Gutenberg-tm collection. Despite these efforts, Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic works, and the medium on which they may be stored, may
-contain "Defects," such as, but not limited to, incomplete, inaccurate
-or corrupt data, transcription errors, a copyright or other
-intellectual property infringement, a defective or damaged disk or
-other medium, a computer virus, or computer codes that damage or
-cannot be read by your equipment.
-
-1.F.2. LIMITED WARRANTY, DISCLAIMER OF DAMAGES - Except for the "Right
-of Replacement or Refund" described in paragraph 1.F.3, the Project
-Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation, the owner of the Project
-Gutenberg-tm trademark, and any other party distributing a Project
-Gutenberg-tm electronic work under this agreement, disclaim all
-liability to you for damages, costs and expenses, including legal
-fees. YOU AGREE THAT YOU HAVE NO REMEDIES FOR NEGLIGENCE, STRICT
-LIABILITY, BREACH OF WARRANTY OR BREACH OF CONTRACT EXCEPT THOSE
-PROVIDED IN PARAGRAPH 1.F.3. YOU AGREE THAT THE FOUNDATION, THE
-TRADEMARK OWNER, AND ANY DISTRIBUTOR UNDER THIS AGREEMENT WILL NOT BE
-LIABLE TO YOU FOR ACTUAL, DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE OR
-INCIDENTAL DAMAGES EVEN IF YOU GIVE NOTICE OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
-DAMAGE.
-
-1.F.3. LIMITED RIGHT OF REPLACEMENT OR REFUND - If you discover a
-defect in this electronic work within 90 days of receiving it, you can
-receive a refund of the money (if any) you paid for it by sending a
-written explanation to the person you received the work from. If you
-received the work on a physical medium, you must return the medium
-with your written explanation. The person or entity that provided you
-with the defective work may elect to provide a replacement copy in
-lieu of a refund. If you received the work electronically, the person
-or entity providing it to you may choose to give you a second
-opportunity to receive the work electronically in lieu of a refund. If
-the second copy is also defective, you may demand a refund in writing
-without further opportunities to fix the problem.
-
-1.F.4. Except for the limited right of replacement or refund set forth
-in paragraph 1.F.3, this work is provided to you 'AS-IS', WITH NO
-OTHER WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT
-LIMITED TO WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR ANY PURPOSE.
-
-1.F.5. Some states do not allow disclaimers of certain implied
-warranties or the exclusion or limitation of certain types of
-damages. If any disclaimer or limitation set forth in this agreement
-violates the law of the state applicable to this agreement, the
-agreement shall be interpreted to make the maximum disclaimer or
-limitation permitted by the applicable state law. The invalidity or
-unenforceability of any provision of this agreement shall not void the
-remaining provisions.
-
-1.F.6. INDEMNITY - You agree to indemnify and hold the Foundation, the
-trademark owner, any agent or employee of the Foundation, anyone
-providing copies of Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works in
-accordance with this agreement, and any volunteers associated with the
-production, promotion and distribution of Project Gutenberg-tm
-electronic works, harmless from all liability, costs and expenses,
-including legal fees, that arise directly or indirectly from any of
-the following which you do or cause to occur: (a) distribution of this
-or any Project Gutenberg-tm work, (b) alteration, modification, or
-additions or deletions to any Project Gutenberg-tm work, and (c) any
-Defect you cause.
-
-Section 2. Information about the Mission of Project Gutenberg-tm
-
-Project Gutenberg-tm is synonymous with the free distribution of
-electronic works in formats readable by the widest variety of
-computers including obsolete, old, middle-aged and new computers. It
-exists because of the efforts of hundreds of volunteers and donations
-from people in all walks of life.
-
-Volunteers and financial support to provide volunteers with the
-assistance they need are critical to reaching Project Gutenberg-tm's
-goals and ensuring that the Project Gutenberg-tm collection will
-remain freely available for generations to come. In 2001, the Project
-Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation was created to provide a secure
-and permanent future for Project Gutenberg-tm and future
-generations. To learn more about the Project Gutenberg Literary
-Archive Foundation and how your efforts and donations can help, see
-Sections 3 and 4 and the Foundation information page at
-www.gutenberg.org
-
-
-
-Section 3. Information about the Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation
-
-The Project Gutenberg Literary Archive Foundation is a non profit
-501(c)(3) educational corporation organized under the laws of the
-state of Mississippi and granted tax exempt status by the Internal
-Revenue Service. The Foundation's EIN or federal tax identification
-number is 64-6221541. Contributions to the Project Gutenberg Literary
-Archive Foundation are tax deductible to the full extent permitted by
-U.S. federal laws and your state's laws.
-
-The Foundation's principal office is in Fairbanks, Alaska, with the
-mailing address: PO Box 750175, Fairbanks, AK 99775, but its
-volunteers and employees are scattered throughout numerous
-locations. Its business office is located at 809 North 1500 West, Salt
-Lake City, UT 84116, (801) 596-1887. Email contact links and up to
-date contact information can be found at the Foundation's web site and
-official page at www.gutenberg.org/contact
-
-For additional contact information:
-
-    Dr. Gregory B. Newby
-    Chief Executive and Director
-    gbnewby@pglaf.org
-
-Section 4. Information about Donations to the Project Gutenberg
-Literary Archive Foundation
-
-Project Gutenberg-tm depends upon and cannot survive without wide
-spread public support and donations to carry out its mission of
-increasing the number of public domain and licensed works that can be
-freely distributed in machine readable form accessible by the widest
-array of equipment including outdated equipment. Many small donations
-($1 to $5,000) are particularly important to maintaining tax exempt
-status with the IRS.
-
-The Foundation is committed to complying with the laws regulating
-charities and charitable donations in all 50 states of the United
-States. Compliance requirements are not uniform and it takes a
-considerable effort, much paperwork and many fees to meet and keep up
-with these requirements. We do not solicit donations in locations
-where we have not received written confirmation of compliance. To SEND
-DONATIONS or determine the status of compliance for any particular
-state visit www.gutenberg.org/donate
-
-While we cannot and do not solicit contributions from states where we
-have not met the solicitation requirements, we know of no prohibition
-against accepting unsolicited donations from donors in such states who
-approach us with offers to donate.
-
-International donations are gratefully accepted, but we cannot make
-any statements concerning tax treatment of donations received from
-outside the United States. U.S. laws alone swamp our small staff.
-
-Please check the Project Gutenberg Web pages for current donation
-methods and addresses. Donations are accepted in a number of other
-ways including checks, online payments and credit card donations. To
-donate, please visit: www.gutenberg.org/donate
-
-Section 5. General Information About Project Gutenberg-tm electronic works.
-
-Professor Michael S. Hart was the originator of the Project
-Gutenberg-tm concept of a library of electronic works that could be
-freely shared with anyone. For forty years, he produced and
-distributed Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks with only a loose network of
-volunteer support.
-
-Project Gutenberg-tm eBooks are often created from several printed
-editions, all of which are confirmed as not protected by copyright in
-the U.S. unless a copyright notice is included. Thus, we do not
-necessarily keep eBooks in compliance with any particular paper
-edition.
-
-Most people start at our Web site which has the main PG search
-facility: www.gutenberg.org
-
-This Web site includes information about Project Gutenberg-tm,
-including how to make donations to the Project Gutenberg Literary
-Archive Foundation, how to help produce our new eBooks, and how to
-subscribe to our email newsletter to hear about new eBooks.
-
-
-
-</pre>
-
-</body>
-</html>
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/cover.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/cover.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index d1774cd..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/cover.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg003.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg003.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 51ab3c5..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg003.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg005.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg005.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 808900b..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg005.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg006.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg006.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 1dbf4f2..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg006.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg006a.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg006a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 1065329..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg006a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg006d.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg006d.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index d930acb..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg006d.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg006e.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg006e.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 3a2fe3b..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg006e.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg007.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg007.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index c453aa2..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg007.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg007a.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg007a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 408d2b4..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg007a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg007c.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg007c.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 92b9f01..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg007c.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg007d.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg007d.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index cf73e2b..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg007d.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg008.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg008.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 2316af9..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg008.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg008a.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg008a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 474fa14..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg008a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg008c.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg008c.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 3154433..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg008c.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg008d.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg008d.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 0915d37..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg008d.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg009.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg009.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 8787da1..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg009.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg009a.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg009a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 8a4be77..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg009a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg009c.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg009c.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 6aecaf2..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg009c.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg009d.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg009d.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index a9f1c12..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg009d.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg010.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg010.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 63e924e..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg010.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg010a.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg010a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 04c2ab5..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg010a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg010c.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg010c.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index a272a55..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg010c.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg010d.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg010d.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index d951217..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg010d.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg011b.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg011b.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 3809ee6..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg011b.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg011c.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg011c.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index af2b5ed..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg011c.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg011d.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg011d.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index bd8585a..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg011d.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg011f.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg011f.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 22200ef..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg011f.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg012.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg012.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index cacc132..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg012.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg012a.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg012a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 3de487b..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg012a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg012c.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg012c.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index ff17da0..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg012c.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg012d.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg012d.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 145e6d1..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg012d.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg013.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg013.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 45adfa1..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg013.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg013a.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg013a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 107374d..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg013a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg013c.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg013c.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 5776577..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg013c.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg013d.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg013d.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 644cbaf..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg013d.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg014.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg014.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index be61a04..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg014.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg014a.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg014a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index cdf4f58..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg014a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg014c.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg014c.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index b88c86e..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg014c.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg014d.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg014d.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 061f616..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg014d.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg015.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg015.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 2e45868..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg015.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg015a.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg015a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index f18baa7..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg015a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg015c.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg015c.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 67bb969..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg015c.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg015d.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg015d.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 0f5a3df..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg015d.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg016.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg016.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 39085ce..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg016.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg016a.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg016a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index e7e3c88..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg016a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg016c.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg016c.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 6c44046..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg016c.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg016d.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg016d.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 9aa6e0c..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg016d.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg017.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg017.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index fa05d5a..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg017.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg017a.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg017a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 48e030d..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg017a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg017c.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg017c.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 83d1aa3..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg017c.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg017d.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg017d.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index ed15e4f..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg017d.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg018.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg018.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 88f227e..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg018.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg018a.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg018a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index f78117c..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg018a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg018c.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg018c.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index fa5c5d0..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg018c.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg018d.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg018d.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index e444548..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg018d.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg019.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg019.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index f9ad991..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg019.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg019a.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg019a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 4ba3798..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg019a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg019c.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg019c.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 490e60c..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg019c.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg019d.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg019d.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 5fb8d35..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg019d.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg020.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg020.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index c1c6aa3..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg020.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg020a.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg020a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 55e0163..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg020a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg020c.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg020c.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 06b3625..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg020c.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg020d.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg020d.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 09b4f90..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg020d.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg021.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg021.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index ca94e2e..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg021.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg021a.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg021a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index dfb9449..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg021a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg021c.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg021c.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index c44af78..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg021c.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg021d.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg021d.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 9613892..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg021d.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg022.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg022.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index b2fc6ca..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg022.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg022a.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg022a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index bf7ce32..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg022a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg022b.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg022b.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 1382a31..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg022b.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg022d.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg022d.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index cd6fbd2..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg022d.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg023.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg023.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 6ec4be4..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg023.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg023a.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg023a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index e6b89c4..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg023a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg023c.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg023c.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 25f271f..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg023c.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg023d.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg023d.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 34a83b4..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg023d.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg024.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg024.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 638588b..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg024.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg024a.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg024a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index dff8b70..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg024a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg024c.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg024c.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 522567b..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg024c.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg024d.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg024d.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index ff39eca..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg024d.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg025.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg025.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index c3d9d09..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg025.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg025a.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg025a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 4c17482..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg025a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg025c.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg025c.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index b4b025f..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg025c.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg025d.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg025d.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index df9e026..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg025d.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg026.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg026.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 37dd046..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg026.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg026a.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg026a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 775e03b..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg026a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg026c.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg026c.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 96a459a..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg026c.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg026d.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg026d.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 364a50a..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg026d.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg027.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg027.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 6a056c6..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg027.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg027a.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg027a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 5ce5af2..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg027a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg027c.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg027c.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 15471db..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg027c.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg027d.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg027d.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index d998f84..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg027d.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg028.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg028.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 361f5b0..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg028.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg028b.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg028b.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 804b8b8..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg028b.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg028c.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg028c.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index f9aaad3..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg028c.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg028d.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg028d.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index fd3d33d..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg028d.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg029.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg029.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 827a4b8..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg029.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg029a.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg029a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 17e2c98..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg029a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg029c.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg029c.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 61a38a0..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg029c.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg029d.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg029d.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 24b7b6c..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg029d.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg030.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg030.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index b821722..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg030.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg030a.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg030a.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index c6c36b4..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg030a.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg030c.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg030c.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 962e8ed..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg030c.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg030d.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg030d.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 5b527a2..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg030d.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg034.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg034.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 80e21be..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg034.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg035.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg035.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 5084ab7..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg035.jpg
+++ /dev/null
diff --git a/old/54631-h/images/pg035e.jpg b/old/54631-h/images/pg035e.jpg
deleted file mode 100644
index 0bf8f08..0000000
--- a/old/54631-h/images/pg035e.jpg
+++ /dev/null
author	nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org>	2025-02-07 07:53:17 -0800
committer	nfenwick <nfenwick@pglaf.org>	2025-02-07 07:53:17 -0800
commit	f7a17f3f1a59d6b97bc26dda9892cb0228e38b47 (patch)
tree	e6af5b2de055fb492e0adc6c527f6b02125b8739
parent	e9d14635f50d461e09d8ce9dd8520f27078fd034 (diff)